A Survey of Eye Trauma and Diseases at a Teaching Hospital: Implications for Training in Occupational Ophthalmology in Nigeria - Asuzu, Michael C.; Bekibele, CO; Ashaye, Adeyinka (Occupational medicine (Oxford), 2000)
This study explores the amount of occupational ophthalmology that it is possible to encounter within an existing teaching hospital system, as this offers the primary training facilities for resident doctors who expect to specialize in occupational medicine. The study was based on an analysis of ophthalmology patient records available at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, which is Nigeria's largest teaching hospital. One thousand, three hundred and thirty-four patients with eye disease were seen during the 1-year study. Of these, 1052 (78.9%) did not have their occupations recorded. Accidents were the only occupational diagnoses recorded, and this occurred in 75 (5.6%) of cases. The findings indicate that doctors who train in this specialty should gain experience in industries that have sizeable occupational health services, in addition to their formal ophthalmology training, in order to acquire experience in primary and occupational eye care. It is suggested that greater emphasis be placed on occupational ophthalmology in teaching hospitals and that there is a general improvement in completing patients' records: in particular, a patient's occupation should be recorded.
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Community education efforts enhance postabortion care program in Ghana - Baird, Traci L.; Billings, Deborah L.; Demuyakor, Bawa (American journal of public health (1971), 2000)
As in most countries in the developing world unsafe abortion devastates the health and lives of women in Ghana. It is the highest single contributor to its maternal mortality ratio of 740 deaths per 100000 live births. Although complications of abortion are treatable delays in prompt treatment increase the risk of morbidity and death. To address the problem of unsafe abortion and delays in seeking care for women a comprehensive operations research project aimed at improving womens access to postabortion services was implemented in Ghana. Community education was an integral component of the postabortion care project implemented under the US Agency for International Developments MotherCare contract. The experiences and lessons that were learned from incorporating community education into the program are presented in the paper. Through this strategy women men adolescents community leaders and the community at large were made aware of the risks and signs of unsafe abortions and its complications and the availability of services by trained midwives. This approach in being both strategic and sustainable directly complements the national Safe Motherhood health education program of Ghana and could be easily integrated into other reproductive health programs in various settings.
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Infusing Multiculturalism into Educational Psychology: Influence on Preservice Teachers' Attitudes toward Teaching African American Students. - Bakari, Rosenna (2000)
The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the influence that multicultural infusion would have on preservice teachers in an educational psychology course. Eight educational psychology classes at the same university participated in research to assess preservice teachers' attitudes toward teaching African American students. All classes were taught by teaching assistants. One class was geared toward infusing multiculturalism into the course. Five additional classes were taught by teaching assistants who were participating in a collaborative project to support student-centered teaching. Two of the teaching assistants did not participate in the collaborative project. The Teaching African American Students Survey was administered the last 2 weeks of the semester by the course instructors. Participants within the class that was exposed to multicultural infusion obtained the highest scores on the Teaching African American Students Survey subscales. An ANOVA (alpha=.05) was conducted to determine if the mean scores on the two subscales were statistically different for the classes. Results revealed that differences in scores on the willingness subscale were not statistically significant. However, differences on the cultural sensitivity subscale were statistically significant. (Contains 13 references.) (Author/SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Infusing Multiculturalism 1 Infusing Multiculturalism into Educational Psychology: Influence on Preservice Teachers' Attitudes toward Teaching African American Students
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Evaluating Adolescents' AIDS Education: The Experience of Uganda - Baldo, M; Uzamugunda, Jolly (Journal of Health Management, 2000)
One important component of health promotion, including sexual health, is the devel opment of personal skills. It is believed that a young person who has developed such skills will be better equipped to enact safe behaviours in risk situations, provided she lives in an environment that supports healthy choices in several other ways. While organisations in most countries in the world do teach young adolescents some life skills related to AIDS in schools and community programmes, indicators to evaluate such programmes are still behaviour-based. Large evaluation samples are needed to meas ure the outcome, given the small percentage who are sexually active or admit to being so. Uganda, as early as 1987, was one of the first countries along with Norway that introduced AIDS education in primary schools. An effort has been made to develop indicators to measure skills among 12- to 15-year-olds rather than behaviour. As a result of a large consultation, nine indicators were found relevant to the wide spec trum of programmes run by the government and NGOs. A protocol to assess their feasibility has been tested. The paper presents five indicators to measure the outcome and five indicators to measure the progress. It describes in detail two of these indica tors, and strongly recommends accurate testing of indicators before generalised use as well as the involvement of adolescents themselves in their development.
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The sensitivity of a Tanzanian crater lake to catastrophic tephra input and four millennia of climate change - Barker, Philip A.; Telford, Richard J.; Merdaci, Ouassila; Williamson, David; Taieb, Maurice; Vincens, Annie; Gibert, E. (The Holocene, 2000)
Diatom genera in many large East African lakes change little throughout the Holocene period suggesting relatively stable ecological conditions and some resilience to environmental change. Ecosystem stability is less common in smaller, more sensitive lakes, such as those within volcanic craters, where external impacts can cause abrupt and rapid fluctuations. A 4100-year diatom and cyanobacteria pigment record from Lake Massoko, a volcanic crater lake in southern Tanzania, is used to illustrate important switches in resource ratios following tephra deposition 1190 years ago. It is hypothesized that the tephra reduced the rate of P diffusion from the sediments and increased the Si:P ratio in the lake. A period of acute change in planktonic diatom communities resulted from the tephra impact and lasted c. 110 years. The magnitude of the change shown by the diatoms and their slow recovery from the tephra may be due in part to a coincident fall in lake level caused by a reduction in regional rainfall. The statistical significance of the tephra impact relative to that of catchment and climate change has been tested using variance partitioning and rate-of-change analysis. Multiproxy indicators show an important period of positive water balance 1700 ago and a relatively dry episode persisting between 1000 and 400 years ago. The lake ecosystem is shown to be highly sensitive to both climate change and tephra deposition.
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Knowledge and Attitudes towards AIDS of Social Work Students in Mauritius - Bhowon, Uma (Journal of Health Management, 2000)
The study looked at the knowledge and attitudes of social work students in Mauritius regarding AIDS. Seventy-six students participated in the survey. Results indicate that although a majority had excellent to good knowledge about AIDS, they lacked suffi cient information in crucial areas of AIDS prevention. As many as 80.2 per cent were supportive in their attitudes towards AIDS victims. Knowledge and attitudes did not significantly differ with respect to age, gender, ethnic group and marital status.
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The United States and humanitarian demining in eritrea: Training the trainer, 1995–97 - Clemens, Peter (Contemporary Security Policy, 2000)
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Organizational Characteristics of Schools That Successfully Serve Low-Income Urban African American Students - Cole-Henderson, Beverly (Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR), 2000)
A prerequisite for correcting ineffective education is the examination of research on the learning environments of successful schools and the conditions and processes that enable quality outcomes. The research described in this article supports the Talent Development philosophy, which rejects deficit-based "talent sorting" models of schooling and promotes widespread academic success in appropriately supportive environments. The study delineates the common organizational characteristics of schools in low-income areas that defy the odds by producing high numbers of high-achieving African American students. Specifically, it explores how urban elementary schools that successfully serve primarily low-income African American students are configured to support students' academic and personal growth. Participating schools were selected based on test scores evidencing their students' sustained mathematics and reading achievement. The data for the analysis was obtained from questionnaires mailed to the schools' principals. Patterns in the data and discernable trends across schools are described.
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Organizational Characteristics of Schools That Successfully Serve Low-Income Urban African American Students - Cole-Henderson, Beverly (Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR), 2000)
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The african-american church: a potential forum for adolescent comprehensive sexuality education - Coyne‐Beasley, Tamera; Schoenbach, Victor J. (Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000)
To investigate the attitudes and beliefs of clergy from African-American churches towards sexuality education and the provision of sexuality education in their churches.A pilot study was designed to survey a convenience sample of clergy leaders from African-American churches about their young adolescent members. The survey asked about priority health topics, prevalence of sexual and drug risk behavior and the clergy's desire for health education programs. The churches were located in a county (1990 population approximately 200,000, 40% African-American) in the southeastern United States.The respondents' highest priority issues were drugs, violence, HIV/AIDS, pregnancy and alcohol. Many (76%) had discussed one or more of these issues in church. All respondents wanted additional health seminars for their adolescents, though some clergy (30%) excluded some sexual topics (i.e., anal sex, bisexuality, homosexuality, masturbation, oral sex). Only 6% would make condoms available in their churches, but all would allow contraceptive education.Many African-American churches are open to including sexuality education among their health education offerings for young adolescents. The church should be considered as a potential forum for providing comprehensive sexuality education for African-American adolescents.
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An Assessment Battery for Identifying Language Impairments in African American Children - Craig, Holly K.; Washington, Julie A. (Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 2000)
This investigation compares the performances of 24 African American children, diagnosed as language impaired (LI) and receiving school-based language therapy, to 2 groups of typically developing peers ( N = 48) on 5 traditional types of language assessment measures. Three of the measures were derived from child-centered free play language sample analyses and included average length of communication units (MLCU), frequencies of complex syntax, and numbers of different words. Two of the measures examined language comprehension and included responses to requests for information in the form of Wh-questions and responses to probes of active and passive sentence constructions. The performances of the group of children with language impairments were significantly lower on each measure than that of chronological age matched African American children who were typically developing. Sensitivity and specificity of the battery appeared excellent. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential of these informal language measures to contribute to a culturally fair assessment protocol for young African American children.
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Efficient and sustainable usage of electricity in South Africa: the role of the tertiary education institutions - Dintchev, O.D.; Calmeyer, J.E.; Delport, Géraud (Engineering Science and Education Journal, 2000)
South Africa's single electricity-generating utility ESKOM is considered to be the powerhouse of Africa. Proper industrial and residential demand-side management (DSM) of electricity usage could improve efficiency and contribute significantly to releasing spare generating capacity. South African tertiary education institutions have started energy-saving activities (the AfriCampus Collaboration) and work on energy conservation on their campuses. The various projects in the Collaboration's framework programme will result in a direct reduction in institutions' electricity bills.
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Gastrointestinal tract cancer: a five year study in a teaching central referral hospital, Ethiopia. - Ersumo, Tessema; Johnson, O; Ali, Aun (PubMed, 2000)
Due to lack of national cancer registry, the pattern and outcome of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancer is unknown in Ethiopia. In the period 1992-1996, a prospective study was carried out in 534 patients with GIT malignant tumours admitted to the Tikur Anbessa Hospital Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa. Relevant data were recorded on a prepared proforma for specific disease. Of these, 437 cases (82%), 142 oesophageal, 68 pancereato-biliary, 96 gastric, and 131 lower GIT cancers have been included in this study. The mean age was 52 +/- 13 (range 17-88) years. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1.0. The mean duration of the presenting symptoms was 10 months. One hundred and thirty-six patients were not operated because of poor clinical performance status or advanced metastatic disease in 105 patients and refusal to undergo surgery in 31 patients. In nearly 50% of 301 operated cases, the tumours were resected. Clinical staging was defined in 269 cases. Of these, 224 (83.3%) were advanced and only 45 were early cancers. The histopathology in 371 cases showed a predominance of adeno and squamous cell carcinomas. An overall postoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 20%. Of the 241 operative survivals (80%), only 110 (46%) had a limited follow-up of 3 to 12 months. Few cases were followed longer. The diagnosis was late and the follow-up was poor. A high index of suspicion of GIT cancer in all age groups will result in earlier diagnosis and improved survival.
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The Role of Protective Factors in Supporting the Academic Achievement of Poor African American Students During the Middle School Transition - Gutman, Leslie Morrison; Midgley, Carol (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2000)
In this study of 62 African American families living in poverty, we examined the main and interactive effects of psychological, family, and school factors on students' grade point average across the middle school transition. Both parent interviews and student surveys were collected, resulting in three major findings. First, students experienced a significant decline in grade point average across the transition from elementary to middle school. Second, students who felt more academically efficacious had higher grade point averages across the transition than did their peers. Third, significant interactions were found between family and school factors. These results suggest that rather than focusing exclusively on either parental involvement or the school environment, the combination of both family and school factors may be most effective in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the transition to middle level schools.
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The Role of Protective Factors in Supporting the Academic Achievement of Poor African American Students During the Middle School Transition - Gutman, Leslie Morrison; Midgley, Carol (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2000)
In this study of 62 African American families living in poverty, we examined the main and interactive effects of psychological, family, and school factors on students' grade point average across the middle school transition. Both parent interviews and student surveys were collected, resulting in three major findings. First, students experienced a significant decline in grade point average across the transition from elementary to middle school. Second, students who felt more academically efficacious had higher grade point averages across the transition than did their peers. Third, significant interactions were found between family and school factors. These results suggest that rather than focusing exclusively on either parental involvement or the school environment, the combination of both family and school factors may be most effective in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the transition to middle level schools.
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The Role of Protective Factors in Supporting the Academic Achievement of Poor African American Students During the Middle School Transition - Gutman, Leslie Morrison; Midgley, Carol (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2000)
In this study of 62 African American families living in poverty, we examined the main and interactive effects of psychological, family, and school factors on students' grade point average across the middle school transition. Both parent interviews and student surveys were collected, resulting in three major findings. First, students experienced a significant decline in grade point average across the transition from elementary to middle school. Second, students who felt more academically efficacious had higher grade point averages across the transition than did their peers. Third, significant interactions were found between family and school factors. These results suggest that rather than focusing exclusively on either parental involvement or the school environment, the combination of both family and school factors may be most effective in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the transition to middle level schools.
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The Role of Protective Factors in Supporting the Academic Achievement of Poor African American Students During the Middle School Transition - Gutman, Leslie Morrison; Midgley, Carol (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2000)
In this study of 62 African American families living in poverty, we examined the main and interactive effects of psychological, family, and school factors on students' grade point average across the middle school transition. Both parent interviews and student surveys were collected, resulting in three major findings. First, students experienced a significant decline in grade point average across the transition from elementary to middle school. Second, students who felt more academically efficacious had higher grade point averages across the transition than did their peers. Third, significant interactions were found between family and school factors. These results suggest that rather than focusing exclusively on either parental involvement or the school environment, the combination of both family and school factors may be most effective in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the transition to middle level schools.
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The epidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths in elementary school children from the South Gondar Zone of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. - Jemaneh, L (PubMed, 2000)
In a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 22 communities of 6 districts in the South Gondar Zone of the Amhara National Regional State, 2279 school children had their stools examined for schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths using the Kato-Katz technique. Overall the prevalence rates were 16.4%, 28.9%, 9.5% and 12.9% for S. mansoni, A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and the hookworms, respectively. S. mansoni infection was registered from 14 of the 22 communities, in more than 60% of which the prevalence was over 20%. Infection with A. lumbricoides was noted in 20 schools and except in three schools the prevalence was above 20%. T. trichiura infection was found in 19 of the 22 schools with prevalence rates from 1.7% to 20.0%. Infection due to the hookworms was recorded in 17 schools, in 40% of which the prevalence was 20% or more. Generally communities of the western districts of the zone had higher infection rates of schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminthiasis as compared to those in the eastern districts. The presence of S. mansoni foci in 9 communities is reported for the first time. In general neither sex nor age were related to prevalence or intensity of infection. Forty nine percent of the examined children had one or more types of helminths, of which 32.5%, 13.3% and 2.4% were single, double and triple infections, respectively. A. lumbricoides commonly occurred with the other helminths. Multiplicity of infection was not sex related. 14.6%, 28.4%, 8.3% and 12.1% of the children had moderate or heavy infections of schistosomiasis mansoni, ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworms, respectively.
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Constraints on Development and Change to Science Teachers' Practice in Egyptian Classrooms - Johnson, Sally; Monk, Martin; Swain, Julian (Journal of Education for Teaching, 2000)
This paper addresses the general question of why teachers teach in the way they do. Data collected from Egyptian science teachers both in the UK during an in-service course and on their return to Egypt are reported. The teachers' evaluation of which in-service experiences they thought of most use is contrasted with the changes they were able to bring about in their own teaching on return to Egypt. Follow-up interviews and classroom observations in Egypt showed the teachers to be frustrated in introducing even limited changes to their practice. This paper proposes that Schön's notion of the reflective practitioner may not be suitable for modelling a mechanism of change in classroom practice for all teachers. Teachers in developing countries, with educational systems that Beeby characterises as mechanical or untrained, are more constrained than the notion of the reflective practitioner allows.
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(Dis)Located Readers? High School Students Responding to African Fiction. - Johnston, Ian; Mangat, Jyoti (2000)
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Polytechnic Education in Mauritius. - Kasenally, Kursheed Ali (2000)
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Altered NOS expression underlies impaired motility control in TNBS ileitis in the guinea pig - Kelles, A; Geboes, Karel; Tack, Jan; Janssens, Jozef (Gastroenterology, 2000)
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Use of a two-component exponential distribution in partial duration modelling of hydrological droughts in Zimbabwean rivers - Kjeldsen, Thomas; Lundorf, Allan; Rosbjerg, Dan (Hydrological sciences journal, 2000)
Abstract Abstract An investigation of hydrological droughts has been conducted, based on the truncation level approach: each drought event is characterized by its duration and deficit volume. The truncation level is defined to reflect the expected natural water availability and, therefore, is evaluated monthly as a fixed percentile of the monthly flow-duration curve. Thus, the problem of expected zero flow of ephemeral rivers during the dry season is taken care of. The data material consists of daily discharge data from ten Zimbabwean rivers, and both ephemeral and perennial rivers are included in the analysis. The partial duration series approach is used to predict the severity of future droughts, i.e. the T-year events. The two-component exponential distribution is adopted as exceedence distribution for both duration and deficit volume. The parameters of the two-component exponential distribution are estimated using the maximum likelihood method. A method for calculating the T-year event and an approximate expression of the uncertainty of the T-year events have been developed. An observed problem of underestimation of observed deficit volumes is reduced by the introduction of censoring in the partial duration series. A better description of the observed events has been obtained by censoring the duration and deficit volume series. A relationship between optimal censoring and the coefficient of variation of the drought series has been indicated. Résumé Nous avons réalisé une étude des étiages basée sur un modèle de dépassement de seuil. Un seuil reflétant la disponibilité naturelle de l'eau (exprimé pour chaque mois comme un certain quantité de la courbe débit-durée, permettant ainsi de tenir compte des débits nuls des rivières intermittentes) ayant été fixé, chaque étiage est défini par sa durée et par le volume du déficit. Les données utilisées sont les débits journaliers de dix rivières du Zimbabwe. L'analyse inclut à la fois des rivières intermittentes et des rivières pérennes. Le modèle de dépassement a été utilisé pour estimer la sévérité des futures étiages. La loi exponentielle à deux composantes a été adoptée pour modéliser la durée des étiages ainsi que les volumes des déficits. Les paramètres de la loi exponentielle à deux composantes ont été estimés par la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance. Une méthode de calcul de l'événement de période de retour T, ainsi qu'une expression approximative de l'incertitude qui lui est associée ont été développées. Nous avons pu constater un problème de sous-estimation des volumes des déficits qui a pu être corrigé en tronquant certaines données des séries de durées partielles, ce qui a permis une meilleure description des événements observés. Une relation entre le seuil de troncature optimal et le coefficient de variation des séries a été établie.
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Adapted Technology for Small-scale Manufacture of Caerphilly-Type Cheese from Cow's Milk in the Western Highlands Region of Cameroon - Mendi, S.; Pamela, Tiku Kamga; Imélé, H. (The journal of food technology in Africa, 2000)
Caerphilly Cheese making procedure was modified to suit the conditions and kitchen environment of the average Cameroonian household. Cheese making trials were carried out for over a period of twelve months. Results show that the ripening time for milk increased from 45 minutes to 60 minutes; curd formation time from 45-60 minutes to 60 - 90 minutes, scalding temperatures, method of draining, salting, pressing and maturation temperature have been modified (Fig.1). The acid development pattern during cheese making was normal but with lower values than the standard ( 0.22, 0.14, 0.18, 0.21 for the standard and 0.15, 0.12, 0.14, 0.21 for the modified procedures respectively, from renneting to after cutting to whey removal and during texturing. The cheese yield is encouraging (1 16g-160g/litre of fresh milk) and its composition is good (fat 25.9%, dry matter 50.8% and moisture content 48%). The production of the cheese should be encouraged at the household level. The Journal of Food Technology in Africa Volume 5 Number 4 (October - December 2000), pp. 120-122 KEY WORDS: Adapted Technology, Caerphilly cheese, cow's milk, Cameroon.
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What do Family Planning Clients and University Students in Nairobi, Kenya, Know and Think about Emergency Contraception? - Muia, Esther; Ellertson, Charlotte; Clark, Stuart; Lukhando, Moses; Elul, Batya; Olenja, Joyce; Westley, Elizabeth (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2000)
Currently, emergency contraception is seldom used in Kenya. As part of a larger study designed to provide insight into the possible roles for the method in Kenya, we assessed the knowledge of and attitudes towards emergency contraception in two groups of potential users, and we focus on these data specifically in this paper. We interviewed clustered samples of clients at ten family planning clinics in Nairobi (n = 282) and conducted four focus group discussions with students at two universities in Kenya (n = 42). Results show that despite relatively low levels of awareness and widespread misinformation, when the method was explained, both clients and students expressed considerable interest, but also expressed some health and other concerns.
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The State of the University of the Witwatersrand Social Policy Training in South Africa - Noyoo, Ndangwa (Journal of Social Work Education, 2000)
The University of the Witwatersrand School of Social Work in South Africa did not teach social policy training during the years of apartheid, and although social policy is integrated into some courses, there still are no social policy training courses being offered. This article discusses the importance and need for social policy to be integrated into the curriculum as a core course. Implications for students and the country as a whole are discussed.
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Factors Influencing Education and Age at First Marriage in an Arid Region: The Case of the Borana of Marsabit district, Kenya - Nyamongo, Isaac K. (African Study Monographs, 2000)
The role of education in development is widely recognized in many countries. However, the value placed on formal education differs from one community to the next. In this paper I argue that among the Borana pastoralists of Marsabit District, Kenya, the value of formal education is based on wage-labor opportunities. High value placed on women's household labor and low accessibility to non-household employment places differential pres- sure on the education of Borana children. This leads to a higher dropout rate from school and earlier marriage for female than for the male children.
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Advanced Abdominal Pregnancy: A Study of 13 Consecutive Cases Seen in 1993 and 1994 at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana - Opare‐Addo, Henry S.; Deganus, Sylvia (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2000)
Thirteen cases of advanced abdominal pregnancy (AAP) managed at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi, Ghana, over a two-year period (1993-1994) are presented. An incidence ratio of one advanced abdominal pregnancy to 1,320 deliveries occurred during this period. The ratio of advanced abdominal pregnancy to ectopic pregnancy was 1:43.7. The perinatal mortality rate and maternal case fatality rates were 69.6% and 15.3% respectively. Recurrent abdominal pains in the gravid patient with abnormal fetal lie and prior history of tubal pregnancy and/or previous abdominal surgery were significant findings in the cases reviewed. These findings should, therefore, always prompt lucid and elaborate ultrasound examination of a pregnancy to exclude abdominal pregnancy.
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African American Students and the Decision to Attend Doctoral Programs in Higher Education Administration - Poock, Michael C. (The College Student Affairs Journal, 2000)
Research on the institutional choice of ethnic minority graduate students flourished in the 1990s, however, such studies tended to combine master's and doctoral students with no delineation between the two. Utilizing a national random sample, this study identifies factors that influence African American students' decisions to apply to and attend doctoral programs in higher education administration. Results indicate that respondents are influenced by academic quality, academic infrastructure, institutional sensitivity to students of color, and positive interaction with faculty. Recommendations are offered for translating these findings into effective recruitment efforts. Research on undergraduate college choice has been voluminous over the last few decades. However, the same cannot be said about the institutional choice of graduate students. Indeed, while interest in undergraduate college choice appeared to peak in the 1970s and 1980s, there is a glaring omission of research on graduate students during that time. This is interesting, given the status generally associated with graduate education. This thought is echoed by Baird (1993), who found that although graduate education enjoys enormous prestige, it is relatively unexamined and not carefully monitored (p. 81). Yet, if the 1970s and the 1980s were the decades of research on college choice of undergraduates, the 1990s may be the decade for such attention on graduate students. A review of articles suggests that the research in this area has gained increasing attention in the last several years (e.g., Kallio, 1995; Talbot, Maier, & Rushlau, 1996; Weiler, 1993). Such research suggests that to attract adequate numbers of well-qualified students, faculty and administrators in academic programs need to understand why such students apply to and attend specific graduate programs. This need extends beyond ensuring a complete cohort every Fall semester, for programs that have an abundance of qualified applicants are also facing the need for a diversified student body. Clearly, this concern is not new. In 1985, Malaney stated: [While] survival of graduate studies at many institutions is not a problem at the institutional level . . . it might be at the departmental level. Even if survival is not a concern at either level, because of a sufficient number of students, there may be other recruitment concerns, such as . . . attracting increased numbers of minorities and women. (p. 379) Clearly, this issue of ethnicity and graduate education has not been neglected in the literature (e.g., Olson, 1992; Penaloza & Gilly, 1991; Webb & Allen, 1994). However, such studies tend to examine only master's students or master's and doctoral students, with no delineation between the two. National studies that address African American doctoral students are clearly missing from the literature. This is surprising given historic enrollment patterns in doctoral education. A review of enrollment in doctoral programs clearly indicates a slant along ethnic lines, as the majority of doctoral recipients tend to be disproportionately Caucasian. This imbalance is slowing changing, but not for all ethnic groups. Specifically, African Americans have not enjoyed the increase of earned doctoral degrees that have been experienced by other ethnic minority groups. Consider the following data provided by the National Center for Education Statistics (1996). During the 1976-1977 academic year, African American students earned 3.8% of all doctoral degrees conferred. This contrasts with those earned by Hispanics and Asian American students at 1.6% and 2.0%, respectively. These proportions changed during the 1984-1985 academic year as doctoral degrees earned by African Americans dropped slightly to 3.6%, yet increased for both Hispanics (2.1%) and Asian Americans (3.4%). African Americans continued to earn relatively fewer doctorates during the 1993-1994 academic year with just 3. …
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Reflections on Exemplary Mathematics Teachers by Two African American Students. - Powell, Angiline (2000)
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The Effect of Instruction on Students' Ideas on Data Handling of Under Prepared Students at Two Historically Advantaged South African Universities. - Rollnick, Marissa; Lubben, Fred; Dlamini, Betty; Lotz, Sandra (2000)
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Principles of Pedagogy in Teaching in a Diverse Medical School: The University of Capetown South Africa Medical School. - Rothenberg, Julia; Holland, Errol (2000)
This paper describes a 2-month project developed by Sage Colleges (New York) and University of Capetown Medical School in South Africa to help medical faculty at Capetown Medical School teach its newly diverse student body. The program is intended to improve student retention and it emphasizes need for faculty to assure students coming from nonacademic of their competence and to celebrate multicultural diversity in higher education. The paper offers narratives and descriptions of weekly interactive meetings between visiting faculty from Sage Colleges and medical school faculty as they explore topics ranging from how to say hello in students' first language, to faculty's thoughts on teaching, to different social conventions of various ethnic groups, to student learning difficulties. In addition, specific workshop topics were organized on: faculty teaching and curricular reform; various approaches to lecture method, such as scaffolding and concept development; moving from largeto small-group teaching; using tutors and successful students as role models; multiple intelligence theory and its uses; multicultural teaching and attending to cultures present in classroom; and evaluation, testing, and assessment procedures. (MKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are best that can be made from original document. Principles of Pedagogy in Teaching in A Diverse Medical School: The University of Capetown South Africa Medical School :1 'Tr U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 2(This document has been reproduced as received from person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Paper presented at meetings of American Educational Research Association, April 2000, New Orleans Louisiana Julia Johnson Rothenberg Ph.D. The Sage Colleges Troy NY 12180 The Sage Colleges, Troy New York Errol Holland M.D. University of Capetown Medical School Observatory 7925 Capetown South African Holland, Errol M.D. University of Capetown Medical School, Capetown South Africa Introduction This paper is a joint effort by Dr. Rothenberg, Professor of Education at The Sage Colleges, who visited U. of Capetown Medical School to help medical faculty in teaching their newly diverse student body, and Dr. Holland, Chair of Hematology at Medical School, who participated in project. Both authors feel that diversity at U. of Capetwon Medical School has potential for a rich culture of medical knowledge, which encompasses knowledge that students bring to University, as well as traditional medical expertise continued in Capetown's tradition. We will describe our work together, and some reflections on O 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE process we experienced qualitatively. The literature on minority student retention in United States informed early preparations for Dr. Rothenberg, in terms of thinking about problems students and faculty might have with a dramatically changed culture of medical school. Terenzini et al (1994, Pascarella & Terenzini, 1977) described findings from a series of studies on United States campuses which found that faculty/student interactions on a number of levels were crucial in diverse students' staying in college or university. In particular, students from non-academic needed to be reassured of their competence by faculty, and this faculty recognition was important both in and out of class. While Terenzini and his colleagues emphasized that each diverse student's experience was unique, Tierney (1992) took this point an important step further. Tierney studied Native Americans in starting to college in United States, and found that these students were often seen as bringing the problems of having different backgrounds to higher education setting. Tierney highlights core of all these studies of retention having insiders, that is people who have spent their adult lives in academia, do studying of what we call the problems. Even framing issue in terms of a problem to be solved (student retention) limits our views of positive values in higher education that students bring from their various . We seldom actively promote strongly positive values of celebrating multicultural diversity in higher education, even though we tout these values in our admissions literature. These points formed background for working within University of Capetown Medical School, so recently having become a place of diversity. The Capetown project was begun, therefore, with an orientation of learning about this setting for a new kind of medical school. Dr. Rothenberg met with Medical School instructors in bi-weekly workshops and in Medical departmental meetings, discussing topics of each department's choice. More about these meetings will be described later. Several illlustrative episodes are described here that occurred during two month project Rothenberg, 1999). 1. Mollo, wethu. Usaphila? After working with medical teaching faculty for several workshop sessions, Dr. Rothenberg told group that every professor should know how to say how are you, good-bye, best wishes, in every first language spoken in class. And she said that professors should systematically learn students' names and use them [she also give ideas on how to do this]. Nervous laughter ensued. Later that day several professors told her that in recent past, few people designated as coloured or black who attended medical school never were addressed by name. Other students were constantly named, professors knew their older siblings and schools they went to, told stories about their backgrounds. They felt that every day they had snuck in a back window to be in school. And now they are professors in medical school. 2.Another professor told Dr. Rothenberg, after a pediatric department meeting together, that he never, ever thought about teaching before. He said he wanted to train registrars (doctors in residence) in his field (pediatric endocrinology) but it had not occurred to him that this was teaching. just lectured as I had been lectured to myself. These discussions of how you teach open up a world to me. 3.Dr. Rothenberg had advantage during her stay of living at Medical Residence (the MedRes) where most of residents were tribal Africans or of East Indian or Malaysian descent. Meals were regular social occasions, source of new friendships and a great deal of learning. The students had many ideas about improving medical education and shared them willingly, enthusiastically. They also enjoyed teaching how to say hello, how are you? in their
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Multicultural education: A new approach for a new South African dispensation - Roux, Johann Le (Intercultural education (London. Print), 2000)
In a new South African dispensation, the reconstruction of a national education system necessitates fundamental change to existing educational policies and practices. Seen as a cultural kaleidoscope or ethnic mosaic of peoples, modern South African society can be characterised as being multicultural. It stands to reason, therefore, that multicultural education for a new multicultural South Africa has become a logical, outcomes-based necessity. The extent to which multicultural education will succeed depends largely on the knowledge, attitudes, views and conduct of the teacher as initiator, facilitator and manager of the educational and learning practice. Most teachers in this country have been trained in a monocultural context and are therefore not adequately prepared for implementing multicultural education. All educators in South Africa who are seriously concerned with the formal education of children will have to become equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to initiate and facilitate optimal learning in a multicultural context. What is needed is an innovative and studious predisposition, cultural reappraisal, and the acceptance of co-ownership in building a new democratic dispensation for South Africa. Teachers within multicultural school contexts need to bring about this conceptual paradigm shift in the hearts and minds of young people.
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THE RESPONSE OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AND OSTRACODS TO VARIOUS POLLUTION SOURCES: A STUDY FROM TWO LAGOONS IN EGYPT - Samir, Ashraf M. (Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 2000)
Research Article| April 01, 2000 THE RESPONSE OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AND OSTRACODS TO VARIOUS POLLUTION SOURCES: A STUDY FROM TWO LAGOONS IN EGYPT Ashraf M. Samir Ashraf M. Samir Department of Geology, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21526, Alexandria, Egypt Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Ashraf M. Samir Department of Geology, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21526, Alexandria, Egypt Publisher: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Received: 13 Apr 1998 Accepted: 18 Aug 1999 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-264X Print ISSN: 0096-1191 © 2000 Journal of Foraminiferal Research Journal of Foraminiferal Research (2000) 30 (2): 83–98. https://doi.org/10.2113/0300083 Article history Received: 13 Apr 1998 Accepted: 18 Aug 1999 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Ashraf M. Samir; THE RESPONSE OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AND OSTRACODS TO VARIOUS POLLUTION SOURCES: A STUDY FROM TWO LAGOONS IN EGYPT. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 2000;; 30 (2): 83–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/0300083 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyJournal of Foraminiferal Research Search Advanced Search Abstract A study of foraminiferal assemblages was carried out at two Egyptian Nile Delta lagoons. Analysis of surficial sediment samples from Manzalah Lagoon shows enrichment in heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Cd). The environment has become so lethal to foraminifera that no species can currently survive. Among ostracods, only one species (Cyprideis torosa) was found living and able to invade the polluted lagoon region. Samples from Edku Lagoon, which receives only agricultural drainage water, show heavy metal concentrations close to natural baseline levels, and yield living foraminifera. The frequent occurrence of deformed specimens in Manzalah Lagoon, comparable to Edku Lagoon, reveals that: (1) benthic foraminifera are more sensitive to industrial wastes containing heavy metals; (2) agricultural wastes do not significantly harm benthic foraminifera; (3) Ammonia beccarii forma parkinsoniana is less resistant to pollution than forma tepida; (4) morphological abnormalities of the foraminiferal tests depend upon the nature of the pollutant; and (5) benthic foraminifera are less tolerant to pollution than ostracods and molluscs. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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Estimation of water pollution sources in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Application and elaboration of the rapid assessment methodology - Scheren, Peter; Zanting, H.A.; Lemmens, A.M.C. (Journal of Environmental Management, 2000)
Pollution resulting from increased human activities is threatening Lake Victoria, its effects being characterised by eutrophication and the occurrence of dramatically low dissolved oxygen levels. This study applies a system of pollution inventory methods to estimate waste loads from pollution sources on the basis of functional variables and pollution intensities. Penetration factors are used to incorporate the effects of treatment facilities and of natural ‘purification’ in rivers and wetlands. The application of a basic error analysis provides insight into the reliability of results. A one-dimensional model is applied to assess the overall nutrient balance. Results show that biological oxygen demand (BOD) load is highest on the Kenyan side. Domestic BOD loads exceed industrial loads in all regions, and management policies should therefore be directed primarily towards a reduction of domestic pollution. It was concluded that through effective operation of existing treatment facilities alone BOD loads on the Kenyan side could be reduced by 50%. Nutrient input appears to originate mainly from atmospheric deposition and land runoff, together accounting for approximately 90% of phosphorous and 94% of nitrogen input into the lake. The increase in eutrophication is most probably due to an increase in nutrient input from these sources, as a result of increased human activities in the lake surroundings, such as land exploitation for agriculture and forest burning. Policies for sustainable development in the region, including restoration and preservation of the lake's ecosystem, should therefore be directed towards improved land-use practices and a control over land clearing and forest burning.
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Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor has a dose dependent influence on noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig cochlea - Shoji, Fumi; Yamasoba, Tatsuya; Magal, Ella; Dolan, David F.; Altschuler, Richard A.; Miller, Josef M. (Hearing research, 2000)
We examined the effectiveness of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to attenuate cochlear damage from intense noise stress. Subjects were exposed to 115 dB SPL one octave band noise centered at 4 kHz for 5 h. They received artificial perilymph with or without GDNF into the left scala tympani at 0.5 microliter/h from 4 days before noise exposure through 8 days following noise exposure. Different concentrations of GDNF (1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 1 microgram/ml) were applied chronically directly into the guinea pig cochlea via a microcannula and osmotic pump. Noise-induced hearing loss was assessed with pure tone auditory brainstem responses (at 2, 4, 8 and 20 kHz), measured prior to surgery, 1 day before noise exposure, and 7 days following noise exposure. Subjects were killed on day 8 following exposure for histological preparation and quantitative assessment of hair cell (HC) damage. A dose-dependent protective effect of GDNF on both sensory cell preservation and hearing function was found in the treated ears. At 1 ng/ml, GDNF showed no significant protection; at 10 ng/ml, GDNF showed significant HC protection; and at 100ng/ml, it was greater and bilateral. At 1 microgram/ml, GDNF appeared to have a toxic effect under noise stress in some cochleae. These findings indicate that GDNF at certain concentrations can effectively protect the inner ear from noise-induced hearing loss.
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Drought and dust deposition in the West African Sahel: a 5500-year record from Kajemarum Oasis, northeastern Nigeria - Street-Perrott, F. Alayne; Holmes, Jonathan A.; Waller, Martyn; Allen, Mike; Barber, N; Fothergill, P. A.; Harkness, D. D.; Ivanovich, Μ.; Kroon, Dirk; Perrott, RA (The Holocene, 2000)
A high-resolution, multiproxy palaeolimnological record from the Manga Grasslands, northeastern Nigeria, spanning the last 5500 calendar years, reveals the episodic deterioration in Sahelian climate as significant biogeophysical thresholds were crossed. Desert-dust deposition began to increase 4700 cal. BP. Rainfall during the summer-monsoon season declined permanently after 4100 cal. BP. A further significant change in atmospheric circulation, giving rise to multidecadal to centennial-scale droughts and enhanced dust deposition, occurred 1500 cal. BP. Hence, the post-1968 Sahel drought is not unique. The prolonged arid episode that occurred around 1200–1000 cal. BP in Ethiopia, the Sahel and tropical Mexico may have been linked to an abrupt cooling event in the North Atlantic and to a cluster of intense El Niño-Southern Oscillation events in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific.
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Improved Practical Skills of Midwives Practicing in the Eastern Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa Through the Study of a Self-Education Manual - Theron, Gerhard (Journal of Perinatology, 2000)
OBJECTIVE: Changes in the ability of midwives to perform practical skills, after completion of the Maternal Care Manual of the Perinatal Education Program, were determined. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, controlled trial in a study town and two control towns. The practical skills of midwives caring for pregnant women in the towns were determined. Subsequently, the Maternal Care Manual was studied by midwives in the study town, and the skills of all midwives were subsequently evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 34 midwives in the study town and 39 midwives in the two control towns were studied. The marks showed a significant (p ≤ 0.000) improvement in the study town when comparing the pre- and postintervention marks. The mean improvement in the study town was 36.6%. DISCUSSION: The practical skills of midwives improved significantly. The Perinatal Education Program can be implemented with confidence as a distance learning program that is especially suited to the needs of health workers in remote regions.
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The Disproportionate Discipline of African American Learners: Reducing School Suspensions and Expulsions - Townsend, Brenda L. (Exceptional Children, 2000)
School disciplinary practices for students with disabilities and their peers without disabilities have long been questioned. Moreover, the school discipline of both dominant culture and ethnic minority children and youth has raised concerns. In that regard school discipline has in general become a hotbed for litigation and debate. While suspect discipline practices have been used with students across ethnic backgrounds, they are disproportionately meted out to African American students, particularly males (Harry & Anderson, 1995). This article examines exclusionary discipline practices and their impact on African American students. Culturally responsive instructional and management strategies are identified that can mitigate school suspensions and expulsions of African American children and youth.
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The Disproportionate Discipline of African American Learners: Reducing School Suspensions and Expulsions - Townsend, Brenda L. (Exceptional Children, 2000)
School disciplinary practices for students with disabilities and their peers without disabilities have long been questioned. Moreover, the school discipline of both dominant culture and ethnic minority children and youth has raised concerns. In that regard school discipline has in general become a hotbed for litigation and debate. While suspect discipline practices have been used with students across ethnic backgrounds, they are disproportionately meted out to African American students, particularly males (Harry & Anderson, 1995). This article examines exclusionary discipline practices and their impact on African American students. Culturally responsive instructional and management strategies are identified that can mitigate school suspensions and expulsions of African American children and youth.
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The Disproportionate Discipline of African American Learners: Reducing School Suspensions and Expulsions - Townsend, Brenda L. (Exceptional Children, 2000)
School disciplinary practices for students with disabilities and their peers without disabilities have long been questioned. Moreover, the school discipline of both dominant culture and ethnic minority children and youth has raised concerns. In that regard school discipline has in general become a hotbed for litigation and debate. While suspect discipline practices have been used with students across ethnic backgrounds, they are disproportionately meted out to African American students, particularly males (Harry & Anderson, 1995). This article examines exclusionary discipline practices and their impact on African American students. Culturally responsive instructional and management strategies are identified that can mitigate school suspensions and expulsions of African American children and youth.
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The Disproportionate Discipline of African American Learners: Reducing School Suspensions and Expulsions - Townsend, Brenda L. (Exceptional Children, 2000)
School disciplinary practices for students with disabilities and their peers without disabilities have long been questioned. Moreover, the school discipline of both dominant culture and ethnic minority children and youth has raised concerns. In that regard school discipline has in general become a hotbed for litigation and debate. While suspect discipline practices have been used with students across ethnic backgrounds, they are disproportionately meted out to African American students, particularly males (Harry & Anderson, 1995). This article examines exclusionary discipline practices and their impact on African American students. Culturally responsive instructional and management strategies are identified that can mitigate school suspensions and expulsions of African American children and youth.
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The Disproportionate Discipline of African American Learners: Reducing School Suspensions and Expulsions - Townsend, Brenda L. (Exceptional Children, 2000)
School disciplinary practices for students with disabilities and their peers without disabilities have long been questioned. Moreover, the school discipline of both dominant culture and ethnic minority children and youth has raised concerns. In that regard school discipline has in general become a hotbed for litigation and debate. While suspect discipline practices have been used with students across ethnic backgrounds, they are disproportionately meted out to African American students, particularly males (Harry & Anderson, 1995). This article examines exclusionary discipline practices and their impact on African American students. Culturally responsive instructional and management strategies are identified that can mitigate school suspensions and expulsions of African American children and youth.
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Psychiatric morbidity in elderly patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards in a general/teaching hospital in Nigeria - Uwakwe, Richard (International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2000)
Objective To determine the mental morbidity rate and types of disorders in elderly patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards of a teaching hospital in Nigeria; the ability of the non-psychiatrists to recognise the mental disorders was also assessed. Method All subjects aged 60 years and above who were admitted into the medical, surgical and gynaecological wards were assessed with the Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Mini Mental State Examination and the Geriatric Mental State Schedule. Diagnoses of mental disorders were made with the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research. The patients' case records were then examined to determine the medical and any mental disorder diagnoses made by the attending physicians. The data were analysed by the SPSS/PC+ computer package. Results The mental morbidity rate was 45.3% with depression being the commonest disorder, followed by organic disorders (delirium and dementia), adjustment disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. There were also cases of alcohol and drug abuse. The physicians recognised only 2.8% of the mental disorders and referred one dementia patient to the mental health team. The negative predictive value for the physicians was poor. Conclusion Non-psychiatrist medical practitioners in Nigeria need adequate training in mental health to enhance their ability to recognise psychiatric disorders. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Psychiatric morbidity in elderly patients admitted to non‐psychiatric wards in a general/teaching hospital in Nigeria - Uwakwe, Richard (International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2000)
Objective To determine the mental morbidity rate and types of disorders in elderly patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards of a teaching hospital in Nigeria; the ability of the non-psychiatrists to recognise the mental disorders was also assessed. Method All subjects aged 60 years and above who were admitted into the medical, surgical and gynaecological wards were assessed with the Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Mini Mental State Examination and the Geriatric Mental State Schedule. Diagnoses of mental disorders were made with the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research. The patients' case records were then examined to determine the medical and any mental disorder diagnoses made by the attending physicians. The data were analysed by the SPSS/PC+ computer package. Results The mental morbidity rate was 45.3% with depression being the commonest disorder, followed by organic disorders (delirium and dementia), adjustment disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. There were also cases of alcohol and drug abuse. The physicians recognised only 2.8% of the mental disorders and referred one dementia patient to the mental health team. The negative predictive value for the physicians was poor. Conclusion Non-psychiatrist medical practitioners in Nigeria need adequate training in mental health to enhance their ability to recognise psychiatric disorders. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Adoption and Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations in Ethiopia: The Role of Education - Weir, Sharada; Knight, John (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2000)
Schooling has been shown to provide substantial externality benefits by increasing farm output and shifting the production frontier outwards. This paper investigates the role of schooling at the household- and site-levels in the adoption and diffusion of agricultural innovations in rural Ethiopia. We find that household-level education is important to the timing of adoption but less crucial to the question of whether a household has ever adopted fertiliser, i.e., early innovators tend to be educated and to be copied by those who adopt later, obscuring the relationship between education and adoption at the household-level. By contrast, site-level education appears not to affect the timing of an innovation’s introduction to the site, but does influence the extent of diffusion. Thus, there are two externality effects: educated farmers are early innovators, providing an example which may be copied by lesseducated farmers; and educated farmers are better able to copy those who innovate first, enhancing diffusion of the new technology more widely within the site.
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Largest known historical eruption in Africa: Dubbi volcano, Eritrea, 1861 - Wiart, Pierre; Oppenheimer, Clive (Geology, 2000)
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Pollution influence on bacterial abundance and chlorophyll-a concentration: case study at Idku Lagoon, Egypt - Siam, Eman; Ghobrial, Mary (Scientia Marina, 2000)
Idku lagoon is one of the northern delta lakes, connected with the Mediterranean Sea through Boughaz El Maadyah.It is subjected to industrial, domestic and agricultural pollution.Depending on collected data of water samples during one year of research, the lagoon was separated into different water masses by using the discriminant function analysis (DFA).Estimation of some biological (total and saprophytic bacteria, faecal bacteria and chlorophyll-a) and chemical variables (chlorosity, organic matter, dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic nutrients) lead to differentiate Idku lagoon waters into four sites: Drain (I), Lake Proper (II), Bay (III) and Boughaz (IV).The highly effective parameters for the predicted sites were chlorosity, organic matter and faecal bacteria (E.coli).Factor analysis was applied for each site to find out the correlating variables (biological and chemical) that seemed to control each independent site.At Drain site (I) pollution by agricultural sewage (through Idku Drain) supported bacterial as well as algal growth, while at Lake Proper site (II) bacteria seemed to obtain their nutrient supply from algal origin after their death and lysis.Site II was characterized by its absolute highest chlorophyll-a content.Factor models for sites II and III indicated a positive and mutual relationship between bacterial microbiota and chlorophyll-a.The strong correlation that appeared between all biota from factor model for site III, at the absolutely high chlorosity values (compared to the other sites), could be due to the development of salt tolerant strains and species.Factor model for site IV revealed a strong positive correlation between bacterial microbiota and nutrients (derived from industrial pollution at Boughaz El Maadyah), but negatively correlated to chlorophyll-a.Thus it seemed that bacteria obtained their nutrient supply mostly from sewage.
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Uterine perforation from induced abortion at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana: a five year review. - Obed, Samuel A.; Wilson, J. B. (PubMed, 2000)
A total of 79 cases of perforated uterus from termination of pregnancy in Accra, an incidence of 3.6% of induced abortion were managed at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital during the period 1990-1994. The mean age and parity of patients who had perforated uterus were 21.6 +/- 2.3 years and 1.97 +/- 0.28 respectively. The specific case mortality associated with this calamity was 227.8 per 1000. The need to prevent unwanted pregnancies through improved contraceptive measures and sex education must be emphasised in developing countries.
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Reasons for Selecting a Teaching Career and Remaining in the Profession: a Conversation With 10 African American Roanoke City Teachers - Stuart, Virginia Barr (2000)
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Noble Gas Systematics and K-Ar Chronology: Implications for the Geochemical and Geotectonic Evolution of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, West Africa. - Aka, Festus Tongwa (2000)
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The meaning of AIDS: African American nursing students' perceptions of providing care to AIDS patients. - Jb, Cornelius (PubMed, 2000)
A qualitative study was conducted to explore the perceptions of African American nursing students as they provided care to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. This research addressed the following question: What are the lived experiences of African American nursing students when they provide care to AIDS patients? The participants in this study were a convenience sample of 12 associate degree nursing students enrolled full-time at a historically Black college and university located in Virginia. Data were collected through audio taped interviews. Five dominant themes emerged: 1) fear of exposure and transmission; 2) hopelessness about the situation; 3) self-identification with the individual; 4) empathy toward persons with AIDS (PWAs); 5) and spirituality and belief in an afterlife. Female nursing students were able to identify with their AIDS patients while male nursing students were not. Many of the nursing students felt ostracized by their peers, and a lack of knowledge hindered the nursing students' deliverance of compassionate nursing care.
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The impact of problem-based pharmacotherapy training on the competence of rational prescribing of Yemen undergraduate students - Hassan, Nageeb; Abdulla, Arian; Bakathir, H. A.; Al-Amoodi, A. A.; Aklan, A. M.; Vries, Th.P.G.M. de (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2000)
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Geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of late Neoproterozoic Dokhan-type volcanic rocks in the Fatira area, eastern Egypt - Mohamed, F.H.; Moghazi, A.M.; Hassanen, M. A. (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2000)
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Western Education As Muslim Colonization: Egypt in the Age of European Imperialism - Progler, Yusuf (2000)
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Managing cultural diversity within higher education: a South African perspective - Norris, Brian (Journal of Intercultural Communication, 2000)
The first democratic elections in the history of South Africa have taken place, the Government of National Unity has been installed, and as the country at last starts moving towards establishing a non-racial society based on a constitution that embodies equal rights for every person, the need to establish an equitable and effective higher education system becomes a top priority.
Redressing historical imbalances relating to staff appointments and student access is an imperative for South African higher education institutions.
One of the strategies that must be applied to accelerate that change process is affirmative action, yet affirmative action on its own is not the whole answer. It is essential that the diversity created by affirmative action be effectively managed, by using a strategic management approach.
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Georgia Tech African American Student Union Remarks - Clough, G. Wayne (2000)
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Evaluation of a training course on pharmacovigilance in Sub-Saharan Africa (Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 2000)
Purpose - To evaluate the impact of a sub-regional training course in pharmacovigilance on participants' attitudes to ADR reporting, and self-reported application of knowledge gained. Method - The study involved a cross-sectional survey during a sub-regional pharmacovigilance training course in Zimbabwe. Eighteen participants from 10 African countries attended and were asked to complete self-administered pre-course and post-course questionnaires. A follow-up questionnaire was also posted to each participant 2 months after the workshop. Results - After the course, there was a marked difference in the perceived factors discouraging a participant from reporting an ADR with only a few respondents unsure how to report ADRs or worried about confidentiality and legal issues. Only 5.4% of responses were inappropriate after the training when asked what should be reported to a voluntary ADR reporting scheme compared to 19.8% before the course. Half of the respondents to the follow-up questionnaire expected a pharmacovigilance centre to be established in their countries as a result of the training. Conclusion - The training course had a positive effect on attitudes and knowledge of pharmacovigilance and may lead to establishment of pharmacovigilance centres in some of the participating countries. There would be value in holding more of these workshops within the region. Copyright (c) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Talkin that talk: language, culture, and education in African America (Choice Reviews Online, 2000)
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Voluntary Service and Civil Protection Training at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century, 14-16 September 1999, Tunis, Tunisia (Disaster Prevention and Management, 2000)
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Menstrual knowledge and practices amongst secondary school girls in lle lfe, Nigeria - Abioye-Kuteyi, Emmanuel Akintunde (Journal of The Royal Society for The Promotion of Health, 2000)
The menstrual knowledge and practices of 352 randomly selected healthy Nigerian schoolgirls were studied. 187 (53.1%) had attained menarche. 40% of subjects were deficient in knowledge about menstruation. Although menstrual knowledge was higher in post-menarcheal girls, 10% of these were totally ignorant about menses and 84% were not psychologically prepared for the first menses. Girls' menstrual knowledge was positively associated with parental education. The major source of menstrual information was the family. Although more than half of the girls menstruated regularly, 66.3%, used insanitary materials as menstrual absorbent. The mean duration of menstrual flow was 4.32 +/- 1.15 days (mean +/- SD) with a range of 3-7 days in 95.2% of the study population. There is an acute need for education and psychological preparation of girls for menstruation well ahead of menarche.
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Assessing the Cultural Relevance of an Education Program for Urban African Americans With Diabetes - Anderson, Robert M.; Funnell, Martha M.; Arnold, Marilynn S.; Barr, Patricia A.; Edwards, Gloria; Fitzgerald, James T. (The Diabetes Educator, 2000)
This study was conducted to assess the cultural relevance of an education program for urban African Americans with diabetes.A set of 12 videotape vignettes were developed for use in diabetes education for urban African Americans with diabetes. Focus groups and questionnaires were used to determine if patients and diabetes educators would find the materials stimulating, culturally appropriate, and useful.The videotape and discussion guide were perceived as valuable by both healthcare professionals and patients.This education program could be a valuable resource for diabetes educators who want to provide culturally sensitive and relevant diabetes education for urban African Americans with diabetes.
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Status of female teachers in the Middle East and North Africa Region - Ayyash-Abdo, Huda (Journal of in-service education, 2000)
Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the status of female teachers in nine Middle Eastern and North African countries. The results indicated that ineffective pre-service and in-service training, teachers' educational level, and lack of follow up of female teachers at all levels has limited professional competency and growth. In addition, socio-cultural constraints on women have made a negative impact and have contributed to the existing gender disparity. It was also found that lack of monetary and non-monetary incentives negatively impacted the status of female teachers. In light of this assessment, implications are drawn to dramatically increase the time committed to in-service and pre-service training as well as mentor programs. In addition, distance education could also be a viable strategy for training teachers in the region.
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Earthworms as bio-indicators of metal pollution in dump sites of Abeokuta City, Nigeria - Bamgbose, O.; Odukoya, O.; Arowolo, T.O.A. (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2000)
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Don't Expect a Story: Young Children's Literacy Learning in South Africa - Bloch, Carole (Early Years, 2000)
Abstract In this article, I provide an overview and analysis in the domain of initial literacy learning of young South African children. I first give a sense of historical background and outline some of the extreme challenges faced in this area. I discuss the importance of understanding the multilingual nature of South African society for education, and describe some of the enabling policy shifts for language and early childhood development which have been developed since the change of government in 1994. I also describe how understandings about early literacy learning in South Africa are progressing, and relate these to international trends. I discuss how despite the positive nature of the developments in policy, little has changed as yet in practice for most young children, their families and teachers, who all suffer to varying extents from shortages of appropriate resources and information. I end by describing some of the initiatives underway in the country which are working to ensure that the trajectory is one of steady and positive change.
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A Novel Approach: Using Fiction by African American Women to Teach Black Women's History - Bunch-Lyons, Beverly A. (The Journal of American history (Bloomington, Ind.), 2000)
The idea of using literature in the history classroom is not new. In a recent class I experimented with this methodology, exploring how literary works could be used to examine the intersections of race, class, and gender (along with skin color and even hair texture) in African American women's experiences in the United States.' The students in this small class were primarily seniors, and roughly 70 percent were African American women. The remaining 30 percent included a single African American male, and male and female students of European descent. The majority of the students had taken courses in either black studies or African American history, so most entered the course with at least a baseline knowledge of African American history. The summer and fall before teaching the course, I spent a great deal of time reading and selecting the material. I wanted works that were interesting, well written, and sophisticated but still accessible to undergraduates. I wanted to teach the course thematically but also chronologically when possible. In order to reach back into the eighteenth century, I chose to begin with an examination of The Collected Works of Phillis Wheatley, a poet who gave birth to the black female literary tradition during her short life (1753-1784). We would then move rapidly through time to land finally in the 1 990s with the popular novel by Terry McMillan, Waiting to Exhale. I initially intended that all ten books in the course be fictional, but, after agonizing for several weeks, I decided to include several nonfiction works as well. These late additions seemed especially suitable for discussions of family dynamics and urban poverty, as well as black women's organizational and club involvement. Each week I began the class with a mini-lecture discussing possible themes for
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Epilepsy in rural South African children--prevalence, associated disability and management. - Christianson, Arnold L.; Zwane, Mandisa; Manga, Prashiela; Rosen, Eric; Venter, André; Kromberg, J. G. R. (PubMed, 2000)
To determine the prevalence of epilepsy and its associated disabilities in rural South African children aged 2-9 years.Eight villages in the district of Bushbuckridge, Northern Province, South Africa.A two-phase design was used. The first phase involved screening children on a house-to-house basis by interviewing mothers or caregivers using an internationally validated questionnaire for detecting childhood disability in developing countries. The second phase consisted of a paediatric/neurodevelopmental assessment of the children who screened positive.A total of 6,692 children were screened; 722 (10.8%) had a paediatric evaluation and 49 (0.73%) had epilepsy. The lifetime and active prevalences of epilepsy in these children were 7.3/1,000 and 6.7/1,000 respectively. Associated developmental disability was recorded in 35 affected children (71.4%), including 8 (16.3%) in whom this was moderate to severe. More than a half of the children with epilepsy (57.1%) did not receive anticonvulsant medication.The prevalence of epilepsy in the rural childhood population investigated is higher than that recorded in most similar studies from sub-Saharan Africa, and the poor utilisation of appropriate anticonvulsant treatment is cause for concern. This study highlights the paucity of relevant information on the epidemiology of epilepsy in South Africa and that the system available for its management, especially in rural areas, appears to have functional deficiencies. Appropriate research is needed to identify the problems in service delivery and to enable the planning and implementation of an appropriate primary health care-based system for the diagnosis and management of epilepsy in children.
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Earthquakes in Zimbabwe - Clark, Roger A. (Zimbabwe Science News, 2000)
Earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural forces, in both human and economic terms. For example, since 1900, 10 earthquakes have occurred that each killed over 50 000 people. Earthquakes in modern industrialized areas can be also be very costly, even if well designed and constructed buildings save many lives. In Zimbabwe, beginning in February 1959 prompted by fresh seismic (earthquake) activity after the Kariba Dam was sealed in December 1958, seismograph stations began to be installed in the region. Seismographs detect ground vibrations. By 1970, the network consisted of 6 stations (including 1 each in Zambia and Malawi), was operated by the Zimbabwe Meteorological Services from the Goetz Observatory in Bulawayo. Almost all earthquakes in Zimbabwe occur in the Hwange-Zambezi-Kariba or Eastern Highlands areas. Sensitive engineering structures such as the Kariba Dam and power generating facilities around Hwange lie in these areas. However, the central part of Zimbabwe (including the two main cities, Harare and Bulawayo) has almost no earthquakes, only ~1% of the total. Fortunately, most earthquakes in Zimbabwe are quite small: of the ~3 400 earthquakes recorded in a 32 year period, only 30 exceeded a magnitude of 5 on the Richter Scale. The largest earthquake recorded here was in 1963, beneath the newly filled Lake Kariba, measuring 5.8 on the Richter Scale. The Zimbabwe Science News Volume 34 Number 3&4, December 2000, pp. 51-53
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What can South African museums learn from the work of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu? : theorising our museums : a South African context - Corsane, Gerard (South African Museums Association Bulletin, 2000)
Although South African public museums and art galleries are now open to all people, they are still in reality only visited and used by a small proportion of the total population. If these institutions hope to survive in a country with so many pressing priorities, the number of people who value and make use of them will have to be increased dramatically. However, in South Africa's multi-cultural context the process required to bring about the increase will not be as easy as some may think. The process will not only involve trying to change those negative perceptions or attitudes which certain people could have about museums and galleries. Furthermore, it will demand more than thinking that non-museum-users simply need to be 'educated' about the worth of museums and galleries. Indeed, if museologists in South Africa hope to increase visitor numbers, it is suggested that they consider going a step further and start by gaining an understanding of the general profiles of both users and non-users of museums and galleries from a sociological perspective. Here, museologists will have to try to establish where museums and galleries fit in with the world-views of different people, and how these may have been influenced by cultural matters which relate to the different class, ethnic, gender and age factors present in society. Once an attempt has been made in this type of sociological study, one will begin to become aware of what changes need to take place in museology and museums. This may appear to be a daunting task which many may feel unequipped to perform. Fortunately, however, the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has directed two research projects which may help in the formulation of a conceptual framework which could be tested in South Africa. From his book entitled The Love of Art: European Art Museums and their Public, South African museologists can learn much of interest about the type of people who visit European museums. Nonetheless, in the context of this country, museologists may find it even more useful to acquaint themselves with Bourdieu's main contribution to the sociology of education. His theory on 'Cultural Capital' which finds its fullest form in the book, Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture could be borrowed to help explain what changes need to occur in museums if they are to attract many of the nonusers. What is Cultural Capital and what does it mean for museums?
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“Africa, My Teacher!”: An Expatriate's Perspectives on Teaching Mathematics in Zimbabwe - Fast, Gerald R. (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 2000)
Anthropology & Education QuarterlyVolume 31, Issue 1 p. 90-102 Full Access “Africa, My Teacher!”: An Expatriate's Perspectives on Teaching Mathematics in Zimbabwe Assistant Professor Gerald R. Fast, Assistant Professor Gerald R. Fast University of Wisconsin at OshkoshSearch for more papers by this author Assistant Professor Gerald R. Fast, Assistant Professor Gerald R. Fast University of Wisconsin at OshkoshSearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 January 2008 https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.2000.31.1.90Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Cited Dorsey, Betty J. 1989 Educational Development and Reform in Zimbabwe. Comparative Education Review 33(1): 40–58. Edwards, Glyn, and Clem, Tisdell 1989 The Educational System of Zimbabwe Compared with Those of Selected African and Advanced Countries: Costs, Efficiency and Other Characteristics. Comparative Education 25(1): 57–76. Jansen, Jonathan 1990 The State and Curriculum in Transition Societies: The Zimbabwean Experience. ERIC document ED326354. Kahn, Michael J. 1990 Some Questions Concerning the Standards of External Examinations. Studies in Educational Evaluation 16(3): 513–527. Kumbula, Tendayi S. 1993 Politics and Education in Zimbabwe: The Country's Transition to Freedom Could Provide a Helpful Model for South Africa. Black Issues in Higher Education 10(18): 22–26. Kuster, Sybille 1996 Education in Zimbabwe. Journal of African History 37(3): 497–499. Meldrum, Andrew 1991 Lessons from Zimbabwe. Africa Report 36(3): 16–17. Robert Morris, ed. 1985 The Education of Secondary School Teachers of Mathematics. Theme issue, Studies in Mathematics Education 4. Mungazi, Dickson A. 1985a Cultures in Collision: Education and Dialogical Encounter in Zimbabwe. ERIC document ED272978. 1985b Educational Innovation in Zimbabwe: Possibilities and Problems. Journal of Negro Education 54(2): 196–212. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 1989 Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. Reston , VA : National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Nhundu, Tichatonga J. 1992 A Decade of Educational Expansion in Zimbabwe: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Contradictions. Journal of Negro Education 61(1): 78–98. Walter Wickremasinghe, ed. 1991 Handbook of World Education. A Comparative Guide to Higher Education and Educational Systems of the World. Houston : American Collegiate Service. Wilson, David, and Susu, Lavelle 1990 Interracial Friendship in a Zimbabwean Primary School. Journal of Social Psychology 130(1): 111–113. 1992 Effects of Logo and Computer-Aided Instruction on Arithmetical Ability among 7- and 8-Year-Old Zimbabwean Children. Journal of Computing in Childhood Education 3(1): 85–91. Wilson, David, Cocherai Mutero, Ajit Doolabh, and Margeret, Herzstein 1990 Type A Behavior and Self-Reported Stress among Zimbabwean Teachers. Journal of Social Psychology 130(1): 115–116. Citing Literature Volume31, Issue1March 2000Pages 90-102 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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Effectiveness of a Cardiovascular Health Promotion Education Intervention on the Attitudes of Urban African American School-Age Children - Fleming, Toni L.; Green, Julia L.; Martin, Judy C.; Wicks, Mona (Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2000)
African American children are at risk for high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease as they become adults, yet little is known about the effectiveness of CV risk-reduction interventions in African American children. This study explored the effectiveness of a concentrated CV health promotion educational program on health-related attitudes of 76 African American children enrolled in a midsouthern school system. The Children's Cardiovascular Health Promotion Attitude Scale was used to examine differences in attitude prior to and 2 weeks following a focused health education intervention. Results demonstrate that children have preconceived attitudes regarding practice of health behaviors and that these attitudes are modifiable with age and developmental level specific educational interventions. Findings indicate the need for health care providers to assume more active roles in reducing the risk of future CV disease and death in African Americans through health promotion education of individuals who influence the development of children's attitudes.
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Strengthening health information management in an East African country using external training materials - Gladwin, Jean; Dixon, Robert; Wilson, Tom (Health Informatics Journal, 2000)
The latest evaluation of the World Health Organization (WHO) on the health situation in Africa recognizes that District Health Management Teams (DHMT) are not as efficient and effective at delivering primary healthcare as they could be. The ‘weakness of information support is acknowledged by most member states as a persistent obstacle to vigorous and objective management’ [1]. A shift towards decentralization in many low-income countries has meant that more skills are demanded of primary healthcare (PHC) managers including data and information handling at all levels of the healthcare system [2]. Ministries of Health (MOH) are changing from centralized reporting health information systems, to health management information systems (HMIS), with emphasis on managers utilizing information at the point of collection. The new information management strategies are intended to promote an informational approach to management at the district and operational health service level. Organizations that have an interest in training health service managers also recognize the need for more skills, and the Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) initiated the development of a training package for PHC managers known as the Primary Healthcare Management Advancement Programme (PHC MAP).
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English Subtexts: Letter from an American Teacher in Morocco - Hecker, Bruce (English Journal, 2000)
This month our guest columnist is Bruce Hecker, who writes about his experiences teaching English in Morocco. His goal in the piece is to evoke the joys and frustrations of establishing relationships between teacher and student, mixing vignettes with direct commentary to render personal experience in the indirect way he has learned so much about from experiencing Moroccan ways of communication. Through his writing, he hopes to inspire high school English teachers in the United States to be increasingly attentive to the possibilities for relationships in their own culturally diverse classrooms. This is Bruce's third year of teaching at the Casablanca American School.
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School governing bodies : their significance in the democratic transformation of South African society - Hendricks, Margaret J. (2000)
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Who Is Teaching Biblical Archaeology in American Colleges? A Curriculum Analysis of Syrio-Palestine/Biblical Archaeology - Ji, Chang-Ho C. (Journal of research on christian education, 2000)
For the past two decades, Syrio-Palestine/biblical archaeology is known to have gradually disappeared from American colleges. Nonetheless, this issue has rarely been studied and addressed using quantitative and empirical data. In this paper, the past and present of Syrio-Palestine/biblical archaeology in American colleges are diagnosed by examining the archaeology curricula in American colleges. This study indicates that although it may not be moribund, Syrio-Palestine/biblical archaeology is invisible in many colleges. This paper also shows that Syrio-Palestine/biblical archaeology has been traditionally part of biblical studies in the United States, and it may continue to be so in the future. Hence, one potential avenue to revive Syrio-Palestine/biblical archaeology seems to lie in the integrative approach to archaeology and biblical studies.
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The Digital Divide in Educating African-American Students and Workers - Krueger, Alan B. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2000)
As Bill Bradley recently observed, A pair of strong hands are not what they used to be. Now those hands have to be able to use a keyboard. In 1997, over half of all workers directly used a computer keyboard on the job. Workers who use a computer at work are paid more than those who do not, and are more highly sought after by employers. The Commerce Department's 1999 report, Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide, highlighted that African-American workers are less likely than others to have access to information technology at home and at work. The Commerce Department report did not address the issue of training African-American students and workers to use computer technology. This paper seeks to fill that void by exploring the magnitude of the racial divide in the use of computer technology among school children, and considering the consequences of the digital divide. The key findings are summarized.
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Who Shall Teach African American Literature? - Lawson, Benjamin (Publications of the Modern Language Association, 2000)
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African American scientists, explorers, and innovators: Resources for elementary and secondary classrooms - Lickteig, Mary J. (Journal of African American men, 2000)
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African American Teachers’ Role in School Desegregation - Madsen, Jean; Hollins, Etta R. (Urban Education, 2000)
The purpose of this study was to determine African American teachers’ perceptions and experiences in schools where European American teachers and students are the majority. Five female African American teachers were interviewed for the purpose of understanding their perceptions and relationships with students and colleagues in this type of school setting. Data were compared to Cose’s “dozen demons” themes to support consistency in interpreting the participants’ responses to predominantly European American contexts. The intent was to provide a descriptive analysis of African American teachers’(a) ethnic identity and cultural orientation, (b) perceptions of the social and political contexts in which they are employed, and (c) value perspectives on their roles and responsibilities within the context of their employment. The authors concluded that African American teachers employed in schools where European American students and teachers are the majority need to be prepared with strategies for protecting themselves from potentially hostile colleagues and situations.
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Urological Tumours in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria - Mandong, BM; Iya, D; Obekpa, P O; Orkar, K. S. (Nigerian Journal of Surgical Research, 2000)
This is a hospital based retrospective histopathological study of urological tumours in 10 years. Specimens consisted of all surgical excisions, trucut and fine needle biopsies of kidney, prostate, urinary bladder, testis and penis. Urological tumours accounted for 11.45% of all malignant tumours during the period of study. Prostate cancer accounted for 44.1%, urinary bladder 31.7%, kidney 17.3%, testis 5.8% and penis 1%. The study also showed that urinary bladder tumour and malignant tumours of the kidney were found predominantly in males in the ratio of 3:1. There was a high rate of prostate cancer, changing pattern of urinary bladder cancer from squamous cell carcinoma to transitional cell carcinoma. This finding is in contrast to what has been reported in some African countries. Urological tumours appear common in our surgical specimens and constitute significant proportion of malignancies in Jos University Teaching Hospital. This study forms the bases for further evaluation and epidemiological studies (Nig J Surg Res 2000; 2:108-113) KEY WORDS: Urological tumours, prostate, urinary bladder, changing pattern
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Meeting the International Poverty Targets in Uganda: Halving Poverty and Achieving Universal Primary Education - McGee, Rosemary (Development Policy Review, 2000)
Development Policy ReviewVolume 18, Issue 1 p. 85-106 Meeting the International Poverty Targets in Uganda: Halving Poverty and Achieving Universal Primary Education Rosemary McGee, Rosemary McGee Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, BrightonSearch for more papers by this author Rosemary McGee, Rosemary McGee Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, BrightonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00101Citations: 17AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue1Special Issue: The international development targetsMarch 2000Pages 85-106 RelatedInformation
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Recruitment and retention of African American males in high school mathematics - McGlamery, Sheryl; Mitchell, Carol T. (Journal of African American men, 2000)
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Coming in from the Cold? Further education and training in South Africa - McGrath, Simon (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2000)
As South Africa enters the Mbeki Presidency so the fortunes of the country are thrown into sharp relief. One of the central elements determining South Africa's short- to medium-term future will be the success of educational transformation, particularly when it is directed to addressing issues of equity and economic development. This paper explores the 1998 reforms of the further education and training system in the context of broader questions of educational and economic transformation in South Africa.
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Repositioning of technical colleges within the transformation of education in South Africa - Merwe, Theresia Van der (2000)
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The dilemma of mentoring in Mathematics teaching: implications for teacher preparation in Zimbabwe - Mtetwa, David; Thompson, Jeff (Journal of in-service education, 2000)
Abstract The adoption of school-based models of teacher preparation in recent years also triggered the rise of mentoring, both as a practice and a research area in teacher education. Most of the attention, however, has been given to generic mentoring concerns in initial teacher preparation and, often, for primary school. This article takes the discussion into the subject specific area of mathematics teaching at the secondary level. In particular, the authors highlight the problematic aspects of mentoring mathematics teachers and preparing such mentors that derive from the nature of the subject matter itself. The discussion builds up to the dilemma that mathematics mentoring requires the mentor to ‘behave like a mathematician’, which immediately leads to the inevitable questions, ‘How do mathematicians behave?’ and ‘How can those behaviours be engendered in potential mentors?’ The article concludes by exploring the implications that this dilemma might have for the specific situation of the Zimbabwean teacher preparation environment that is beginning to move towards a school-based model.
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Training for Library and Information Studies: a comparative overview of LIS education in Africa - Ocholla, Dennis N. (Education for Information, 2000)
A comparison of manpower development and training for library and information services by the Departments of Library and Information Studies (LIS) in Africa is reviewed. The curricula, programmes, accreditation, resources, fieldwork, continuing educa
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Sedimentation rates and pollution history of the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Syrian coast - Othman, I.; Al-Masri, M.S.; Al-Rayyes, A. H. (Science of The Total Environment, 2000)
Sedimentation rates along the Syrian coast were determined by the 210Pb dating method to a total of nine cores taken in 1993; rates were found to vary between 0.11 and 0.87 cm year−1. These rates were used to provide historical records of the total organic content, major elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ba and Br and some trace metals (As, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations along the Syrian coast. High total organic content up to 52% was found near Banias City; the Banise oil refinery and oil export activities were identified to be the pollution source of that area. Down core concentration profiles of trace metals show an increase in the concentrations of As and Cr in the upper layers for some of the collected cores. The highest values measured for As and Cr were 186 and 380 ppm, respectively, which are much higher than the natural levels. These high levels may be due to discharges of chemical wastes either from ships or coastal factories. However, the data can be used as a base background level for a future marine monitoring program of the Syrian coast.
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RISE OF POLITICAL COMPLEXITY IN WESTERN UGANDA - Robertshaw, Peter; Taylor, David (The Journal of African History, 2000)
The histories of pre-colonial states in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa have engaged scholars for more than a century. First encountered by Europeans in the 1860s during the search for the source of the Nile, these states and their rulers inspired both admiration and frustration in their visitors. On the one hand, explorers were impressed by the power of the rulers and the complexities of their bureaucracies, but on the other, they were annoyed by the apparent vacillation of the monarchs in responding to their demands. From the historian's perspective, these initial encounters soon led to questions about the origins and longevity of these states. Stories of origins were encapsulated in myths and legends that missionaries began to record around the turn of the twentieth century, while efforts to elicit lists of kings who had ruled each state introduced African leaders to European-style historiography.
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Teachers' perception and needs of Distance education programme in Ghana - Sam-Tagoe, Josephine (2000)
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Creating Learning Opportunities in Strange or Familiar Contexts: A Response to Gerald R. Fast's “'Africa, My Teacher!'” - Schwille, Sharon A. (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 2000)
Having had the opportunity to observe in classrooms throughout Zimbabwe as an external examiner about ten years ago and having spent time in other African countries since then, I found myself closely connecting to Fast's stories of living and teaching in Zimbabwe. If readers have not had the opportunity to immerse themselves in a foreign culture, Fast's stories may, on the surface, appear intriguing but distant from their own lives and ways of functioning. From these appealing stories, however, there is much for any reader to contemplate and better understand about teaching and learning in any culture. In my response, I will explore Fast's two main themes and highlight the need for similar learning opportunities for teachers even when they cannot travel to foreign countries or visit unfamiliar cultures.
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Sport in Higher Education: An assessment of the implementation of the national sports development policy in Nigerian universities - Shehu, Jimoh (Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 2000)
In 1989 the Nigerian Government issued a major sports policy document, ostensibly representing an unprecedented initiative to maximise the effectiveness of national sports agencies. This policy anticipates a key role for the higher education sector in sports programme reform. The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which the Nigerian university sector has adjusted its sports ethos in line with the national sports policy objectives and to review the implications of the current trends for involvement of higher education in sports policy making arenas in Nigeria.
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A health club for a community school in south-eastern Nigeria: influence on adult perception of onchocerciasis and compliance with community-based ivermectin therapy - Shu, En; Onwujekwe, Obinna; Lokili, P.; Okonkwo, P. O. (Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2000)
Summary The impact of a school health club on adult perception of onchocerciasis and compliance with ivermectin was evaluated in an onchocerciasis‐endemic community in southeastern Nigeria. Venous blood was collected from each of 26, 32 and 124 randomly selected subjects during ivermectin distribution programmes in 1995 1996 and 1997 respectively. Ivermectin concentrations were measured in the samples. Data was also collected from 334 and 319 randomly selected household heads or their representatives (aged 24 to 65 years) before and after health talks by schoolchildren, using interviewer‐administered questionnaires. There was an increasing number of subjects who participated in control programmes (116 in 1995, 437 in 1996 and 2055 in 1997). Compliance with ivermectin treatment was low (53.9%) in 1995 but increased dramatically (90.1%) in 1997. A significant proportion (χ 2 = 108.7, df = 1, P < 0.0001) of respondents knew about onchocerciasis after health education, predominantly from health workers (64.5%) before the tests and children (92.3%) after. Knowledge and beliefs about causative agents (χ 2 = 266.4, df = 5, P < 0.0001), diagnostic method (χ 2 = 207.4, df = 3, P < 0.0001), prevention (χ 2 = 67.0, df = 4, P < 0.0001) of onchocerciasis and the effectiveness of ivermectin (χ 2 = 40.4, df = 1, P < 0.0001) also differed significantly between the periods before and after tests. The school health club increased adult knowledge about onchocerciasis and its treatment. Schoolchildren could therefore supplement the information, education and communication (IEC) aspect of health care delivery in a community through such health clubs.
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Education and the labour market in Botswana - Siphambe, Happy (Development Southern Africa, 2000)
Using primary data from a 1993/4 Household Income and Expenditure Survey in Botswana, this article presents empirical results on occupational attainment, its determinants, and the extent of filtering down in Botswana's labour market, given changes in labour market conditions over time. It was found that the Botswana labour market has been characterised by some ‘filtering down’ of educated workers into less skilled jobs as the supply of skilled manpower exceeded demand. Those who entered the labour market earlier, those with more education, those located in the urban areas and male workers are more likely to occupy jobs that are higher up in the hierarchy than to be in an unskilled blue-collar job. Jobs higher up in the hierarchy are also more rewarding financially. The article shows that there is occupational segregation of workers by gender in Botswana's labour market in that female workers are generally confined to a narrow range of occupations. The policy implications are that employment creation has to be pursued vigorously and the issue of gender discrimination investigated further.
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Factors In The Career Choices Of Zimbabwean Sixth Form Students - Siyakwazi, P.; Dengu, Emmanuel T. (2000)
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FIELD ANESTHESIA OF FREE-LIVING MOUNTAIN GORILLAS (GORILLA GORILLA BERINGEI) FROM THE VIRUNGA VOLCANO REGION, CENTRAL AFRICA - Sleeman, Jonathan M.; Cameron, Kenneth Neill; Mudakikwa, Antoine; Nizeyi, John-Bosco; Anderson, S Sant’Ana; Cooper, John E.; Richardson, H. Melvyn; Macfie, Elizabeth J.; Hastings, Barkley E.; Foster, James W. (Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2000)
Twenty-six anesthetic procedures involving 24 free-living mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) from Rwanda or the Democratic Republic of Congo were performed between February 1987 and October 1997. Sixteen procedures were performed to remove snares or to treat snare-related wounds, and four of the animals died without recovering consciousness because of their severe medical conditions. Ketamine was used for induction 19 times, tiletamine/zolazepam was used five times, and the agent was not recorded for two procedures. The mean (+/- SD) ketamine dosage for four animals of known weight was 7.1 +/- 0.9 mg/kg. All induction agents were delivered i.m. by remote injection, and mean induction times for ketamine and tiletamine/zolazepam were 5.5 +/- 2.6 min (n = 12) and 5.4 +/- 3.7 min (n = 5), respectively. Mean recovery times were significantly shorter with ketamine compared with tiletamine/zolazepam (42.0 +/- 24.9 min, n = 9 vs. 75.25 +/- 22.1 min, n = 4). Low hemoglobin oxygen saturation (mean = 86.7%) was recorded in three cases under ketamine anesthesia, and oxygen insufflation is therefore recommended to prevent hypoxemia. Gorillas induced with tiletamine/zolazepam had significantly higher respiratory rates compared with animals given ketamine. Successful anesthesia and recovery, in particular, depended on the assistance of local personnel.
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Present Status of Environmental Problems and Environmental Education in the Arab Republic of Egypt. 2. : Environmental Education in 'Observation and Activity' and 'Science' at Primary School Level. - Tanaka, Kuniaki; Ubukata, Hidenori (2000)
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Education, citizenship and difference in the South African transition: policy, politics and practice - Unterhalter, Elaine (The Curriculum Journal, 2000)
ABSTRACT The article looks at three approaches to analysing the relationship between education, citizenship and difference that have been evident in the transition to democracy in South Africa. First, it examines the position that education moulds good citizens and overcomes discriminatory differences, which is evident in the South African Education Policy Act. (This position is similar to that expounded in the Crick Report.) Second, it looks at the view that education is an enactment of citizenship and a celebration of difference. This is articulated in the new South African Curriculum 2005, which celebrates the school as just one of a number of learning spaces, but which is only slowly being implemented with considerable difficulty in overcoming deeply entrenched and multifaceted discriminatory views. Third, it looks at the view, articulated in the South African Constitution of 1996, that education is a relatively autonomous space and that in this particular institutional space education, difference and citizenship are in tension. While there is potential for a creative dialogue to emerge in this historically formed space, preliminary research findings indicate how difficult and diffuse the process of transformation is likely to be.
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End-of-Life Care Directives Among African Americans: Lessons Learned-A Need for Community-Centered Discussion and Education - Waters, Catherine (Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2000)
African Americans appear to be less likely to know about advance directives and, even if known, to complete them. This small, exploratory study used a community-centered educational group discussion to assess African Americans' knowledge, attitudes, and utilization of end-of-life care directives before the occurrence of a health crisis. McNemar and paired t tests were computed to detect immediate changes in participants' initial and final perceptions about advance directives before and after the group discussion. Findings indicated further education is needed to clarify the terms used for advance directives. African Americans rely on a family-centered approach to end-of-life decision making, especially in the absence of written advance directives. They are open to community forums to discuss end-of-life care choices if presented the opportunity. Culture plays an essential role in this issue. There is a need for community health nurses to develop community-based educational programs that are not a "one-size-fits-all" approach.
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Education externalities in rural Ethiopia: evidence from average and stochastic frontier production functions - Weir, Sharada; Knight, John (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2000)
Education will have externality effects in agriculture if, in the course of conducting their own private economic activities, educated farmers raise the productivity of uneducated farmers with whom they come into contact. This paper seeks to determine the potential size and source of such benefits for rural areas of Ethiopia. Average and stochastic frontier production function methodologies are employed to measure productivity and efficiency of farmers. In each case, internal and external returns to schooling are compared. We find that there are substantial and significant externality benefits of education in terms of higher average farm output and a shifting outwards of the production frontier. External benefits of schooling may be several times as high as internal benefits in this regard. However, we are unable to find any evidence of externality benefits to schooling in terms of improvements in technological efficiency in the use of a given technology. This suggests that the source of externalities to schooling is in the adoption and spread of innovations, which shift out the production frontier.
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Recruitment and retention: the development of an action plan for African-American health professions students. - Wiggs, J. S.; Elam, Carol L. (PubMed, 2000)
This article presents results of a survey of African-American students enrolled in the colleges of medicine, dentistry, allied health, pharmacy, and nursing at the University of Kentucky. The survey was designed to determine the students' perceptions of factors that affect recruitment, enrollment, and academic progress of African-American students. Fifty-three of seventy students responded to survey questions addressing recruitment; admissions; and financial, social, personal, and academic support. Over 50% of medical students decided by junior high to enter a health career; only 15% of other students decided that early. The influence of a family member was more important in student decisions to enter nursing or medicine than in decisions by other students. Only 17% of medical students reported difficulty in locating sources of financial aid compared to 48% of those from other colleges. Perceptions regarding lack of social outlets were consistent among respondents from all colleges. Findings emphasize the importance of early exposure to the health professions, early outreach strategies, ongoing financial assistance, and the importance of establishing social networks for African-American students enrolled in a majority institution. The survey results were used to develop an action plan for the offices of minority affairs, student services, and academic affairs to address identified problems and concerns.
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A Comparative Education Course: Experience and Views of Students at a South African University. - Wolhuter, Charl C. (2000)
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Education in Namibia before Independence with the Prospectof "Namibianising" Education on Independence - 千葉, 多佳子 (2000)
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School performance and perceptions of 'AIDS' orphaned primary school pupils : a case of Bukoba district in Tanzania. - Katabaro, Joviter (2000)
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[Views on Swedish medical education after five years in South Africa: patient-centered work can reduce physician's stress]. - Lindh, Marie (PubMed, 2000)
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[Oral and dental health of a population of school children from the Zou region of Benin (1998)]. - Moalic, E.; Zerilli, Andrea; Capo-Chichi, S.J.M.H.; Apovi, G (PubMed, 2000)
Dental caries is becoming increasingly common in developing countries but very few attempts have been made to assess its prevalence accurately. We therefore carried out an epidemiological survey in 1998 in the south of Benin, to estimate the prevalence of dental caries in 300 school children, both boys and girls, aged 12 to 14 years. Each child underwent a dental examination and interview and the data obtained were recorded in a personal clinical record. We determined DMF index for various subgroups of children. We then analyzed DMF index and its correlation with sex, age, socioeconomic level, the urban or rural origin of the child, diet and daily dental hygiene practices. We found that mean DMF index at age 12 years was 0.83 (38.7% had dental caries and 4.4% had fillings), and thus, 61. 3% of the children were free of dental caries. We also found that 80% of the children had an accumulation of tartar. More boys than girls had dental caries. Rural children were less likely to have dental caries than urban children. The prevalence of caries appears to be low despite poor dental hygiene and a lack of dental treatment. These results conflict with those of most other studies. However, they should be interpreted with caution because the population studied was very homogeneous (selection bias), the age of the children could be no more than approximate (some were probably younger than 12 and others older than 14, because the registry system is inaccurate), there had been health education classes in some schools before the survey and it was difficult to define socioeconomic level and a sugary diet. For example, the lower socioeconomic level (no TV, radio, electricity or tap water) was probably an accurate representation of children from the rural area, whereas urban children were proud of being well-equipped and may have had a tendency to exaggerate. The prevalence of dental caries in this population is currently as low as that for most pre-industrial African countries. To avoid problems in the future, dental health services require reorganization and should stress measures for preventing dental caries: changes in dietary habits, the promotion of traditional tooth brushing practices, the systematic surveillance of dental caries at school and the removal of tartar.
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Health education leading to community action in Ghana. (PubMed, 2000)
In rural Ghana, women face a tough time as there is little in the way of health facilities, few health workers, and the women have to farm as well as raise children and keep house. Community male elders and the younger men in the community do not pay much attention to the reproductive health problems faced by women. Providing information and education for health is the key to enable people to realize their needs and initiate joint community actions to achieve better health. However, such information needs to be disseminated in a manner, which is easily accepted by the people. The Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana has taken the approach of utilizing drama performances by their health volunteers, which tackle the real life problems existing in a village, such as a woman troubled by too much childbirth. When information is given in this way, a form rooted in traditional culture, the messages of health education are readily acceptable. Along with the support of village elders and residents, health education becomes a valuable tool to encourage joint community efforts in solving health problems. Changes are occurring. A local steering committee was set up involving all groups, including chiefs, community leaders and CBDAs. Various activities have been initiated and expanded in the community in collaboration and participation with community leaders and the residents. Some of these are home visits by CBDAs, outreach services, environmental sanitation campaigns, and income generating activities and vocational training for women.
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The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: methods, training, and quality control of clinical and ultrasound examinations. - Abdelwahab, Magy; Esmat, Gamal; El-Boraey, Y; Ramzy, Iman; Medhat, Eman; Strickland, G. Thomas (The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2000)
Morbidity due to schistosomiasis was evaluated in a subpopulation of 14,000 of the randomized sample in the Epidemiology 1, 2, 3 Project. It was measured by using a standardized questionnaire for obtaining medical history and symptoms and by performing standardized physical and ultrasound examinations. Reported herein are descriptions of the methods and training and quality control efforts made to insure that the morbidity data was reliable and consistent when collected by 7 different teams in 9 different governorates.
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Water pollution by natural inorganic chemicals in the central part of the Main Ethiopian Rift - Alemayehu, T. (Sinet, Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2000)
The natural surface water and shallow groundwater quality in the Ethiopian Rift is influenced by excessive input of fluoride and some inorganic chemical constituents such as Li, Sr, Pb, Cu and Hg from the deep groundwater system. The surface water bodies are characterised by high fluoride, bicarbonate and chloride concentration far above the recommended consumption limit. The quality of surface water in the Ethiopian Rift is influenced by the complex geological activities, which increase the concentration of undesirable chemical constituents in surface waters by transfer from deep groundwater in the form of thermal springs, geysers and fumaroles. In fact, the concentration of some of the aforementioned chemical constituents highly exceeds the consumption limits giving rise to serious health problems to the local population. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Vol. 23, No. 2 (December 2000), pp. 197-214 Key words/phrases: Deep groundwater, inorganic chemical pollutants, Main Ethiopian Rift, teeth mottling, thermal springs
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Child labour and education: a study from south-eastern Zimbabwe - Bourdillon, Michael (Journal of Social Development in Africa, 2000)
This article looks at a system by which children contract to work for tea estates as a condition of attendance at their boarding schools. The children have very little free time and the conditions are harsh. Nevertheless, attendance at the school is by choice and the schools offer opportunities for many who would not otherwise get to school. They even offer some advantages to those children who have alternatives available. The interests of these children would not be served by simply banning this form of labour. Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol 15 No 2 2000, pp. 5-32
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Determination of Escherichia coli Contamination with Chromocult Coliform Agar Showed a High Level of Discrimination Efficiency for Differing Fecal Pollution Levels in Tropical Waters of Kampala, Uganda - Byamukama, Dennis; Kansiime, Frank; Mach, Robert L.; Farnleitner, Andreas H. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2000)
ABSTRACT Escherichia coli , total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and sulfite-reducing anaerobic spore formers from different polluted sites in a tropical environment were determined in order to test for their indication ability for fecal contamination. Quantification of E. coli contamination with Chromocult coliform agar proved to be efficient and feasible for determining fecal pollutions in the investigated area within 24 h. The other microbial parameters showed a lower ability to differentiate sites and cannot be recommended for monitoring fecal pollution in the studied tropical surface waters.
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EIA Training for Urban Local Authorities in Africa - Chaibva, Shem (Local Environment, 2000)
This paper reports on the participation of the International Council for Local Initiatives (ICLEI) in EIA training in sub-Saharan Africa. It draws from the experiences of an EIA training project in which 365 participants from 17 African cities in six sub-Saharan African countries participated. A total of 27 resource persons from six African countries were hired and gained experience as EIA trainers for local authorities. A number of participating local authorities are already implementing and competently evaluating EIAs as a result of the training workshops. The successful implementation of EIA at the local level greatly depends on the awareness and understanding, by all the stakeholders, of the relevant legislative framework in which the EIA programme is applied. The participants were asked to identify impacts of specific projects, determine mitigation measures and recommend a suitable monitoring programme. The field exercises proved extremely valuable in that they provided a practical opportunity for workshop participants to build essential EIA skills while at the same time providing input into the actual development process in some cases. After the training workshop, participants opined that they were able to understand the value of EIA and the need for its incorporation into the decision-making process.
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The Relationships among Racial Identity, Perceived Ethnic Fit, and Organizational Involvement for African American Students at a Predominantly White University - Chavous, Tabbye M. (Journal of Black Psychology, 2000)
In the present study, the idea of person-environment fit was explored for African American college students in a predominantly White university. The relationships among African American students’demographic backgrounds, beliefs regarding race (racial ideology and racial centrality), and their perceived fit in the college environment due to their ethnicity (PEF) were examined. These factors were used to predict student organizational involvement in race-specific organizations and mainstream campus organizations. Participants were 164 African American students from a predominantly White university. It was found that both the meaning of race (ideology) and the importance of race (centrality) were related to the extent to which students felt comfort in expressing their ethnicity and, subsequently, their social participation in ethnic group affirming activities. The findings suggest the importance of the students’ perceptions of congruence between themselves and their educational environment.
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Primary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa--a moral issue, an economic matter, or both? - Daun, Holger (Comparative Education, 2000)
Generally, it is argued that economic factors explain changes in literacy and enrolment rates in sub-Saharan Africa. This article demonstrates that educational indicators vary as much with religious factors, i.e. degree of Islamisation and Christianisation, as with economic factors. Forty years ago, strongly Christianised countries had higher rates of literacy and primary school enrolment than strongly Islamised countries, regardless of economic level, typpe of state and colonial background, and they still have. The article ends with a number of assumptions which can serve as an agenda for research on educational development in sub-Saharan Africa.
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The Comparative Influence of Individual, Peer Tutoring, and Communal Learning Contexts on the Text Recall of African American Children - Dill, Ebony M.; Boykin, A. Wade (Journal of Black Psychology, 2000)
Peer tutoring strategies tend to use structured peer interactions and group reward contingency. This study was designed to offer a peer learning environment within which the putative communal tendencies of African American youth could be capitalized on to facilitate learning an academic task. There were 72 African American fifth-grade students (36 males, 36 females) randomly assigned to a communal learning, peer tutoring criterion, or an individual criterion context and given a text of prose to learn. Following the learning phase, students individually completed a recall task. A 3 2 between-subject ANOVA revealed that students under the communal learning context recalled significantly more text than students assigned to the peer and individual contexts. Additionally, communal beliefs were correlated with positive attitudes toward task engagement. No such positive relationships were found for individual belief. The discussion focuses on the use of cultural contexts for learning.
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Cisplatin-induced hearing loss: influence of the mode of drug administration in the guinea pig - Ekborn, Andreas; Laurell, Göran; Andersson, Anita; Wallin, Inger; Eksborg, Staffan; Ehrsson, Hans (Hearing Research, 2000)
Cisplatin (8 mg/kg) was given intravenously to guinea pigs either as a 15 s bolus injection (25 animals) or as a 1 h infusion (28 animals). To determine the influence of the mode of cisplatin administration and pharmacokinetics on the ototoxic side-effect, the concentrations of cisplatin and the biotransformation product monoaquated cisplatin were determined in blood ultrafiltrate using liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. Ototoxic effect was evaluated as difference in pre- and 96 h post-exposure auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold. The cisplatin peak concentration was considerably higher, 19.2+/-2.4 microg/ml, in the bolus injection group than in the infusion group, 6.7+/-0.5 microg/ml (mean+/-S.E.M.). The area under the blood ultrafiltrate concentration time curve (AUC) for cisplatin was slightly greater in the infusion group, 442+/-26 microg/ml/min, than in the bolus injection group, 340+/-5 microg/ml/min. For monoaqua cisplatin, the AUC was not different between the groups (bolus injection: 30.8+/-1. 5 microg/ml/min, infusion: 34.1+/-3.3 microg/ml/min). A significant ototoxic effect was observed in both groups at 20 and 12.5 kHz, but there was no difference between the groups in the extent of threshold shift. The interindividual variability in susceptibility to ABR threshold shift was far greater than the variability in pharmacokinetics, suggesting that other factors are more important in determining the degree of hearing loss.
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Assessment of antenatal care services in a rural training health center in Northwest Ethiopia - Fantahun, Mesganaw; Kedir, Abubeker; Mulu, Assefa; Adugna, Dinsa; Meressa, Daniel; Muna, Estifanos (The Ethiopian journal of health development, 2000)
A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the activites of antenatal care (ANC) clinics at a training health centre in Northwest Ethiopia. The records of 364 women who attended ANC at Debark Health Center between September 1995 and November 1996 were reviewed. Data were collected on socio-demographic variables and different risk factors of pregnancy. Only one mother began attendance in the first trimester. The mean frequency of visits was 3 + 2.3. The weights heights, and blood pressures of 27, 11, and six women, respectively, were not recorded. No hematocrit and serologic investigations (VDRL) were done. One hundred thirty (34.7%) of the ANC attenders had one or more high risk factors out of which only 101(77.9%) were identified as high risk mothers. According to the records 17(16.8%) high risk mothers were appointed earlier than the " normal" dates. No other special measures were recorded for pregnant women identified as high risk. Only 9(8.9%) high risk pregnant women delivered at the health center. Given the current controversies on the effectiveness of ANC in developing countries in general and risk screening in particular, existing ANC clinics need to be improved to effectively screen women with high risk factors and deal with them appropriately. (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2000, 14(2): 155-160)
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Civic Education in South Africa: The Impact of Adult and School Programs on Democratic Attitudes and Participation. - Finkel, Steven E.; Stumbras, Sheryl (2000)
A study examined the impact of civic education programs on political participation and democratic attitudes among adults and high school students in South Africa. The study represents an extension of a similar assessment of civic education programs in the Dominican Republic and Poland. Questionnaires were administered by a professional survey company to samples of individuals who had been trained in different civic education programs. The questionnaires were designed to measure individuals' participation in politics, their knowledge about the political system, and their adherence to a series of democratic norms and values such as tolerance, trust, and belief in their ability to influence the political process. Respondents (n=15,550) were from 44 areas in 8 of South Africa's nine provinces. Overall findings showed unequivocally that civic education can matter for the development of democratic political culture, but it can do so only when it is conducted in the ways that are identified in this study. It is strongly recommended that policymakers take these findings into account when designing future civic education programs. Following an Executive Summary, this study report is divided into seven parts: (1) Overview of Study; (2) Study Methodology; (3) Results: South African Adults; (4) Results: South African Students; (5) Qualitative Findings; (6) Recommendations for Civic Education Program Design; and (7) Conclusion. Appended are the survey questionnaire; the full regression results for adults; and the full regression results for students. (Contains 26 references.) (BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. CIVIC EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE IMPACT OF ADULT AND SCHOOL PROGRAMS ON DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES AND PARTICIPATION (Contract No. AEP-I-00-96-90012-00, Task Order No. 10) Prepared for U.S. Agency for International Development
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Identification and Assessment For Children with Disabilities in Ghana. - Gimah, E K (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2000)
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Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure - Glick, Peter; Sahn, David E. (Economics of Education Review, 2000)
This study investigates gender differences in the determinants of several schooling indicators in Conakry, Guinea, using ordered and binary probit models incorporating household-level random effects. Such indicators include grade attainment, current enrollment, and withdrawal from school. The survey, which was conducted on 1725 households, contains detailed information on a wide range of socioeconomic factors such as education, labor force activity and earnings, assets and health. Results indicate that increases in household income lead to greater investments in the schooling of girls than in the schooling of boys. Meanwhile, improvements in the education of fathers raise the schooling of both sons and daughters, while the education of mothers only has a significant impact on the schooling of daughters. These estimates show differences in maternal and paternal preferences for schooling daughters relative to sons. Therefore, the importance of gender, parental education, and household income and composition affect the education of children. However, findings also show that education for girls is unnecessary since they only need to work at home. Moreover, policies that raise household incomes will increase gender equity in schooling, which will also depend on whether and how these policies change the opportunity costs of girls and boys and the labor market returns to female and male schooling.
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[Intestinal parasitosis and environmental pollution: 1343 pediatric cases in Beni-Mellal, Morocco]. - Habbari, Khalid; Tifnouti, A.; Bitton, Gabriel; Mandil, Ahmed (PubMed, 2000)
This study was undertaken to determine the possible health risk associated with raw wastewater use in agricultural purposes, particularly, the transmission of parasite infections among children of five regions in Beni-Mellal, Morocco. In a randomly-selected sample of 1343 children, 740 of them were from five regions using raw wastewater for agriculture, and 603 were from 4 control regions that do not practice wastewater irrigation. One or more parasite infections were identified in 50.8% of the children living in the wastewater re-use regions and in 8.2% only of the others. The seven parasites identified were Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia saginata, which infected 34.3%, 5.1%, 20.5%, 0.4%, 5.2%, 7.2%, 0.5% in the exposed population and 4.3%, 0.3%, 3.8%, 0.3%, 1.0%, 0.6% and 0.0% in the control population respectively. In conclusion, raw wastewater use in Beni-Mellal lead to a high risk of parasite infections. Adequate treatment of wastewater is highly recommended.
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Evaluation of a Drama-in-Education Programme to Increase AIDS Awareness in South African High Schools: A Randomized Community Intervention Trial - Harvey, Brian; Stuart, James M.; Swan, Tony (International journal of STD & AIDS, 2000)
A community intervention trial was undertaken in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa to evaluate the effectiveness of a high school drama-in-education programme. Seven pairs of secondary schools were randomized to receive either written information about HIV/AIDS or the drama programme. Questionnaire surveys of knowledge, attitude and behaviour were compared before and 6 months after the interventions. One thousand and eighty students participated in the first survey and 699 in the second. Improvements in knowledge (P=0.0002) and attitudes (P < 0.00001) about HIV/AIDS were demonstrated in pupils at schools receiving the drama programme when compared to pupils receiving written information alone. These changes were independent of age, gender, school or previous sexual experience. In schools receiving the drama programme, sexually active pupils reported an increase in condom use (P < 0.01). It is important to provide resources to sustain such programmes and to obtain stronger evidence of effect on behaviour by measuring changes in HIV incidence.South African research indicates that adolescents' risk of becoming infected with HIV is increased by a lifestyle involving a greater degree of exploration, experimentation, and rebellion. The high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and the high rate of adolescent pregnancy confirm the existence of a pattern of early onset of sexual intercourse, multiple partners and a low incidence of condom use. Prevention programs such as the Drama Approach to AIDS (DramAide) has been initiated in Africa to reduce HIV transmission. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the DramAide, a high school drama-in-education program conducted in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Using a randomized community intervention trial, seven pairs of secondary schools were randomized to receive either written information about HIV/AIDS or the drama program. Questionnaire surveys of knowledge, attitude and behavior were compared before and 6 months after the interventions. A total of 1080 students participated in the first survey, while there were 699 student participants in the second. Improvements in knowledge (P = 0.0002) and attitudes (P 0.00001) about HIV/AIDS were noted in the drama program receivers as compared with the written information receivers. Increase in condom use by sexually active students was also reported for drama program receivers (P 0.01). Thus, it is important to provide resources to drama-in-education programs and obtain stronger evidence of effect on behavior by measuring changes in HIV incidence.
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Evaluation of a drama-in-education programme to increase AIDS awareness in South African high schools: a randomized community intervention trial - Harvey, Brian; Tony, James Stuart (International Journal of STD & AIDS, 2000)
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Expansion of private secondary education : lessons from recent experience in Tanzania - Lassibille, Gérard; Tan, Jee‐Peng; Suleman, Sumra (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2000)
The private sector's role in education has been the subject of much analysis and policy debate in recent years. In developing countries, public resources for education are limited and governments have traditionnally relied on private education, particularly at the post-basic levels, to meet the excess demand for education. Even when excess demand is not a major issue, advocates of private education note that private schools can be more efficient than their public sector counterparts, delivering more value in terms of student achievement per investment of resources. In this article we explore Tanzania's experience with private education during the early 1990s, a period of rapid educational expansion stimulated by new governement policies put in place in the mid- to late 1980s. We compare public and private secondary schools in terms of student achievement, as well as in terms of how they are organized and run. Taking advantage of the availability of a unique set of longitudinal data, we also examine the impact of rapide private sector growth on overall sector development, student learning, competition among schools for staff resources, and changes in student enrollments at the school level.
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Expansion of Private Secondary Education: Lessons from Recent Experience in Tanzania - Lassibille, Gérard; Tan, Jee‐Peng; Sumra, Suleman (Comparative Education Review, 2000)
Previous articleNext article No AccessExpansion of Private Secondary Education: Lessons from Recent Experience in TanzaniaGérard Lassibille, Jee-Peng Tan, and Suleman SumraGérard Lassibille Search for more articles by this author , Jee-Peng Tan Search for more articles by this author , and Suleman Sumra Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 44, Number 1Feb., 2000 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447589 Views: 134Total views on this site Citations: 24Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 2000 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Majiyd Hamis Suru Teacher Management of Pre-Primary School Children Learning, (Apr 2022): 53–80.https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9750-7.ch003Paul Bennell Private schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: An egalitarian alternative?, International Journal of Educational Development 88 (Jan 2022): 102533.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102533Geraldina Silveyra, Lucía Rodríguez-Aceves, Humberto Charles-Leija, José Manuel Saiz-Álvarez Human flourishing: an enabler of entrepreneurial intention in Latin American students, European Business Review 33, no.66 (Sep 2021): 999–1018.https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2020-0283B. N. Irene, Tahmina Hussain The Accessibility and Affordability of Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, (Feb 2021): 859–885.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44217-0_12Val D. Rust, W. James Jacob Globalisation and Educational Policy Shifts, (Sep 2021): 717–735.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66003-1_41B. N. Irene, Tahmina Hussain , ( 2020): 1.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43042-9_12-1Sonia Languille The politics of the education budget: Financing mass secondary education in Tanzania (2004–2012), International Journal of Educational Development 66 (Apr 2019): 96–104.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.02.003Mpoki Mwaikokesya Chapter 9 Financial Barriers Affecting Students from Poor Families’ Accessibility to Higher Education in Tanzania, (Sep 2018): 127–140.https://doi.org/10.1108/S2055-364120180000012010Donald R. Baum, Husein Abdul-Hamid, Hugo T. Wesley Inequality of educational opportunity: the relationship between access, affordability, and quality of private schools in Lagos, Nigeria, Oxford Review of Education 44, no.44 (Feb 2018): 459–475.https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2017.1421153Monica J. Grant De Facto Privatization and Inequalities in Educational Opportunity in the Transition to Secondary School in Rural Malawi, Social Forces 96, no.11 (Apr 2017): 65–90.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox037Daniel M. Roberts Cracks in support for two Tanzanian rural primary schools with high performance on national exams, International Journal of Educational Development 43 (Jul 2015): 32–40.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.006Frances Vavrus More clever than the devil: ujanja as schooling strategy in Tanzania, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 28, no.11 (Nov 2013): 50–71.https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2013.847508Val D. Rust, W. James Jacob Globalisation and Educational Policy Shifts, (Nov 2014): 717–735.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9493-0_42Sonia Languille Écoles secondaires communautaires en Tanzanie : la bataille des notables dans le district de Lushoto, Politique africaine 139, no.33 (Jan 2015): 101.https://doi.org/10.3917/polaf.139.0101Stephen P. Heyneman, Jonathan M.B. Stern Low cost private schools for the poor: What public policy is appropriate?, International Journal of Educational Development 35 (Mar 2014): 3–15.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2013.01.002Lesley Bartlett, Frances Vavrus Testing and Teaching, (Jan 2013): 93–113.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-224-2_6Nathalie Bonini Les écoles communautaires dans les zones rurales de Tanzanie, Revue internationale d'éducation de Sèvres , no.5959 (Apr 2012): 83–92.https://doi.org/10.4000/ries.2279Nathalie Bonini Le développement de l'enseignement secondaire en Tanzanie et la scolarisation des Maasai, Autrepart N° 59, no.33 (Sep 2011): 57–74.https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.059.0057Martha Kamwendo A Comparison of Students' Achievement in Private and Conventional Public Secondary Schools in Malawi from a Gender Perspective, Research in Education 83, no.11 (May 2010): 17–25.https://doi.org/10.7227/RIE.83.2W. James Jacob, Donald B. Holsinger, Christopher B. Mugimu Private Secondary Education in Uganda: Implications for Planning, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 110, no.44 (Feb 2022): 867–893.https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810811000404FRANCES VAVRUS Adjusting Inequality: Education and Structural Adjustment Policies in Tanzania, Harvard Educational Review 75, no.22 (Jul 2005): 174–201.https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.75.2.565v0213145413t5Jane Gaskell School Choice and Educational Leadership: Rethinking the Future of Public Schooling, (Jan 2002): 915–955.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0375-9_31Gérard Lassibille, Jee-Peng Tan Are Private Schools More Efficient Than Public Schools? Evidence from Tanzania, Education Economics 9, no.22 (Aug 2001): 145–172.https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290110056985Val D. Rust, W. James Jacob Globalisation and Educational Policy Shifts, (): 235–252.https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2960-8_15
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Preventing HIV infection through peer education and condom promotion among truck drivers and their sexual partners in Tanzania, 1990-1993 - Laukamm-Josten, U; Mwizarubi, B; Outwater, Anne H.; Mwaijonga, C.L.; Valadez, Joseph J.; Nyamwaya, David; Swai, Remigi; Saidel, Tobi; Nyamuryekunge, K (AIDS Care, 2000)
HIV prevention through peer education and condom promotion among truck drivers and their sexual partners is described. Trends during an initial 18-month intensive phase, followed by a 24-month maintenance phase, were monitored with surveys. Trends for self-reported condom use were: increase among men (56 to 74%) during the first phase with a decrease (72%) during the maintenance phase. Respective figures for women were 51%, 91% and 70%. Multivariate analyses revealed that men most likely to report using condoms were unmarried, had children, were more educated, had previously reported a genital ulcer, and perceived themselves at risk for HIV infection (OR = 1.95-3.47). Women tending to use condoms were unmarried, aware of the limitations of condoms, not in denial as to the existence of HIV, harboured inaccurate information about HIV transmission and were afraid (OR = 1.35-2.52). Both sets of results suggest that the most sexually experienced men and women who did not have a permanent stable relationship and who perceived themselves at risk, were most likely to use a condom. Peer education was an effective tool for increasing knowledge and encouraging appropriate behaviour change. It was most effective as an intensive high-input intervention and sustainable with the relatively stable population of truck drivers.
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Stanley, Sara G. (1836-1918), African-American teacher of freedmen - Lawson, Ellen Nickenzie (2000)
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Promises of Access and Inclusion: Online Education in Africa - Lelliott, Anthony; Pendlebury, Shirley; Enslin, Penny (Journal of Philosophy of Education, 2000)
Journal Article Promises of Access and Inclusion: Online Education in Africa Get access Anthony Lelliott, Anthony Lelliott Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Shirley Pendlebury, Shirley Pendlebury Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Penny Enslin Penny Enslin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 34, Issue 1, February 2000, Pages 41–52, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.00154 Published: 16 December 2002
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HIV prevention among male clients of female sex workers in Kaolack, Senegal: results of a peer education program. - Leonard, Lori; Ndiaye, Ibrahima; Kapadia, Asha S.; Eisen, Geoffrey; Diop, Ousmane M.; Mboup, Souleymane; Kanki, Phyllis (PubMed, 2000)
This article reports the results of a peer-led HIV prevention education and condom promotion program among transport workers in Kaolack, Senegal. As part of a 2-year longitudinal follow-up study, changes in men's AIDS-related knowledge, sexual behavior, condom use, and perceived barriers to condom use were evaluated by self-reports obtained from a systematic sample of transport workers interviewed before and after intervention. In addition to men's self-reports, preintervention and postintervention data on men's sexual and condom use behavior were gathered from a sample of licensed, commercial sex workers, who cited transport workers as their primary source of clients. Significant increases in men's HIV-related knowledge, previous use of condoms (from 30.4% to 53.5%), and consistent condom use with regular sex partners were documented over the study period, as were significant declines in perceived barriers to condom use. Though men reported significantly fewer sexual encounters with casual and commercial partners at follow-up compared to baseline, these data were unreliable. Women's postintervention reports indicate that a greater proportion of clients (including, but not limited to transport workers) "always" agree to use condoms (p < .01) compared with baseline and that fewer men offer more money for unprotected sex (p < .01). However, women also report taking greater initiative in the mechanics of condom use (supplying the condom, putting it on, and taking it off) than they did prior to the intervention, and significantly (p < .05) fewer women think that most of their clients know how to use a condom. The findings indicate that the peer-mediated intervention had a positive impact on several important outcomes measured and suggest that HIV prevention efforts need to focus on male client groups despite the logistical and methodological challenges.
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Risk factors and child sexual abuse among secondary school students in the Northern Province (South Africa) - Madu, Sylvester Ntomchukwu; Peltzer, Karl (Child Abuse & Neglect, 2000)
This is an investigation into the risk factors that could discriminate childhood sexual abuse (CSA) from non-abuse in the Northern Province (South Africa).414 students in standard 9 and 10 in three secondary schools in the province filled-in a retrospective self-rating questionnaire in a classroom setting. Questionnaires included modified and adapted questions from the Finkelhor's (1979) Risk Factor Checklist, and asked for physical contact forms of sexual abusive experiences of participants before the age of 17 years with an adult or a person at least 5 years older or a person in a position of power.It shows an overall (N = 414) CSA prevalence rate of 54.2%. Only four factors (from eight)-ethnicity not Northern Sotho, mother employed and not as laborer, a stepparent present in the family during childhood, and violence at home not seldom-significantly discriminated CSA from non-abuse. Increase in the number of combination of the four significant factors also increases the probability of the discrimination in a linear manner.With some caution, we recommend the four significant risk factors for use while planning preventive strategies against childhood sexual abuse, and a massive campaign against child sexual abuse in the province. More job opportunities should be created in the province.
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Effects of the Economic structural Adjustment Programme (1991-1993) on the participation of Secondary school girls in Zimbabwe - Makoni, Roselyn D. (Zambezia, 2000)
Pre- and post-1991 data on variables such as school enrolments, dropout rates, Zimbabwe junior certificate and 'O level examination entries were compared on the basis of gender and tested to determine the effects of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) on secondary school girls. The results of this study show that there were statistically significant differences in the enrolment rates of boys and girls, a widening gender disparity in dropout rates as well as statistically significant differences in the number of boys and girls failing to pay W level examination fees after the
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Evaluation of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in Usutu River Basin, Swaziland - Matondo, Jonathan I.; Msibi, Kenneth M. (UNISWA research journal of agriculture, science and technology, 2000)
The greenhouse effect is expected to cause high temperature increase globally and this will lead to an increase in precipitation in some regions while other regions will experience reduced precipitation. Therefore, countries are engaged in the exercise of evaluating the impact of expected climate change on water resources using General Circulation Models (GCM) and hydrologic models. The WatBall model has been found appropriate for the evaluation of the impact of climate on water resources. The Usutu catchment was selected for the evaluation of the impact of climate change on water resources because it covers two thirds of the country and traverses the four physiographic regions. The results of GCM models (precipitation, temperature and thus potential evapotranspiration) have been used as input to the calibrated WatBall model to forecast stream flow for Usutu catchment for the wet, dry and average year for year 2075. A comparison between observed and simulated stream flow without taking into consideration of population increase and expanded agricultural activities reveals that all the GCM models are simulating low flows from June to September for the wet years and from May to September for the dry and normal years. What can be concluded here is that, stream flows will be low during the winter months. Therefore, optimal water resources management will be crucial. Adaptation options have been suggested and range from modification of the existing infrastructure to water demand management.UNISWA Research Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology Vol. 4 (2) 2000: pp 135-146
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Integration of Chiropractic Education Into a Hospital Setting: A South African Experience - Michaelsen, M; Till, A. G. (Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2000)
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Air pollution and respiratory health in Africa: a review. - Mo, Tanimowo (PubMed, 2000)
To bring into focus the existence of respiratory hazards due to air pollution as a result of industrialization, tobacco smoking (personal pollution), domestic pollution and vehicular fuel combustion on the African continent; and to stimulate health workers, and the various governments in Africa, to devote more attention to the subject of air pollution by engaging in and encouraging multidisciplinary research so that appropriate and effective control measures can be put in place.Medline literature search through internet using the keywords: air pollution, cigarette smoking, domestic pollution, respiratory morbidity, Africa. The author's contributions to the subject of air pollution and respiratory morbidity are included.Relevant studies or articles from eastern, western, northern, southern and central parts of Africa are included in the review.From individual study or article.Evidence of respiratory hazards sequel to the four main sources of air pollution in each part of Africa, are synchronised under the headings: introduction, respiratory impairment and the future.Respiratory impairment from the four main sources of air pollution is a major but highly neglected problem on the African continent. There is need for concerted efforts on the part of African governments, health administrators and health workers to ensure that necessary attention is given to multidisciplinary research on the subject so that meaningful control measures can be formulated, thereby ensuring clean air for the people to breathe.
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Discrimination against the girl child in education: Focus on Zambia - Mwananyanda, Fenny (Southern African feminist review, 2000)
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The Relationship Between Cognitive Entry Behaviour Performance of some Nigerian Secondary School Students. - Ogunkola, BJ (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2000)
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Reservoirs of Nosocomial Pathogens at a University Teaching Hospital In Nigeria - Ogunsola, F.T.; Utulu, P. C.; Mabayoje, Omolara M.; Odugbemi, T; Mabadeje, A. F. B. (Journal of the Nigerian Infection Control Association, 2000)
Two hundred and seventy seven microorganisms were isolated between February and August 1998 from surgical and medical wards including the haemodialysis unit and microbiology laboratory of a University Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Environmental Contamination was high. Medical and surgical wards accounted for the highest contamination rates of 67% and 63% respectively; followed by the microbiology laboratory, 48% and the Haemodialysis unit, 30%. Within the wards, the areas most contaminated were the sinks, bedpans, wastebins, mattresses and toilet seats, Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated organism with a prevalence rate of 39.3% closely followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 24.6%. Others were coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 13.7%; Escherichia coli, 8.3% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9.0%, Proteus mirabilis, 1.8%; Citrobacter freundii, 1.1%; Proteus vulgaris, 0%; Salmonella paratyphi A, 0.7%; Enterobacter aerogenes, 0.4% and Salmonella typhi, 0.4%. Antibiograms of the isolates suggested three clusters of Staphylococcus aureus, groups SA1, SA2 and SA3. The largest group SA!, present in the Medical wards, Surgical wards, Microbiology laboratory and the haemodialysis unit, was Methicillin-sensitive. SA2 was present in only the medical and surgical wards while SA3 was only found in the surgical wards. Two clusters each, KP1 and KP2 of Klebsiella pneumoniae and EC1 and EC2 of Escherichia coli were obtained while there was only one cluster, PA1, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. KP1, EC1 and PA1 were found in all the wards. Lack of adequate running water and poor environmental sanitation were major contributory factors to the high contamination rates. [J. of the Nig. Infection Control Assn. Vol.3(2) 2000: 18-24]
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Reservoirs of Nosocomial Pathogens at a University Teaching Hospital In Nigeria - Ogunsola, F.T.; Utulu, P. C.; Mabayoje, Omolara M.; Odugbemi, T; Mabadeje, A. F. B. (Journal of the Nigerian Infection Control Association, 2000)
Two hundred and seventy seven microorganisms were isolated between February and August 1998 from surgical and medical wards including the haemodialysis unit and microbiology laboratory of a University Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Environmental Contamination was high. Medical and surgical wards accounted for the highest contamination rates of 67% and 63% respectively; followed by the microbiology laboratory, 48% and the Haemodialysis unit, 30%. Within the wards, the areas most contaminated were the sinks, bedpans, wastebins, mattresses and toilet seats, Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated organism with a prevalence rate of 39.3% closely followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 24.6%. Others were coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 13.7%; Escherichia coli, 8.3% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9.0%, Proteus mirabilis, 1.8%; Citrobacter freundii, 1.1%; Proteus vulgaris, 0%; Salmonella paratyphi A, 0.7%; Enterobacter aerogenes, 0.4% and Salmonella typhi, 0.4%. Antibiograms of the isolates suggested three clusters of Staphylococcus aureus, groups SA1, SA2 and SA3. The largest group SA!, present in the Medical wards, Surgical wards, Microbiology laboratory and the haemodialysis unit, was Methicillin-sensitive. SA2 was present in only the medical and surgical wards while SA3 was only found in the surgical wards. Two clusters each, KP1 and KP2 of Klebsiella pneumoniae and EC1 and EC2 of Escherichia coli were obtained while there was only one cluster, PA1, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. KP1, EC1 and PA1 were found in all the wards. Lack of adequate running water and poor environmental sanitation were major contributory factors to the high contamination rates. [J. of the Nig. Infection Control Assn. Vol.3(2) 2000: 18-24]
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Costing and financing higher education for development in sub-Saharan Africa: Kenya's case - Oketch, Moses (2000)
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‘Out of School’ Children in South Africa: An Analysis of Causes in a Group of Marginalised, Urban 7‐ to 15‐year‐olds - Porteus, Kimberley; Clacherty, Glynis; Mdiya, Leon; Pelo, Joy; Matsai, Kgethi; Qwabe, Sibusiso; Donald, David (Support for Learning, 2000)
In this article, Kimberley Porteus and colleagues analyse the factors underlying school non‐attendance in three poor, marginalised communities in South Africa. The findings reveal that ‘poverty’, including the interaction between physical, social and psychological factors, has by far the greatest influence on children's being out of school. The study concludes that poverty needs to be addressed as a priority if the very notion of ‘inclusion’ is to have meaning in South African society.
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Ubuntu: An African term meaning humaneness, inclusive community where all are respected - Rankin, William W. (2000)
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Ubuntu: An african term meaning humaneness, inclusive community where all are respected - Rankin, William W. (Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 2000)
C HILDREN ARE BEING formed today as they imbibe what they see and hear in their various cultures--homes, schools, television-land, the wider society. Some of the obtainable information, whether desirable or not, whether true or not, comes to rest within the child and grows there with the individual. dollars later doled out to counselors of one type or another symbolize years unhappily spent with what was once ingested, with what became rooted notions of how the world works, how it ought to work, who one is, how one fits in or doesn't. For the individual and for society, the stakes associated with perceptions from childhood are high, psychospiritually and morally speaking. Children need--indeed, we all need--something substantive to preside lastingly in our interiors as a foundation of healthy personality. We need something trustworthy as a basis for moral and spiritual orientation, for balance, for sanity. What we seek must be lovely, true, but also practical. It must plainly be workable, have worked. , I have the honor to know a black Anglican priest from Soweto, Geoffrey. He had been a defendant in a very long trial during South Africa's grotesque apartheid years. He was twice arrested on trumped-up charges. He has been twice tried and twice acquitted. He has twice suffered torture. Once he was forced to stand on a box for several days, before and after extensive beatings. His kidneys will never function normally; he endures other health problems. One day the situation reversed in South Africa, as people long denied power suddenly came into it. On the eve of the first democratic South African elections, Geoffrey said in his characteristically soft voice, The African National
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Barriers to exercise in African American women with physical disabilities - Rimmer, James H.; Rubin, Stephen; Braddock, David (Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (Print), 2000)
To examine what factors African American women with one or more physical disabilities perceive as barriers to exercise and how they rank them.Department of Disability and Human Development at a major university.Data were collected through telephone interview using a newly developed instrument (Barriers to Physical Exercise and Disability [B-PED]) that addressed issues related to physical activity and the subjects' disability.Fifty subjects were asked questions about their participation and interest in structured exercise.The four major barriers were cost of the exercise program (84.2%), lack of energy (65.8%), transportation (60.5%), and not knowing where to exercise (57.9%). Barriers commonly reported in nondisabled persons (eg, lack of time, boredom, too lazy) were not observed in our sample. Only 11% of the subjects reported that they were not interested in starting an exercise program. The majority of subjects (81.5%) wanted to join an exercise program but were restricted by the barriers reported.African American women with a physical disability are interested in becoming more active but are limited in doing so because of their inability to overcome several barriers to increased physical activity participation.
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Barriers to exercise in African American women with physical disabilities - Rimmer, James H.; Rubin, Stephen; Braddock, David (Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (Print), 2000)
To examine what factors African American women with one or more physical disabilities perceive as barriers to exercise and how they rank them.Department of Disability and Human Development at a major university.Data were collected through telephone interview using a newly developed instrument (Barriers to Physical Exercise and Disability [B-PED]) that addressed issues related to physical activity and the subjects' disability.Fifty subjects were asked questions about their participation and interest in structured exercise.The four major barriers were cost of the exercise program (84.2%), lack of energy (65.8%), transportation (60.5%), and not knowing where to exercise (57.9%). Barriers commonly reported in nondisabled persons (eg, lack of time, boredom, too lazy) were not observed in our sample. Only 11% of the subjects reported that they were not interested in starting an exercise program. The majority of subjects (81.5%) wanted to join an exercise program but were restricted by the barriers reported.African American women with a physical disability are interested in becoming more active but are limited in doing so because of their inability to overcome several barriers to increased physical activity participation.
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Barriers to exercise in African American women with physical disabilities - Rimmer, James H.; Rubin, Stephen; Braddock, David (Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (Print), 2000)
To examine what factors African American women with one or more physical disabilities perceive as barriers to exercise and how they rank them.Department of Disability and Human Development at a major university.Data were collected through telephone interview using a newly developed instrument (Barriers to Physical Exercise and Disability [B-PED]) that addressed issues related to physical activity and the subjects' disability.Fifty subjects were asked questions about their participation and interest in structured exercise.The four major barriers were cost of the exercise program (84.2%), lack of energy (65.8%), transportation (60.5%), and not knowing where to exercise (57.9%). Barriers commonly reported in nondisabled persons (eg, lack of time, boredom, too lazy) were not observed in our sample. Only 11% of the subjects reported that they were not interested in starting an exercise program. The majority of subjects (81.5%) wanted to join an exercise program but were restricted by the barriers reported.African American women with a physical disability are interested in becoming more active but are limited in doing so because of their inability to overcome several barriers to increased physical activity participation.
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Barriers to exercise in African American women with physical disabilities - Rimmer, James H.; Rubin, Stephen; Braddock, David (Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (Print), 2000)
To examine what factors African American women with one or more physical disabilities perceive as barriers to exercise and how they rank them.Department of Disability and Human Development at a major university.Data were collected through telephone interview using a newly developed instrument (Barriers to Physical Exercise and Disability [B-PED]) that addressed issues related to physical activity and the subjects' disability.Fifty subjects were asked questions about their participation and interest in structured exercise.The four major barriers were cost of the exercise program (84.2%), lack of energy (65.8%), transportation (60.5%), and not knowing where to exercise (57.9%). Barriers commonly reported in nondisabled persons (eg, lack of time, boredom, too lazy) were not observed in our sample. Only 11% of the subjects reported that they were not interested in starting an exercise program. The majority of subjects (81.5%) wanted to join an exercise program but were restricted by the barriers reported.African American women with a physical disability are interested in becoming more active but are limited in doing so because of their inability to overcome several barriers to increased physical activity participation.
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Barriers to exercise in African American women with physical disabilities - Rimmer, James H.; Rubin, Stephen; Braddock, David (Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (Print), 2000)
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Oxpeckers in north-eastern Namibia: recent population trends and the possible negative impacts of drought and fire - Robertson, Antony; Jarvis, Alice M (Biological Conservation, 2000)
Both redbilled oxpeckers (Buphagus erythrorhynchus) and yellowbilled oxpeckers (Buphagus africanus) have experienced recent population decreases in southern Africa largely as a result of cattle dipping against ticks, their primary source of food. In Namibia, oxpeckers are confined largely to the Caprivi region in the north-east and the yellowbilled oxpecker is classified as a Namibian Red Data species. Counts in 1983–1984 estimated populations of 2285–3780 redbilled oxpeckers and 2062–2613 yellowbilled oxpeckers on cattle in East Caprivi. In this study, three counts of oxpeckers were made in 1997–1998. Bird numbers had not increased in proportion with cattle numbers, the primary host which had increased three-fold in the last 15 years. Current redbilled oxpecker numbers (3627–4902) were similar to those in the 1980s. Too few yellowbilled oxpeckers were observed to derive robust population estimates, but our counts suggest a decline to about 330 birds. There have been no official cattle dipping programmes in Caprivi, and private tick control is virtually non-existent. We suggest that the current dry conditions, in combination with the increasingly widespread and more frequent practice of veld burning are having a substantial, differential effect on some of the tick species favoured by the two species of oxpeckers. We hypothesise that these two factors act as a control mechanism on ticks favoured by yellowbilled oxpeckers, so precipitating the dramatic decline of this species. If current trends continue, yellowbilled oxpecker will soon disappear from Caprivi.
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Profiles of African American College Students’ Educational Utility and Performance: A Cluster Analysis - Rowley, Stephanie J. (Journal of Black Psychology, 2000)
African American students’ beliefs about the value of getting a good education have long been debated. The present study demonstrates that African American students hold a variety of perspectives about the value of education, and that certain types of beliefs naturally occur in students with certain academic performance records. Cluster analysis was used to identify five clusters of 126 African American college students with differing profiles on Idealistic Educational Utility, Context-Specific Educational Utility (CSEU), and grades. These clusters were then related to Racial Ideology as measured by the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity. Results suggest that there are some high-achieving students with low levels of CSEU who tend to be somewhat nationalistic. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of the diversity of African Americans’beliefs about educational utility.
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Modelling Hydrological Responses to Land Use and Climate Change: A Southern African Perspective - Schulze, R. E. (AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2000)
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Effects of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces training programme on body consumption and reproductive hormones in male army recruits - Sewani-Rusike, Constance Rufaro; Mudambo, K. S. M. T.; Tendaupenyu, G.; Dzuda, C.; Tafirenyika, A.; Zenda, E. (The Central African journal of medicine, 2000)
To investigate the effects of a four month endurance training programme on body composition and reproductive hormone levels.PRE and POST training comparative study.Zimbabwe Military Academy, Gweru, Zimbabwe.77 male recruit volunteers participating in the Zimbabwe Defence Forces cadet training programme.Percent body fat, fat free mass, body mass index, total serum testosterone, luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) compared using the paired t-test.There was a significant decrease in all parameters measured after four months of endurance training. Decreases in body composition parameters were 54% in percent body fat, 6% in fat free mass, and 13% in body mass index. There was a dramatic 58% drop in testosterone, 60% drop in LH and 15% drop in FSH after four months of endurance training.The Zimbabwe Defence Forces cadet training programme, an endurance training programme induces a state of negative energy balance in trainees. This results in a decrease in % body fat and body mass index due to utilisation of fat stores as a source of energy and a decrease in fat free mass due to gluconeogenic utilisation of muscle protein as energy source for muscle activity. There is impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function as evidenced by the state of hypogonadal-hypogonadism (low testosterone, LH and FSH). This may be attributed to: 1. gonadotrophin releasing hormone pattern generator malfunction due to the stress of intense physical activity and 2. withdrawal of energy expenditure from reproductive machinery as a way of conserving energy for more vital processes in the prevailing state of energy starvation.
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[Smoking behavior and attitude to smoking of medical students (Tunisian Sahel)]. - Soltani, M.S.; Bchir, A. (PubMed, 2000)
Prevention of smoking is a public health goal recognized worldwide. Though the role played by physicians is an important one, data in the literature indicate that medical school is a poor place to learn it. In 1997, we conducted a study among medical students at Monastir Tunisia to examine their smoking behavior and attitudes towards smoking and their participation in prevention. The study included 93.3% (N = 501) of the students in their 1st, 4th and 5th years of medical school. One-third of the students (33%) were smokers, including 15% occasional smokers. The students recognized the effect of smoking on coronary arteries and bronchi but two-thirds of them were unaware of its role in bladder cancer. The students did not warn their patients unless they had a disease related to smoking. Half of the students felt they were not sufficiently prepared for caring for smokers and desired specific training. These findings suggest medical school authorities should design and implement appropriate basic training aimed at better preparing medical students for their role in prevention of smoking.
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Understanding inclusive peace agreements in Africa: The problems of sharing power - Spears, Ian S. (Third World Quarterly, 2000)
Power sharing has increasingly been seen as a way out of otherwise intransigent conflicts in multi-ethnic African societies. Yet power sharing has obvious problems: power sharing agreements are difficult to arrive at, even more difficult to implement, and even when implemented, such agreements rarely stand the test of time. Indeed, there are relatively few historical examples of successful, formalised power sharing in Africa which would warrant its advocacy. Drawing primarily on the cases of Angola, Somalia, Ethiopia and Rwanda, this paper seeks to explain why a method of conflict resolution so appealing in theory fails so often in practice. The paper will outline general theoretical approaches to power sharing, examine the practical problems associated with its implementation, and suggest ideas for how some of these problems can be overcome.
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Three modelling approaches for seasonal streamflow droughts in southern Africa: the use of censored data - Tate, E. L.; Freeman, Stephen N. (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2000)
Abstract Three approaches to modelling the duration of streamflow droughts at eight southern African sites are considered; a non-parametric method (that of Kaplan-Meier) is compared with the fitting of two simple parametric models: the exponential and Weibull. All techniques allow the instantaneous probability of a drought coming to an end to differ between wet and dry seasons, using the concept of censored data. Model-fitting is discussed, and the Kaplan-Meier estimates permit an assessment of the fit of the parametric models, with the aim of finding a parsimonious model for the data, which can be used for predictive purposes. In most cases considered herein, either the exponential or Weibull approach is found to be adequate. Résumé Trois approches de modélisation de la durée des étiages ont été appliquées à huit sites d'Afrique australe et sont discutées ici; une méthode non-paramétrique (Kaplan-Meier) est comparée à l'ajustement de deux modèles paramétriques simples: le modèle exponentiel et le modèle de Weibull. Toutes les méthodes permettent aux probabilités instantanées de fin d'étiage de varier selon la saison, en utilisant les données inférieures à un seuil de détection. L'ajustement des modèles est discuté, et la méthode Kaplan-Meier est utilisée pour évaluer l'ajustement des modèles paramétriques; le but est de trouver un modèle des données comportant peu de paramètres et pouvant être utilisé à des fins prévisionnelles. Dans la plupart des cas considérés ici, le modèle exponentiel ou le modèle de Weibull sont satisfaisants.
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Integration of chiropractic education into a hospital setting: a South African experience - Till, Ashley; Till, Hettie (Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2000)
This article examines differences between chiropractic and medical internship experiences, both internationally and in South Africa. The South African hospital experience is described, and the future is discussed.
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Contrasted perceptions of abilities in business: African American vs. white business school graduates - Tomkiewicz, Joseph; Adeyemi‐Bello, Tope (Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 2000)
Attempts to extend the work of a study which examined the differences that exist between the attitudes of White and African American college business students using the Blacks in Business Scale (Stevens, 1984). Considers particularly the perception of white students with regards to their beliefs about African Americans. Concludes that White students hold a positive view of their counterparts but African Americans still believe that White students have a less positive view of African Americans than they themselves possess. Discusses the implications for managers.
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Training and education for TQM in the commercial banking industry of South Africa - Vermeulen, Werner; Crous, M. (Managing service quality, 2000)
This article discusses the importance of training and education for TQM. The best way to institute quality into an organisation, particularly a bank, is to train employees to do their job better. The training structure must be top‐down, starting with the top team and cascading down the organisation. This is necessary to show management commitment and to ensure managers actually understand the TQM principles and methods. Results of the research project have indicated that none of the respondents’ organisations possess a well‐developed TQM training strategy and plan.
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Preventive effect of magnesium supplement on noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig - Scheibe, F.; Haupt, H.; Ising, H (European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 2000)
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Educating Tomorrow - Lessons from Managing Girls' Education in Africa - Thody, Angela; Kaabwe, Eleanor Stella M. (2000)
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Conservation of grammatical knowledge: on the acquisition of possessive noun phrases by Turkish and Moroccan learners of Dutch - Craats, I. van de; Corver, Norbert; Hout, R.W.N.M. van (Linguistics, 2000)
This article deals with the acquisition of possessive DP structures by Turkish and Moroccan adults and children learning Dutch without substantial classroom instruction. Our main claim is that L2 learners systematically and consistently rely on their grammatical knowledge, which surfaces in the initial stages of the L2 acquisition process but also has a strong impact on later developmental stages. Such a strong conservation encompasses parameter settings as well as morphological and vocabulary knowledge.
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Students' Knowledge of and Attitudes about Female Circumcision in Egypt (The New England Journal of Medicine, 2000)
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Lassa fever in a German student returning from Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire - Kiehl, W; Lieftucht, A (Weekly releases (1997–2007), 2000)
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Foreign teaching in Egypt and the local elite. The French-speaking world and national identities (1920-1960) - Abécassis, Frédéric (2000)
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Teaching surgical skills in Ethiopia. - Rennie, John (PubMed, 2000)
An innovative process of training non-medically qualified staff to perform emergency surgery is described. The benefits to the rural communities are balanced against the potential threat to the surgical establishment in Ethiopia.
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Climate variability and change, scale-interactions and precipitation processes in West Africa. Limitations and challenges of modeling efforts - Jenkins, Gregory S. (80th AMS Annual Meeting, 2000)
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Preparing Personnel to Staff School Libraries in Botswana: The National Library's Input - Baffour-Awuah, Margaret (School libraries worldwide, 2000)
The development of school libraries in Botswana is the responsibility of the Educational Libraries Division of the Botswana National Library Service (BNLS). The Division carries out its school library development mandate primarily through workshops for school library personnel. Usually four days in length, the workshops are often held at one of the 14 education centres located across the country. Workshops focus on topics such as how to set up a school library, basics of library classification, maintenance of the card catalogue, development of library manuals and guides, development of circulation policies, and library budgeting.
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A mentoring pyramid for African American nursing students. - Buchanan, Barbara (PubMed, 2000)
The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the African American nursing students' perception of a need for a mentoring program for this population. The percentage of ethnic minorities graduating from baccalaureate nursing programs has continued to decline since 1990 (National League of Nursing, 1995). The March 1996 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses estimated there were 2,559,000 registered nurses in the United States. Only 107,500 of these nurses were African American. Data from the 1996 U.S. Census revealed African Americans to be the largest ethnic minority group in the country (14 percent). Based upon the number of racially and culturally diverse clients seeking healthcare, there is a gross underrepresentation of racially and culturally diverse nurses available to administer that care. The attrition rate for African American nursing students is high. Some of the reasons for this failure to retain and graduate African American students from schools of nursing are associated with the lack of mentoring relationships with persons whom students can relate to, feel comfortable with, learn from, and emulate. This study examined the perceptions of African American nursing students enrolled at a predominantly European-American public university in the Southeast United States. The students identified certain categories of needs they felt could be met in a mentoring relationship with a nurse educator.
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Community Junoir Secondary School Libraries in Botswana - Metzger, Andrew J. B. (School libraries worldwide, 2000)
A school library program needs to have certain basic elements if it is to function effectively. These elements are: the facility to house the information sources or instructional materials; a wide range of information sources to support the school's education program; adequate furniture and equipment for the use of the information sources; adequate finance to support the operations and services of the library; and adequate staffing to permit the facilities and information sources to be used to the maximum degree of effectiveness. This article presents a summary of the major findings and recommendations of a study of the library facilities in community junior secondary schools (CJSS) in Botswana.
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Community Junoir Secondary School Libraries in Botswana: A Case Study of Their Programs and Needs for Teacher-Librarian Training - Tallman, Julie; Metzger, Andrew J. B.; Jorosi, Boemo N. (School libraries worldwide, 2000)
The authors report on the status of the school library and its place in the curriculum in 13 Botswana community junior secondary schools located in northern and northeastern Botswana. During November 1999, the study took place during site visits to the schools that had a teacher-library intern receiving training through the School Library Certificate Program in the Department of Library and Information Studies at the University of Botswana. The authors used semistructured interviews, observations, and journals to provide the data for the descriptive qualitative study. This article is a report of the findings and the recommendations to the Department for changes in the school library curriculum.
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4th Annual UNESCO School and South African IUPAC Conference on Macromolecules and Materials Science, 9–11 April 2001, Johannesburg, South Africa (Chemistry international (Print), 2000)
Article 4th Annual UNESCO School and South African IUPAC Conference on Macromolecules and Materials Science, 9–11 April 2001, Johannesburg, South Africa was published on September 1, 2000 in the journal Chemistry International (volume 22, issue 5).
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5th Annual UNESCO School and South African IUPAC Conference on Macromolecules and Materials Science, 6–10 February 2002, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Chemistry international, 2000)
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African American Culture and Heritage in Higher Education Research and Practice (The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 2000)
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Business Remains the Preferred Degree of African-American College Students, but Black Students Are Looking to Other Fields (Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2000)
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Second Workshop on Teaching Photonics at Egyptian Engineering Faculties and Institutes (Cat. No.00EX398) (2000)
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Second Workshop on Teaching Photonics at Egyptian Engineering Faculties and Institutes (Cat. No.00EX398) (2000)
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Six African-American College Students Receive Marshall Scholarships (Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2000)
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Swaziland education sector begins to respond. (PubMed, 2000)
Reports on the growing AIDS orphan crisis prompted Swaziland to finally begin to consider the potential effect of AIDS on the educational sector. A study on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the educational sector was carried out in the region and findings were presented in Mbabane in late November 1999. Respondents believed that the AIDS epidemic can no longer be considered preventable and stopping the worst to happen is too late. The aim now should be on how to "crest" and "level-out" the epidemic at a lower infection rate. Moreover, almost all respondents felt that they were confused about the HIV/AIDS phenomenon. This epidemic will make it increasingly difficult, if not impossible, for the Ministry of Education to implement its mandate as effectively as it has in the previous years. Meanwhile, the costs borne by the Ministry and its partners in educational development will increase dramatically due to the HIV/AIDS crisis. Swaziland, particularly the Ministry of Education, has, with the assistance of the UN International Children's Emergency Fund, made real developments in recognizing the scale of the HIV/AIDS problem in the country.
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The School Environment in Egypt: A Situation Analysis of Public Preparatory Schools (2000)
Very little research exists in Egypt on contemporary education outcomes and their relationship to an array of education inputs. Also, few datasets are available on the acquisition and retention of basic skills from education. This research aims at filling that gap in our knowledge by drawing a profile of the situation of public preparatory schools, investigating the distinct dimensions of the environment in these schools, and examining the links among these dimensions and specific education outcomes. As noted in this report, this study focuses on the preparatory stage of the general education system. Students in this stage comprise one-quarter of all pre-university students in Egypt.
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The School Environment in Egypt. A Situation Analysis of Public Preparatory Schools [Arabic] (2000)
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The Stubborn Racial Gap in Home Ownership and How It Affects African-American Higher Education (Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2000)
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Nitrate pollution study in the aquifer of Dakar (Senegal). - Aa, Tandia; Es, Diop; Cb, Gaye; Travi, Yves (PubMed, 2000)
Dakar is a peninsula inhabited by a population of about 2 million people in 1996. In some dug wells and piezometers, the nitrate content (NO3.) in the groundwater is above the World Health Organization (WHO) limit of 50 mg/l. In the unconfined part of the aquifer of the peninsula, all the samples from wells are contaminated by high nitrate contents which increased over time from 100 mg/l in 1987 to more than 250 mg/l in 1996. Only a limited area is affected by nitrate pollution in the confined layer. The results indicate anthropogenic pollution, a fact which indicates the increasing risk of pollution of drinking-water resources. Studies in the unsaturated zone and familiarity with the sanitation practices in the area indicate that the horizontal and vertical flux are linked mainly to defective septic tanks and direct organic waste elimination into the soil by more than 40% of the inhabitants. The correlation between tritium values (3H) and nitrate shows that the source of nitrate is recent. The relation of oxygen 18 (18O) to deuterium (2H) in water with high nitrate levels indicates that the concentrations of nitrate have been identified in evaporated points.
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Smoking Habits Among Secondary School Students In Selected Districts In Zimbabwe. Gender, Urban/Rural And Social Class Differences - Aarø, Lelf E.; Eide, Arne Henning; Acuda, S. W.; Butau, T (Southern African journal of child and adolescent mental health, 2000)
Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between smoking habits and indicators of socioeconomic status, the urban/rural dimension and gender among secondary school students from selected districts in Zimbabwe. Design A two-stage stratified random sample of students was drawn. Schools were stratified by school type and students were stratified by gender and grade. Setting The data collections took place in schools by trained personnel from Department of Psychiatry, University of Zimbabwe. Subjects A total of 3500 students were sampled. Questionnaires were completed by 3308 students. After exclusion of incomplete and inconsistent questionnaires, the material consisted of questionnaires from 3061 students (87.5%). Results Only 0.9% reported to be daily smokers, 2.1% smoked weekly (but not daily), and 19.8% smoked more seldom. The increase in the prevalence of smokers across age groups proved to be small. Smoking (daily, weekly and more seldom combined) is more common among male students (27.6%) than among female students (17.5%). The risk of being a smoker increases with increasing socioeconomic status. According to the students' proxy reports, more fathers (25.5%) than mothers (8.7%) were tobacco users (smoking, sniffing or chewing tobacco). Among mothers, being a tobacco user (as reported by their offspring) increases with higher education, occupational status and with having their son or daughter in a private school. Among fathers there is no association between indicators of socioeconomic status and use of tobacco. This indicates that the population being surveyed has reached a stage in the diffusion process where tobacco use is becoming less fashionable among high status segments of the adult male population. Conclusion A rather modest income in large groups may explain the low prevalence of daily and weekly smoking among secondary school students in the districts covered by the present survey. The proportion of experimental smokers is, however, high. A future increase in the income level may therefore lead to a marked increase in tobacco consumption. In order to prevent this, there is an urgent need for developing intervention strategies which are relevant to the Zimbabwean culture and societal context. Smoking among young women deserves special attention.
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Counting the Social Impact of Schooling: What Kenyans Say About Their School System and Gender Relations - Abagi, Okwach; Olweya, Jacqueline; Otieno, Wycliffe (2000)
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The Trip: The Days of an Egyptian Female Student in America (1987) - Abdel-Malek, Kamal (2000)
The seven o’clock news televised a report about streaking and how it was becoming a widespread social phenomenon among university students. The students of North Carolina University broke the record when one day more than three hundred male and female students came running outside together, completely naked. Once the news media reported about that event, many people became very interested knowing more about it. Not a day passed without advertisements covering the university declaring that the students of Southwest University had decided to stage a “streaking” festivity. The festivity was a communal denudation in which a horde of nude participants would run outside at 11 at night from a given point on campus to the center of campus, and back again. This news excited all of us at the university, those who wished to take part in it and those who wished only to observe. As for us, the group of foreign friends, we laughed like a bunch of old fogies and said, “Why don’t we have a small private party for the occasion? We’ll drink, eat, and dance in the study hall that overlooks campus. At the moment of the event, we can observe it all from the windows and thereby we won’t miss this intriguing event!”
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Thyroid responses to varying doses of oral iodized oil in school children in Awassa, Ethiopia - Abuye, Cherinet; Ayana, Gonfa; Umeta, Melaku; Tibeb, Hana Neka; Hailemariam, B (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2000)
A longitudinal study was conducted during 1994 - 1996 among elementary school children aged 6-14 years in Awassa, South Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of varying doses of oral iodized oil (200mg and 400mg) on thyroid function. The study included clinical examination of goitre, biochemical tests for thyroid function, and assessment of nutritional status of the children. A total of 110 children were randomly selected from six elementary schools and randomly assigned into high or 400mg (n=53) and low or 200 mg (n=57) dose groups for administration. After 13 months of intervention 42% goitre reduction was noted in the 200mg group while 49% regress of goitre was observed in the 400mg group. The difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in serum concentrations of T3, T4 and TSH between the two dose groups before or after administration. These clearly indicate that the two graded doses of oral iodized oil have the same effect on thyroid function and goitre reduction. (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development: 2000, 14(1): 49-66)
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The effect of pollution on the community of soil algae on the Nile bank at Assiut, Egypt - Adam; Issa, A A; Mohammed, Ahmed A.; Hifney, Awatief F. (Acta Hydrobiologica, 2000)
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Supporting student placements in developing countries—A Ugandan example - Adams, Jo; Smythe, Jenny (World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 2000)
This article is written from the perspective of one U.K. based occupational therapy school in supporting final year students in their fieldwork placements in Uganda and explores the case for occupational therapy students carrying out international fieldwork in developing countries. Such placements can provide excellent opportunities for students to develop a clear understanding of the relationship between occupation, environment and culture. Working in less highly technological environments will also encourage students' problem solving and practical skills as well as offering many opportunities to further develop personal creativity in designing sustainable and realistic intervention programmes.
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Sequential bilingualism and the teaching of language skills to early primary school pupils in Nigeria - Adegbite, Wale (2000)
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A citation study of science education theses at the university of Ibadan, Nigerian - Adeyemi, B. M. (2000)
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Teaching Conflict Resolution to Social Studies Students in Botswana - Adeyemi, Michael Bamidele (The Social Studies, 2000)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsMichael Bamidele AdeyemiMICHAEL BAMIDELE ADEYEMI is a senior lecturer in the Department of Languages and Social Sciences Education at the University of Botswana in Gaborone.
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The Demand for Higher Education and Employment Opportunities in Nigeria - Adeyemo, John Adeboye (2000)
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Drought and desertification in Nigeria: myth or reality. - Aduradola, A. M. (2000)
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Ghana learns from the UPDF how to fight AIDS monster - Agaba, M.B. (6th of February, 2000)
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Career or Marriage?--Some Observations and Data from Young Black Students in South Africa - Akande, Adebowale (プシコロギア, 東洋国際心理学誌, 2000)
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What Can Schools Contribute? The Challenge of Ethnic Conflict and National Integration in the Republic of Rwanda - Akankwasa, R.R. (East African journal of peace and human rights, 2000)
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Teaching English in senior high schools in Togo : a textbook analysis and pedagogical implications / - Akindjo, Oniankpo (2000)
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INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF MOTORCYCLE TRAFFIC ON AIR POLLUTION IN ASIAN AND AFRICAN CITIES - Akinyemi, E O; Medani, T. O. (2000)
In many Asian and African cities, motorcycles constitute a significant proportion of traffic on many roads. Unfortunately, in spite of this situation and the increasing importance of motorcycles in the economic and social conditions in the cities, there is little or no understanding by traffic engineers and managers of the current and likely future effects of motorcycle traffic on the quality of traffic movement and the urban environment in the cities. In addition, in many countries, motorcycles characteristics and behavior have not been internalized in urban traffic engineering and environmental pollution analysis. This paper describes a technique which can be used for two main functions. First, it can be used to determine the likely impacts of the quantity and operational characteristics of motorcycle traffic on the quality of air near urban roads. Secondly, it can be used to develop appropriate traffic management strategies in cities with significant proportions of motorcycles in the traffic streams. The paper also describes the results of a simulation study of the implications of the typical situations in Hanoi, Vietnam and Bangkok, Thailand and the likely future situation in some African cities. For the covering abstract see ITRD E108910.
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The practice of resource teachers in regional science centres in Zimbabwe - Akker, J.J.H. van den; Chavunduka, K. (2000)
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Peer collaboration for mathematics teachers in Tanzania - Akker, J.J.H. van den; Kitta, Septimi (2000)
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Continuous assessment and learner-centred science education in Botswana - Akker, J.J.H. van den; Motswiri, M. J. (2000)
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Microbased laboratories in physics education in Tanzania - Akker, J.J.H. van den; Tilya, Frank (2000)
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