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There is little data on the burden of neurological impairment (NI) in developing countries, particularly in children of Africa.We conducted a survey of NI in children aged 6-9 years in a rural district of Kenya. First, we screened for neurological disability by administering the Ten Questions Questionnaire (TQQ) to parents/guardians of children in a defined population. In phase two, we performed a comprehensive clinical and psychological assessment on children who tested positive on TQQ and...
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Abstract Background Smooth working relationships between nurses and doctors are necessary for efficient health care delivery. However, previous studies have shown that this is often absent with negative impact on the quality of health care delivery. In 2002, we studied factors that affect nurse-doctor working relationships in University Teaching Hospitals (UTH) in Southern Nigeria in order to characterize it and identify managerial and training needs that might be used to improve it. Method...
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Education is an important pillar in the national economic development. It contributes to economic growth in varied forms. The educational system in Eritrea shows all the symptoms of prolonged neglect under colonialism and war. But education plays a key role in the development after independence. This paper discusses educational growth and development in post-independent Eritrea. It also analyses educational finances, and challenges for development in the country and thus provides some implications.
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Arnaud Laillou1, Luc Arnaud1, Menjaharimisa Ramaherisoa2, Charlotte Ralison2, Chantal Monvois1 and Serge Treche3 1 The Research and Technological Exchange Group (GRET), Antananarivo and Paris. 2 The Laboratory of Biochemistry Applied to the Food Sciences and Nutrition (Labasan), University of Antananarivo, Madagascar 3 UR106 “Nutrition, Food, Societies”, Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Montpellier, France
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IMAGE 2 was used to define three climate change scenarios for dryland west Africa. Changes in precipitation and the resulting shift in aridity class are shown using maps. The three scenarios cover a wide range of possible changes in climate and related impacts.
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This last chapter presents the results of expert prioritisation of policy recommendations that emerged from the ICCD programme. Experts gave the highest priority to developing an adequate early warning system with an efficient strategy to communicate with households and institutions. It is necessary for a better understanding of climate change and its effects and for the development of technologies adapted to location and sector specific conditions. In addition, high priority was given to...
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The case study area of North-east Ghana consists of a densely populated zone in Upper East Region and a less densely populated area in Northern Region. It was selected as an example of a rural area with sub-humid conditions, a relatively high average population density and relatively severe land degradation. A major part of the chapter describes the lack of consistency between rainfall data and crop yield data and tries to explain farmers’ behaviour as a constant adaptation to the rainfall...
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Two Malian case studies are compared, both representing dryland areas with relatively low population densities and relatively low levels of land degradation. Douentza is in the semi-arid-to arid zone, where crop cultivation is very risky and pastoralism a more ‘natural’ way of making use of the environment. However, recently crop cultivation has been expanding rapidly and has partially recovered from the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s. Crop cultivation now provides a livelihood for...
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A short analysis of rainfall trends for West Africa is presented in this chapter. Changes in aridity class and the related drought risk are calculated.
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As cotton has become the most important non-food cash crop in the West-African drylands, a tentative study was carried out into the possible impact of climate change on cotton cultivation and the vulnerability of the crop to increasing drought stress. Not much evidence could be found yet about a geographical movement of cotton production from northern to more southern areas.
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An important feature of the interface between language and society is the use of address terms. Following Brown and Gilman (1960), research studies of address terms have been extended to several cultural settings. This study contributes to this fertile area of sociolinguistic studies by describing the address terms used among undergraduates in an English-medium university in Ghana. Two sets of data collected from participant and nonparticipant observation and interviews constitute the...
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Shorter leg length is associated with an adverse environment in early childhood and has been found to be associated with a variety of disorders occurring in mid- to late-life, including dementia in a Korean population. In a community population of African-Caribbean elders, in whom leg length had been measured, we sought to compare associations with cognitive impairment at baseline and cognitive decline over a three-year follow-up period.Of 290 African-Caribbean residents in south London...
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Basanites of the Chyulu Hills (Kenya Rift) contain mafic Mg–Al and Ca–Al granulite xenoliths. Their protoliths are interpreted as troctolitic cumulates; however, the original mineral assemblages were almost completely transformed by subsolidus reactions. Mg–Al granulites contain the minerals spinel, sapphirine, sillimanite, plagioclase, corundum, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and garnet, whereas Ca–Al granulites are characterized by hibonite, spinel, sapphirine, mullite, sillimanite,...