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Dental caries is becoming increasingly common in developing countries but very few attempts have been made to assess its prevalence accurately. We therefore carried out an epidemiological survey in 1998 in the south of Benin, to estimate the prevalence of dental caries in 300 school children, both boys and girls, aged 12 to 14 years. Each child underwent a dental examination and interview and the data obtained were recorded in a personal clinical record. We determined DMF index for various...

In rural Ghana, women face a tough time as there is little in the way of health facilities, few health workers, and the women have to farm as well as raise children and keep house. Community male elders and the younger men in the community do not pay much attention to the reproductive health problems faced by women. Providing information and education for health is the key to enable people to realize their needs and initiate joint community actions to achieve better health. However, such...

Morbidity due to schistosomiasis was evaluated in a subpopulation of 14,000 of the randomized sample in the Epidemiology 1, 2, 3 Project. It was measured by using a standardized questionnaire for obtaining medical history and symptoms and by performing standardized physical and ultrasound examinations. Reported herein are descriptions of the methods and training and quality control efforts made to insure that the morbidity data was reliable and consistent when collected by 7 different teams in 9 different governorates.

The natural surface water and shallow groundwater quality in the Ethiopian Rift is influenced by excessive input of fluoride and some inorganic chemical constituents such as Li, Sr, Pb, Cu and Hg from the deep groundwater system. The surface water bodies are characterised by high fluoride, bicarbonate and chloride concentration far above the recommended consumption limit. The quality of surface water in the Ethiopian Rift is influenced by the complex geological activities, which increase the...

This article looks at a system by which children contract to work for tea estates as a condition of attendance at their boarding schools. The children have very little free time and the conditions are harsh. Nevertheless, attendance at the school is by choice and the schools offer opportunities for many who would not otherwise get to school. They even offer some advantages to those children who have alternatives available. The interests of these children would not be served by simply banning...

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli , total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and sulfite-reducing anaerobic spore formers from different polluted sites in a tropical environment were determined in order to test for their indication ability for fecal contamination. Quantification of E. coli contamination with Chromocult coliform agar proved to be efficient and feasible for determining fecal pollutions in the investigated area within 24 h. The other microbial parameters showed a lower ability to...

This paper reports on the participation of the International Council for Local Initiatives (ICLEI) in EIA training in sub-Saharan Africa. It draws from the experiences of an EIA training project in which 365 participants from 17 African cities in six sub-Saharan African countries participated. A total of 27 resource persons from six African countries were hired and gained experience as EIA trainers for local authorities. A number of participating local authorities are already implementing...

In the present study, the idea of person-environment fit was explored for African American college students in a predominantly White university. The relationships among African American students’demographic backgrounds, beliefs regarding race (racial ideology and racial centrality), and their perceived fit in the college environment due to their ethnicity (PEF) were examined. These factors were used to predict student organizational involvement in race-specific organizations and mainstream...

Generally, it is argued that economic factors explain changes in literacy and enrolment rates in sub-Saharan Africa. This article demonstrates that educational indicators vary as much with religious factors, i.e. degree of Islamisation and Christianisation, as with economic factors. Forty years ago, strongly Christianised countries had higher rates of literacy and primary school enrolment than strongly Islamised countries, regardless of economic level, typpe of state and colonial background,...

Peer tutoring strategies tend to use structured peer interactions and group reward contingency. This study was designed to offer a peer learning environment within which the putative communal tendencies of African American youth could be capitalized on to facilitate learning an academic task. There were 72 African American fifth-grade students (36 males, 36 females) randomly assigned to a communal learning, peer tutoring criterion, or an individual criterion context and given a text of prose...

Cisplatin (8 mg/kg) was given intravenously to guinea pigs either as a 15 s bolus injection (25 animals) or as a 1 h infusion (28 animals). To determine the influence of the mode of cisplatin administration and pharmacokinetics on the ototoxic side-effect, the concentrations of cisplatin and the biotransformation product monoaquated cisplatin were determined in blood ultrafiltrate using liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. Ototoxic effect was evaluated as difference in pre-...

A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the activites of antenatal care (ANC) clinics at a training health centre in Northwest Ethiopia. The records of 364 women who attended ANC at Debark Health Center between September 1995 and November 1996 were reviewed. Data were collected on socio-demographic variables and different risk factors of pregnancy. Only one mother began attendance in the first trimester. The mean frequency of visits was 3 + 2.3. The weights heights, and blood...

A study examined the impact of civic education programs on political participation and democratic attitudes among adults and high school students in South Africa. The study represents an extension of a similar assessment of civic education programs in the Dominican Republic and Poland. Questionnaires were administered by a professional survey company to samples of individuals who had been trained in different civic education programs. The questionnaires were designed to measure individuals'...

This study investigates gender differences in the determinants of several schooling indicators in Conakry, Guinea, using ordered and binary probit models incorporating household-level random effects. Such indicators include grade attainment, current enrollment, and withdrawal from school. The survey, which was conducted on 1725 households, contains detailed information on a wide range of socioeconomic factors such as education, labor force activity and earnings, assets and health. Results...

This study was undertaken to determine the possible health risk associated with raw wastewater use in agricultural purposes, particularly, the transmission of parasite infections among children of five regions in Beni-Mellal, Morocco. In a randomly-selected sample of 1343 children, 740 of them were from five regions using raw wastewater for agriculture, and 603 were from 4 control regions that do not practice wastewater irrigation. One or more parasite infections were identified in 50.8% of...