Effect of marital status and education level on HIV/AIDS mortality in adults in rural Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa - Anguko, Andrew Ajuang (2010)
MSc(Med), Population-based Field Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009
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Transnational Private Authority in Education Policy: A Case Study of Microsoft Corporation in Jordan and South Africa - Bhanji, Zahra (2010)
This thesis presents a case study of Microsoft Corporation’s Partners in Learning (PiL) program, an example of transnational policy authority in education, with two embedded case studies of PiL in Jordan and South Africa. The constructivist and rationalist approaches highlight the changing nature of governance through the cultural and strategic shifts that led to Microsoft’s policy role in education. Microsoft’s strategic profit interests and its corporate-social-responsibility aspiration to play a policy role in education influenced its educational footprint. From a top-down perspective, Microsoft used supranational forms of power by implementing its global PiL blueprint through similar PiL programs worldwide. From a bottom-up perspective, Microsoft used “localization practices” by engaging different subnational agents and used different strategies to gain footholds in two very different political and policy contexts. Microsoft’s top-down and bottom-up approaches link the supranational policy arena to the subnational or subgovernmental. Microsoft’s economic power and strategic engagement gave it entry into education. It gained expert authority from its extensive history and experience in education. Its expert authority was experessed through strategic relationship building through diplomacy and partnerships, policy networks, and the sharing of best practices. The company was however not able to claim absolute legitimacy because of resistance in both countries.This thesis highlights that at the governmental level, sovereignty does not disappear when transnational corporations become involved in education at the national level. Instead, nation- states become strategic sites for the restructuring of global policy roles. The Jordanian government became a public facilitator, by working with Microsoft to implement a stand-alone PiL program. The South African government became a public integrator, by implementing the PiL program within government policies and programs. Power was also redistributed within both countries, moving away from government education officials towards the monarchy in Jordan and the presidency in South Africa. The findings of the study highlight the need for corporations engaged in public education to be governed within instituted accountability measures, for appropriate partnership frameworks, and for governance tools that can both effectively engage companies in education and ensure that they work within common goals and values set out by international education organizations.
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The Education System in Malawi - Brossard, Mathieu; Coury, Diane; Mambo, Michael (2010)
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Ground Water Security and Drought in Africa: Linking Availability, Access, and Demand - Calow, Roger; MacDonald, Alan; Nicol, Alan; Robins, Nick (Groundwater, 2010)
Drought in Africa has been extensively researched, particularly from meteorological, agricultural, and food security perspectives. However, the impact of drought on water security, particularly ground water dependent rural water supplies, has received much less attention. Policy responses have concentrated on food needs, and it has often been difficult to mobilize resources for water interventions, despite evidence that access to safe water is a serious and interrelated concern. Studies carried out in Ghana, Malawi, South Africa, and Ethiopia highlight how rural livelihoods are affected by seasonal stress and longer‐term drought. Declining access to food and water is a common and interrelated problem. Although ground water plays a vital role in buffering the effects of rainfall variability, water shortages and difficulties in accessing water that is available can affect domestic and productive water uses, with knock‐on effects on food consumption and production. Total depletion of available ground water resources is rarely the main concern. A more common scenario is a spiral of water insecurity as shallow water sources fail, additional demands are put on remaining sources, and mechanical failures increase. These problems can be planned for within normal development programs. Water security mapping can help identify vulnerable areas, and changes to monitoring systems can ensure early detection of problems. Above all, increasing the coverage of ground water–based rural water supplies, and ensuring that the design and siting of water points is informed by an understanding of hydrogeological conditions and user demand, can significantly increase the resilience of rural communities to climate variability.
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The use of Biological Index of Pollution (BIP) in assessing quality of rural water sources in Zaria, Nigeria - Hassan, A.S; Okuofu, C. A.; Balogun, J. K. (Science World Journal, 2010)
The biological index of pollution (BIP) which hinges on the responses of aquatic biota to pollution of water sources was used to assess the quality of some water sources in Zaria area, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 15 stations comprising three open water sources (lakes) and twelve hand-dug wells on a monthly basis for a period of 24 months. Ten liters of the samples from wells were concentrated to 50 ml by filtering through 70 meshes per cm2 plankton net. Collections from the lakes was by means of dragging net over a 3 meter distance in the water. The water was also concentrated to 50 ml. Using the BIP of Horasawa as modified by Palmer, the water quality situation of the sources were classified into betasaprobic and alphasaprobic. Some of the water sources, especially in the rainy season, gradually shifted in quality from betasaprobism to alphasaprobism. The BIP method gave a satisfactory indication of the quality status of each water source especially when the results obtained were compared with the result of physico-chemical analysis of the water sources. However, unless the water sources contain both phytoplankton and zooplankton, which are key variables in the BIP computation, the index proved difficult to apply. Key Words: Rural Water Sources, Water Quality, Biological Index.
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Pollution assessment of the impact of coastal activities on Lagos lagoon, Nigeria - Nubi, Olubunmi Ayoola; Ajao, E. A.; Nubi, Afolasade T. (Science World Journal, 2010)
METHODSStudy area: Lagos, the largest city in Nigeria, is located on the Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean in western Africa.It occupies Lagos Island, Ikoyi Island, and Victoria Island, as well as a large area on the
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Eye Safety Practices Among The Dental Personnel Of University Of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Ajayi, EO; Ajayi, YO (Annals of Biomedical Sciences, 2010)
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of use of protective eye wear and hazards related to non compliance with recommended eye safety practice among the dental personnel of University of Benin Teaching Hospital.Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to the dental personnel of University of Benin Teaching Hospital to determine how regularly they use protective eye wear while working in the clinic and laboratory. The prevalence of foreign body to the eye, ocular injuries and conjunctivitis among the dental personnel was also determined. Results: 152 questionnaires out of 155 were returned filled giving a response rate of 98%. Twenty nine (19.1%) of the dental personnel are regular wearers of protective eye wear. There was no significant difference in the use of protective eye wear among the dental personnel (p>0.05). Forty one (27%) had experienced foreign body to the eye out of which eight (19.5%) and thirty three (80.5%) are regular and irregular wearerrespectively. Twenty six (17.1%) had experienced ocular injury at least once in a month in the clinic out of which three (11.5%) and twenty three (88.5%) are regular wearer and irregular wearer respectively. Thirteen (8.6%) had experienced conjunctivitis at least once a month out of which one (7.7%) and twelve (92.3%) are regular wearer and irregular wearer of protective eye wear respectively.Conclusion: The frequency of use of protective eye wear among the dental personnel was low. As such, there is a need to promote awareness on the importance of protecting the eyes while working in the dental clinics and laboratories to prevent ocular injury and infection.Keywords: Eye safety practices, ocular injuries, dental personnel, occupational hazards
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Serological markers and risk factors for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses among students in a Nigerian university - Forbi, Joseph C.; Pennap, Grace; Silas-Ndukuba, Charis; Agabi, Yunana; Agwale, Simon M (East African journal of public health, 2010)
Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the seroprevalence rates of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections and to analyze associated risk factors among 400 students in a Nigerian. Methods: Participants were interviewed in a faceto-face sessions through a short structured questionnaire. Qualitative rapid immuno-chromatography test were used to screen for HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies and these were confirmed by using third generation quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs).Results: Seroprevalence rates were: HBV. All these individuals were asymptomatic and unaware of their hepatitis status prior to thisstudy. We did not detect any case of HBV/HCV co-infection. The risk of being infected with HBV or HCV was not associated with marital status or having facial/tribal (p>0.05). A significant association was found between HCV (not HBV) infection and blood transfusion {OR=5.0(95%CI=0.91-27.47); ÷2=4.15; p=0.04}.Conclusion: Although the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV is lower among university students when compared to blood donors, HIV/AIDS patients and health workers in Nigeria. We have shown that these viruses circulate among the study population and blood transfusion identified as the factors most associated with HCV infection. Routine donor screening needs to be enforced and it is essential to implement prevention strategies focused on university students and youths in general.
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The impact of pre-menarcheal training on menstrual practices and hygiene of Nigerian school girls - Aniebue, UU; Aniebue, Patricia N.; Nwankwo, Theophilus Ogochukwu (The Pan African medical journal, 2010)
The menstrual practices of adolescents derive largely from health issues associated with their adjustment to reproductive life. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of pre-menarcheal training on the menstrual and hygiene practices of Nigerian school girls.A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of randomly selected post-menarcheal school girls using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was done.The mean age of the school girls was 14.9 ± 1.7 years. Pre-menarcheal training was given to 273 (55.2%) of them. Mothers (74.7%) were the more common source of information. Inappropriate experience of menarche, adverse effect of menstruation on schooling and social life and the use of unhygienic menstrual absorbents were common in girls who had no pre-menarcheal training than those who did.Lack of timely information results in inappropriate menstrual experiences and poor menstrual hygiene practices. Ways to promote menstrual education and hygiene practices are suggested.
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Authoring lives : a case study of how grade 6 children in a South African township school construct themselves as readers and writers. - Bizos, Erato-Nadia (2010)
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The rush for English education in urban Cameroon: sociolinguistic implications and prospects - Fonyuy, Kelen Ernesta (English Today, 2010)
The growing demand for English in parts of Cameroon that were once firmly under French influence. In the last decade, multilingual Cameroon has awoken to a new linguistic reality characterised by reconstructing linguistic identities in order to fit in the global space. This is seen in more and more urban Francophones pursuing English medium education and the Anglophones consolidating their identity alignment to the English language. From a sociolinguistic perspective, this paper evaluates the prominence and implications and prospects of this rush for English education in contemporary urban Cameroon. The case study method and cost-benefit analysis confirm that there is a fast growing interest in English medium education and the beginnings of English as an L1 in urban Cameroon. The result is a paradoxical sociolinguistic outcome: first of all, there is a shift by the majority Francophone group, who are shifting from a predominantly French medium to an English medium education, principally for economic benefits. Secondly, the Anglophones are increasingly shifting to English as an L1, without losing French as they live in basically French-speaking urban zones. This state of language shift implies that there will subsequently be bilingualism without diglossia in Cameroon's two official languages, and loss of the long-standing French language hegemony in Cameroon. At the same time, this shift threatens Cameroon's ancestral languages, forcing them increasingly into attrition and possibly endangerment.
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Head teachers’ tasks in the implementation of preschool curriculum in Kenya public preschools - Gatumu, Jane Ciumwari (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2010)
This exploratory study addressed what the head teacher does to teachers, children and parents in the implementation of the preschool curriculum. The 33 head teachers were purposefully selected. The research established that the key tasks undertaken by the head teachers to teachers, children and parents as the key preschool stakeholders are not associated to their (head teachers‘) general background characteristics, but are more related to their basic knowledge about preschool education and the time they have at their disposal. It was found that the stated tasks are peripheral to direct classroom management undertaken by preschool teachers. The identified tasks by the 33 head teachers formed a basis of broader discussion about the need to have them trained and attend in-service courses on preschool classroom management which would make them experts in curriculum implementation.Key words: head teacher, tasks, preschool curriculum, implementation, preschool
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The Practice of Learner-Centered Method in Upper Primary Schools of Ethiopia - Melese, W; Tadesse, Tefera; Asefa, W (Ethiopian journal of education and sciences, 2010)
This article explores the practice of learner-centered methodology in upper primary school of Ethiopia and the major obstacles for the effective use of such methods in the classroom.Data were collected from upper primary school teachers, school principals, and students through observation, interview and focus group discussion from the sample schools in the country.The results of the study revealed that even though it is not adequate, upper primary school teachers try to employee learner centered methodology in the classroom.The major hindering factors identified for effective implementation of these methods in the upper primary schools are generally related to student, teacher, school, and resource and equipment related factors.
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Influence of Early Literacy Parental Involvement on Science Achievement of Junior Secondary School Students in Nigeria - Oludipe, BD (Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences, 2010)
Influence of early literacy on science achievement of Junior Secondary School students was examined in this study.The sample consisted of 360 Junior Secondary School II (JSSII) students (162 females and 198 males, mean age 13.47years, SD= 0.746) randomly selected from 12 co-educational junior secondary schools in Osun state, Nigeria.An achievement test (Integrated Science Achievement Test, 'INSAT') and a questionnaire (Early Literacy Parent Involvement Questionnaire, 'ELIPIQ') were used for data collection.The Cronbach coefficient alpha value for the questionnaire was found to be 0.62 while Reliability estimates of 0.74 was established for the achievement test.Findings revealed that: of the 360 parents involved in this study, only about 20.8% were highly involved in their children's early literacy acquisition; parental involvement in literacy acquisition of boys was more than that of girls, though this difference was not significant; a positive relationship between parental involvement in early literacy acquisition and students' science achievement was found and, parental involvement in children's early literacy acquisition predicted only 0.280 (28%) of the variation of achievement in science (R 2 = 0.280) and a positive but weak (r =0.183) significant relationship between parents' educational attainment and their involvement in literacy acquisition of their children was also found.It was therefore recommended that parents should be more involved in early literacy acquisition of their children by spending time to read with them, share stories, recite rhymes, jingles, poetry, and so on.
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Midwifery tutors' capacity and willingness to teach contraception, post-abortion care, and legal pregnancy termination in Ghana - Voetagbe, Gertrude; Yellu, Nathaniel; Mills, Joseph; Mitchell, Ellen M. H.; Adu-Amankwah, Amanda; Jehu-Appiah, Koma; Nyante, Felix (Human Resources for Health, 2010)
Ghana has a high maternal mortality rate of 540 per 100 000. Although abortion complications usually are treatable, the risks of morbidity and death increase when treatment is delayed. Delay in care may occur when women have difficulty accessing treatment because health care providers are not trained, equipped, or willing to treat the complications of abortion. Gaps in the midwifery tutors' knowledge on comprehensive abortion care (CAC) have resulted in most midwives in Ghana not knowing the legal indications under which safe abortion care can be provided, and lacking the skills and competencies for CAC services. The aim of this study is to assess the capacity and willingness of midwifery tutors to teach contraception, post abortion care and legal termination in Ghana. This study focused on all 14 midwifery schools in the country. A total of 74 midwifery tutors were interviewed for this study. Structured self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. The data were entered and checked for consistencies using Epiinfo 6.04 and analyzed using Stata 8. Descriptive analysis was used and frequencies reported with percentages. In total, 74 midwifery tutors were interviewed. Of these, 66 (89.2%) were females. The tutors had mainly been trained as midwives (51.4%) and graduate nurses (33.8%). Respondents were predominantly Christians (97.3%). The study discovered that only 18.9% of the tutors knew all the legal indications under which safe abortion care could be provided. The content of pre-service training of tutors did not include uterine evacuation with manual vacuum aspirator (MVA). The study also highlighted some factors that influence midwifery tutors' willingness to teach comprehensive abortion care. It was also revealed that personal and religious beliefs greatly influence teaching of Comprehensive Abortion Care. The findings of this survey suggest that the majority of tutors did not know the abortion law in Ghana as well as the Ghana Health Service Reproductive Health Standards and Protocol. Thus, there is a need to enhance their capacities to teach the present pre-service students the necessary skills to offer CAC after school and to understand related issues such as related legal matters.
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Compatibility Between Internationalizing and Africanizing Higher Education in South Africa - Botha, M. (Journal of Studies in International Education, 2010)
Internationalisation of the higher education sector across the world has become the norm and this is also true for South African universities. Another dimension has with increasing intension moved into the foreground, namely the need to Africanise South African higher education. The imperatives of these two dimensions are often portrayed as polarised positions and it is thus perceived that the one negates the benefits of the other. This article argues that compatibility exists between internationalisation and Africanisation of higher education in South Africa. To substantiate this argument, the conceptualisation of internationalisation and the Africanising of South African higher education, from selected literature, is presented. Subsequently, it is shown why these two conceptualisations could be perceived as contradictory to each other, and hence some touch points for finding compatibility between them are identified. Some pointers for further research are also indicated.
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A Philosophical Examination of the Traditional Yoruba Notion of Education and its Relevance to the Contemporary African Quest for Development - Fayemi, Ademola Kazeem; Macaulay-Adeyelure, O. C. (Africa thought and practice, 2010)
This paper undertakes a philosophical investigation of the implications of the traditional Yoruba understanding of education for the contemporary African quest for development.The paper argues that the Yoruba conception of education is marked by the underlying philosophical principles of functionalism, moralism and progressivism.These principles, the paper contends, are of great relevance to the quest of contemporary African societies for education that will serve as a catalyst for development.
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Teaching Students to Challenge the Status Quo: Recognizing Oppression in African Film - Carmine, Roberta Di (The Councilor: A Journal of the Social Studies, 2010)
Normal 0 0 1 29 152 2 1 204 11.1282 0 0 0 The purpose of this paper is twofold: to share experiences and strategies about teaching race and oppression with African films and promote the use of non-Western films in the classroom.  By referring to bell hooks' and Richard Dyer's works, the paper discusses how teachers have a responsibility to create a learning environment in which students learn to be open minded and to challenge the status quo. Normal 0 0 1 77 403 6 1 542 11.1282 0 0 0 African films offer an opportunity to achieve this goal. Films such as Black Girl demand students’ attention but also require in-depth discussions if we want to raise students’ awareness of films as political weapons and expressions of oppression.
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An evaluation study on the relevance and effectiveness of training activities in Northern Uganda - Cicció, Luigi; Makumbi, Med; Sera, Diana (Rural and remote health, 2010)
Introduction: In-service training is required for quality health service delivery, particularly in a human resource constrained setting. However, detailed evaluation of training effectiveness is rarely conducted because the improved theoretical knowledge demonstrated by trainees during training is commonly used as a proxy indicator of effectiveness. This study focused on a trained health workforce in Northern Uganda. The retention of specifically-trained staff 12-15 months after attending training was examined, as was the relevance and usefulness of the training as perceived by the health workers. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study used a structured questionnaire to interview 104 health workers (mainly paramedics) who received training in the Northern Uganda Malaria, AIDS & HIV and TB Program in the period July 2007 to February 2008. Results: Of the 104 interviewed health workers, 71% were still deployed at the original work site at the time of the interview and 87% reported they found the training event attended to be useful. However, any form of follow up was provided to only 40% of respondents, and 25% reported having attended another similar training event on the same topic at some point in time. Conclusion: All programs with a substantial training component should conduct a periodic methodical evaluation of the training. Key words: human resources, in-service training, Uganda.
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Analysis of multidimensional aspects of agricultural droughts in Zimbabwe using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) - Manatsa, Desmond; Mukwada, Geoffrey; Siziba, Emmanuel; Chinyanganya, Tafadzwa (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2010)
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National Drought Insurance For Malawi - Syroka, Joanna; Nucifora, Antonio (2010)
Malawi has experienced several catastrophic droughts over the past few decades. The impact of these shocks has been far reaching, and the resulting macroeconomic instability has been a major constraint to growth and poverty reduction in Malawi. This paper describes a weather risk management tool that has been developed to help the government manage the financial impact of drought-related national maize production shortfalls. The instrument is an index-based weather derivative contract designed to transfer the financial risk of severe and catastrophic national drought that adversely impacts the government's budget to the international risk markets. Because rainfall and maize yields are highly correlated, changes in rainfall -- its timing, cumulative amount, and distribution -- can act as an accurate proxy for maize losses. An index has been constructed using rainfall data from 23 weather stations throughout Malawi and uses daily rainfall as an input to predict maize yields and therefore production throughout the country. The index picks up the well documented historical drought events in 2005, 1995, 1994, and 1992 and a weather derivative contract based on such an index would have triggered timely cash payouts to the government in those years. This innovative risk management instrument was pioneered in 2008/2009 by the Government of Malawi, with the assistance of the World Bank, and was a first for a sovereign entity in Africa. Several piloting seasons will be necessary to understand the scope and limitations of such contracts, and their role in the government's strategy, contingency planning, and operational drought response framework.
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Patriotism and Democratic Citizenship Education in South Africa: On the (im) Possibility of Reconciliation and Nation Building - Waghid, Yusef (2010)
This chapter contains sections titled: South Africa's Democratic Citizenship Education Agenda On the Dilemmas of Blind Patriotism On the Implausibility of ‘Safe Expression’: Reconciliation and Nation Building Through Democratic Justice Note References
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The Environment in the Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Technology Learning Areas for General Education and Training in South Africa - Grange, Lesley Le (Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 2010)
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Disability Care in Nigeria: The need for professional advocacy - Amusat, Nurudeen (African Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, 2010)
Physical therapists (PTs) as rehabilitation experts, have a unique role to play in fostering independence for people with disability and reducing human disability levels in Nigeria.Access to rehabilitation for people with disability is inadequate, with the attendant economic and social implications if the status quo is maintained.Changes are required in how people perceive disability and in legislation, through policy direction and implementation, to achieve the goal of equal opportunities for people with disability.The current dispensation indicates that physical therapists may have been complacent about the advocacy role that they need to play to bring about a positive change for people with disability.Improved advocacy by physical therapists and their organizations at all levels of the society will directly impact people with disability and indirectly improve the professional standing of physical therapists (PTs).
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Francolin Illustrated School Dictionary for Southern Africa - Benjamin, Mara (Lexikos, 2010)
Dorothea Mantzel and Bernd Schulz. Francolin Illustrated School Dictionary for Southern Africa. Developed by The Dictionary Unit for South African English in consultation with The Molteno Project and READ Education Trust. 1997. xvi + 336 pp. ISBN 1-86859-015-1. Cape Town: Francolin Publishers.
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Institutional adaptive capacity and climate change response in the Congo Basin forests of Cameroon - Brown, H. Carolyn Peach; Nkem, Johnson; Sonwa, D.J.; Bele, Y. (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010)
Climate change presents additional challenges to a diverse country like Cameroon that shares the Congo Basin rainforest. Not only is the population vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change, forest-dependent communities are also vulnerable to changing environmental policy that may affect their access to forest resources. Using a qualitative approach to data collection through semi-structured interviews and content analysis of relevant documents, the perception of decision-makers within, and the response of the institutions of the state, the private sector and civil society to the complex challenges of climate change in the Congo Basin forest of Cameroon were analysed. Results indicate that while decision-makers’ awareness of climate change is high, a concrete institutional response is at a very early stage. Cameroon has low adaptive capacity that is further constrained by weak linkages among government institutions nationally and between different levels of government and with communities. Civil society institutions play a role in enhancing government capacity to respond, particularly in relation to new international policies on climate change and forests. Adaptive capacity would be further enhanced by facilitating institutional linkages and coordinating multilevel responses across all boundaries of government, private sector and civil society. A collaborative capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in Cameroon.
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Institutional adaptive capacity and climate change response in the Congo Basin forests of Cameroon - Brown, H. Carolyn Peach; Nkem, Johnson; Sonwa, D.J.; Bele, Y. (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010)
Climate change presents additional challenges to a diverse country like Cameroon that shares the Congo Basin rainforest. Not only is the population vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change, forest-dependent communities are also vulnerable to changing environmental policy that may affect their access to forest resources. Using a qualitative approach to data collection through semi-structured interviews and content analysis of relevant documents, the perception of decision-makers within, and the response of the institutions of the state, the private sector and civil society to the complex challenges of climate change in the Congo Basin forest of Cameroon were analysed. Results indicate that while decision-makers’ awareness of climate change is high, a concrete institutional response is at a very early stage. Cameroon has low adaptive capacity that is further constrained by weak linkages among government institutions nationally and between different levels of government and with communities. Civil society institutions play a role in enhancing government capacity to respond, particularly in relation to new international policies on climate change and forests. Adaptive capacity would be further enhanced by facilitating institutional linkages and coordinating multilevel responses across all boundaries of government, private sector and civil society. A collaborative capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in Cameroon.
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Institutional adaptive capacity and climate change response in the Congo Basin forests of Cameroon - Brown, H. Carolyn Peach; Nkem, Johnson; Sonwa, D.J.; Bele, Y. (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010)
Climate change presents additional challenges to a diverse country like Cameroon that shares the Congo Basin rainforest. Not only is the population vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change, forest-dependent communities are also vulnerable to changing environmental policy that may affect their access to forest resources. Using a qualitative approach to data collection through semi-structured interviews and content analysis of relevant documents, the perception of decision-makers within, and the response of the institutions of the state, the private sector and civil society to the complex challenges of climate change in the Congo Basin forest of Cameroon were analysed. Results indicate that while decision-makers’ awareness of climate change is high, a concrete institutional response is at a very early stage. Cameroon has low adaptive capacity that is further constrained by weak linkages among government institutions nationally and between different levels of government and with communities. Civil society institutions play a role in enhancing government capacity to respond, particularly in relation to new international policies on climate change and forests. Adaptive capacity would be further enhanced by facilitating institutional linkages and coordinating multilevel responses across all boundaries of government, private sector and civil society. A collaborative capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in Cameroon.
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Institutional adaptive capacity and climate change response in the Congo Basin forests of Cameroon - Brown, H. Carolyn Peach; Nkem, Johnson; Sonwa, D.J.; Bele, Y. (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010)
Climate change presents additional challenges to a diverse country like Cameroon that shares the Congo Basin rainforest. Not only is the population vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change, forest-dependent communities are also vulnerable to changing environmental policy that may affect their access to forest resources. Using a qualitative approach to data collection through semi-structured interviews and content analysis of relevant documents, the perception of decision-makers within, and the response of the institutions of the state, the private sector and civil society to the complex challenges of climate change in the Congo Basin forest of Cameroon were analysed. Results indicate that while decision-makers’ awareness of climate change is high, a concrete institutional response is at a very early stage. Cameroon has low adaptive capacity that is further constrained by weak linkages among government institutions nationally and between different levels of government and with communities. Civil society institutions play a role in enhancing government capacity to respond, particularly in relation to new international policies on climate change and forests. Adaptive capacity would be further enhanced by facilitating institutional linkages and coordinating multilevel responses across all boundaries of government, private sector and civil society. A collaborative capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in Cameroon.
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Institutional adaptive capacity and climate change response in the Congo Basin forests of Cameroon - Brown, H. Carolyn Peach; Nkem, Johnson; Sonwa, D.J.; Bele, Y. (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010)
Climate change presents additional challenges to a diverse country like Cameroon that shares the Congo Basin rainforest. Not only is the population vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change, forest-dependent communities are also vulnerable to changing environmental policy that may affect their access to forest resources. Using a qualitative approach to data collection through semi-structured interviews and content analysis of relevant documents, the perception of decision-makers within, and the response of the institutions of the state, the private sector and civil society to the complex challenges of climate change in the Congo Basin forest of Cameroon were analysed. Results indicate that while decision-makers’ awareness of climate change is high, a concrete institutional response is at a very early stage. Cameroon has low adaptive capacity that is further constrained by weak linkages among government institutions nationally and between different levels of government and with communities. Civil society institutions play a role in enhancing government capacity to respond, particularly in relation to new international policies on climate change and forests. Adaptive capacity would be further enhanced by facilitating institutional linkages and coordinating multilevel responses across all boundaries of government, private sector and civil society. A collaborative capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in Cameroon.
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Technology-Assisted Learning at South African Universities - Kruger, Marlena; Broere, Izak (2010)
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Grammatical terminology for the teaching of African languages at tertiary level - Msimang, C.T (Lexikos, 2010)
The article addresses the question of the elaboration and modernisation of African languages to enable them to be used as language media for the teaching of African languages, particularly grammar. Whereas all institutions at tertiary level of education have undergone a paradigm shift from teaching African languages in English and Afrikaans to teaching them in their own medium, the necessary terms to ensure efficiency in this process are lacking. Scholars therefore need to focus on term creation and thereafter standardization of the terminologies. Some flaws in the creation of African terminologies in the past are highlighted and remedies suggested. It is recommended that statutory bodies such as the Council for Higher Education (CHE) or the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA), or academic bodies such as the African Languages Association of Southern Africa (ALASA) could be entrusted with the task of the standardization of these terminologies. Keywords: african languages, language medium, grammatical terminology, term creation, standardization of terminology, teaching at tertiary level.
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Literacy, language, composition, rhetoric and (not) the African American student (2010)
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Constructivist practices through guided discovery approach: The effect on students’ cognitive achievement in Nigerian senior secondary school physics - Akinbobola, Akinyemi Olufunminiyi; Afolabi, Folashade (International journal of physics and chemistry education, 2010)
The study investigated constructivist practices through guided discovery approach and the effect on students’ cognitive achievement in Nigerian senior secondary school Physics. The study adopted pretest-posttest control group design. A criterion sampling technique was used to select six schools out of nine schools that met the criteria. A total of 278 students took part in the study; this was made up of 141 male students and 137 female students in their respective intact classes. Physic Achievement Test (PAT) with the internal consistency of 0.77 using Kuder Richardson formula 21 was the instrument used in collecting data. The data were analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and t-test. The results showed that guided discovery approaches was the most effective in facilitating students’ achievement in physics after being taught using a pictorial organizer. This was followed by demonstration while expository was found to be the least effective. Also, there exists no significant difference in the achievement of male and female physics students taught with guided discovery, demonstration and expository teaching approaches and corresponding exposure to a pictorial organizer. It is recommended that physics teachers should endeavour to use constructivist practices through guided discovery approach in order to engage students in problem solving activities, independent learning, critical thinking and understanding, and creative learning, rather than in rote learning and memorization.
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African Philosophy of Education - Asante, Moleif kete; Okrah, Kwadwo A. (2010)
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Islamiya Schools in Nigeria - Boyle, Helen N (2010)
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Qur’anic Schools and the Preservation of a Moroccan Tradition - Boyle, Helen N (2010)
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Clinical presentation and complications in patients with unsafe abortions in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria - Ekanem, Ekpenyong E.; Etuk, Saturday; Ekabua, JE; Iklaki, CU (Nigerian journal of medicine : journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria, 2010)
Background: Unsafe abortion still contributes significantly to high maternal morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries despite concerted efforts being made to reduce it.Our objective is to determine the incidence, mode presentation and complications of Unsafe abortion.Method: This prospective study was carried out by directly interviewing patients managed for unsafe abortion st st over one and half years period (1 June 2003, to 31 December, 2004) in Maternity Annex of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, Nigeria.Results: Incidence of Unsafe abortion of 27.6% of all gynaecological admissions was established.Most Patients (55.7%) were age 20 30 years while 25.4% were teenagers.There were 33 (27.1%) students, 38.2% were single women and 38.5% had secondary education.The major reasons given for terminating the pregnancy included completion of education (25.4%), fear of parental action (18.8%) and in 17.2% the father of the pregnancy was unknown.Medical officers (32.8%) performed majority of the abortions while 10.7% were self induced by the patients themselves.Main complications encountered included retained product of conceptions, haemorrhage, sepsis, injuries to genital tracts and intraabdomal organs.Conclusion: Unsafe abortion and it complications occurs in all socioeconomic groups.Efforts directed at reducing unintended pregnancy by comprehensive family planning programs and effective emergency post abortal care services will reduce the problem while the legal status of abortion is being debated.
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Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices of emergency contraception as a prevention to unwanted pregnancies among students in teachers college in Songea district, Ruvuma region-Tanzania - September 2005 - Hinju, J; Luoga, P.J. (The Dar es Salaam Medical Students Journal, 2010)
Objective: To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of emergency contraception among the college students in Songea District, September 2005. Design: Descriptive, cross- sectional study Methodology: Data was collected through self administered questionnaires, where by students were instructed what to do in introductory remark. All this was done first before being administered in the class. Then the filled questionnaires were collected. Results: Majority were not using ECP 56(46.7%) with a reason of never had need for it, followed by 29 (24.2%) and 28 (23.3%), with reasons of partner doesn’t like it and religious reasons respectively. Cancer causation was chosen the least, 7 (5.8%). Only 23 individuals had ever used ECP in their life time, of these only 8 (34.8%) followed by 6 (26.1%) who had a failure in withdrawal. Other reasons for ECP use were almost evenly distributed Only 136 individuals were able to respond to ECP using references, where by 75(55.1%) said yes and 61 (44.9%) said no. Out of 133 individuals who responded, large number of individuals 114 (85.7%) had never use ECP despite of sex exposure and only 19 (14.3%) were able to use ECP. Majority of individuals out of 80, 66 (82.55%) had a knowledge that ECP prevent pregnancy formation and few had a negative response, 7 (8.8%) causes abortion, 5 (6.3%) causes cancer. Conclusion/recommendations This study revealed that people in up-country with much concern to bearing age group, have very little knowledge about emergency contraception. However, they are highly in need of getting it, and they are also in need of knowledge and dispensing units. There are increased numbers of unwanted pregnancies among college students (as reported by the discipline master). So this is a good reflection that there are cases of abortions of which they are not reported.
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Psycho-active substance use among in-school adolescents in Zaria, North western Nigeria: What are the triggers? - Idris, SH; Sambo, MN (Nigerian journal of medicine : journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria, 2010)
Psycho-active substances have been used by various societies since the dawn of civilization, and still remain a major public health concern in the 21st century. Evidence has shown that in the last 2 decades in Nigeria, adolescents are a major group involved in the use of psychoactive substances. The study was carried out to determine pattern of use and the push factors for such use among in school adolescents in Zaria, Nigeria.The study was cross sectional descriptive in design. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to interview 280 respondents using self administered, structured and pre tested questionnaires. Data was analyzed manually and chi-square test statistic was used to test for significance of association between categorical variables at p value of < 0.05.A total of 280 respondents, 195 (69.6%) males and 85 (30.4%) females senior secondary school adolescent were interviewed. The study shows that 157 (56%) use one or more substance or the other. The commonest ones are kola nut followed by cigarette and marijuana. The commonest push factor for use is to experiment (54%). The study also shows, statistically significant relationship between family background and psychoactive substance use (chi2 = 21.57, df = 2 p < 0.05), there was however no statistical significance between age, class of the students and substance use respectively (chi2 = 1.94, df = 2 p > 0.05) (chi2 = 0.97, df = 2p > 0.05).The prevalence of psychoactive substances use is unacceptably high and the main trigger identified was the process of experimentation in order to discover their effects. There is the need to institutionalize preventive strategies against substance abuse in our secondary schools. Further studies in this area are also recommended.
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Psycho-active substance use among in-school adolescents in Zaria, North western Nigeria: What are the triggers? - Idris, SH; Sambo, MN (Nigerian journal of medicine : journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria, 2010)
Psycho-active substances have been used by various societies since the dawn of civilization, and still remain a major public health concern in the 21st century. Evidence has shown that in the last 2 decades in Nigeria, adolescents are a major group involved in the use of psychoactive substances. The study was carried out to determine pattern of use and the push factors for such use among in school adolescents in Zaria, Nigeria.The study was cross sectional descriptive in design. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to interview 280 respondents using self administered, structured and pre tested questionnaires. Data was analyzed manually and chi-square test statistic was used to test for significance of association between categorical variables at p value of < 0.05.A total of 280 respondents, 195 (69.6%) males and 85 (30.4%) females senior secondary school adolescent were interviewed. The study shows that 157 (56%) use one or more substance or the other. The commonest ones are kola nut followed by cigarette and marijuana. The commonest push factor for use is to experiment (54%). The study also shows, statistically significant relationship between family background and psychoactive substance use (chi2 = 21.57, df = 2 p < 0.05), there was however no statistical significance between age, class of the students and substance use respectively (chi2 = 1.94, df = 2 p > 0.05) (chi2 = 0.97, df = 2p > 0.05).The prevalence of psychoactive substances use is unacceptably high and the main trigger identified was the process of experimentation in order to discover their effects. There is the need to institutionalize preventive strategies against substance abuse in our secondary schools. Further studies in this area are also recommended.
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Knowledge, attitudes and practices on HIV prevention among secondary school students in Bukoba rural, Kagera region- Tanzania - Kamala, Benjamin; Aboud, Said (The Dar es Salaam Medical Students Journal, 2010)
It is estimated that about 42 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide.Among them 90% are from developing countries and more than 70% of them are found in Sub-Saharan Africa including Tanzania.About 4.8 million people are infected annually, 70% being women and 3 million are in Sub-Saharan Africa.Approximately 3 million people died from AIDS in 2003 worldwide.Documented data show that the reproductive age group is more vulnerable and thus an intervention is necessary in this age group.Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices on HIV preventive measures among secondary school students.
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Perception of college of education lecturers about technical education research and evaluation in Nigeria - Kennedy, Odu Oji (African Research Review, 2010)
The study was conducted to ascertain the perception of Federal College of Education Technical lecturers towards technical education research in South-South geo-political zone of Nigeria.In pursuance of this purpose, four research questions were formulated and one hypothesis tested.The population comprised of 70 lecturers of Federal Colleges of Education (Technical) in Asaba, Umunze and Omoku.The entire population was used for the study.No sampling was done because of the fewness of the population.The design used was a survey.The instrument used was the questionnaire.On the whole 57 items were drawn using the likert scale format.The instrument was considered valid by experts with the reliability coefficient of 0.89 using Cronbach alpha.Simple percentage and t-test were used to analyse the data.The study revealed that: Government's inactive role in supporting and promoting research activities in colleges of education (technical) caused low morale of lecturers towards research; A lot of constraints such as poor attitude to research, falsification of research data, among others are the challenges of technical education research.The study recommends among others that: About 10 percent of the education tax fund should be voted to research; Government should improve its communication network.
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Visual loss in a school for the blind in Nigeria - Okoye, Obiekwe; Aghaji, AE; In, Ikojo (The Nigerian journal of medicine, 2010)
There are an estimated 1.4 million blind children worldwide, it has been observed that almost 90% of the so-called blind population (children inclusive) do not have total loss of visual function, but retain a degree of usable residual vision. The study aims to determined the sites and causes of visual loss in the students of a school for the blind in Nigeria, and also the proportion of those students who could benefit from low vision devices.Forty-five students of the school were examined using the standard World Health Organization/Prevention of blindness examination record for childhood blindness. Refraction and assessment for low vision devices were conducted, where necessary.Glaucoma/buphthalmos (22.2%) and corneal lesions (20%) were the major causes of vision loss. Six students (13.3%) benefited from spectacles and/or low vision devices.Glaucoma/buphthalmos is assuming great significance in this study population, though most of the causes of vision loss are avoidable (77.7%). There is need for low vision service in the schools for the blind in South East Nigeria.
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Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Risk Behaviour among Students of Colleges of Education in Osun State, Nigeria - Olubayo-Fatiregun, M.A. (African Research Review, 2010)
This study examined the knowledge and risk behaviours on HIV/AIDS of students in colleges of Education in Osun State. The study sampled 1600 students (male and female) from two colleges of Education. A descriptive survey was adopted for the study using stratified random sampling techniques. A self- developed questionnaire served as data collection tool. The data analysis was done using descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages, while t-test and multiple regression analyses were used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. Result showed that many of the students in these colleges still do not have much knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Misinformation about HIV/AIDS prevention still persists and pronounced among the youths despite all the efforts of the national and international organizations. There is need for HIV/AIDS education in all Colleges of Education and other tertiary institutions in Nigeria to be taken more seriously than before. Despite the high level of knowledge of some of the students, their risky-behaviour has not changed.Key words: Risk-behaviour, knowledge, HIV/AIDS College of EducationIlesa, and Ila-Orangun.
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Science Education in a South African Township: What Type of Science Education do Children Respond to? - Stears, Michèle (Africa insight, 2010)
This article reports on research conducted in a science class to determine how learners respond to a science module that relates to their social and cultural context. The theory of social constructivism framed this research; the notion that the social environment of children infl uences their learning provided the focus for the study. Data was collected by observing learners in the classroom engaging with relevant content such as fl ammability and energy sources, interviewing learners after the lessons and analysing their worksheets. The results suggest that the social and cultural context indeed have a strong infl uence on what learners fi nd interesting and want to know more about. This has implications for science education, as it indicates that science learning is often compromised when learners grapple with the social and cultural conditions that impact their everyday lives.
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Influence of environment on secondary school students’ reading effectiveness in uyo local government area of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria - Udosen, Alice E.; Afangideh, Maria Emmanuel (African Research Review, 2010)
The study sought to find out the influence of student' primary school, peer group and school location on their reading effectiveness.Two hundred junior secondary one students in Uyo Local Government Area responded to a 20-item questionnaire constructed and validated by the researchers.Two research questions were answered and one null hypothesis was tested using mean and independent t-test respectively.The results show that students' primary school experiences and peer group exert negative influence on their reading effectiveness.There was also significant mean difference between the urban and rural students' reading effectiveness.Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among other things that attention be given to public primary schools in the state and nation to provide students with rich and enabling environment for their future academic growth.
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Barriers to effective implementation of nutrition education in Nigerian secondary schools and solutions to overcoming them - Ukpore, BA (African Research Review, 2010)
One of the factors that influence people's food habits is education.This paper discussed the concept of nutrition education and the relevance of nutrition education to individual and family health.The barriers to effective implementation of nutrition education were also discussed.These include lack of contact with professionals, attitude, limitation of human and material resources and too much focus on examinations.Solutions for each of these barriers are provided.
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Issues and challenges in the development of entrepreneurship education in Nigeria - Unachukwu, GO (African research review, 2010)
Entrepreneurship education has emphasis on economics and covers business disciplines like management, marketing and finance with links to psychology, sociology, and teacher education as well as business education.It prepares and builds persons to be responsible and enterprising individuals capable of deep entrepreneurial thinking that contribute to economic and sustainable development.It focuses on expertise that is needed and used to conceive and commercialise business opportunities.Nigeria especially in the face of the global economic crisis and its energy crisis requires graduates who will be job "creators" and not job "seekers".This paper addresses issues and challenges in the development of entrepreneurship education in Nigeria.These include major issues like the need for a policy framework for youth entrepreneurship.It also identified the challenges to its development which include funding, manpower and education, and entrepreneurial attitude.The paper finally made recommendations that will enhance a full blown entrepreneurship education in Nigeria.
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Challenges of Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Nigeria: a Synthesis from the Literature - Enete, Anselm A.; Amusa, Taofeeq Ade (Field Actions Science Reports. The journal of field actions, 2010)
Climate change is perhaps the most serious environmental threat to the fight against hunger, malnutrition, disease and poverty in Africa, mainly through its impact on agricultural productivity. This paper discusses the challenges of agricultural adaptation to climate change in Nigeria under the categories (adapted from FAO, 2001) - Hunger and Poverty; Agricultural funding for research and technology development; Traditional agricultural practices; Trade Liberalization and Market Development;  Policies, Institutions and Public Goods; and Information and Human Capital. The rural population, who produce more than 70% of the food eaten in Nigeria, are disproportionately poor and face malnutrition and disease. Both government and the private sector, which should drive the sector through consistent policies, robust funding and infrastructure development, have failed to accord this problem the priority it deserves. Moreover, the anticipated benefit from trade liberalization has failed to trickle down to the African farmer, coupled with the inefficient local marketing systems. In addition, the farmers are slow in changing their farming practices such as bush burning, deforestation and rain-fed agriculture and they lack the requisite education, information and training necessary to adapt to climate change. It is recommended that the government should not only decentralize its programs on poverty/HIV-AIDS and agricultural research (funding and activities), but should make them participatory. In addition, there should be an explicit national agricultural policy framework, adequate provision for irrigation, drainage, weather forecasting and other agricultural technology infrastructure, an incentive for training in agriculture, participatory and on-going capacity building for farmers, drought resistant and short duration high yielding crops development, integration of indigenous and modern knowledge on climate change adaptation, strengthening of the extension services, and encouragement for the formation of farmer groups.
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School, Community, and Church Activities: Relationship to Academic Achievement of Low-Income African American Early Adolescents in the Rural Deep South - Irvin, Matthew J.; Farmer, Thomas W.; Leung, Man‐Chi; Thompson, Jana; Hutchins, Bryan C. (Journal of Research in Rural Education, 2010)
The relationship of participation in school, community, and church activities to the academic achievement (i.e., end-of-year school grades) of African American youth in rural low-income communities was examined. Participants included 280 students (177 girls and 103 boys) in the 7th and 8th grades of two public middle schools. Participation in school, community, and church activities was measured by participants' involvement in extracurricular activities in these contexts. Results indicated that after accounting for school activities and other control variables, church activities were related to academic achievement. Findings suggested that it is important to consider participation in the activities of contexts outside of school that may support the achievement of African American youth in the rural Deep South. According to the self-system processes view, when an individual's interactions with a particular setting meets his or her basic needs (i.e., need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness) the individual will participate in the activities of that context (Connell, 1990; Connell & Wellborn, 1991). In turn, sustained and increased participation in the activities of that setting leads to the attainment of available outcomes and increased adjustment. Students participate in school in several respects. More passive forms of participation that are the minimum necessary for learning include, for example, attendance and completing assignments (Finn, 1989). As students age they become more active and independent. As a result, involvement in school activities (e.g., sports, band, math club) becomes an increasingly important form of school participation across late childhood and adolescence (Finn, 1989). Likewise, participation in similar activities in the community (e.g., sports) or at church (e.g., youth group) can be considered more active forms of participation in those contexts as well. The current study examines school, community, and church activities as these are more age-appropriate, voluntary, and active forms of participation that may supplement traditional classroom learning for rural adolescents. Research has begun to accrue that demonstrates a positive relationship between participation in school, community, and church activities and student achievement (e.g., Gutman & McLoyd, 2000; Mahoney, Larson, Eccles, & Lord, 2005; National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2002; Regnerus & Elder, 2003). Benefits from such activities have been purported to increase achievement through numerous mechanisms. For example, these include enhancing other forms of participation (e.g., attendance), interpersonal competence, educational and occupational aspirations, and academic efficacy and motivation via the provision of various factors (e.g., safety, structure, supportive relationships, sense of belonging, positive social norms, skill building) (Mahoney et al., 2005; National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2002). However, studies have rarely examined youth's participation in multiple contexts or activities (Bartko & Eccles, 2003; Feldman & Matjasko, 2005; Fredricks & Eccles, 2006; McNeal, 1998; Posner & Vandell, 1994; Roche, Ensminger, Chilcoat, & Storr, 2003). That is, research typically investigates a single activity or participation in one setting which is most often school. Yet, youth participate in multiple activities across several contexts. In addition, little research on students' activities has involved rural youth, especially rural youth experiencing high levels of poverty. Several findings indicate that the poverty encountered by rural African American youth substantially increases their chances for educational problems including low achievement (Farmer, Irvin, Thompson, Hutchins, & Leung, 2006; Johnson & Strange, 2007; Khattri, Riley, & Kane, 1997). For example, African American youth attending schools identified as Rural Low Income by the Rural Education Achievement Program are four times less likely to meet Adequate Yearly Progress than most other rural youth (Farmer, Leung, et al. …
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Cooking as a source of indoor air pollution in rural areas of Tanzania - Jackson, Msafiri M. (International journal of biological and chemical sciences, 2010)
This study was concerned with the assessment of the contribution of cooking fuelwood, charcoal and kerosene to indoor air pollution in households in Msangani, Chahua and Kazimzumbwi villages in the Coast Region, Tanzania.It has also assessed the performance of Single Compartment Model in predicting indoor pollution levels under Tanzania conditions.The methods used in this study were household survey, measurements, and observation.The pollutants measured were Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and Nitrogen oxides (NOX) using a combustion analyzer CA-6200-CALc manufacured by RAECO of USA, and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) using a filter and vacuum pump.It was observed that 97.3% of the 112 families surveyed utilized simple "three stones" fires for cooking.Other observed cooking facilities in the study areas were charcoal stoves and kerosene stoves.The overall pattern shows that the population in the three villages spent about 76.8% of their time indoors.The hourly indoor average SPM levels during cooking period ranged from 13571 µg/m3 to 305798 µg/m3.Compared with SPM levels recorded in similar studies, these values were much higher, and may contribute to health problems observed in the study areas.The CO concentrations before cooking, for households that use fuel wood, exceeded the WHO hourly standard of 30 mg/m3 in 69.4 % of the surveyed households, while the concentrations for those households using charcoal and kerosene were zero.The overall average CO concentrations in mg/m3 at all households during cooking were 325 ± 211 and 148 ± 44 when fuelwood and charcoal biomass were used respectively.The measured values of CO were above the recommended WHO guidelines with an hourly objective value of 30 mg/m3.A Single Compartment Model provided a satisfactory approximation of the measured CO concentrations with an average ratio of measured/modelled CO concentration at 1.1± 0.3.The study recommends improvement to the ventilation system including the provision of an adequate number of windows and installation of chimneys for removal of combustion pollutants from indoor environment.
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Cooking as a source of indoor air pollution in rural areas of Tanzania - Jackson, Msafiri M. (International journal of biological and chemical sciences, 2010)
This study was concerned with the assessment of the contribution of cooking fuelwood, charcoal and kerosene to indoor air pollution in households in Msangani, Chahua and Kazimzumbwi villages in the Coast Region, Tanzania.It has also assessed the performance of Single Compartment Model in predicting indoor pollution levels under Tanzania conditions.The methods used in this study were household survey, measurements, and observation.The pollutants measured were Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and Nitrogen oxides (NOX) using a combustion analyzer CA-6200-CALc manufacured by RAECO of USA, and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) using a filter and vacuum pump.It was observed that 97.3% of the 112 families surveyed utilized simple "three stones" fires for cooking.Other observed cooking facilities in the study areas were charcoal stoves and kerosene stoves.The overall pattern shows that the population in the three villages spent about 76.8% of their time indoors.The hourly indoor average SPM levels during cooking period ranged from 13571 µg/m3 to 305798 µg/m3.Compared with SPM levels recorded in similar studies, these values were much higher, and may contribute to health problems observed in the study areas.The CO concentrations before cooking, for households that use fuel wood, exceeded the WHO hourly standard of 30 mg/m3 in 69.4 % of the surveyed households, while the concentrations for those households using charcoal and kerosene were zero.The overall average CO concentrations in mg/m3 at all households during cooking were 325 ± 211 and 148 ± 44 when fuelwood and charcoal biomass were used respectively.The measured values of CO were above the recommended WHO guidelines with an hourly objective value of 30 mg/m3.A Single Compartment Model provided a satisfactory approximation of the measured CO concentrations with an average ratio of measured/modelled CO concentration at 1.1± 0.3.The study recommends improvement to the ventilation system including the provision of an adequate number of windows and installation of chimneys for removal of combustion pollutants from indoor environment.
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Cooking as a source of indoor air pollution in rural areas of Tanzania - Jackson, Msafiri M. (International journal of biological and chemical sciences, 2010)
This study was concerned with the assessment of the contribution of cooking fuelwood, charcoal and kerosene to indoor air pollution in households in Msangani, Chahua and Kazimzumbwi villages in the Coast Region, Tanzania.It has also assessed the performance of Single Compartment Model in predicting indoor pollution levels under Tanzania conditions.The methods used in this study were household survey, measurements, and observation.The pollutants measured were Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and Nitrogen oxides (NOX) using a combustion analyzer CA-6200-CALc manufacured by RAECO of USA, and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) using a filter and vacuum pump.It was observed that 97.3% of the 112 families surveyed utilized simple "three stones" fires for cooking.Other observed cooking facilities in the study areas were charcoal stoves and kerosene stoves.The overall pattern shows that the population in the three villages spent about 76.8% of their time indoors.The hourly indoor average SPM levels during cooking period ranged from 13571 µg/m3 to 305798 µg/m3.Compared with SPM levels recorded in similar studies, these values were much higher, and may contribute to health problems observed in the study areas.The CO concentrations before cooking, for households that use fuel wood, exceeded the WHO hourly standard of 30 mg/m3 in 69.4 % of the surveyed households, while the concentrations for those households using charcoal and kerosene were zero.The overall average CO concentrations in mg/m3 at all households during cooking were 325 ± 211 and 148 ± 44 when fuelwood and charcoal biomass were used respectively.The measured values of CO were above the recommended WHO guidelines with an hourly objective value of 30 mg/m3.A Single Compartment Model provided a satisfactory approximation of the measured CO concentrations with an average ratio of measured/modelled CO concentration at 1.1± 0.3.The study recommends improvement to the ventilation system including the provision of an adequate number of windows and installation of chimneys for removal of combustion pollutants from indoor environment.
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Assessment of training needs of extension staff of agricultural development programme (ADP), Edo state, Nigeria. - Omoregbee, Friday E; Ajayi, MT (Agro-Science, 2010)
The study assessed the training needs of extension agents in Edo State Agricultural Development Programme (ESADP). The study specifically examined the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, tasks and new tasks performed by them and the task areas in which they needed further training. Using structured questionnaire, data were collected from seventy six (76) randomly selected extension agents in 3 agricultural zones of Edo State. Findings revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 41.7 years. More than half (55.3%) of them holders of National Diploma (ND) and about seventy two percent of the respondents had been working in extension service for 6 and 7 years. The tasks performed by the extension staff ranged from advising farmers on improving methods of farming to new task on health issues such as campaign on HIV/AIDS. The study identified strong training needs for Edo State extension agents on communication skills (X= 4.60), planning demonstration (X=4.60), evaluation of trials (X= 4.57) and farmers training (X=4.56). The correlation analysis showed that education had significant relationship many areas of the respondents' trainingneeds: farmer identification (r= -0.190, p ≤ 0.05), nutrition and food utilization (r = 0.339, p ≤ 0.05), communication skills (r = 0.190, p ≤ 0.05), planning demonstration (r = 0.190, p ≤ 0.05), recording and reporting (r = 0.260, p ≤ 0.05), evaluation of trials (r = 0.190, p ≤ 0.05 ), and rodents and pest control (r = 0.236, p ≤ 0.05 ).Similarly, job experience had significant relationship with the respondents' training need in the area of planning demonstration (r = 0.190, p ≤ 0.05).It was suggested that there is a need for regular training needs analysis, especially for new recruited agricultural graduates to determine their areas of deficiencies.
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Copyright and Education in Africa: Lessons on African Copyright and Access to Knowledge - Schonwetter, Tobias; Beer, Jeremy de; Kawooya, Dick; Prabhala, Achal (The African journal of information and communication, 2010)
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Improving Instruction for Teachers of African American Learners - Carter, Norvella; Skinner, Dametria; Malhorn, Jyoti; Williams, Kamala V.; Zannou, Yetunde (2010)
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Globalizing Teaching and Learning: Perspectives of African-Born Teacher Educators and Students in Urban Settings - Harushimana, Immaculée; Florence, Namulundah; Ikpeze, Chinwe (2010)
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How would Ludwig Wittgenstein have performed in the current South African higher education system? - Grange, Lesley Le (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
The pressure to perform has migrated from the corporate world into academe. Academics across the globe feel this pressure to perform, often expressed as 'publish or perish'. I reflect on the rising culture of performativity in recent decades and how it has penetrated South African universities. In doing so, I specifically look at the academic life of Ludwig Wittgenstein (regarded by Anglo-American philosophers as the greatest philosopher of the 20th century) to begin to deconstruct performativity regimes in South Africa and in particular the NRF rating system.
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Career counselling in the 21st century: South African institutions of higher education at the crossroads - Maree, Jacobus G. (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
The current state of career counselling1 in South African institutions of higher education in the 21st century is explored in this article in an attempt to locate current work in the field of career counselling in South Africa in the light of global trends (academic and economic) and in terms of local history and current economic climate. The articleis based largely on an examination of factors that have contributed collectively and individually to the current state of affairs in career counselling in South Africa (with particular emphasis on institutions of higher education). The key aim is to create a deeper understanding of what can be done to help millions of young people in SouthAfrica (including those who are currently excluded from sought-after fields of study and training institutions) access those opportunities that are available and, in the process, to promote equity, access and redress. Some salient aspects of 21st century career counselling, including the history of career counselling in South Africa and elsewhere, the need for a changed approach to career counselling at all levels, and the interplay between the different waves in psychology are explicated. Helping models in career counselling, the narrative approach, the global economy and the impact of global developments on career counselling are considered. It is endeavoured to deconstructand explain the impact of these factors on what is currently happening in South Africa and determine whether South Africa has kept abreast of contemporary developments historically, epistemologically and at a more practical level.
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Career counselling an African immigrant student in a USA school setting: Merging transition theory with a narrative approach - Mims, Murry; Mims, Gretchen; Newland, Lisa A. (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
A global professional discourse has emerged among career specialists inviting a critical examination of conventional career theory and calling for innovative, postmodern approaches that capture the complex, unique and evolving needs of diverse and disadvantaged students. Using a narrative case study the authors evaluate and describe the application of Schlossberg’s Transitional Theory to the career development of an African immigrant, high school student in the United States. Transitional Theory posits that throughout their lives, people experience transition requiring an alteration in patterns of behavior and thinking and necessitating new coping strategies (Schlossberg and Leibowitz 1980, 205). The transitional, narrative data were gathered over time using interviews, head notes, observations, and assessment reports (Creswell 2007, 73). Contextual influences and themes that shaped the student’s ‘storied life’ are described in light of Schlossberg’s theory constructs of situation, self, support and strategies for meaning-making and career growth.
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Career counselling in South African higher education: Moving forward systemically and qualitatively - Watson, Marcellene L.; McMahon, Mary (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
In the context of a rapidly transforming society, the present article discusses issues facing career counselling in higher education in South Africa. Using the Systems Theory Framework of career development, the article considers the multi-levelled and multi-layered national and international context in which the challenges facing career counselling are located. Through a case study of a Black South African higher educationstudent, an application of a qualitative career assessment approach is described as one practical response to these challenges. The opportunity for career counsellors to respond proactively by coordinating a systemic response to the limitations of their discipline in higher education in South Africa is proposed.
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Nutritional status of university students in south-eastern states of Nigeria - Achinihu, Gladys A. (Journal of Research in National Development, 2010)
To assess the nutritional status of university students in South-Eastern States of Nigeria, a total of 1600 students were randomly selected from four universities in the stratified groups. Nutritional values of subjects‟ foods were assessed on the basis of 24-hour dietary recall, anthropometry and weighed food intake. Nutrient content of foods for protein, iron, calcium, vitamin A and C, zinc and energy eaten by students was determined using food composition table and chemical analysis of food. Intake was compared across location using ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance. On dietary recall, university students across the locations ate mainly two sets of meals per day. Breakfast meals were mainly missed, particularly when the students‟ financial positions were low. Anthropometry assessments revealed that majority of the students were within the normal BMI range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. Types and weights of foods consumed by university students across the locations were closely related. The few variations observed were in the methods of food preparation and serving. ANOVA result of multiple comparison of energy and nutrient intake scores, show that there was no significant difference in the mean of the paired Universities in energy, protein, calcium, zinc, iron, riboflavin, vitamin C and thiamine intake between students in the University of Port Harcourt and Nnamdi Azikiwe University.Key words: Anthropometry; university; nutritional status; nutrient intake
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Education and national integration in Nigeria - Ibaba, Ibaba Samuel (Journal of Research in National Development, 2010)
This paper examines the linkage between education and national integration in Nigeria, and explores the argument that education can be a viable vehicle for integration in Nigeria. To achieve this objective, the role of education in the strengthening of ethnic loyalties was discussed, and unequal access to education and the curriculum content were identified as the major challenges. To focus Nigerian education on integration, the paper advocates the democratization of education to enhance equal access, and the Nigerianisation of education through curriculum reforms to develop national consciousness.Keywords: Education, national integration, democratisation, Nigerianisation
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Applying remote sensing & GIS for the mapping of basic education schools in Adamawa state, Nigeria - Musa, A.A; Tukur, AL (Futy Journal of the Environment, 2010)
One of the major problems hindering the proper planning, monitoring and administering of the numerous basic education schools spread over Adamawa State is the lack of an accurate, up to date map, showing the location of the schools.While convention ground survey could produce such a map, the time, money and drudgery involved makes this option very unattractive.By mapping out the basic education schools in Adamawa State (Nigeria), this paper demonstrates how remote sensing and GIS could be employed to carry out the task with little stress.It also highlights some typical problems that should be anticipated.Satellite images were used to extract and create the base map, while the GPS was used to pick the coordinates of the schools.The map produced was more accurate and cartographically superior to the hand drawn maps.The manner in which local government boundaries are generated and stored, the attitude of stakeholders and the low computer literacy level of end-users are among the problems that should be addressed if digital mapping is to be fully embraced.
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The Impact Of Climate Change On Water Resources: Global And Nigerian Analysis - Odjugo, Pao (Futy Journal of the Environment, 2010)
This paper investigates the impact of climate change on global and regional water resources.Primary climatic data (Rainfall and Temperature) for Nigeria were collected from the Nigeria Meteorological Station, Lagos between 1960 and2002.Changes in Lake Chad waters were collected from the National Centre for Remote Sensing (NCRS), Jos.World temperature and water resources data were collected from different sources.The data were analysed using percentages and time series among others.The result shows that the atmospheric concentration of most greenhouse gases (GHGs) is increasing and this has resulted to changing global climate with increasing temperature.The rise in global average temperatures since 1860 now exceeds 0.6 O C. The effect of the GHGs concentration on global warming as at 2100 is estimated by three scenarios to be 1.5 O C (Low), 2.5 O C (Middle) and 4.5 O C (High).In Nigeria, while rainfall has decreased by 92 mm, temperature increased by 0.8 O C since 1960.This has led to increasing evapotranspiration and water stress resulting in the drying up of rivers and lakes.For example, Lake Chad has reduced in size from 22902 km 2 in 1963 to 16884 km 2 in 1972 and 304 km 2 in 2000.While climate change will make some countries to experience increase in water resources, majority will face serious water stress.Based on projection, by the 2080s, most countries in the Middle East, around Mediterranean, part of Europe, North and South Africa will face acute water stress while Southern and Eastern Asia, U.S.A. and Alaska.will experience reduction in water stress.By the 2020, 2050, 2080s the total population that will face increasing water stress due to climate change will be 2.3, 3.2 and 3.7 billion respectively.Some recommendations were made to reverse this ugly situation.
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Empowering Nigerian youths for national economic development: the role of entrepreneurship education - Oghojafor, Ben E. Akpoyomare; Kuye, O.L.; Sulaimon, A.A.; Okonji, P.S. (Journal of Research in National Development, 2010)
The world over, from USA to Asia, United Kingdom to Africa and Australia to Latin America, entrepreneurship has been promoted as an effective means of stimulating economic growth through the generation of greater  employment opportunities, the development of local technological base and source of foreign exchange earnings. The focus of this study is on the mandatory entrepreneurship course for undergraduate youths in the Nigeria's tertiary institutions. The researchers used structured entrepreneur readiness questionnaire to elicit responses from respondent's who were undergraduates. It was hypothesized and found with the aid of test of proportion that entrepreneurship education imparts entrepreneurial skills and attitudes to students as well as favourably disposes them towards establishing own businesses. This will empower them to contribute positively toward the nation‟s economic development. The researchers recommended that the government should provide a more conducive environment in the form of quality infrastructural facilities and startup financial support to consummate this initiative of entrepreneurship education.Keywords: Entrepreneurship; economic development; technological base; financial support
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Barbers Against Prostate Cancer: A Feasibility Study for Training Barbers to Deliver Prostate Cancer Education in an Urban African American Community - Luque, John S.; Rivers, Brian M.; Kambon, Maisha; Brookins, Ronald; Green, B. Lee; Meade, Cathy D. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2010)
The goal of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of training barbers to deliver a brief culturally and literacy appropriate prostate cancer educational intervention to urban African American men. Eight barbers received training to deliver a 2-month educational intervention in the barbershop and completed pre- and posttest training assessments. The training workshops led to a significant increase in mean prostate cancer knowledge scores among the barbers (60% before vs. 79% after; P < 0.05). The barbers also reported positively on the intervention in terms of satisfaction and relative ease of engaging clients. Training barbers to deliver a prostate cancer educational intervention is a feasible strategy for raising prostate cancer awareness of the disease among a priority population.
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Evaluation of a safer male circumcision training programme for ndebele traditional surgeons and nurses in Gauteng, South Africa: using direct observation of circumcision procedures - Peltzer, Karl; Kanta, Xola; Banyini, Mercy (African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2010)
The aim of this study was to assess the safety of traditional male circumcision practices among Ndebele traditional surgeons following a five days training by direct observation of circumcision procedures.The sample included eight Ndebele traditional surgeons and traditional nurses and 86 initiates (abakhwetwa) from two districts in Gauteng province in South Africa.A structured observations tool was administered by a trained research doctor during circumcisions and (wound) care of the initiates of the trained traditional surgeons.Results indicate that from the observations of 86 traditional male circumcisions a high number (37%) of adverse events were recorded (excessive bleeding, excessive skin removed and damage to the penis) and in six cases the use of one instrument for the circumcision was observed.Before scaling up and/or considering integration traditional male circumcision services into medical male circumcision services in South Africa, a careful strategy to minimize unnecessary morbidity, and fundamental improvements on current traditional male circumcision techniques, are required.In addition, legislation and control of traditional male circumcision in Gauteng province, where the study took place, are recommended to make traditional male circumcision safer and to prevent adverse events to happen.
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Some Correlates of Risky Sexual Behavior among Secondary School Adolescents in Ogun State, Nigeria - Adeyemo, D. A.; Williams, Taiwo M. (Child & Youth Services, 2010)
The purpose of the study is to examine factors associated with risky sexual behaviors among secondary school adolescents in Ogun State, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty adolescents randomly selected from three schools participated in the study. The ages of the participants ranged from 13 to 18 years. Both the independent and dependent variables were measured with standardized instruments. The results showed that the independent variables jointly and relatively had significant influence on risky sexual behaviors among the sampled adolescents. Implications for the study include the need to encourage and create home–school partnerships for enhancing the overall development and well-being of the students and the employment of qualified and trained guidance counselors in secondary schools in the country. Peer tutoring should also be encouraged to train and help adolescents learn how they can influence one another positively, and school counselors should organize workshops/seminars where parents are exposed to parenting skills and practices.
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The preliminary assessment of the pollution status of streams and artificial lakes created by mining in the mining district of Enyigba, south eastern Nigeria, and their consequences - Ezeh, H. N.; Anike, O. L. (Global Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2010)
The distribution of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and As in waters and sediments in streams and entrapped water bodies around the mining district of Enyigba was evaluated.The result of analyses show that the concentration of Cu varies from 0.006 to 0.100 mg/l in waters in streams and mine pits (surface water), with a mean of 0.02 mg/l; Zn from 0.008 to 0.023 mg/l with a mean of 0.01 mg/l.The concentration of Pb, Ni, Cd and As in all samples of surface water is lower than 0.001 mg/l.The concentration of Pb in sediments vary from 54 mg/kg to 63356 mg/kg with a mean of 4245 mg/kg; Zn from 72mg/kg to 1386.5 mg/kg with a mean of 349.68 mg/kg; Cu from 11.5 mg/kg to 808.5 mg/kg with a mean of 84.48 mg/kg; Cd from 0.5 mg/kg to 5.5 mg/kg with a mean of 3.35 mg/kg; Ni from 0.5 mg/kg to 1197 mg/kg with a mean of 282.66 mg/kg and As from 0.05 mg/kg to 1.5 mg/kg.It is established that there is no significant pollution of surface water by heavy metals analysed, based on WHO Standard of 1993.There is however significant pollution of sediments by Pb, Zn and Ni and to a smaller extent Cu.The consequences of the observed pollution include the introduction of pollutants in the downstream reaches of the streams and the Ebonyi River during the periods of high flow, the accumulation of the pollutants in the tissues of organisms that live in the sediments which may get passed to higher organisms that prey on these organisms and the eventual effect on humans, through the food chain.
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Student-Powered Science: Science Education for and by African American Students - Seiler, Gale; Gonsalves, Allison J. (Equity & Excellence in Education, 2010)
A liberatory pedagogy, from a Freirean perspective, seeks to transform the classroom into a dialogic and student-powered learning environment by restructuring the student-teacher dichotomy. The purpose is change—not only to individual students’ lives and opportunities but also to the wider social reality. While these are the goals of many science educators, we rarely see Freirean perspectives specifically applied to science teaching. This article considers liberatory pedagogy applied to science teaching where it is perhaps needed most—in a classroom with racially and economically marginalized youth—and explores the challenges that both the structures of urban science classrooms and traditional views about science education pose to the application of Freirean pedagogy.
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Students Practice Citizen Diplomacy in Syria - Greif, James (2010)
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Evidence of environmental pollution in caprine brains obtained from a relatively unindustrialized area in nigeria. - Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.; Onwuka, SK; Onwuka, A.C; Daramola, Oluwadamilola; Ajufo, U.E (African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2010)
The concentration of metals (Iron-Fe, Zinc-Zn, Copper-Cu, Aluminum-Al, Molybdenum-Mo, Vanadium-Va, and Lead-Pb) in the different regions of the brain of goats in a relatively unindustrialized area in Nigeria was investigated using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.The highest mean concentration of 98.66ppm was for Fe in the olfactory bulb while the least of 0.07ppm was for Mo in the thalamus.The levels of Zn and Fe showed the highest significant differences across the different regions of the brain examined.All the metals analysed showed relatively high concentrations in the olfactory bulb suggesting ongoing environmental pollution.The findings suggest that this type of investigation in the brain of goats or other animals can assist in knowing the level of human exposure to environmental pollutants (especially metals) in non-industrialized areas.They can also be compared with similar data obtained from animals in known polluted environments in extrapolating the level of pollution in such areas.
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Colonialist theatre education in Botswana - Gambles, Chandel (Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph, 2010)
There is a distinct lack of theatre in Botswana due to its political and social history. The colonialists of the past and the artistic Theatre for Development educators have forced outside theatrical ideals on Botswana productions. When the majority of the country was illiterate, this was the most effective tool for establishing propaganda and communication. However, since the economic welfare and educational standards of Botswana have improved, educators should not be as dependant on theatre as a tool. Theatre for Development still dominates current productions and has caused a distinct hindrance of creative discovery within the country. Until the topics and creative stylizations of the indigenous people are accepted and promoted, the nation cannot hope to reflect their distinct culture through theatre.
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Selection criteria for entry into the medical programme of nigerian universities: the efficacy of combining school certificate results with jamb scores in selection of candidates into the ogbomosho medical school - Afolabi, A.O.; Mabayoje, V. O.; ., V.A. Togun; ., A.S. Oyadeyi (African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2010)
The study was designed to assess the effect of combining (by equal weighting) 'O level scores in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics with the University Matriculation Examinations (UME) Scores on the performance indices of 100level CGPA, 200L Physiology scores and overall success in the Faculty based 200L comprehensive examinations.The study showed a good correlation between the combined scores and CGPA and Physiology scores.However, there was no significant difference in the degree of correlation of the combined scores and the 'O' Level only scores with the 100L CGPA and 200L physiology scores.The UME only scores showed poor correlation with both the CGPA and 200L physiology scores.
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Economic assessment of fertilizer use and integrated practices for environmental sustainability and agricultural productivity in Sudan savannah zone, Nigeria | Kogi State University Open Education Resources (OER) - Bosede, Ayoola Josephine (2010)
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Rethinking the Religious Education Curricula in Nigerian Schools - Jawoniyi, Oduntan (Journal for the Study of Religion, 2010)
This article traces the historical background to the polarised religious education (RE) curricula in Nigerian primary and secondary schools, highlighting some post-colonial interventions and backlashes. Usingregional treaties and international human rights frameworks, this articleconsiders the probable justifications for deploying the confessional model of RE, accentuating the possible violations of the principles of religious freedom necessitated by the deployment of the confessional pedagogical model in Nigeria’s publicly funded schools. In consonance with contemporary trends in RE in Europe, Australia, Canada and South Africa, to mention a few, this article advocates the substitution of the currently deployed confessional, monoreligious education curricula with a non-confessional, multifaith RE curriculum. In emphasizing the potential benefits of non-confessional, multifaith RE, this article highlights how this model of RE respects, protects and fulfills the rights of the child which are unequivocally articulated in regional treaties and international human rights law. The article finally draws attention to strategies requisite for implementing non-confessional, multifaith RE in Nigeria’s publicly funded primary and secondary schools.
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Pattern of substance use among senior students of command secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria. - Yisa, Ibrahim; To, Lawoyin; Fatiregun, Akinola Ayoola; Emelumadu, Obiageli Fidelia (PubMed, 2010)
The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of drug use among senior secondary school students within military locations in Ibadan, Nigeria.A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2006.Five hundred ten students participated with a mean age of 15.0 +/- 1.2 years. The prevalence of lifetime use of any substance was 15.3%. Alcohol (33.9%), solvents (17.3%), and tobacco (10.6%) were the most commonly used substances. Only gender and age were associated with the lifetime use of tobacco and solvents (p < 0.05).The information provided a useful baseline on which subsequent interventions could be based and evaluated.
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Accelerating the Education Sector Response to HIV: Five Years of Experience from Sub-Saharan Africa - Bundy, Donald; Patrikios, Anthi; Mannathoko, Changu; Tembon, Andy Chi; Manda, Stella; Sarr, Bachir; Drake, Lesley (2010)
The work described in this review shows the commitment of education teams throughout Africa to contribute to the multisectoral response to HIV/AIDS. It is also a testament to the leadership shown by ministries of education, in helping the new generation of children and youth grow up better able to challenge HIV, and in providing care and support for the educators who often represent more than half the public sector workforce. The work described in this review does not suggest any single solution. Instead, the approach is based on the recognition that Africa is a diverse continent, and countries need to find their own local approaches to the epidemic. The Regional Economic Communities (RECs) of the African Union have been instrumental in encouraging locally specific responses, and recognizing that HIV knows no frontiers, in coordinating responses among neighbors. The countries of East, Central, and West Africa, working through the RECs, have created sub-regional networks of ministry of education HIV/AIDS focal points; these networks have been key to sharing information and developing capacity, and so to accelerating and strengthening responses at the national level. The review shows how, over the last five years, the leadership in ministries of education has been crucial in mobilizing these activities, and also emphasizes that effective implementation depends on the full participation of all stakeholders. Education staff, educators, and learners all have a role to play, as do parent-teacher associations, teachers' unions and the many civil society organizations, including faith-based organizations that are so important in the non-formal sector. The review also demonstrates the commitment of the development partners, and their efforts to harmonize their contribution toward strengthening the education agenda.
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Culturally-adapted and audio-technology assisted HIV/AIDS awareness and education program in rural Nigeria: a cohort study - Ofotokun, Ighovwerha; Binongo, José; Rosenberg, Eli S.; Kane, Michael; Ifland, Rick; Lennox, Jeffrey L.; Easley, Kirk A. (BMC International Health and Human Rights, 2010)
HIV-awareness programs tailored toward the needs of rural communities are needed. We sought to quantify change in HIV knowledge in three rural Nigerian villages following an integrated culturally adapted and technology assisted educational intervention.A prospective 14-week cohort study was designed to compare short-term changes in HIV knowledge between seminar-based education program and a novel program, which capitalized on the rural culture of small-group oral learning and was delivered by portable digital-audio technology.Participants were mostly Moslem (99%), male (53.5%), with no formal education (55%). Baseline HIV knowledge was low (<80% correct answers for 9 of the 10 questions). Knowledge gain was higher (p < 0.0001 for 8 of 10 questions) in the integrated culturally adapted and technology-facilitated (n = 511) compared with the seminar-based (n = 474) program.Baseline HIV-awareness was low. Culturally adapted, technology-assisted HIV education program is a feasible cost-effective method of raising HIV awareness among low-literacy rural communities.
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Evaluation of the Methodology Aspect of the Science Teacher Education Curriculum in Nigeria - Abanihe, Isiugo; Ifeoma, Magdalene; Longjohn; Tandi, Ibiene (Pakistan journal of social sciences, 2010)
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Gender Perception on the Impact of School Sports on Sports Development in Borno State of Nigeria - Ada, Shehu Raheem; Mustapha, Sagir; Tanglang, N. (The Social sciences (Faisalabad. Print), 2010)
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Influence of Demographic Factors on the Lifestyles of Tertiary Institutions Students in Kwara State, Nigeria: Educational Media and Counseling Interventions - Adaramaja, Shehu Raheem; Adenubi, Onasanya Samuel; Alabi, Yahaya Lasiele; Adeola, Ogunsakin Emmanuel; Olanrewaju, Oniyangi Shuaib (Research journal of applied sciences, 2010)
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Work Engagement among Secondary School English Teachers in Nigeria - Adekola, Bola (Pakistan journal of social sciences, 2010)
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Funding Universal Basic Education in a Depressed Economy: The Case of Nigeria - Akinyemi, Samuel; Olorunfemi, Adebisi; Bassey, Ofem Igot (Pakistan journal of social sciences, 2010)
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Students Perceptions of Effective Teaching and Effective Lecturer Characteristics at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria - Aregbeyen, Omo (Pakistan journal of social sciences, 2010)
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An evaluation of the implementation of the Namibian language-in-education policy in the upper primary phase in Oshana region - Ausiku, Justus Kashindi (2010)
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Infiltration characteristics of volcanic sloping soils on Mt. Elgon, Eastern Uganda - Bamutaze, Yazidhi; Tenywa, Moses; Mwanjalolo, Majaliwa; Vanacker, Veerle; Bagoora, Festus D. K.; Magunda, M. K.; Obando, Joy Apiyo; Wasige, John Ejiet (CATENA, 2010)
Water infiltration is an important hydrological process that influences runoff and soil loss patterns in mountain ecosystems. In this paper, we present results on spatial variation in infiltration in croplands on the volcanic soils of Mt. Elgon, in Eastern Uganda. Twelve experimental sites with slope gradients ranging from 12 to 32% were established. Infiltration tests were carried out with a double ring infiltrometer and three measurements were taken at the upper, middle and lower sections of each experimental site to assess the local variability of infiltration. In addition soil information was collected on each experimental site. The soil infiltration data were then evaluated to fit to four commonly used water infiltration models: (1) Philip (1957), (2) Green–Ampt (1911), (3) Horton (1940) and (4) Kostiakov (1932). The twelve experimental sites cover two cropping systems: annual (6 sites) and perennial (6 sites) crops. Based on the results, we examine the spatial variability of infiltration, the relationship of infiltration to landscape position, and the influence of soil composition on infiltration rates on the slopes. The factors affecting spatial variability of soil infiltration were analysed using correlation and regression techniques. Steady state infiltration rates generally increased with the slope gradient and were crop type independent (P < 0.05). The performance of the four applied water infiltration models was generally good with mean R2 values ranging from 0.79 to 0.87, although all the models tended to over-predict the steady state infiltration rates at most sites. Overall, the Philip's and Kostiakov gave better results than the Horton and Green–Ampt models in reproducing the infiltration process on Mt. Elgon.
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‘All have to live in me …’: a study of the use of English alongside other African languages in a Kenyan school - Campbell, David A.; Walsh, Patrick (Intercultural Education, 2010)
The purpose of this paper, which builds on an earlier paper published in this Journal (Vol. 20, No. 6), is to develop the discussion around how English has been taught, used and perceived in Kenya, using data gathered from a small second‐level English‐medium school in Kenya. The complex relationships between language and identity are at work in the everyday routines of both staff and pupils within such a context. The paper seeks to set out a clear methodology for gathering data which could help describe these relationships with more clarity while also subjecting the data to analysis informed by the growing body of research and theory that focuses on language policy in post‐colonial and neo‐colonial settings. Finally, these pieces of data are used as the basis of a further exploration of the implications for classroom practice in teaching English in this environment.
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An Analysis of Problems Encountered by Post-graduate Students in Nigerian Universities - Duze, Chinelo O. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2010)
This study analyzed the problems encountered by postgraduate students that hindered their studies inNigerian universities. This was necessitated by the observation that most postgraduate students in Nigeria tend tograduate long after the stipulated time period for their programmes, indicating an apparent disparity between “whatis” and “what ought to be” in running postgraduate programmes in Nigeria. It was hypothesized that the problemsencountered delayed the timely completion of studies. Literature was reviewed on the Production Theory in Educationwhich rests on the “Input-process-output” model as the theoretical framework for the study, as well as the needsassessment of higher education. The data collection instrument, designated Postgraduate Students ProblemsQuestionnaire (PGSPQ) was developed by the investigator and validated by a jury of experts. The universities werestratified along ownership. The research design was ex-post-facto, no variable was manipulated. The subjects were438 postgraduate students studying in sixteen Federal-owned and nine State-owned universities in Nigeria. Oneresearch question was answered and one null hypothesis tested in the study at the 0.05 level of significance. Thefindings revealed that the system is plagued with numerous complex and deep-rooted problems ranging from systems/procedural problems to socio-politico problems and personal/psychological problems, and that these problemsactually hindered their studies and contributed to late graduation. Recommendations were made with the intent toattract greater attention from the producers of education in Nigeria if the maximum potentials of scholars at thislevel must be effectively tapped for greater productivity, and thus, national development.
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Study of aflatoxin B1as a risk factor that impairs the reproductive performance in females – Egypt - El-Azab, Somaia M.; Abdelhamid, A. M.; Shalaby, Hend; Mehrim, A. I.; Ibrahim, Ayman Helmy (Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 2010)
Infertility among couples in Egypt is causing increasing concern. Investigations showed a relationship between ovulatory disorders and the incidence of female factor-mediated fertility difficulties in couples. However, the factors responsible for the sudden increase in ovulatory disorders are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of aflatoxin in sera of infertile women and to correlate this with ovarian functions and hormonal parameters. Blood samples were collected from 70 adult Egyptian females comprising 50 infertile and 20 fertile control individuals, and screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Ovarian function was examined by measuring mean ovarian volume, and the umber and size of ovarian follicles. Blood hormonal levels were determined. All blood samples (patients and controls) showed negative results as regards AFB1 analysis. However, there was a significant enlargement in the mean ovarian volume but a significant decrease in follicular size. In addition, there were significant higher levels of lutinizing hormone (LH) and significant lower levels of mid-luteal progesterone in infertile females. Although blood samples were negative with respect to AFB1, the role of aflatoxin cannot be excluded as a contributing factor to female infertility, since the toxin was found to produce deleterious effects on the reproductive system in animals. More studies including aflatoxin analysis in ovarian biopsies are recommended to ascertain involvement of this toxin.
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VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND SUSTAINABLE PEACE AND SECURITY IN THE NIGER-DELTA | Kogi State University Open Education Resources (OER) - Enojo, Enojo Kennie (2010)
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Education and self-reliance in Egypt - Ensor, Marisa O. (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2010)
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Economic Analysis of Smallholder Vegetable Production in Tigary, Ethiopia. A Case of IPMS’s Alamata Wereda Pilot learning Project - Gebremeskel, Brhane Tesfay (2010)
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Using cultural resources to build an inclusive environment for children with severe communication disabilities: a case study from Botswana - Geiger, Martha (Children's Geographies, 2010)
This paper describes the first cycle of an action research project addressing severe communication disabilities in context. Aspects of selected African cultures are being explored as resources in supporting inclusive environments for children with severe communication disabilities. The specific cycle documented here was completed in rural Botswana. This single case study is representative of several, similar cases where collaborative problem-solving with primary caregivers of children with severe communication disabilities (resulting from Cerebral Palsy) overcame the limitations of ‘conventional’ western communication interventions for these children. Culturally specific non-verbal communication and contextual elements of Setswana culture were identified, enabling the communicative participation of young children with severe communication disabilities in their specific social and cultural geography. Implications are indicated for clinical practice, service delivery in communication interventions and general community based rehabilitation programmes. Research implications include the need for more participative methodologies in developing contexts and the need to address communicative participation across disciplines.
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Mechanisms of Climate Change in the Semiarid African Sahel: The Local View - Giannini, Alessandra (Journal of Climate, 2010)
Abstract Application of the moist static energy framework to analyses of vertical stability and net energy in the Sahel sheds light on the divergence of projections of climate change. Two distinct mechanisms are sketched. In one, anthropogenic warming changes continental climate indirectly: warming of the oceans increases moist static energy at upper levels, affecting vertical stability globally, from the top down, and driving drying over the Sahel, in a way analogous to the impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the global tropical atmosphere. In the other, the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases drives a direct continental change: the increase in net terrestrial radiation at the surface increases evaporation, favoring vertical instability and near-surface convergence from the bottom up. In both cases the surface warms, but in the first precipitation and evaporation decrease, while in the second they increase. In the first case, land surface warming is brought about by the remotely forced decrease in precipitation and consequent decrease in evaporation and increase in net solar radiation at the surface. In the second, it is brought about by the increase in net terrestrial radiation at the surface, amplified by the water vapor feedback associated with an increase in near-surface humidity.
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Factors influencing students' choices in considering rural radiography careers at Makerere University, Uganda - Gonzaga, Mubuuke Aloysius; Kiguli-Malwadde, E.; Francis, Businge; Rosemary, Byanyima K. (Radiography, 2010)
IntroductionThe Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University is the oldest health professions training institution in East Africa having started in 1924. The radiography degree course started in 2001 and Makerere remains the only institution in the East African region offering this degree course. The faculty adopted a Problem based Learning/Community based education curriculum in order to stimulate students' interests to consider working in rural areas. Attracting and retaining radiographers and other health professionals in rural areas is a recognized problem in Uganda and overseas and strategic actions to enhance the rural health workforce and its ability to deliver the required services are paramount. A range of factors in different domains can be associated with recruitment and retention. By consulting students, some of these factors can be identified and addressed.MethodologyIt was a descriptive exploratory study involving 31 students. Data was collected through a questionnaire and focus group discussions.Results58% of the students reported that they would consider rural radiography practice while 42% would not. Key motivational factors cited to work in rural areas were; attractive salaries/incentives, community based training curricular, opportunities for further training and well equipped rural health facilities.ConclusionThis study has shown that students would consider working in rural areas provided the working conditions are improved upon.
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Proposal to improve the surgical skills of Canadian medical school graduates: the experiences of a medical student and staff surgeon with the Essential Surgical Skills Course in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. - Hamadani, Fadi; Moroz, Paul J.; Fairfull-Smith, Robin (PubMed, 2010)
Surgical clerkship has been progressively shortened over the last few years. With that has come decreased emphasis on the teaching of technical surgical skills. Several Canadian studies over the last 5 years have established that many medical school graduates in Canada have not received adequate training in basic surgical skills, such as suturing, chest tube insertion, digital rectal examination and sigmoidoscopy, to name but a few. In a study by Forbes and colleagues1 in the Canadian Journal of Surgery, compelling evidence was presented to suggest that undergraduate surgical education may fail to provide appropriate instruction in basic surgical skills and principles. In the study, researchers gathered results from surveys of 123 recent medical school graduates and 55 surgeons. The results of the study showed that the respondents felt there are at least 8–10 surgical skills that are highly relevant to current medical practices; however, the average medical graduates were able to achieve proficiency in only 3 of them. In a study published in the World Journal of Surgery, Beauchamp2 attributes this lack of training to 3 main issues unique to the Canadian context. First, Beauchamp argues that the trend toward ambulatory health care in Canada has led to decreased hospital beds and a change in the nature and mix of patients, thus decreasing the amount of exposure students get to chronic diseases. Second, the study argues that with the increasingly tertiary nature of patients’ pathology being referred to university hospitals, students in these settings are underexposed to the variety of common surgical conditions with which they should be familiar. Lastly, poor resources and money make it difficult for students rotating through a 4–6 week unit in surgery to learn skills beyond whatever situations they encounter during their clerkship. In addition, society is less tolerant of trainees being allowed to perform interventional procedures on patients. As identified by the above studies, one of the main causes of poor surgical skills among Canadian medical students is that the acquisition of a set of core surgical skills is often left to chance. This issue could be tackled by integrating a structured surgical skills course into the undergraduate surgical curriculum at Canadian medical institutions. Such a model is being used by a growing number of African surgical departments involved in the teaching of medical students, including in Ethiopia, Uganda and Tanzania. This past summer (between 2nd and 3rd year), I had the opportunity to participate in an Essential Surgical Skills (ESS) course at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tanzania. The course, developed by the Canadian Network for International Surgery, aims to train health care providers from low-income regions of the world in a standard set of life-saving surgical skills. It is open to all kinds of clinicians (medical students, clinical officers and junior doctors). In the decade that the course has been offered, it has reached over 7500 students worldwide. Most importantly, this course has been successfully implemented in several African institutions, both with manageable costs and adequate time requirements. The basic course is 5 days long with each day focusing on a specific theme. Whereas there is some theory taught, the emphasis is on hands-on teaching of the essential skills revolving around that theme. Among others, the themes include basic suturing and wound closure, common abdominal emergencies, orthopedic trauma, obstetrical emergencies, and airway management and basic anesthesia skills. The instructors are all local faculty who have completed an instructor’s course and are certified to teach ESS. This course has been integrated into the surgical curriculum of several universities across Africa, and the preliminary impression from several of these institutions over the last few years has demonstrated a major improvement in the participants’ understanding and approach to common surgical problems. More data are currently being collected and analyzed with the goal of gaining a greater appreciation of the course’s influence on student’s skills and confidence. From a personal perspective, my experience with the ESS course has been greatly beneficial. As I entered clerkship, I felt confident when approaching basic surgical issues. During my obstetrical rotation, I felt that I was able to apply much of what I learned in the course, especially when it came to approaching basic obstetrical issues. Many of my colleagues expressed an interest in taking such a course, especially when they saw the content I had learned. It helped me to advance my understanding of surgery from an academic level to a practical application of the most basic skills. The Tanzania experience can be easily applied here in Canada, where the many physicians practising in remote regions may not necessarily have access to a specialist. However, the skills offered by this course go beyond the geographic medical needs of Canada’s rural populations and are essential life-saving skills that any physician should have. If Canada wants to continue to produce physicians who are well rounded and can offer the best for their patients under many different scenarios, then it is important that all physicians practising in Canada be fully competent in these primary skills. Making such a surgical skills course an integral part of any undergraduate surgical curriculum will go a long way in producing physicians who are more confident in tackling emergency surgical situations and in approaching common surgical problems.
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Diagnosing the Droughts and Floods in Equatorial East Africa during Boreal Autumn 2005–08 - Hastenrath, Stefan; Polzin, Dierk; Mutai, Charles (Journal of Climate, 2010)
Abstract Building on an earlier report on the 2005 drought in equatorial East Africa, this short note examines the circulation mechanisms of the anomalies in the boreal autumn “short rains” season in the subsequent three years. Westerlies during this season are the surface manifestation of a powerful zonal–vertical circulation cell along the Indian Ocean equator. The surface equatorial westerlies were fast during the 2005 and 2008 droughts, near average during the near-average 2007 short rains, and slack during the 2006 floods, consistent with the known circulation diagnostics.
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The African American Experience in Physical Education and Kinesiology: Plight, Pitfalls, and Possibilities - Hodge, Samuel R.; Wiggins, David (Quest (Champaign, Ill.), 2010)
In this paper, we offer discourse on the historical plight and contemporary experiences of African American faculty in Kinesiology and Physical Education (KPE) programs at predominantly White institutions (PWI) of higher education. First, we discuss the historical plight of African American KPE professionals. Second, we discuss the current demographics and status of African American faculty in the academe. Third, we elaborate on the experiences of African American faculty in KPE programs, particularly at PW-IHE. Fourth, we identify some common issues and pitfalls to avoid in recruiting, hiring, retaining, tenuring, and promoting African American faculty. Lastly, we offer recommendations to increase the presence and improve the experiences of African Americans in KPE programs.
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Nigerian Student’s Perception of Technical Words in the Senior Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum - Jegede, Supo (Pakistan journal of social sciences, 2010)
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Appraisal of Health, Education, and Income Outcomes from a Water and Sanitation Program in Rural Senegal - Jenkins, Glenn P.; Bellot, Zakaria; Ozbafli, Aygul (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010)
The Millennium Development Goals adopted by the Government of Senegal envision that 82% of rural households should have access to drinking water by 2015, as compared to 64% in 2005. On the sanitation side, 59% of rural households should have adequate on-site systems by the same time as compared to 17% in 2005. Within this context, the proposed program is aimed at expanding the rural water and sanitation program in Senegal. It involves the construction of new rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure, the rehabilitation of existing facilities and setting up of a program coordination unit that will manage the implementation of the program. The purpose of this appraisal study is to assess the impact of the proposed program and quantify, in monetary terms, the various socio-economic benefits that accrue to the targeted populations. Such benefits typically include time savings for consumers; reduction in water related diseases; increased school attendance especially among girls; women empowerment; and an overall improvement of the quality of life. The sustainability of such programs must also be examined to determine the risk factors that affect the performance of the water operators.
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“I Have Been Given the Power to Teach. The Children Understand Me Very Well.” The Social and Academic Impact of Deaf Teacher Training in Kenya - Johnstone, Christopher; Corce, Heidi (International Review of Education, 2010)
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The elusive access to education for Muslim women in Kenya from the late nineteenth century to the “Winds of Change” in Africa (1890s to 1960s) - Keshavjee, Rashida (Paedagogica Historica, 2010)
This article discusses the denial of access to education to Ismaili Muslim women in colonial Kenya during the 1890s and the 1960s. The Ismailis were part of the “Asians” in Africa, a working class, religious, Muslim immigrant group from India, circumscribed by poverty and a traditional culture, the orthodox elements of which, with regard to their women, did not resonate with the spirit of the Islamic faith. Most of their women came from an Indian Muslim culture in which their experiences ranged from a required submissive role for women that embodied a narrow interpretation of their faith, to political strife and racial segregation in Africa, to family destitution. Hence, these women’s lives were fraught with difficulties of dependency, subservience, and harsh struggles for basic subsistence needs. Historically, the women’s cause for equity has been a bitter struggle globally; the Ismaili women’s gendering experience was no exception in the late nineteenth century, which was detrimental to their development. This article chronicles the Ismaili women’s arduous journey through decades of political and socio‐cultural barriers that prevented them from accessing quality secular education, until their eventual participation through the consistent efforts and guidance of their Imams, the Aga Khans.
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A preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on sugarcane in Swaziland - Knox, Jerry W.; Díaz, José Antonio Acevedo; Nixon, D. J.; Mkhwanazi, Mcebisi (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The spatial and temporal impacts of climate change on irrigation water requirements and yield for sugarcane grown in Swaziland have been assessed, by combining the outputs from a general circulation model (HadCM3), a sugarcane crop growth model and a GIS. The CANEGRO model (embedded with the DSSAT program) was used to simulate the baseline and future cane net annual irrigation water requirements (IRnet) and yield (t ha−1) using a reference site and selected emissions scenario (SRES A2 and B2) for the 2050s (including CO2-fertilisation effects). The simulated baseline yields were validated against field data from 1980 to 1997. An aridity index was defined and used to correlate agroclimate variability against irrigation need to estimate the baseline and future irrigation water demand (volumetric). To produce a unit weight of sucrose equivalent to current optimum levels of production, future irrigation needs were predicted to increase by 20–22%. With CO2-fertilisation, the impacts of climate change are offset by higher crop yields, such that IRnet is predicted to increase by 9%. The study showed that with climate change, the current peak capacity of existing irrigation schemes could fail to meet the predicted increases in irrigation demand in nearly 50% of years assuming unconstrained water availability.
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A preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on sugarcane in Swaziland - Knox, Jerry W.; Díaz, José Antonio Acevedo; Nixon, D. J.; Mkhwanazi, Mcebisi (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The spatial and temporal impacts of climate change on irrigation water requirements and yield for sugarcane grown in Swaziland have been assessed, by combining the outputs from a general circulation model (HadCM3), a sugarcane crop growth model and a GIS. The CANEGRO model (embedded with the DSSAT program) was used to simulate the baseline and future cane net annual irrigation water requirements (IRnet) and yield (t ha−1) using a reference site and selected emissions scenario (SRES A2 and B2) for the 2050s (including CO2-fertilisation effects). The simulated baseline yields were validated against field data from 1980 to 1997. An aridity index was defined and used to correlate agroclimate variability against irrigation need to estimate the baseline and future irrigation water demand (volumetric). To produce a unit weight of sucrose equivalent to current optimum levels of production, future irrigation needs were predicted to increase by 20–22%. With CO2-fertilisation, the impacts of climate change are offset by higher crop yields, such that IRnet is predicted to increase by 9%. The study showed that with climate change, the current peak capacity of existing irrigation schemes could fail to meet the predicted increases in irrigation demand in nearly 50% of years assuming unconstrained water availability.
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A preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on sugarcane in Swaziland - Knox, Jerry W.; Díaz, José Antonio Acevedo; Nixon, D. J.; Mkhwanazi, Mcebisi (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The spatial and temporal impacts of climate change on irrigation water requirements and yield for sugarcane grown in Swaziland have been assessed, by combining the outputs from a general circulation model (HadCM3), a sugarcane crop growth model and a GIS. The CANEGRO model (embedded with the DSSAT program) was used to simulate the baseline and future cane net annual irrigation water requirements (IRnet) and yield (t ha−1) using a reference site and selected emissions scenario (SRES A2 and B2) for the 2050s (including CO2-fertilisation effects). The simulated baseline yields were validated against field data from 1980 to 1997. An aridity index was defined and used to correlate agroclimate variability against irrigation need to estimate the baseline and future irrigation water demand (volumetric). To produce a unit weight of sucrose equivalent to current optimum levels of production, future irrigation needs were predicted to increase by 20–22%. With CO2-fertilisation, the impacts of climate change are offset by higher crop yields, such that IRnet is predicted to increase by 9%. The study showed that with climate change, the current peak capacity of existing irrigation schemes could fail to meet the predicted increases in irrigation demand in nearly 50% of years assuming unconstrained water availability.
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A preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on sugarcane in Swaziland - Knox, Jerry W.; Díaz, José Antonio Acevedo; Nixon, D. J.; Mkhwanazi, Mcebisi (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The spatial and temporal impacts of climate change on irrigation water requirements and yield for sugarcane grown in Swaziland have been assessed, by combining the outputs from a general circulation model (HadCM3), a sugarcane crop growth model and a GIS. The CANEGRO model (embedded with the DSSAT program) was used to simulate the baseline and future cane net annual irrigation water requirements (IRnet) and yield (t ha−1) using a reference site and selected emissions scenario (SRES A2 and B2) for the 2050s (including CO2-fertilisation effects). The simulated baseline yields were validated against field data from 1980 to 1997. An aridity index was defined and used to correlate agroclimate variability against irrigation need to estimate the baseline and future irrigation water demand (volumetric). To produce a unit weight of sucrose equivalent to current optimum levels of production, future irrigation needs were predicted to increase by 20–22%. With CO2-fertilisation, the impacts of climate change are offset by higher crop yields, such that IRnet is predicted to increase by 9%. The study showed that with climate change, the current peak capacity of existing irrigation schemes could fail to meet the predicted increases in irrigation demand in nearly 50% of years assuming unconstrained water availability.
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Tutor-mentoring of foundation mathematics of students at Monash South Africa - Maitland, Irene (2010)
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What Tanzanian parents want (and do not want) covered in school-based sex and relationships education - Mkumbo, Kitila A. K.; Ingham, Roger (Sex education (Print), 2010)
Despite evidence that demonstrates the benefits of school-based sex and relationships education (SRE) in promoting and protecting young people's sexual health, there are still controversies regarding what should be covered in the SRE curriculum among different stakeholders, including parents. This study assessed Tanzanian parents' attitudes towards the provision of SRE in schools in order to ascertain their level of support and what they wanted covered in school-based SRE. Two hundred and eighty-seven parents, recruited from one urban district and one rural district, completed a questionnaire assessing their attitudes towards school-based SRE. Results show that, in both districts, more than 75% supported the provision of SRE in schools as well as the inclusion of a wide range of topics in school-based SRE curriculum. However, the results also show that parents do not equally welcome the inclusion of some topics – especially those in the domain of attitudes and values, such as homosexuality and masturbation. The study concludes that, although parents may object to the inclusion of some topics, they generally support the provision of SRE in schools. It is hoped that the results of this study will help to overcome some of the resistance to a more widespread introduction of SRE in Tanzanian schools that rests on fears of parental reaction.
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Nothing to Work With but Cleanliness: The Training of African American Traditional Midwives in the South - Morrison, Sheena M.; Fee, Elizabeth (American Journal of Public Health, 2010)
The article discusses the history of midwifery in the U.S. Although midwives had been mostly displaced by physicians in the Northeastern cities by the 1920s, African American midwives continued to practice in rural communities in the Southern U.S. Reformers who wanted to end midwifery compromised by registering midwives with local health departments and requiring them to attend classes.
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Learning How to Learn Languages: The Teaching & Learning of African Languages - Mugane, John M. (Language and Linguistics Compass, 2010)
The African continent is home to over a thousand languages, many of which are unwritten and most of which are underdescribed. Learners and instructors of these languages – indeed of any underdescribed language – must think and operate well beyond the methodologies and organization of the better-resourced and more-established language programs in the US.
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The Right to Education for Children in Domestic Labour: Empirical Evidence from Kenya - Munene, Ishmael I.; Ruto, Sara Jerop (International Review of Education, 2010)
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Survey of childhood blindness and visual impairment in Botswana - Nallasamy, Sudha; Anninger, William; Quinn, Graham E.; Nkomazana, Oathokwa (Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2010)
Introduction: In terms of blind-person years, the worldwide burden of childhood blindness is second only to cataracts. In developing countries, 30%-72% of childhood blindness is avoidable (preventable or treatable). Botswana is a middle-income country with poor access to ophthalmic care. We carried out this study to determine avoidable causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment (VI) in Botswana so a nationwide intervention could be planned.
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Lived Experiences: Adaptation to Climate Change in Gogonyo Sub-County, Palisa District, Uganda - Nanduddu, Susan (2010)
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Analysis of Some Factors that Influence Causal Attribution of Mathematics Performance among Secondary School Students in Lesotho - Nenty, H. Johnson (Journal of Social Sciences, 2010)
Student learning is influenced by many factors which educational research is tasked to determine andfeed into the teaching-learning process to enhance its effectiveness. Several studies with different populations havedetermined that that to which a learner attributes his or her performance significantly influences such performance.To determine some of the factors that significantly impact upon students’ causal attribution of their performance onmathematics, this study ana1ysed, using chi-square (c2) statistics, survey research data from 717 Form D (Form 4)students. from 30 randomly selected secondary schools in the Kingdom of Lesotho. The results showed that whilegender of students had no significant influence on students attribution of their performance in mathematics, theperson with whom the students were living, students’ preferred occupation after school, type of proprietor of schools, and preferred classroom seating zone during mathematics lesson, each had significant influence on this variable. Basedon these results, appropriate discussions and recommendations were made.
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Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso - Nielsen, Jonas Østergaard; Reenberg, Anette (Global Environmental Change, 2010)
Human adaptation to climate change is a heterogeneous process influenced by more than economic and technological development. It is increasingly acknowledged in the adaptation to climate change literature that factors such as class, gender and culture play a large role when adaptation strategies are either chosen or rejected at the local scale. This paper explores adaptation strategies by focusing on livelihood diversification in the face of the most recent of recurrent droughts in the Sahel. It is shown that for Fulbe, one of the two main ethnic groups in the small village in Northern Burkina Faso studied, culture acts as a major barrier to embracing four of the most successful livelihood strategies: labour migration, working for development projects, gardening, and the engagement of women in economic activities.
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Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso - Nielsen, Jonas Østergaard; Reenberg, Anette (Global Environmental Change, 2010)
Human adaptation to climate change is a heterogeneous process influenced by more than economic and technological development. It is increasingly acknowledged in the adaptation to climate change literature that factors such as class, gender and culture play a large role when adaptation strategies are either chosen or rejected at the local scale. This paper explores adaptation strategies by focusing on livelihood diversification in the face of the most recent of recurrent droughts in the Sahel. It is shown that for Fulbe, one of the two main ethnic groups in the small village in Northern Burkina Faso studied, culture acts as a major barrier to embracing four of the most successful livelihood strategies: labour migration, working for development projects, gardening, and the engagement of women in economic activities.
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Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso - Nielsen, Jonas Østergaard; Reenberg, Anette (Global Environmental Change, 2010)
Human adaptation to climate change is a heterogeneous process influenced by more than economic and technological development. It is increasingly acknowledged in the adaptation to climate change literature that factors such as class, gender and culture play a large role when adaptation strategies are either chosen or rejected at the local scale. This paper explores adaptation strategies by focusing on livelihood diversification in the face of the most recent of recurrent droughts in the Sahel. It is shown that for Fulbe, one of the two main ethnic groups in the small village in Northern Burkina Faso studied, culture acts as a major barrier to embracing four of the most successful livelihood strategies: labour migration, working for development projects, gardening, and the engagement of women in economic activities.
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Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso - Nielsen, Jonas Østergaard; Reenberg, Anette (Global Environmental Change, 2010)
Human adaptation to climate change is a heterogeneous process influenced by more than economic and technological development. It is increasingly acknowledged in the adaptation to climate change literature that factors such as class, gender and culture play a large role when adaptation strategies are either chosen or rejected at the local scale. This paper explores adaptation strategies by focusing on livelihood diversification in the face of the most recent of recurrent droughts in the Sahel. It is shown that for Fulbe, one of the two main ethnic groups in the small village in Northern Burkina Faso studied, culture acts as a major barrier to embracing four of the most successful livelihood strategies: labour migration, working for development projects, gardening, and the engagement of women in economic activities.
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Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso - Nielsen, Jonas Østergaard; Reenberg, Anette (Global Environmental Change, 2010)
Human adaptation to climate change is a heterogeneous process influenced by more than economic and technological development. It is increasingly acknowledged in the adaptation to climate change literature that factors such as class, gender and culture play a large role when adaptation strategies are either chosen or rejected at the local scale. This paper explores adaptation strategies by focusing on livelihood diversification in the face of the most recent of recurrent droughts in the Sahel. It is shown that for Fulbe, one of the two main ethnic groups in the small village in Northern Burkina Faso studied, culture acts as a major barrier to embracing four of the most successful livelihood strategies: labour migration, working for development projects, gardening, and the engagement of women in economic activities.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso - Nielsen, Jonas Østergaard; Reenberg, Anette (Global Environmental Change, 2010)
Human adaptation to climate change is a heterogeneous process influenced by more than economic and technological development. It is increasingly acknowledged in the adaptation to climate change literature that factors such as class, gender and culture play a large role when adaptation strategies are either chosen or rejected at the local scale. This paper explores adaptation strategies by focusing on livelihood diversification in the face of the most recent of recurrent droughts in the Sahel. It is shown that for Fulbe, one of the two main ethnic groups in the small village in Northern Burkina Faso studied, culture acts as a major barrier to embracing four of the most successful livelihood strategies: labour migration, working for development projects, gardening, and the engagement of women in economic activities.
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Sexual and reproductive health information sources preferred by out-of-school adolescents in rural southwest Uganda - Nobelius, Ann-Maree; Kalina, Bessie; Pool, Robert; Whitworth, James; Chesters, Janice Evelyn; Power, Robert (Sex Education:Sexuality, Society and Learning, 2010)
This paper defines how out-of-school adolescents from Masaka District in rural southwest Uganda currently receive sexual and reproductive health information and how they would prefer to receive that information. Information adolescents feel they lack falls into three broad categories: sexual and reproductive health issues, the negotiation of sex and sexual relationships, and making the transition to adulthood. The preferred source for information depends on the type of information to be delivered, the overriding principle being that the source must be authoritative in that type of information. Current information sources including family, peers and media are perceived as either flawed or insufficient. Preferable sources fall into three categories based on the type of information provided: accurate sexual and reproductive health information should come from trained community and media-based rather than clinic-based health educators; information about negotiation of good relationships and the negotiation of sex and condom use within relationships should come from an up-skilled traditional source, ssenga (paternal aunt), particularly for young women; and social information about becoming a good adult should come from parents, grandparents, church and community leaders. All information should be positively framed and non-judgemental. Centrally coordinated community health promotions delivered by trained community-based health educators, ssenga and parents, guided and supported by existing radio and print media, are required.
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Contribution of World Vision Ghana in the provision of quality basic education in the Bongo district - Nsoh, Duncan (2010)
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Information and learning needs of youth in a rural community in Nigeria - Nwagwu, Williams E. (World journal of science, technology and sustainable development, 2010)
Understanding learning and information needs of youth could provide planners with information required to address the needs of youth in a community. Using data collected from 220 and 250 male and female youth through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and a questionnaire survey respectively, this study investigated the information and learning needs of youth in Uzoagba, a rural community in southeastern Nigeria. Two categories of youth could be identified based on their information practices. They are those under 12 where education, health/ HIV/AIDS and income dominate. Another is the group of those above 12 where the issues that dominate their needs are income/employment and education. In summary, youth want to remain healthy to develop their personal efficacy through education and then be usefully integrated into wider social and economic life. Meanwhile, they are concerned about how to participate in generating income to achieve this ultimate aim, and to assist their families and community.
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Prevalence and Predictors of Anti Social Behaviours: A Cross Sectional Survey of Adolescents in Secondary Schools in Owerri Municipal, South East Nigeria - Nwankwo, Benjamin O.; Nwoke, Eunice U.; Chukwuocha, U. M.; Obanny, Adolphus O.; Nwoga, Kachy S.; Iwuagwu, Uchechukwu O.; Okereke, Chinwe (Pakistan journal of social sciences, 2010)
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Adequacy of Resource Materials and Students’ Mathematics Achievement of Senior Secondary Schools in Southwestern Nigeria - Ol, Yara Philias (The Social Sciences, 2010)
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Class Size and Students’ Mathematics Achievement of Senior Secondary Schools in Southwestern Nigeria - Olatunde, Yara Philias (The Social sciences (Faisalabad. Print), 2010)
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Extension Education and Entrepreneurship Development in Nigerian Agriculture - Onyebinama, U. A. U.; Onyebinama, I. C. (Agricultural Journal, 2010)
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Information Seeking Behaviour of Polytechnic Students: The Case of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana Nigeria - Owolabi, Kehinde Abayomi; Jimoh, Mutair Afolabi; Okpeh, S. C. (Library Philosophy and Practice, 2010)
Introduction Polytechnics were established in Nigeria in the late 1970s as a way of providing Nigerians with another level of tertiary institutions besides the university system. Technical education helps produce middle-level human resources for the nation's economy (Tella, Owolabi, and Attama 2008). Attama (2005), supports that view and also states that polytechnics helps in the quest for technological and economic growth. These objectives may be hampered by the way some students seek and organize academic information. Ajiboye and Tella (2007) maintain that the way students organize their learning and search for information is crucial to their overall performance. Information is vital to the development of human society. Uwem (1990) defines information as data that have been subjected to some processing functions and is capable of answering a user's query. Mabawonku (2005), highlights ways in which students can seek for information, which include colleagues, the Internet, library, friends, family members, recognized institutions, agencies, and private organizations. Eskola (1998) defines information as something which students need during their studies. Having examined the meaning of information, it is necessary to define information-seeking behaviour. Uhegbu (2007) describes information -seeking behaviour as the way in which information users conduct themselves when searching for information. Ajiboye and Tella (2007) agree when they describe information-seeking behaviour as the way and manner people gather and sought for information for their personal use, knowledge updating and development. Uhegbu (2007) describes the factors affecting choice of information, particularly among students, which includes course of studies, level, age, and religion. Specific investigation into information-seeking behaviour of students is of great importance to this study. The study by Barakutty and Salih (1999) cited by Owolabi (2007) at Calicut University, India, shows that the students used the Internet as the major source of information for their academic development. Kakai, Ikoja-Odongo, and Kigongo-Bukenya (2004) conducted a study on the information-seeking behaviour of undergraduate students of Makerere University, Uganda, and discovered that the students seek the assistance of the library staff and rely on textbooks as their major source of information. Fidazani (1998) conducted a study at University of Botswana, Gaboroneon the information needs and information-seeking behaviour of graduate students. Findings revealed that the students relied on library books, textbooks, and journals. Ajiboye and Tella (2007) conducted a research on university undergraduates' information-seeking behaviour: 12 percent of the students required information for their personal development, while 11.25 percent claimed that they sought information on health matter, and 64.1 percent sought for information for their academic development, 9.3 percent to secure employment. Objectives * To discover the types of information needed by students * To find the most preferred source of information * To Identify various factors influencing choice of information. * To discover the level of satisfaction students obtain when seeking for information. History Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic was established in 1981 as the first Federal Polytechnic in Southeast Nigeria. It began on the present site of Federal Government College Okposi, Ebonyi State, Nigeria and moved to its permanent site in Unwana in 1987. The polytechnic operates five schools in eighteen departments and has programs leading to National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) in sciences, engineering, and humanities. The library has 15,000 books and 250 serial titles. Methodology A survey research design was adopted for this work and a well structured questionnaire which identifies important variables was used for data collection. …
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Towards Creating Inclusive Cities: Experiences and Challenges in Contemporary African Cities - Poulsen, Lone (Urban Forum, 2010)
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Glomerular hyperfiltration and increased proximal sodium reabsorption in subjects with type 2 diabetes or impaired fasting glucose in a population of the African region - Pruijm, Menno; Wuerzner, Grégoire; Maillard, Marc; Bovet, Pascal; Renaud, Claude J.; Bochud, Murielle; Burnier, Michel (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation (Print), 2010)
BACKGROUND. Glomerular hyperfiltration (GHF) is a well-recognized early renal alteration in diabetic patients. As the prevalence of GHF is largely unknown in populations in the African region with respect to normal fasting glucose (NFG), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes [diabetes mellitus (DM)], we conducted a cross-sectional study in the Seychelles islands among families including at least one member with hypertension. METHODS. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and proximal tubular sodium reabsorption were measured using inulin, p-aminohippurate (PAH) and endogenous lithium clearance, respectively. Twenty-four-hour urine was collected on the preceding day. RESULTS. Of the 363 participants (mean age 44.7 years), 6.6% had IFG, 9.9% had DM and 63.3% had hypertension. The prevalence of GHF, defined as a GFR >140 ml/min, was 17.2%, 29.2% and 52.8% in NFG, IFG and DM, respectively (P trend <0.001). Compared to NFG, the adjusted odds ratio for GHF was 1.99 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-5.44] for IFG and 5.88 (2.39-14.45) for DM. Lithium clearance and fractional excretion of lithium were lower in DM and IFG than NFG (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION. In this population of African descent, subjects with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes had a high prevalence of GHF and enhanced proximal sodium reabsorption. These findings provide further insight on the elevated incidence of nephropathy reported among African diabetic individuals.
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Image mining for drought monitoring in eastern Africa using Meteosat SEVIRI data - Rulinda, Coco M.; Bijker, W.; Stein, Alfred (International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 2010)
We propose an image mining approach to monitor drought using Meteosat Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) image data. SEVIRI image data provide frequent Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series which are important to assess the evolution of drought conditions. Vegetation condition is characterized in space by the deviation of the current NDVI observations at locations from their temporal mean values. In this paper we assume a gradual evolution of vegetation stress caused by drought and hence address this aspect with the use of a membership function applied to vegetation stress values to model drought. Our approach is implemented on subset image data of eastern Africa. Vegetated sites in a drought prone area of the region serve as an illustration using the drought spell at the end of 2005. This study shows that the use of a membership function allows capturing the gradual evolution of drought and can be used to model drought from observed vegetation conditions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Is an integrated farm more resilient against climate change? A micro-econometric analysis of portfolio diversification in African agriculture - Seo, S. Niggol (Food Policy, 2010)
This paper examines whether an integrated farm that owns both crops and livestock is more resilient under global warming than a specialized farm in crops. Using around 9000 farm surveys across Africa, we explore how farmers choose one of the farm types and how the net revenue of each type varies across the range of climate in Africa. The results indicate that an integrated farm increases in number while a specialized farm decreases across Africa under climate predictions for 2060. The relative profitability of each system against each other also changes. An integrated farm becomes relatively more profitable over specialized farms half a century from now. The impacts of climate change on integrated farms range from 9% loss to 27% gain depending on climate scenarios. Behavioral models can capture portfolio diversification benefits that agro-economic models cannot measure.
Keywords: openalex:import

Contribution of Information and Communication Technology to the Prevalence of Obesity and Elevated Blood Pressure among Secondary School Students in Nigeria - Shehu, Raheem Adaramaja; Onasanya, S.A.; Oloyede, T. A.; Kinta, M. (Journal of Applied Sciences, 2010)
Keywords: openalex:import

Intestinal helminths and protozoa in children in pre-schools in Kafue district, Zambia - Siwila, Joyce; Phiri, Isaac; Enemark, Heidi L.; Nchito, Mbiko; Olsen, Annette (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2010)
Journal Article Intestinal helminths and protozoa in children in pre-schools in Kafue district, Zambia Get access Joyce Siwila, Joyce Siwila ⁎ aDepartment of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia ⁎Corresponding author. Tel.: +260 977 319 826; fax: +260 211 293 727. E-mail address:siwilaj@yahoo.co.uk (J. Siwila). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Isaac G.K. Phiri, Isaac G.K. Phiri aDepartment of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Heidi Larsen Enemark, Heidi Larsen Enemark bSection for Adaptive Immunology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mbiko Nchito, Mbiko Nchito cEQUIP 2 Programme, Ministry of Education, P.O. Box 32330, Lusaka, Zambia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Annette Olsen Annette Olsen dDBL-Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 104, Issue 2, February 2010, Pages 122–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.07.024 Published: 01 February 2010 Article history Received: 04 March 2009 Revision received: 17 July 2009 Accepted: 20 July 2009 Published: 01 February 2010
Keywords: openalex:import

‘Knowledge in the Blood?’: Race, Consciousness and Understanding in South African Higher Education - Soudien, Crain (South African Journal of Science, 2010)
Keywords: openalex:import

HIV/AIDS education: what works for Swaziland University students? - Sukati, C.W.S.; Vilakati, Nokuthula; Esampally, Chandraiah (Educational Research, 2010)
Background: HIV/AIDS poses a major threat to development and poverty alleviation, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Education has been declared an effective preventative approach and the single most powerful weapon against HIV transmission. However, there is a paucity of research on the type of education required, the appropriate teaching/learning methods, and generally how such education influences change of attitudes and behaviour on the part of the students. Purpose: In the context of Swaziland, a country with the highest HIV prevalence rate at 42.6%, this study explores how students at the University of Swaziland perceive an HIV/AIDS course. The students' comments cover the course content, the teaching/learning methods used in the course, the regulations governing the course, and the impact of the course. Sample and design: A sample of 15 students was randomly selected from all the year 1 Faculty of Agriculture students to form focus group 1. Another sample of 15 was randomly selected from year 3 students who were enrolled on a new programme to form focus group 2. Of the 15 invited students in each focus group, 11 (seven males and four females) attended the focus group 1 meeting, and 12 (eight females and four males) attended the focus group two meeting. A pilot-tested and pre-prepared interview schedule was used during the focus group interviews to collect information on the students' perceptions. This data was analysed using themes. Results: The findings reveal that the perceptions of the two groups were very similar. The students identified some topics that they felt were treated in great depth, and other topics, particularly dealing with traditional healers, that they felt should be added to the course content. They further criticised the excessive use of the lecture method in teaching the course and recommended that more visual materials, presentations by HIV-positive people and workers, as well as site visits to relevant places should be encouraged to make the course more interesting and give it greater educational value. Overall, the students felt that the course had been effective in changing their attitudes and behaviour. The students cited numerous benefits that they had derived from this course and recommended that it should be offered to all first-year students at the university. Conclusions and recommendations: This small scale study suggests that providing HIV/AIDS education is an important intervention in changing the attitudes and behaviour of university students and in combating the spread of HIV. It further stresses the importance of engaging all the relevant stakeholders, particularly the students, in working out the content of such a course.
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The Potential of Using Agroforestry as a Win-Win Solution to Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation and Meeting Food Security Challenges in Southern Africa - Syampungani, Stephen; Pw, Chirwa; Akinnifesi, FK; Oc, Ajayi (Agricultural Journal, 2010)
Keywords: openalex:import

Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa - Thornton, Philip K.; Jones, Peter G.; Alagarswamy, G.; Andresen, Jeff; Herrero, Mario (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The East African region exhibits considerable climatic and topographic variability. Much spatial and temporal variation in the response of different crops to climate change can thus be anticipated. In previous work we showed that a large part of this variation can be explained in terms of temperature and, to a lesser extent, water effects. Here, we summarise simulated yield response in two crops that are widely grown in the region, maize and beans, and investigate how the impacts of climate change might be addressed at two levels: the agricultural system and the household. Regionally, there are substantial between-country and within-system differences in maize and bean production responses projected to 2050. The arid-semiarid mixed crop-livestock systems are projected to see reductions in maize and bean production throughout most of the region to 2050. Yields of these crops in the tropical highland mixed systems are projected to increase, sometimes substantially. The humid–subhumid mixed systems show more varied yield responses through time and across space. Some within-country shifts in cropping away from the arid–semiarid systems to cooler, higher-elevation locations may be possible, but increased regional trade should be able to overcome the country-level production deficits in maize and beans caused by climate change to 2050, all other things being equal. For some places in the tropical highlands, maize and bean yield increases could have beneficial effects on household food security and income levels. In the other mixed systems, moderate yield losses can be expected to be offset by crop breeding and agronomic approaches in the coming decades, while more severe yield losses may necessitate changes in crop types, movement to more livestock-orientated production, or abandonment of cropping altogether. These production responses are indicative only, and their effects will be under-estimated because the methods used here have not accounted for increasing weather variability in the future or changes in the distribution and impacts of biotic and other abiotic stresses. These system-level shifts will take place in a context characterised by high population growth rates; the demand for food is projected to nearly triple by the middle of this century. Systems will have to intensify substantially in response, particularly in the better-endowed mixed systems in the region. For the more marginal areas, the variability in yield response, and the variability in households’ ability to adapt, suggest that, even given the limitations of this analysis, adaptation options need to be assessed at the level of the household and the local community, if research for development is to meet its poverty alleviation and food security targets in the face of global change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa - Thornton, Philip K.; Jones, Peter G.; Alagarswamy, G.; Andresen, Jeff; Herrero, Mario (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The East African region exhibits considerable climatic and topographic variability. Much spatial and temporal variation in the response of different crops to climate change can thus be anticipated. In previous work we showed that a large part of this variation can be explained in terms of temperature and, to a lesser extent, water effects. Here, we summarise simulated yield response in two crops that are widely grown in the region, maize and beans, and investigate how the impacts of climate change might be addressed at two levels: the agricultural system and the household. Regionally, there are substantial between-country and within-system differences in maize and bean production responses projected to 2050. The arid-semiarid mixed crop-livestock systems are projected to see reductions in maize and bean production throughout most of the region to 2050. Yields of these crops in the tropical highland mixed systems are projected to increase, sometimes substantially. The humid–subhumid mixed systems show more varied yield responses through time and across space. Some within-country shifts in cropping away from the arid–semiarid systems to cooler, higher-elevation locations may be possible, but increased regional trade should be able to overcome the country-level production deficits in maize and beans caused by climate change to 2050, all other things being equal. For some places in the tropical highlands, maize and bean yield increases could have beneficial effects on household food security and income levels. In the other mixed systems, moderate yield losses can be expected to be offset by crop breeding and agronomic approaches in the coming decades, while more severe yield losses may necessitate changes in crop types, movement to more livestock-orientated production, or abandonment of cropping altogether. These production responses are indicative only, and their effects will be under-estimated because the methods used here have not accounted for increasing weather variability in the future or changes in the distribution and impacts of biotic and other abiotic stresses. These system-level shifts will take place in a context characterised by high population growth rates; the demand for food is projected to nearly triple by the middle of this century. Systems will have to intensify substantially in response, particularly in the better-endowed mixed systems in the region. For the more marginal areas, the variability in yield response, and the variability in households’ ability to adapt, suggest that, even given the limitations of this analysis, adaptation options need to be assessed at the level of the household and the local community, if research for development is to meet its poverty alleviation and food security targets in the face of global change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa - Thornton, Philip K.; Jones, Peter G.; Alagarswamy, G.; Andresen, Jeff; Herrero, Mario (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The East African region exhibits considerable climatic and topographic variability. Much spatial and temporal variation in the response of different crops to climate change can thus be anticipated. In previous work we showed that a large part of this variation can be explained in terms of temperature and, to a lesser extent, water effects. Here, we summarise simulated yield response in two crops that are widely grown in the region, maize and beans, and investigate how the impacts of climate change might be addressed at two levels: the agricultural system and the household. Regionally, there are substantial between-country and within-system differences in maize and bean production responses projected to 2050. The arid-semiarid mixed crop-livestock systems are projected to see reductions in maize and bean production throughout most of the region to 2050. Yields of these crops in the tropical highland mixed systems are projected to increase, sometimes substantially. The humid–subhumid mixed systems show more varied yield responses through time and across space. Some within-country shifts in cropping away from the arid–semiarid systems to cooler, higher-elevation locations may be possible, but increased regional trade should be able to overcome the country-level production deficits in maize and beans caused by climate change to 2050, all other things being equal. For some places in the tropical highlands, maize and bean yield increases could have beneficial effects on household food security and income levels. In the other mixed systems, moderate yield losses can be expected to be offset by crop breeding and agronomic approaches in the coming decades, while more severe yield losses may necessitate changes in crop types, movement to more livestock-orientated production, or abandonment of cropping altogether. These production responses are indicative only, and their effects will be under-estimated because the methods used here have not accounted for increasing weather variability in the future or changes in the distribution and impacts of biotic and other abiotic stresses. These system-level shifts will take place in a context characterised by high population growth rates; the demand for food is projected to nearly triple by the middle of this century. Systems will have to intensify substantially in response, particularly in the better-endowed mixed systems in the region. For the more marginal areas, the variability in yield response, and the variability in households’ ability to adapt, suggest that, even given the limitations of this analysis, adaptation options need to be assessed at the level of the household and the local community, if research for development is to meet its poverty alleviation and food security targets in the face of global change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa - Thornton, Philip K.; Jones, Peter G.; Alagarswamy, G.; Andresen, Jeff; Herrero, Mario (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The East African region exhibits considerable climatic and topographic variability. Much spatial and temporal variation in the response of different crops to climate change can thus be anticipated. In previous work we showed that a large part of this variation can be explained in terms of temperature and, to a lesser extent, water effects. Here, we summarise simulated yield response in two crops that are widely grown in the region, maize and beans, and investigate how the impacts of climate change might be addressed at two levels: the agricultural system and the household. Regionally, there are substantial between-country and within-system differences in maize and bean production responses projected to 2050. The arid-semiarid mixed crop-livestock systems are projected to see reductions in maize and bean production throughout most of the region to 2050. Yields of these crops in the tropical highland mixed systems are projected to increase, sometimes substantially. The humid–subhumid mixed systems show more varied yield responses through time and across space. Some within-country shifts in cropping away from the arid–semiarid systems to cooler, higher-elevation locations may be possible, but increased regional trade should be able to overcome the country-level production deficits in maize and beans caused by climate change to 2050, all other things being equal. For some places in the tropical highlands, maize and bean yield increases could have beneficial effects on household food security and income levels. In the other mixed systems, moderate yield losses can be expected to be offset by crop breeding and agronomic approaches in the coming decades, while more severe yield losses may necessitate changes in crop types, movement to more livestock-orientated production, or abandonment of cropping altogether. These production responses are indicative only, and their effects will be under-estimated because the methods used here have not accounted for increasing weather variability in the future or changes in the distribution and impacts of biotic and other abiotic stresses. These system-level shifts will take place in a context characterised by high population growth rates; the demand for food is projected to nearly triple by the middle of this century. Systems will have to intensify substantially in response, particularly in the better-endowed mixed systems in the region. For the more marginal areas, the variability in yield response, and the variability in households’ ability to adapt, suggest that, even given the limitations of this analysis, adaptation options need to be assessed at the level of the household and the local community, if research for development is to meet its poverty alleviation and food security targets in the face of global change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa - Thornton, Philip K.; Jones, Peter G.; Alagarswamy, G.; Andresen, Jeff; Herrero, Mario (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The East African region exhibits considerable climatic and topographic variability. Much spatial and temporal variation in the response of different crops to climate change can thus be anticipated. In previous work we showed that a large part of this variation can be explained in terms of temperature and, to a lesser extent, water effects. Here, we summarise simulated yield response in two crops that are widely grown in the region, maize and beans, and investigate how the impacts of climate change might be addressed at two levels: the agricultural system and the household. Regionally, there are substantial between-country and within-system differences in maize and bean production responses projected to 2050. The arid-semiarid mixed crop-livestock systems are projected to see reductions in maize and bean production throughout most of the region to 2050. Yields of these crops in the tropical highland mixed systems are projected to increase, sometimes substantially. The humid–subhumid mixed systems show more varied yield responses through time and across space. Some within-country shifts in cropping away from the arid–semiarid systems to cooler, higher-elevation locations may be possible, but increased regional trade should be able to overcome the country-level production deficits in maize and beans caused by climate change to 2050, all other things being equal. For some places in the tropical highlands, maize and bean yield increases could have beneficial effects on household food security and income levels. In the other mixed systems, moderate yield losses can be expected to be offset by crop breeding and agronomic approaches in the coming decades, while more severe yield losses may necessitate changes in crop types, movement to more livestock-orientated production, or abandonment of cropping altogether. These production responses are indicative only, and their effects will be under-estimated because the methods used here have not accounted for increasing weather variability in the future or changes in the distribution and impacts of biotic and other abiotic stresses. These system-level shifts will take place in a context characterised by high population growth rates; the demand for food is projected to nearly triple by the middle of this century. Systems will have to intensify substantially in response, particularly in the better-endowed mixed systems in the region. For the more marginal areas, the variability in yield response, and the variability in households’ ability to adapt, suggest that, even given the limitations of this analysis, adaptation options need to be assessed at the level of the household and the local community, if research for development is to meet its poverty alleviation and food security targets in the face of global change.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa - Thornton, Philip K.; Jones, Peter G.; Alagarswamy, G.; Andresen, Jeff; Herrero, Mario (Agricultural Systems, 2010)
The East African region exhibits considerable climatic and topographic variability. Much spatial and temporal variation in the response of different crops to climate change can thus be anticipated. In previous work we showed that a large part of this variation can be explained in terms of temperature and, to a lesser extent, water effects. Here, we summarise simulated yield response in two crops that are widely grown in the region, maize and beans, and investigate how the impacts of climate change might be addressed at two levels: the agricultural system and the household. Regionally, there are substantial between-country and within-system differences in maize and bean production responses projected to 2050. The arid-semiarid mixed crop-livestock systems are projected to see reductions in maize and bean production throughout most of the region to 2050. Yields of these crops in the tropical highland mixed systems are projected to increase, sometimes substantially. The humid–subhumid mixed systems show more varied yield responses through time and across space. Some within-country shifts in cropping away from the arid–semiarid systems to cooler, higher-elevation locations may be possible, but increased regional trade should be able to overcome the country-level production deficits in maize and beans caused by climate change to 2050, all other things being equal. For some places in the tropical highlands, maize and bean yield increases could have beneficial effects on household food security and income levels. In the other mixed systems, moderate yield losses can be expected to be offset by crop breeding and agronomic approaches in the coming decades, while more severe yield losses may necessitate changes in crop types, movement to more livestock-orientated production, or abandonment of cropping altogether. These production responses are indicative only, and their effects will be under-estimated because the methods used here have not accounted for increasing weather variability in the future or changes in the distribution and impacts of biotic and other abiotic stresses. These system-level shifts will take place in a context characterised by high population growth rates; the demand for food is projected to nearly triple by the middle of this century. Systems will have to intensify substantially in response, particularly in the better-endowed mixed systems in the region. For the more marginal areas, the variability in yield response, and the variability in households’ ability to adapt, suggest that, even given the limitations of this analysis, adaptation options need to be assessed at the level of the household and the local community, if research for development is to meet its poverty alleviation and food security targets in the face of global change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Managing energy demand through transport policy: What can South Africa learn from Europe? - Vanderschuren, Marianne; Lane, T.E.; Korver, W.O.E. (Energy Policy, 2010)
Abstract For years, the world has enjoyed the luxury of inexpensive transport fuels, resulting in the continuous expansion of transport demand and vast improvements in mobility levels. The threat of peak oil and other environmental concerns, however, are forcing a paradigm shift in terms of transport planning. In recent times, many developed nations have been investigating alternative ways and means of weaning themselves off oil as the main transport energy source and managing transport energy demand. South Africa is a developing nation that, in terms of transportation technology and policy, lags behind developed countries. This presents South Africa with the opportunity to learn from other countries’ triumphs and mistakes and to skip over obsolete investment patterns and ineffective policy. It needs to be determined what South Africa can do to bend the stream of continuously growing transport (energy) demand, without hampering growth in mobility. Solutions can potentially be found by looking at the European Union’s past and present situation and responses. This paper summarises various European energy management transport policies. These policies are translated into a South African context—pros, cons and implementation viability are identified.
Keywords: openalex:import

Oyola and Wakesi in Kenya : locals adapting to effects of climate change - Wakhungu, Judi W.; Nyukuri, Elvin; Ongor, Dan; Tonui, Charles (2010)
Keywords: openalex:import

Exploring How School Counselors Position Low-Income African American Girls as Mathematics and Science Learners - West-Olatunji, Cirecie; Shure, Lauren; Pringle, Robert; Adams, Thomasenia Lott; Lewis, D. D.; Cholewa, Blaire (Professional School Counseling, 2010)
The underrepresentation of low-income African American girls in science-related careers is of concern. Applying the concept of positionality, the authors explored how three school counselors at low-resourced schools view this population of learners to either support or discourage mathematics and science careers. The results of this study suggest that these school counselors evidence lowered expectations for their students. The authors suggest that school counselors need to become aware of how their perceptions and beliefs impact academic achievement.
Keywords: openalex:import

Exploring how School Counselors Position Low-Income African American Girls as Mathematics and Science Learners - West-Olatunji, Cirecie; Shure, Lauren; Pringle, Robert; Adams, Thomasenia Lott; Lewis, D. D.; Cholewa, Blaire (Professional School Counseling, 2010)
The underrepresentation of low-income African American girls in science-related careers is of concern. Applying the concept of positionality, the authors explored how three school counselors at low-resourced schools view this population of learners to either support or discourage mathematics and science careers. The results of this study suggest that these school counselors evidence lowered expectations for their students. The authors suggest that school counselors need to become aware of how their perceptions and beliefs impact academic achievement.
Keywords: openalex:import

Health implications of chronic hepatosplenomegaly in Kenyan school-aged children chronically exposed to malarial infections and Schistosoma mansoni - Wilson, Shona; Vennervald, Birgitte J.; Kadzo, Hilda; Ireri, Edmund; Amaganga, Clifford; Booth, Mark; Kariuki, H. Curtis; Mwatha, Joseph K.; Kimani, Gachuhi; Ouma, John H.; Muchiri, Eric M.; Dunne, David W. (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2010)
Hepatosplenomegaly among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa is highly prevalent. Two of the more common aetiological agents of hepatosplenomegaly, namely chronic exposure to malaria and Schistosoma mansoni infection, can result in similar clinical presentation, with the liver and spleen being chronically enlarged and of a firm consistency. Where co-endemic, the two parasites are thought to synergistically exacerbate hepatosplenomegaly. Here, two potential health consequences, i.e. dilation of the portal vein (indicative of increased portal pressure) and stunting of growth, were investigated in a study area where children were chronically exposed to malaria throughout while S. mansoni transmission was geographically restricted. Hepatosplenomegaly was associated with increased portal vein diameters, with enlargement of the spleen rather than the liver being more closely associated with dilation. Dilation of the portal vein was exacerbated by S. mansoni infection in an intensity-dependent manner. The prevalence of growth stunting was not associated with either relative exposure rates to malarial infection or with S. mansoni infection status but was significantly associated with hepatosplenomegaly. Children who presented with hepatosplenomegaly had the lowest height-for-age Z-scores. This study shows that hepatosplenomegaly associated with chronic exposure to malaria and schistosomiasis is not a benign symptom amongst school-aged children but has potential long-term health consequences.
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Study on skin sensitization as well as liver and kidney impairment in guinea pigs treated with trichloroethylene - Xu, Xinyun; Li, Xueyu; Liu, Yuefeng; Zhou, Li; Ke, Yuebin; Fang, Dan; Liu, Yang; Shi, Chunlei (Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 2010)
Objective To study skin sensitization as well as liver and kidney impairment in guinea pigs treated with trichloroethylene (TCE).Methods Guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) was applied in this study.Guinea pigs were divided into 3 groups,namely negative control,positive control and TCE treatment.Animals of 3 groups were administrated with olive oil,2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB),and TCE,respectively,by intradermal injection.The animal skin was observed and blood was collected after various treatment.The liver function tests were conducted,including detection of activities of ALT,AST,LDH and levels of creatinine,uric acid,and urea with automatic biochemical analyzer.Results Obvious skin impairment was observed in the groups of positive control and TCE treatment.The skin impairment included erythema and edema.The sensitization rate was 100% in positive control and 83.3% in TCE treatment group.Additionally,the activities of ALT,AST and LDH increased significantly in the groups of positive control and TCE treatment when compared with the negative control (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 ).Conclusions Trichloroethylene is one of the strong hypersensitizing substances,and it could induce skin allergic reaction and liver impairment in guinea pigs. Key words: Trichloroethylene; Skin tests; Liver function tests; Kidney function tests
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FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE "A FIELD STUDY AT EL-HAMOUL DISTRICT IN THE NORTH DELTA OF EGYPT" إدراک وأقلمة المزارعین لظاهرة تغیر المناخ "دراسة میدانیة فى مرکز الحامول بمنطقة شمال دلتا مصر" - قاسم, حازم (Mağallaẗ Al-Iqtiṣād Al-Zirā'ī wa Al-ʿulūm Al-Iğtimāʿiyyaẗ (Print), 2010)
Keywords: openalex:import

FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE "A FIELD STUDY AT EL-HAMOUL DISTRICT IN THE NORTH DELTA OF EGYPT" إدراک وأقلمة المزارعین لظاهرة تغیر المناخ "دراسة میدانیة فى مرکز الحامول بمنطقة شمال دلتا مصر" - قاسم, حازم (Mağallaẗ Al-Iqtiṣād Al-Zirā'ī wa Al-ʿulūm Al-Iğtimāʿiyyaẗ (Print), 2010)
Keywords: openalex:import

An African chorus on climate change (Africa Renewal, 2010)
Preview this article: An African chorus on climate change, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/25179829/23/4/7f6952e8-en-1.gif
Keywords: openalex:import

Culture and curriculum development in Nigerian schools - Nakpodia, E. D. (African Journal of History and Culture, 2010)
This paper was concerned with cultural bases of curriculum. It examined the influence of culture on curriculum development in Nigerian Schools since education is regarded as the transmission of culture in a process known as enculturation. It is a process of initiating the growing and inexperienced persons into the way of life in his society based on factors of culture which bring about changes in school curriculum. The school does not work in a vacuum, but has to operate in co-operation with the home, church and all other agencies of society that influence the development of the child. One of the primary tasks of the teacher is to use the culture and school curriculum in helping pupils to make satisfactory adjustments as regards curriculum components and programs designed. Hence this paper was concerned with the question whether curriculum in the school is in any way based on culture. Has curriculum any connection with culture of the society? This task is impossible unless the school employee understands well the phenomena of family, church, peer groups, and community life. The paper therefore dealt with the meaning and classification of culture; the diagnosis of curriculum development; influence of culture on children’s learning; the context of curriculum development; and agencies in the educative process and curriculum development. Key words: Influence, culture, education, curriculum development, Nigerian.
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Teachers perceptions of staff development programmes as it relates to teachers effectiveness: A study of rural primary schools in Kenya - Ngala, Frederick B. J. A.; Odebero, Stephen O. (Educational Research Review, 2010)
Results-based management has gained currency in Kenya.  After pre-service training, teachers take various staff development programmes to enhance their role effectiveness. Many studies which have associated staff development with employee productivity have not delved into the actual mechanisms in which staff development impact on teachers’ effectiveness. This study was a survey of 100 primary schools which brought on board 100 teachers as research subjects. Using the outlier approach schools in Rift Valley and Nyanza Provinces were bifurcated into high performing and average performing categories. A modified Likert Scale type of questionnaire was administered after validation. The study revealed that the most popular staff development programmes are taking higher education and training, in-service courses and participating in workshops, seminars and conferences among others. During such programmes, teachers learn school management skills, evaluation techniques, academic achievement correlates and master wider content areas of their subjects. Teachers in the high performing schools were found to take more interest in staff development programmes compared to their colleagues in the average performing schools. Key recommendations include granting paid study leave and allocating more funds and time to serving teachers to enable them participate in staff development programmes. Equally imperative is retraining of teachers aimed at radical attitudinal change towards staff development activities related to their respective teachers. Key words: Staff development, teacher effectiveness, performance, productivity
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Wellness attitudes of secondary school teachers in Cross River State, Nigeria. - Ogunjimi, L. O.; Ikorok, Maria Michael; Ekpu, Felicia S.; Yusuf, O. O. (International NGO Journal, 2010)
This paper examines the wellness attitudes of Secondary School Teachers in Cross River State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research was adopted. 480 secondary school teachers were selected from both Public and Private Schools in Cross River State using deliberate sampling technique. A researcher- constructed questionnaire (r = .86) was the main instrument for data collection. Percentage frequency was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that the teachers were having negative wellness attitude. It was recommended among others that Federal and States Ministries of Education in conjunction with STAN should include teachers’ health related theme in the conferences. Also, school administrators should create wellness programs for the teachers. The public health practitioners were encouraged to extend their areas of operation to include schools, colleges and tertiary institutions. Key words:  Wellness, attitudes, secondary, school teachers, Nigeria.
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1 Goal: education for all: building and mobilizing support for education for all (EFA) around the 2010 world cup (Item proposed by Sierra Leone) - Union, Africa (2010)
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Crystal structure of NO3 -bearing haueyne from Oldoinyo Lengai Volcano, northern Tanzania - Zolotarev, Andrei A.; Krivovichev, Sergey V.; Zaitsev, Anatoly N.; Keller, J. (2010)
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Toward Effective Theological Training For Africa's Church Leaders: Course Proposals For The West Africa Advanced School Of Theology Curriculum - Ballenger, Mary L. (2010)
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Training Kenyan Church Planters For The Harvest: A Formative Evaluation Of A Training Program For The Africa Evangelical Presbyterian Church - Carr, Robert L. (2010)
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Introducing indigenous education to University undergraduate students: Feelers from Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria - Kolawole, OD (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
The article investigated the perception of OAU undergraduate students of Agriculture offering a special elective course (SEE 001/002), entitled Indigenous education in Nigeria , as regards its appropriateness and curriculum relevance to higher education. The specific objectives were to analyse the socio-economic/ demographic characteristics of the students; identify the course contents and their relevance to the development of indigenous knowledge theory and practice in higher education; and determine the acceptability of indigenous approach to education among students. A purposive sampling of 100 agriculture undergraduate students was carried out with the use of structured and unstructured questionnaires. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics (such as percentages, measures of central dispersion) and inferential statistic (correlation and chi square analyses).The result showed that a positive and significant relationship existed between a student's cultural background (r= 0.225), parent's occupation (r= 0.175) and his favourable perception of the adaptation of indigenous knowledge in higher education.
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The use of educational biographies to inform teaching and learning in an African University - Leibowitz, Brenda; Booi, Kwanele; Daniels, Stephen; Loots, A.; Richards, Rhonda; Deventer, Idilette Van (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
This article begins with the argument that an ideal `African university' would be characterized by the universal value of social justice. `Social justice' is presented as having two complementary and interrelated elements: redistribution of resources and recognition of difference. Crucial aspects of social justice in societies embedded in a past of conflict and inequity are reconciliation, sharing of selfconsciousness and the democratization of knowledge systems. The article describes the first phase of a team led research project designed to explore the educational identities of lecturers, and how these impact on teaching and learning, at a historically white university in South Africa. The research design involves the narrating of educational biographies by 64 lecturers and academic support members. The positive impact of the research process on the research team is described. The themes and issues arising out of the research, which could emerge in a dialogue towards transformation of teaching and learning, are discussed with examples. The article concludes by stressing the need to guard against stereotyping individuals according to categories such as race or gender. It advocates the value of reflection as well as disclosure, within the dialogue towards transformation. It stresses that in order for social justice to flourish, this dialogue must be accompanied by distribution of power and resources.
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The Wordy Worlds of Popular Music in Eastern and Southern Africa: Possible Implications for Language-in-Education Policy - Makoni, Sinfree; Makoni, Busi; Rosenberg, Aaron Louis (Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 2010)
Language-in-education policy in Africa is replete with debate regarding the use of standard African languages as part of mother-tongue education. An issue inadequately addressed within this debate is the role and function of urban vernaculars which have become “the” mother tongue of the greater part of Africa's population. Using data from the lyrics of popular music from eastern and southern African songwriters as an instance of ground-level language practices, this article argues that, to the extent that urban vernaculars and standard African languages act as international languages in popular music, there is justification for using urban vernaculars as languages of instruction. The extensive use of urban vernaculars in popular music has led to its popularity, and if these urban vernaculars are used as part of mother tongue education, socio-cultural relations between the school and society may improve. Despite the fact that educational strategies based on language practices in popular songs subvert social hierarchy, the use of urban vernaculars reshapes and blurs linguistic boundaries and, thus, constructs plurilingual identities. Using urban vernaculars not only provides access to education for a large portion of the population but also consolidates “glocal” identities while affirming cultural roots.
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The pains and gains of supervising postgraduate students from a distance: The case of six students from Lesotho - Mapesela, M.L.E.; Wilkinson, Annette (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
South African policy emphasises internationalisation and the recruitment of learners from other countries, with particular focus on countries of the South African Development Community (SADC). While such advocacy is legitimate, there are some negative factors which impact on the efficiency and the smooth running of teaching and learning of international students. Common problems range from - among others - physical distance, communication, financial implications and insufficient background in and experience of research. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the experiences of the supervisor(s) and the challenges faced by six Lesotho students enrolled for a part-time master's degree at the Centre for Higher Education Studies and Development (CHESD) at the University of the Free State. What started off as a normal master's degree study, proceeded into a phase of pain when students failed to complete their minidissertations in the allocated time. This period became equally challenging to the supervisor whose roles had to change to being counselor, parent and mentor. The report is based on the voices of the students, as well as on one of the authors' experience and observations as the supervisor of this group. A post-evaluation survey was done to gather information from the students.
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Sexual relationships among students in higher education in Zimbabwe: Implications for HIV/AIDS - Mapfumo, John; Shumba, Almon; Chireshe, Regis (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
The study sought to investigate male and female roles in intimate sexual relationships and their implications for HIV / AIDS among students in institutions of Higher Education in Zimbabwe. The sample (N = 118) voluntarily participated in this study. Fifty-eight participants came from a church related university while 60 were from a state owned. Sixty-two were women while 56 were men. The survey design was used. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Cross tabulations were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that there were no differences in the perceived male-female roles in intimate relationships between male and female students from the two universities. The majority of the respondents viewed man as initiators of sexual encounters and taking control and responsibility over sexual encounters. This scenario was seen as putting women at greater risk for HIV / AIDS. Women empowerment was strongly recommended.
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The conduct of social actor in initial formation.Case study : the contexte of education protestant in Madagascar - Rakotoarivelo, Anselme (2010)
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Students and their presenting concerns at a Student Counselling Service at a South African university - Schreiber, BM (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
This article presents a summary of the concerns and the demographic data collected from clients at the Student Counselling Service (SCS) at the University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa, during the period of March 2001 to April 2003. First-time presenting clients who are enrolled students, were asked to fill out an anonymous questionnaire, of which 844 were collected. The demographic profile of the presenting students resembles the profile of the total student population at UCT with exception of graduate status and home language. More undergraduate students and more English second language speakers made use of our service. This is in line with data from other student counselling services in South Africa (Naidoo 1999; Nicholas 1997). The results indicate that the most frequent presenting concerns amongst students are difficulties with concentration, difficulties with motivation, depression, tiredness and fatigue. Over a third of students felt that their problems are affecting them academically 'a lot'. The results are discussed and compared to data from other university counselling services.The results of this survey contribute to formulating a meaningful response to students' concerns. In addition, the results assist in identifying vulnerable students.
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Intellectual conversation about the status of arts education in South Africa - Sirayi, Mzo (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
This article challenges faculties of the arts in South African institutions of higher education to place arts education at the centre of academic inquiry, scholarship discovery and broaden their narrow understanding of 'arts education'. I argue for the recognition of a broad-based 'arts education' or 'faculties of the comprehensive arts education'. Such a broad-based approach to the teaching of the arts is not limited to the arts sector, but also includes heritage, cultural management and policy, culture and urban regeneration, culture and rural development, cultural planning, culture and economic development or creative economies, citizenship and immigration, management of cultural diversity, management in entertainment, cultural law and arts education pedagogy and teacher training. The conceptualisation of arts education studies as a field of public inquiry is relatively old and has generated much literature. Thus I wish to argue here that there is good and valid ground to venture into and move towards comprehensive arts education faculties in a broadly conceived fashion.
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Training course for participatory epidemiology trainers, Lomé, Togo, 25‐29 January 2010 - Tchangaï, C.P.; Mehta-Bhatt, Purvi; Hendrickx, Saskia C.J.; Kabore, S. (2010)
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Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry in Shallow and Deep Wells of Volcanic Aquifer in Axum, Northern Ethiopia - Tesfamichael, Tewodros Alemayehu; Dietzel, Martin (2010)
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Patchwork text: Innovative assessment to address the diverse neds of postgraduate learners at the African University of the 21st century - Tonder, SP van; Wilkinson, Annette; Schoor, JH van (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
In this article the background and origin of and a rationale for transformational learning and the patchwork text as an alternative to the academic essay and the traditional portfolio as assessment instruments are clearly illustrated. The authors also share their own as well as their learners' experiences with the implementation of patchwork text assessment in a master's degree course work module. They conclude the article with a reflection on the strengths and weaknesses of patchwork text assessment in the context of learning facilitation for postgraduate learners with diverse needs, aptitudes and learning styles and how the lessons learned can help with possible improvements in this and other postgraduate programmes. The ultimate message for the African university of the twenty-first century is that patchwork text can assist learners in becoming more critical and reflective thinkers.
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Cigarette smoking among healthcare professional students of university of lagos and lagos university teaching hospital (luth), idi-araba, lagos, nigeria - Aina, B A; Oyerinde, Omowunmi; Joda, A.E.; Dada, Oluwatosin Omolara (Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2010)
It is a known fact that health professionals can play a critical role in reducing tobacco use. In fact, it has been shown that even brief and simple advice from health care professionals can substantially increase smoking cessation rates. Students in healthcare professions are future healthcare professionals, identifying and documenting their knowledge, attitudes and practices with regards to tobacco smoking would shed light as to their future effectiveness in providing this much needed public health initiative in their practices.This research was carried out to determine cigarette smoking habit among healthcare professional students of University of Lagos and Nursing students of Lagos University Teaching Hospital.The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Data was collected by the use of a structured, self administered questionnaire which was aimed at determining their smoking status and their attitudes. The target population was first and final professional year students representing the two class extremes and attempt was made to survey all the students that fell within this identified target population without randomization. Data was collected between March and June 2007.Out of 814 qualified participants, 433 responded to the questionnaire (53%). Smoking prevalence was highest among dental students (8.48%) while both Physiotherapy and Nursing students had nil prevalence rates. Overall, the current smoking prevalence was 3.93%. There was no statistically significant difference between the smoking habits of first year and final year students (p = 0.99). Based on Fagerstrom nicotine addiction test, only a small proportion of the current smokers can be classified as being maximally addicted (6.0%).From this study it can be concluded that smoking prevalence is low among healthcare professional students at the University of Lagos and this is a good indication that they would play critical role in reducing tobacco use. It is recommended that a tobacco counselling unit should be set up by the school authority.
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Cigarette smoking among healthcare professional students of university of lagos and lagos university teaching hospital (luth), idi-araba, lagos, nigeria - Aina, B A; Oyerinde, Omowunmi; Joda, A.E.; Dada, Oluwatosin Omolara (Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2010)
It is a known fact that health professionals can play a critical role in reducing tobacco use. In fact, it has been shown that even brief and simple advice from health care professionals can substantially increase smoking cessation rates. Students in healthcare professions are future healthcare professionals, identifying and documenting their knowledge, attitudes and practices with regards to tobacco smoking would shed light as to their future effectiveness in providing this much needed public health initiative in their practices.This research was carried out to determine cigarette smoking habit among healthcare professional students of University of Lagos and Nursing students of Lagos University Teaching Hospital.The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Data was collected by the use of a structured, self administered questionnaire which was aimed at determining their smoking status and their attitudes. The target population was first and final professional year students representing the two class extremes and attempt was made to survey all the students that fell within this identified target population without randomization. Data was collected between March and June 2007.Out of 814 qualified participants, 433 responded to the questionnaire (53%). Smoking prevalence was highest among dental students (8.48%) while both Physiotherapy and Nursing students had nil prevalence rates. Overall, the current smoking prevalence was 3.93%. There was no statistically significant difference between the smoking habits of first year and final year students (p = 0.99). Based on Fagerstrom nicotine addiction test, only a small proportion of the current smokers can be classified as being maximally addicted (6.0%).From this study it can be concluded that smoking prevalence is low among healthcare professional students at the University of Lagos and this is a good indication that they would play critical role in reducing tobacco use. It is recommended that a tobacco counselling unit should be set up by the school authority.
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Reconciliation(s): Transitional Justice in Postconflict Societies, ed. Joanna R. Quinn. Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, ed. Luc Huyse and Mark Salter - Clark, Phil (International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2010)
In recent years, the focus of transitional justice scholarship has started to shift from institutions and processes towards questions of outcomes and impact. Early discussions in this field centred on concepts such as truth and justice, which were often treated as ends in themselves. In reality, however, those concepts were usually means to other ends, for example, pursuing truth and justice because they might, variously, deter future crimes, eradicate the culture of impunity, counter historical denial or help rebuild fractured individual and communal relations. Reconciliation(s): Transitional Justice in Postconflict Societies , edited by Joanna Quinn, and Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences , edited by Luc Huyse and Mark Salter, continue this current interest in the ultimate aims of transitional justice. In particular, they focus on two such objectives: healing and reconciliation. The two books share some important premises and methods and formulate some similar arguments. A core idea in both volumes is that, in considering how best to address conflict and postconflict situations, there are no available templates or one-size-fits-all approaches. There may be some general principles derived from international experiences, but locality and nuance are everything. This starting point leads both books to explore the role of local, ‘traditional’ or customary justice in transitional settings; Traditional Justice and Reconciliation focuses exclusively on this theme, while Reconciliation(s) devotes four of 13 chapters to it.
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Transforming a segregated and patriarchal tertiary education system in South Africa - Humphries, Niamh (South African journal of higher education, 2010)
Since the African National Congress (ANC) assumed power in South Africa in 1994, there has been a concerted effort to correct the gender and race imbalance in tertiary education institutions. These alterations have been facilitated by government policies and economic incentives. Have these methods been successful in encouraging previously disadvantaged groups to register at universities and continue into postgraduate studies? The statistics are favourable in this regard. When observing registration numbers at the University of the Witwatersrand, it is clear that there is an increase in the number of historically marginalised people entering this institution, particularly black females. It is also reassuring to note that more women students are studying in traditionally male disciplines.
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Patient satisfaction: a survey of dental outpatients at the lagos university teaching hospital, nigeria - Orenuga, O O; Sofola, OO; Uti, Omolara (Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2010)
Background: Patient satisfaction with dental services has received minimal attention in Nigeria. Quality of service is however, an integral part of any business. The study assessed dental outpatients’ satisfaction with oral health care delivery a tertiary institution in Nigeria. The perceptions of the oral health care provider and suggestions that will improve service delivery were also obtained from these consumers.Methods: A modified Dental Satisfaction Questionnaire (DSQ) was used to assess the patients. An aggregate score was also calculated for each respondent for all variables tested under the five items on dental patient satisfaction. The highest possible score was 76, based on the number ofitems assessed. The cut off point for satisfaction was set at 38.Results: Three hundred patients participated in the study. The items with the top three scores were dentist-patient relationship (respect/listen), rapport and infection control with mean scores of 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3 respectively. The range for the aggregate score for level of satisfaction was16-68. High level of satisfaction reported in 159 (53%) of the respondents and low level in 141 (47%). Dissatisfaction was expressed with regards to the infrastructure, electricity/regular supply of water and being treated byunsupervised students in 85.7%, 59.5% and 89% respectively.Conclusions:The overall high level of satisfaction was related to the communication skills and rapport of staff with the patients. There is an urgent need for improvement on infrastructure and provision of a steady supply of water and electricity.Keywords: Patient satisfaction, dental out patients, LUTH
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Eagles who soar: the role of parents and the community in the academic success of African Caribbean pupils - Rhamie, Jasmine (2010)
This lecture highlights the role of African Caribbean parents and the community in supporting African Caribbean pupil's academic success
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School health: the challenges to service delivery in Botswana - Shaibu, Sheila; Phaladze, Nthabiseng (Primary Health Care Research & Development, 2010)
This paper reports an evaluation of the implementation of the School Health Policy (SHP) in Botswana schools. Historically, school health originated with a concern for the number of children being excluded from school owing to communicable diseases. In 1999, the three ministries, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Local Government, developed the Botswana School Health Policy and Procedures Manual. The school health services are organized at national, district and local levels. The purpose of the evaluation was to explore how school health services were delivered in schools in Botswana. Data on current practices on school health were collected using observations, field notes and interviews of various school personnel in 27 schools located in the Gaborone district, and surrounding villages using the assessment guide in the SHP. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. Several challenges to implementing the school health policy were identified, for example, lack of human resources, lack of equipment supplies, lack of health knowledge among teachers, as well as organizational problems. This has budgetary implications for Botswana at both central and district levels. Commitment of all stakeholders in all ministries concerned would also improve the implementation of school health services.
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Menstrual discomfort and its influence on daily academic activities and psychosocial relationship among undergraduate female students in Nigeria - Titilayo, Ayotunde; Agunbiade, Ojo Melvin; Banjo, Olufunmilayo O.; Lawani, Ambrose O (Tanzania health research bulletin, 2010)
Menstrual disorder is a common health problem among females in their reproductive years.It has psychosocial effects on the sufferer and her interactions with others during such periods.In Nigeria, menstrual disorder has received little research attention especially in the public health agenda.This study combines quantitative and qualitative approaches in investigating the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia and their psychosocial effects by focusing on the daily activities of female undergraduates at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 415 female undergraduates at the University.A snowball sampling technique was used in selecting 37 informants for the in-depth interviews.Results showed a high prevalence of dysmenorrhoea (64%) among respondents within 3 months prior to this study.Dysmenorrhoea was significant among female students who reported dizziness, headache, depression and irritation; and those whose menstrual disorder ever called for medical attention (P<0.05).Similarly, menorrhagia was less frequent (21%) than dysmenorrhoea (64%), but occurred more significantly with dizziness, headache and depression, and those whose menstrual disorderliness ever called for medical attention or even surgical intervention (P<0.05).Menstrual disorder was experienced as an objective and subjective reality among those interviewed.Both dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia were significant predictors of psychosocial relationship of the female students (P<0.05).Those with dysmenorrhoea reported one and a half times of depression than those without.However, menorrhagia appeared as the principal factor affecting their daily school activities and relationship with colleagues.Menstrual disorders prevalence is high among young undergraduates and appropriate enlightenment and treatment should be made available to young females.
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Modelling impacts of climate change on water resources in the Volta Basin, West Africa - Kasei, Raymond Abudu (2010)
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Multiple Intelligences, Oral Communication and Language Learning: Using a multiple intelligences-based training programme to develop English majors' oral communication skills in Egypt - Abdallah, Mahmoud M. S. (2010)
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Pedagogical Implications Of Some Neglected Differences Between British And American Englishes: Problems For West African Teachers, Examiners And Examinees - Armah, K. O. O. (Journal of the University of Science and Technology, 2010)
Our premise in this paper is that the fulcrum of pedagogy is two-fold: teaching and examining. Thus, we look at some of the differences between British and American English usage, problems in the teaching situation and how teachers and examiners could handle situations where there is a mixture of British English and American or North American English. The telos of the paper is that since the medium for nearly all examinations conducted in Ghana, and much of West Africa is the English Language, and since many Englishes appear to be competing among themselves for legitimacy and/or supremacy, there is an imperative need to ensure that examinees are not unduly disadvantaged. The paper explores aspects of four broad areas of English grammar where, in pedagogy, there appears a pronounced tendency to ignore the variant usages. The focus is on tense, vocabulary, orthography and preposition. Each of these grammatical categories has been discussed exclusively; that is, no one discussion is contingent on the other albeit they are intertwined by the broad concept of pedagogy in English. The major question that underpins our effort is: what is the teacher and for that matter the examiner to do when caught in such a linguistic labyrinth as we often are, as far as examinations are concerned? It is suggested that as much as possible fairness in evaluating student's essays should be the paramount objective of the teacher and the examiner. Thus, the paper argues that it is incumbent upon West African teachers and examiners to consciously educate themselves on the variant usages in the Englishlanguage to ensure consistency and justice in teaching and evaluating student papers.
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Dimensions Of Basic School Dropouts In Rural Ghana: The Case Of Asutifi District - Imoro, B. (Journal of the University of Science and Technology, 2010)
The objective of this paper was to investigate the various dimensions of basic school dropouts in rural Ghana using the Asutifi district as a case study. The analysis of data (both quantitative and qualitative) gathered from several stakeholders of basic education in the district, revealed that the causes of school dropout were rather complex. Poor educational outcomes in terms of performance of candidates in the final examinations of the basic level as a result of the poor quality of teaching and learning in the rural environment was directly linked to the high rate of dropout. Although some stakeholders claimed that poverty was the main cause of school dropout, the significance of the loss of confidence in the educational system cannot be overemphasised. The policy implication is that quality consideration in the basic education delivery should now be the priority in order to regain the confidence of parents and their wards in the educational system in general so that enrolments and retention of children in school could be enhanced.
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Rising pollution risks in urban groundwater development in the Aladinma Estate, Owerri, Nigeria - Ojibgbe, R (International Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Systems, 2010)
The indiscriminate sinking of boreholes within the residential Aladinma Estate in Owerri is feared to break the safe distances between septic and domestic water supply systems in the area, which might lead to groundwater or even aquifer pollution. The borehole-septic system spacing were measured for ten selected households in one area of the estate, and the mean radius of influence for a typical well in the formation was determined using standard formula and derived data. The results when compared with prescribed distances showed that many of the wells were located too close to the septic systems and may therefore be in danger of contamination. Preliminary examination of the waters from these wells revealed that contamination by pathogenic micro-organisms has already occurred.Keywords: Boreholes, water supply, waste disposal, septic systems, pollution, Nigeria
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Increased risk of HIV-infection among school-attending orphans in rural Zimbabwe - Pascoe, Sophie; Langhaug, Lisa; Durawo, Jeffrey; Woelk, Godfrey; Ferrand, Rashida A; Jaffar, Shabbar; Hayes, Richard; Cowan, Frances M. (AIDS Care, 2010)
Abstract In Zimbabwe around 1.1 million children have been orphaned due to AIDS. We conducted a survey among school-attending youth in rural south-eastern Zimbabwe in 2003, and examined the association between orphaning and risk of HIV. We enrolled 30 communities in three provinces. All students attending Year 2 of secondary school were eligible. Each completed a questionnaire and provided a finger-prick blood specimen for testing for HIV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies. Female participants were tested for pregnancy. Six thousand seven hundred and ninety-one participants were recruited (87% of eligible); 35% had lost one or both parents (20% of participants had lost their father; 6% their mother; and 9% both parents). Orphans were not poorer than non-orphans based on reported access to income, household structure and ownership of assets. There was strong evidence that orphans, and particularly those who had lost both parents, were at increased sexual risk, being more likely to have experienced early sexual debut; to have been forced to have sex; and less likely to have used condoms. Fifty-one students were HIV positive (0.75%). Orphans were three times more likely to be HIV infected than non-orphans (adjusted odds ratio = 3.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.8–6.6). Over 60% of those HIV positive were orphaned. Among school-going youth, the rates of orphaning were very high; there was a strong association between orphaning and increased risk of HIV, and evidence of greater sexual risk taking among orphans. It is essential that we understand the mechanisms by which orphaned children are at increased risk of HIV in order to target prevention and support appropriately.
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HIV/AIDS and disability organisations in South Africa - Rohleder, Poul; Swartz, Leslie; Schneider, Marguerite; Groce, Nora; Eide, Arne Henning (AIDS Care, 2010)
Abstract Despite the seriousness of the HIV epidemic globally, and in South Africa in particular, little is known about how HIV/AIDS affects disabled people. One important and little explored area is the role that organisations that represent disabled people or that work on behalf of disabled people, are playing in addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic among the disabled people they represent or serve. This paper presents the findings of a nationwide survey of disability organisations in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of disability organisations in addressing the HIV epidemic among disabled people in South Africa. The findings suggest that while organisations recognise the importance of providing HIV education, and many have taken steps to do so, disabled people are largely excluded from general HIV prevention messages. Disabled people also have significant difficulties in accessing general health care, relevant for HIV testing and treatment. In a country trying to manage serious social problems with limited resources, this paper highlights the need for increased cooperation and collaboration between relevant parties in order to facilitate the changes necessary for disabled people to access needed health information and care. Keywords: disabled peopleHIV/AIDSdisability organisationsSouth AfricaHIV prevention education Acknowledgements The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. Participation by SINTEF was funded through a joint NRF/Norwegian Research Council program South Africa – Norway Programme on Research Cooperation.
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Study habits among Nigerian secondary school students with brain fag syndrome - Ola, Bolanle; Morakinyo, Olufemi (Mental Illness, 2010)
Brain Fag Syndrome (BFS) is a psychiatric disorder associated with study affecting two to four out of every ten African students. One of the consequences of this illness is early fore-closure of education in affected students. Etiological factors such as nervous predisposition, motivation for achievement, and psycho-stimulant use have been found associated with it. However, the contributions of study habits to the pathogenesis of this study-related illness deserve more attention than has been given. We carried out this cross-sectional study to ascertain the types of study habits associated with BFS among a sample of senior secondary school students in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Five hundred students from six schools in Ile-Ife were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The selected students completed the Socio-demographic Data Schedule, the Brain Fag Syndrome Scale, and Bakare's Study Habit Inventory. The prevalence of BFS was 40.2% (201). There were no significant socio-demographic variables identifying BFS students apart from those without BFS. The significant measures of study habits that predicted BFS were homework and assignments, examinations, and written work. Those with BFS had 3.58 times the odds to perform poorly on homework and assignments, 3.27 times the odds to perform poorly on examinations, and 1.01 times the odds to perform poorly on written work compared to those without BFS. We concluded that the results of this study suggest that homework and assignments, examinations, and written work were significant study habit variables associated with BFS.
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Responding to university reform in South Africa: student activism at the University of Limpopo - Oxlund, Bjarke (Social Anthropology, 2010)
Fifteen years ago South Africa's first democratic government inherited a tertiary sector marred by racial segregation. Since then higher education policies have been implemented with the aim of turning the sector around. Using the historically black University of Limpopo as a case, this article examines the impact of these policies from the perspective of students. It does so by combining a situational analysis of the student protests that erupted in 2007 at the University's main campus with a critical review of the impact that the new policies have had on university funding and autonomy.
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Lead exposure and its association with pubertal development in school‐age Egyptian children: Pilot study - Tomoum, Hoda Y.; Mostafa, Gehan Ahmed; Ismail, Nanees A; Ahmed, S. (Pediatrics International, 2010)
Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to determine blood lead levels in a group of Egyptian school‐age children and assess its relationship to pubertal development. Methods: Forty‐one children were recruited from high‐ and low‐pollution areas in Cairo, Egypt. Sexual maturation was evaluated using Tanner score. Measurements of blood lead and serum levels of follicle stimulation hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol in girls and testosterone in boys were performed for included subjects. Results: A total of 51.2% of children had high blood lead levels (≥10 µg/dL). Boys with high lead levels had delayed pubertal maturation compared to those with low lead levels. Breast staging of sexual maturation was significantly delayed in girls with high lead levels. FSH and LH were significantly reduced in children of both sexes, and testosterone levels were reduced in boys with high lead. Conclusion: These findings consolidate the cumulative medical evidence of the deleterious effect of high lead levels on pubertal development, possibly through the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.
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Evidence for drought and forest declines during the recent megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar - Virah‐Sawmy, Malika; Willis, Katherine J.; Gillson, Lindsey (Journal of Biogeography, 2010)
Abstract Aim There remains some uncertainty concerning the causes of extinctions of Madagascar’s megafauna. One hypothesis is that they were caused by over‐hunting by humans. A second hypothesis is that their extinction was caused by both environmental change and hunting. This paper systematically addresses the second hypothesis through examination of two new pollen records from south‐eastern Madagascar alongside other published records across the island. Location South‐eastern Madagascar. Methods We reconstructed past vegetation and fire dynamics over the past 6000 years at two sites in south‐eastern Madagascar (Ste‐Luce) using fossil pollen and charcoal contained in sedimentary sequences. We investigated drivers of vegetation changes and how these, in turn, influenced faunal species in the south‐east, using published climatic, archaeological and faunal records. Further, we also used published records to provide a synthesis of environmental changes on the whole island. Results Vegetation reconstructions indicate that the mosaic vegetation in the region of Ste‐Luce was highly dynamic in response to climatic changes. The open woodland, surrounding the littoral forest, transformed into an ericoid grassland between c. 5800 and 5200 cal. yr bp , possibly in response to a moderate drought recorded during this period. The littoral forest was more stable between c. 5100 and 1000 cal. yr bp , with only some minor compositional changes c. 2800 cal. yr bp and between c. 1900 and 1000 cal. yr bp . Significant forest decline, however, is observed at c. 950 cal. yr bp , coinciding with a drought and a marine surge. A comparison of these results with a synthesis of published vegetation records across the island shows asynchronous vegetation changes in response to various droughts during the Holocene, except for the 950 cal. yr bp drought event, with evidence of widespread vegetation transformations and fires across the island. Main conclusions Pronounced climatic desiccation between 1200 and 700 cal. yr bp may have been the slow driver framing and triggering vegetation transformations and decline in megafaunal populations. In addition, hunting by drought‐impacted human inhabitants and competition with newly introduced cattle would have amplified the impacts on megafaunal populations, leading to numerous extinctions in this period.
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Academically Gifted African American Male College Students - Bonner, II Fred A (2010)
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Polyparasitic infections in school children of equatorial guinea - Chukwu, O; Degiri, A; Uzoigwe, RN; Chukwe, ID; Ogo, IN; Ojemudia, IT; Maguga, LJ; Nsue, M; Olabode, O. K. H. (International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2010)
This paper reports the findings of an epidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of polyparasitism in the intestine of nursery, primary, and secondary school pupils in Anisok District of Wele-Nzas Provence, Equatorial Guinea. A total of 1,276(98%) out of 1,302 pupils whose faecalsamples were examined were infected with various species of different parasites. The main parasites included .Ascaris lumbricoides (40.3%), Trichuris trlchiura (39.5%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.8%), Ancylostoma duodenalis (4.1%), while other parasites, which constituted (11.3%) werehookworm, Giardia lamblia, Heterophytes heterophytes, Strongyloides stercoralis, Hymenolepis nana, Schistosoma species, Diphylobotrium latum, Taenia species, Enterobius vermicularis, Balalantidium coli, Fasciola species, Hymenolepis diminuta and Paragonimus westermani. Overallparasitism was high and mixed infection among both sexes had an incidence of 83.13%. The difference infection rates among males and females for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Entamoeba histolytica was very negligible. Nevertheless, more females were infected with Taenia specie (83.0%) than males. Male stool samples showed a high infection rate for Ancylostoma duodenalis (60.7%), Hookworm (64.9%), Giardia (lamblia) intestinalis (65.2%), and Heterophytes heterophytes (66.7%) than the females In general, the result showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in the infection rate and parasite distribution pattern between the sexes examined. However, infection ratio and parasites distribution were highly significant (p
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Seismicity of Eastern Algeria: a revised and extended earthquake catalogue - Harbi, Assia; Peresan, Antonella; Panza, G. F. (Natural Hazards, 2010)
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Mathematical analysis of education tax in Nigerian private schools - Osagiede, Augustine A.; Ekhosuehi, Virtue U. (International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2010)
In Nigeria, people of all cadres are compelled to be educated through the provisions of the Universal Basic Education programme. Yet, a number of Nigerians have not benefited from qualitative education. Although government-owned schools are affordable by the populace, and free at the primary up to junior secondary, their standards are on the decline as a result of the paucity of funds. To overcome inadequate funding of public schools, the introduction of education tax has been suggested in literature. This paper analysed the effects of such tax on private schools using mathematical models, and highlighted the ways for achieving the smooth functioning of the system. Three case senerios were studied: Case I: A flat rate of education tax per year; Case II: Education profit tax and Case III: Education revenue tax. In all, it was found that case I was the best option. This implies that the imposition of a flat rate of education tax has no effect on the fees charged by the school. In addition, suggestions were made on the ways for the smooth functioning of the system.Keywords: Education, mathematical model, normal profit, tax
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Diversity of chironomidae, in relation to pollution of the river Niger at Niamey, Niger - Alhou, Bassirou; Micha, Jean‐Claude; Goddeeris, Boudewijn (International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2010)
This paper presents the first results on the quality of the River Niger at Niamey based on the Chironomidae infestation of its water. Two sampling methods were used for collecting the chironomid larvae and included use of hand net of 500 >m mesh-size and artificial substrata of stones covered with galvanized wire netting. Water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis. Twenty taxa of chironomidae were collected. Among these, Chironomus gr. plumosus represented 51% and Microchironomus sp. 18% of all larvae collected. The distribution of Chironomidae throughout the river showed differences between the sampling stations. Organic pollution and nutrients loading were the main factors explaining the differences in spatial distribution. Chironomus gr. plumosus and Microchironomus sp. were positively correlated to those factors, while others as Tanytarsini, Nilodosis sp., Micropelopinae and Procladius sp. were negatively correlated. According to these results, Chironomidae diversity could be a useful tool for the assessment of the biological quality of the River Niger at the study site.Keywords: Chironomidae, River Niger, water quality, pollution, Niger
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Diversity of chironomidae, in relation to pollution of the river Niger at Niamey, Niger - Alhou, Bassirou; Micha, Jean‐Claude; Goddeeris, Boudewijn (International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2010)
This paper presents the first results on the quality of the River Niger at Niamey based on the Chironomidae infestation of its water. Two sampling methods were used for collecting the chironomid larvae and included use of hand net of 500 >m mesh-size and artificial substrata of stones covered with galvanized wire netting. Water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis. Twenty taxa of chironomidae were collected. Among these, Chironomus gr. plumosus represented 51% and Microchironomus sp. 18% of all larvae collected. The distribution of Chironomidae throughout the river showed differences between the sampling stations. Organic pollution and nutrients loading were the main factors explaining the differences in spatial distribution. Chironomus gr. plumosus and Microchironomus sp. were positively correlated to those factors, while others as Tanytarsini, Nilodosis sp., Micropelopinae and Procladius sp. were negatively correlated. According to these results, Chironomidae diversity could be a useful tool for the assessment of the biological quality of the River Niger at the study site.Keywords: Chironomidae, River Niger, water quality, pollution, Niger
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The Association Between Disaster-Related Experiences and Mental Health Outcomes Among Drug Using African American Hurricane Katrina Evacuees - Cepeda, Alice; Onge, Jarron M. Saint; Kaplan, Charles D.; Valdez, Avelardo (Community Mental Health Journal, 2010)
This article provides a detailed examination of the relationship between disaster-related experiences and mental health outcomes among a sample of drug using African American Hurricane Katrina evacuees. Face-to-face structured interviews were administered to Hurricane Katrina evacuees (n = 350) residing in voucher assisted apartment complexes in Houston, Texas (2006-2007). We use Ordinary Least Squares and logistic regression models to examine both the relevance of disaster-related experiences and the interactive relationships between disaster-related experiences and post-disaster mental health outcomes including psychological distress, severe depression, somatic symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Results indicate that disaster-related experiences including negative life changes, disaster exposure, post-disaster stressors, and resource loss, have unique, inverse relationships with mental health. While resource loss has the strongest inverse relationship with mental health, disaster exposure has a negative interactive effect on psychological distress and anxiety. Although highly vulnerable populations report low levels of mental health nearly 2 years following a disaster experience, there is a convergence in mental health outcomes with high levels of disaster experiences and disaster exposure that suggests mental resiliency.
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A Historical and Socio-Cultural Analysis of Distance Education in the United States with Implications for Distance Theological Education in Africa - Fluegge, Glenn K. (Journal of adult theological education (Print), 2010)
This paper addresses the problem of the uncritical use of distance education strategies in theological education programs throughout the developing countries of Africa. Such a use of distance education ignores underlying historical and socio-cultural differences between the educational situation in the United States and that in Africa. To address this problem, the paper first identifies and analyses certain major historical and socio-cultural forces and trends that have shaped distance education in the United States. This is accomplished by means of a case study of Charles Wedemeyer and his influence on distance education. It then compares these forces and trends with those in developing African countries. It concludes that, when using distance education strategies, theological educators must critically take into consideration these fundamental differences and adapt distance education practices to the unique African context. Practical suggestions are then offered to aide the theological educator in responsibly implementing distance education in Africa.
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