No. 27310. African regional co-operative agreement for research, development and training related to nuclear science and technology. Endorsed by the IAEA board of governors on 21 February 1990 - Ola (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

No. 29845. Development credit agreement (Entrepreneurship development and drought recovery program) between the Republic of Malawi and the International Development Association. Signed at Washington on 2 July 1992 - Ola (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Bilingual Education for the Deaf in South Africa - Can it Work? - Störbeck, Claudine (South African journal of communication disorders, 2000)
Deaf Education in South Africa has reached the point at which inquiry and reflection have become paramount. Education levels remain low with the majority of Deaf students leaving school functionally illiterate, yet this unsatisfactory status quo is manifest in passive consent. Researchers are currently favouring a move toward Bilingual Education for the Deaf, even though the field remains saturated with contentious debates and insufficient evidence to marshal adequate support for one solution. Bilingualism, as an educational paradigm in Deaf Education, acknowledges that the Deaf child's primary language is Sign Language. In addition, the Bilingual approach recognises that the majority of Deaf children (90%) grow up in a hearing community without natural access to their primary language or the natural ability to acquire the spoken language of their family. Consequently, the language of the community/family is accepted as the second language, with the primary focus on second language literacy. This paper will highlight some of the problems in Deaf Education and the subsequent benefits of the bilingual· bicultural approach to teaching Deaf learners. It will also raise crucial questions and concerns which need to be reflected upon and worked through before Bilingual Education (or any other approach) is accepted as the panacea of Deaf Education.
Keywords: openalex:import

Challenges of Primary Education in Developing Countries: Insights from Kenya - Achola, Paul P.W.; Pillai, Vijayan K. (2000)
Contents: Introduction Research on wastage in Kenya Primary school wastage among special groups A design for investigating wastage Extent and perceived causes of wastage Identified solutions for each component of wastage Profiles of selected initiatives to reduce wastage Impact of selected initiatives on wastage Wastage in developing countries: insights from Kenya References Index.
Keywords: openalex:import

Endometrial sampling at a teaching hospital in northern Nigeria. - Idrisa, A; Emeka, OO; Bm, Abimiku (PubMed, 2000)
The objective of the current study is to assess the value of endometrial sampling as a diagnostic tool at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH). A histopathological study of the endometrium in 255 patients seen at the Gynaecological clinic of UMTH from January 1988 to October 1998 formed the study group. The patients' age, parity, contraceptive and menstrual history were reviewed from case records. The mean age of the study group was 28 years. A normal secretory endometrium was observed in 47.1% of the 255 patients analysed while 8.6% showed a proliferative pattern. 43.1% (110/255) showed some endometrial abnormalities. The findings revealed that endometrial sampling is an indispensible diagnostic tool especially in the investigation of infertile couple. It is concluded that sensitive immunohistochemical technique is needed to improve the sensitivity of endometrial sampling as a diagnostic tool.
Keywords: openalex:import

SST-induced climate change in tropical North Africa: The intermediary role of lower tropospheric oscillations - Adedoyin, J. A. (Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Oral health practices and dental caries among Libyan pupils, Benghazi [1993-1994] - Al-Sharbati, Marwan M.; Meidan, T. M.; Sudani, Omar (Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2000)
We investigated the oral health practices and prevalence of dental caries among Libyan pupils (6-12 years), by studying 389 boys and 373 girls selected randomly from 11 public primary schools in three different residential areas indicating different socioeconomic levels. In all, 321 (42.1%) pupils did not brush their teeth, with significant differences in the different areas. The prevalence of dental caries was 61.9%, with no significant sex difference. At 12 years, the decayed, missing and filled teeth index was 1.63, the average decay per child was 1.26 and the prevalence of dental caries was 50%, but the filling needs met was 0.01. Health education programmes to improve oral hygiene practices should be considered.
Keywords: openalex:import

Effectiveness of a Constructed Wetland for Retention of Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Pollution in the Lourens River Catchment, South Africa - Schulz, Ralf; Peall, Sue K. C. (Environmental Science & Technology, 2000)
Constructed wetlands have been widely used to control both point- and nonpoint-source pollution in surface waters. However, our knowledge about their effectiveness in retaining agricultural pesticide pollution is limited. A 0.44-ha vegetated wetland built along a tributary of the Lourens River, Western Cape, South Africa, was studied to ascertain retention of runoff-related agricultural pollution. Total suspended solids, orthophosphate, and nitrate were retained in the wetland in the proportions 15, 54, and 70%, respectively, during dry weather conditions (with rainfall less than 2 mm/d) and 78, 75, and 84% during wet conditions (with rainfall between 2 and 35 mm/d). Retention of water-diluted azinphos-methyl introduced via runoff at a level of 0.85 microg/L was between 77 and 93%. Chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were measured during runoff in inlet water at 0.02 and 0.2 microg/L, respectively. However, both pesticides were undetectable in the outlet water samples. During a period of 5 months, an increased concentration of various insecticides was detected in the suspended particles at the wetland inlet: azinphos-methyl, 43 microg/kg; chlorpyrifos, 31 microg/kg; and prothiofos, 6 microg/kg. No organophosphorus pesticides were found in the outlet suspended-particle samples, highlighting the retention capability of the wetland. A toxicological evaluation employing a Chironomus bioassay in situ at the wetland inlet and outlet revealed an 89% reduction in toxicity below the wetland during runoff.
Keywords: openalex:import

Effectiveness of a Constructed Wetland for Retention of Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Pollution in the Lourens River Catchment, South Africa - Schulz, Ralf; Peall, Sue K. C. (Environmental Science & Technology, 2000)
Constructed wetlands have been widely used to control both point- and nonpoint-source pollution in surface waters. However, our knowledge about their effectiveness in retaining agricultural pesticide pollution is limited. A 0.44-ha vegetated wetland built along a tributary of the Lourens River, Western Cape, South Africa, was studied to ascertain retention of runoff-related agricultural pollution. Total suspended solids, orthophosphate, and nitrate were retained in the wetland in the proportions 15, 54, and 70%, respectively, during dry weather conditions (with rainfall less than 2 mm/d) and 78, 75, and 84% during wet conditions (with rainfall between 2 and 35 mm/d). Retention of water-diluted azinphos-methyl introduced via runoff at a level of 0.85 microg/L was between 77 and 93%. Chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were measured during runoff in inlet water at 0.02 and 0.2 microg/L, respectively. However, both pesticides were undetectable in the outlet water samples. During a period of 5 months, an increased concentration of various insecticides was detected in the suspended particles at the wetland inlet: azinphos-methyl, 43 microg/kg; chlorpyrifos, 31 microg/kg; and prothiofos, 6 microg/kg. No organophosphorus pesticides were found in the outlet suspended-particle samples, highlighting the retention capability of the wetland. A toxicological evaluation employing a Chironomus bioassay in situ at the wetland inlet and outlet revealed an 89% reduction in toxicity below the wetland during runoff.
Keywords: openalex:import

Effectiveness of a Constructed Wetland for Retention of Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Pollution in the Lourens River Catchment, South Africa - Schulz, Ralf; Peall, Sue K. C. (Environmental Science & Technology, 2000)
Constructed wetlands have been widely used to control both point- and nonpoint-source pollution in surface waters. However, our knowledge about their effectiveness in retaining agricultural pesticide pollution is limited. A 0.44-ha vegetated wetland built along a tributary of the Lourens River, Western Cape, South Africa, was studied to ascertain retention of runoff-related agricultural pollution. Total suspended solids, orthophosphate, and nitrate were retained in the wetland in the proportions 15, 54, and 70%, respectively, during dry weather conditions (with rainfall less than 2 mm/d) and 78, 75, and 84% during wet conditions (with rainfall between 2 and 35 mm/d). Retention of water-diluted azinphos-methyl introduced via runoff at a level of 0.85 microg/L was between 77 and 93%. Chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were measured during runoff in inlet water at 0.02 and 0.2 microg/L, respectively. However, both pesticides were undetectable in the outlet water samples. During a period of 5 months, an increased concentration of various insecticides was detected in the suspended particles at the wetland inlet: azinphos-methyl, 43 microg/kg; chlorpyrifos, 31 microg/kg; and prothiofos, 6 microg/kg. No organophosphorus pesticides were found in the outlet suspended-particle samples, highlighting the retention capability of the wetland. A toxicological evaluation employing a Chironomus bioassay in situ at the wetland inlet and outlet revealed an 89% reduction in toxicity below the wetland during runoff.
Keywords: openalex:import

Effectiveness of a Constructed Wetland for Retention of Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Pollution in the Lourens River Catchment, South Africa - Schulz, Ralf; Peall, Sue K. C. (Environmental Science & Technology, 2000)
Constructed wetlands have been widely used to control both point- and nonpoint-source pollution in surface waters. However, our knowledge about their effectiveness in retaining agricultural pesticide pollution is limited. A 0.44-ha vegetated wetland built along a tributary of the Lourens River, Western Cape, South Africa, was studied to ascertain retention of runoff-related agricultural pollution. Total suspended solids, orthophosphate, and nitrate were retained in the wetland in the proportions 15, 54, and 70%, respectively, during dry weather conditions (with rainfall less than 2 mm/d) and 78, 75, and 84% during wet conditions (with rainfall between 2 and 35 mm/d). Retention of water-diluted azinphos-methyl introduced via runoff at a level of 0.85 microg/L was between 77 and 93%. Chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were measured during runoff in inlet water at 0.02 and 0.2 microg/L, respectively. However, both pesticides were undetectable in the outlet water samples. During a period of 5 months, an increased concentration of various insecticides was detected in the suspended particles at the wetland inlet: azinphos-methyl, 43 microg/kg; chlorpyrifos, 31 microg/kg; and prothiofos, 6 microg/kg. No organophosphorus pesticides were found in the outlet suspended-particle samples, highlighting the retention capability of the wetland. A toxicological evaluation employing a Chironomus bioassay in situ at the wetland inlet and outlet revealed an 89% reduction in toxicity below the wetland during runoff.
Keywords: openalex:import

School Effectiveness and School Improvement in Context: The Case of South Africa - Harber, Clive; Muthukrishna, Nithi (School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 2000)
Abstract This article explores the issue of whether lists of characteristics constituting the effective school are universally valid. It argues that the effectiveness or otherwise of schools must be understood contextually as there are significant differences between both the material and ideological contexts of schooling. The article uses the example of South Africa to demonstrate the difficulties in judging schools in one context using criteria developed in another. Three examples of schools that can be considered effective in the context of the new South Africa are described and discussed and the article concludes by arguing that education for peace and democracy is an essential feature of school effectiveness in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

New medical schools and nuclear medicine in Africa: prestige or necessity? (PubMed, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

A Perspective on the Role of Special Education Research in Botswana - Abosi, Okechukwu (Exceptionality, 2000)
This article describes the governmental and research culture contexts for educational research in Botswana. Research is seen to play an important role in the development of educational policies for the country. The limited resources that can be devoted to research endeavors in a small, developing country like this, however, affect the implementation of such policies. This point is developed in several examples regarding special education and other services for children and adults with disabilities in Botswana.
Keywords: openalex:import

Urban and rural differences in primary school attendance: an empirical study for Tanzania - Al-Samarrai, Samer; Reilly, Barry (Journal of African Economies, 2000)
There is evidence of growing disparities in primary schooling rates between urban and rural areas in Tanzania. This paper presents empirical estimates for the determinants of primary school attendance in Tanzania for the early 1990s, and provides a comparison of attendance rates between the urban and rural areas for a number of different age groups. All the estimated models provide adequate fits to the data and many of the estimated coefficients are consistent with prior expectations. A statistically significant differential in primary school attendance rates between urban and rural areas is detected for the age groups examined. On the basis of our estimates, a large part of the differential is attributable to differences in observed characteristics with an important role exerted by urban-rural differences in the measure used to proxy household income.
Keywords: openalex:import

Treatment and prevention of trichuriasis : efficacy of albendazole in disadvantaged children at Rawsonville Primary School, Western Cape Province, South Africa - Arendse, Vera Jane (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Congenital heart disease among school children in Alexandria, Egypt: an overview on prevalence and relative frequencies - Bassili, Amal; Mokhtar, Samiha A.; Dabous, Nihad I.; Zaher, Salah; Mokhtar, Mohamed; Zaki, Adel (Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2000)
A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and relative frequencies of congenital heart diseases diagnosed by echocardiography among school children in Alexandria, Egypt. The study was conducted during a 1-year period (1 May 1995-1 May 1996) at the Students' Health Insurance Hospital, which is a referral center for all health insurance units, providing an echocardiography service. The prevalence of congenital heart diseases (CHD) among school children accounted for 1.01/1,000. There was a male predominance in cases of pulmonary stenosis and single ventricle, while in cases of patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve prolapse, and partial atrioventricular canal there was a female predominance. The commonest cardiac defects were ventricular septal defects, pulmonary stenosis, and atrial septal defects. Pulmonary stenosis ranked the second commonest defect and is a peculiar finding in our Egyptian population. The mere presence of these cardiac defects in school children is an indicator of the poor quality of care provided to this growing childhood population.
Keywords: openalex:import

Networking characteristics of African‐American managers: empirical validation and training applications - Brutus, Stéphane; Livers, Ancella (International Journal of Training and Development, 2000)
This article describes the impact of informal networks on managerial effectiveness in general and, more specifically, for that of African‐American managers. Previous research has demonstrated that network characteristics conducive to increased performance for African‐Americans differed significantly from those of white managers (e.g. Ibarra, 1995). These results are further validated in this study through the use of a different performance measure. Networking characteristics and multi‐raters’ performance information were collected from 185 managers. Results show that high performing African‐American managers possess informal networks composed of a higher proportion of other African‐Americans than their low performing counterparts. The reverse trend was found for white managers. A description of a training module based on these results is offered.
Keywords: openalex:import

Communication strategies used in the writing of answers in biology by ESL first year science students of the University of Botswana - Chimbganda, Ambrose B. (English for Specific Purposes, 2000)
This paper reports on a study of the communications strategies used in the writing of answers in biology by ESL first year BSc students of the University of Botswana. The researcher examines the four macro-strategies used by the subjects: risk taking, risk avoidance, L2-based strategies and semantic simplification. The results showed that while many ESL students preferred to use L2-based strategies such as circumlocution, generalisation and paraphrase, these strategies did not help the students in their performance because of the restrictive nature of scientific genre which requires the use of specific and precise registers for a given writing task. The study further showed that those students who were prepared to take risks by exploiting their resource expansion strategies, regardless of the correctness of their grammatical constructions, tended to do better while those students who opted for semantic simplification and risk avoidance under-achieved. This supports the empirical observation that the overall writing proficiency of the L2 learners could be greatly enhanced if ESL and EAP teaching paid greater attention to those tasks and activities which enhance their strategic competence.
Keywords: openalex:import

Book Review: Writing, Teachers, and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt - Clackson, Sarah (Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Multiple choice questions in Sudan medical schools. - Elfaki, E. A. (PubMed, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Disability profiles and needs of disability grant recipients in Kleinmond, Western Cape, South Africa / Annette Freig. - Frieg, Annette (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

African American male college students after the million man March: An exploratory study - Gabbidon, Shaun L. (Journal of African American men, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Re-educating Namibia: The Early Years of Radical Education Reform, 1990-1995 - Gonzales, Michael C. (Africa Today, 2000)
Following independence, the Namibian government saw primary education reform as a principal means of investing in human capital to promote socioeconomic development. This paper analyzes the efforts made during the first five years of the reform program. While emphasis on structural change, learner-centered education, and universality provided strong foundations for a democratic educational system, a difficult medium of instruction policy and insufficient attention to gender equity delayed a comprehensive transformation. This analysis calls for greater educator participation in implementing the pedagogical approach, altering the language-of-instruction policy, greater gender equity in resource allocation, and greater attention to sex and AIDS education.
Keywords: openalex:import

Swedish and Kenyan medical and veterinary students accept nonhuman primate use in medical research - Hagelin, Joakim; Carlsson, Hans‐Erik; Suleman, Mbaruk A.; Hau, Jann (Journal of Medical Primatology, 2000)
Journal of Medical PrimatologyVolume 29, Issue 6 p. 431-432 Swedish and Kenyan medical and veterinary students accept nonhuman primate use in medical research Joakim Hagelin, Joakim Hagelin Department of Physiology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Uppsala, BMC, Box 572, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorHans-Erik Carlsson, Hans-Erik Carlsson Department of Physiology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Uppsala, BMC, Box 572, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorMbaruk A Suleman, Mbaruk A Suleman Department of Physiology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Uppsala, BMC, Box 572, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorJann Hau, Jann Hau Department of Physiology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Uppsala, BMC, Box 572, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author Joakim Hagelin, Joakim Hagelin Department of Physiology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Uppsala, BMC, Box 572, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorHans-Erik Carlsson, Hans-Erik Carlsson Department of Physiology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Uppsala, BMC, Box 572, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorMbaruk A Suleman, Mbaruk A Suleman Department of Physiology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Uppsala, BMC, Box 572, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorJann Hau, Jann Hau Department of Physiology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Uppsala, BMC, Box 572, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.2000.290609.xCitations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume29, Issue6December 2000Pages 431-432 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

African American males in higher education: A descriptive/qualitative analysis - Hall, Ronald E.; Rowan, George T. (Journal of African American men, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Cultural Orientation, Family Cohesion, and Family Support in Suicide Ideation and Depression among African American College Students - Harris, Treniece Lewis; Molock, Sherry Davis (Suicide & life-threatening behavior, 2000)
This study extends previous research by examining the role of communalism, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression in African American college students. Participants were 188 African American introductory psychology students (126 female, 61 male) from a historically black college. 1 Results showed that communalism, family cohesion, and family support were positively associated with each other. Higher levels of family cohesion and family support were associated with lower levels of suicide ideation and depression. Linear regression analyses showed a main effect for communalism and family support. Having strong communal values was positively related to suicide ideation and depression. Having strong family support was associated with fewer experiences of suicide ideation and depression. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that family support explained more variance in suicide ideation and depression than family cohesion. Implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Syndrome packets and health worker training improve sexually transmitted disease case management in rural South Africa: randomized controlled trial - Harrison, Abigail; Karim, Salim Safurdeen. Abdool; Floyd, Katherine; Lombard, Carl; Lurie, Mark N.; Ntuli, Nelly; Wilkinson, David (AIDS, 2000)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are important co-factors in HIV transmission. We studied the impact of health worker training and STD syndrome packets (containing recommended drugs, condoms, partner notification cards and information leaflets) on the quality of STD case management in primary care clinics in rural South Africa.A randomized controlled trial of five matched pairs of clinics compared the intervention with routine syndromic management. Outcomes were measured by simulated patients using standardized scripts, and included the proportion given recommended drugs; correctly case managed (given recommended drugs plus condoms and partner cards); adequately counselled; reporting good staff attitude; and consulted in privacy.At baseline, the quality of STD case management was similarly poor in both groups. Only 36 and 46% of simulated patients visiting intervention and control clinics, respectively, were given recommended drugs. After the intervention, intervention clinics provided better case management than controls: 88 versus 50% (P < 0.01) received recommended drugs; 83 versus 12% (P < 0.005) were correctly case managed; 68 versus 46% (P = 0.06) were adequately counselled; 84 versus 58% experienced good staff attitude (P = 0.07); and 92 versus 86% (P = 0.4) were consulted privately. A syndrome packet cost US$1.50; the incremental cost was US$6.80. The total intervention cost equalled 0.3% of annual district health expenditure.A simple and affordable health service intervention achieved substantial improvements in STD case management. Although this is a critical component of STD control and can reduce HIV transmission, community-level interventions to influence health-seeking behaviour are also needed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Government-induced teacher failure in South Africa – causes and analysis1 - Hosking, Stephen (Development Southern Africa, 2000)
The problem of teachers being hired but not teaching because of government action or inaction is a serious one in South Africa. This paper describes the problem and explores two aspects of it: non-enforcement of employment contracts with teachers and shortages of certain subject teachers caused by inflexibility in the remuneration structure of teachers. Non-enforcement has become a severe problem because a situation has developed in many schools, mainly black ones, where teachers are able to get away with doing very little work (shirking). The current remuneration structure has become a problem in that it has given rise to a situation where the only way to plug certain teaching gaps is by placing some teachers in positions for which they have insufficient training (inferior substitution). It is concluded that it is desirable that the government properly enforce its teacher contracts and that more flexibility should be introduced into the salary structure with respect to specific staffing scarcities.
Keywords: openalex:import

From Insight to Action: An Exploratory Study of the Experiences of African American Students Within a PWU - Laszloffy, Tracey A. (Equity & Excellence in Education, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Cultural Resource Survey for the West Bank Vicinity of New Orleans, Louisiana, Hurricane Protection Project - Lee, Aubra; Gordon, Gary; Saucier, Roger T.; Maygarden, Benjamin; Godzinski, Michael (2000)
Abstract : Earth Search, Inc., was contracted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District (NODCOE), to conduct Phase I cultural resources survey within the proposed West Bank Vicinity of New Orleans, Louisiana, Hurricane Protection Project area. Fieldwork was conducted between September 14, 1999, and September 23, 1999. One hundred and forty-four bucket auger tests were excavated along 51 pedestrian transects during field investigations within the approximately 22-acre project area. No historic or prehistoric cultural resources were discovered in the project area, but three surface scatters of very recent materials were noted during survey, as well as a structure less than 50 years of age. Since no archeological sites or historic properties were discovered within the project area, ESI recommends no further work.
Keywords: openalex:import

Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Elevated Blood Pressure in Low Birth Weight, Nonobese, Young South African Adults: Early Programming of Cortisol Axis - Levitt, N. S. (The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Elevated Blood Pressure in Low Birth Weight, Nonobese, Young South African Adults: Early Programming of Cortisol Axis1 - Levitt, Naomi; Lambert, Estelle V.; Woods, David; Hales, C. N.; Andrew, Ruth; Seckl, Jonathan R. (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2000)
Low birth weight is associated with increased cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in adult life, although the mechanisms of this effect remain uncertain. There is one report of increased morning plasma cortisol levels in an elderly low birth weight cohort, but whether this is primary or secondary to other aspects of the phenotype is unclear. We investigated the association between low birth weight and glucose intolerance, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia in young, nonobese adults from a community undergoing the health transition with a high prevalence of both noncommunicable diseases and low birth weight. Additionally, we investigated whether altered basal and stimulated cortisol levels as a marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness or cortisol metabolism were associated with low birth weight in these young adults. Twenty-year-old, historically disadvantaged, urbanized South Africans (n = 137) with birth weights either below the 10th percentile [underweight for age (UFA)] or between the 25th and 75th percentiles [appropriate for gestational age (AFA)] had anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid levels, and glucose tolerance measured. In a subset (n = 62), 0900 h plasma cortisol concentrations, cortisol responses to 1 microg ACTH, and urinary glucocorticoid metabolites were measured. The mothers of UFA infants were themselves lighter and had a lower body mass index (P: = 0. 0016). At age 20 yr, although the UFA group was still smaller and lighter, with a lower body mass index, they had higher fasting plasma glucose levels (P: = 0.047), and a greater proportion demonstrated glucose intolerance (11.9% vs. 0%; P: < 0.01). The UFA group also had higher systolic [UFA, 126.0 +/- 13.3 (+/-SD); AFA, 122.0 +/- 11.7 mm Hg; P: = 0.007] and diastolic (72.3 +/- 8.4 vs. 69. 5 +/- 8.7 mm Hg; P: = 0.02) blood pressures, after covarying for current weight and gender. Plasma cortisol levels determined at 0900 h were higher in the UFA group (484.9 +/- 166.3 vs. 418.6 +/- 160.6 nmol/L) and showed a greater plasma cortisol response to low dose ACTH stimulation (area under the curve for cortisol: UFA, 77,238 +/- 19,511; AFA, 66,597 +/- 16,064 nmol/L.min; P: = 0.04). In conclusion, the link between low birth weight and adult glucose intolerance and blood pressure elevation occurs in young adults in a high risk, disadvantaged population despite a lack of full catch-up growth. Moreover, cortisol axis activation is an early feature in the process linking low birth weight with adult cardiovascular and metabolic disease and is not dependent upon adult obesity or full catch-up growth, at least in this population undergoing the health transition.
Keywords: openalex:import

Psycho-Social Factors and Academic Performance among African Women Students at a Predominantly White University in South Africa - Malefo, Vicky (South African Journal of Psychology, 2000)
The present study explored the relationships between Family Environment, Life Stress & Coping Strategies and Academic Performance among African Women Students at a Predominantly White University in South Africa. The students' perception of their family environment was assessed through the Family Environment Scale. Information regarding coping behaviours/preferences and Life Stress was elicited through the self-report measures of Ways of Coping Checklist, and the Life Experiences Survey. Academic performance was assessed through the students' weighted average marks for the year. Socio-Economic Status (SES) and other demographic factors were included in the present study which lends support to the multidimensional models of stress and coping in the investigation of the academic performance of Black students in predominantly White universities. Multiple regression procedures were performed to examine which variables from the Family Environment Scale (FES), the Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC), the Negative Change Score (stress index from the Life Experiences Survey), and demographic variables, influenced academic performance. The findings of the study indicated that variation in students' academic performance was accounted for more by students' background variables than the cognitive factors. In view of these findings the multidimensional approach was proposed as a useful theoretical frame of reference to be used in studies which address themselves to the academic performance of black students in general, and black women students in particular, in predominantly white universities in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Human resources managers' perceptions of training incentives as a motivation for companies to relocate to export processing zones in South Africa - Mare, Pieter Daniel (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The influence of climate change on maize production in the semi-humid–semi-arid areas of Kenya - Mati, Bancy (Journal of Arid Environments, 2000)
The effect of climate change on maize production in the semi-humid and semi-arid, agro-climatic zones III-IV of Kenya was evaluated using two General Circulation Models (GCMs): the Canadian Climate Center Model (CCCM) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), as well as the CERES-Maize model. Long-term climate data was obtained from three meteorological stations situated in eastern, central and western regions of Kenya, while maize data was obtained from six sites within the regions. The climate scenarios were projected to the year 2030. Temperature increases of 2·29 and 2·89°C are predicted by the CCCM and GFDL, respectively. Rainfall levels are predicted to remain unchanged, but there are thought to be shifts in distribution. It is predicted that the short-rains season (October–January) will experience some increased rainfall, while the long-rains season (April–July) will show a decrease. Maize yields are predicted to decrease in zone III areas, while an increase is predicted in zone IV areas. However, the predicted changes in yields are low since they all fall below 500 kg ha−1, except the Homa Bay site. Thus, to counter the adverse effects of climate change on maize production, it may be necessary to use early maturing cultivars, practice early planting, and in eastern Kenya, shift to growing maize during the short-rains season.
Keywords: openalex:import

Fulfilling the learning resource requirements of students at the Open University of Tanzania - Mcharazo, A.A.S.; Olden, A. (Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Fulfilling the learning resource requirements of students at the Open University of Tanzania - Mcharazo, Alli; Olden, Anthony (Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 2000)
Reports more fully the results of a study and questionnaire survey, previously reported on in an earlier article ( Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 31 (2) June 1999, p.101-109), conducted at the Open University of Tanzania (OUT) to determine the user needs of their distance education students. Data is presented for 1994-1998, showing the distribution of students by regions of the country and by gender. Discusses the materials used by distance learning students: module/unit study materials; textbooks, other books and reference materials; human support; and publishers. Details are given of the role played by the Tanzania Library Service, OUT Library, and other libraries. Notes the effect of changing attitudes and sets out the study conclusions and recommendations applicable narrowly to OUT and more widely to planners of distance learning programmes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher education policy development in contemporary South Africa - Moja, Teboho; Hayward, Fred M. (Higher Education Policy, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher education policy development in contemporary South Africa - Moja, Teboho; Hayward, Fred M. (Higher Education Policy, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Codeswitching Among Multilingual Learners in Primary Schools in South Africa: An Exploratory Study - Ncoko, Sizakele Olga Sylvia; Osman, R.; Cockcroft, Kate (International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2000)
Codeswitching is an important interactional resource in South Africa's multilingual and multicultural society. This article discusses the incidence of codeswitching in primary schools and examines the speakers' motivations for employing codeswitching. The data is drawn from conversations in both formal (classroom) and informal (playground) situations and the discussion is informed by current theoretical frameworks in codeswitching research. The implications of codeswitching for education in South Africa are considered.
Keywords: openalex:import

An Analytic-critical reflection on an integrated arts education curriculum in a multicultural South Africa - Nevhutanda, Ntshengedzeni Alfred (2000)
The structure of an education system and its curricula reflects the influence of a specific paradigm. Since the onset of colonial rule and apartheid in South Africa about everything in the South African society, including the education system and curricular issues in particular, have been shaped in accordance with the macro paradigm: the modern Western paradigm. The emergence of a new paradigm: the postmodern paradigm, created the possibility of a new order of thinking which influenced all societal domains and aspects and propelled the society into the new millennium. Since 1994 a new approach forms the corner stone of all the new South African policy documents on education. It is for this reason that the issue of an arts education curriculum is investigated from a paradigmatic point of view with reference to the modern, the postmodern and the African paradigms. Various components, roles and dynamics of educational curricula cast in the modern paradigm framework are compared with characteristics of their counterparts in the postmodern paradigm framework, and how they can influence the design of curricula, especially arts education. The contribution of an African paradigmatic perspective is accounted for. A new approach to curriculum development based on the ideals of a learner-centred education approach, an outcomes-based education approach and the integration of subjects into specific learning areas has officially been adopted as the approach for transforming education and curricular issues, resulting in the present Curriculum 2005. Within the context of the Arts and Culture learning area of this Curriculum, the study concentrates on and emphasises the integration of the four art forms of dance, drama, music and visual art in order to overcome the legacy of fragmentation of a curriculum. The study culminates in a proposed integrated arts education outline for curriculum development that defines the rationale and vision for South African arts education. The researcher contends that there is sufficient scope for arts education to contribute its unique aesthetic values to the new national curriculum in South Africa and that integration of these art forms does not in any way diminish the unique character of each. Key concepts: Arts education; Integrated arts education; Curriculum; Curriculum 2005; paradigms; Modernism; Postmodernism; African paradigm; Paradigms and education AN ANALYTIC-CRITICAL REFLECTION ON AN INTEGRATED ARTS EDUCATION CURRICULUM IN A MULTICULTURAL SOUTH AFRICA CHAPTER
Keywords: openalex:import

Effect of nutritional education and dietary counselling on body weight in HIV‐seropositive South Africans not receiving antiretroviral therapy - Niekerk, Carmen van; Smego, Raymond A.; Sanne, Ian (Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 2000)
Background Unintentional weight loss of > 10% contributes to morbidity and mortality in HIV‐infected patients. In poorer developing countries, cost‐effective options to promote weight gain are extremely limited. Methods We conducted a pilot study of the effect of nutritional education and dietary counselling on body weight in 90 HIV/AIDS patients. Education entailed principles of healthy eating, socioeconomics of nutrition, food safety, and symptom‐related dietary guidelines. Other clinical parameters examined for potential impact on body weight included age, sex, CD4+ lymphocyte count, presence of complicating infections, concomitant medications, vitamin use, and nutritional supplementation. No patients received antiretroviral therapy. Results At study end (mean follow‐up, 4.2 months) body weight compared to baseline was greater in study subjects than in controls ( P < 0.01); stable or increasing weight was seen in 73% of study patients. Weight gain (≥ 1 kg) occurred in 53% of counselled patients (mean = 3.5 kg; range 1–11 kg) vs. 21% of matched controls (mean = 2.0 kg; range 1–3 kg) ( P < 0.03). Nutritional counselling was found to offset the adverse effects of gastrointestinal tract or systemic infection (especially in patients with CD4+ counts < 200 cells mm –3 ). Conclusion In low‐resource areas, culturally and economically relevant nutritional education and dietary counselling are simple yet effective means of stabilizing or increasing body weight in HIV‐infected patients.
Keywords: openalex:import

Tanzania: AIDS care – learning from experience - Nnko, Soori; Chiduo, B.; Wilson, F. B.; Msuya, Wences; Mwaluko, Gabriel (Review of African Political Economy, 2000)
Given heterosexual transmission and mother to child transmission, AIDS often strikes more than once within the same family. This is debilitating but can also be a learning experience for carers whose knowledge might then be a resource for the community. This article describes a pilot study into the experience of 21 main care providers in families with chronically ill people suffering mainly from AIDS, each one having cared for and supported more than one patient. During the study 46 out of 51 patients who were cared by these 21 care providers had already died. Respondents provided information on care and support given to the first patient and how much they were prepared and experienced at giving quality care to the next patient. This study provides data from in‐depth interviews conducted between April and June 1999 in a suburb of Mwanza, a city in northwestern Tanzania.
Keywords: openalex:import

A visit to Eden: Living and working at the Regional Dermatology Training Center in Tanzania - Nordlund, James J. (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2000)
J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:1101-8.
Keywords: openalex:import

Book Review: The Classroom Struggle: Policy and Resistance in South Africa 1940–1990 - Ntshangase, Sibusiso (South African Journal of Psychology, 2000)
Extracted from text ... The Classroom Struggle: Policy and Resistance in South Africa 1940-1990 Jonathan Hyssop Pietermaritzburg: A university of Natal Press, 1999 189pp ISBN 0 86980 952 0 R89.00 There is a saying that when authors deal with complex issues and institutions they tend to narrowly focus on the trees so that they fail to see and explain the forest and the forces that maintain it. On the other hand some authors do the opposite and pay undue attention to the forest and neglect the fortunes of each tree. Hyslop, in this outstanding overview of 50 decades of the struggle in South ..
Keywords: openalex:import

Peripartum complications of undiagnosed twin pregnancy at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana - Obed, S.A. (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The use of anthropometric and clinical parameters for early identification and categorisation of nutritional risk in pre-school children in Benin City, Nigeria - Ojo, Omorogieva; Deane, Rashid; Amuna, Paul (Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 2000)
This study was conducted in Benin City, Nigeria between June and August 1996 to assess nutritional status and health risks of three to five-year-old children, with the view to suggesting practical approaches to their early detection and intervention. A total of 165 children comprising 90 males and 75 females was studied. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight-for-age (WFA), weight-for-height (WFH) and height-for-age (HFA) z-scores were determined and used to calculate percentage preva lence of malnutrition. Clinical features of macro- and micro-nutrient deficiency were used to develop a clinical scoring system which was subsequently matched with anthro pometric z-scores. The results showed that MUAC z-scores (-1.91 SD±0.74) gave the highest percentage prevalence of malnutrition of 45.2% in this population, followed by the WFA (-1.22 SD±1.07) and HFA (-0.84 SD±1.42) z-scores with a percentage preva lence of 23.3% and 20.6% respectively. The WFH z-score (-0.89 SD±1.06) was the least sensitive in detecting malnutrition (14.7% prevalence). The percentage prevalence calculated from MUAC z-scores matched FAO figures (43%) for the sub-Saharan African region in 1996. MUAC z-scores also correlated more closely with the clinical features of malnutrition (R 2 = 0.7087). Progressively worsening clinical features were also seen with decreasing z-scores for all variables. Even though moderate differences in clinical and anthropometric variables were detected between the sexes with females fairing better than male subjects, these differences were not statistically significant. Comparisons between anthropometric variables showed only weak correlation, except for WFA vs. HFA z-scores (R 2 = 0.5233) and WFH vs. WFA z-scores (R 2 = 0.4559) which showed moderately positive correlation. We conclude that whereas MUAC z-scores were most sensitive in detecting the extent of malnutrition in this population, merely using anthropometric variables alone may lead to significant under-reporting of the prevalence of malnutrition in a commu nity. A combination of various anthropometric z-scores with clinical features will how ever help in the early identification and categorisation of subjects in terms of degree of nutritional risk. The training of field health and nutrition workers should therefore emphasise the routine use and combination of anthropometric and clinical variables in the determination of prevalence of malnutrition and in the formulation of intervention strategies for nutrition rehabilitation.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Evolution of Nursing Education in a Postindependence Context—Ghana from 1957 to 1970 - Opare, Mary; Mill, Judy (Western Journal of Nursing Research, 2000)
Development of nursing education in Ghana between 1957 and 1970 is characterized by dynamic change and growth. Published manuscripts, personal interviews, and letters were used to analyze evolution of nursing education during this period. Following independence in 1957, developments in nursing education continued to be strongly influenced by external organizations and their designated experts. Policies, such as the local training of nurses and Africanization, provided impetus for nurses to further their education to assume senior positions in nursing education and administration. Emphasis on training nurses to work in a hospital-based curative health system, which had been the legacy of colonialism, gradually shifted to a broad-based education that prepared nurses to work in a variety of settings. Changes in nursing education occurred within an economic climate that presented ongoing impediments, yet the vision of the first generation of Ghanaian nurse leaders facilitated the tremendous progress seen during this period.
Keywords: openalex:import

Health Behaviour in Black South African University Students - Peltzer, Karl (South African Journal of Psychology, 2000)
Four important health behaviours – dietary fat avoidance, regular exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption - were assessed by questionnaire, together with measures of risk awareness, beliefs about the importance of each behaviour for health, health status, health locus and health value. The sample included 793 Black University students from non-health courses chosen at random from the University of the North, South Africa. The students were 370 (46.7%) males and 423 (53.3%) females in the age range of 18 to 25 years (M age 21.0 years, SD=3.48). The following prevalences for healthy behaviour was found: almost half (44.7%) avoided fat and cholesterol and likewise 48% had exercised in the past 14 days. More than 90% were non-smokers and 84% were non-drinkers or drank alcohol only very occasionally. Sex emerged as an independent predictor for smoking and drinking. Men smoked and drank more than women did. The level of risk awareness about healthy behaviour seemed to be low in this sample. Risk awareness and prevalence of health behaviour was only found to have significant effects for non-smoking and not for the other health behaviours (exercise, fat intake, alcohol consumption). Beliefs were more important independent predictors of dietary fat intake and exercises than was risk awareness.
Keywords: openalex:import

Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS of a Sample of School Teachers in South Africa - Peltzer, Karl (Psychological Reports, 2000)
A questionnaire was administered to 160 black school teachers randomly chosen from one rural region of the Northern Province of South Africa. Their ages ranged from 26 to 57 years. Scores indicated very poor general knowledge about transmission of HIV/AIDS and moderately high supportive attitudes about dealing with HIV inside and outside of the classroom. Pearson product-moment correlations of .3 and .6 suggested weak association of knowledge about transmission and general knowledge with a supportive attitude.
Keywords: openalex:import

Distance assisted training for nuclear medicine technologists and harmonisation of training in Africa. - Philoteou, G (PubMed, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Perspectives of an African American Mother on Parent–Professional Relationships in Special Education - Rao, Shridevi (Mental Retardation, 2000)
A case study focused on the perspectives of a low-income, African American mother of a child with disabilities was presented. How an African American parent may begin to perceive characteristics of special education services and aspects of professional behavior as problematic was discussed as was her growing dissatisfaction with the services and eventual decision to withdraw her participation in the special education process The mother's perspective on specific encounters with professionals and the cumulative ways in which these encounters build toward her sense of growing dissatisfaction have implications for professional practice. Further understanding of how African American parents perceive their initial interactions with professionals and how they come to interpret these interactions may contribute towards building increased parental participation and parental satisfaction.
Keywords: openalex:import

Exercise training in a predominantly African-American group of stroke survivors - Rimmer, James H.; Riley, Barth B.; Creviston, Todd; Nicola, Terry (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2000)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-wk exercise training program in a predominantly African-American group of stroke survivors with multiple comorbidities.A lag-control group design was employed to provide training to all participants (N = 35). Two 12-wk training iterations were arranged. Participants trained 3 d x wk(-1) for 60 min x d(-1) (cardiovascular, 30 min; strength, 20 min; flexibility, 10 min). Outcome measures included peak VO2 (mL x min(-1), mL x kg(-1) x min(-1), maximal workload (MW), time to exhaustion (TTE), 10 RM on two LifeFitness strength machines, grip strength (GS), body weight (BW), total skinfolds (TS), waist to hip ratio (WHR), hamstring/low back flexibility (HLBF), and shoulder flexibility (SF).Compared with controls, the exercise group showed significant gains in peak VO2 (P < 0.01), strength (P < 0.01), HLBF (P < 0.01), and body composition (BW and BMI, P < 0.05; TS, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between exercise and controls on WHR, SF, and GS.A supervised exercise training program for stroke survivors with multiple comorbidities was highly effective in improving overall fitness, potentially reducing the risk of further disease and disability. Greater effort must be made on the part of the public health community to increase access to community-based physical activity programs for persons with stroke.
Keywords: openalex:import

CHANGING GENDER RELATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT IN YEMEN: EDUCATION, FAMILY, HEALTH AND FERTILITY, CULTURAL EXPRESSION - Riphenbur, Carol J. (Southeastern political review, 2000)
This study undertakes an innovative approach to confound the public‐private paradigm prevalent which predominates in the literature on women and community in the developing world. It utilizes the concept of life options as formulated by Janet Z. Giele—which serves as the dependent variables in the analysis. Women's roles and status—as measured by these life options—are seen as structurally determined by state ideology (regime orientations and juridical system), level and type of economic development, and class location. The hypothesis to be tested is that, in an underdeveloped nation such as Yemen with a conservative, shah'a‐based personal status law and a minuscule middle class, the status of women will be low on the dimensions of the life options examined—education, family, health and fertility, and cultural expression. The conclusion confirms what the development literature would lead the researcher to expect: a convergence of conservative cultural norms embodied in state policy, low economic development, and a diminutive middle class containing few women accounts for little improvement in women's status on the designated indicator in Yemen in recent years.
Keywords: openalex:import

Historiography of the Bènizàa: The Postclassic and Early Colonial Periods (1000–600 A.D.). Michel Oudijk. CNWS Publications, Vol. 84. Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Univeriteit Leiden, Leiden, 2000. x + 345 pp., figures, maps, appendices, bibliography, (paper). - Rojas, José Luis de (Latin American Antiquity, 2000)
Historiography of the Bènizàa: The Postclassic and Early Colonial Periods (1000–600 A.D.). Michel Oudijk. CNWS Publications, Vol. 84. Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Univeriteit Leiden, Leiden, 2000. x + 345 pp., figures, maps, appendices, bibliography, (paper). - Volume 11 Issue 4
Keywords: openalex:import

An Assessment of High School Pupils' Attitudes Towards the Pronunciation of Black South African English - Rooy, Bertus van; Rooyen, Sanet van; Wyk, Herman van (South African Journal of Linguistics, 2000)
Die houdings van Sotho, Engelse en Afrikaanse hoërskoolleerlinge teenoor verskillende variëteite van Swart Suid-Afrikaanse Engels (SSAE) word in hierdie artikel ondersoek. In die lig van die veranderende status van sprekers van SSAE, ten minste in die oë van swart gebruikers van Engels in Suid-Afrika, word daar verwag dat die status van SSAE sal verhoog. Daar word bevind dat SSAE wel verhoogde aansien in die oë van die Sotho-deelnemers geniet, maar dat die Afrikaanse en Engelse deelnemers steeds meer positief is teenoor Wit Suid-Afrikaanse Engels. Nietemin vertoon al drie groepe deelnemers sensitiwiteit teenoor die verskillende subvariëteite van SSAE, waar die akrolektiese vorm bo die mesolektiese vorm verkies word Almal is egter eensgesind in hulle negatiewe houding teenoor basilektiese SSAE.
Keywords: openalex:import

Performance on Raven's Matrices by African and White University Students in South Africa - Rushton, J. Philippe; Skuy, Mervyn (Intelligence, 2000)
Untimed Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) were administered to 309 17- to 23-year-old students at the University of the Witwatersrand and the Rand Afrikaans University in Johannesburg, South Africa (173 Africans, 136 Whites; 205 women, 104 men). African students solved an average of 44 of the 60 problems whereas White students solved an average of 54 of the problems (p<.001). By the standards of the 1993 US normative sample, the African university students scored at the 14th percentile and the White university students scored at the 61st percentile (IQ equivalents of 84 and 104, respectively). The African–White differences were found to be greater on those items of the SPM with the highest item–total correlations, indicating a difference in g, or the general factor of intelligence. A small sex difference favoring males was found in both the African and the White samples, but unrelated to g.
Keywords: openalex:import

Ascorbate Deficiency Impairs the Muscarinic-Cholinergic and β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Systems in the Guinea Pig Submandibular Salivary Gland - Sawiris, Peter G.; Enwonwu, Cyril O. (The Journal of Nutrition, 2000)
Ascorbic acid is preferentially concentrated in the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands. Its level in the acini of salivary glands is relatively high. We therefore hypothesized that ascorbate may have a role in salivary gland function. Ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs had lower stimulated whole salivary flow rates than well-fed, age-matched controls (P < 0.005). Total salivary protein concentration was also markedly (P < 0.005) reduced in the deficient guinea pigs. SDS-PAGE and densitometric quantification of protein bands confirmed significant reduction in specific salivary proteins (e.g., amylase, proline-rich proteins) in the saliva samples of malnourished guinea pigs. Some protein bands not seen in control saliva were detected in the saliva of malnourished guinea pigs. Ascorbate deficiency also produced a significant (P < 0.005) reduction in the β-adrenergic receptor density (subtype 1; 95 ± 19 fmol/mg protein compared with 179 ± 27 fmol/mg protein for the controls). No significant difference was observed between the two groups with respect to the β-adrenergic receptor subtype 2. Additionally, ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs had significantly lower muscarinic-cholinergic receptor densities (50 ± 5 vs. 74 ± 8 fmol/mg protein for controls). Our data support the conclusion that diminished membrane receptors might impair the capacity of the transmembrane signaling system, resulting in salivary gland hypofunction in ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs. Without implying extrapolation of our findings in experimental animals to humans, it is perhaps relevant that many conditions often associated with salivary gland hypofunction in humans (e.g., smoking or drug ingestion) deplete cellular ascorbate.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Influence of Urban/Rural Background, Gender, Age & Education on the Perception of and Response to Dreams among Zulu South Africans - Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku; Pillay, Anand; Sargent, Carolyn (South African Journal of Psychology, 2000)
This study explored the effects of urban/rural background, gender, education and age on the way Zulu South Africans (N = 140) perceive, understand and respond to dreams. Results showed that the lives of rural subjects were significantly more influenced by dreams than urban subjects, particularly in terms of consulting dream interpreters and acting in response to dreams. Significantly more men than women reported experiencing dreams as communication with ancestors, and regarded these dreams seriously. Subjects with less education were more likely than others to associate dreams with specific events, consult dream interpreters, and report that their lives were influenced by dreams. More older than younger respondents experienced dreams as a direct communication with ancestors, consulted dream interpreters and responded to dreams with prayer and rituals. These results are discussed in terms of traditional cultural beliefs and deculturation.
Keywords: openalex:import

Report on Three Trips to Africa and the Etsiapa Memorial Methodist School Project in Elmina, Ghana, 1999-2000 - Whitney, Chris (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Work-home conflict among female teachers in basic educational institution in the Cape Coast municipality of Ghana - Agezo, Clement Kwadzo; Dzinyela, Joseph M (Journal of Educational Management, 2000)
One of the factors that contributes most significantly to the success of an organization is the effectiveness of its staff. This is particularly true of educational institutions. No matter how efficient and well-intentioned the school administrator is, he can hardly achieve success without the support and co-operation of well qualified, didicated, committed and effective staff. The study cirtically examines work home conflict among female teachers at the Basic Eduwtion level. and its impact on effectiveness in the classroom and other organizational work in the school. Data from questionnaires and interviews with 268 female teachers and 25 heads respectively suggest that there is a relationship between work-home conflict and effectiveness of female teachers. The combination of paid employment with the care of the home and children involves an excessive strain and stress which negatively affects effectiveness of female.
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher education financing and equality of educational opportunities in Swaziland - Akinkugbe, Oluyele (International Journal of Social Economics, 2000)
This paper constitutes a major attempt at examining financial flows within the educational system in Swaziland as well as in computing the households, relative to public contribution to unit costs in education. It found that financial resources to the education system derive from the traditional sources, that is, government, local communities and households, non‐governmental organizations, private enterprises and corporations as well as foreign aid. While the government contributes about 83 per cent of the total fund in the tertiary level, the household and families contribution is higher at the primary, secondary and high school levels. This is an indication of the fact that higher education is heavily subsidized by the government at the expense of basic education, bringing about inequality of educational opportunities within the education system. To redress the imbalance in the funding mechanism, cost‐sharing or cost recovery measures are being proposed at the higher education level.
Keywords: openalex:import

Secondary education in transition in Nigeria: The question of quality - Alani, Rose (Journal of Educational Management, 2000)
The paper traced the history of the development of secondary education in Nigeria since its inception in J859. The paper noted the emphasis on traditional art and science subjects in the past and the innovations that have been brought into the secondary school curricula by the National Policy 011 Education published in 1977, but revised in J981 and J998. The problems of implementing the curricula were briefly mentioned. The paper finally highlighted steps that could be taken to improve the quality of secondary education, such as provision of physical and material resources, adequate financing of education, teacher training and development, improvement of the conditions of service for teachers and supervision of instruction, among others.
Keywords: openalex:import

Valuable source for teachers From Apartheid to democracy : South Africa 1948 - 1994, Tim Nuttal, Jeanne Hoffman, Nkosi Sishi, Sam Khandlhela : book review - Allen, Geoff (Historia, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Selecting Students for Mathematics and Science: The Challenge Facing Higher Education in South Africa - Allsop, Terry (International Journal of Educational Development, 2000)
Statistics show that student enrolment in higher education institutions in South Africa has dramatically increased over the past years, a clear indication that higher education (HE) is addressing issues of equitable access in the wake of an exclusionary apartheid past. Despite these positive trends, there are still marginalised groups in society about whom we know little, and who risk being overlooked both in access statistics and at the level of actual lives. The article therefore outlines the aspirations and challenges for vulnerable young people in accessing higher education, based on a case study conducted at Orange Farm informal settlement in South Africa. A qualitative approach, using Sen, 2009, Sen, 1999a and Nussbaum's (2011) capabilities approach (CA) was adopted as the conceptual frame for the light it casts on real lives, opportunities and plural achievements, with empirical data collected through face-to-face interviews with purposively selected young people living in an Orange Farm orphanage.
Keywords: openalex:import

Stress management strategies of secondary school teachers in Nigeria - Arikewuyo, M. Olalekan (Journal of Educational Management, 2000)
The study provides empirical evidence for the management of stress by teachers of secondary schools in Nigeria. A total of 3,466 teachers, drawn from secondary schools in Ogun State of Nigeria, returned their instrument for the study. Data were analysed using percentages and chi-square. The findings indicate that teachers frequently use the active behavioural and inactive (escape) strategies in managing stress. While the active congnitive strategies are never used, the teachers express mixed feelings about the adoption of the inactive behavioural strategies. Also, sex, qualifications and location have a relationship with the type of stress coping strategies adopted by the teachers.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Impact of Economic Liberalisation on Private Sector Training Provision in Zimbabwe - Bennell, Paul (Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 2000)
This paper presents and discusses the results of empirical research into the provision of vocational training by private sector training institutions (PSTIs) in Zimbabwe. A representative sample of registered PSTIs in Harare was surveyed in early 1997. With economic liberalisation during the 1990s, there has been an extremely rapid growth in the number of students enrolled on a wide variety of courses offered by registered, for-profit PSTIs. The professional and sub-professional courses offered by these institutions rely very heavily on foreign qualifications, in particular from examination bodies in the UK.
Keywords: openalex:import

Issues in School to College Transition in Developing Countries: The Case of South Africa. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. - Blunt, Richard (2000)
AUTHOR Blunt, R. J. S. TITLE Issues in School to College Transition in Developing Countries: The Case of South Africa. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. PUB DATE 2000-11-00 NOTE 26p.; Paper presented at the International Forum of the Conference of the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE) (Sacramento, CA, November 16-19, 2000). Presentation of paper funded by the International Science Liaison, National Research Foundation of South Africa and the University of Port Elizabeth. PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Case Studies; College Bound Students; *College Preparation; Foreign Countries; *High School Students; High Schools; *Higher Education; *Transitional Programs IDENTIFIERS *South Africa; University of Port Elizabeth (South Africa)
Keywords: openalex:import

Issues in School to College Transition in Developing Countries: The Case of South Africa. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. - Blunt, Richard (2000)
AUTHOR Blunt, R. J. S. TITLE Issues in School to College Transition in Developing Countries: The Case of South Africa. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. PUB DATE 2000-11-00 NOTE 26p.; Paper presented at the International Forum of the Conference of the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE) (Sacramento, CA, November 16-19, 2000). Presentation of paper funded by the International Science Liaison, National Research Foundation of South Africa and the University of Port Elizabeth. PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Case Studies; College Bound Students; *College Preparation; Foreign Countries; *High School Students; High Schools; *Higher Education; *Transitional Programs IDENTIFIERS *South Africa; University of Port Elizabeth (South Africa)
Keywords: openalex:import

Identification of land-cover change and interannual climate variability in Africa from satellite imagery - Borak, Jordan (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Juvenile Delinquencyamong African-American Males: Implications for Special Education - Bowman, Lisa J. (Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 2000)
Juvenile delinquency is a pervasive and costly problem. As a society, we are losing too many youth to substance abuse, gang involvement, and criminal activity. The toll delinquency places on families, educational systems, and social welfare systems costs monetarily and socially. In this article, I review the research literature on juvenile delinquency among African-American males to determine (a) the quantity of research on this topic, (b) the quality of research, and (c) topics that have been investigated in this area. In particular, I sought to determine the degree to which researchers have focused on delinquency within the context of race and disability. In addition, I provide implications for future research with a focus on delinquency and disability.
Keywords: openalex:import

Juvenile Delinquencyamong African-American Males: Implications for Special Education - Bowman, Lisa J. (Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 2000)
Juvenile delinquency is a pervasive and costly problem. As a society, we are losing too many youth to substance abuse, gang involvement, and criminal activity. The toll delinquency places on families, educational systems, and social welfare systems costs monetarily and socially. In this article, I review the research literature on juvenile delinquency among African-American males to determine (a) the quantity of research on this topic, (b) the quality of research, and (c) topics that have been investigated in this area. In particular, I sought to determine the degree to which researchers have focused on delinquency within the context of race and disability. In addition, I provide implications for future research with a focus on delinquency and disability.
Keywords: openalex:import

Self-Efficacy: Gender Differences of Prospective Primary Teachers in Botswana - Brandon, Dorothy P. (Research in Education, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching Through the Prism of Difference: A Dialogue Among Four Bilingual, African-Ancestry Teachers - Casimir, Myriam; Mattox, Norman S.; Hays, John W.; Vasquez, Carla (Theory Into Practice, 2000)
(2000). Teaching Through the Prism of Difference: A Dialogue Among Four Bilingual, African-Ancestry Teachers. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 39, Children and Languages at School, pp. 248-257.
Keywords: openalex:import

Perceptions of students and supervisors regarding the block system in general nurse training in Zimbabwe - Chiware, Zvemusi Josephine Matienga (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Achieving Schooling for All: Budgetary Expenditures on Education in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia - Colclough, Christopher; Al-Samarrai, Samer (World Development, 2000)
This paper analyzes public spending on education in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia over recent years, with a particular focus upon primary schooling. It identifies regional expenditure trends since 1980, and provides more detailed comparative data for selected countries during 1990–95. It shows that the achievement of high enrollment ratios has been associated not only with high priority being assigned to public expenditures on primary schooling, but also with the presence of modest unit costs of schooling. The paper argues that schooling for all is achievable, even in countries which are among the poorest, and where school enrollments are presently very low, provided governments are willing to reform both the private and public costs and efficiency of school systems, and to give expenditures on primary schooling their proper priority.
Keywords: openalex:import

‘Raising Up the Degraded Daughters of Africa’: The Provision of Education for Xhosa Women in the Mid-Nineteenth Century - Erlank, Natasha (South African Historical Journal, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The appraisal of mathematics teachers in Ghana - Fletcher, Jonathan A. (Journal of Educational Management, 2000)
Many mathematics teachers in Ghanaian secondary schools have little or no training in the teaching of mathematics, yet they teach the subject because of the shortage of mathematics teachers in Ghana. Such teachers and their trained counterparts, need professional help to enable them guide pupils learn the subject effectively and efficiently especially since the duration for pre-university education in Ghana has been cut by about five. This study aimed to; 1. Examine the nature of teacher appraisal in Ghana . 2. Examine the validity of existing methods of teacher appraisal in Ghana. 3. Determine which variables influence Ghanaian mathematics teachers' views about teacher appraisal and its ability to help them improve their competence of teaching mathematics. Of the 441 secondary mathematics teachers who participated in the study, 193 taught the subject at the junior secondary level and 248 taught it at the senior secondary level. In addition, 44 Ghana Education Service Officials and six heads of secondary schools who appraise mathematics teachers were sampled. Methods used included questionnaires, interviews and observation of appraisers at work. Highly significant relationships were found between mathematics teachers' perceived professional support and appraisal experience, mathematics teaching experience and professional status at the senior secondary level, and between received support and appraisal experience at the junior secondary level. The results indicated a dramatic difference between junior secondary and senior secondary mathematics teachers in their perception of the potential of the teacher appraisal system in Ghana to help them to improve their teaching of mathematics. Senior secondary mathematics teachers were generally more pessimistic about the potential of the appraisal system than their junior secondary counterparts. The study also showed that many education officials who appraise mathematics teachers have little or no training in secondary school mathematics teaching or its appraisal, yet the appraisal system for both formative and summative purposes require these officers to both "help " mathematics teachers improve their work and make judgements about their performance. These findings led to the conclusion that the teacher appraisal system in the Ghana Education Service is not valid. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Retrospective vs. Prospective Analyses of School Inputs: The Case of Flip Charts in Kenya - Glewwe, Paul; Kremer, Michael; Moulin, Sylvie; Zitzewitz, Eric (2000)
5HWURVSH.WLYH YV 3URVSH.WLYH $QDO\VHV RI 6.KRRO ,QSXWV 7KH &DVH RI )OLS &KDUWV LQ
Keywords: openalex:import

Retrospective vs. Prospective Analyses of School Inputs: The Case of Flip Charts in Kenya - Glewwe, Paul; Kremer, Michael; Moulin, Sylvie; Zitzewitz, Eric (Social Science Research Network, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Ebonics Controversy and the Education of African American Children - Hafernik, Johnnie Johnson; Perry, Theresa; Delpit, Lisa (Educational Researcher, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Effect of Diabetes Self-Management Education With Frequent Follow-Up on the Health Outcomes of African American Men - Hendricks, Leo E.; Hendricks, Rosetta T. (The Diabetes Educator, 2000)
This study was conducted to determine whether objective clinical, patient performance, quality-of-life, and subjective outcomes are significantly different among African American men with type 2 diabetes who received follow-up at either monthly or 3-month intervals after participating in a structured diabetes self-management education program.Prior to the diabetes self-management education program, 30 African American men with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to 2 groups to receive telephone follow-up at either monthly or 3-month intervals over a 6-month period. Information obtained at follow-up contact included HbA1c level, perception of general health, and present diabetes knowledge. In addition, daily foot care, dietary, exercise, and medication compliance measures were assessed postprogram.There were no significant differences between the participants who received follow-up at monthly and 3-month intervals on any measures of the selected clinical, patient performance, quality-of-life, and subjective outcomes.This cross-sectional study showed that telephone follow-up at 3-month intervals following a structured program of diabetes self-management education may be just as effective in contributing to favorable diabetes health outcomes as monthly follow-up.
Keywords: openalex:import

Skills slot : gender awareness training directives for South African immigration officials - Hunt, Lee Anne De la; Moffett, Helen (Track Two : Constructive Approaches to Community and Political Conflict, 2000)
South Africa's governmental and parastatal institutions have a long history of authoritarian, rigid and hierarchical functioning, now in upheaval as the transformation to more equitable, consultative and humane procedures take place. Immigration officials in their role as gatekeepers have in particular been groomed to perceive their task as that of weeding out undesirable or vulnerable non-citizens.
Keywords: openalex:import

Students' Perceptions of Service Quality at the Balme Library, University Of Ghana - Katsekpor, Seth Agbeko (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Past and the Future in the Present: Kenyan Adult Immigrants' Stories on Orientation and Adult Education in Sweden - Kemuma, Joyce (2000)
The past and the future in the Present : Kenyan adult immigrant’s stories on orientation and adult education in Sweden
Keywords: openalex:import

Politics, Race and Absorption: Israeli Housing and Education Policies for Ethiopian Jewish Immigrants, 1984-1992 - Lazin, Fred A. (Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, 2000)
CCIS THE CENTER FOR COMPARATIVE IMMIGRATION STUDIES Politics, Race and Absorption: Israeli Housing and Education Policies for Ethiopian Jewish Immigrants, 1984-1992. By Fred A. Lazin Ben Gurion University of the Negev Working Paper No. 28 November, 2000 University of California-San Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0510
Keywords: openalex:import

Experiences of final year diploma nursing students in a peri-urban placement programme - Windhoek, Namibia - lipinge, Elise; Malan, Scholastika N. (Africa journal of nursing and midwifery, 2000)
The reviewed nursing curriculum in Namibia incorporated issues related to Primary Health Care and diversification in the practical field for student nurses. This means that the students are exposed more to their communities so that they can identify, manage and refer, if need be, the problems at this level, strengthen their problem solving skills which will enable them to look for solutions independently while taking into account all factors experienced by the family or community. The aim of this study was to explore and descriptionbe the experiences of the students as derived from the placement programme in periurban areas of Windhoek.
Keywords: openalex:import

Girls' education : the role of educational policies in Mauritania and Guinea - Maiga-Toure, Aminata (World Bank Other Operational Studies, 2000)
This article analyzes the role of educational policies as a success factor for girls' education and focuses in two countries, Mauritania and Guinea, that have successfully addressed this issue. It also briefly mentions the current situation in Burkina Faso and Mali. The key objective of this research effort was to understand and explain the practices that help girl students to succeed in school, and the underlying circumstances. The research revealed that the problems and successes of girls' schooling are part of a whole dynamic, in which socio-cultural, school and institutional factors overlap and interact.
Keywords: openalex:import

Girls’ Education: The Role of Educational Policies in Mauritania and Guinea - Maiga-Toure, Aminata (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2000)
This article analyzes the role of educational policies as a success factor for girls' education and focuses in two countries, Mauritania and Guinea, that have successfully addressed this issue. It also briefly mentions the current situation in Burkina Faso and Mali. The key objective of this research effort was to understand and explain the practices that help girl students to succeed in school, and the underlying circumstances. The research revealed that the problems and successes of girls' schooling are part of a whole dynamic, in which socio-cultural, school and institutional factors overlap and interact.
Keywords: openalex:import

Africa: focus on current library and information training needs and future patterns - Mambo, Henry (Library Review, 2000)
Discusses the training of library and information professionals in Africa, and future development. Argues that library and information services (LIS) training in Africa must take into consideration existing conditions and wider society needs. Courses offered must be tailored to suit conditions of Africa’s information structure and needs. Also the training offered must be suitable and effective enough to allow trainees to comprehend it properly and apply it appropriately to their actual working environments. Concludes that there is a need to strengthen the existing library schools in Africa. Coordination and cooperation at national and regional levels are suggested as part of the solution.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Role of the Humanities in Higher Education in South Africa - Marks, Shula (Pretexts: Literary and Cultural Studies, 2000)
(2000). The Role of the Humanities in Higher Education in South Africa. Pretexts: Literary and Cultural Studies: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 225-233.
Keywords: openalex:import

Thirty Years of Environmental Education in Africa: The role of the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya - McDuff, Mallory D. (Environmental Education Research, 2000)
The Wildlife Clubs of Kenya (WCK) is the largest grassroots environmental education organization for youth in Africa. Despite three decades of environmental education involving more than one million youth, no documented history exists of the organization or its role in environmental education in Kenya. The objective of this study was to develop a historical perspective of WCK and provide lessons learned for other environmental education programs for youth. This study used document review, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews with 50 respondents. Key success factors revealed by the study include partnerships between motivated individuals and conservation organizations, involvement in high-profile environmental issues, student trips to national parks, impacts on career choices of student, and decentralization of the organization. Critical recommendations for the future include the need to adapt to changing environmental issues and instructional strategies, enhance networking and public relations, incorporate strategic planning into programming, and capitalize on support of former WCK members. This study reflects the importance of documenting the history of environmental education organizations in order to build on past successes and improve program effectiveness for the future.
Keywords: openalex:import

From 'Special Needs' to 'Quality Education for All': a participatory, problem-centred approach to policy development in South Africa - Muthukrishna, Nithi; Schoeman, Marie (International Journal of Inclusive Education, 2000)
This paper provides insight into the unique process of education policy development in South Africa, in particular the work of the National Commission on Special Needs in Education (NCSNET) and the National Committee on Education Support Services (NCESS). The process has been characterized by a fully democratic, participatory approach ensuring maximum involvement of all stakeholders at all levels of society. In addition, the process has been problem-centred—focusing on meeting the complex challenges within a developing context. The most significant aspect of the Report of the NCSNET and NCESS is that it provides conceptualizations that reflect a break away from traditional models of special needs education. The shift in thinking from ‘special needs education’ to ‘barriers to learning and development’ has broadened the concern from a small group of learners who are vulnerable to exclusion from education to all learners who are subject to exclusionary pressures within school and community. Finally, the delays in finalizing the policy process since the release of the Report of the NCSNET and NCESS are analysed and interpreted in the light of complexities in the transformation process in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Supplemental Vitamin A Improves Anemia and Growth in Anemic School Children in Tanzania - Mwanri, Lillian; Worsley, Anthony; Ryan, Philip; Masika, Joseph (The Journal of Nutrition, 2000)
We conducted a randomized controlled trial of the effects of dietary supplements on anemia, weight and height in 136 anemic school children from a low socioeconomic background in Bagamoyo District schools in Tanzania. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of dietary supplements on anemia and anthropometric indices of anemic school children. The supplements were vitamin A alone, iron and vitamin A, iron alone or placebo, administered in a double-blinded design for 3 mo. All supplements were provided with local corn meals. Hemoglobin concentration, body weight and height were measured at baseline and at follow-up after supplementation. Vitamin A supplementation increased the mean hemoglobin concentration by 13.5 g/L compared with 3.5 g/L for placebo [P < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.19-13.57), the mean body weight by 0.6 kg compared with 0.2 kg for placebo (P < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.19-0.65) and the mean height by 0.4 cm compared with 0.1 cm for placebo (P = 0.0009, 95% CI 0.08-0.42). However, the group of children who received combined vitamin A and iron supplementation had the greatest improvements in all indicators compared with placebo (18.5 g/L, P < 0.0001, 95% CI 14.81-22.23; 0.7 kg, P < 0. 0001, 95% CI 0.43-0.88 and 0.4 cm, P < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.22-0.56 for hemoglobin, weight and height, respectively). It is likely that vitamin A supplementation may have a useful role in combating the problems of vitamin A deficiency and anemia, as well as in improving children's growth, in developing countries.
Keywords: openalex:import

Global Climate Change, Developing Countries and Transport Sector Options in South Africa - Naude, Clifford; Mirrlees, Roland; Dehlen, George; Pretorious, Jolanda; Mangera, Mashooda; Moleho, Constance; Meyer, Amanda; Sperling, Daniel; Redmond, Lorien (2000)
This report was undertaken for the PEW Center on Global Climate Change and deals specifically with the issue of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Transport Sector in South Africa. As a country study its focus is on the national level due to the relative size of the transport sector in South Africa versus some of the other case studies, as well as the availability of data in this country. The objectives of the study are to: •Gather information on the development of the transport system in South Africa, the key drivers which have shaped the current system, and critical issues and priorities; •Identify current policy goals and initiatives relating to the transport sector and their possible implications for the sector over the long term (i.e. 20 years); •Assess the contribution by the transport sector to Greenhouse Gas Emissions; •Identify possible measures (where appropriate) which can be employed to influence the transport sector in the South African context; and •Set out scenarios for the transport sector in South Africa in such a way that stakeholders will understand the benefits of mitigation and how this can lead to the enhancement of economic growth opportunities, rather than constraining it. In addressing the respective components of the project, an interview process was conducted by members of the project team. This involved a series of discussions with key role players in the transport sector in an attempt to obtain their views on current and future drivers of the system. The discussions were also used as input to the scenario generation process to formulate useful outlooks of the future of the transport sector in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Global Climate Change, Developing Countries and Transport Sector Options in South Africa - Naude, Clifford; Mirrlees, Roland; Dehlen, George; Pretorious, Jolanda; Mangera, Mashooda; Moleho, Constance; Meyer, Amanda; Sperling, Daniel; Redmond, Lorien (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2000)
This report was undertaken for the PEW Center on Global Climate Change and deals specifically with the issue of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Transport Sector in South Africa. As a country study its focus is on the national level due to the relative size of the transport sector in South Africa versus some of the other case studies, as well as the availability of data in this country. The objectives of the study are to: •Gather information on the development of the transport system in South Africa, the key drivers which have shaped the current system, and critical issues and priorities; •Identify current policy goals and initiatives relating to the transport sector and their possible implications for the sector over the long term (i.e. 20 years); •Assess the contribution by the transport sector to Greenhouse Gas Emissions; •Identify possible measures (where appropriate) which can be employed to influence the transport sector in the South African context; and •Set out scenarios for the transport sector in South Africa in such a way that stakeholders will understand the benefits of mitigation and how this can lead to the enhancement of economic growth opportunities, rather than constraining it. In addressing the respective components of the project, an interview process was conducted by members of the project team. This involved a series of discussions with key role players in the transport sector in an attempt to obtain their views on current and future drivers of the system. The discussions were also used as input to the scenario generation process to formulate useful outlooks of the future of the transport sector in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Peripartum referrals to korle bu teaching hospital, Ghana – a descriptive study - Nkyekyer, Kobinah (Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2000)
Summary A 6‐week prospective study of women referred to Korle Bu Teaching Hospital during labour and delivery was conducted to determine the sources of and indications for referral, and to assess the adequacy of various aspects of the referral mechanisms. Of 396 women referred, 86% were referred from polyclinics (which are state‐owned) and private midwives. The commonest indications were failure to progress (21.5%) and hypertensive disease (15.7%). A total of 35 (8.8%) women were referred with third‐stage or immediate postpartum complications. Referrals constituted 17.6% of hospital deliveries. Significant deficiencies were identified in the referral mechanisms. 72.7% of the patients travelled by public or private means of transport and 54.2% were not accompanied by any staff during transfer. Only 16.7% of those expected to have partographs came with one and 55.6% of women with complications of vaginal bleeding did not have intravenous infusions sited. However, in almost 90% of patients, the general condition on arrival in the hospital was good, and some referrals could probably have been avoided. Efforts must be made to improve patient transport and to evaluate labour management practices in the referring centres.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adapting to Climate Change: Challenges and Options for Africa. - Nyongesa, Kituyi; Ochieng, Benson (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Teacher management and support systems in Ghana: the case of cape coast municipality - Owolabi, S. O.; Edzii, A. A. (Journal of Educational Management, 2000)
The need to give support services to teachers throughout their career is being recognised as the only way to maintaining an effective teaching profession. The study was designed to ascertain the extent to which teacher support services are provided by the Chana Education Service and how the services influence teacher morale and job performance. Using Cape Coast municipality as a case study all the 340 teachers in the nine secondary schools, their headmasters and directors of education in the municipality formed the accessible population. About 72% of the teachers responded to the questionnaire served on all of them. The headmasters and directors were separately interviewed. Frequencies of responses were aggregated and converted into percentages to know what obtains with respect to GES support services. The study revealed that i. Ghana Education Service scarcely organises ill service training for school teachers. Subject associations, however, do organise refresher courses, seminars and workshops for their members. II. Except for the inadequate laboratory equipment, supply of teaching materials in the Cape Coast municipality is sufficient. Ill. Internal supervision of the Senior Secondary School teachers in the rnunicipality is negligible. External supervision is scarcely done. IV. Six kinds of financial support exist in principle but most teachers are unaware of any of them. Majority of the respondents considered the highly priced National Best Teacher Award as being inadequate to effectively motivate most teachers. Iv. Irrlernal incentive puckages, organis'ed by each schctol onrl its PTA, are more effective than GES attractive packages. Based on these findings some policy measures are suggested to ensure that adequate teacher management and support services are provided to boost the morale of teachers.
Keywords: openalex:import

Factors affecting condom use among senior secondary school pupils in South Africa - Peltzer, Karl (The Central African journal of medicine, 2000)
The aim of the study was to investigate factors affecting condom use among senior secondary school pupils in South Africa. Objectives were to identify the sociodemographic characteristics and sexual history, knowledge about correct condom use, source of condom information, AIDS health beliefs, self efficacy of condom use, correlates and predictors of condom use in Grade 12 students.Cross sectional survey.460 Grade 12 secondary school pupils from three rural schools.The sample included 460 Grade 12 secondary school pupils, 170 (37%) males and 290 (63%) females in the age range of 16 to 30 years (mean age 19.7 yrs, SD = 2.5).Self reported sexual activity and condom use (12 items); source of 'condom' information (12 items); knowledge of correct condom use (10 items); a 16 item AIDS Health Belief Scale and a 28 item Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale.About half of those sexually active (52.6% males and 40.5% females) reported never having used condoms. About 90% levels of correct answers on condom knowledge were found for the items of "protection against AIDS" and "expire date of condoms". Knowing someone with HIV/AIDS was related to current condom use and a history of STD with lifetime condom use. The four AIDS beliefs sub-scales were all related to self efficacy of condom use. Behavioural norm to use condoms, attitudes towards condom use, normative beliefs to use of condoms and subjective norm to use condoms were all related to condom use intention. Normative beliefs and subjective norms to use condoms were both negatively related with lifetime condom use, current condom use, and self efficacy in condom use. Normative beliefs, attitudes and subjective norms about condoms predicted condom use intention, AIDS susceptibility and AIDS benefits predicted condom use with last sexual partner, and AIDS benefits and AIDS barriers predicted condom use intention.Findings have relevant implications and are discussed in the context of developing an educational or intervention programme.
Keywords: openalex:import

The high school teacher's role in maximizing learners' initiative in English second language classes in Lesotho - Rantsoai, Ntsotiseng Mary-Goretti (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning about Power: Development and Marginality in an Adult Literacy Center for Farm Workers in Zimbabwe - Rutherford, Blair; Nyamuda, Rinse (American Ethnologist, 2000)
In this article, we critically examine the rise and fall of an adult literacy center that we helped establish for farm workers during the course offieldwork on a commercial farm in Hurungwe District, Zimbabwe. We raise questions about the emerging conventional wisdom in the anthropology of development and postcoloniality more broadly that characterizes development primarily as a mechanism to impose Western agendas and control targeted peoples. Our tale of the "Night School" suggests that anthropologists and social scientists need to pay attention to the power relations of development and the varied hierarchies and arrangements "in the margins" of development that cross‐cut wider interventions and relations of rule. [development, discourse, power, Zimbabwe, postcolonialism, gender, race, ethnography]
Keywords: openalex:import

The discontinuity between education policy and implementation in secondary school education in Zambia : 1964-1998 - Sakyi, Kwesi Atta (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The governance of the South African higher education system: balancing state control and state supervision in co-operative governance? - Sayed, Yusuf (International Journal of Educational Development, 2000)
The publication of the National Commission for Higher Education (NCHE) in 1996 was hailed as the first systematic attempt to map out a policy terrain for higher education in South Africa since the elections of April 1994. Its recommendations, particularly on the governance of higher education, elicited much discussion and debate. The debate continued (and continues) with the publication of the Green and White Papers, the Bill on Higher Education, and the Higher Education Act (HEA) in late 1997. This paper explores and seeks to clarify the emerging model of educational governance that has been accepted by the Ministry of Education in South Africa as the basis for managing and transforming the inherited system of higher education. Specifically, the paper considers the philosophy of “co-operative governance” and the governance recommendations of the NCHE Report and the HEA. These documents are examined in relation to state control and state supervision models of higher education governance. The paper concludes by considering the politics of policy development in the transformation of the South African higher education governance system.
Keywords: openalex:import

A tale of twelve teachers : education and democratisation in Russia and South Africa - Schweisfurth, Michele (2000)
This study explores primary school teachers' experiences of the changes that have occurred in education since the end of apartheid in South Africa and the end of communist rule in Russia. It outlines the national educational contexts and critically examines the nature and implementation of new policies in these two 'transitologies'. International literature on teacher responses to educational reform and on the potential of schooling to be democratic and to develop democracy in society is explored as background to the study. The research is based on two periods of field work in each country, between 1996 and 1998. In the second phase, case studies were developed of six Russian and six South African teachers, incorporating lesson observation and interviews about their life histories, educational experiences, classroom practice, and attitudes toward the educational reforms. The findings, based on the individual case studies and a cross-case analysis, reveal that teachers experience a range of 'competing imperatives' which make a coherent perspective and consistent practice difficult, even where teachers agree in spirit with the reforms. Their responses to these dilemmas depend on a number of individual and contextual factors, many of them arising from the personal life experiences of the teacher. For each, the construction of a coherent self-identity, despite the scope of the changes experienced, has been an important part of the process of transition.
Keywords: openalex:import

The goitre prevalance and urinary iodine status of primary school children in Lesotho - Sebotsa, Masekonyela Linono Damane (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Pattern of skin diseases at the University Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Shibeshi, Dagnatchew (International journal of dermatology, 2000)
Abstract Background and objective Skin diseases are among the leading causes of hospital visits in Ethiopia. An analysis was performed to describe the pattern of skin diseases at a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patients and methods All consecutive new patients seen at the dermatologic referral clinic of Black Lion Teaching Hospital (BLH) from June 1995 to July 1997 were included in this prospective analysis. The clinical examinations were performed by the author, so that uniformity of diagnosis and classification is assured. Results A total of 1505 patients were assessed; 1093 (72.6%) were in the age group 21–40 years, and the female to male ratio was 1.2 to 1. The most common skin diseases were allergic skin diseases (25.5%), infections (25.4%), the photodermatoses (22.9%), followed by papulosquamous diseases (11.4%) and pruritis of unknown origin (3.3%). Skin manifestations of collagen diseases were less common findings (0.7%). Conclusions The pattern of skin diseases observed in this analysis shows that allergic and infectious causes account for three‐quarters of skin problems. Emphasis should be given to this group of common skin diseases at all levels of health care so that proper diagnosis, treatment, and referral can be practiced.
Keywords: openalex:import

Leadership for adolescent girls: The role of secondary schools in Uganda - Sperandio, Jill (Gender and Development, 2000)
In countries of both the developed and developing world, success in secondary school is still seen largely in terms of examination results. However, schools have the potential to promote leadership in many different ways. In addition to formal qualifications, students gain many other skills and attributes during the years they spend in education. An important part of this 'hidden curriculum' in effective schools is the provision of motivation and opportunities to learn how to be a leader. Schools can adopt and promote clearly articulated beliefs, values, and expectations, which equip pupils to lead in later life. They may provide leadership training through appointing pupils as prefects, class monitors, and leaders of clubs and activities, and may provide role models for pupils - administrators, teachers, prominent students, and visitors - who promote leadership by example.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adaptation and Learning in Coastal Management: The Experience of Five East African Initiatives - Torell, Elin (Coastal Management, 2000)
This article explores principles of adaptive, learning-based resource management and their practical application in coastal management projects in East Africa. The principles of feedback and adjustment, experimentation, and carefully guided participatory processes that capture widespread knowledge are used to describe the experience of five projects in Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. The findings are drawn from a variety of sources, including site visits and interviews. The main finding is that adaptive methods are a major feature of all projects, and the general approaches used in each case are similar.
Keywords: openalex:import

A model for the introduction of jazz into the South African secondary music education curriculum - Vuuren, Tessaleigh Van (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence of eye diseases in primary school children in a rural area of Tanzania - Wedner, Susanne H. (British journal of ophthalmology, 2000)
The study measured the prevalence of eye diseases in primary school children between 7 and 19 years of age in a rural area of Tanzania, and investigated whether teachers could successfully provide the first component of a school eye screening service.Teachers from each of three primary schools in Mwanza Region tested visual acuity using a Snellen's E chart in 1438 pupils. 1386 of these pupils were then interviewed and underwent a full eye examination by an eye team.10 pupils (0.7%) had bilateral poor eyesight (visual acuity worse than 6/12), and an additional 14 pupils (1.0%) had unilateral poor eyesight. Significant refractive errors causing visual acuity less than 6/12 (1.0%), strabismus (0. 5%), and amblyopia (0.2%) were uncommon. Overall, 76 pupils (5.5%) had active trachoma, though the prevalence was 15.5% in the poorest school. 73 pupils (5.3%) reported night blindness, eight (0.6%) had Bitot's spots, and 11 (0.8%) had corneal scars. Simple screening by teachers correctly identified 80% of the pupils who were found to have bilateral poor eyesight by the eye team, with 91% specificity.The prevalence of significant refractive errors was not high enough to justify a school eye screening programme solely for this purpose. However, a programme may be justified in areas where trachoma is common. Further research is needed to validate the frequent reports of night blindness and to establish the public health importance of vitamin A deficiency in this age group.
Keywords: openalex:import

A comparative analysis of outcomes based education in Australia and South Africa - Williamson, Merryl Cheryne (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Factors affecting condom use among junior secondary school pupils in South Africa - Peltzer, Karl (Health Sa Gesondheid, 2000)
The aim of the study is to investigniefi2ctors affecting condom use among junior Secondary School pupi1s in South Africa. The sample included 446 Grade 10 Secondary school pupils, 200 (44.896) ma1e and 246 (55.2%),females within the age range of I0 to 30 years (M age 16.6 years, SD = 2.5) from three rural schools in one region of the Northern Province in South Africa. Main outcomes measures included sexual activity and condom use (12 items), source of “condom” information (12 items), knowledge of correct condom use (10 items), a 16-item AIDS Health Belief Scale and a 28-item Condom Use Self-Efficiency Scale.

*Please note: This is a reduced version of the abstract. Please refer to PDF for full text.
Keywords: openalex:import

Noise-induced aspartate and glutamate efflux in the guinea pig cochlea and hearing loss - Jäger, Wanje; Goiny, Michel; Herrera‐Marschitz, Mario; Brundin, Lou; Fransson, Anette; Canlon, Barbara (Experimental Brain Research, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Growth, Public Action, and Well‐Being: What Can Sub‐Saharan Africa Learn from Others? - Svedberg, Peter (2000)
Abstract The basic question is what governments in sub‐Saharan Africa can learn from researched experience in other parts of the world so as to break the present deadlock. If ever the political urge to seriously reduce the plights of the population (ill health, undernutrition, illiteracy, excess mortality) is to come forth in the sub‐Saharan African countries, there are two main (not mutually excluding) policy routes ahead. One is a reallocation of existing resources to these ends, while simultaneously improving the quality of the public services. This, it is argued, could help to some extent, but present income levels in these countries are far too low for resource reallocation to be a final remedy. From both supply and demand perspectives, the only long‐term solution is to accomplish economic growth (with an equitable profile) that alleviates the root cause for undernutrition and other health and social plights, i.e. economic poverty.
Keywords: openalex:import

Validation of general circulation climate models and projectionsof temperature and rainfall changes in Cameroon and someof its neighbouring areas - Kamga, F. Mkankam (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Sub-Saharan Africa Learning What Works - Ghura, Dhaneshwar; Basu, Anupam; Calamitsis, Anthony E (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Health seeking and hygiene behaviours predict nutritional status of pre-school children in a slum area of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. - Abate, Gugsa; Kogi-Makau, W; Muroki, Nelson M. (PubMed, 2000)
A cross-sectional study was done from March to May 1997 in four selected slum kebeles (villages) of Addis Ababa in which nutritional status of 758 children aged 6 to 36 months was examined and stratified into malnourished and well nourished groups. Analysis of hygiene and health seeking practices of randomly selected households of the two sets of children determined practices that significantly exacerbate childhood malnutrition. The rates of immunization for the malnourished (80.2%) and well nourished households (77.6%) were practically the same. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of home treatment or food withholding habits at times of diarrhoea episodes between the two groups. The study established six variables to predict childhood malnutrition in the slum section of Addis Ababa: 1) presence of child waste inside house (Odds Ratio = 7.44; p < 0.0001), 2) diarrhoea treatment at the hospital (OR = 0.47;p < 0.05), 3) prolonged storage of cooked foods (OR = 2.86;p < 0.05), 4) feeding with washed hands (OR = 0.44; p < 0.01), and 5) poor handling of drinking water (OR = 3.18; p < 0.01) and 6) foods (OR = 3.52; p < 0.01). Hence strong and sustainable advice with a view of changing the behaviours of households towards good personal and household hygiene practices, and increased utilization of health settings is recommended as these may limit the overall success of public health programmes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Towards Poverty Alleviation in Africa: Women's issues in health and education - Aboum, Agnes (Transformation, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Students' Sociocultural Background as a Discriminating Factor in the Evaluation of Teaching in a Bilingual University in Central Africa - Amin, Martin E. (Teaching in Higher Education, 2000)
This investigation established the variables on which students with different sociocultural backgrounds, receiving lectures from same teachers differ in their evaluation of these teachers. An evaluation questionnaire that required the students to evaluate teachers' knowledge of subject matter, rapport with students, appropriateness of teaching strategies, ability to prepare, organise, teach and assess students was constructed and validated. Nine-hundredand-twenty-seven students of anglophone and francophone sociocultural backgrounds receiving courses from both anglophone and francophone instructors in a Faculty of the University of Yaounde I participated in the study. When discriminant analysis was applied, 20 significant discriminating variables were found and categorised in two groups. A group in which mean scores by anglophone students are greater than those of francophone students and the second group in which the mean scores of francophone students are higher than those of anglophone students. The results were explained in terms of the sociocultural background of the students.
Keywords: openalex:import

Automation of Private School Libraries in Ghana: A Case Study of SOS-HERMANN GMEINER International College, Tema - Awortwe-Abban, J.P. (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

A Social Contract Between the Public Higher Education Sector and the People of South Africa - Bawa, Ahmed C. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2000)
The higher education sector in South Africa is experiencing an existential crisis. For all of its diverse elements and activities and values as a system, its historic mission and the role that it plays in society were defined for it in the previous era - this not withstanding the progressive roles played by some of the . However, it is an existential crisis which stems only partially from its history in our Apartheid past. Its intellectual and organisational shape stems also from its place on the edge of the global academic metropole from which it attempts to draw its academic legitimacy. That metropole itself is currently shaken by large transformatory processes heralded by the burgeoning role of knowledge and information in the production processes of modern societies. This new epoch is characterised by a tremendous distribution of knowledge generation and dissemination activities in society thus undermining the hegemony of the 'modern university' in these enterprises. In this paper, some of the pressures that have helped to shape the existential crisis are examined.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Social Contract Between the Public Higher Education Sector and the People of South Africa - eScholarship - Bawa, Ahmed C. (2000)
The higher education sector in South Africa is experiencing an existential crisis. For all of its diverse elements and activities and values as a system, its historic mission and the role that it plays in society were defined for it in the previous era - this not withstanding the progressive roles played by some of the . However, it is an existential crisis which stems only partially from its history in our Apartheid past. Its intellectual and organisational shape stems also from its place on the edge of the global academic metropole from which it attempts to draw its academic legitimacy. That metropole itself is currently shaken by large transformatory processes heralded by the burgeoning role of knowledge and information in the production processes of modern societies. This new epoch is characterised by a tremendous distribution of knowledge generation and dissemination activities in society thus undermining the hegemony of the 'modern university' in these enterprises. In this paper, some of the pressures that have helped to shape the existential crisis are examined.
Keywords: openalex:import

An international training program to assist with establishing emergency medicine in Ethiopia - Bayleygne, Tesfaye M.; Shahar, Amir; Tsadic, Assefu W.; Benin-Goren, Odeda; Sorkine, Patrick; Alemnesh, Tewolde; Halpern, Pinchas (Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2000)
Ethiopia has a population of 56 million and an area of 1,110,000 km2. Ethiopia is one of the poorest nations in the world, and its health services system reflects that poverty. Accidental injury, violence, infectious diseases, and natural and manmade disasters abound, yet emergency medicine is practically nonexistent. Poorly equipped and staff emergency “rooms” supply substandard service even in the capital. Significant work and planning are under way by a group of high-quality and dedicated local physicians and nurses with international support from Israel and the United States. A coherent plan is due at the end of the year. Much financial and professional support from outside sources will be required for significant advances in the quality of emergency care to improve. Human as well are material resources are vital. [Bayleygne TM, Shahar A, Tsadic AW, Benin-Goren O, Sorkine P, Alemnesh T, Halpern P. An international training program to assist with establishing emergency medicine in Ethiopia. Ann Emerg Med. October 2000;36:378-382.]
Keywords: openalex:import

The health of enrolled and non enrolled children of school age in Tanga, Tanzania - Beasley, N. M. R.; Hall, Andrew; Tomkins, Andrew; Donnelly, Christl A.; Ntimbwa, Perpetua; Kivuga, J.; Kihamia, C. M.; Lorri, W.; Bundy, Donald (Acta Tropica, 2000)
The health of 227 children enrolled at primary school was compared with that of 214 non enrolled children living in rural Tanga, Tanzania. No consistent difference was observed with respect to prevalence and intensity of parasitic infection (hookworm, T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides, S. haematobium and P. falciparum). Since enrolled children were as commonly and as heavily infected as non enrolled children, treatment of enrolled children would be effective in reducing transmission throughout the total population. Non enrolled children were more stunted (P=0.0001) and wasted (P=0.0001) than enrolled children and also tended to be more anaemic (P=0.080) showing that poor nutrition is not only associated with delayed enrolment but continues to be associated with non enrolment throughout the school age years. Given that treatment has the greatest impact on the most malnourished children, additional measures to extend treatment to non enrolled children would be justified.
Keywords: openalex:import

Knowledge of High-School Students and Adult OPD Attenders of Family Planning Methods and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Including HIV) in Rural Zimbabwe - Beltman, Jogchum Jan; Segaar, Marc; Öry, F. G. (Tropical Doctor, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

African Firms : Learning and Productivity Improvement - Biggs, Tyler (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2000)
Among the most pressing questions facing manufacturing firms in Sub-Saharan Africa is how to raise productivity. Market liberalization and the move away from inward-looking trade policies has forced African firms to compete head-on with stronger, more experienced rivals both at home and abroad. In order for them to survive and take advantage of the new opportunities created by economic reforms, African firms must find ways to raise their technical capabilities. The study, training, technology, and firm efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa examines private 'learning' mechanisms by which firms build up technical capability and improve productivity. The paper then attempts to measure the impact of these learning investments on enterprise productivity. Survey data from five African countries: Ghana, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Zambia are used in the study. The data come from firm level surveys conducted in the mid-1990s by the World Bank's Regional Program on enterprise development more than 1,000 firms of all sizes were surveyed across four manufacturing sub-sectors. In the interviews, managers were asked about worker training and technology investments. This information was augmented by a random sample of workers in the firms from each employment category. Workers were questioned about their training experience, work histories, and compensation.
Keywords: openalex:import

African Americans and Graduate Social Work Education - Bowie, Stan L.; Hancock, Helen (Journal of Social Work Education, 2000)
This article reports on a study of career influences for a sample of African-American and other black graduates of MSW programs. The study isolated significant relationships between enrollment influences and selected demographic and career-related variables. ”Very important“ influences were career advancement, acquisition of new skills, professional status and credibility, and understanding professionalism in social work. Desire for professional development in social work was the dominant influence. Findings suggest that recruitment of African-American/black graduate social work students should incorporate strategies that address issues of job satisfaction, and recognize career priorities and professional aspirations. Implications for graduate social work education are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

THE CROSS-AGED LITERACY PROGRAM: DEVELOPING MEDIATIONAL ACTIVITY TO ASSIST NINTH-GRADE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS WHO STRUGGLE WITH LITERACY LEARNING AND SCHOOLING - Boyd, Fenice B. (Reading & Writing Quarterly, 2000)
In this article, I discuss the Cross-Aged Literacy Program as a mediational agent to assist adolescents who struggle with reading, writing, and schooling. Grounded within mediation theory, procedures and activities enabled ninth grade students to take the responsibility for the learning of younger children and thus themselves. Mediational strategies and activities were interwoven in the two major components of the program the preparation seminar and the cross-aged literary discussion groups. The two components entailed oral and written language strategies that heightened the social interactions within the program and focused on students' strengths to inform curriculum development.
Keywords: openalex:import

Private and Community Schools in Tanzania (Mainland). Mechanisms and Strategies of Educational Finance. Working Document. - Chediel, Richard W.; Sekwao, Nesta; Kirumba, Pinnecy L. (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling African Americans: Implications for Counselor Training and Practice - Constantine, Madonna G.; Lewis, Erica L.; Conner, Latoya C.; Sanchez, Delida (Counseling and values, 2000)
Addressing spiritual and religious issues in the context of counseling relationships may be beneficial to many African American clients. The authors discuss various roles and functions of spirituality and religion in the lives of many African Americans, with particular attention to the impact of these issues on their mental health functioning and willingness to seek formal mental health services. The importance of academic training programs that prepare counselors to address potential spiritual and religious issues with their clients, is also highlighted.
Keywords: openalex:import

Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce: The Colonial Experience in the Congo. Teacher's Resource Book [and Student Text]. Public Policy Debate in the Classroom. Choices for the 21st Century Education Project. - Cunningham, Paul (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

CISPLATIN INDUCES ACUTE RENAL FAILURE BY IMPAIRING ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN GUINEA PIGS - Durak, İlker; Karaayvaz, Muammer; Çimen, Mehmet; Avcy, A.; Özbek, Hanefí; Büyükkoçak, Serap; Öztürk, Hasan Serdar (Biochemical Society Transactions, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

African Higher Education and Training: Opportunities and Challenges - Ekhaguere, G. O. S. (Higher Education in Europe, 2000)
Although African countries have been continuously expanding their tertiary education systems since independence, these systems remain inadequate for fulfilling the demands being placed on them. Indeed, in many cases, the progress made has been set back by war, disease, and natural catastrophe. Various forms of non-traditional delivery are required, and several examples of distance networking are detailed, including the African Virtual University. A strategic approach to the expansion of access to and opportunities in tertiary education is required making use of assistance from the international partners of African universities.
Keywords: openalex:import

Jihadia Education and the Society of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers: 1928‐49 - El-Awaisi, Abd Al-Fattah (Journal of Beliefs & Values: studies in religion and education, 2000)
The Society of the Muslim Brothers sees Islam not merely in terms of religious observance but rather as an integral way of life. According to them, education means more than just teaching (though teaching remains the most important means of education) and is not an end in itself but a means to an end. As such, they have linked education with practical aspects of life, in an attempt to achieve a complete change in behaviour patterns. This approach to education is what the Muslim Brothers called Jihadia, as opposed to military education. The primary concern of this article is to examine and discuss the support systems that reinforced the Muslim Brothers military structure with a programme of education for the Society's members, and attempts to answer such questions as why Jihadia education was so important for the Society.
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning for All? Interrogating children's experiences of primary schooling in Mauritius - Griffiths, Michelle (Teaching and Teacher Education, 2000)
Central to the efforts of primary school reform in developing nations is the need for pupils to become more active, critical and creative learners and for primary schooling to enable all children to develop to their full potential. The question `learning for all?’ asked in the title emphasises the concern that, in developing countries, schooling and education for all do not necessarily translate in learning opportunities for all. The article discusses this idea. It is based on the assumption that takes universal quality basic education as an investment and a right and posits the necessity of micro-data in order to monitor children's learning opportunities. Examples from Mauritius are used to put forward some of the reasons impeding learning opportunities and equity inside classrooms and to highlight some of the discrepancies between policy rhetoric and the `reality’ of school.
Keywords: openalex:import

Global, Social, and Economic Influences on the Access Policies of South African Higher Education - Koorts, Albertus Samuel (Higher Education in Europe, 2000)
The access policies of South African universities are influenced by sets of global, social, and economic factors. Although the second and third sets are predominantly local (South African), they are influenced by the first factor that gives rises to a fourth imperative, the economic factor. The latter, which is of increasing importance and is affected by the fact that students can ''vote'' for higher education institutions and programmes with their feet, is tricky. For if institutions sacrifice their core values to market imperatives, they will lose much of their utility as education institutions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Unseen blindness, unheard deafness, and unrecorded death and disability: congenital rubella in Kumasi, Ghana - Lawn, Joy E; Reef, Susan E.; Baffoe-Bonnie, Benjamin; Adadevoh, S.W.K.; Caul, E.O.; Griffin, George E. (American journal of public health (1971), 2000)
Although rubella serosusceptibility among women of reproductive age in West Africa ranges from 10% to 30%, congenital rubella syndrome has not been reported. In Ghana, rubella immunization and serologic testing are unavailable. Our objectives were to identify congenital rubella syndrome cases, ascertain rubella antibody seroprevalence during pregnancy, and recommend strategies for congenital rubella syndrome surveillance.Congenital rubella syndrome cases were identified through prospective surveillance and retrospective surveys of hospital records. A rubella serosurvey of pregnant urban and rural women was performed.Eighteen infants born within a 5-month period met the congenital rubella syndrome case definitions, coinciding with a 9-fold increase in presentation of infantile congenital cataract. The congenital rubella syndrome rate for this otherwise unrecorded rubella epidemic was conservatively estimated to be 0.8 per 1000 live births. A postepidemic rubella immunity rate of 92.6% was documented among 405 pregnant women; susceptibility was significantly associated with younger age (P = .000) and ethnicity (northern tribes, P = .024).Congenital rubella syndrome occurs in Ghana but is not reported. Information about congenital rubella syndrome and rubella in sub-Saharan Africa is needed to evaluate inclusion of rubella vaccine in proposed measles control campaigns.
Keywords: openalex:import

החינוך המשפטי בארץ ישראל המנדטורית (Legal Education in Mandatory Palestine) - Likhovski, Assaf (Social Science Research Network, 2000)
תקציר בעברית: מאמר זה עוסק בהיסטוריה של החינוך המשפטי בארץ ישראל בתקופת המנדט. המאמר סוקר את ההיסטוריה, את תוכנית הלימודים ואת הכתיבה התורת-משפטית בשלושה מוסדות שעסקו בהקניית השכלה משפטית בזמן המנדט: בית ספר ממשלתי בריטי (שנקרא השיעורים למשפט), בית ספר פרטי יהודי (בית הספר הגבוה למשפט ולכלכלה) והאוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים. המאמר מראה כי בכל אחד משלושת המוסדות הללו התפתח מודל מסוים של חינוך משפטי. השוואת המודלים הללו מלמדת כי בניגוד להשקפה הרווחת לא היה עולם המשפט הארץ ישראלי שבוי בתפיסות פורמליסטית של המשפט, וכי בצד גישות פורמליסטיות לעיסוק במשפט הופיעו בארץ גם גישות שהדגישו את הקשר בין משפט וחברה. עוד נטען במאמר כי הבחירה במודלים השונים של חינוך משפטי לא הייתה מקרית אלא הייתה, בין השאר, תוצאה של שיקולים פוליטיים: חינוך משפטי בעל אופי פורמליסטי, מהסוג שאפיין את בית הספר הבריטי למשפט, נבע בין השאר מהרצון להעניק לגיטימציה לפרקטיקות המשפטיות של השלטון הקולוניאלי הבריטי. לעומת זאת, לימודי המשפטים בבית הספר היהודי התאפיינו בניסיון לטשטש את הגבול בין משפט לחברה וטשטוש זה סייע להצדיק את קריאתם של מייסדי בית הספר להתנגדות למשפט האנגלי ואת הדרישה שלהם להחייאת המשפט העברי. לבסוף, עמדת בינים בין תפיסות תורת משפטיות פורמליסטיות ובין תפיסות לא-פורמליסטיות אפיינה את לימודי המשפטים באוניברסיטה העברית שפרנסיה חתרו ליצור מוסד השכלה גבוהה יהודי לאומי אך הם גם שאפו שמוסד זה יפעל תוך שיתוף פעולה עם השליט הבריטי ולא תוך התנגדות לו.
Keywords: openalex:import

An epidemiological study on the occurrence ofStaphylococcus aureusin superficial abscesses of patients presenting for surgery in a teaching hospital in Khartoum, Sudan - Mahdi, Seif Eldin Ibrahim; Ahmed, Abdallah E.; Boelens, Hélène; Ott, Alewijn; Abugroun, El Sir; Belkum, Alex van; Zijlstra, Eduard E.; Verbrugh, Henri A.; Fahal, Ahmed Hassan (FEMS immunology and medical microbiology (Print), 2000)
A group of patients (n=86) suffering from superficial abscesses was recruited in the Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Detailed clinical and socio-economic data were collected. It appeared that 83% of all patients were younger than 40. Labourers were most prevalent (28%), followed by students (23%) and housewives (16%). The head and neck were most often affected (22%), with hands being second (19%). In 92% of all pus cultures a microbial agents was identified, the large majority being Staphylococcus aureus (69%). Among patients, 47% were nasal carriers of S. aureus, similar to the carriage rate measured among controls, suggesting that nasal carriage is no risk factor for abscess development. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of abscess, recent traditional medical treatment, poor hygiene and low socio-economic status were significantly and independently associated with the occurrence of superficial abscesses.
Keywords: openalex:import

An epidemiological study on the occurrence ofStaphylococcus aureusin superficial abscesses of patients presenting for surgery in a teaching hospital in Khartoum, Sudan - Mahdi, Seif Eldin Ibrahim; Ahmed, Abdallah E.; Boelens, Hélène; Ott, Alewijn; Abugroun, El Sir; Belkum, Alex van; Zijlstra, Eduard E.; Verbrugh, Henri A.; Fahal, Ahmed Hassan (FEMS immunology and medical microbiology (Print), 2000)
A group of patients (n=86) suffering from superficial abscesses was recruited in the Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Detailed clinical and socio-economic data were collected. It appeared that 83% of all patients were younger than 40. Labourers were most prevalent (28%), followed by students (23%) and housewives (16%). The head and neck were most often affected (22%), with hands being second (19%). In 92% of all pus cultures a microbial agents was identified, the large majority being Staphylococcus aureus (69%). Among patients, 47% were nasal carriers of S. aureus, similar to the carriage rate measured among controls, suggesting that nasal carriage is no risk factor for abscess development. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of abscess, recent traditional medical treatment, poor hygiene and low socio-economic status were significantly and independently associated with the occurrence of superficial abscesses.
Keywords: openalex:import

An epidemiological study on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in superficial abscesses of patients presenting for surgery in a teaching hospital in Khartoum, Sudan - Mahdi, Seifeldin I. (FEMS immunology and medical microbiology (Print), 2000)
A group of patients (n=86) suffering from superficial abscesses was recruited in the Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Detailed clinical and socio-economic data were collected. It appeared that 83% of all patients were younger than 40. Labourers were most prevalent (28%), followed by students (23%) and housewives (16%). The head and neck were most often affected (22%), with hands being second (19%). In 92% of all pus cultures a microbial agents was identified, the large majority being Staphylococcus aureus (69%). Among patients, 47% were nasal carriers of S. aureus, similar to the carriage rate measured among controls, suggesting that nasal carriage is no risk factor for abscess development. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of abscess, recent traditional medical treatment, poor hygiene and low socio-economic status were significantly and independently associated with the occurrence of superficial abscesses.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cross-sectional survey of trachoma in school age children in the region of Thi??s (Senegal) - Moalic, E.; Jm, Dueymes; Baron, Ralf; Flohic, Le (The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2000)
Trachoma is a leading cause of blindness in West Africa. In Senegal previous studies have shown that the endemicity is high.To verify the extent of the pathology and to study the epidemiologic characters of this infectious disease in a population of school age children in a rural zone, located in the Thiès region (Senegal).A cross-sectional survey in six villages in the region of Thiès was performed in a population of school age children (5 to 15 years old). Sixty variables (individual, family, village, etc.) with morbidity indicators for trachoma cases were collected and analyzed.The cross-sectional survey confirmed the extent of the prevalence of trachoma in the childhood population; 208 of the 388 children (mean age, 9.19 years) included had trachoma (53.6%). Significant statistical correlations were found among the occurrence of trachoma and ethnic origins, the village of residence, the father's profession and the daily quantity of water ingested and its origin. Inversely no correlation could be found between the occurrence of trachoma and sex, age (except for florid trachoma), the size of the sibship, whether the mother washes the child, washing their hands before eating, the number of cospouses and the number of children per mother.The data obtained confirmed the extent of this endemic disease in the region of Thiès, because dispensing antibiotic eye drop has limited efficacy over time. Information should be provided to the population on the extent of the disease and its epidemiologic characteristics and more widespread well drilling, and use of that water should be encouraged.
Keywords: openalex:import

THE ROLE OF THE WORLD BANK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA - Mohammed, Habu Yunusa (2000)
This is a thesis submitted to the Post Graduate School, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. In partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of degree of master of International Affairs and Diplomacy (MIAD) in the Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences ABU. Department Of Political Science Faculty of Social Science Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria DEC 99
Keywords: openalex:import

Challenges that Educators Meet When Teaching Children with Hearing Impairment at Resource Units in Harare, Zimbabwe - Mutasa, Jane (Disability & Society, 2000)
Abstract Studying on challenges that educators meet when teaching children with hearing impairment at resource units was aimed at developing further the understanding of practices that either promoted or caused barriers to the learning of the pupils with hearing impairment and indicate achievements and failures of the programme. The study was conducted through focusing on the main educational activities and features that characterise pupils learning at resource units. These features were related to organisation of the pupils' learning, meeting pupils' academic and developmental needs, communication, co-operation among educators and educators and parents, and satisfying the educator knowledge needs. Educators cited a variety of challenges on the above named themes which adversely affected progress in the teaching/learning process. They also reported that the main achievement of educating children with hearing impairment at resource units was of developing the child socially and raising awareness in the society on the nature of hearing impairment.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Relationship Between Racial Identity Cluster Profiles and Psychological Distress Among African American College Students - Neville, Helen A.; Lilly, Roderick L. (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2000)
One hundred eighty‐two African American college students completed the Racial Identity Attitudes Scale. Results from the multivariate categorization scheme revealed 5 types of empirically derived racial identity attitude profiles: “dissonance internalization” (34%), “committed internalization” (30%), “cngaged internalization” (21%), “undifferentiated racial identity” (8%), and “dormant racial identity” (7%). The profiles significantly differed on Brief Symptom Inventory subscale scores.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sexual Attitudes and Behaviour of Male Secondary School Students in Rural and Urban Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria - Oladepo, Oladimeji (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2000)
A randomly selected sample of 1,527 male students in rural and urban high schools in Oyo State, Nigeria, was studied. Mean age at first sexual intercourse was 13.5 years among the 19.9% who had ever had sex. Having had sex before was associated with increasing age and number of father's wives. A positive male dominance attitude was common among rural, older and sexually experienced youth. Only 26.2% of sexually experienced youth had used condom. Perceived self-efficacy was the only factor associated with condom use. Reproductive health knowledge was low, but students expressed a desire to learn more. (Afr J Reprod Health 2000; 4[2]: 21–34) Resume Attitudes et comportements sexuels des etudiants mâles du secondaire dans les agglomerations rurales et urbaines d'etat d'Oyo, Nigeria. Un echantillon de 1,527 etudiants mâles selectionnes au hasard dans les ecoles secondaires rurales et urbaines dans l'etat d'Oyo, au Nigeria, a ete etudie. L'âge moyen au moment du premier rapport sexuel etait 13,5 ans parmi les 19,9% qui avaient jamais eu des rapports sexuels. L'Incidence d'avoir anterieurement eu des rapports sexuels etait associee a l'avancement en âge et au nombre de femmes que possede le pere de l'etudiant. Une attitude positive de la dominance mâle etait commune parmi les jeunes gens ruraux plus âges et plus experimentes. Il n'y avait que 26,3% des jeunes sexuellement experimentes qui s'etaient servis des preservatifs. L'auto-efficacite apercue etait le seul facteur associe a l'emploi des preservatifs. La connaissance de la sante reproductive etait base, pourtant les etudiants ont exprime le desir d'en connaitre davantage. (Rev Afr Sante Reprod 2000; 4[1] 21–34) Key Words : Sexual attitudes, male students, secondary school, Oyo State, Nigeria
Keywords: openalex:import

Sexual Attitudes and Behaviour of Male Secondary School Students in Rural and Urban Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria - Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Brieger, William R. (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The hearing profile of Nigerian school children - Olusanya, Bolajoko O.; Okolo, Angela A.; Ijaduola, G. T. A. (International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2000)
The paucity of up-to-date and representative epidemiological data on hearing disorders in Nigeria has been observed as undermining the effective advocacy of prevention initiatives. This study attempts to address this problem by evaluating the prevalence and pattern of hearing impairment in school entrants. Parental interviews, otoscopy, pure-tone audiometric screening (frequency 0.5-4 kHz) and tympanometric examinations were conducted for a representative sample of 359 school children in an inner city area of Lagos. The prevalence of hearing loss was 13.9%. Middle ear abnormalities were noted in 20.9% of the study population, of which 18.7% were reported with otitis media with effusion. Impacted cerumen, documented in 189 children (52.6%), was the most common disorder. It showed significant association with hearing loss (P<0.001) and school performance (P<0.01). Tympanic membrane abnormalities were observed in 144 (40.1%) children. Of these, 45 (31.3%) showed abnormal tympanograms while 28 (19.4%) reported hearing loss (P<0.05). The early detection and management of hearing problems is relatively rare, thus precluding the determination of possible aetiological factors for the observed abnormalities. Poor public awareness, dearth of relevant facilities and the lack of early screening programmes are major known contributory factors. The well established national immunisation programme offers a cost-effective platform within the primary health-care system for addressing the high prevalence of hearing abnormalities in school children.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sédimentation détritique continentale synchrone d'un volcanisme explosif dans le Trias terminal à infra-Lias du domaine atlasique (Haute Moulouya, Maroc) (Late Triassic to infra-Liassic continental detrital sedimentation synchronous with an explosive volcanic event in the Atlas area [Hgh Moulouya, Morocco]) - Ouarhache, Driss; Charrière, André; Chalot-Prat, F.; El-Wartiti, M. (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2000)
Une formation volcano-détritique (Formation de Tizi-n-Ghachou), constituée pour l'essentiel de matériaux basaltiques repris de séries sous-jacentes et de retombées aériennes ou subaquatiques de projections volcaniques, a été mise en évidence dans un bassin intracontinental, décakilométrique et allongé suivant une directioin SW-NE. Ce bassin est situé dans le faisceau de l'Accident Sud Moyen Atlasique séparant le Moyen Atlas au Nord-Ouest de la Haute Moulouya au Sud-Est. L'étude de la répartition verticle et spatial des dépôts épi- et pyroclastiques permet de reconstituer la paléomorphologie et la dynamique du bassin. Dans l'axe subsident, corrspondant à la partie méridionale du bassin, la sédimentation est globalement organisée en une mésoséquence hectométrique positive avec de bas en haut: un conglomérat grossier de base de cône de piédmont; des dépôts fluviatiles relativement moins grossiers organisés en chenaux conglomératiques et dépôts de décantation de plaines d'inondation; une sédimentation silto-argileuse et carbonatée renfermant des fragments basaltiques d'origine pyroclastique. Ainsi la Formation de Tizi-n-Ghachou résulte du démantèlement des coulées de basaltes tholéiitiques fini- à post-triasiques, démantèlement qui s'est accompagné de manifestations volcaniques explosives. Ce démantèlement et la répartition bien circonscrite de l'ensemble des dépôts suggèrent une mise en relief régionale du trapp basaltique après sa formation. Latéralement vers le Nord-Ouest, se dessine une forte dissymétrie témoignant d'un découpage du bassin en deux compartiments dont la mobilité était contrôlée par le jeu synsédimentaire d'accidents SW-NE. Ces structures furent scellées lors de l'installation de la plate-forme carbonatée du Lias inférieur. Les grandes lignes de l'évolution tectono-sédimentaire du bassin au Trias terminal - infra-Lias sont retracées et replacées dans un cadre géodynamique extensif ou transtensif en contexte de soulèvement. A volcano-detrital formation (the Tizi-n-Ghachou Formation), essentially composed of reworked basaltic material and volcanic fallout deposits, has been discovered in a southwest-northeast-trending intracontinental decakilometric sedimentary basin. This basin is located on the South Middle Atlas Fault, which separates the Middle Atlas in the northwest from the high Moulouya area to the southeast. The study of the space and the time distribution of these epi- and pyroclastic deposits enables the palæomorphology and the dynamics of this basin to be deciphered. In the subsiding axis of the southern part of the basin, sedimentation was roughly organised in a positive mesosequence with, from bottom to top: coarse conglomerates with basement pebbles corresponding to a piedmont fan; relatively finer fluvial deposits found in conglomeratic channels and drainage deposits from floodplains; clayish siltstones and carbonate sediments (limestones and dolomites) includeing pyroclastic basaltic fragments. This formation was mainly derived from the erosion of Late Triassic tholeiitic continental flood basalts contemporaneous with aerial explosive volcanic events. Erosion, as well as limited distribution of the deposits, suggests regional uplift of the basaltic traps after their emplacement, synchronous with reactivation of magmatic activity on the uplifted margins of the intracontinental basin. Laterally, toward the northwest, an important asymmetry suggests two discrete blocks, whose mobility was controlled by southwest-northeast syn-sedimentary active faults. Lower Liassic carbonate platform deposits overlay these structures. A wide area nalysis of these deposits shows structural trends superimposed on a major crustal suture zone, and suggests a tectono-sedimentary evolution in an uplift-related, extentional, or transtensional, geodynamic setting during the Late Triassic-infra-Liassic period.
Keywords: openalex:import

Opinion on Aids Prevention and Education among Rural Secondary School Pupils in the Northern Province of South Africa - Peltzer, Karl (Psychological Reports, 2000)
The study investigated perceptions of AIDS prevention and education among 308 Grade 11 pupils (132 boys and 176 girls), secondary school pupils (mainly Northern Sotho and Tsonga) in the Northern Province of South Africa. They were chosen randomly from three rural schools in Mankweng district and were ages 17 to 25 years ( M age=19.1 yr., SD=2.8). Analysis of ratings given on items of a questionnaire on AIDS prevention and education indicated that ‘Isolating people who are HIV positive’ and ‘How to protect yourself from getting HIV/AIDS’ received the highest ratings. Factor analysis extracted three factors on AIDS education explaining 48% of the variance. The items loading strongly on the first factor were use of condoms (.54), giving information (.53), finding a cure (.52), and no sex outside marriage (.42). On AIDS education two factors were extracted accounting for 52% of the variance. The first factor had significant item loadings for ‘sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS’ (.75), ‘knowledge of self-protection’ (68), how AIDS/HIV affects the body' (.66), and ‘alcohol and sexual behaviour’. These findings should contribute to the development of health promotion initiatives directed at AIDS/HIV.
Keywords: openalex:import

Substance Use among Urban and Rural Secondary School Pupils in South Africa - Peltzer, Karl; Cherian, Lily (Psychological Reports, 2000)
This study investigated the prevalence and frequency of substance use among a sample of 209 urban and 191 rural school pupils in South Africa. The three most predominantly used substances were alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis. Urban and rural differences in substances used were found.
Keywords: openalex:import

Keys to College Success as Seen through the Eyes of African American Adult Students - Ross‐Gordon, Jovita M.; Brown-Haywood, Felicia (The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Impact of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia on cognitive function and school achievement of schoolchildren in the Yemen Republic - Serouri, A. W. Al; Grantham‐McGregor, SM; Greenwood, Brian; Costello, Anthony (Parasitology, 2000)
Asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia is prevalent among schoolchildren in many countries. The relationship between asymptomatic parasitaemia and children's cognitive functions was examined in a case control study and then in a natural experiment. A group ( n = 445) of asymptomatic parasitaemic boys were compared with a group of non-parasitaemic boys ( n = 142) matched for grade and school on their performance on a battery of cognitive tests. Two weeks later the parasitaemic children were re-screened and 150 children of those who remained parasitaemic were matched for grade and school with 150 children who were no longer parasitaemic. These children were then re-tested and their cognitive function compared. Initially, after controlling for age, socio-economic background and nutritional status the parasitaemic children performed worse than the non-parasitaemic children in fine motor function tests. There was no difference in change in cognitive test scores between those who became non-parasitaemic and those who remained parasitaemic. However, children who initially had the highest parasite density improved the most in 2 fine motor tests and a picture memory test. We were unable to show a benefit from losing parasitaemia over a 2 week period, but it remains possible that parasitaemia may affect cognition and longer term trials should be conducted.
Keywords: openalex:import

Resuscitation training in Uganda - Tennant, Carole (Emergency Nurse, 2000)
Carole Tennent describes her experience in delivering resuscitation training in Kampala, Uganda
Keywords: openalex:import

PERCEPTIONS OF UNDERGRADUATE DIPLOMA TEACHERS CONCERNING THE USEFULNESS OF THE COURSES OFFERED FOR TRAINING SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION TEACHERS AT THE BOTSWANA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE - Squire, P. J. (Journal of Agricultural Education, 2000)
The study was a descriptive survey, designed to determine the graduates' perceptions of the diploma in agricultural education courses offered at the Botswana College of Agriculture. The specific objectives were to: (I) determine the perceived usefulness of the courses taught at the college for teaching agricultural science, (2) determine the perceptions of the graduates about the relevance of practical training programmes to teaching agricultural science, and (3) determine the headmasters' perceptions of graduate teachers of the diploma in agricultural education in the schools. The findings revealed that the majority of the socio-economic, crop science and production, agricultural engineering, animal science and production, and teacher education courses were rated very useful while the majority of the basic science courses were rated useful. The headmasters had very good perceptions of the agricultural education diploma graduate teachers. The diploma graduates rated the majority of the practical training programmes relevant to teaching agricultural science in the schools. It was recommended that the diploma in agricultural education curriculum be reviewed based on the findings of the study and that the agriculture teachers be provided in-service training programmes in communication skills, time management and human relations.
Keywords: openalex:import

The interaction between training and change in South African organisations - Struwig, Miemie; Smith, E.E.; Venter, Danie (South African journal of business management (Print), 2000)
This article outlines the results of a study which investigates the interaction between training and change in South African organisations. A literature study provides a theoretical foundation which explains the nature of the interaction between training an change in the organisation. An empirical survey was conducted, using a self-administered questionnaire which was sent to 365 training practitioners to test six null-hypotheses. To prove the stated hypotheses, specific statistical methods, such as analysis of variance and correlation coefficients, are used. The results showed highly significant relationships between training and organisational change variables (one of the null-hypotheses was rejected). The results indicated that management should use training to facilitate change in the organisation. This, however, requires a shift in emphasis regarding the traditional role of training in the organisation. Training should be placed at the centre of human resources practices and the strategic plans of the organisation.
Keywords: openalex:import

Distance education doctoral program for nurses as offered by the University of South Africa (UNISA) - Ehlers, V.J. (Curationis, 2000)
The purpose of this article is to provide brief overviews of distance education, the development of the University of South Africa (Unisa) and the Department of Advanced Nursing Sciences at this university. Doctoral programs as offered by this Department will be discussed in some detail. Distance education courses are offered throughout the world, but doctoral programs, especially in the field of Nursing Sciences, are not offered by all distance education institutions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Recognition of prior learning: its relevance to the proposed unified model o f education and training for South African nurses. - Khanyile, Thembisile (Curationis, 2000)
Recognition of Prior Learning (R P L) is a fairly new concept in South Africa, and hence different people have different views about R P L. Through this paper, an attempt is made to shed some light on the historical background as well as the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of R P L. It is hoped that this information will help those nurse educators wishing to experiment with R P L to have a better understanding of how the concept came about. The relevance of R P L to the Unified model of nurse training proposed by the South African Nursing Council is also discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Leaching and Plant Uptake of Nitrogen from a Volcanic Ash Soil in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania - Våje, Per Ivar; Singh, Bal Ram; Lal, Rattan (Journal of sustainable agriculture, 2000)
ABSTRACT The amount of nitrogen lost through leaching is not known for a wide range of agrosystems of the Tropics. This study was conducted to determine the effect of past erosion on leaching losses of N from a Mollic Andosol at Lyamungu Research Institute, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Lysimeters, 80 cm in diameter and 89 cm deep, were established in August 1994 on a soil with different severity of past erosion. The climate is humid with the most rain falling in April-May. Soil erosion phases were established on the basis of the topsoil depth (TSD) as follows: < 15 cm for severely eroded, 16–25 cm for moderately eroded and 26–35 cm for slightly eroded. Soil was filled in the lysimeters in four layers as per thickness and density of the ambient conditions for each erosion phase. Maize (Zea mays var. Kilima) was sown in the lysimeter in 1995 and 1996. Several soil properties declined significantly from surface layer to 70 cm depth. The severely eroded phase had significantly lower hydraulic conductivity (7.9 mm min□ 1) and higher penetration resistance (1.0 MPa) than the slightly eroded phase (10.5 mm min□ 1 and 0.7 MPa). Bray-P concentration increased with increasing severity of erosion from 2.8 to 4.2 mg P kg□ 1. Total seepage was 528 mm in 1995 and 907 mm in 1996 as an average over all the treatments. Surface runoff from the lysimeter was minor. Concentrations of NO3 □ in leachate ranged from 0.7 to 66 mg N L□ 1, while that of NH4 + from 0.0 to 1.6 mg N L□ 1. Total leaching loss of N was 8.6 g lysimeter□ 1 (167 kg ha□ 1) in 1995 and 12.4 g lysimeter□ 1 (242 kg ha□ 1) in 1996. There were no significant erosional effects on amount of seepage or leaching of N from this soil. These data indicated that previous erosion had no effect on the amount of leaching, but leaching losses of N may be a major contributor to soil fertility depletion of well-drained soils in Tanzania. KEYWORDS: Evapotranspirationlysimetermaizenitrogen leachingnitrogen uptakesoil erosion
Keywords: openalex:import

Agricultural Education in Africa: Managing Change - Maguire, Charles J. (2000)
Change is a fact of life. In most parts of Africa food security is still a critical issue and therefore food production will continue to be a major focus of universities and other agricultural education institutions for some time to come. The delivery of quality education and training is, as we have seen, a major challenge in view of decreased funding, higher student intakes, decreasing levels of funding, and loss of key experienced teaching and research staff. However, it is important to be conscious of other changes that impact on agricultural education and present further challenges to its relevance. One of the current challenges to agricultural education is how to meet the challenge of providing education and training for rural development rather than for agriculture alone. It is clear that the older curriculum that concentrated on production agriculture is no longer able to produce educated people who can deal with the wider problems of rural development. The change influences cited above, and there are others, pose a threat and a challenge to agricultural education institutions. Although the task of improving the basic conditions and quality of undergraduate degree programs is a daunting challenge in itself, the new influences cannot be ignored. There are many experienced and well-meaning individuals, organizations and firms who can offer advice on how best to bring about change in African agricultural universities and agricultural education systems but, at the end of the day, it is the institutions themselves that must take the initiative.
Keywords: openalex:import

Principles and Practice of Governing of Men: Nigeria and the World in Perspective for Students, Politicians and Administrators - Alonge, Felix K. (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Reinventing the master's tools: Nineteenth‐century African‐American literary societies of Philadelphia and rhetorical education - Bacon, Jacqueline; McClish, Glen (Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 2000)
Abstract Antebellum African‐American literary societies in Philadelphia promoted rhetorical education and gave members the opportunity to craft powerful arguments. This study investigates the presence of the Anglo‐American rhetorical tradition—particularly eighteenth‐century Scots principles of Blair, Smith, and Campbell—in six representative speeches delivered at literary society meetings. Our analysis focuses on two major issues: 1) the influence of traditional principles of nineteenth‐century university rhetorical education on theory and practice in these societies; and 2) the ways in which traditional principles were infused with new purposes; deployed for radical ends; and appropriated, reshaped, and reinvented in ways that transform and redefine nineteenth‐century rhetorical practice.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Primary Bilingual Education Experiment in Mozambique, 1993 to 1997 - Benson, Carolyn J. (International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2000)
The recent experiment in bilingual education in Mozambique known as PEBIMO, which utilised two different Bantu languages in transitional programmes for lower primary schooling, offered an alternative to exclusive instruction in Portuguese, which is a foreign language for approximately 98 percent of Mozambicans. Evaluations done during the final two years of the experiment using both quantitative and qualitative means demonstrate that students benefited greatly from use of the mother tongue in terms of classroom participation, self-confidence, bilingualism, and biliteracy. Inadequacies in the model, problems with experimental design and control, and logistical concerns complicate the interpretation of research results; however, the descriptive data in particular provide strong evidence that bilingual schooling may significantly improve educational quality in Mozambique. The study also has implications for conducting educational research in sub-optimal conditions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Assessment of a 1-year teaching programme in Zanzibar, Tanzania - Birrell, Ginny; Birrell, KG (The Lancet, 2000)
We assessed whether a 1-year teaching programme in northern Zanzibar would improve prescribing practice. Data on polypharmacy and appropriateness of the treatment of upper-respiratory infection, anaemia, and scabies from the 17 primary health-care units in northern Zanzibar were analysed before and after the teaching programme. There was a significant and sustained reduction in polypharmacy and an improvement in the treatment of upper-respiratory infection, scabies, and anaemia. This teaching programme has been successful in improving prescribing practices in a less-developed country.
Keywords: openalex:import

Features of the metabolic syndrome predict higher risk of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: a prospective study in Mauritius. - Boyko, Edward J.; Courten, Maximilian de; Zimmet, Paul; Chitson, Pierrot; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Alberti, K. G. M. M. (Diabetes care, 2000)
To assess the independent and joint effects of the components of the metabolic syndrome, including leptin, which is a recently proposed addition to this syndrome, in predicting the cumulative incidence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes among individuals with normal glucose tolerance.This prospective study involved 2,605 residents of Mauritius with normal glucose tolerance who were followed for 5 years for IGT or diabetes onset in relation to total and regional adiposity (BMI, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]), fasting and 2-h 75-g oral glucose load glucose and insulin, total and HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, serum uric acid, triglyceride, and leptin levels.A multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and diabetes family history showed a significantly higher linear increase in risk of IGT and diabetes in association with the following variables only: fasting glucose (odds ratio 1.89 [95% CI 1.51-2.34]), 2-h glucose (1.68 [1.50-1.88]), WHR (1.30 [1.10-1.52]), BMI (1.04 [1.00-1.08]), and serum uric acid (1.37 [1.20-1.57]). However, a nonlinear increase was seen with serum triglyceride and plasma leptin concentrations. No risk factors resulted in joint effects that were greater than expected from combining individual effects.Metabolic syndrome features independently predict a higher risk of diabetes or IGT in normoglycemic subjects but in combination confer no higher-than-expected risk of these outcomes. At higher concentrations of triglycerides and leptin, risk plateaus and even declines slightly.
Keywords: openalex:import

African American Students' Perceptions of Their Treatment by Caucasian Teachers - Casteel, Clifton A. (Journal of Instructional Psychology, 2000)
In this study, 160 African American seventh grade students were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to measure variables such as, `racial preference of teacher', and their perception of the types of treatment received from their Caucasian teachers. The majority of the students, contrary to some research, believed their teachers treated them fairly, related to them, and did not use race as an excuse to mistreat them or punish them for bad behavior. However, a slight majority stated they would prefer being taught by young African American teachers over young Caucasians, but students rejected the notion of only being instructed by teachers of a specific race, African American or Caucasian. Over the past decades, an increasing amount of attention has been given to race relations in the class room between students and teachers. For example, one of the most frequent complaints of high school students, especially African American students, is that some teachers, most noticeably Caucasians, don't relate very well to them. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the effects of race on students and teachers, and how well they identify with one another in the classroom. Many educators (Felsenthal, 1970; Graybill, 1997) believe that a positive relationship must exist between the student and teacher if significant academic achievement is to be gained. That is, the student must identify favorably with their teachers or they will do very poorly in school, which will lead to failure in society. Investigators (Biber and Lewis, 1997; Cook, 1978; Felsenthal, 1970) reported that African American students, as well as their parents articulated that race of teacher was not significant, as long as teachers were caring, effective and fair. Furthermore, Caucasian teachers were able to motivate African American elementary school kids as effectively as African American teachers. Despite this evidence, other researchers (Brophy, 1983; Casteel, 1998; Cecil, 1988; Ford, 1985; Good, 1981; Holliday, 1985; Marcus et al., 1991; Nieto et al., 1994; Rabinow and Cooper, 1981; Rong, 1996; Troyna, 1990) have concluded that African American students were given less attention, ignored more, praised less, and reprimanded more than their counterparts when taught by Caucasian teachers. In light of the aforementioned literature, it would seem appropriate for school administrators to make every effort to place students with a teacher of their race. Therefore, this investigation attempted to find out how students felt about being taught by someone other than a member of their own race. Simply stated: Do African American students feel they do not receive fair and just treatment from Caucasian teachers who instruct them? Also, would African Americans prefer teachers of their own race because they could relate better to them? Method Sample Participants were 160 seventh grade African American students in a public junior high school located in a suburban area in southeastern Louisiana. The population was comprised of 101 girls and 59 boys. Originally there were 180 participants, but 20 students were disqualified because of missing data. All participants were tested by school counselors and were considered low achievers and had stanine scores of 4 or below on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. A majority of the students received free lunch or reduced lunch. Caucasian students comprised only 21% of the school population but were not part of this study. All but twelve students were instructed entirely by Caucasian teachers. The 51 Caucasian teachers who participated in the present study were part of the school's teaching staff, whose racial makeup was as follows: 78% Caucasians (sex of teacher was split almost equally); 26% African Americans (all females) and 1% Asians. These 51 teachers taught all of the students' core subjects except physical education, so that the only contact the students had with a teacher of their own race was one class 55 minutes) a day. …
Keywords: openalex:import

African American Students' Perceptions of Their Treatment by Caucasian Teachers - Casteel, Clifton A. (Journal of Instructional Psychology, 2000)
In this study, 160 African American seventh grade students were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to measure variables such as, `racial preference of teacher', and their perception of the types of treatment received from their Caucasian teachers. The majority of the students, contrary to some research, believed their teachers treated them fairly, related to them, and did not use race as an excuse to mistreat them or punish them for bad behavior. However, a slight majority stated they would prefer being taught by young African American teachers over young Caucasians, but students rejected the notion of only being instructed by teachers of a specific race, African American or Caucasian. Over the past decades, an increasing amount of attention has been given to race relations in the class room between students and teachers. For example, one of the most frequent complaints of high school students, especially African American students, is that some teachers, most noticeably Caucasians, don't relate very well to them. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the effects of race on students and teachers, and how well they identify with one another in the classroom. Many educators (Felsenthal, 1970; Graybill, 1997) believe that a positive relationship must exist between the student and teacher if significant academic achievement is to be gained. That is, the student must identify favorably with their teachers or they will do very poorly in school, which will lead to failure in society. Investigators (Biber and Lewis, 1997; Cook, 1978; Felsenthal, 1970) reported that African American students, as well as their parents articulated that race of teacher was not significant, as long as teachers were caring, effective and fair. Furthermore, Caucasian teachers were able to motivate African American elementary school kids as effectively as African American teachers. Despite this evidence, other researchers (Brophy, 1983; Casteel, 1998; Cecil, 1988; Ford, 1985; Good, 1981; Holliday, 1985; Marcus et al., 1991; Nieto et al., 1994; Rabinow and Cooper, 1981; Rong, 1996; Troyna, 1990) have concluded that African American students were given less attention, ignored more, praised less, and reprimanded more than their counterparts when taught by Caucasian teachers. In light of the aforementioned literature, it would seem appropriate for school administrators to make every effort to place students with a teacher of their race. Therefore, this investigation attempted to find out how students felt about being taught by someone other than a member of their own race. Simply stated: Do African American students feel they do not receive fair and just treatment from Caucasian teachers who instruct them? Also, would African Americans prefer teachers of their own race because they could relate better to them? Method Sample Participants were 160 seventh grade African American students in a public junior high school located in a suburban area in southeastern Louisiana. The population was comprised of 101 girls and 59 boys. Originally there were 180 participants, but 20 students were disqualified because of missing data. All participants were tested by school counselors and were considered low achievers and had stanine scores of 4 or below on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. A majority of the students received free lunch or reduced lunch. Caucasian students comprised only 21% of the school population but were not part of this study. All but twelve students were instructed entirely by Caucasian teachers. The 51 Caucasian teachers who participated in the present study were part of the school's teaching staff, whose racial makeup was as follows: 78% Caucasians (sex of teacher was split almost equally); 26% African Americans (all females) and 1% Asians. These 51 teachers taught all of the students' core subjects except physical education, so that the only contact the students had with a teacher of their own race was one class 55 minutes) a day. …
Keywords: openalex:import

Health education promotion practice in Zimbabwe - Chideme-Maradzika, J. (Promotion & Education, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Headteacher Management Training in Kenya – Voices for Change - Crossley, MW; Herriot, Andrew; Mwirotsi, Miriam; Waudo, Judith N. (2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Whole School Reform in a Low-Income African American Community - Desimone, Laura M.; Finn-Stevenson, Matia; Henrich, Christopher C. (Urban Education, 2000)
This article reports the results of a 1-year evaluation of the CoZi model, a whole school reform model that combines Edward Zigler’s School of the 21st Century (which includes on-site, daylong, and year-round preschool, after-school care, and family support services) with James Comer’s School Development Program, a school management and collaborative decision-making model. The study used written surveys, in-depth interviews, achievement tests, and classroom observations to study teacher, parent, and preschool outcomes in a CoZi elementary school and a comparison school, both of which served predominately disadvantaged students. The CoZi school had significantly higher school climate and parent involvement throughout the year, but across-school changes and levels of achievement, parent-child interaction, parent social and psychological outcomes, and teacher efficacy were not significantly different.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Challenges of School‐Based Assessment in Primary Schools in Malawi - -, Docks R. JERE (Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 2000)
Educational Measurement: Issues and PracticeVolume 19, Issue 3 p. 45-45 The Challenges of School-Based Assessment in Primary Schools in Malawi Docks R. Jere, Docks R. Jere Senior Research Officer, Malawi Institute of Education, PO Box 50, Domasi, Malawi, Africa.Search for more papers by this author Docks R. Jere, Docks R. Jere Senior Research Officer, Malawi Institute of Education, PO Box 50, Domasi, Malawi, Africa.Search for more papers by this author First published: 25 October 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.2000.tb00037.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References Hauya, Jere, D. R., & Nyirenda. (1997) Feasibility study of age streaming in primary schools in Malawi. Domasi , Malawi : Malawi Institute of Education. Google Scholar Jere, D. R. (1995) Report on monitoring the implementation of the new primary school curriculum. Domasi , Malawi : Malawi Institute of Education. Google Scholar Volume19, Issue3September 2000Pages 45-45 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Metal pollution in carbonate sediments of main basin of Mariute Lake, Alexandria, Egypt - El-Masry, Kamel I.; Friedman, Gerald M. (Carbonates and Evaporites, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

The contributions of emissions and spatial microenvironments to exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion in Kenya. - Ezzati, Majid; Saleh, Homayoun; Kammen, Daniel M. (Environmental Health Perspectives, 2000)
Acute and chronic respiratory diseases, which are causally linked to exposure to indoor air pollution in developing countries, are the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Efforts to develop effective intervention strategies and detailed quantification of the exposure-response relationship for indoor particulate matter require accurate estimates of exposure. We used continuous monitoring of indoor air pollution and individual time-activity budget data to construct detailed profiles of exposure for 345 individuals in 55 households in rural Kenya. Data for analysis were from two hundred ten 14-hour days of continuous real-time monitoring of concentrations of particulate matter [less than/equal to] 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter and the location and activities of household members. These data were supplemented by data on the spatial dispersion of pollution and from interviews. Young and adult women had not only the highest absolute exposure to particulate matter (2, 795 and 4,898 microg/m(3) average daily exposure concentrations, respectively) but also the largest exposure relative to that of males in the same age group (2.5 and 4.8 times, respectively). Exposure during brief high-intensity emission episodes accounts for 31-61% of the total exposure of household members who take part in cooking and 0-11% for those who do not. Simple models that neglect the spatial distribution of pollution within the home, intense emission episodes, and activity patterns underestimate exposure by 3-71% for different demographic subgroups, resulting in inaccurate and biased estimations. Health and intervention impact studies should therefore consider in detail the critical role of exposure patterns, including the short periods of intense emission, to avoid spurious assessments of risks and benefits.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Contributions of Emissions and Spatial Microenvironments to Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Combustion in Kenya - Ezzati, Majid; Saleh, Homayoun; Kammen, Daniel M. (Environmental health perspectives, 2000)
Acute and chronic respiratory diseases, which are causally linked to exposure to indoor air pollution in developing countries, are the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Efforts to develop effective intervention strategies and detailed quantification of the exposure-response relationship for indoor particulate matter require accurate estimates of exposure. We used continuous monitoring of indoor air pollution and individual time-activity budget data to construct detailed profiles of exposure for 345 individuals in 55 households in rural Kenya. Data for analysis were from two hundred ten 14-hour days of continuous real-time monitoring of concentrations of particulate matter [less than/equal to] 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter and the location and activities of household members. These data were supplemented by data on the spatial dispersion of pollution and from interviews. Young and adult women had not only the highest absolute exposure to particulate matter (2, 795 and 4,898 microg/m(3) average daily exposure concentrations, respectively) but also the largest exposure relative to that of males in the same age group (2.5 and 4.8 times, respectively). Exposure during brief high-intensity emission episodes accounts for 31-61% of the total exposure of household members who take part in cooking and 0-11% for those who do not. Simple models that neglect the spatial distribution of pollution within the home, intense emission episodes, and activity patterns underestimate exposure by 3-71% for different demographic subgroups, resulting in inaccurate and biased estimations. Health and intervention impact studies should therefore consider in detail the critical role of exposure patterns, including the short periods of intense emission, to avoid spurious assessments of risks and benefits.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Drought Policy Bureaucracy, Decentralization, and Policy Networks in Post-Apartheid Namibia - Forrest, Joshua B. (The American Review of Public Administration, 2000)
In Namibia in 1990, apartheid was ended, and a democratic form of government was installed; 2 years later, the national government established a system of partially decentralized regional governments. At the same time, the government reacted to the severe drought of 1992 by instituting a national drought relief bureaucracy with particular attention to the predominantly Black African communal areas, which incorporated the new regional councils. This, in turn, created the opportunity for those councils to serve as organizational nodes within widening policy and informational networks related to the drought relief process. These networks incorporated village leaders, ministry officials, and the regional councillors and helped to assure the effective implementation of the drought relief program. This suggests a strong (although not determining) link between informational networks and policy outcomes. This article also makes clear that provided sufficient behavioral responsibility, subnational governmental bodies can play crucial roles in drought relief processes in developing-world settings.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Data-Intensive Approach to Studying Climate and Climate Change in Africa - Furman, Tanya; Merritt, Eileen G. (Journal of Geoscience Education, 2000)
A data-intensive research project on the climate history of Africa has been made part of an introductory college-level earth-science course. The project introduces students to the challenge of working with real data as student teams analyze and interpret extended records of monthly rainfall and average temperature for stations across Africa with the goal of defining regional climate patterns and assessing evidence regarding climate change. The exercise emphasizes quantitative skills in data manipulation and statistical analysis within a framework of critical thinking, decision making, oral and written communication, and collaborative participation. The social context of the project is apparent immediately to the students, but the scientific context requires additional input from the instructor. The project has been carried out in classes with up to 100 non-science students and is a successful vehicle for engaging African-American students in the geosciences. It can also readily be adapted for use in high-school earth-science classes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Book Review: African biogeography, climate change and human evolution - Gillson, Lindsey (The Holocene, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

More than one lesson: the Thousand Schools Project in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Graham-Jolly, Michael; Peacock, Michael (International Journal of Educational Development, 2000)
The Thousand Schools Project was conceived at a time of far-reaching social and political change in South Africa. The innovative features of the programme are acknowledged. Drawing on evidence derived from an evaluation of the implementation phase of the project in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, critical issues are identified in relation to the project's goals and strategies, and in relation to the impact of contextual factors. The paper then examines the implications of these issues for an enhanced understanding of educational development in an African context.
Keywords: openalex:import

Mud volcanoes in deepwater Nigeria - Graue, Knut (Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2000)
Detailed study of 3D seismic data from deepwater Nigeria has revealed the presence of features interpreted to be mud volcanoes. They occur in an upper slope environment seen as 1–2 km circular features at the seabed. Seabed cores from the mud volcanoes contain oil, gas and sand/shale–clast content richer than the seabed background. Pliocene fossils have been identified in the cores, demonstrating transport of material from depth. The features show a high seabed seismic amplitude above a chimney of chaotic seismic reflections and data wipe-out. The mud volcanoes in the study area shows two distinct clusters located over deeper structural culminations. Four active mud volcanoes (Area 1) are located above a rollover anticline in the central part of the area. Cuspate listric faults reach the seabed on the up-slope side of these mud volcanoes. Four abandoned mud volcanoes have also been identified, with progressively older ages towards the crest of the underlying structure. These abandoned features are associated with an extremely chaotic seismic signature. A combination of over-pressured carrier beds and low integrity top seals are believed to be responsible for the formation of these mud volcanoes. It is further believed that gas expansion, subsequent to seal failure, was the main driving force for what must have been violent eruptions. The long lived mud volcano activity over the deep structural closure suggests a plumbing system that focuses on escaping compaction water and hydrocarbons through time. In the south west of the study area, another cluster of five mud volcanoes is located above a shale diapir. The seabed expression of the members of this cluster is more varied. Some show a positive relief at the seabed while others show circular depressions. The largest feature represents an assemblage of many smaller mud volcanoes with a common root system. Their seismic expression is also different from that of Area 1, with a well-defined sediment wedge at surface and a shallower root system. These features are believed to represent a less violent type of mud volcano characterised by ductile flow. Tectonic stress, due to growth of the underlying diapir, is thought to have played an important role during eruption, in addition to focused methane escape and the low mechanical strength of the overburden.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Five-Factor Model of Personality in South African College Students - Heuchert, J.W; Parker, Wayne D.; Stumpf, Heinrich; Myburgh, Chris (American Behavioral Scientist, 2000)
The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) was administered to 408 South African college students. When the instrument was factor analyzed at the facet level with varimax rotation, the structure of the five-factor model was well reproduced for the entire sample as well as the White and Black subgroups. Parallel analysis indicated the appropriateness of the five-factor solution. Whereas the structure of personality was highly similar across race, there were statistically significant differences in mean scores of some domains and facets by race. The greatest difference was in Openness to Experience, particularly in the Openness to Feelings facet, with the White subgroup scoring relatively high, the Black subgroup scoring relatively low, and the Indian subgroup scoring in an intermediate range. The authors speculate that these differences are primarily the result of social, economic, and cultural differences between the races rather than the direct product of race itself.
Keywords: openalex:import

Drought emergency, yes...drought disaster, no:Southern Africa 1991–93 - Holloway, Ailsa (Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2000)
The article analyses the rapid political change and redefinition of a regional identity in southern Africa in the 1990s in the context of the severe drought which affected these countries in 1991–92. As South Africa and its neighbours looked towards the normalisation of relations, concerted, regional, emergency actions prevented the drought conditions from producing a devastating drought disaster. These events not only served as a confidence‐building measure demonstrating that southern Africa can coherently function as a region to avert crisis, but also provided the first opportunity for the former adversaries to successfully cooperate on (non‐military) security matters. Nonetheless, although this case study illustrates that positive diplomatic initiatives can result from disaster relief efforts, the drought cannot be seen as the main driving force behind the normalisation of relations between South Africa and its neighbours.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Problem Solving Strategy for Gifted Learners in South Africa - Horst, Helen v R van der (Gifted Education International, 2000)
Many educators and parents in South Africa are concerned about the provision of appropriate educational opportunities for gifted learners. A policy of mainstream education for all learners, including gifted learners, has been accepted by the national Department of Education. In this article a strategy of problem solving in the teaching and learning of gifted learners is explored as a possible way of differentiating the curriculum in order to optimise learning for gifted learners. The TASC (Teaching Actively in a Social Context Model) and Renzulli's Enrichment Triad Model in which learners are required to solve authentic problems are cited as valuable teaching-learning programmes in this regard.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teacher change in the Western Cape, South Africa: taking a big step in science education - Johnson, Sally; Monk, Martin; Watson, Rod; Hodges, Merle; Sadeck, Melanie; Scholtz, Zena; Botha, Tommy; Wilson, Brian (Journal of in-service education, 2000)
Abstract Teachers working in under resourced and overcrowded classrooms in the historically disadvantaged schools of South Africa have traditionally used the blackboard as the main means for transmission of knowledge and also for control. The introduction of a new outcomes-based Curriculum 2005, emphasising active learning, and the integration of teaching and assessment, requires a big change in such teachers classroom practice. This article describes a science teacher development intervention programme conducted through a partnership between King's College London, Peninsula Technikon and the Western Cape Education Department. Eleven teachers from six schools were trained to use ‘translation activities’ as a focus for small group discussion thereby helping learners to practice the process skills of science. Progress of implementation was monitored through classroom observation and interview as the teachers started to change their pedagogic style. Factors promoting and hindering this initiative were resear...
Keywords: openalex:import

Teacher change in the western cape, south africa: taking a big step in science education - Johnson, Sally; Monk, Martin; Watson, Rod; Hodges, Merle; Sadeck, Melanie; Scholtz, Zena; Botha, Tommy; Wilson, Brian C. (Journal of In-service education, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

End User Computing at a South African Technikon: Enabling Disadvantaged Students To Meet Employers' Requirements. - Marsh, Cecille (European Conference on Educational Research, 2000)
A two-phase study examined the skills required of competent end-users of computers in the workplace and assessed the computing awareness and technological environment of first-year students entering historically disadvantaged technikons in South Africa. First, a DACUM (Developing a Curriculum) panel of nine representatives of local business and industry was convened to obtain employer input regarding the end-user computing (EUC) skills required of competent computer users in the workplace. Next, follow-up interviews were conducted with 11 work supervisors from local businesses and industries. Feedback on the DACUM panel's findings was also sought from each member of the DACUM group, lecturers at the Border Technikon's EUC department, the department's client departments, and the work supervisors. The workers and work supervisors were in strong agreement regarding the computing skills needed in the workplace. Ability to create effective documents, typing ability, and a basic working knowledge of computer applications were deemed most important. The second phase of the study established that lack of a computer at home was the biggest disadvantage faced by individuals beginning EUC training at historically disadvantaged technikons. Applications of the DACUM process in improving disadvantaged students' success in EUC courses and other classroomand institutional-level intervention strategies were discussed. (Contains 40 references.) (MN) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. End user computing at a South African Technikon: Enabling Disadvantaged Students to meet Employers' Requirements
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching African American Students - McCollough, Shawn (The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 2000)
"Teaching African American Students." The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 74(1), pp. 5–6
Keywords: openalex:import

Creating Programs for Safe Schools: Opportunities and Challenges in Relation to Gender-Based Violence in South Africa. - Mlamleu, Olly; Mabelane, Pontsho; Napo, Vernet; Sibiya, Ntombi; Free, Valerie (2000)
ABSTRACT. In this article we describe some of the strategies and initiatives within Departments of Education in South Africa to change attitudes and behaviours around gender-based violence and harassment and bring about systemic change. We look specifically at the role of the National Department of Education (NDoE), teachers, learners, and school policy. The areas selected reflect the work and interests of the National Department of Education's Gender Equity Directorate and the gender focal persons in three provincial Departments of Education: Free State, Oauteng, and Mpumalanga. RESUME. Dans cet article, nous decrivons certaines des strategies et initiatives prises par les ministeres de l'Education d'Afrique du Sud en vue de modifier les attitudes et les comportements qui entourent la violence sex-specifique et le harcelement et de provoquer des changements d'ordre systemique. Nous nous penchons en particulier sur le role du ministere de l'Education nationale, des professeurs, des eleves et de la politique scolaire. Les domaines choisis refletent les travaux et interets de la direction generale sur l'equite entre les sexes du ministere de l'Education nationale et des personnes-ressources de ministeres de l'Education de trois provinces: Free State, Oauteng et Mpumalanga.
Keywords: openalex:import

CONSIDERING THE CASE FOR SINGLE-SEX SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS IN SOUTH AFRICA - Morrell, Robert (McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill, 2000)
ABSTRACT. This article considers current international debates about single-sex schooling. It examines the reasons for the recommendation of the South African Gender Equity Task Team that single-sex schools for girls be established. It argues that the specific circumstances of schooling in South Africa, particularly the violent conditions that prevail in many schools, require that the desirability of single-sex schooling for particular constituencies continually be debated. RESUME. Cet article traite du debat international actuel sur la scolarite unisexe. Il se penche sur les motifs de la recommandation du groupe de travail sud-africain sur l'equite entre les sexes preconisant la creation d'ecoles unisexes pour filles. L'auteur de l'article soutient que les conditions propres a la scolarite en Afrique du Sud, en particulier la violence qui prevaut dans de nombreuses ecoles, commandent un debat ininterrompu sur le caractere souhaitable d'une scolarite unisexe dans certaines circonscriptions.
Keywords: openalex:import

“Points Ain't Everything”: Emergent Goals and Average and Percent Understandings in the Play of Basketball among African American Students - Nasir, Na’ilah Suad (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 2000)
This study examines the shifting nature of the cultural practice of basketball as players move from middle school to high school play and related shifts in players' statistical evaluations linked to play. Thirty‐four middle and high school African American basketball players were observed and interviewed as they participated in the practice of basketball. Results show that the practice of basketball differs at these two levels of play corresponding to differences in mathematics linked to play.
Keywords: openalex:import

The changing profile of medical education in South Africa - Ncayiyana, Dan (The BMJ, 2000)
Healthcare provision still has problems hanging over from the apartheid era Medical education in South Africa is undergoing dramatic changes in response to a variety of influences (see box 1), chief among which is the end of apartheid and the subsequent transition to democratic rule following the 1994 elections. In the apartheid era, South Africa's eight medical schools admitted students according to ethnicity and language. Three admitted only black students, three admitted only white students with a preference for Afrikaans as the language of instruction, and two admitted whites and used English as the language of instruction (see box 2). The university of Cape Town (UCT) and the university of the Witwatersrand (Wits) had taken advantage of legal loopholes in the apartheid era to admit a handful of black students each year as a way of asserting their status as liberal institutions. Conversely, the Afrikaans medium universities had readily embraced the legislation to exclude black students on ideological grounds. ### Box 1 - Changes in the face of medical education in the “new” South Africa after the 1994 democratic electionsRETURN TO TEXT
Keywords: openalex:import

Psychosocial Concomitants of Loneliness Among Students of Cape Verde and Portugal - Neto, Félix; Barros, José (The Journal of Psychology, 2000)
Abstract This research is an examination of the relationship between loneliness and a number of psychosocial variables (e.g., affective state, cultural issues, gender, age) among adolescents and young adults from Cape Verde and Portugal. Two studies are presented. The participants in the first study were 285 adolescents from Cape Verde and 202 from Portugal, and in the second study there were 134 college students from Cape Verde and 112 from Portugal. The following instruments were administered to all the participants in both studies: The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (D. Russell, L. Peplau, & C. Cutrona, 1980), the Neuroticism Scale (J. Barros, 1999), the Optimism Scale (J. Barros, 1998), the Social Anxiety subscale (A. Fenigstein, M. Scheier, & A. Buss, 1975), and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (E. Diener, R. Emmons, R. Larsen, & S. Griffin, 1985). No ethnic or gender differences were found for loneliness between the two groups. For both groups, the most prominent predictors of loneliness were neuroticism and dissatisfaction with life. However, as expected, the adolescent group recorded higher scores for loneliness than did the college students.
Keywords: openalex:import

Towards a Dubious Liberation: Masculinity, Sexuality and Power in South African Lowveld Schools, 1953-1999 - Niehaus, Isak (Journal of Southern African Studies, 2000)
This article investigates how masculine sexuality featured as a political issue during the liberation struggle in Impalahoek, a village on the South African lowveld. The starting point of my analysis is the repressive regime in primary and high schools during the period of Bantu Education, from 1953 to 1986. I show that whilst teachers strictly prohibited and harshly punished all forms of sexuality between students, male teachers freely engaged in sexual liaisons with schoolgirls. The revolt by Comrades in the schools between 1986 and 1992 was inspired in part by students' discontent about sexuality. Comrades demanded an end to corporal punishment, expelled teachers who engaged in sex with schoolgirls and celebrated their own sexual virility in a local campaign to 'build soldiers'. Since 1994, the management of sexuality by the African National Congress (ANC)-led government has not inaugurated sexual liberation. Rather, sex education and new medical discourses about sexuality in the era of AIDS have generated new forms of surveillance and contestation. Such historical experiences inform the links between democratisation and changing notions of sexuality in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher education, the social sciences and national development in Nigeria - Nwaka, Geoffrey I. (PROSPECTS, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

Clinopyroxene of spinel-peridotite mantle xenoliths from Lake Nji (Cameroon Volcanic Line, W Africa): crystal chemistry and petrological implications - Princivalle, Francesco; Salviulo, Gabriella; Marzoli, Andréa; Piccirillo, E. M. (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2000)
Keywords: openalex:import

A history of colonial education among the Kipsigis of Kenya, circa 1895-1963 - Ronoh, Thomas Kipkorir (2000)
Education is a key element in the social life of any community. Without knowledge of its educational system, the historical destiny of a community cannot be understood. Likewise, it becomes difficult to formulate meaningful development goals. This study covers the history of education among the Kipsigis under colonial rule. It is 'intended to fill a gap in the historiography of the community. Also, the research findings could contribute to the accumulation of empirical data required for national curriculum planning and development. As a background, the Kipsigis system of education as it existed in precolonial times is briefly examined in historical perspective. In respect to the colonial period, the study is concerned with the roles that the missionaries and the colonial administration played in the development of school education. The study proceeds from the assumption that, in precolonial times, the Kipsigis had evolved a system of education suitable to their environment. Similarly, the view is taken that the colonialists' provision of school education to the community was ultimately dictated by the need to promote the overall colonial enterprise in Kenya. In this situation, the Kipsigis took initiatives in the educational field parallel to those of other Kenyan Africans - culminating, inter alia, in the establishment of independent schools. Two theories formulated to explain culture and cultural change in the colonial situation - viz. structural functionalism and the historical materialist conception of colonialism - are utilised in this study. The historical inquiry proceeded in three major phases. These were research into secondary materials in libraries, the marshalling of primary data through archival research, and the collection of oral evidence through fieldwork.
Keywords: openalex:import

'Why should I send my child to school?': A study of Burundian Hutu refugees' experiences of exclusion from education and how this motivates education in Tanzanian exile - Skonhoft, Cathrine Gjertsen (Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography, 2000)
This paper focuses on Hutu refugees from Burundi who, as a consequence of the mass killings in Burundi in 1993, were forced into Tanzanian exile. The actors in the study are the refugee teachers who have participated in the development of the educational programme in Lukole refugee camp in Ngara, Tanzania. The aim of the research was to explore Burundian Hutu refugees' experiences of exclusion from education in Burundi, and how this in turn has motivated education in Tanzanian exile. Before this could be accomplished, the need was recognized to investigate socio-political causes of the refugee situation, with special reference to education. As an illustration of how societies develop disasters like those witnessed in Burundi, a 'disaster model' is presented. What is revealed is that the Hutu majority has been systematically discriminated against and excluded from any post-primary education. The educational system in Burundi has, furthermore, been the arena for ethnical-political tension that has repeatedly escalated into violence. As a consequence, sending Burundian Hutu children to school was in many cases seen as a 'risk'. Given the testimonies of the refugee teachers, this fact also affected the refugee community in Tanzania and their willingness to send their children to school in the camp.
Keywords: openalex:import

The impact of traditional birth attendant training on delivery complications in Ghana - Smith, Jason B.; Coleman, Nii A; Fortney, Judith A.; Johnson, Joseph de-Graft; Blumhagen, Dan W.; Grey, Tom (Health Policy and Planning, 2000)
Objectives: In their efforts to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, many national and international agencies make considerable investments in training traditional birth attendants (TBAs). The value of TBA training is controversial, and plausible arguments are made both for and against. Numerous process evaluations are reported in the literature and the results are mixed, though generally positive. Outcome evaluations, however, are scarce. This article describes an outcome evaluation of TBA training conducted in two districts of Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana, during 1996. Design and methods: Data from a random sample survey of 1961 clients of TBAs were subjected to logistic regression modelling to determine the effect of training on maternal outcomes, controlling for other independent variables. Results: Of eight outcomes modelled, three were associated with training and five were not. Three additional outcomes were not modelled, primarily due to low prevalence. Conclusions: Despite some inherent design limitations, this study found that the evidence for a beneficial impact of TBA training was not compelling. Training sponsors should consider alternative health investments and, where TBA training remains the intervention of choice, be realistic about expectations of impact.
Keywords: openalex:import

Impaired bronchomotor responses to field stimulation in guinea-pigs with cisplatin-induced neuropathy - Szilvássy, Judit; Sziklai, István; Rácz, Tamás; Horváth, Péter; Rablóczky, G.; Szilvássy, Zoltán (European Journal of Pharmacology, 2000)
Pre-treatment with cisplatin (3 mg/kg) i.p. once a day over 6 days induced sensory neuropathy as confirmed by femoral nerve conduction velocity test and significantly decreased contractions induced by electrical field stimulation (100 stimuli, 20 V, 0.1 ms, 20 Hz) in isolated main bronchial rings from guinea-pigs. The field stimulation-induced non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxations, however, were amplified in rings from animals with cisplatin neuropathy. The NANC relaxation response was completely blocked by 30 μM NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester in preparations from both control and cisplatin-treated animals. Superoxide dismutase (40 units/ml) was without effect on NANC relaxation in control rings, however, it substantially decreased NANC relaxation in preparations from animals with cisplatin neuropathy. These results show that cisplatin-induced sensory neuropathy is accompanied by attenuation of neural bronchoconstriction and an enhanced NANC relaxation. The latter is in part attained by an increased peripheral superoxide production.
Keywords: openalex:import