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The magnitude of adverse social impacts from implementation of the Universal Basic Education Project is expected to be minor. However, some subprojects may require land acquisition and resettlement activities, leading to loss of productive assets, and production, thus requiring compensation. In accordance with the country's legal framework, and the Bank's operational directive on involuntary resettlement, this resettlement policy framework provides the measures to minimize adverse impacts as...

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of dental caries among primary school children in Thamar Governorate, Republic of Yemen.A random sample of 494 primary school children was examined.The sample was divided into 3 age groups; namely, 6, 9, and 12 years old.The WHO methodology (1997) was used to assess the individual tooth status.Results of dental caries in the primary den-tition showed that the mean dmft for the total sample was 3.40 + 0.15 which was decreased with...

The trend towards technology-based learning (or ‘e-learning’) is increasing, driven largely by anecdotal evidence of advantages. This article compares the effectiveness of the technology supported learner driven distance learning methods to the ‘traditional’ classroom based teaching model and the simulation model. The results of the training methods on a sample of cashiers in a major South African bank are compared and the study finds that there were significant differences between the...

In this paper we describe the social challenges of using computers to teach socially disadvantaged groups in the new South Africa. The majority of people from low socio-economic backgrounds are Africans. There is evidence that these learners perceive good education as a redress to their plight. As a result of this perception, students from historically disadvantaged social groups are in large and increasing numbers entering institutions characterised as 'historically advantaged'. Be that as...

Many poor countries are initiating teacher contract reforms to meet a growing demand for primary education at a time of increasing government deficits. Key aspects of this reform include reduced salaries and benefits for new, contractual teachers. Using data from Togo, we find that students of regular teachers systematically outperform those of contractual teachers, even after controlling for prior achievement, household-, schooland classroom characteristics. Variation in teaching methods,...

Introduction Before the arrival of the first European invaders in the South African Cape in 1652, the country was populated African peoples such as the San and the Khoikhoi, generally known in their derogatory European labeling of Bushmen and Hottentots, respectively (Morris-Hale, 1996). The Dutch settlers, sent the East India Dutch Company, and religious persecution-fleeing French Huguenots were not the first Europeans to set foot on South African soil, but were the first to permanently...

Instruction affects students' attitudes toward, and beliefs about, their abilities to do mathematics; likewise students' attitudes influence mathematics instruction (McLeod, 1992). Students must learn to value mathematics and become confident in their ability to do mathematics (NCTM, 1989, 2000). A pressing issue facing the mathematics education community today is how to insure students pass high-stakes tests in order to receive a high school diploma. The American Federation of Teachers...

Introduction Effective teaching and learning in any subject at any institution are dependent on the instructional strategies used. This is a major factor responsible for the level of performance in any subject by the students. Learning difficulties can be solved to a great extent by using appropriate teaching methods. Different approaches can be adopted for instruction in order to induce, promote and direct learning. The instructors can impart knowledge by lecture method, team teaching...

From the climatological point of view, Egypt is the northeastern edge of the Sahara belt (Fig. 4.1) and its extreme aridity is caused by the descent of tropical air masses, which causes them to become hot and dry. Along the Mediterranean coast, a narrow strip of its land is influenced during winter by the cyclonic system of the westerlies. The annual average precipitation over most of Egypt is less than 50 mm and only along the coast does it reach about 100 mm. Yet Egypt, since ancient...

In this study, the pollution levels and the toxicity status were estimated regarding four heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg) thought to be among the major contaminants in the environment of Lake Manzala. Our target was to define and utilize certain plant species, from the lakeþs vegetation, as bio-monitors, in comparison with the sediments as abiotic monitor for heavy metal pollution. The native wild plants (passive bio- monitors) were represented by eight species (Atriplex portulacoides,...

Tepary bean (TB), a drought tolerant bean variety has become popular among poor small-scale farmers in semi-arid Kenya, where it is predominantly inter-cropped with maize. Field experiments were conducted on effect of intercropping TB and maize on nitrogen fixation and crop yield in semi-arid Kenya over two cropping seasons. Experimental design was randomized complete block with eight treatments: TB sole crop not inoculated with Rhizobium (R3254) and without N fertilizer (N), TP sole crop...

The present research examined the influence of the two independent variables sex and race on the choice of friends in pre-school children. Data for this investigation were collected in two pre-schools, one situated in Stellenbosch, South Africa, the other in London, U.K. Both schools have in common that they accommodate children of different racial backgrounds (black, white, and coloured children), but the children's experience with desegregated classrooms differ. Friendship was operational...

This study, part of a larger investigation of African immigrants to the United States, focused on the issues of the African immigrant's racial and ethnic identity in relation to African American counterparts and the struggle against Americanization for some of these immigrant students. Also studied were African immigrants' perceptions of themselves in the realm of education. Participants were a small sample of black African college students, who were voluntary immigrants. Personal interviews...

curricular innovations in English Language Teaching (ELT) made by the adoption of communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in English as aForeign Language (EFL) contexsts have generally been difficult. A case study of 20 Addis Ababa Region primary school English Teachers'perceived difficulties in implementing CL T reveals that the difficulties have their sources in the difference between the underlying educational theoriesof Ethiopia and those of Western countries where CL T developed....

This paper explores the extent to which the objectives of citizenship education has been realized in Botswana. The authors draw on data from interviews and observations of thirty‐two social studies teachers drawn from eighteen junior secondary schools. The majority of the teachers felt that the objective of working to produce good citizens had either been minimally or satisfactorily achieved. The use of inquiry methods and group work were perceived as particularly effective methods of...