Learning, upgrading and innovation in Nigerian indigenous industries - Siyanbola, W.O.; Olamade, Olumuyiwa; Isola, O.O. (2010)
In spite of the increasing globalisation of technology, the involvement of developing countries in producing new technologies and innovations is almost negligible. The production of technological knowledge is concentrated in industrial countries and developing nations are still lagging behind as far as competition on the technological frontier is concerned. It is therefore imperative for developing countries to look inwards to deploy science, technology and innovation (STI) in specific areas where they have comparative advantage. These comparative advantages could then be developed to achieve competitive advantage. Indigenous technology is one of the veritable areas where these nations can derive global competitiveness. In Nigeria, the indigenous industries are as diverse as the culture of the people. Some of the common indigenous industries found in the country include: the production of pots from aluminum metal scraps, bronze casting, leather tanning, and the likes. The indigenous technologies present significant opportunities for local economic transformation and global competitiveness. This would happen if these technologies are upgraded through the deployment of science and technology. This paper presents findings from a two-year study of some major indigenous technology clusters in Nigeria.
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Sources of uncertainty in climate change impacts on river discharge and groundwater in a headwater catchment of the Upper Nile Basin, Uganda - Kingston, Daniel G.; Taylor, Richard G. (Hydrology and earth system sciences, 2010)
Abstract. The changing availability of freshwater resources is likely to be one of the most important consequences of projected 21st century climate change for both human and natural systems. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the precise impacts of climate change on water resources, due in part due to uncertainty in GCM projections of climate change. Here we explore the potential impacts of climate change on freshwater resources in a humid, tropical catchment (the River Mitano) in the Upper Nile Basin of Uganda. Uncertainty associated with GCM structure and climate sensitivity is explored, as well as parameter specification within hydrological models. These aims are achieved by running pattern-scaled output from seven GCMs through a semi-distributed hydrological model of the catchment (developed using SWAT). Importantly, use of pattern-scaled GCM output allows investigation of specific thresholds of global climate change including the purported 2 °C threshold of "dangerous" climate change. In-depth analysis of results based on the HadCM3 GCM climate scenarios shows that annual river discharge first increases, then declines with rising global mean air temperature. A coincidental shift from a bimodal to unimodal discharge regime also results from a projected reduction in baseflow (groundwater discharge). Both of these changes occur after a 4 °C rise in global mean air temperature. These results are, however, highly GCM dependent, in both the magnitude and direction of change. This dependence stems primarily from projected differences in GCM scenario precipitation rather than temperature. GCM-related uncertainty is far greater than that associated with climate sensitivity or hydrological model parameterisation.
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Provisional Surgical Training Programs for Increasing Surgical Capacity in Rural Areas in Niger: Reply to Letter - Sani, Rachid; Nameoua, Babadi; Yahaya, Abou; Hassane, I.; Adamou, Roua; Hsia, Renee Y.; Joekman, Patrick; Sako, Amadou; Abarchi, H (World Journal of Surgery, 2010)
We appreciate the response to our article from Dr. Emmanual Monjok and heartily concur that especially in limited-resource settings, it is neither practical nor helpful to the communities that seek care to follow models that have been developed in other contexts with a different set of available resources. We have devised this program in Niger with the idea that this is a provisional solution until there are enough formally trained surgeons to live in rural areas. We have been able to implement this program with the help of financial partners collaborating with our Ministry of Health, and wholeheartedly agree that a comprehensive approach—one that involves a department of higher education and health—is required for addressing the problem of coverage of essential surgical care.
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Evaluating threats to an endangered species by proxy: air pollution as threat to the blue swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea) in South Africa - Kylin, Henrik; Bouwman, Hindrik; Evans, Steven W. (Environmental science and pollution research international, 2010)
The blue swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea) is one of the most threatened bird species in southern Africa. Among terrestrial birds, its plumage is known to be the most water repellent, an adaptation to foraging on the wing in dense fog. Despite this unique adaptation, the nesting success of the blue swallow at the Blue Swallow Natural Heritage Site (BSNHS) is lower during years with high incidence of fog. As the phenomenon is not observed at other nesting sites, we hypothesized that this is due to changes in the air chemistry at the BSNHS. In the immediate proximity of the BSNHS, plantations of exotic trees (e.g., pines and eucalypts), rich in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are dominant features. In addition, air pollution from the Johannesburg area is transported with the surface winds and mix with VOCs released from exotic trees. Together with the high humidity and high elevation, these conditions may result in the formation of sulphonates. Sulphonates are strong detergents, and the presence of these in the fog could lead to decreased water repellence of the plumage. This study was performed in order to determine the occurrence and distribution of sulphonates in the BSNHS and to compare these with sulphonates formed in other locations in South Africa. Because the blue swallow is endangered, pine needles were used as proxy to detect formation of sulphonates.We sampled pine needles with different exposure to air pollutants, in climates with different humidity, and at different elevation and analyzed these for sulphonates using mass spectrometry.Pine needles from high elevations and the BSNHS, with high humidity, and exposure to air pollution contained significantly higher concentrations of sulphonates than pine needles from low elevations or from high elevations with a dryer climate or a different combination of air pollutants.These findings lead to two conclusions. First, the occurrence and distribution of sulphonates may be explained by chemical reactions between sulphur dioxide and organic compounds in the humid air induced by ultraviolet radiation. Second, elevated concentrations of sulphonates in the fog could affect the water repellence of the blue swallow plumage, possibly decreasing their capacity to forage in the fog. We cannot prove conclusively that this is the reason why the number of blue swallows at the BSNHS has decreased dramatically, but for endangered species, we may have to rely on proxies to draw conclusions about outside threats. All such information should be valuable in devising protection plans for species under threat.The use of proxies to elucidate threats to endangered species should be evaluated in a broad scale. The mist-belt habitat in general is threatened by many human activities. These findings indicate that air pollution and the proximity of volatile organic compound (VOC) sources close to mist-belt habitat refuges may be an unrecognised conservation threat to the animals inhabiting them.
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Student’ s engagement and student retention in Moi University, Kenya - Mongare, Ndege Tom; Njuguna, Kimengi Isaac (2010)
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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) among Children of Primary School Age in a Community, North-Central, Nigeria - Ndako, James A.; Echeonwu, Gon; Olabode, AO; Nwankiti, Obinna O.; Aimakhu, S. O.; Onovoh, Emamuzou M.; Chukwuekezie, J.; Banda, Jim Monday; Paul, Grace A. (Sierra Leone journal of biomedical research, 2010)
Globally, Hepatitis B Virus has been identified as one of the most common infectious diseases and a major public health problem.This study was therefore carried out to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection among primary school children attending LGE primary school, Sabon Pegi, Kuru, Nigeria.Three hundred and sixty (360) blood samples were collected from the pupils and sera separated and analyzed for HBsAg using one step Hepatitis B surface antigen test strip.Of the 360 samples screened, 35 (9.7%) were sero-positive.Pupils within the age 7-9 years had the highest prevalence of 3.9%.Male subjects recorded a prevalence of 6.1% compared to 3.6% for females.Risk factors such as blood transfusion recorded 1.6%.Furthermore, family history of HBV infection accounted for 3.6%, while male subjects that had traditional method of circumcision recorded a high prevalence of 3.3%.Unfortunately, the prevalence of this ravaging infectious agent appears to be high amongst the subjects studied.It is strongly suggested that public awareness be accorded urgent attention while socioeconomic development in these areas be given priority as a measure to preventing further spread of this virus amongst children, particularly the school age group.
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Sociocultural Factors Influencing Girl-Child Education in the Context of Marriage in Ilorin Environs, Nigeria - Oladeji, David (Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 2010)
This study examined the influence of sociocultural factors on girl-child education in the context of marriage. Two hundred female adolescents from Queen School in Ilorin environs constituted the sample for the study. Their ages ranged from 13 years to 17 years with a mean age of 14.2 years and standard deviation of 2.0. The data obtained were analyzed using chi-square statistics. The results revealed that the social and cultural factors contributed significantly to influence girl-child education in the context of marriage. Based on the results of the findings, it was recommended that those in the helping professions should recognize those variables that have been found to influence girl-child education in the context of marriage.
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Mineralogical analyses and in vitro screening tests for the rapid evaluation of the health hazard of volcanic ash at Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea - Blond, Jennifer S. Le; Horwell, Claire J.; Baxter, Peter; Michnowicz, Sabina; Tomatis, Maura; Fubini, Bice; Delmelle, Pierre; Dunster, Christina; Patia, H. (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2010)
The continuous ash and gas emissions from the Tavurvur cone in Rabaul caldera, Papua New Guinea, during 2007–08, raised concerns regarding how exposure would affect the respiratory health of nearby populations and impact on the environment. As part of a formal evaluation of the effects of volcanic emissions on public health, we investigated the potential health hazard of the ash using a suite of selected mineralogical analyses and in vitro toxicity screening tests. The trachy-andesitic ash comprised 2.1–6.7 vol.% respirable (sub-4 μm diameter) particles. The crystalline silica content was 1.9–5.0 wt.% cristobalite (in the bulk sample) with trace amounts of quartz and/or tridymite. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the ash particles were angular with sparse, fibre-like particles (∼3–60 μm max. diameter) observed in some samples, which we confirmed to be CaSO4 (gypsum, at <6 wt.% in the bulk samples) and not asbestiform fibres. The ash specific surface area was low (0.1–2.7 m2 g−1). The leached solution from one of the ash samples was slightly acidic (pH 5.6), but did not contain high levels of toxic metals (such as F, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, Ni and Cd) when compared to previously tested volcanic ash leachates. Ash samples generated potentially-harmful hydroxyl radicals through an iron-mediated catalytic reaction, in the range of 0.15–2.47 μmol m−2 (after 30 min of reaction). However, measurement of particle oxidative capacity (potential oxidative stress reaction using ascorbic acid) and silica-like injury to red blood cells (erythrolysis assay, i.e. measurement of cell death) nevertheless revealed low biological reactivity. The findings suggest that acute exposure to the ash would have a limited potential to exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as asthma or chronic bronchitis, and the potential for chronic exposure leading to silicosis was low.
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Pattern of acute adult poisoning at Tikur Anbessa specialized teaching hospital, a retrospective study, Ethiopia - Mekonnen, Daniel; Aklilu, Azaje; Amare, Amanuel; Melkie, Addisu; Ethiopia, Tesfaye (Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2010)
Acute poisoning continues to be an important public health problem. Medical records of 116 adult patients presented to Tikur Anbessa Specialized University Hospital from January 2007 to December 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Females outnumbered males. Mean age was 21 years. Most (96.5%) were intentional self-harm poisonings. Household cleansing agents were the leading causes of poisoning (43.1%) followed by organophosphate (21.6%) and phenobarbitone (10.3%). Loss of consciousness, vomiting and epigastric pain were the common presenting features accounting 46.2%, 23.8% and 22.5%, respectively. A total of 13(11.2%) patients had already known mental illness and 12 of them poisoned by using their own medications. Among 65 patients who reported their reason of poisoning, temporary quarrel (57%) and emotional disturbance (26%) were frequently cited. The case fatality rate was 8.6%. Death was most occurred by organophosphate (5/25) and phenobarbitone poisoning (3/12). Awareness on proper handling of chemicals and prescribed agents should be forwarded to users of these agents. Majority of patients poisoned for intentional self-harm purposes so that linkage of suicidal patients to appropriate mental health service is recommended. The availability of psychiatry consultation in the hospital is also recommended.
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Participants' perceptions of the implementation of the MASTEC project, a school improvement project in the Limpopo province of South Africa - Phewa, Molly Cynthia Nombulelo (2010)
The research reported in this thesis was an exploration of the perceptions and lived experiences of participants in the Mathematics, Science and Technology Education College (MASTEC) project, a school improvement project in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The MASTEC project was introduced with the aim of improving provision of both experienced teachers’ in-service training (INSET) and potential teachers’ pre-service training (PRESET). This study sought to examine teacher educators’ and school teachers’ perceptions of issues relating to the implementation of MASTEC in the different contexts of its participant schools. A phenomenological methodological framework was employed and the research design comprised of multiple qualitative methods of data generation, namely focus group discussions, participant observation and document examination. Amongst the key findings emerging from the study a number of benefits of MASTEC were identified for the participating schools and for individual participants. These related to the upgrading of some schools’ infrastructure and teachers’ development of more innovative teaching and planning skills. However, the programme was reported to have worked better for some schools than others, and this may well speak to the different contexts in which it was implemented. This assertion is corroborated by what the participants reported as some of the main limitations of this project, namely: • the manner in which the project was implemented led to its failure in some secondary schools as opposed to others; • the programme was reported as being more successful in primary schools than in secondary schools. This research has identified several implications for policy-making, further research and practice. For example, it is recommended that national guidelines for the development, implementation and evaluation of school improvement programmes, adaptable for specific contexts, be developed at policy level in an attempt to ensure that such programmes address the transformational needs of the South African education system.
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Quality of Effort and Career Preparation Differences Between African American and White Community College Students - Walker, T. Vaughn; Pearson, Frances; Murrell, Patricia H. (Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 2010)
This study examined data from a random sample of 500 White students and 500 African American students who have taken the Community College Student Experiences Questionnaire to determine which factors in the environment impact their career preparation. The results showed that interaction with faculty had the strongest impact on career preparation for all students. Counseling services were significant for African American students. The African American students indicated they put more effort into student-faculty interactions and peer interactions than White students, and they reported greater gains in career preparation.
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L’expérience des cercles d’apprentissage au Burkina Faso Burkina Faso experience with learning circles - Boro, Issa (2010)
Depuis 2003 des eleves du Burkina Faso, organises en classes virtuelles, participent a des echanges en ligne a caractere pedagogique organises par le Global Teenager Project (GTP) sous forme de cercles d’apprentissage. Un cercle d’apprentissage rassemble pendant 10 semaines des classes virtuelles de differents horizons pour discuter d’un theme donne par le canal du courrier electronique. Ces echanges, tout en stimulant l’utilisation des TIC par les acteurs des cercles d’apprentissage, favorisent un apprentissage collaboratif a travers des echanges d’experiences, d’idees et de croyances permettant des decouvertes mutuelles. Dans le contexte du Burkina Faso ou l’acces a la technologie et la connectivite restent faibles, cette education non formelle apporte aux enseignants et eleves qui y participent un complement pedagogique appreciable.
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Use of anticholinergics and the risk of cognitive impairment in an African American population - Campbell, Noll L.; Boustani, Malaz; Lane, Kathleen A.; Gao, Sujuan; Hendrie, Hugh C.; Khan, Babar; Murrell, Jill R.; Unverzagt, Fred; Hake, Ann Marie; Smith-Gamble, Valerie; Hall, Kathleen (Neurology, 2010)
Anticholinergic properties of certain medications often go unrecognized, and are frequently used by the elderly population. Few studies have yet defined the long-term impact of these medications on the incidence of cognitive impairment.We report a 6-year longitudinal, observational study, evaluating 1,652 community-dwelling African American subjects over the age of 70 years who were enrolled in the Indianapolis-Ibadan Dementia Project between 2001 and 2007 and who had normal cognitive function at baseline. The exposure group included those who reported the baseline use of possible or definite anticholinergics as determined by the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale. Our main outcome measure was the incidence of cognitive impairment, defined as either dementia or cognitive impairment not dementia, or poor performance on a dementia screening instrument during the follow-up period.At baseline, 53% of the population used a possible anticholinergic, and 11% used a definite anticholinergic. After adjusting for age, gender, educational level, and baseline cognitive performance, the number of definite anticholinergics was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.99; p = 0.02), whereas the number of possible anticholinergics at baseline did not increase the risk (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85-1.09; p = 0.55). The risk of cognitive impairment among definite anticholinergic users was increased if they were not carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.03-3.05; p = 0.04).Limiting the clinical use of definite anticholinergics may reduce the incidence of cognitive impairment among African Americans.
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Thyroid hormones profile in students of Makerere College of Health Sciences in Kampala Uganda - Dika, Haruna; Kasolo, Josephine; Bimenya, G. S. (Tanzania health research bulletin, 2010)
Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are used to assess thyroid function. It is recommended that each laboratory or hospital should establish its own reference values of T4, T3 and TSH for their clients because these hormones vary with ethnicity, geographical and climatic conditions of a population. There is no documented study which has been done to determine the Thyroid hormones profile in Ugandan general population. This study is one of the first attempts to determine Thyroid hormones profile in healthy Ugandans. The main objective of this study was to determine the thyroid hormones profile of students of the Makerere College of Health Sciences in Kampala, Uganda. A cross sectional descriptive study was done involving 72 students, with the mean age of 24.17 +/- 4.48 years. Subjects who volunteered to participate in the study were interviewed; their height and body weight measured, 5 ml of blood withdrawn, and sera harvested. FT4 and T3 Radioimmuno Assay (RIA) were done and TSH was assayed using Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA) technique. The mean serum concentration of FT4 was 17.016 +/- 3.847 mol/L. For T3, mean serum concentration was 1.43 +/- 0.825 nmol/L, and mean serum TSH level was 2.412 +/- 2.284 microIU/ml. Variations of serum concentrations of FT4, T3 and TSH with sex, age, or region of origin were not statistically significant. Serum concentration of TSH increased with increased body mass index (BMI). It was 2.073 +/- 1.907 microIU/ml for subjects with BMI of < or = 24.9 Kg/m2, 3.588 +/- 1.495 microIU/ml for subjects with BMI of 25 - 29.9 kg/m2 and 4.450 +/- 0.593 microIU/ml for subjects with BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 (P=0.009). However, BMI had no effect on serum concentrations of FT4 and T3. Serum concentrations of T4, T3 and TSH obtained from this study all differ with the values which are currently used as reference ranges in the country. We recommend a similar study involving a population representative of Ugandans to be conducted so as to establish normal reference values of T4, T3 and TSH for Ugandans. We also recommend BMI of patients to be taken into consideration during interpretation of serum TSH concentrations results.
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Perspectives of patients towards medical students at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi - Molapo, Maletšabisa; Muula, Adamson S (Tanzania health research bulletin, 2010)
Medical students gaining experience in outpatient's clinics and admission wards are exposed to clinical clerkship as this is an important part of their training. There is paucity of reported patients' experiences and perceptions of medical students in low-income settings. The present study was conducted at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Malawi to describe patients' and perceptions of, and experience with medical students being present when patients are seen by a medical doctor or students' individual clerking. Participants mostly felt that medical students were compassionate, enthusiastic and helpful to them. The participants' who had been ever clerked by students felt motivated to be present for student learning for altruistic reasons as well as for mutual benefit between student and patient. Patients attending the QECH in Blantyre, Malawi are generally satisfied with the attention and support they obtain from students. Balancing the need for appropriate supervision of students, and facilitating the retention of this patient-cantered approach to care should be maintained.
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Assessment of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure among University Students in, Enugu, South East, Nigeria - Nwachukwu, Daniel; Nwagha, UI; Obikili, Emmanuel N.; Ejezie, FE; Okwuosa, Chukwugozie N; Nweke, M L; Ezeh, C O (Nigerian journal of medicine : journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria, 2010)
Conclusion: Key Words:Body Mass Index (BMI) has been described as a significant predictor of Blood Pressure (B.P) but few studies have demonstrated this association in our environment.The study aims to determine the pattern of relationship between BMI and blood pressure in our environment Two thousand and ninety six ( 2096) students in two Universities located in Enugu, South East Nigeria completed the study.The blood pressure, weight and height were measured.Body mass index was calculated as weight in Kilograms divided by height in meters square (kg/m ).More females than males were underweight (9.4% versus 4.7%).More males than females were overweight (8% versus 4%).Obesity occurred more in males than females (7% versus 0.9%).Blood pressure parameters increased significantly with BMI (p<0.0001) with higher values in males than in females;(the mean systolic blood pressure 124.88 ± 10.97mmHg versus 114.93 ± 6.82mmHg, P<0.0001;the mean diastolic blood pressure was 80.1 ± 7.2mmHg versus 73.36 ± 6.82mmHg, p=0.035 and the mean arterial Pressure (MAP) 95.02 ± 7.78 mmHg versus 87.2 ± 9.58mmHg, p<0.0001 ).A significant relationship between BMI and Blood pressure was demonstrated among university students in South East Nigeria.
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Destination image and choice intention of university student travellers to Mauritius - Phau, Ian; Shanka, Tekle; Dhayan, Neema (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2010)
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influences of information sources, namely organic sources and induced sources, on perceived destination image and destination choice intention of university student travellers to Mauritius. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using a convenience sample in a large university in Western Australia. A self‐administered questionnaire was designed using established scales. In total, 388 usable responses were collected and analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques. Findings The perceived attractiveness of Mauritius as a vacation destination is based on the fact that tourists picture the island as one which offers good value for money and cheap travel. Both information sources are found to have an influence on perceived destination image and destination choice intention. Perceived destination image is found to predict destination choice intention. Research limitations/implications The sample is limited to potential tourists in Western Australia. Larger or national sample can be used for future studies. Qualitative methods could be explored in future. Practical implications It is recommended that destination marketers should use multiple sources of information to target tourists. In particular, the internet seems to be the highest incidence of information source. Originality/value The paper has redressed some deficits in the literature. Prior studies have not examined Mauritius as a tourist destination. Neither have Australians been studied as potential tourists. It has also tested the conceptual determinants of perceived destination image and destination choice intention and has proved that destination image is a multidimensional concept.
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Intergroup friendships on campus: Predicting close and casual friendships between White and African American first-year college students - Schofield, Janet Ward; Hausmann, Leslie R. M.; Ye, Feifei; Woods, Rochelle L. (Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2010)
Intergroup friendships have been linked to important outcomes such as reduced prejudice, increased empathy for outgroups, and lower intergroup anxiety. However, little is known about the factors facilitating such friendships. This longitudinal study therefore examined factors associated with the development of friendships between White and African American freshmen at a predominantly White university. African American (vs. White) and male (vs. female) students had more intergroup friendships at the end of freshman year. Friendships between African American and White freshmen were also associated with more direct and indirect intergroup contact during high school, less prejudice upon entering college, having an outgroup roommate (White or African American), having any roommate, and having more contact with outgroup members during the academic year.
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Soil transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis in school age children in sub-Saharan Africa: Efficacy of chemotherapeutic intervention since World Health Assembly Resolution 2001 - Uneke, CJ (Tanzania health research bulletin, 2010)
Soil transmitted helminth infections (STH) and schistosomiasis constitute major public health challenges among school-age children in sub-Saharan Africa. This review assessed the efficacy of chemotherapeutic intervention in line with the World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution since the passage in 2001. Using the Medline Entrez-Pubmed search, relevant publications were identified via combinations of key words such as helminth infection, school children, chemotherapy, Africa. Albendazole, mebendazole, and praziquantel were the antihelminthic drugs most commonly evaluated. Cure rates >80% and egg reduction rates >90% were recorded in most cases of schistosomiasis using praziquantel. Albendazole was very effective against A. lumbricoides and hookworm infections with majority of the studies recording cure rates >75%, but the efficacy of the drug was poor against T. trichiura. To ensure the realization of the WHA resolution, there is need for regular treatment of school children, development of alternative antihelminthic drugs and vaccines, environmental control measures and health education.
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The Social supervision and its role in the development of the service School social at Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - Altkali, Karima Ali; zain, Abdul-Aziz (International Education Studies, 2010)
The new direction of the social control over the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is a phase that began in Tripoli city in 1990.After opening of the Office of Education ministry, education and health as a result of the efforts made by the Department of Education, which affected the evolution of modern educational thought, which emphasizes the process of educational guidance and establish social participation among the specialist-oriented towards social and professional growth and improve performance for both sides to improve the educational process.The importance of this study indeed arose from the fact that the field of education is in need of social supervision.This is based on the diagnosis and school social realities of service and identified obstacles and professional problems and work out successful solutions in order to assist managers to develop this field, as well as the profession of social supervision network.
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Learning our lessons? The Rwanda Tribunal record on prosecuting rape - Buss, Doris (Social Science Research Network, 2010)
This chapter considers the mixed record of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in prosecuting sexual violence crimes. The first section of the paper outlines the Tribunal's record on sexual violence. In the next section, I examine some of the institutional failings identified by Tribunal watchers, drawing on individual cases as illustrations. I then consider in the final section how the Tribunal record on rape prosecutions can be read differently. My aim is to consider the different factors that ought to shape how the Tribunal's legacy is understood.
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Modeling impacts of climate and land use changes on catchment hydrology: Meki River, Ethiopia - Legesse, Dagnachew; Abiye, Tamiru; Vallet‐Coulomb, Christine (2010)
Abstract. Impacts of climate variability and land use change on catchment runoff of the Meki River basin were assessed using hydrological modeling. The Modular Modeling System (MMS) was used to build a suitable Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) for the study area, perform sensitivity analysis, model calibration and validation, and scenario analysis. The model calibration and validation periods in this study were divided into three. The calibration period was a five years period (1981–1986). The validation period was divided into two: validation 1 (1986–1991) and validation 2 (1996–2002). Model performance was evaluated by using joint plots of daily and monthly observed and simulated runoff hydrographs and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency to statistically analyze model performance in simulating daily and monthly runoff. Daily observed and simulated hydrographs showed a reasonable agreement for both calibration and validation periods. The model coefficients of efficiency were 0.71 for the calibration period and 0.69 and 0.66 for validation period 1 and 2, respectively. Simulated runoff was generally greater than the observed runoff values for the calibration and validation periods. The model was also limited in its capability of simulating complex hydrograph shapes and peak discharge values. However, the model performed well in simulating dry season flows for both validation and calibration periods. A 20% of change in rainfall and 1.5 °C increase in temperature was considered for climatic scenarios and one land use change scenario were used to assess the likely impacts of these changes on the runoff of the Meki River. The results of the scenario analysis showed that the basin is more sensitive to increase in rainfall (+80% for +20%) than to a decrease (−62% for −20%). Increase in temperature has also a significant impact both on the potential evapotranspiration and stream flow of the basin. Increase by 1.5 °C in temperature resulted in increase in potential evapotranspiration (6.02%) and decrease in stream flow (13%). The proposed land use scenario of converting areas between 2000 to 3000 m a.s.l. to woodland also resulted in a significant decrease in stream flow (11.8%) and increase in evapotranspiration (2.2%) of the study area.
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Foreign nursing students: Their profile and perceptions of nursing care in Namibia - Small, LF; Pretorius, Louise (Health SA Gesondheid (Print), 2010)
A survey was conducted using open and close-ended questions to determine how visiting nursing students in Namibia could be assisted during their visits (cultural encounters). Many students decide to complete their clinical exposure in a foreign country, either for personal reasons or in order to meet the course requirements for transcultural nursing. Since 1998, Namibia has received a number of these students. In discussion and from passing remarks from the students themselves, the question has arisen as to how an optimum placement for each student might be achieved. Aspects of the Campina–Bacote model and The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Health Care Services were used to answer this question. It was decided to gather both biographical (profile) information and information on perceptions of nursing care in Namibia from such foreign nursing students.The biographical (profile) information collected indicates a prevalence of certain shared biographical characteristics among international students. Such students tend to be adventurous, caring and sensitive to human rights issues. This finding correlates with the constructs of cultural desire and cultural awareness as described in the model of Campina–Bacote. Based on this finding, specific recommendations were made for clinical allocations.From the data gathered from the open-ended questions, three themes emerged: firstly, nursing in Namibia has identifiable characteristics; secondly, there is a paternalistic and one-sided communication style among nursing caregivers in Namibia; and finally, nursing care delivery in this country is often characterised by a detached attitude. It was concluded that these themes correlated with a cultural awareness and cultural knowledge among the nursing students. The discovery of these themes was useful for making recommendations for clinical guidelines to help these students adapt, as well as for providing a foundation and substantiation for clinical placement.Opsomming’n Opname bestaande uit oop en geslote vrae is uitgevoer om te bepaal hoe besoekende verpleegstudente aan Namibië ondersteun kan word (kulturele ervarings). Baie studente besluit om hulle kliniese praktika in die buiteland te voltooi, óf om persoonlike redes óf om aan kursusvereistes in transkulturele verpleging te voldoen. Sedert 1998 het Namibië ’n aantal van hierdie studente ontvang. Uit gesprekke met sowel as spontane kommentaar deur hierdie studente het die vraag ontstaan hoe hulle optimum plasing verseker kan word. Aspekte van die model van Campina–Bacote, naamlik The process of cultural competence in the delivery of health care services , is benut om hierdie vraag te beantwoord. Daarom is besluit om biografiese inligting sowel as inligting oor die studente se persepsies van verpleging in Namibië in te samel. Die biografiese inligting (profiel) het die voorkoms van sekere biografiese kenmerke onder die internasionale studente getoon: Hulle neig daartoe om avontuurlik, deernisvol en sensitief vir menseregte te wees. Dié bevinding korreleer met die konstrukte van kulturele begeertes en kulturele bewustheid soos beskryf in die model van Campina–Bacote. Op grond van hierdie bevindinge is bepaalde aanbevelings aangaande hulle kliniese plasings gemaak. Die data deur die oop vrae verkry het drie temas gegenereer, naamlik dat verpleging in Namibië bepaalde identifiseerbare kenmerke openbaar, dat ’n paternalistiese en eensydige kommunikasiestyl onder verpleegkundiges in Namibië voorkom en dat verpleegsorg deur ’n onbetrokke houding gekenmerk word. Die gevolgtrekking was dat hierdie temas met ’n kulturele bewustheid en kulturele kennis onder die verpleegstudente korreleer. Die identifisering van hierdie temas was bruikbaar as basis vir die motivering van kliniese plasings en in die maak van aanbevelings ten opsigte van kliniese riglyne om die studente te help om aan te pas.
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Road traffic injuries as seen in a Nigerian teaching hospital - Madubueze, Christian C.; Chukwu, Christian O. Onyebuchi; Omoke, Njoku Isaac; Oyakhilome, Odion P.; Ozo, Chidi (International orthopaedics, 2010)
Trauma is a major problem in both developing and developed countries. World wide road-traffic injuries (RTIs) represent 25% of all trauma deaths. Injuries cause 12% of the global disease burden and are the third commonest cause of death globally. In our own environment, trauma is also important, with RTIs being a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is limited data on RTIs in West African countries, and this necessitated our study. We aimed to find common causative factors and proffer solutions. This was a one year prospective study examining all cases of trauma from RTIs seen at the Accident and Emergency Department of the Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital (EBSUTH), Abakaliki, Nigeria. Three hundred and sixty-three patients were studied. There was a male/female ratio of 3.4:1, with the modal age being 25 years. Most injuries involved motorcycles (54%). Passengers from cars and buses were also commonly affected (34.2%). Most of accidents occurred from head-on collisions (38.8%). Soft-tissue injuries and fractures accounted for 83.5% of injuries. The head and neck region was the commonest injury site (41.1%), and the most commonly fractured bones were the tibia and fibula (5.8%). Death occurred in 17 patients (4.7%), and 46 (12.7%) patients discharged themselves against medical advice. Improvements in road safety awareness, proper driver education-especially motorcycle drivers-and proper hospital care are needed in our subregion.
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Multi –Mode Biometric Solution for Examination Malpractices in Nigerian Schools - Adeoye, Olufemi Sunday (International journal of computer applications, 2010)
The major technique for admitting students to an examination over the years has been through the presentation of a token.The student possesses a physical and portable device which contains the user identity.Examples of such devices include ID cards, Library Cards, Fees Clearance Cards, Photo Cards, etc.However, this method of authenticating a student for an examination has an obvious problem.The problem is that object can be misplaced, stolen, forgotten at home or somewhere, and ID card can also be faked.This paper presents a multi-mode biometrics (fingerprint and face) solution to the problem of examination malpractice in Nigerian schools.The appearance of both fingerprint scanner and web cam on modern laptop and notebook computers motivate the writing of this paper.
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Climate Variability and Change as Perceived by Rural Communities in Swaziland - Manyatsi, Absalom M.; Mhazo, N.; Masarirambi, Michael T. (Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2010)
The objective of the research was to determine the perception of climate variability and change by rural communities in Swaziland. Interviews were conducted to a total of 60 members of three rural communities (20 from each community) selected from Middleveld, Lowveld and the Lubombo ecological zones. The reported signs of climate variability included late rains, low rains, drought and famine. The effects of climate variability felt by community members included failure of crops, death of livestock and low crop yields. The majority of the community members did not provide any scientifically proven causes of climate variability. The causes cited included that of community not keeping Swazi customs, supernatural powers and that of being an act of God. Community members did not have adequate information on climate variability and change. The limited information accessible to many communities was through the local radio in the form of daily weather forecast. The information was found to lack details and of a very short term nature. The feelings of the community members were that weather forecast should provide medium to long-term information. The weather prediction focused on major towns, and was of less relevance to many rural communities. Communities suggested an effective early warning system to operate at constituency level. They specified need for weather stations at community levels in order for them to monitor and record weather data.
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Who is joining physics and why? Factors influencing the choice of physics among Ethiopian university students - Semela, Tesfaye (International journal of environmental and science education, 2010)
This paper investigates the enrolment trends and the critical factors that impinge on students‟ choice of physics as major field of study. The data were generated from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was acquired based on a semi-structured interview with 14 sophomore and 11 senior students and five instructors of the department of physics at Hawassa University, Ethiopia. In addition, data on allocation of students to various major fields as well as quantitative data on academic achievement were obtained from the university‟s registar office. The results indicate that the rate of enrolment in physics is the lowest and applicants who were assigned to the physics undergraduate programs were those whose mean score in Ethiopian National Higher Education Enterance Examination was the lowest compared to any other group. Further, the findings show unprecedented gender gap in enrollment and graduation rates. The explanations given for the low enrollment rate were inadequate pre-university preparation, weak mathematics background, lack of job opportunity outside the teaching profession, and poor teacher qualification and pedagogical content knowledge. Finally, this article forwards policy recommendations to bolster the alarmingly declining state of physics education in Ethiopia.
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Predictive Power of Two Selection Examination Scores on Senior School Certificate Examination Result of Pre-Degree Students of Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria - Achor, Emmanuel Edoja; Aligba, Solomon Ogebe; Omananyi, Emmanuel O. (Social Science Research Network, 2010)
This study examined the predictive power of two selection examination scores on Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE) result of pre-degree science students of Benue State University Makurdi-Nigeria with a view to seeking alternative to multiple selection examinations. Out of 1240 candidates that came in for Preliminary Science programme for 2007/2008 session, only 380 passed (that is, a minimum of C grade in the five subjects -- English, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry and Physics). Of this number, 220 had records for Mathematics and Physics in SSCE and therefore form the sample for the study and total of 38 entered for UME Mathematics. Three standard examination results in Mathematics and Physics were used for analysis in this study with SSCE as dependent (criterion) variable and Prelim and UME scores as independent (predictor) variables. Scores from the three examinations were collated and used for analyses. The examinations were considered reliable and valid based on the fact that they were set by experts, subjected to necessary test conditions and had consistent records of good standard. Using multiple regression for analysis, it was found that Prelim and UME Mathematics did not significantly predict SSCE Mathematics, F=1.278, p>0.05. While Prelim Physics and UME Physics significantly predicted SSCE Physics (F 2, 38=3.789, p0.05). It was recommended among others that the current selection examinations be improved upon through strict supervision especially UME to guarantee their public acceptance and credibility.
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The Position of English in National Education Language Planning in Malawi - Mambo, Andwatch (Journal of NELTA, 2010)
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Why and how Africa should invest in African languages and multilingual education - Ouane, Adama; Glanz, Christine (2010)
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Evaluating the effectiveness of ethical decision-making training in a South African organisation - Zwane, Nkosinathi (2010)
Ernst and Young have been identifying regulation and compliance as business’ top three risks for the last three years. Given the increasing ethical challenges in business, most organisations have tried to curb the situation by code of ethics, values, creating new ethics positions, offering compulsory ethics training and creating whistle blowing channels. The key problem identified was the fact that employees don’t always make appropriate decisions on ethical matters in spite of company policies and legislations. In this study, the impact of ethics training on moral judgement has been investigated. Hence the title is ‘evaluating the effectiveness of ethical decision making training in a South African organisation.’ Moral judgement was used in the context of Rest (1984) model. Additionally the size of the improvement was benchmarked with other studies. A quasi experiment was conducted to check if there were differences between managers that were trained and those that were not. Data was collected using a self-administered proprietary Defining Issues Test (DIT-2). The test tool has been validated by many scholars. Results showed that there was no difference between trained managers and the control group. Secondly, the offered training did not improve manager’s moral reasoning higher than the benchmark. Recommendations for training review and future research suggestions were made.
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TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN RESEARCH ETHICS EVALUATION AMONG RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEE MEMBERS IN THREE AFRICAN COUNTRIES: CAMEROON, MALI AND TANZANIA - Ateudjieu, Jérôme; Williams, John R.; Hirtle, Marie; Baume, Cédric; Ikingura, Joyce; Niaré, Alassane; Sprumont, Dominique (Developing World Bioethics, 2010)
ABSTRACT Background: As actors with the key responsibility for the protection of human research participants, Research Ethics Committees (RECs) need to be competent and well‐resourced in order to fulfil their roles. Despite recent programs designed to strengthen RECs in Africa, much more needs to be accomplished before these committees can function optimally. Objective: To assess training needs for biomedical research ethics evaluation among targeted countries. Methods: Members of RECs operating in three targeted African countries were surveyed between August and November 2007. Before implementing the survey, ethical approvals were obtained from RECs in Switzerland, Cameroon, Mali and Tanzania. Data were collected using a semi‐structured questionnaire in English and in French. Results: A total of 74 respondents participated in the study. The participation rate was 68%. Seventy one percent of respondents reported having received some training in research ethics evaluation. This training was given by national institutions (31%) and international institutions (69%). Researchers and REC members were ranked as the top target audiences to be trained. Of 32 topics, the top five training priorities were: basic ethical principles, coverage of applicable laws and regulations, how to conduct ethics review, evaluating informed consent processes and the role of the REC. Conclusion: Although the majority of REC members in the targeted African countries had received training in ethics, they expressed a need for additional training. The results of this survey have been used to design a training program in research ethics evaluation that meets this need.
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Organisational responses to public sector reforms in higher education in Uganda: a case study of Makerere University - Bisaso, Ronald (Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 2010)
This paper analyses changes in university management structures and practices as a response to public sector reforms in Ugandan higher education using Makerere University as a case study. The study uses the organisational learning theory and a review of the higher education literature. Two adaptive responses in the management structures and practices emerge from the empirical discussion based on an analysis of documents. These responses illustrate strategies to fuel innovation and recent strategies to restore stability at the case study university.
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Trend And Causes Of Female Students Dropout From Teacher Education Institutions Of Ethiopia: The Case Of Jimma University - Melese, W; Fenta, G (Ethiopian journal of education and sciences, 2010)
This article examines the state of female students' enrollment and dismissal rate and major factors that cause them to dropout from the higher learning institutions.Data were collected from the drop out students, instructors, gender officers and guidance and counseling office of the University through questionnaires, interview and focus group discussion.Moreover, secondary data were collected from the university registrar.The results of the study reveal that though the enrollment rate of female students increased from time to time there is a wide gap between the two sexes.Moreover, the dismissal rates of female students are greater than males.The major factors that caused female students to be dismissed from the university include harassment, homesickness, lack of assertiveness training, teachers gender insensitivity, absence of special support program, poor time management, anxiety, financial problems lack of proper guidance, and counseling service and department placement without interest.
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Influence Of Early Literacy Parental Involvement On Science Achievement Of Junior Secondary School Students In Nigeria - Oludipe, BD (Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences, 2010)
Influence of early literacy on science achievement of Junior Secondary School students was examined in this study.The sample consisted of 360 Junior Secondary School II (JSSII) students(162 females and 198 males, mean age 13.47years, SD= 0.746) randomly selected from 12 co-educational junior secondary schools in Osun state,Nigeria.An achievement test (Integrated Science Achievement Test, 'INSAT') and a questionnaire (Early Literacy Parent Involvement Questionnaire, 'ELIPIQ') were used for data collection.The Cronbach coefficient alpha value for the questionnaire was found to be 0.62 while Reliability estimates of 0.74 was established for the achievement test.Findings revealed that: of the 360 parents involved in this study, only about 20.8% were highly involved in their children's early literacy acquisition; parental involvement in literacy acquisition of boys was more than that of girls, though this difference was not significant; a positive relationship between parental involvement in early literacy acquisition and students' science achievement was found and, parental involvement in children's early literacy acquisition predicted only 0.280 (28%) of the variation of achievement in science (R 2 = 0.280) and a positive but weak (r =0.183) significant relationship between parents' educational attainment and their involvement in literacy acquisition of their children was also found.It was therefore recommended that parents should be more involved in early literacy acquisition of their children by spending time to read with them, share stories, recite rhymes, jingles, poetry, and so on.
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Assessment of anaemia and iron status of school age children (aged 7-12 years) in rural communities of Abia state, Nigeria - Onimawo, I.A.; Ukegbu, PO; Asumugha, V.U.; Anyika, J. U.; Okudu, H.O.; Echendu, C. A.; Nkwoala, C C; Emebu, P.K. (African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 2010)
The objective of this study was to investigate iron status of school children aged 7-12 years in some rural communities in Nigeria as well as identify factors associated with anemia in the children.A total of 249 school children, 120 males and 129 females aged between 7-12 years were used in the study.Haemomoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (PCV) and serum ferritin were used to determine anaemia and iron status in 208 children.The subjects were also screened for malaria parasites and worm infection to determine their impact on anaemia.C-reactive protein (CRP) was used as an indicator of inflammation or infection.Socioeconomic, anthropometric and body composition information were collected from the children, while dietary iron intake was determined using a combination of 24 hour dietary recall, food frequency questionnaire and weighed inventory technique.The values obtained for energy and nutrient intakes were compared with RDA recommendations.Anaemia was defined as Hb < 11.0mg/dl and iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin levels below 12ug/dl.Correlation coefficient was used to evaluate association between anaemia and nutritional as well as health factors.The results showed that the prevalence of anaemia was 82.6%, while iron deficiency was 77.8%.The average daily iron intake was 30% below the recommended allowance.There was a high prevalence of inflammatory disorders as indicated by CRP.Malaria parasite and worm infestations were high in the children (93.2% and 41.8%, respectively).Anaemia was significantly associated with helminth infestation, malaria parasite and CRP.The children had a mean weight and height below the recommended standards.Of all the children in the study (n=249), 77% were both stunted and underweight while 56% were wasted.The body composition values of normal children (body fat, triceps, subscapula skinfold thicknesses and abdominal circumference) were significantly higher than those of the malnourished children (p<0.05).The percentage of children having low BMI (<14.59) was 23.69%.The need for malaria and helminth control in these communities is recommended.
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Frequency analysis of the hydrological drought regime. Case of oued Mina catchment in western of Algeria - Yahiaoui, Abdelhalim; Bouvier, Christophe (Revue Nature et Technologie, 2010)
Hydrological drought is associated with the effects of periods of precipitation shortfalls on surface (stream-flowlevel) or subsurface water supply (ground-water level). The frequency and severity of hydrological drought is often defined on a catchement. As an important random phenomenon in hydrology, the frequency analysis is necessary in the aim to know about the drought's regime. In order to study the stream flow regime of oued Mina catchment in western of Algeria. Frequency analysis of (...)
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Children of Somali refugees in Australian schools: Self-descriptions of school-related skills and needs - Dodds, Agnes E.; Lawrence, Jeanette A.; Karantzas, Kellie; Brooker, Abi; Lin, Ying; Champness, Vivienne; Albert, Nadia (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2010)
We examined self-descriptions of children of Somali refugee families in Australian primary schools, focusing on how children’s school-related skills and needs relate to the interpretive frames of mainstream and ethnic cultures. Three groups of Grade 5 and 6 children (Somali, Disadvantaged, Advantaged) made choices among school-related skills, and rated feelings and needs for the transition to high school. Findings indicate a general goodness of fit between emphases of the mainstream culture and Somali children’s choices (sport, maths), while reflecting some values of their ethnic interpretive frames (rejecting art, music). Gender stereotypic differences did not interact with culture. Children’s computer-based choices provide a basis for bringing together studies of development and acculturation, and for differentiating between refugee status and socio-economic disadvantage.
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Impact of Educational Inclusion on Children withVisual Impairment in Malawi - Lynch, Paul; McCall, Steve (2010)
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Assessment of the problems LIS postgraduate students face in accessing e‐resources in Makerere University, Uganda - Okello‐Obura, Constant (Collection Building, 2010)
Purpose This paper is part of the study that was conducted to analyse the LIS postgraduate e‐resources seeking behaviour in Makerere University, Uganda. Its purpose is to present and discuss specifically the problems LIS postgraduate students face in accessing e‐resources. Design/methodology/approach Survey research techniques were used in which the data collected using structured questionnaires were carefully handled and analysed using the Excel computer program to generate the frequencies, percentages and pie charts. Findings The respondents have positive attitudes towards e‐resources utilization and they indicated varied problems faced in e‐resources utilization and proposed different strategies to improve on e‐resources in the University. Among the problems identified are: slow Internet connectivity, inadequate networked computers, lack of access to low cost printers in the library, using advanced search strategies of most databases and lack of awareness of most of the e‐resources. Originality/value Without knowing exactly what is wrong with a system, it becomes very difficult to plan and execute meaningful strategic measures to mitigate the problems. This study will help library planners and LIS educators to rethink on how to improve on e‐resources access and utilization. It will provoke new thinking to revamp the situation in the University library.
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Strengthening public health education in population and reproductive health through an innovative academic partnership in Africa: The Gates partners experience - Oni, Gbolahan O.; Fatusi, Adesegun O.; Tsui, Amy O.; Enquselassie, Fikre; Ojengbede, Oladosu; Agbenyega, Tsiri; Ojofeitimi, E.O.; Taulo, Frank; Quakyi, Isabella A. (Global Public Health, 2010)
Abstract Poor reproductive health constitutes one of the leading public health problems in the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We report here an academic partnership that commenced in 2003 between a US institution and six universities in SSA. The partnership addresses the human resources development challenge in Africa by strengthening public health education and research capacity to improve population and reproductive health (PRH) outcomes in low-resource settings. The partnership's core activities focused on increasing access to quality education, strengthening health research capacity and translating scholarship and science into policy and practices. Partnership programmes focused on the educational dimension of the human resources equation provide students with improved learning facilities and enhanced work environments and also provide faculty with opportunities for professional development and an enhanced capacity for curriculum delivery. By 2007, 48 faculty members from the six universities in SSA attended PRH courses at Johns Hopkins University, 93 PRH courses were offered across the six universities, 625 of their master's students elected PRH concentrations and 158 had graduated. With the graduation of these and future student cohorts, the universities in SSA will systematically be expanding the number of public health practitioners and strengthening programme effectiveness to resolve reproductive health needs. Some challenges facing the partnership are described in this article.
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Strengthening public health education in population and reproductive health through an innovative academic partnership in Africa: The Gates partners experience - Oni, Gbolahan O.; Fatusi, Adesegun O.; Tsui, Amy O.; Enquselassie, Fikre; Ojengbede, Oladosu; Agbenyega, Tsiri; Ojofeitimi, E.O.; Taulo, Frank; Quakyi, Isabella A. (Global Public Health, 2010)
Abstract Poor reproductive health constitutes one of the leading public health problems in the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We report here an academic partnership that commenced in 2003 between a US institution and six universities in SSA. The partnership addresses the human resources development challenge in Africa by strengthening public health education and research capacity to improve population and reproductive health (PRH) outcomes in low-resource settings. The partnership's core activities focused on increasing access to quality education, strengthening health research capacity and translating scholarship and science into policy and practices. Partnership programmes focused on the educational dimension of the human resources equation provide students with improved learning facilities and enhanced work environments and also provide faculty with opportunities for professional development and an enhanced capacity for curriculum delivery. By 2007, 48 faculty members from the six universities in SSA attended PRH courses at Johns Hopkins University, 93 PRH courses were offered across the six universities, 625 of their master's students elected PRH concentrations and 158 had graduated. With the graduation of these and future student cohorts, the universities in SSA will systematically be expanding the number of public health practitioners and strengthening programme effectiveness to resolve reproductive health needs. Some challenges facing the partnership are described in this article.
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The structure of Guadeloupe, Maderas and Mt Cameroon volcanoes and the impact of strike-slip movements - Mathieu, Lucie (2010)
There are three kinds of strike-slip faults: pure strike-slip, transtensional and transpressional. They have been recognized in all geodynamic environments and are the most common fault type associated with volcanic activity. Many volcanic edifices are built in the vicinity of a fault with strike-slip motion. The impact of strike-slip fault movements on a volcanic cone has been addressed by several studies over the last decade. This study considers a broad range of fault and volcano geometries through three natural examples: the Guadeloupe volcanoes in the Lesser Antilles, Mt Cameroon in West Africa and Maderas volcano in Nicaragua. Detailed field and remote sensing studies are used to establish structural maps of these three little studied volcanoes. These maps are then compared with experimental structures that have developed in analogue cones deformed by strike-slip, transtensional and transpressional faults. The study of the Guadeloupe volcanoes leads to a new interpretation of their constructional phases. A regional NW-SE striking sinistral transtensional fault on which the Guadeloupe volcanoes have been built is responsible for their alignment, for the dyke trends and for the major collapse events. On Mt Cameroon, the rift zone and elongated morphology are controlled by an inactive strike-slip fault on which the volcano has been built. This study also reveals that Mt Cameroon volcano has spread over its weak sedimentary substratum. On Maderas volcano, the summit graben, vent alignment, lower flank half-grabens and summit lineaments are related to gravitational spreading and to regional tectonic movements. The orientation of these structures indicates that the Maderas volcano was built above a NW-SE striking dextral transtensional fault. The theoretical model of strike-slip motion and volcanic cone interaction established with the analogue models can be applied to these and to other volcanoes to determine the location, slip, kinematics and strike of structures hidden by recent eruptions and intense erosion.
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[What are we learning from the new data on cancer incidence in North Africa]. - Sobrato, I; Busso, P; Zanetti, Roberto (PubMed, 2010)
Over a period of a few years, Cancer registries in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt) increased in number from one to seven. Currently they serve 9.7% of the total regional population. The pattern of risk presented by their data (which appear to be good enough, according to the available indicators) is unique. The total cancer burden in different North Africa countries is between one fourth and one half (on average one third) of the corresponding risk in Europe. The overall rate, age standardized on world population, ranges in men from 94.0/100,000 in Sètif, Algeria, to 162.9/100,000 in Garbiah, Egypt. Similar is the range of the risk between countries in women (from 84.7 and 164.0/100,000). The case mixing and the level of the site specific rates are quite homogeneous between the considered countries. The most frequent cancers are those observed in Europe (lung, breast, colon, prostate). This pattern completely differs from that of black Africa countries, where infection-related cancers predominate. The clinically well known excess risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Maghrebi countries is confirmed and quantified by the presented data (with rates as high as 5.4/100,000 in men and 1.9/100,000 in women, ten times higher than in Europe).
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Clinical trials in South Africa: Need for capacity building and training - Burgess, Lesley; Sulzer, N U (South African Medical Journal, 2010)
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The Lived Experience of Socialization Among African American Nursing Students in a Predominantly White University - Love, Katie L. (Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2010)
This study explored the phenomenon of socialization among African American nursing students in predominantly White universities. Recruitment and retention of African American nursing students is in lower percentages compared with other groups. Many nursing schools reflect a culture of the White middle class, which may present a barrier to minority students by requiring students to socialize to a culture different from their own. Overcoming such barriers cannot begin until the experience of socialization is understood.A sample consisting of eight co-researchers was used who all attended nursing school at a predominantly White university. Interviews were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method.The following six themes emerged: Theme 1--The Strength to Pursue More, Theme 2--Encounters With Discrimination, Theme 3--Pressure to Succeed, Theme 4--Isolation and Sticking Together, Theme 5--To Fit In and Talk White, and Theme 6--To Learn With New Friends and Old Ones.This study found a strongly consistent process of socialization to the dominant norm, and raised questions about the effects of this process on African American nursing students and its impact on improving patient care.
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The relationship between financial literacy, economic measures and delayed gratification in South African high school learners - Symanowitz, Colette Delene (2010)
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Assessment of Self-Medication Practices Among Médical, Pharmacy, Health Science Students in Gondar University, Ethiopia - Abay, Solomón Mequanente; Amelo, Wote (Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2010)
The study was aimed at assessing the magnitude and factors of self-medication among medical, pharmacy, and health science students of GCMHS (Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences). A cross-sectional study with two-month illness recall was conducted. A Questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and questions on illnesses in the last two months prior to the interview and treatment strategies was prepared and administered to the 414 students, selected as the sample population, from the GCMHS students. Of a total of 414 students, 213 (51.5%) reported at least one episode of an illness, and 82 (38.5%) of them practiced self-medication. Most drugs for self-medication were obtained from the pharmacy or drug shops; and the most commonly used drugs were Paracetamol and NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Common reported illnesses were fever and headache (24.8%) followed by cough and common cold (23.9%). Prior experience and the non-seriousness of the illness were the top two reported factors for self-medication. Reading materials were the top reported source of information. In conclusion, self-medication was practiced with a range of drugs from the conventional anti-pains to antibiotics. Although the practice of self-medication is inevitable; drug authorities and health professionals need to educate students about the pros and cons of self-medication.
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Exploration study on integration of educational technology in the curriculum of colleges of education in the Central region of Ghana - Abreh, Might Kojo (2010)
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Prevalence of anemia in women with asymptomatic malaria parasitemia at first antenatal care visit at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria - Agan, TU (International Journal of Women's Health, 2010)
Anemia in pregnancy in malaria endemic areas is a public health challenge that has contributed either directly or indirectly to maternal morbidity and mortality in our environment. Anemia and malaria during pregnancy are highly preventable and treatable.The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of anemia in asymptomatic malaria parasitemic women at first antenatal visit in a tertiary hospital facility.The study was conducted at the antenatal clinic of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria over a three-month period. Five hundred and forty-five pregnant women were recruited after obtaining an informed consent. A structured questionnaire was administered to each participant and two thin and thick blood films were used to identify the malaria parasites and estimate density. The average of two packed cell volumes at booking was determined using two capillary tubes and read from a Hawksleys microhematocrit reader.A total of 545 pregnant women participated in the study. The mean ages of primigravidas and multigravidas were 21.4 ± 3.1 and 24.3 ± 4.0 years. Two hundred and ninety (53.2%) were primigravidas while 255 (46.8%) were multigravidas. The parasite density in primigravidas was 1297 ± 1234 while that for multigravidas was 661 ± 497 (t = 7.7, P < 0.001). The prevalence of anemia in the study population was 59.6%. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of anemia among the primigravidas (60.3%) and the multigravidas (58.8%) (χ(2) = 1.3, P = 0.08). There was a statistically significant association between severity of parasitemia and degree of anemia (χ(2) = 441.1, P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant association between antimalarials use before booking and severity of parasitemia (χ(2) = 36.52, P < 0.001).Anemia at first antenatal booking was significantly associated with malaria parasitemia. Routine screening for anemia and malaria parasites at booking, prompt parasite clearance, use of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) during pregnancy and correction of anemia can reduce the prevalence of malaria related anemia and obstetric complications associated with it.
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Incidence of dog bite and anti-rabies vaccine utilization in the, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria: A 12-year assessment - Aghahowa, SE; Ogbevoen, R Nosa (Vaccine, 2010)
To assess the incidence of dog bite and utilization of anti-rabies vaccine between January 1997 and December 2008. Reported cases of dog bite from archives were collected and analyzed in the Accident and Emergency Centre of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. A total of 143 cases were reported and none was previously immunized. They were between 14 and 64 years with male and female ratio 7.2:1. Among them, 53% cases were reported within 24 h, 36% cases were reported after 30 days and 11% cases reported after two months of affliction. Limbs were most afflicted. Forty-two [29.37%] patients had multiple sites of bite. Minor bleeding was in [71.33%] victims. Five hundred and eighty-seven doses of Rabipur® brand of anti-rabies vaccines of which 65.42% were administered intradermally and 34.58% were administered intramuscularly. Only 71% of the victims were treated with Imogam Rabies® brand of Rabies Immunoglobulin G. Sixty-three dog owners claimed that their dogs were vaccinated. Of the total victims, 137[95.80%] completed their routine 5 days anti-rabies regimen. Forty-seven (32.87%) were hospitalized; maximum duration was [167 ± 0.71 h]. Ciprofloxacin and paracetamol were most frequently used antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents, respectively. All had anti-tetanus sera. One had traditional medication prior to report presented with clinical sign of hydrophobia. He died despite therapy. The incidence of dog bite although rare, there is need for adequate procurement and stocking of anti-rabies vaccine to meet the need of the afflicted in this region.
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School Plants Planning and Students’ Learning Outcomes in South West Nigerian Secondary Schools - Ajayi, Iyiade Adeseye; Yusuf, Musibau Adeoye (International journal of educational sciences, 2010)
The study examined the relationship between school plants planning and secondary school students’ learning outcomes in south-west Nigeria. A descriptive research of the survey design was used in the study. The sample consisted of 1650 respondents comprising 150 school principals and 1500 teachers. Multistage, stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the sample. Data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, means, pearson product moment correlation, multiple regression and F-ratio. The two null hypotheses formulated were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that the levels of school plants planning and students’ learning outcomes were relatively high during the period under investigation. The study also revealed that school plants planning and its components such as school site planning, instructional space planning and circulation space planning were significantly related to students’ learning outcomes. Moreover administrative space planning and space of convenience planning were not significantly related to students’ learning outcomes. Based on the findings, it was recommended that government should continue to lay more emphasis on school plants planning particularly in the areas of school site planning, circulation space planning and instructional space planning in order to improve students’ learning outcomes.
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Do Educators in the Free State Province of South Africa Engage Learners Via Outcomes Based Teaching Styles? - Alexander, Gregory; Roux, Natale le; Hlalele, Dipane; Daries, G (Journal of Social Sciences, 2010)
Since the first democratic elections in 1994, education in South Africa has been characterized by an unprecedented process of transformation. Furthermore, a resurgence from the government, business, organized labor and providers of education and training emphasized the need for educational imbalances, which were prevalent in the country’s rote learning/traditional schooling system to be redressed and that equal educational opportunities should be provided for all citizens. This process signaled the introduction of Outcomes Based Education (OBE) within the National Curriculum Statement (South Africa’s own unique curriculum response to OBE) which necessitated educators to be trained and teach in learner centered, activity based teaching methodologies. Through a quantitative study, administered to 344 postgraduate educators, enrolled for the course: Self concept development and Learning styles at the University of the Free State, researchers wanted to ascertain the extent to which teaching styles employed by these educators, are reflective of OBE teaching methodologies. Findings revealed that the majority of educators’ are not engaging learners via OBE centred teaching styles and that they are still advocating “traditional/rote learning” teaching styles. Furthermore, we conclude that the National Department of Education needs to empower and capacitate educators in learner centered teaching styles.
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Education of the Deprived. Anglophone Cameroon Literary Drama - Ambanasom, Shadrach A. (2010)
Education of the Deprived is a perceptive socio-artistic examination of the key works of some major writers of Anglophone Cameroon literary drama today. For over two decades now socio-political developments in Cameroon, including the liberalization of the press, have led to an unprecedented proliferation of political, journalistic and imaginative writings. Availing themselves of their new-found freedom of expression, Cameroonians in general are forcefully articulating their views more than even before, and creative writers, in particular, are artistically recording intimate and painful experiences in the on-going endeavour to make sense of the socio-political environment; they are mapping out, through images and symbols, the peculiar contour of the collective Cameroonian soul. What observers have noticed, with regard to Anglophone Cameroon imaginative writing, however, is that there are few significant critical works to match the burgeoning creative literature. While in the 1970s there was a cry concerning the scarcity of imaginative works by Anglophone Cameroonians, the complaint now, at the turn of the 21st century, is that there is a dearth of critical literature capable of catapulting, on to the international literary scene, the Anglophone Cameroon literature being written. This book covers both traditional and modern drama as written by Anglophones, lays bare the technical differences between the two dramatic traditions, and brings out the central themes developed by these committed dramatists.
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Labor Markets and School-to-Work Transition in Egypt - Angel‐Urdinola, Diego F. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010)
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Labor Markets and School-to-Work Transition in Egypt : Diagnostics, Constraints, and Policy Framework - Angel‐Urdinola, Diego F.; Semlali, Amina (World Bank Other Operational Studies, 2010)
Despite substantial improvements in labor market outcomes in recent years (in raising employment and participation and in lowering unemployment), unemployment rates in Egypt remain exceedingly high among youth2 entering the labor market for the first time. A slow school-to-work transition remains the main reason behind high unemployment rates. The youth unemployment rate in Egypt, at 24 percent in year 2006, is high for international standards- though similar to those in North Africa. Moreover, youth entering the labor market for the first time account for about 82 percent of the country's unemployed workers.
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Impact of education on obesity and blood pressure in developing countries: A study on the Ibos of Nigeria. - Anyanwu, Godson Emeka; Jervas, Ekezie; Danborno, Barnabas; Ugochukwu, A. I. (PubMed, 2010)
Increase in the prevalence of hypertension, obesity and obesity related diseases has become significant cause of disability and premature death in both developing and newly developed countries, with over bearing demand on national health budgets.To evaluate the impact of various levels of education on obesity and blood pressure.325 male and 254 female Nigerians of ages 20-80 years of the Ibo ethnicity through random sampling, were selected for this study. The participants were broken into three major groups based on their educational levels; primary, secondary and tertiary levels. systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP & DBP) levels, body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR), waist height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC),various skin fold thicknesses, and other anthropometric parameters were measured.For all the indicators of subcutaneous fat, general obesity, and central obesity, largest mean deposition was noted to be highest in the lowest education group and least in the highest education group. Mean blood pressure parameters were also highest in the least education group. While fat deposition was noted to be highest in all the females of all the groups, the males showed larger mean BP values. Education was noted to have a significant inverse relationship with most of the fat indicators and blood pressure parameters and cardiovascular disease risk highest in the least education groups.Education showed a significant impact on obesity and blood pressure and could be one of the major tools to reduce the high prevalence of obesity, hypertension and other obesity associated diseases.
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LITERACY, RHETORIC, AND 19TH-CENTURY BLACK PRINT CULTUREPhyllis M. Belt-Beyan, The Emergence of African American Literacy Traditions: Family and Community Efforts in the Nineteenth Century. Foreword by Ronald Lewis. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004. Pp. 207. Cloth $95.00.Shirley Wilson Logan, Liberating Language: Sites of Rhetorical Education in Nineteenth-Century Black America. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2008. Pp. 181. Paper $35.00. - Bacon, Jacqueline (Journal of African American History, 2010)
Previous articleNext article No AccessESSAY REVIEWLITERACY, RHETORIC, AND 19TH-CENTURY BLACK PRINT CULTURE Phyllis M. Belt-Beyan, The Emergence of African American Literacy Traditions: Family and Community Efforts in the Nineteenth Century. Foreword by Ronald Lewis. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004. Pp. 207. Cloth $95.00. Shirley Wilson Logan, Liberating Language: Sites of Rhetorical Education in Nineteenth-Century Black America. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2008. Pp. 181. Paper $35.00.Jacqueline BaconJacqueline BaconJacqueline Bacon is an independent researcher who lives in San Diego, CA. Search for more articles by this author Jacqueline Bacon is an independent researcher who lives in San Diego, CA.PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of African American History Volume 95, Number 3-4Summer-Fall 2010 A journal of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.3-4.0417 Views: 41Total views on this site Copyright 2010 by the Association for the Study of African American Life and HistoryPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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The Impact of Education on Subjective Discount Rate in Ugandan Villages - Bauer, Michal; Chytilová, Julie (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2010)
Heterogeneity in time discounting may reinforce the existing barriers to save and invest faced by rural populations in developing countries. We elicit a subjective discount rate for a varied sample of Ugandan villagers. In accordance with other studies, we have found the discount rate to decrease with education. We examine this correlation further by testing the causal effect of education and exploit two different sources of its variation: school frequency across villages and the number of the respondents’ school‐going years that overlap with the era of the dictator Idi Amin’s rule. For men, we find that education has a significant impact on their discount rate, similar in magnitude for both types of instruments and robust to observable characteristics. This finding highlights the importance of education in development.
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The risk assessment of pollution in groundwater by pesticides at the level of oriental Morocco: Case of the perimeter irrigated by the lower Moulouya - Benaboud, Jamal; Elachouri, M. (Toxicology Letters, 2010)
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Cenozoic vegetation, climate changes and hominid evolution in tropical Africa - Bonnefille, Raymonde (Global and Planetary Change, 2010)
This paper reviews information on past vegetation of tropical Africa during the Cenozoic, focused upon the last 10 Ma, a time spanning hominid record in Central and East Africa. Summary of palaeobotanical data collected at terrestrial sites are compared with new results on the long term evolution of the continental vegetation zones documented from marine pollen record of two deep sea cores recovered from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Section 2 includes a summary of modern distribution of vegetation belts in the African continent and a synthesis of the results of both macrobotanical (fossil wood, leaves and fruits) and microbotanical (mainly pollen) studies presented according to time scale and geographical location. The main features emphasized by the palaeobotanical results are 1) seasonal vegetation and climate documented as soon as the Eocene in Tanzania 2) well diversified forests existing in northern West Ethiopia during the Oligocene 3) high temporal and spatial variabilities of forests composition during the Miocene when deciduous Legume woodland was documented in Ethiopia whereas wetter evergreen forests existed in Western Kenya 4) lack of evidence for an evergreen forest belt, continuous from Western Congo to East Africa. Section 3 presents new original pollen data recovered from a long core in the Gulf of Aden documenting large scale past vegetation changes in East Africa during the last 11 Ma. These results are discussed in comparison with a summarized long pollen sequence previously published from a marine core offshore the Niger delta. This comparison illustrates variations in geographical distribution of large vegetation zone at the continental scale, through time. In Section 4, vegetation changes registered during the last 10 Ma are discussed in relation with the results of isotopic studies and an updated presentation of hominids evolution in Africa. Several changes are shown in the marine records. An expansion of savanna/grassland is shown at 10 Ma in East Africa, 3 Ma earlier than in West Africa where it is documented at 7 Ma. At large geographical scale, this first increase in grass pollen simultaneously to forest increase in the marine records is interpreting as reflecting wetter conditions over the continent. Indeed, under global humid conditions, savanna could spread over the desert areas in the Northern and Eastern directions. A forest phase is well documented in West Africa between 7.5 and 7 Ma, but has not been shown in East Africa, mainly because of low resolution analysis of the DSDP East African record which needs further investigation for that period. A strong vegetation change took place between 6.3 and 6 Ma. It was marked by a trend of important decrease tree cover of the vegetation, simultaneous in West and East Africa. At that time, very arid conditions shown by scarce tree cover occurred over the whole tropical region. This happened before (or at) the early beginning of the Messinian crisis. Generally arid conditions coincide with the accepted timing for the Chimpanzee/hominid split, and record of Sahelanthropus tchadensis in Chad and Orrorin tugenensis in Kenya, although these fossils were found under locally wooded environment. The period from 6 to 4 Ma saw the appearance of Ardipithecus and diversification of Australopithecines occurring during a progressive increased tree cover in the broad-scale vegetation that culminated at 3.9 Ma, during A. anamensis time and before the first appearance of Australopithecus afarensis. Important variations in the vegetation occurred between 4 and 3 Ma, and many plant ecosystems were available to A. afarensis, a hominid which had a wide geographical distribution and persisted at Hadar under temporal climatic and environmental variability. The strongest and abrupt decline of forest pollen accompanied by an increase in the grass pollen was found at 2.7 Ma, more pronounced in the West than in East Africa. It was accompanied by a significant increase in C4 grass proportions, well indicated in the Turkana region and likely explained by an increase in dry season length. Such marked changes correspond to the global climate change due to the establishment of the Arctic ice sheet that induced strong aridity in the tropics. Savanna expanded at the expense of rainforest, both in West and East Africa, whereas sub-desertic steppe expanded over savanna areas in the North. Mountain forests moved down slopes, closer to lowland sites in the Rift. Simultaneous faunal changes documented by the herbivores in the fauna, the appearance of early Homo and stone tools in the archaeological record of East Africa appear contemporaneous to local vegetation changes documented at terrestrial sites.
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Cenozoic vegetation, climate changes and hominid evolution in tropical Africa - Bonnefille, Raymonde (Global and Planetary Change, 2010)
This paper reviews information on past vegetation of tropical Africa during the Cenozoic, focused upon the last 10 Ma, a time spanning hominid record in Central and East Africa. Summary of palaeobotanical data collected at terrestrial sites are compared with new results on the long term evolution of the continental vegetation zones documented from marine pollen record of two deep sea cores recovered from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Section 2 includes a summary of modern distribution of vegetation belts in the African continent and a synthesis of the results of both macrobotanical (fossil wood, leaves and fruits) and microbotanical (mainly pollen) studies presented according to time scale and geographical location. The main features emphasized by the palaeobotanical results are 1) seasonal vegetation and climate documented as soon as the Eocene in Tanzania 2) well diversified forests existing in northern West Ethiopia during the Oligocene 3) high temporal and spatial variabilities of forests composition during the Miocene when deciduous Legume woodland was documented in Ethiopia whereas wetter evergreen forests existed in Western Kenya 4) lack of evidence for an evergreen forest belt, continuous from Western Congo to East Africa. Section 3 presents new original pollen data recovered from a long core in the Gulf of Aden documenting large scale past vegetation changes in East Africa during the last 11 Ma. These results are discussed in comparison with a summarized long pollen sequence previously published from a marine core offshore the Niger delta. This comparison illustrates variations in geographical distribution of large vegetation zone at the continental scale, through time. In Section 4, vegetation changes registered during the last 10 Ma are discussed in relation with the results of isotopic studies and an updated presentation of hominids evolution in Africa. Several changes are shown in the marine records. An expansion of savanna/grassland is shown at 10 Ma in East Africa, 3 Ma earlier than in West Africa where it is documented at 7 Ma. At large geographical scale, this first increase in grass pollen simultaneously to forest increase in the marine records is interpreting as reflecting wetter conditions over the continent. Indeed, under global humid conditions, savanna could spread over the desert areas in the Northern and Eastern directions. A forest phase is well documented in West Africa between 7.5 and 7 Ma, but has not been shown in East Africa, mainly because of low resolution analysis of the DSDP East African record which needs further investigation for that period. A strong vegetation change took place between 6.3 and 6 Ma. It was marked by a trend of important decrease tree cover of the vegetation, simultaneous in West and East Africa. At that time, very arid conditions shown by scarce tree cover occurred over the whole tropical region. This happened before (or at) the early beginning of the Messinian crisis. Generally arid conditions coincide with the accepted timing for the Chimpanzee/hominid split, and record of Sahelanthropus tchadensis in Chad and Orrorin tugenensis in Kenya, although these fossils were found under locally wooded environment. The period from 6 to 4 Ma saw the appearance of Ardipithecus and diversification of Australopithecines occurring during a progressive increased tree cover in the broad-scale vegetation that culminated at 3.9 Ma, during A. anamensis time and before the first appearance of Australopithecus afarensis. Important variations in the vegetation occurred between 4 and 3 Ma, and many plant ecosystems were available to A. afarensis, a hominid which had a wide geographical distribution and persisted at Hadar under temporal climatic and environmental variability. The strongest and abrupt decline of forest pollen accompanied by an increase in the grass pollen was found at 2.7 Ma, more pronounced in the West than in East Africa. It was accompanied by a significant increase in C4 grass proportions, well indicated in the Turkana region and likely explained by an increase in dry season length. Such marked changes correspond to the global climate change due to the establishment of the Arctic ice sheet that induced strong aridity in the tropics. Savanna expanded at the expense of rainforest, both in West and East Africa, whereas sub-desertic steppe expanded over savanna areas in the North. Mountain forests moved down slopes, closer to lowland sites in the Rift. Simultaneous faunal changes documented by the herbivores in the fauna, the appearance of early Homo and stone tools in the archaeological record of East Africa appear contemporaneous to local vegetation changes documented at terrestrial sites.
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Cenozoic vegetation, climate changes and hominid evolution in tropical Africa - Bonnefille, Raymonde (Global and Planetary Change, 2010)
This paper reviews information on past vegetation of tropical Africa during the Cenozoic, focused upon the last 10 Ma, a time spanning hominid record in Central and East Africa. Summary of palaeobotanical data collected at terrestrial sites are compared with new results on the long term evolution of the continental vegetation zones documented from marine pollen record of two deep sea cores recovered from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Section 2 includes a summary of modern distribution of vegetation belts in the African continent and a synthesis of the results of both macrobotanical (fossil wood, leaves and fruits) and microbotanical (mainly pollen) studies presented according to time scale and geographical location. The main features emphasized by the palaeobotanical results are 1) seasonal vegetation and climate documented as soon as the Eocene in Tanzania 2) well diversified forests existing in northern West Ethiopia during the Oligocene 3) high temporal and spatial variabilities of forests composition during the Miocene when deciduous Legume woodland was documented in Ethiopia whereas wetter evergreen forests existed in Western Kenya 4) lack of evidence for an evergreen forest belt, continuous from Western Congo to East Africa. Section 3 presents new original pollen data recovered from a long core in the Gulf of Aden documenting large scale past vegetation changes in East Africa during the last 11 Ma. These results are discussed in comparison with a summarized long pollen sequence previously published from a marine core offshore the Niger delta. This comparison illustrates variations in geographical distribution of large vegetation zone at the continental scale, through time. In Section 4, vegetation changes registered during the last 10 Ma are discussed in relation with the results of isotopic studies and an updated presentation of hominids evolution in Africa. Several changes are shown in the marine records. An expansion of savanna/grassland is shown at 10 Ma in East Africa, 3 Ma earlier than in West Africa where it is documented at 7 Ma. At large geographical scale, this first increase in grass pollen simultaneously to forest increase in the marine records is interpreting as reflecting wetter conditions over the continent. Indeed, under global humid conditions, savanna could spread over the desert areas in the Northern and Eastern directions. A forest phase is well documented in West Africa between 7.5 and 7 Ma, but has not been shown in East Africa, mainly because of low resolution analysis of the DSDP East African record which needs further investigation for that period. A strong vegetation change took place between 6.3 and 6 Ma. It was marked by a trend of important decrease tree cover of the vegetation, simultaneous in West and East Africa. At that time, very arid conditions shown by scarce tree cover occurred over the whole tropical region. This happened before (or at) the early beginning of the Messinian crisis. Generally arid conditions coincide with the accepted timing for the Chimpanzee/hominid split, and record of Sahelanthropus tchadensis in Chad and Orrorin tugenensis in Kenya, although these fossils were found under locally wooded environment. The period from 6 to 4 Ma saw the appearance of Ardipithecus and diversification of Australopithecines occurring during a progressive increased tree cover in the broad-scale vegetation that culminated at 3.9 Ma, during A. anamensis time and before the first appearance of Australopithecus afarensis. Important variations in the vegetation occurred between 4 and 3 Ma, and many plant ecosystems were available to A. afarensis, a hominid which had a wide geographical distribution and persisted at Hadar under temporal climatic and environmental variability. The strongest and abrupt decline of forest pollen accompanied by an increase in the grass pollen was found at 2.7 Ma, more pronounced in the West than in East Africa. It was accompanied by a significant increase in C4 grass proportions, well indicated in the Turkana region and likely explained by an increase in dry season length. Such marked changes correspond to the global climate change due to the establishment of the Arctic ice sheet that induced strong aridity in the tropics. Savanna expanded at the expense of rainforest, both in West and East Africa, whereas sub-desertic steppe expanded over savanna areas in the North. Mountain forests moved down slopes, closer to lowland sites in the Rift. Simultaneous faunal changes documented by the herbivores in the fauna, the appearance of early Homo and stone tools in the archaeological record of East Africa appear contemporaneous to local vegetation changes documented at terrestrial sites.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cenozoic vegetation, climate changes and hominid evolution in tropical Africa - Bonnefille, Raymonde (Global and Planetary Change, 2010)
This paper reviews information on past vegetation of tropical Africa during the Cenozoic, focused upon the last 10 Ma, a time spanning hominid record in Central and East Africa. Summary of palaeobotanical data collected at terrestrial sites are compared with new results on the long term evolution of the continental vegetation zones documented from marine pollen record of two deep sea cores recovered from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Section 2 includes a summary of modern distribution of vegetation belts in the African continent and a synthesis of the results of both macrobotanical (fossil wood, leaves and fruits) and microbotanical (mainly pollen) studies presented according to time scale and geographical location. The main features emphasized by the palaeobotanical results are 1) seasonal vegetation and climate documented as soon as the Eocene in Tanzania 2) well diversified forests existing in northern West Ethiopia during the Oligocene 3) high temporal and spatial variabilities of forests composition during the Miocene when deciduous Legume woodland was documented in Ethiopia whereas wetter evergreen forests existed in Western Kenya 4) lack of evidence for an evergreen forest belt, continuous from Western Congo to East Africa. Section 3 presents new original pollen data recovered from a long core in the Gulf of Aden documenting large scale past vegetation changes in East Africa during the last 11 Ma. These results are discussed in comparison with a summarized long pollen sequence previously published from a marine core offshore the Niger delta. This comparison illustrates variations in geographical distribution of large vegetation zone at the continental scale, through time. In Section 4, vegetation changes registered during the last 10 Ma are discussed in relation with the results of isotopic studies and an updated presentation of hominids evolution in Africa. Several changes are shown in the marine records. An expansion of savanna/grassland is shown at 10 Ma in East Africa, 3 Ma earlier than in West Africa where it is documented at 7 Ma. At large geographical scale, this first increase in grass pollen simultaneously to forest increase in the marine records is interpreting as reflecting wetter conditions over the continent. Indeed, under global humid conditions, savanna could spread over the desert areas in the Northern and Eastern directions. A forest phase is well documented in West Africa between 7.5 and 7 Ma, but has not been shown in East Africa, mainly because of low resolution analysis of the DSDP East African record which needs further investigation for that period. A strong vegetation change took place between 6.3 and 6 Ma. It was marked by a trend of important decrease tree cover of the vegetation, simultaneous in West and East Africa. At that time, very arid conditions shown by scarce tree cover occurred over the whole tropical region. This happened before (or at) the early beginning of the Messinian crisis. Generally arid conditions coincide with the accepted timing for the Chimpanzee/hominid split, and record of Sahelanthropus tchadensis in Chad and Orrorin tugenensis in Kenya, although these fossils were found under locally wooded environment. The period from 6 to 4 Ma saw the appearance of Ardipithecus and diversification of Australopithecines occurring during a progressive increased tree cover in the broad-scale vegetation that culminated at 3.9 Ma, during A. anamensis time and before the first appearance of Australopithecus afarensis. Important variations in the vegetation occurred between 4 and 3 Ma, and many plant ecosystems were available to A. afarensis, a hominid which had a wide geographical distribution and persisted at Hadar under temporal climatic and environmental variability. The strongest and abrupt decline of forest pollen accompanied by an increase in the grass pollen was found at 2.7 Ma, more pronounced in the West than in East Africa. It was accompanied by a significant increase in C4 grass proportions, well indicated in the Turkana region and likely explained by an increase in dry season length. Such marked changes correspond to the global climate change due to the establishment of the Arctic ice sheet that induced strong aridity in the tropics. Savanna expanded at the expense of rainforest, both in West and East Africa, whereas sub-desertic steppe expanded over savanna areas in the North. Mountain forests moved down slopes, closer to lowland sites in the Rift. Simultaneous faunal changes documented by the herbivores in the fauna, the appearance of early Homo and stone tools in the archaeological record of East Africa appear contemporaneous to local vegetation changes documented at terrestrial sites.
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Utilization of teaching space facilities in colleges of education in Ghana: A case study of OLA College of Education, Cape Coast - Bosomtwe, Michael (2010)
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A new locus (SPG46) maps to 9p21.2-q21.12 in a Tunisian family with a complicated autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with mental impairment and thin corpus callosum - Boukhris, A.; Feki, Imed; Elleuch, N.; Miladi, M.I.; Boland‐Augé, Anne; Truchetto, Jérémy; Mundwiller, Emeline; Jezequel, Nadia; Zélénika, Diana; Mhiri, Chokri; Brice, Alexis; Stevanin, Giovanni (Neurogenetics, 2010)
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“Brother Where Art Thou?” African American Male Instructors' Perceptions of the Counselor Education Profession - Brooks, Michael; Steen, Sam (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2010)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of African American male counselor educators regarding the limited number of African American male faculty members in counselor education. Implications and suggestions on how universities can recruit and retain African American male faculty members are provided. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar las percepciones de educadores en consejería afroamericanos con respecto al limitado número de miembros afroamericanos entre el profesorado para la educación de consejeros. Se proporcionan implicaciones y sugerencias sobre cómo las universidades pueden contratar y retener profesores varones afroamericanos.
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Who Wants to be a Surgeon? A Survey of Medical Students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya - BSc, Mwachaka P.M.; BSc, Mbugua E.; Bsc, MbChB Saidi H. (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2010)
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A study on students' participation in the administration of the University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana - Chandi, Emmanuel Abatanie (2010)
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CBR Stories from Africa. What can they teach us - Coleridge, A; Hartley, S (2010)
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Primary eye care in sub-Saharan African: do we have the evidence needed to scale up training and service delivery? - Courtright, Paul; Seneadza, Asiwome; Mathenge, Wanjiku; Eliah, Edson; Lewallen, Susan (Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 2010)
The models for addressing the delivery of an eye-care service in sub-Saharan Africa have seen considerable revision in the last 30 years, and the on-going challenges, as well as the future needs, will probably require many more changes and new systems. There is a need to assess the different models that are currently employed, in order to ensure that all potential contributions to the elimination of avoidable blindness are used; the evolving concept of primary eye care (PEC) requires such assessment. For the current review, the published literature on eye care provided by general front-line healthworkers was screened for articles that provided evidence of the impact of such PEC on the general delivery of eye care in sub-Saharan Africa. Of the 103 relevant articles detected, only three provided evidence of the effectiveness of PEC and the authors of all three of these articles suggested that such eye care was not meeting the needs or expectations of the target populations, the trainers, or programmes of eye care. Among the main problems identified were a lack of a clear definition of the scope of practice for PEC, the need for clarifying the specific skills that a front-line healthworker could perform correctly, and the changing needs and expectations for the delivery of an eye-care service in Africa. If PEC is to become adequately grounded in Africa, the generation of further evidence of the effectiveness and limitations of such care would be a prudent move.
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Somalia: Living in the Storm of Conflict - Cuevas, Eloy E; Lobban, Richard A. (2010)
Abstract : Since 1991, the Somali people have existed without a functioning government. Poverty, clan clashes, and western influences have left Somalia lifeless and without direction. In 2006, prominent Somali Muslim men sought to bring order and peace to their people. Their wartime experience in Afghanistan and adoption of a Taliban-style Islam gave them a foundation for bringing order to their fellow Somalis. These men would emerge from the ashes of an Ethiopia encroachment into Somalia, one that would last until December 2008, and form a group calling itself Al-Shabaab or the Mujahidin Youth Movement (MYM). This paper which is based on open source information from reporting out of Somalia attempts to identify the major clans, clan culture, and dynamics of Somali centers of power. More importantly, this paper uses antidotal violence numbers from the National Counter-terrorism center to suggest whether the Somali government is making or not making progress in establishing peace.
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Addressing the Spiritual Needs of African American Students: Implications for School Counselors. - Curry, Jennifer R. (Journal of Negro Education, 2010)
The historical tendency for educational institutions to symptomize behavior of African American children as dysfunctional or representative of mental disorder is well documented. However, recent scholarship illuminates the connection between oppression, social injustice, racial trauma, and racial microaggressions as the core of stress, depression, and anxiety in African American youth. Moreover, the ethical imperative of school counselors to holistically address the concerns of clients in counseling-including spirituality-has been firmly established. Inclusion of culturally relevant spirituality in counseling may assist African American in coping with oppression and racism while deriving personal meaning, a sense of hopefulness, and promoting healing within the context of school systems. Keywords: spirituality, school counseling, multicultural competence In our desire to impose form on the world and our lives we have lost the capacity to see the form that is already there; and in that lies not liberation but alienation, the cutting off from things as they really are. Colin Gunton (1985, p.6) According to the American School Counselor Association (ASCA, 2005), today's school counselors are expected to effectively, and comprehensively, promote the personal/social, academic, and career growth and development of all students. In addition to building the core competencies need for success, counselors should be vigilant in identifying and removing barriers to student academic progress; in particular, counselors need to be diligent in recognizing factors within the educational system that impede educational attainment for marginalized groups or lead to inequities of opportunity in postsecondary and vocational training options (Erford, House, & Martin, 2007). Counselors are expected to be advocates for social justice and leaders of systemic change. Historically, public schools in die United States were designed to serve the predominantly White, Protestant population, yet as the U. S. demographic landscape has changed, the diversity of student populations has increased dramatically, reflecting a more pluralistic society (Curry & Hayes, 2009; Durodoye, 1998; Hobson & Kanitz, 1996; Johnson, 1995; Ramirez, Lepage, Kratchowill, & Duffy, 1998). As a result, school counselors are expected to display multicultural competence in regard to die cultural factors that may affect student learning: gender, race, sexual orientation, religious beliefs and spiritual practice, socioeconomic status, and more. Moreover, today's school counselor is positioned to be a cultural mediator. According to Portman (2009), as a cultural mediator the school counselor, engages in prevention, intervention, and/or remediation activities that facilitate communication and understanding between culturally diverse human systems that aid the educational progress of all students (p. 23). However, the education system has been noted as an institution that propagates many of the social injustices experienced by minority groups; this may be especially true based on Ogbu's (1995) cultural-ecological theory, which indicated that African American may view formal schooling as forced assimilation to White cultural values (Holcomb-McCoy, 2005, p. 123) and given that the historical soul-wounding of racial trauma caused by segregation in education continues to cause suffering (Duran, Firehammer, & Gonzalez, 2008). Institutional racism and disparate treatment of based on race has been notable in areas of gifted education (underrepresentation of African American students), special education (disproportionately high numbers of African American students), and in areas of psychological and intelligence testing (Arredondo, Tovar-Blank, & Parham, 2008). As a result of theh exclusion from academic discourse, African Americans have experienced lower rates of graduation and lower school commitment than theh White counterparts. …
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The career expectations of students majoring in jazz in South Africa: Analysis of performance expectations, income and career plans - Devroop, Chats; Devroop, Karendra (Muziki, 2010)
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the career expectations of students majoring in jazz at tertiary institutions in South Africa. The researchers specifically sought to determine students’ expectations for performance style and income and their career plans upon graduation. The study is among the first national studies to focus on jazz majors at all tertiary institutions in South Africa.
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Internationalizing Higher Education: The Development of Practice and Policy in South Africa - Dolby, Nadine (Teachers College record (1970), 2010)
Background/Context Internationalization has moved from the periphery to the core of many universities’ policies, mission statements, and strategic plans. In contrast to earlier paradigms of internationalization, the current period is significantly shaped by the global dominance of capitalism, the rise of the audit and accountability culture, and states’ retreat from funding of public services and goods, including higher education. Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine how the practice and policy of internationalization evolved in the specific context of a South African university from 1996 to 2006. Setting The research took place in the International Academic Programmes Office (IAPO) at the University of Cape Town in 2006. Research Design This research is an instrumental case study of IAPO at the University of Cape Town in 2006. Data Collection and Analysis The analysis presented in this article is based on three major sources of data. First, I examined documents produced by IAPO from 1996 (the founding of the office) to 2006, including reports, strategic plans, operational plans, goals and objectives, financial reports, all publicity material, and the draft of the internationalization plan. Second, I analyzed documents produced by the University of Cape Town during this same time period, including mission statements, annual reports, documents related to the transformation process, and the university's 2006 policy on internationalization. Third, I interviewed all key personnel (9 individuals) in IAPO in March 2006. Conclusions/Recommendations I identify three areas that are the focus of the major concerns and tensions regarding internationalization in the first 10 years of the office: study abroad, international full-degree students, and relationships with Africa and the rest of the world. I argue that the lack of a formal institutional policy on internationalization allowed for considerable individual and organizational agency in these areas. While the adoption of a formal policy in 2006 may hinder and channel internationalization policy, IAPO's practices have transformed the everyday life of the University of Cape Town, though some of the outcomes have been unanticipated.
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Bullying and school attendance: a case study of senior high school students in Ghana - Dunne, Michael; Bosumtwi-Sam, Cynthia; Sabatés, Ricardo; Owusu, Andrew (2010)
This paper focuses on senior high school students and the ways that bullying affects their school attendance. Selected items from the 2008 Ghana Global School-based Student Health Survey are analysed first to explore the relationships between the duration and type of bullying and school attendance. Second, we investigate whether having emotional problems, in addition to being bullied, incrementally affects the relationship between bullying and school attendance. Third, we explore the mitigating influence of peer friendships on these relationships. In all cases we provide a gender analysis. The results show that bullying is associated with increased absenteeism for both boys and girls. The analysis of reported emotional problems, however, shows distinct gender differences. For boys, increases in emotional problems are not associated with increased absenteeism for those who are bullied. On the other hand, for girls emotional problems were strongly associated with absenteeism and more so for girls who had not reported being bullied. The third strand of our analysis also showed gender differences in which absenteeism associated with bullying was mitigated by the support of friends for boys but not to the same degree for girls, especially those girls who had reported being psychologically bullied. In addition to the threat to school access caused by bullying, the gender dimensions of the latter two sets of findings suggest a school environment in which peer friendship and emotional well-being are intertwined in complex ways. While there is little or no research within the Ghanaian context, supported by research from elsewhere, we suggest that peer friendships for girls may be comprised of more non-physical, social and verbal interaction within which it might be more difficult to pinpoint bullying. That peer interactions might include a mixture of support and bullying could explain why there is a strong influence on girls’ emotional well-being and hence their school attendance.
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Bullying and School Attendance: A Case Study of Senior High School Students in Ghana. CREATE Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 41. - Dunne, Michael; Bosumtwi-Sam, Cynthia; Sabatés, Ricardo; Owusu, Andrew (2010)
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Comparative Analysis of Influence of Some Socio-economic Variables on Vocational Skills Acquisition Programmes for Adult Learners in South-South, Nigeria - Egunyomi, D. A.; Ekom, Okora Okora (Journal of economics, 2010)
Non-formal vocational skills acquisition training has recently been identified as an effective strategy for poverty reduction in developing economies (Akanji 2008). Relating these training programmes to the situational contexts of beneficiaries has been problematic. Using the survey design, the study, therefore, investigated the influence of some socio-economic factors on vocational skill acquisition training of adult learners in selected agencies in South-South, Nigeria. The result showed significant joint contribution of social factors F(3, 9 84) =48.458; p<0.05) and economic factors F(3,984) = 56.778; p<0.05 on the indices of vocational skills acquisition and well-being of participants. Independent variables jointly accounted for F(8, 246) = 486.516; p<0.05. Literacy(â =.435; t = 21.341; p<0.05); Gender(â=.230; t=11.869; p<0.05); employment status(â=.434; t=14.927; p<0.05); occupational types(â=.175; t= 8.796; p<0.05); poverty level(â=.305; t=14.867; p<0.05); language(â=.298; t=15.895; p<0.05); relatively contributed to indices of vocational skills acquisition training. It was recommended that intervention programmes should always be designed based on the socio-economic contexts of beneficiary target groups to capture their needs.
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Review of obstetrics genito-urinary fistulae in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, Nigeria. - Ekanem, Ekpenyong E.; Ekanem, AD; Ekabua, JE; Etuk, SJ; Essiet, A (Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2010)
Obstetric fistulae with Urinary incontinence are one of the most distressing maternal morbidities. It is associated with physical and social deprivation such as wife abandonment and violent reactions against the victims particularly in the developing countries of the world. To study the demographic and reproductive profiles as well as management of patientswith obstetric fistulae inUCTH,Calabar,Nigeria. Afiver-year retrospective study of case records of 37 patients managed inMaternity Annex of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar Nigeria for obstetric genito-urinary fistulae was carried out. One in every 122 parturients during the period had fistula. Eleven (29.7%) were teenagers. Many patients weremarried (54.1%), nulliparous (59.4%), come from low socioeconomic class (72.9%) and did not utilize modern obstetric facilities properly. Many cases resulted from prolonged obstructed labour (51.4%) and 70.2% presented with total incontinence of urine. Eighteen (48.7%)were diagnosed within 6 month of delivery. Themain types encountered includedwere vesico-vaginal (34.4%) or complex (10.8%) fistulaewho were manage conservatively (21.6%) or with bladder repairs. Majority (29.7 %) were referred for further treatment. Parturient in Calabar still suffer from this age long obstetric morbidity mainly due to poor utilization of modern obstetric care facilities. Results of treatment are largely unsatisfactory; therefore resources should be channeled towards prevention. Keywords: Obstetrics, : Genito-urinary, fistula.
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Service user involvement in social work education: A juxtaposition of practices in England and South Africa - Engelbrecht, Lambert K.; Pullen-Sansfaçon, Annie; Spolander, Gary (2010)
Service user involvement in all aspects of social work education is increasing rapidly in a number of countries worldwide and undergirds principles of social development, a rights-based approach and citizen participation, which are peculiar to social work in South Africa. However, the involvement of service users beyond students' field work, practised as a mandatory requirement in countries such as England, is not common in South African social work education. With the aim to promote local debate on this contemporary global topic, this article embarks on a literature informed juxtaposition of contexts and practices in England and South Africa in order to examine the potential applicability of service user involvement in South African social work education. It is concluded in this article that although the involvement of service users has the potential to bring “real life” into social work education, the involvement of service users without extensive debate and reflection would be ill-considered in the South African context.
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The Adoption and Sustainability of Technology-Enhanced Education in Higher Institutions of Learning in Africa - Evoh, Chijioke J. (International journal of ICT research and development in Africa, 2010)
This chapter explores factors that enhance and constrain the adoption and sustainability of Information and Communication Technologies in Universities and higher institutions of learning in South Africa. This study examines pedagogical, socio-economic and epistemological aspects of the paradigm shift in higher education delivery in Africa. Adopting and sustaining ICTs for educational improvement is a multifaceted process. As a dynamic process, all the vital elements of technology adoption need to be present in order to meet the goals of technology-enhanced higher education in Africa. It further argues that policy guidelines and strategic plans are essential for the successful adoption and sustainability of ICTs in higher education (HE) institutions in Africa. The chapter argues that the success of ICT-mediated higher education is not only technical but also political in nature.
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O2‐01‐03: Dementia and cognitive impairment: Beliefs and attitudes towards elderly in Central Africa (edac survey) - Faure, Angélique; Guerchet, Maëlenn; M’Belesso, Pascal; Mouanga, Alain Maxime; Dalmay, François; Dubreuil, Catherine-Marie; Preux, Pierre‐Marie; Clément, Jean‐Pierre; Nubukpo, Philippe (Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2010)
The most commonly used criteria for dementia diagnoses is the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-IVTR (4th ed, 2000). They are culturally initialized, and so defined by peculiar landmarks of western countries and medical framework. However, general population may think differently, especially when belonging to non-western countries. Few studies focused on particularities of this perception, whereas many things could be learned from it, allowing medical profession to tackle the problem more appropriately, and propose more adjusted help resources. A survey was carried out in two central African cities (Bangui, Central African Republic, and Brazzaville, Republic of Congo) in 2008 and 2009. The population recruitment was based on the results obtained by a dementia screening survey using the CSI-D. 230 elderly with cognitive impairment or dementia, and 256 relatives of these, were interviewed with the EMIC (Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue, Weiss, 1992). Questions concerned individuals' socio-demography, familiarity with the health condition called dementia, perceived causes, stigmatizing attitudes, and preferential help seeking 70.9% of elderly and relatives declare having met demented elders. Elderly often pointed out sadness and worries (44.2%) or financial problems (24.0%) as the most troubling consequences of this health state. Ageing (27.6%), but also mental stress (relatives: 25.0%), and supernal destiny or spirits (elderly: 33.0%) were the main dementia causes kept. The mean stigmatizing attitudes score of relatives reached 13.5 ± 7.2 (out of 45). 60.6% of relatives answered favorably to give social support to demented people. Modern medicine was the referral help source (69.4%), even if traditional or supernatural resources were still chosen by 18.3% of individuals. In Central Africa, dementia is not really seen as a disease like western countries' criteria define it. Problems are rather perceived as being “in the nature of things”, a thinking that derives from a Bantu peoples' genuine structured understanding of the world. Traditional and religious value system is deeply established in mentalities. Nevertheless, it may also imply endangering attitudes towards demented elders. Health professionals working in non-western countries could be formed and informed to proceed and behave in the most fitting way, taking into account these socio-cultural parameters.
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‘South Africans did, Miss, we, wefoughtfor our freedom’: Pedagogy and the potential of primary narratives in a history classroom - Geschier, Sofie M. M. A. (Education As Change, 2010)
Abstract National and international research on history education and democracy addresses the potential role of first-hand accounts in building a better future by learning from the past. In South Africa, little systematic research has been done on how history teachers construct primary narratives in the history classroom and how this impacts on the interaction with the students. This article presents a micro case study of a history lesson in which both the teacher's positioning and her positioning of the students as learners of history through personal narratives shape the lesson. In order to examine the potential import of such narratives, the analysis entails not only the teacher's use and construction of primary narratives and how she positioned herself and her students in relation to these narratives, but also her approach to history and general pedagogical practice. The observations indicate that while, overall, teacher and students focused on procedural activities, the dynamics changed when the teacher brought primary narratives into the interaction because students started to ask engaged, personally meaningful questions.However, the teacher employed a mode of pedagogical practice and approach to history that closed rather than opened a critical discussion around the primary narratives and the students' questions.
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Factors affecting adherence of antiretroviral treatment among AIDS patients in an Ethiopian tertiary university teaching hospital. - Giday, Araya; Shiferaw, Wogen (PubMed, 2010)
Higher level of antiretroviral adherence is associated with improved virological, immunological and clinical outcomes. Despite the availability of few studies in sub Saharan Africa the factors for poor adherence are diverse.To determine adherence factors for antiretroviral treatment in Hawassa University teaching hospital in southern Ethiopia.A cross sectional study was undertaken on total of 510 AIDS patients seen over one month period Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysis was done using SPSS 15.0.Out of interviewed patients 88.2% of them had > or = 95% and 97.1% of them had > or =80% antiretroviral adherence rate by self report over one month period. The major reasons for missing drugs in 79.8% were forgetting to take drug, gastrointestinal symptoms, give priority for praying, being hopeless and inadequate adherence counseling Significant predictors of poor adherence were lower level of knowledge about adherence, absence of job and 'Sidamnigna' as primary language. It is also observed that trend of adherence decreased as level of education decrease.Adherence rate found in this study is higher than many developed and developing countries and equivalent to other studies done in Ethiopia. Those who speak local language, jobless and having low education level may require intensive counseling to optimize their adherence.
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Educational Hegemony, Traumatic Stress, and African American and Latino American Students - Goodman, Rachael D.; West-Olatunji, Cirecie (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2010)
The authors use traumatic stress theory to develop an ecosystemic understanding of hegemony and systemic barriers to educational success for culturally diverse students. Scholarship on trauma and systemic oppression are applied to students' academic experiences, and recommendations for improving educational outcomes include assessing for and ameliorating trauma in educational settings. Los autores emplean teorías del estrés traumático para desarrollar un entendimiento ecosistemático de la hegemonía y las barreras sistémicas para el éxito académico de estudiantes culturalmente diversos. Se aplica el conjunto de las investigaciones sobre trauma y opresión sistémica a las experiencias académicas de los estudiantes, y las recomendaciones para mejorar el rendimiento educativo incluyen la evaluación y alivio de los niveles de trauma en entornos educativos.
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Reflecting on the EFA Global Monitoring Report's framework for understanding quality education: A teacher's perspective in Eritrea - Gordon, Charlie (International Journal of Educational Development, 2010)
This paper considers issues concerning the quality of education in Eritrea using the Education for All (EFA) Global Monitoring Report's (GMR) framework for quality education. Drawing on 2 years school-based professional experience in the country, the multiple factors affecting quality in schooling are discussed. The applicability of the GMR framework is then assessed. Given the recent militarisation of the Eritrean school system, it finds the framework seriously lacking, by failing to enable a critique of some of the issues that arguably go to the heart of the quality of education in the country.
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Mass hysteria among South African primary school learners in Kwa-Dukuza, KwaZulu-Natal - Govender, Indiran (South African Family Practice, 2010)
During August 2002, at a primary school in Kwa-Dukuza, KwaZulu-Natal, 27 children who had been well when they left their homes collapsed at school, displaying tremors and shivers throughout their bodies. Many of the children also presented with abdominal cramps and nausea. Almost all the children experienced a feeling of tightness in their chests as well as hyperventilation, which was then followed by fainting. This hysteria spread by line of sight (that is, other children seeing this also collapsed). Mass hysteria had presented similarly, with only a mild variation in the hallucinations, in secondary schools in Mangaung, Bloemfontein, during 2000 and in Gauteng during 2009. Radio stations, such as Radio 702, presented these incidents for discussion and for concerned parents' questions to be answered. In all three episodes, the majority of the affected children were girls. Witchcraft, poisoning, insect bites—in the case of Mangaung—and gas leaks were proposed as causes of this strange behaviour by the previously well children. Experts who investigated these possibilities, however, excluded any identifiable cause. Nearly all the children were well again the next day. The assessment after the incidents was an outbreak of mass hysteria. The parents and the lay media, however, refused to accept this diagnosis, which added to the stress and the anxiety that the children faced when they returned to school.Mass hysteria can be taxomised into two broad categories: the explosive type, which typically appears in small, institutionalised social networks; and the large, diffused type, during which false rumours and beliefs overwhelm a community. This discussion focuses on the second category—that which affects people in one institution.The discussion includes the rare outbreak in Kwa-Dukuza, together with the common presentations and symptoms of mass hysteria. Also discussed are the consequences of not managing this condition well immediately on presentation. These consequences entail a perpetuation of the condition, spreading to a greater number of children, to the parents and to the teachers. This may then lead to a disruption in learning at the schools affected and, possibly, later on, to anxiety disorders.
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When does ICT support education in South Africa? The importance of teachers' capabilities and the relevance of language - Guðmundsdóttir, Gréta Björk (Information Technology for Development, 2010)
The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the challenges of information and communication technology (ICT) integration in a South African classroom setting. The main focus is on the concept of a digital divide, and how cultural complexity with special emphasis on language can affect the divide in schools that already have material access to ICT. The study is based on fieldwork in seventh-grade classes in four primary schools in Cape Town, South Africa. The learners answered a questionnaire regarding their ICT use and skills, and interviews were conducted with learners, teachers, and principals. In conclusion, it is argued that the challenges of language in South African schools can exacerbate or maintain the digital divide among learners who are already disadvantaged due to a range of social inequalities. For learners to fully master the use of ICT in today's global knowledge society, it needs to be put in a local context, which includes use in a familiar language. Moreover, it is suggested that greater opportunities for teacher training are needed in order to enhance culturally sensitive and appropriate ICT integration based on local needs and capacity.
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Will the southern African west coast fog be affected by climate change - Haensler, Andreas; Hagemann, Stefan; Jacob, D. (2010)
Fog and dew constitute an important water source along the hyperarid and arid parts of the southern African west coast. In this region the annual amount of precipitation due to fog substantially exceeds water input of surface rainfall. As a consequence of these unique climate characteristics, many fog dependent species established along the southern African west coast. Furthermore, as the region’s ground water levels are receding and rainfall is rather unreliable, fog harvesting can be a valuable additional water source for drinking water supply.
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Comparison of cigarette and waterpipe smoking among pupils in the urban area of Sousse, Tunisia. - Harrabi, Imed; Maaloul, Jihen Maatoug; Gaha, Rafika; Kebaili, Raoudha; Maziak, W; Ghannem, H. (PubMed, 2010)
Epidemiological and observational evidence suggests that waterpipe use is growing in popularity worldwide.The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of cigarette and water pipe tobacco use among pupils aged 13-17 years in the urban area of Sousse, Tunisia and to identify the factors which predict current cigarette and/or waterpipe smoking in this population.Across-sectional study was carried out on a representative sample of schoolchildren aged between 13 and 17 years in colleges and public secondary schools of the urban area of Sousse. We used a pre tested and self administered questionnaire to measure tobacco consumption. The significance level for all analyses was p<0.05. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 10.0 software.Participants were 1569 youth. Fifty two percent of them were male. The mean age of the sample was 15+/-1.5 years. Total cigarette smoking percentage for ever and current use were 33.1% and 7.6% respectively. Total water pipe smoking percentage for ever and current use were 19.3% and 5.2% respectively. Overall, the total percentages of cigarette and water pipe smoking (ever and current) were higher for male and aged pupils. Multivariate regression analyses showed that the two types of tobacco use were related.Despite the growing adoption of water-pipe smoking, there remains limited research in this area. Increased surveillance and additional research are necessary to address this growing threat to public health.
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Hands-on GPS and remote sensing training for high school learners during IGARSS 2009 in Cape Town, South Africa - Hayden, Linda; Jearld, Ambrose; Powell, Je'aime; Hayden, Kuchumbi; Jackson, Nina L. (2010)
Continuing the commitment of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS) to education and outreach, the IEEE 2009 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) conference in Cape Town, South Africa provided an opportunity for over 400 local high school students to engage in hand-son GPS training and remote sensing workshops. Mafeteng Schools Environment Network (MSEN) and the Students' Health and Welfare Centres Organization (SHAWCO) worked with the University of Cape Town (UCT) in identifying student learners from socioeconomically challenged populations in metropolitan Cape Town. Activities included a remote sensing art workshop, Mathematics of Remote Sensing team contest, and a scavenger hunt. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) scientists led discussions and demonstrations of educational products to help build understanding of the science of Earth's systems and the stewardship of our planet, and to foster avenues to explore careers in science. This paper details the education outreach events and gives demographic information on the participants.
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Impact of the Internet on Final Year Students' Research: A Case Study of Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria - Ilo, Promise Ifeoma; Ifijeh, Goodluck (Library Philosophy and Practice, 2010)
Introduction In this age of information and communication technology (ICT), the use of the Internet has become the norm. Developing countries like Nigeria are not exempted from this trend. The craving for the Internet stems from its central role in ICT with access to free online journals, magazines, and other information resources anytime and from anywhere for academic and research purposes (Kode and Kode, 2003). Nigerian university undergraduates are required to carry out research projects in their final year in the university. Project writing is a major pre-requisite for the award of degrees in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Every student considers project writing important to his or her academic success. Research project writing involves a student or group of students carrying out a study on a topic of interest. When the project is completed, it is evaluated by the quality of the work submitted within the stipulated time (Fatoki, 2004). It is used to indicate the student's ability to select, research, and draw logical conclusions from findings. The quality of the research project is to a large extent dependent on the quality, quantity, and recency of resources consulted and cited (Mbofung, 2003). The use of the Internet (if maximized) plays a major role in helping undergraduate researchers' access large number of materials from different parts of the globe. In view of the above, this study evaluates the use of the Internet for research by undergraduate final year students of Covenant University. A Brief History of Covenant University Covenant University is a private Christian Institution situated in Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. It was founded on October 21, 2002 by World Mission Agency, an arm of the Living Faith Church Worldwide. The University has three colleges: Business and Social sciences, Human Development, and Science and Technology. As a cutting edge ICT-driven university, there is 24-hour Internet connectivity on campus. The university library, also known as the Centre for Learning Resources (CLR), has a media centre with forty computers connected to the Internet and escapist reading space provided with wireless Internet connectivity for use by undergraduate research students. Objectives of the Study * To determine the extent of accessibility and utilization of the Internet by final year students of Covenant University * To identify the most frequently-used search engine by final year students * To ascertain the impact of the Internet on the research work of final year students of Covenant University Literature Review According to Ani (2005), the Internet is a network of linked computers which are located at different points all over the world that provides easy communication between persons and organizations no matter where they are located. The Internet is used mostly in obtaining information. Nwafor and Ezejiofor (2004) quoting Sadler (1995) observe that the Internet is not a single network of computers but a network of nets, a large network that connects many smaller networks to one another. The major functional advantage of the Internet stems from its willingness to share information with others so that everyone might benefit. Shitta (2002) posits that the Internet is a communication super highway that links, hooks and focuses the entire world into a global village, where people of all races can easily get in touch, see, or speak to one another and exchange information from one point of the globe to another. It is the largest network in the world that allows computer users to communicate and access electronic databases with ease. Daramola (2004) maintains that an observable trend in the Internet is that more and more resources are moving to it and in some cases being made available only in the Internet. Audu (2006) quoting Ojedekun (2001) reveal that the Internet has many benefits in the academic cycle as it provides a round the clock access to global sources of information. …
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Climate change as a draw bridge between Africa and the Middle East - Issar, Arie S. (Global and Planetary Change, 2010)
Since the very beginning of the human race, the Middle East served as a bridge between Africa–where our species first evolved–and the rest of the world. The passage over this bridge opened and closed with the global fluctuations of climate. The first glacial periods at the beginning of the Quaternary caused the greenhouse of equatorial Africa to become less hospitable, while making the desert belt of the Middle East more humid, green, and thus passable. Flint tools found along the shores of dried up lakes and swamps in the Negev Desert provide evidence that members of the first wave, Homo erectus, as well as the last wave, Homo sapiens, camped there en route to all the other continents.
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Integration of Transmission Electron Microscopy and Extremophile Virology Research into University and K-12 Education in Maine and Kenya - Jamison, JL; Moulton, KD; Riley, FE; Ramsdell, DL; Serio, VM; Rothschild, L; Mwaura, Francis; Duboise, S. Monroe (Microscopy and Microanalysis, 2010)
Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
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Exploring effects of therapeutic massage and patient teaching in the practice of diaphragmatic breathing on blood pressure, stress, and anxiety in hypertensive African-American women: an intervention study. - Jefferson, Lenetra Leiselle (PubMed, 2010)
The problem of hypertension among African-Americans is one of the major areas of health disparities. The American Heart Association (2009) noted that the prevalence of hypertension among African-Americans is perhaps among the highest in the world and this is particularly so among African-American women (44.0%). The purpose of this study was to determine how therapeutic chair massage and patient teaching in diaphragmatic breathing affected African-American women's blood pressure, stress, and anxiety levels over one week or six weeks time periods. A Modified Stress, Coping, and Adaptation Model (Roy, 1976; Lazarus, 1966), Descriptives, T-tests, Pearson Product Moment Correlations, Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and Multivariate analysis of variance with covariate (MANCOVA) were used. Descriptive statistics indicated a significance for decreased systolic blood pressure levels for the one week post massage intervention measurement with p = .01, diastolic blood pressure level significance for the same group p = .02, significance for this group's State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Y2 Scale score p = .01, and Roy's Largest Root p = .03.
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An assessment of the Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education's (SAFE) training program in Mali: Graduates' perceptions of the training's impact as well as opportunities and constraints related to Supervised Enterprise Projects (SEPs) - Kanté, Assa (2010)
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Gender mainstreaming in a South African provincial education department: a transformative shift or technical fix for oppressive gender relations? - Karlsson, Jenni (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2010)
Although some gender activists and analysts question the efficacy of gender mainstreaming to take forward women's demands, the South African government has pursued the strategy within a number of government departments including the Department of Education. This article explores how the strategy is being implemented in one provincial education department. Using data generated in 2008–9 through case study methods that employed aspects of an ethnographic approach, a key finding was that both the social justice aspiration and the technical interventions associated with the policy are considerably hampered by lack of resources and a clear policy framework. Many charged with implementing gender mainstreaming draw on memories of activism and international policy declarations give promise of a possibility of a transformative fix, although the absence of resources to secure this remain a matter for concern.
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THE PRACTICE OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE FEDERAL POLICE OF ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF CRIME PREVENTION MAIN DEPARTMENT - Kebede, Mulualem (2010)
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Multilingualism in education and communities in south Africa - Kishindo, Pascal J. (Language Matters, 2010)
Abstract UBTromso Collaborative Programme for San Research and Capacity Building. 2009. ISBN 978 9912-0-862-6 (paperback), pp.208 (including appendices and photos)
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Farmers Moving Towards Resilience Suid Bokkeveld Case Study on Climate Change Adaptation, South Africa - Koelle, Bettina; Oettlé, Noel; Parring, Shannon; Lissel, Ariane; Kotze, Donna (2010)
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Paediatric tuberculosis at the national teaching hospital CNHU-HKM of Cotonou, Benin: a retrospective study. - Lalya, Francis; Ocheke, IE; Hounnou-d’Almeida, Marcelline; Sagbo, Gratien; Alao, Jules; Antwi, Sampson; Ayivi, B.; Koumakpaï, S. (West African journal of medicine, 2010)
UNLABELLED BACKGROIUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health problem. Knowing its patterns could help address it more efficiently. OBJECTIVE To determine the hospital incidence, presentation, management, and outcome of TB in our setting. METHODS We conducted a chart review of children with TB during a five-year period at the University Hospital CNHU-HKM, Cotonou, Benin. RESULTS Hospital prevalence of TB among hospitalised children was 0.2%. The mean age was six years, with a male:female ratio of 1.4:1. The common clinical features were: cough (78.1%), long standing fever (81.2%), growth retardation (65.6%), pulmonary consolidation (53.1%) and hepatosplenomegaly (34.4%). The skin tuberculin test was positive in only 40.6% of cases. Co-infection with HIV was present in 51.8% of cases. Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be identified in only 21.8% of cases. Twenty-six (81.2%) pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases were diagnosed, eight (25%) of which were associated with extra pulmonary TB. Six (18.7%) presumed isolated extra PTB were also diagnosed. Eight-month treatment regimen was used in most patients, with mortality rate of 9.3%. CONCLUSION Although TB hospital prevalence seems low in our setting, management needs to be improved according to guidelines.
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Factors influencing access students’ persistence in an undergraduate science programme: A South African case study - Lubben, Fred; Davidowitz, Bette; Buffler, Andy; Allie, Saalih; Scott, Ian M. (International Journal of Educational Development, 2010)
This paper explores the reasons underlying access students’ decisions on their study programmes as they progress through their extended science degree, including the role of career aspirations in these decisions. Data from semi-structured interviews with 20 third year undergraduates show two groups according to their decision criteria. Programme-focused students are guided by an interest in the science subject and, later, by the possibilities of the study programme. Their main aim is the completion of the degree. Career-oriented students are motivated, initially, by role models and extra-curricular science activities, and subsequently by the career they see themselves pursuing after graduation. There is some indication that career orientation is linked with greater study persistence. The applicability of the Social Cognitive Career Theory is discussed, and recommendations are made for accommodating students’ career aspirations in BSc programmes.
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Revisiting the language question in Zimbabwe: a multilingual approach to the language in education policy - Magwa, Wiseman (Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 2010)
Abstract Zimbabwe is a multilingual country with a less complex multicultural society than other African nations, but the country's national language policy continues to marginalize indigenous African languages at all levels of the country's education system. The aim of this paper is to argue strongly for the recognition and use of all indigenous African languages spoken in the country in both the private and public spheres. The discussion confirms the assertion that when minority linguistic rights are acknowledged, the full participation of minority groups in all national activities is guaranteed. It is again made very clear in the debate that Zimbabwe inherited from Rhodesia a racially structured system of education in which two parallel systems existed. As a way forward, the paper proposes a language policy framework code-named ITEM (Integrated Trilingual Education Model) that could be adopted to enable the country's citizens to actively participate in national development.
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Improving access to credit for smallholder farmers in Mozambique : learning from past experiences and other developing countries - Manganhele, Anina Trefina (AfricaGrowth Agenda, 2010)
Despite many decades of experimentation with supplier-led approaches to credit, limited success has been achieved in improving access to credit for smallholder farmers. In Mozambique, previous attempts by government to improve access to credit for farmers were not successful and the government is looking for more effective strategies. The purpose of this study is to examine government strategies in other developing countries in Africa and Asia. The paper is a multiple case studies selected from Zimbabwe, Thailand and Indonesia. The data collection method comprised a combination of primary collected through in-depth interviews with key informants and secondary sources. The data analysis techniques consisted of searching for themes regarding successful strategies in terms of dealing with lending to agriculture. Lessons from the cases were drawn to shed light more effective alternative intervention strategy for the Government of Mozambique.
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Emotional reactions of medical doctors and students following the loss of their patients at the Dr George Mukhari Hospital emergency unit, South Africa - Masia, RT; Basson, WJ; Ogunbanjo, GA (South African Family Practice, 2010)
Background: Studies on death and dying predominantly emphasise the needs of the dying patient and the process of bereavement. Few studies have focused on the reactions of medical doctors and students when the patients they have cared for die.Methods: The aim of the study was to explore the thoughts and feelings of doctors and medical students who have lost patients while under their care at the Dr George Mukhari Hospital emergency unit in Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa. The participants included 10 medical doctors and final-year medical students. A qualitative study methodology using a phenomenological approach was used.Results: Meanings were formulated from transcriptions and themes were identified. The following themes emerged: emotional reactions, which included anger, helplessness, guilt and pain; recurrent thoughts about the incident; blame; perceived incompetence; detachment from emotions; religion; death of a paediatric patient; medical training; psychological services; work environment; coping with the family of the deceased; and facing mortality.Conclusion: From the study it was concluded that doctors needed enhanced training in communication skills and communicating death to the patients' families. Bereavement counselling and debriefing should be availabel to provide them with an opportunity to share emotional responses and reflect on patients' fatality.
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Schooling in black and white: assimilationist discourses and subversive identity performances in a desegregated South African girls’ school - McKinney, Carolyn (Race Ethnicity and Education, 2010)
Research on school desegregation in South Africa has largely documented an assimilationist process. As in educational contexts elsewhere, the assimilationist position presupposes that learners from non‐dominant groups are made to change their ways of being on entering schools from which they were previously excluded. Drawing on an ethnographic case‐study of a suburban girls’ school in Johannesburg, South Africa, where ‘black’ learners have replaced ‘white’ learners, as well as on post‐structuralist theorizing of ‘discourse’ and ‘identity’, this paper engages with and critiques the assimilationist position. I reconstruct the discursive positioning of the girls within official school discourses, thus highlighting the powerful assimilationist project of the school, but go on to explore the ways in which the learners use a range of semiotic resources not valued in official school discourses to subvert their positioning. I conclude that in inhabiting the school, the girls experience both repressive and liberatory effects, and they themselves produce mobile points of resistance.
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University students' perspective of sexual harassment: A case study at the University of Zambia - Menon, Anjali Kondur; Shilalukey, Nmp; Siziya, S; Ndubani, Phillimon; Musepa, M; Malungo, J.R.S.; Munalula, Betty; Mwela, M; Serpell, Robert (Medical journal of Zambia, 2010)
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Consequences of polyparasitism on anaemia among primary school children in Zimbabwe - Midzi, Nicholas; Mtapuri-Zinyowera, Sekesai; Mapingure, Munyaradzi; Sangweme, Davison; Chirehwa, Maxwell; Brouwer, K.C.; Mudzori, James; Hlerema, Gibson; Mutapi, Francisca; Kumar, Nirbhay; Mduluza, Takafira (Acta Tropica, 2010)
The effect of concomitant infection with schistosomes, Plasmodium falciparum and soil transmitted helminths (STHs) on anaemia was determined in 609 Zimbabwean primary school children. P. falciparum, haemoglobin levels and serum ferritin were determined from venous blood. Kato Katz, formal ether concentration and urine filtration techniques were used to assess prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni, STHs and Schistosoma haematobium infections. The prevalence of S. haematobium, S. mansoni, P. falciparum, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were 52.3%, 22.7%, 27.9%, 23.7%, 2.3% and 2.1%, respectively. The overall prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) were 48.4% (277/572) and 38.1% (181/475). Haemoglobin levels among children who had P. falciparum, S. haematobium and hookworm were lower than negative individuals, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.030, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia and IDA in co-infections was almost double that in single infection. Children with P. falciparum/STHs/schistosome and schistosomes/P. falciparum co-infections recorded higher prevalence of anaemia and IDA (80.8% and 57.4%, respectively) than other combinations, p < 0.001. Logistic regression revealed that, age group ≥ 14years, P. falciparum, S. haematobium light and heavy infections, and S. mansoni moderate and heavy infection, hookworm light infection were predictors of anaemia. This study suggests that integrated school based de-worming and malaria control have the potential to reduce the burden of anaemia.
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The African American Church, Education and Self Determination. - Mitchell, Roland W. (Journal of Negro Education, 2010)
This special issue on 'TAe Role of Spirituality, Religion and the African American Church on Educational Outcomes is extremely timely. Moreover, the fact that this conversation is taking place in Journal of demonstrates once again that the ./ME has its finger firmly on the pulse of significant educational and societal issues within the community. My preliminary discussions with the co-editors were quite remarkable in the sense that as we considered books to review to round out this special issue, we found that there was a dearth of recently published works concerning the relationship between the African American Church and educational outcomes. As we delved deeper into the issue we found this observation to be revealing, considering the historic relationship between faith, education, and the community. Furthermore, this observation is even more surprising with our recognition that from the Jim Crow era through the Civil Rights generation, the archetype of leadership, the professional class and the overall foundation of the community has been primarily composed of preachers and teachers. And in effect this class provided the pillars of spiritual and intellectual leadership for African Americans in particular and the U. S. overall such as Anna Julia Cooper, Richard Allen Turner, Mary McLeod Bethune and Martin Luther King, as well as their 21st century torch bearers such as Cornel West, bell hooks, and Michael Eric Dyson. Against this backdrop I will briefly explore the historic roots of this relationship between faith, education, and self determination in the community as a means to provide context for the meaningful discussions presented in this ground-breaking edition of the JNE. JNE: THE PLACE WHERE THE DISCUSSIONS TAKE PLACE From its beginnings to the present, JNE has played a major role in providing a forum for national and international dialogues and articulations about education (Mitchell, 2009). It is one of the oldest continuously published periodicals by people about people. As each issue of Journal prominently states, Journal was launched with a threefold mission: first, to stimulate the collection and facilitate the dissemination of facts about the education of people; second, to present discussions involving critical appraisals of the proposals and practices relating to the education of people; and third, to stimulate and sponsor investigations of issues incident to the education of people (p. i). An examination of the topics addressed over Journal's more than seven decades illustrates that, for the most part, no major issue concerning education has been left out or unduly chronicled. Examples of the articles and topics addressed by Journal include W. E. B. Dubois' and Work (1932), James A. Atkinson's Negro Educational Institutions and the Veterans' Educational Facilities Program (1948), Leslie F. Fishel's Can Segregated be Abolished (1954), Ralph Goldman's The Politics of Political Integration (1964), Wilson Record's The White Professional Educators and the Ghetto Schools (1970), James A. Banks' Black Youth in Predominantly White Suburbs (1984), Preston C. Green's Can State Constitutional Provisions Eliminate De Facto Segregation in the Public Schools (1999), and Dawn Williams and Roderick Land's The Legitimization of Subordination: Impact of Color-Blind Ideology on African American Education (2006). Clearly this brief bibliography is far from comprehensive (see JNE 75, 2) but it provides illustrations of Journal's ability to grapple with the most salient issues facing the community across several decades. However, the fact remains that an archival search of the articles published in JNE over the course of the last fourteen years (1996-2010) demonstrates even in the preeminent space where folks discuss education there still exist a dearth of research on the education and the African American church. …
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Towards cultural proficiency in South African secondary schools: Ethnodrama as educational tool - Moore, Glynis W.; Lemmer, Eleanor (Education As Change, 2010)
Abstract Approaches to school desegregation in South Africa have been largely assimilationist in nature. The increasing cultural diversity in many schools requires the development of cultural competency among students so as to move towards a school environment that is free of racism and other forms of discrimination. This paper reports on an arts-based inquiry in three multicultural secondary schools which explored the use of ethnodrama in this regard. The ‘raw’ data obtained from drama students through interviews, journaling, improvisational role play and Forum Theatre performances provided the material for both the authoring and the performance of an ethnodrama by the selected students, followed by post-performance audience discussion. The findings suggest that ethnodrama can create a safe space for the exploration of some aspects of intercultural relationships. Participants used ethnodrama to confront the influence of the family and the history of segregation on the formation of an identity, complicated by issues of class and gender. Participants were less effective in dealing with issues of xenophobia. The inquiry suggests that ethnodrama could be a useful instructional tool in the development of cultural competency among secondary school students.
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Gender mainstreaming: myths and measurement in higher education in Ghana and Tanzania - Morley, Louise (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2010)
This article critically examines the concept of gender mainstreaming and raises questions about a series of category slippages in debates and discussions. Some key concerns are the way in which women are constructed as a unified analytical category, and how gender equality is frequently reduced to issues of representation. It also critically interrogates how gender mainstreaming initiatives can be undermined by sexist practices such as sexual harassment. Focusing on higher education, it draws on empirical data from the research project ‘Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard’ (sussex.ac.uk/wphegt). Central arguments relate to the call for intersectional analyses and how GM needs to go beyond access and representation and address feminist concerns with the way in which gendered power and privilege are enacted in everyday social relations in higher education institutions.
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Developing learner-centred education among secondary trainee teachers in Malawi: The dilemma of appropriation and application - Mtika, Peter; Gates, Peter (International Journal of Educational Development, 2010)
This article is mainly concerned with the capability of trainee teachers to implement learner-centred practice at one of the teacher education institutions in Malawi. The notion of learner-centred education has assumed a positive policy position for teaching and learning in both primary and secondary sectors not only in Malawi, but also in the wider world. However, there is no clear evidence on the extent to which trainee teachers or indeed qualified teachers develop and utilise learner-centred education during their classroom pedagogical practices. The appropriation and application of a pedagogical theory involves adopting tools for thinking that are made available by various social agents, structures and systems within cultural learning settings. The findings in the study indicate that appropriation and application of learner-centred education is constrained by various factors. These findings resonate with findings from other countries and indicate that progressive pedagogical notions aligned with social constructivism promoted in teacher education institutions have not resulted in widespread change in classroom practice. Teacher educators and policy makers need to be aware of this and examine relevant ways and possibly adaptations that can be reasonably made to ensure that secondary teaching appropriately benefits from the strength of learner-centred pedagogy.
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Research in Food Science Education: Simple Laboratory Exercise for Induction of β‐Mannanase from Aspergillus niger - Mulimani, V. H.; Naganagouda, K. (Journal of food science education, 2010)
ABSTRACT: This laboratory experiment was designed for Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Microbiology, and Food Technology students of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The experiment shows the advantages of using agricultural waste, copra mannan as potent inducer of β‐mannanase. The students were able to compare the enzyme induction by commercial mannans (locust bean gum, and guar gum), copra meal, defatted copra meal, and monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, mannose, and xylose). The students appreciated the use of cheap, locally available copra meal for the enhanced production of enzyme.
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‘Memories of Paradise’ - Legacies of Socialist Education in Mozambique - Müller, Tanja R. (Social Science Research Network, 2010)
During the Cold War, state-led education exchange programmes between post-colonial states and the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) were common. The biggest such project, the School of Friendship (SdF), sent 899 Mozambican children for socialist-inspired schooling in the GDR. By the time they returned to Mozambique in 1988, the transition from socialist-revolutionary state to capitalist society was under way. This article discusses the legacies of socialist education, focusing on the lives of some of those who spent the decisive years of adolescence in the GDR. The narratives give insights into the contradictory social reality of this historical period, showing how the SdF equipped the participants with ‘modern’ virtues that became vital for their future lives, but which had also become largely obsolete by the time they returned to Mozambique. The SdF could thus be judged as a highly politicized programme where children were treated as pawns in a wider political game, while at the same time new horizons opened for its participants.
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Climate Change and Bioenergy Report: Case Studies of Oyola and Wekesi Villages, Nyando District, Nyanza Province, Kenya - Muok, Benard; Wakhungu, Judi W.; Muhoro, Gloria N.; Tonui, Charles; Hayanga, Lulu (2010)
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Communicating health information in teaching hospitals in Zimbabwe - Murira, Nester; Ashford, Robert; Sparrow, John (African journal of midwifery and women's health, 2010)
An investigation into transferring health information between health professionals in regular contact with women as they seek health services, and women seeking health services, was held with health professionals from three teaching hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study aim was to investigate health professionals' perspectives about communication with women to identify their models of communication and effectiveness of the models in transferring health information to women. Participants were health professionals in regular contact with women. Focus group discussions of two multi-professional groups responding to three lead discussion questions were conducted. Data were recorded using pen and paper and transcribed into Microsoft Word. Data analysis was conducted through qualitative content analysis. The results revealed that health professionals experienced various difficulties in communicating health messages to women. Communication styles were attributed to health training curriculum, organizational environment and personal factors. An effective communication model and a review of health professional curricula are needed to develop health professionals' communication skills to enable them to respond to women's information needs.
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The Forgotten Women: A Case Study Of Reproductive Health Issues Among Women Living With Disabilities And Educational Implications In Harare, Zimbabwe - Murutare, Rosewita; Mujuru, Peter; Moyo, Sizulu; Moyo, Torerayi. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 2010)
The female population in Zimbabwe is currently pegged at 5997 477 (Central Statistical Office, 2002). Women living with disabilities (WLWD) represent 10% (599 747) of the total female population yet their reproductive health needs are poorly understood and not catered for. The study primarily identifies the reproductive health issues for WLWD by specifically investigating knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices pertaining to their reproductive health. It also establishes contributing factors to WLWD’s reproductive he'alth practices and identifies the barriers encountered by such women in their bid to seek reproductive health. The paper is based on survey data and focus group discussions from WLWD; and information from key informants. The study revealed that WLWD do not effectively utilize the available reproductive health services such as contraceptives, access to health information and treatment of STIs. Consequently, they face challenges that include lack of contraceptive use, and increased vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases including HIV and AIDS. The study also noted that the aforementioned WLWD’s problems are a result of background variables which include socio-economic and traditional factors. The attitude of the society and healthcare providers undermine WLWD’s access to reproductive health services. Proximate determinants such as lack of reproductive health knowledge, inaccessibility, unacceptability and unaffordability of reproductive health services underlie the WLWD’s reproductive health issues. Thus, WLWD have therefore been referred to as ‘the forgotten women’. The study has thus recommended the government and other relevant stakeholders to formulate policies that promote equal access to RH services for the WLWD as other fellow women.
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Presence of Schistomiasis in genital biopsies from patients at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia - Mutengo, MM; Mudenda, Victor; Mwansa, JC; Kaonga, K.; Sianongo, Sandie; Wamulume, H.I.; Shinondo, CJ (Medical journal of Zambia, 2010)
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Why are Kenyan teachers still using corporal punishment eight years after a ban on corporal punishment? - Mweru, Maureen (Child Abuse Review, 2010)
Abstract The Kenyan government banned corporal punishment in Kenyan schools in 2001 and enacted the Children's Act (Government of Kenya, 2001) which entitles children to protection from all forms of abuse and violence. Kenya is also a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations, 1990) which states that discipline involving violence is unacceptable. In spite of this, the use of corporal punishment continues in Kenyan schools. This study therefore sought to identify the reasons behind the use of corporal punishment by Kenyan teachers and teachers' awareness of existing laws on the use of violence on children. Data collected through focus group discussions showed that teachers were aware of existing laws prohibiting the use of corporal punishment in schools. Their reasons for using corporal punishment included the belief that it was the most effective way to discipline children and that parents had authorised its use. This study has shown that, although the Kenyan government has introduced laws to protect children, teachers will readily break them if they believe it is for the children's good. This paper therefore recommends the involvement of the Kenyan government in training teachers on non‐violent ways of disciplining children. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Teaching in Africa: medical ethics Zimbabwe-style. - Nairn, Thomas (Health progress, 2010)
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Drug Use in a Rural Secondary School in Kenya - Ndetei, David M.; Khasakhala, Lincoln; Mutiso, Victoria; Ongecha-Owuor, Francisca; Kokonya, Donald (Substance Abuse, 2010)
Alcohol abuse and alcohol-related use problems among adolescents are highly prevalent and are a major concern worldwide. This study estimated the prevalence of drug abuse, knowledge about drug abuse and its effect on psychosocial well-being and induced behavioral problems among students of a public rural secondary school that admitted both girls and boys which offered both boarding and day school facilities. The students filled out a self-reporting substance use tool which measures the prevalence, frequency, and general patterns of substance use. Alcohol, tobacco, khat (catha edulis) and bhang (cannabis) were the most commonly reported substance of use, with user prevalence rates of 5.2%, 3.8%, 3.2%, and 1.7%, respectively. Tobacco use was initiated at 10 years, while cannabis, hard drugs, khat, and alcohol were initiated at 11, 12, 13, and 15 years of age, respectively. Among the students 71% were aware that their schoolmates were on drugs and it was known by 49.8%, 41.7%, 37.6%, 44.3%, and 32.4% of these students that using alcohol, tobacco, khat, cannabis, and hard drugs, respectively was a behavioral problem in the school. Three quarters of the students were aware that use of drugs was harmful to their health, with majority (78.6%) indicating that drug users need help to stop the drug use behavior. However most (73.6%) of the students suggested drug users in school should be punished. The drug use behavioral problems included school dropout, poor scholastic attainment, drunken driving, delinquency, and adolescence pregnancy which threaten the stability of the education system, family as an institution (family difficulties) and society at large. Therefore, teachers have an added burden of playing an active role in guidance and counselling the survivors of drug abuse, a pandemic facing teaching institutions apart from instilling knowledge.
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Learning assessment of a videoconference-based training: lessons from medical training between USA and Ethiopia - Negash, Solomon (Information technology for development, 2010)
This study looks at videoconference-based training for medical professionals. Four videoconference locations in the USA were connected to a videoconference center in Ethiopia to provide HIV/AIDS training for medical professionals. The training was conducted for 6 weeks. The overall research question guiding this study was: Can videoconferencing serve as an effective medium to facilitate training between high- and low-income countries? The study addresses participants' perception of videoconferencing as a potential training medium. Furthermore, the study explores implications of the training using communities of practice theory. Constraining and promoting factors for videoconferencing were identified from communication media choice and systems analysis and design theories. Survey questionnaires and open-ended questions were used to collect data. The findings show promise for videoconference-based training that can bridge the knowledge gap in low-income countries by linking them with high-income countries. We also found support for communities of practice attributes including access to experts, knowledge transfer, sharing experience, and sense of community. The paper concludes with three lessons learned with implications for research and practice including cultural context, IT infrastructure, and sustainable community of practice.
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Changes in Story Probes Written Across Third Grade by African American and European American Students in a Writing Lab Approach - Nelson, Nickola Wolf (Topics in Language Disorders, 2010)
Purpose: This was a comparative study of changes across a school year in multilevel language indicators, including African American English (AAE) features, in stories written by third-grade students participating in a writing lab approach to language instruction and intervention. Methods: Original stories written in September, January, and May by 18 African American and 15 European American students (4 with disabilities in each group) were transcribed, coded, and compared on measures of discourse-, sentence-, and word-level written language features, including rates of AAE. Results: Significant and similar increases were found for African American and European American students in story scores, total number of words, number of different words, and proportion of words spelled correctly. Racial group was a significant between-group factor only for AAE and for sentence correctness measures influenced directly by differences in AAE from standard written English. African American students produced significantly higher proportions of words coded as AAE than European American students in Probes 1 and 2 but not in Probe 3. Almost no associations were found between rates of AAE feature codes and independent discourse- and word-level measures. Discussion: Culturally and linguistically diverse third graders (with and without disabilities) participating in a strength-based writing lab approach make changes in probe stories at the discourse, sentence, and word levels that show them all to be acquiring new skills in written expression. The African American students appeared to be adding dialectal shifting proficiency to their repertoires.
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Knowledge, attitudes and practice with respect to epilepsy among secondary school students in the Kumbo West Health District - North West Region- Cameroon - Njamnshi, Alfred K.; Tabah, Earnest Njih; Bissek, Anne-Cécile Zoung-Kanyi; Yepnjio, Faustin N.; Kuate, Callixte; Angwafor, Samuel A.; Déma, Fidèle; Fonsah, Julius Y.; Wirngo, Mohamadu Suiru; Acho, Alphonse; Obama, Marie-Thérèse; Angwafo, Fru; et al. (Epilepsy & Behavior, 2010)
Background The main goal of this study was to obtain baseline data on awareness and attitudes and practices with respect to epilepsy among secondary school students. Methods We interviewed a total of 659 students from three randomly selected secondary schools in the Kumbo West Health District, using a 12-item questionnaire in English. Results About 94.7% had heard about epilepsy, 25.8% had read on the subject, 55.2% knew someone with epilepsy and 77.7% had witnessed a seizure. While 37.9% of students would object to association with people with epilepsy (PWE), 47.8% would object to marriage with PWE. About 77.2% would offer equal employment to PWE although 72.7% believed there were jobs not suitable for PWE. Up to 58% of our sample thought epilepsy is contagious and about 62.2% of them declared that epilepsy is curable. Respectively 65%, 9%, and 30% would recommend a medical doctor, a traditional healer and God's help for treatment of epilepsy. Independent determinants of attitudes were found to be: the belief that epilepsy is a form of insanity or is contagious, having witnessed a seizure, being female, being a Christian and having a higher level of education. Conclusion There was a high level of awareness on epilepsy and the negative attitudes observed among these students were better than those reported in the same community. The determinants of negative attitudes were found to be diversified, confirming our hypothesis of variation, and our data further suggest that the interplay between these factors may be more complex than generally thought. This requires further qualitative study.
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Strategies for Adapting to Climate Change in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa - Nzuma, Jonathan Makau; Mulwa, Richard Mbithi; Kyotalimye, Miriam; Nelson, Gerald C.; Waithaka, Michael (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010)
The ten ASARECA member countries (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda) have adopted, or are planning to adopt, a range of climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture (see Table 1 for a summary). Of the 26 strategies mentioned, only two are common to all 10 countries, while five more are common to five or more. The strategies common to all member countries include the development and promotion of drought-tolerant and early-maturing crop species and exploitation of new and renewable energy sources. Most countries have areas that are classifiable as arid or semiarid, hence the need to develop drought-tolerant and early-maturing crops. Strangely, only one country recognizes the conservation of genetic resources as an important strategy although this is also potentially important for dealing with drought. Biomass energy resources account for more than 70 percent of total energy consumption in ASARECA member countries. To mitigate the potential adverse effects of biomass energy depletion, ASARECA countries plan to harness new and renewable energy sources, including solar power, wind power, hydro and geothermal sources, and biofuels. Eight of the 10 countries cite the promotion of rainwater harvesting as an important adaptation strategy, either small scale with small check dams or large scale with large dam projects. The five measures that are common to more than five countries are (a) the conservation and restoration of vegetative cover in degraded and mountain areas; (b) reduction of overall livestock numbers through sale or slaughter; (c) cross-breeding, zero-grazing, and acquisition of smaller livestock (for example, sheep or goats); (d) adoption of traditional methods of natural forest conservation and food use; and (e) community-based management programs for forests, rangelands, and national parks. The promotion of environmentally friendly investments and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects that can be funded through carbon trading is a feature of only one country. Three examples of strategies that warrant greater region wide collaboration are the conservation of genetic materials, development and promotion of drought-tolerant species, and soil conservation. To date, the national adaptation policies of only three countries have indicated that they carry out these strategies.
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Strategies for adapting to climate change in Sub- Saharan Africa : a review of data sources, poverty reduction stategy programs (PRSP) and national adaptation plans for agriculture (NAPAs)in ASARECA member countries - Nzuma, Jonathan Makau; Waithaka, Michael; Mulwa, Richard Mbithi; Kyotalimye, Miriam; Nelson, Gerald C. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010)
The ten ASARECA member countries (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda) have adopted, or are planning to adopt, a range of climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture (see Table 1 for a summary). Of the 26 strategies mentioned, only two are common to all 10 countries, while five more are common to five or more. The strategies common to all member countries include the development and promotion of drought-tolerant and early-maturing crop species and exploitation of new and renewable energy sources. Most countries have areas that are classifiable as arid or semiarid, hence the need to develop drought-tolerant and early-maturing crops. Strangely, only one country recognizes the conservation of genetic resources as an important strategy although this is also potentially important for dealing with drought. Biomass energy resources account for more than 70 percent of total energy consumption in ASARECA member countries. To mitigate the potential adverse effects of biomass energy depletion, ASARECA countries plan to harness new and renewable energy sources, including solar power, wind power, hydro and geothermal sources, and biofuels. Eight of the 10 countries cite the promotion of rainwater harvesting as an important adaptation strategy, either small scale with small check dams or large scale with large dam projects. The five measures that are common to more than five countries are (a) the conservation and restoration of vegetative cover in degraded and mountain areas; (b) reduction of overall livestock numbers through sale or slaughter; (c) cross-breeding, zero-grazing, and acquisition of smaller livestock (for example, sheep or goats); (d) adoption of traditional methods of natural forest conservation and food use; and (e) community-based management programs for forests, rangelands, and national parks. The promotion of environmentally friendly investments and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects that can be funded through carbon trading is a feature of only one country. Three examples of strategies that warrant greater region wide collaboration are the conservation of genetic materials, development and promotion of drought-tolerant species, and soil conservation. To date, the national adaptation policies of only three countries have indicated that they carry out these strategies.
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Educating the teacher educator—A Ugandan case study - O’Sullivan, Margo C. (International Journal of Educational Development, 2010)
Who educates teacher educators? How are teacher educators educated and prepared for their roles and tasks? This article uses a review of a two-year full-time Diploma in Teacher Education (DTE) for teacher educators in Uganda to engage with these questions. The article begins with a presentation of the Ugandan teacher education context and a literature review, focusing mainly on teacher educator knowledge, preparation, roles and tasks. It then presents the review process and discusses the main findings that emerged, exploring their implications for the education of teacher educators in Uganda and internationally. The main implications concern the critical role of teacher education pedagogy, context, teacher educator knowledge, tasks and roles, reflective practice, practitioner research, and the background, capacities and education of the educator of teacher educators.
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Is There a Need for Nutrition Education in Primary School Children in Qwa-Qwa, South Africa? - Oldewage‐Theron, Wilna; Egal, Abdulkadir (Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 2010)
The objective of this study was to determine the nutrition knowledge and dietary intake behavior of primary school children in a purposively selected school in Qwa-Qwa, South Africa.
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Investigating the Effects of Methods with Linguistic Packages on Secondary School Students’ Achievement and Attitudes in Expression in Essay Writing in Nigeria - Oludele, Oyinloye Gabriel; Gbenedio, Uche B. (Anthropologist (Delhi, 1999), 2010)
This study investigated the effects of reading-writing, discussion and lecture methods combined with packages of linguistic inputs on secondary school students’ academic achievements and attitudes in essay writing. Three research questions were generated and three hypotheses were raised from the research questions. The study was informed by the problem of mass failure in English Language by Nigerian Students as reported by many renowned scholars and parents. The hypotheses generated sought to test the effects of methods combined with packages of linguistic inputs on secondary school students’ achievements in expression, attitude to essay writing and gender influence on students’ performance in essay writing. Five hundred and twenty one students were selected from the one hundred and sixty three Senior Secondary Schools in Ekiti State. The students were taught for six weeks during which they were given pre-test and post-tests. The data generated were subjected to Analyses of Covariance. The findings from the study show that, students taught with a package of linguistic inputs had the best result in expression in essay writing. It was recommended that teachers should take the advantages provided by reading-writing method and use them in teaching essay writing in the secondary schools.
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Clinical profile of hypertension at a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria - Onwuchekwa, Arthur; Chinenye, S (Vascular Health and Risk Management, 2010)
Hypertension in Nigeria is a widespread problem of immense social and economic importance because of its high prevalence and the severity of its complications.To define the morbidity and mortality pattern of hypertension at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH).Records of all patients admitted to the medical wards of the UPTH over a 5-year period with essential hypertension or any of its complications were retrieved from the ward and medical records and reviewed.A total of 780 hypertensive patients were reviewed, constituting 28.2% of all medical admissions. Only 424 (15.2%) had complete records and were analyzed. Record keeping was poor. There were 173 (41%) males and 251 (59%) females with a male to female ratio of 1:1.5. The ages ranged from 18 years to 100 years with a mean of 56.5 +/- 16.2. Stroke was responsible for 169 (39.9%) hypertensive complications. Heart failure occurred in 97 (22%) cases while renal failure and encephalopathy accounted for 40 (9.4%) and 7 (1.7%) hypertensive complications respectively. There were 99 deaths out of which 51 (51.5%) were due to stroke, 14 (14.12%) were due to heart failure, and 12 (12.1%) were due to renal failure.The contribution of systemic hypertension to the morbidity and mortality of adults at UPTH is quite significant.
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What happens to textbooks in the classroom? Pupils’ access to literacy in an urban primary school in Ghana - Opoku-Amankwa, Kwasi (Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 2010)
Textbooks research over the last two to three decades tends to suggest that the availability of textbooks, especially in schools in developing countries, is associated with student achievement. Such conclusions based largely on quantitative studies provide very little information about pupils’ access to and use of books, and the actual interaction between teachers, pupils and texts. This case study of classrooms in a public primary school in Ghana draws on observation, interviews and focus group discussions with teachers and reveals how a wide range of factors determine pupils’ access to literacy, including classroom dynamics, class size, seating arrangements, classroom norms and culture, and teachers’ understanding and interpretation of the official textbook policy.
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Prevalence of refractive error among school children in the Cape Coast Municipality, Ghana - Ovenseri-Ogbomo, Godwin; Omuemu, VO (Clinical optometry, 2010)
Abstract: Uncorrected refractive errors continue to remain a public health problem among different population groups. Among school children, it has a considerable impact on learning and academic achievement especially in under-served and under-resourced communities. There is a dearth of information about the magnitude of the problem in Ghana. A school based cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and distribution of refractive error among school children in the Cape Coast Municipality of Central Region of Ghana. A total of 1103 school children were enumerated out of which 961 underwent a full eye examination. The children were aged between five and 19 years (mean = 10.5 ± 3.4 years, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.3–10.7). Cycloplegic refraction was performed on each child who failed the reading test. Hyperopia was defined as spherical power of ≥+2.00 diopters sphere (DS), myopia as ≤-0.50 D and astigmatism as a cylindrical power of ≤-0.50 D. Of the children examined, only 0.6% had previously had an eye examination. The prevalence of low vision and blindness in the study population was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.881–0.919) and 0.1% (95% CI: 0.081–0.119) respectively. 25.6% (95% CI: 22.84–28.37) of the children examined had refractive errors. This comprises of 44 (4.6%; 95% CI: 3.3–5.9) hyperopia, 66 (6.9%; 95% CI: 5.3–8.5) myopia and 135 (14.1%; 95% CI: 11.9–16.3) astigmatism of the 957 children examined. The study concludes that uncorrected refractive error is a common cause of visual impairment among school children in the municipality. A low uptake of eye care is also noted in the study. The study therefore recommends the education authority, in collaboration with the District Health Directorate, institutes appropriate measures to ensure compulsory eye examination for school children in the Cape Coast Municipality. Keywords: refractive error, school children, Ghana, visual impairment, uptake, socioeconomic status
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Critical Evaluation of Personnel Management Problems in the Nigerian School System - Owojori, Anthony Adekunle; Asaolu, Taiwo Olufemi (International journal of educational sciences, 2010)
Every social organization such as the school is an embodiment of human beings who interact with one another in one way or the other and having specified roles to perform in line with their assigned duties. However, there is need for effective personnel management so as to avert conflicts and equally manage conflicts when they inevitably occur. This paper examined the management of personnel in the Nigerian school system. The implementation of every policy and programme in the school system requires the contribution of the efforts of members of staff at various levels, but this cannot be achieved unless there is unity of purpose and proper coordination of activities of all the staff by the school head. The success of any organization is not only determined by the quality of personnel available, but how well these human resources are harnessed and coordinated towards realizing the goal of the organization. Among the problems that militate against effective personnel management in the Nigerian school system were disagreement on policy matters, disparity in salary structure, dictation from the political class and violent trade unionism. To this end, there is need for greater competence on the part of the management staff to enhance success.
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Bacterial contamination of donated blood in a teaching hospital in Ghana - Owusu-Ofori, Alex; Parry, Matthew R.; Bates, Imelda (2010)
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Transfusion practices in a teaching hospital in Kumasi, Ghana - Owusu-Ofori, Alex; Parry, Matthew R.; Bates, Imelda (2010)
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Promoting gender equality in the context of Nigerian cultural and religious expression: beyond increasing female access to education - Para-Mallam, Funmi (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2010)
National education policies in Nigeria aim at addressing female disprivilege by improving girl‐child enrolment in schools in line with Millennium Development Goal targets. In addition, the National Gender Policy and its Strategic Implementation Framework stress the importance of mainstreaming gender perspectives within the education sector by ensuring adult women and girls gain access to education. This article draws on empirical qualitative data from interviews with educated Nigerian women, religious leaders and principal actors in women’s rights groups to demonstrate that merely increasing female access to education is an incomplete development strategy for reducing gender inequality. This is owing to the strong influence of pervasive cultural and religious gender bias. The article employs a redemptive‐movement hermeneutic within a Christian faith ethic to argue for a critical interrogation of sexist interpretations of biblical texts. It concludes with culturally sensitive and practical action steps within the education sector to promote a gender‐friendly learning environment and more equitable outcomes.
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Addressing the Career Development Needs of High-Achieving African American High School Students: Implications for Counselors - Parris, George P.; Owens, Delila; Johnson, Tyrone; Grbevski, Sonja; Holbert-Quince, Joanne (Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 2010)
African Americans face numerous obstacles in achieving their fullest developmental and career potentials in the current political, social, and economic environment. These barriers have produced, for the most part, workers who have been wage earners as opposed to being self-employed, and blue-collar workers rather than managers or proprietors (Daniel, 2001). This paper proposes solutions that would ensure that African American students who exhibit exceptional talent receive the kind of education to which they are entitled, in preparation for the careers of their choice. In addition to exploring the conditions that led to this underrepresentation, methods to desegregate gifted education programs and redress educational inequalities are analyzed. Specifically, the implications for counselors and teachers, those best situated to bring about positive change, will be discussed.
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Early sexual debut and associated factors among in‐school adolescents in eight African countries - Peltzer, Karl (Acta Paediatrica, 2010)
Abstract Objective: This report examines early sexual debut (<age 15) among 15‐year‐old in‐school adolescents in eight African countries. Participants: The total sample included 10 070 school children aged 15 years from nationally representative samples from eight African countries. Methods: Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between early sexual debut and alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, mental distress, physical activity, protective factors and socioeconomic status variables. Results: A total of 27.3% had experienced sexual debut before age 15, 38.1% among boys and 15.8% among girls. Boys and girls with sexual debut at less than age 15 were more likely to report alcohol, tobacco and drug use, truancy, poor parental or guardian connectedness, sedentary behaviour, having been in a physical fight and seriously injured, while for girls, mental distress and poor economic status and for boys, bullied and poor parental or guardian supervision were associated with early coital debut. In multivariable analysis, early sexual debut was among boys associated with currently smoking (OR = 4.45, p = 0.002) and truancy (OR = 2.02, p = 0.007) and, among girls, associated with lower education (OR = 0.22, p = 0.004), ever drunk (OR = 3.94, p = 0.016), having no close friends (OR = 3.36, p = 0.014) and poor parental connectedness (OR = 2.43, p = 0.037). Conclusion: The study found a high prevalence of early sexual debut among 15‐year‐olds in eight African countries. Risk factors identified were consistent with problem behaviour theory in which early onset of adolescent sexual behaviour is shared with other problem behaviours. Prevention programmes should broaden sexual health promotion including problem behaviour such as substance use and mental distress for boys and girls in the preteen years, before sexual debut.
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Hygiene Behaviour and Associated Factors among In-School Adolescents in Nine African Countries - Pengpid, Supa; Peltzer, Karl (International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2010)
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Reaching and teaching marginalised children in Malawi and Lesotho - Pridmore, Pat (2010)
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In Guinea-Conakry, a J-school guarantee : a diploma and your own newspaper - Randle, Wilma Jean Emanuel (Rhodes Journalism Review, 2010)
Conakry, Guinea: Hello, Mme Randle? I am returning your call. I am the publisher of the newspaper... The caller's greeting took me by surprise. The call wasn't a mistake. Earlier I left a message asking her to call me. I wanted to talk with her about a new programme at her journalism school. It was the way she presented herself that surprised me, referring to herself not as a student but as the publisher of a newspaper. The fact is she is actually both.
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Serving LGBT Students: Examining the Spiritual, Religious, and Social Justice Implications for an African American School Administrator. - Reed, Latish C.; Johnson, Les T. (Journal of Negro Education, 2010)
American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students. The findings demonstrate that the participant's leadership practices were guided by her spiritual foundation and religious beliefs. At the same time, she encountered some limitations in her social justice enactment with LGBT students. The authors invite school administrators to be critically reflective of their views, always questioning how spirituality or religion may hinder their implementation of socially just practice. We also provide practical resources for administrators who wish to make their schools welcoming and productive environments where LGBT students can thrive.
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Moderator factors in the influence of post HIV/AIDS education on HIV/AIDS awareness and myths among primary school teenagers in Kenya; Eldoret municipality - Resper, Watindi A. (2010)
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Perceptions of infertility among undergraduates students in kano, Nigeria. - Sanisu, A; Sani, Abubakar Sadiq; Farida, B.F (Sahel Medical Journal, 2010)
Background: Infertility is a global public health problem affecting an average of 8 - 12% of couples with severe social implications. The perception of a disease often influences the efficacy of its preventive strategies as well as management outcome. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study of 289 undergraduates of Bayero University Kano was conducted between January and February 2009 using a multi-stage sampling technique to assess their perception regarding the causes of infertility and its management. Results: Majority of the respondents were between the age of 18 and 29 years, and most (67%) were single. Though there was largely high awareness about infertility, the knowledge regarding the causes was poor. There was positive attitude towards infertile couples and infertility in general. Conclusion: Improved health education on the awareness, causes and prevention of infertility among students and the wider public is recommended.
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The Perceptions of Students, Teachers, and Educational Officers in Ghana on the Role of Computer and the Teacher in Promoting the First Five Principles of Instruction - Sarfo, Frederick Kwaku; Ansong-Gyimah, Kwame (Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2010)
This study explored the perceptions of 395 participants (students, teachers, and education officers) in Ghana on the role of the computer and the teacher in promoting the first five principles of instruction for quality teaching and learning. To achieve the intention of the study, five point Likert-type scales based on the first five principles of instruction, with Cronbach alpha of .87, were used for the data collection. Frequency distributions and chisquare tests were employed to analyse the data. The results of the study indicate that there is perception dissimilarities among the participants on the role of a computer and a teacher in implementing the first five principles of instruction. In addition, according to the findings, there is a mismatch of participants’ recommendations on training students to acquire computer skills, and training teachers to acquire skills in designing their teaching. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
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Opportunities and challenges of E-learning in Zambia: Experiences and Reflections - Schurgers, J.; Stam, Gertjan van; Banda, Selina; Labib, Mohamed E. (Medical journal of Zambia, 2010)
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A new generation of Ethiopianists: the Universal Ethiopian Students Association andThe African: Journal of African Affairs, 1937–1948 - Seife, Hillina (African and Black Diaspora: an International Journal, 2010)
Abstract This paper explores the obscure Universal Ethiopian Student Association (UESA) and the journal that began as their organ, The African: Journal of African Affairs (1937–1948), as an example of modern Ethiopianism. It analyzes The African for clues about what the UESA was, who was involved, who it purported to speak for and to, and the kinds of cross-metropole (and metropole-colony) networks and associations it fostered. The author asserts that unlike many similar political and student organizations of the time, the UESA represents a new generation of Ethiopianists: African nationalists in the traditional sense, committed to the nascent decolonization and pan-african political movements of the era. They also supported Ethiopia and Haile Selassie I at almost all costs, championing both the nationalist and imperialist nature of the modern Ethiopian state in the name of preserving its political sovereignty and role as a leader in Africa and the black world.
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An e-learning approach to secondary education in Palestine: opportunities and challenges - Shraim, Khitam; Khlaif, Zuheir N. (Information Technology for Development, 2010)
The rapid growth of ICT, especially the Internet, opens up the possibility of a new teaching and learning paradigm. The e-learning approach has internationally been deemed necessary to enable twenty-first century learners to adapt to global changes. This paper explores the potential of e-learning methods in conflict situation with mobility restrictions to enhance the educational process and to provide continuous learning for secondary students in Palestine. An interactive web-based application prototype called the Alaws Educational Network (AEN) developed providing a variety of methods for a student-centered learning process including virtual classrooms, a discussion forum and e-training courses. Students and teachers were asked to evaluate different aspects of the AEN in terms of usefulness, self-efficacy, willingness and challenges as indications of their ability and readiness to embrace e-learning. The results show that both students and teachers have positive attitudes towards the usefulness of e-learning methods but that they might not yet be ready to adopt them. This paper further highlights several challenges to implementing e-learning in public schools in developing countries and discusses the opportunities offered by e-learning technologies in a conflict context.
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An e-learning approach to secondary education in Palestine - ShraimKhitam; KhlaifZuheir (Information Technology for Development, 2010)
The rapid growth of ICT, especially the Internet, opens up the possibility of a new teaching and learning paradigm. The e-learning approach has internationally been deemed necessary to enable twent...
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‘Fueli’ = ‘hatabu’: issues in the harmonisation and standardisation of Kiswahili scientific terminology in Tanzanian primary schools - Shumbusho, George N.; Banda, Felix (Language, Culture and Curriculum, 2010)
Kiswahili is the medium of instruction in Tanzania for 7 years of primary education and thereafter, English takes over at secondary and tertiary levels. However, there has been a debate about the efficacy of English in Tanzania's education system with some researchers recommending a switch to Kiswahili as a way to ameliorate the situation. By contrast, this paper examines the problems presented by the unharmonised and unstandardised scientific terminology used by different textbook writers in Tanzania. The paper concludes by offering some solutions to the problems. More importantly, since Kiswahili is a cross-border language, it is also concluded that Kiswahili harmonisation and standardisation, as well as language planning, should better be conceived as status and corpus planning of Kiswahili across borders.
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Higher prevalence rates of smoking in rural than urban areas among school-going adolescents in the Lusaka Province, Zambia - Siziya, Seter (Medical journal of Zambia, 2010)
Objectives: The objective of the study was to compare prevalence rates of smoking in schoolgoing adolescents among urban, peri-urban, and rural districts. Design: Secondary analysis of the Zambia Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GTYS) data of 2007. Main outcome measure: Tobacco smoking status. Results: Totals of 2378 adolescents in Lusaka urban, 1756 in Kafue per-urban, and 1386 in Chongwe/Luangwa rural districts were enrolled into the study. Smoking rates were 10.5% in urban, 11.1% in peri-urban, and 13.5% in rural districts. After adjusting for age, sex, grade, parental and best friend smoking status, and knowing that smoking is harmful to health, compared to adolescents in Lusaka urban district, adolescents in Chongwe/Luangwa rural districts were 17% (AOR=1.17, 95%CI [1.10, 1.23]) more likely to smoke cigarettes. No significant difference in smoking rates was observed between adolescents in urban and peri-urban districts. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of smoking among adolescents was higher in rural than urban district. Antismoking interventions should be more targeted to adolescents in rural than urban areas.
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Pedagogy and the paradox of American evangelical involvement in East African schools - Stambach, Amy (Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 2010)
This article analyzes the ideals and principles that organize American evangelical Christians' work in Africa. Based on field research conducted among a group of American restorationist missionaries working in Kenya and Tanzania, the author argues that the education-oriented work of these missionaries is paradoxically socially encompassing, yet excluding. Missionaries themselves anticipate that their educational programs will help to connect Africans with a global community and that by evangelizing quietly, through actions more so than through words, they can establish a sustainable church that has buy-in at the grassroots level. On the ground, however, these missionaries' work is neither fully integrative nor well established. Yet globalization, indigeneity, grassroots-focus, and sustainability are powerful organizing tropes that carry these missionaries' projects forward.
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The Influence of Diversity on Learning Outcomes among African American College Students: Measuring Sex Differences - Strayhorn, Terrell L. (Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 2010)
National survey data from 594 African American college students were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques to measure the impact of diversity on educational outcomes. Two research questions guided the present study: (a) How do interactional diversity experiences affect learning and development outcomes for African American undergraduates attending 4-year institutions? (b) Does this relationship vary between Black men and women? Results suggest that interactional diversity experiences are positively associated with perceived student learning across all six domains; interactional diversity is one of the strongest, consistent predictors of perceived learning included in the statistical models. Models explain different proportions of the variance in dependent variables, ranging from 16% to 23%. Implications for future policy, practice, and research are discussed.
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Implementing Education for All—Whose agenda, whose change? The case study of the Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition - Strutt, Courtney; Kepe, Thembela (International Journal of Educational Development, 2010)
With the onset of the Education for All (EFA) agenda in 1990, the international development community has seen new forms of international cooperation forming around the pledge for EFA. This paper analyzes a case study of activities and challenges of a civil society coalition, the Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition (GNECC), in pursuing the goals of Education for All within the national context of Ghana. The key findings of this case study concern the major challenges that GNECC faces as a national education coalition implementing the global agenda of EFA. These challenges include broad goals and objectives, unsustainable funding, and a lack of local participation and ownership of activities. The research concludes that while GNECC has been successful in implementing certain aspects of national and international programming, at the local level it remains woefully behind as a result of inadequate funding of community level activities, poor participation, and external impetus. In essence, GNECC has been operating as a national activity implementing NGO as opposed to a collaborative community coalition aimed at resolving educational issues, leading to the conclusion that an externally initiated coalition is not the most influential tool for achieving progress on international agendas such as EFA.
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Knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraception among graduating female students of jimma university, southwest ethiopia. - Tajure, Nasir (PubMed, 2010)
Emergency contraception refers to methods that women can use to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse, method failure or incorrect use. Unwanted pregnancy followed by unsafe abortion can be avoided by using different contraceptive methods including emergency contraceptives. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraception among graduating female students of Jimma University main campus.A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jimma University main campus in 2009. The calculated sample size was allocated to each faculty proportions to size of female students. Then within the faculty the sample unit was selected by using simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using self administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS for widow version 16.0.A total of 389 (96.5%) volunteered graduating female students participated in the study. One hundred sixty three (41.9%) were ever heard of Emergency Contraceptive, only 11(6.8%) used the method. The common sources of information were friends 60 (36.5%), radio 37 (22.8%) and television 20 (12.3%). One hundred sixteen (71.2%) agreed to use Emergency Contraceptive when they practice unintended sexual intercourse.Awareness and use of emergency contraception among graduating female students of Jimma University was low. There is a need to educate adolescents about emergency contraceptives, with emphasis on available methods and correct timing of use.
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Knowledge and level of awareness of renal transplantation among medical students in Nigeria - Takure, Augustine O; Alikah, Sylvester O; Onuora, V. C. (Transplant Research and Risk Management, 2010)
Background: Although renal transplantation has been available since 2000 in Nigeria at St Nicholas Hospital, Lagos, only 134 procedures have been performed as of March 2010. This may be related to the level of knowledge of medical practitioners in the Nigerian communities. Our medical students come from different communities, and assessing their level of awareness may contribute to better utilization of the available resources for renal transplantation in our country. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and level of awareness of renal transplantation among medical students in a potential university transplant center. Methods: A 10-item questionnaire was administered to fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-year medical students at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria. The data obtained were analyzed using standard simple statistical tools in Microsoft Excel Office 2007. Results: The level of participation of respondents was 69.6%; mean age was 26.2 (range 21–45) years. Seventy percent of the respondents were males. The majority of the respondents had obtained information on renal transplantation from school lectures, electronic media, and the Internet. Many were also aware of the indications, pretransplant evaluation, and renal transplant complications. Only five (3.2%) knew of the four existing renal transplant centers in Nigeria. In total, 79.1% knew of living donors, while 11.4% knew of cadaveric donors. One hundred and three respondents (65.2%) were aware of open surgery for recipient transplantation, while 125 (79.1%) knew of open or laparoscopic procedures for donor nephrectomy. Conclusion: The medical students in this sample lacked knowledge about the number of hospitals that offered renal transplantation, as well as about issues relating to cadaveric organ donation in Nigeria. Keywords: medical students, renal transplantation, knowledge
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Climate change and altitudinal structuring of malaria vectors in south-western Cameroon: their relation to malaria transmission - Tanga, Mbi Chrysantus; Ngundu, W. I.; Judith, N.; Mbuh, J.V.; Tendongfor, Nicholas; Simard, Frédéric; Wanji, Samuel (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (Print), 2010)
An entomological survey was conducted in Cameroon between October 2004 and September 2005, in nine localities targeted for malaria vector control based on adult productivity and variability. Mosquitoes were collected by human-landing catches (HLCs) and pyrethrum spray catches. A total of 12 500 anophelines were collected and dissected: Anopheles gambiae s.l. (56.86%), An. funestus s.l. (32.57%), An. hancocki (9.38%), and An. nili (1.18%). Applying PCR revealed that specimens of the An. funestus group were An. funestus s.s. and An. gambiae complex were mostly An. melas and An. gambiae s.s. of the M and S molecular forms with the M forms being the most predominant. The natural distribution patterns of Anopheles species were largely determined by altitude with some species having unique environmental tolerance limits. A human blood index (HBI) of 99.05% was recorded. Mean probability of daily survival of the malaria vectors was 0.92, with annual mean life expectancy of 21.9 days and the expectation of infective life was long with a mean of 7.4 days. The high survival rates suggest a high vector potential for the species. This information enhances the development of a more focused and informed vector control intervention.
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Fever, malaria and primary repetition rates amongst school children in Mali: Combining demographic and health surveys (DHS) with spatial malariological measures - Thuilliez, Josselin (Social science & medicine (1982. Print), 2010)
This study estimates the relative importance to child school performance (indicated by primary repetition) of fever, malaria and some social determinants at the cluster level. It uses individual, household and cluster surveys from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Mali in 2001 and 2006 (MDHS). It also provides a discussion about the use of fever as an indicator of malaria in large cross-sectional surveys by comparing the 2001 and 2006 MDHS, which were realised during two different transmission seasons (dry and rainy seasons). Geographic Information System and DHS Global Positioning System datasets were used to extract age-specific malariological measures from reliable maps of the prevalence and transmission intensity of malaria. We show that fever is not a reliable proxy for malaria at the cluster level, and we recommend the use of spatial measures of malaria prevalence for future research. Cross-sectional regression analysis on data aggregated to the group-level suggests that a higher prevalence of malaria in a community is linked to higher primary repetition rates, but confirmatory studies are needed.
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Malaria and primary education in Mali: A longitudinal study in the village of Donéguébougou - Thuilliez, Josselin; Sissoko, Mahamadou S.; Touré, Ousmane; Kamate, Paul; Berthélemy, Jean‐Claude; Doumbo, Ogobara K. (Social Science & Medicine, 2010)
This article assesses the role of malaria and certain social determinants on primary education, especially on educational achievement in Donéguébougou, a small village in a malaria-endemic area near Bamako, Mali. Field data was collected by the authors between November 2007 and June 2008 on 227 schoolchildren living in Donéguébougou. Various malaria indicators and econometric models were used to explain the variation in cognitive abilities, teachers’ evaluation scores, school progression and absences. Malaria is the primary cause of school absences. Fixed-effects estimates showed that asymptomatic malaria and the presence of falciparum malaria parasites had a direct correlation with educational achievement and cognitive performance. The evidence suggests that the correlation is causal.
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Malaria and primary education in Mali: A longitudinal study in the village of Donéguébougou - Thuilliez, Josselin; Sissoko, Mahamadou S.; Touré, Ousmane; Kamate, Paul; Berthélemy, Jean‐Claude; Doumbo, Ogobara K. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010)
This article assesses the role of malaria and certain social determinants on primary education, especially on educational achievement in Doneguebougou, a small village in a malaria-endemic area near Bamako, Mali. Field data was collected by the authors between November 2007 and June 2008 on 227 schoolchildren living in Doneguebougou. Various malaria indicators and econometric models were used to explain the variation in cognitive abilities, teachers' evaluation scores, school progression and absences. Malaria is the primary cause of school absences. Fixed-effects estimates showed that asymptomatic malaria and the presence of falciparum malaria parasites had a direct correlation with educational achievement and cognitive performance. The evidence suggests that the correlation is causal.
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In search of critical engagement : a history of South African university based journalism education - Toit, Jeanne Du; Beer, Arnold S. de (Rhodes Journalism Review, 2010)
Historical discussions of South African journalism education (Tomaselli 1991: 167; De Beer and Tomaselli 2000; Steenveld 2006) refer to examples of teaching practice which have served as critical interventions into political process. They occur primarily in the late 1970s and 1980s and it is arguable that the social circumstances that existed during this period presented unique opportunities for critical education. The literature suggests, however, that these examples represent the exception rather than the rule. It would seem, in fact, that a critical approach to journalism education has never been realised in South Africa in any substantive way. It is with this argument in mind that I explore, in this paper, the historical construction of journalism as a subject of university education in South Africa.
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What Education in GIS for Town Planners? A Tunisian Experience - Turki, Sami Yassine (Urisa Journal, 2010)
INTRODUCTION The ISTEUB institute (a higher institute for urban, environmental, and construction technologies--Tunis) was created in 2002 to prepare specialists in urban planning and management and urban environment and construction. The objective was to respond to problems associated with urban sprawl. In Greater Tunis, 500 additional hectares are occupied every year. A portion of this settlement is informal and not compliant with urban plans (AUGT 2004, Turki 2009). Until 2000, only about 100 people were involved in the Tunisian Town Planners Society and most of these were educated outside Tunisia or not as urban planners. The major part of town planner's work involves conceiving urban-planning documents, for every one of Tunisia's 264 communes should have its own planning document. These ten-year plans are used to regulate land use and estimate future demand in networks, utilities, and services. At the present time, ISTEUB confers two diplomas in town planning. One is three-year technician diploma that prepares students to participate in urban studies and work in municipalities. The second is three-year town-planning diploma that prepares students for leadership roles in urban public policy. The technician diploma program began in 2001. Fifty to 70 students enroll yearly. They come directly from high school without professional experience. The town-planning diploma program, which began in 2004, annually admits 25 to 30 students. To qualify for admission, applicants must have the technician diploma or comparable degree in town planning or geography, civil engineering, geographical information science, architecture, environmental studies, or other related fields. Some applicants to the town-planning program also possess prior professional experience. The GIS-related knowledge and skills town planners need are varied; these include spatial analysis, cartography, and spatial database design, among others. This diversity leads to uncertainty about how urban planners should learn GIS and related This paper presents an approach to GIS education for town planners that is informed by the geomatics paradigm. Bedard (2008, 195) defines geomatics as a broad paradigm that emphasizes the use of system approach to chain heterogeneous geospatial information technologies. This paradigm emphasizes an integrated approach to geospatial data acquisition and analysis (Gagnon and Coleman 1990). Consistent with that conception, I argue that GIS education for town planners should emphasize integration of GIS and related technologies into the work processes characteristic of urban studies and management. The following section of this paper describes the diverse contributions of GIS in town planning and management. After that, I explain the ISTEUB rationale for GIS education. Finally, GIS education provided in the two diploma programs is discussed. GIS FOR TOWN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT During the past few years, planners have become more open-minded about using computer technology (Geetman and Stillwell 2009) and application models, such as land-use or urban/ transportation-planning models. GIS is one of the most useful technologies for town planning even though it was not designed primarily as planning support system (Brail 2008). GIS is useful for spatial analysis and cartography, which makes territorial diagnosis easier not only by automating map creation and editing but also by analyzing spatial relationships and dynamics among urban phenomena in ways that are cumbersome without using such GIS is also central technology in urban information systems. Urban information systems were introduced in the 1970s and have evolved since then (Dureau and Weber 1995). Two families of urban information systems can be identified: urban data banks and urban observatories. Urban data banks automate the repetitive tasks involved in updating the large-scale plans that are routinely used to administer urban services. …
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Youth Restiveness and Education: a Sociological Study of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria - Utuama, T (2010)
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Effects of Land Holding on School Enrollment in Rural Kenya - Wada, Kazuya (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010)
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The extent of teacher participation in decision-making in secondary schools in Zimbabwe - Wadesango, Newman (School Leadership & Management, 2010)
In Zimbabwe, there have been some debates on democratisation and decentralisation, which led to the development of policies meant to increase teacher participation in decision-making in schools. However, despite these developments, teacher participation in decision-making in Zimbabwean schools is regarded as insignificant. Teachers work closely with students and have firsthand knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses – they are therefore the most valuable people to develop and implement policies. This study investigated the extent of teacher participation in decision-making in Zimbabwean schools. The study adopted a qualitative/interpretive research methodology and used the case study research design as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected through interviews, documentary analysis and observation of two staff meetings per school from five secondary schools in Gweru Education District in Zimbabwe. The population sample comprised five secondary school heads and 20 secondary school teachers. The study established that teachers were insignificantly involved in decision-making despite their eagerness to be involved. Some duties are given to senior teachers or committees even when teachers feel that they should be directly involved. There are times when school heads make unilateral decisions and impose them on teachers for implementation. The study recommends that heads of schools should give their teachers room to come up with ideas and look at all contributions objectively.
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The impact of total communication philosophy on education of hearing impaired children in Kiambu district, Kenya: a case study of Kambui School for the deaf - Wangari, Beatrice Wangechi (2010)
Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of a Degree of Bachelor of Education with Special Needs of Kampala International University
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Linking the Ghana school feeding programme to local networks of food provision: Current realities and potential synargies - Wiskerke, J.S.C.; Hebinck, Paul; Sulemana, N. (2010)
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Factors affecting curriculum implementation in secondary schools in kenya: a case of kakamega south district. - Ziganyu, Julliah K (2010)
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Communities and Climate Change: Building Local Capacity for Adaptation in Goromonzi District, Munyawiri Ward, Zimbabwe. - Zvigadza, Sherpard; Mharadze, Godfrey; Ngena, Simon (2010)
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Biting knowledge of blackfly among students and workers of a Nigerian tertiary institution - Agbolade, O. M.; Odutola, Olusola M.; Idowu, Bolatito; Agu, Ndubuisi Chinweike (2010)
This study assessed the knowledge of the role of blackfly in onchocerciasis transmission among the students and workers of a tertiary institution in Ogun State, southwestern Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (72 males, 78 females) volunteers were recruited for the study which occurred between July and September, 2009. Samples of the blackfly caught on the institution’s campus and preserved in a clean transparent unlabelled bottle containing 70% ethanol, and an unnamed coloured photograph of the fly were shown to the respondents each of which was guided to fill a carefully-structured questionnaire. 40% of the respondents correctly-identified the insect as blackfly. Among those that had spent ≥ 1 year, 95.1% (98/103) answered that the insect bites man. The commonest body reaction to blackfly bite was skin swelling (38.7%), followed by skin swelling + itching (P < 0.001). 3.3% of the total respondents answered correctly that the fly transmits the causative agent of onchocerciasis, while 96.7% (145/150) answered incorrectly or non-affirmatively (P < 0.001). This study showed the need to adequately educate the members of the tertiary institution on the vectorial role of blackfly, and study the population dynamics of the fly in the study area towards working out cost-effective control strategies. Key words: Onchocerciasis, blackfly, knowledge, body reactions, health education.
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MEASURING STAFF MEMBERS E READINESS TOWARDS E LEARNING AT EGYPTIAN FACULTIES OF TOURISM AND HOTELS - Ali, Islam (Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 2010)
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has made life much different than it was before especially in Education. E learning is becoming increasingly prominent in higher education, with universities increasing provision and more students signing up. E learning in the university context is influenced by a number of factors. However, the researcher particular interest in this paper in the e readiness of the staff memberfor e learning at the Egyptian faculties of tourism and hotels in Fayoum, Menia, Helwan and Alex. This is to the increasing and flexible market that is difficult to research by only traditional education.This research measures the staff members’ e readiness for e learning at the faculties of tourism and hotels in Egypt which influenced by a number of factors and dimensions. These are technical and pedagogical competences, experience scale and attitude Scale but the research will concentrate on the first dimension. This may help Tourism faculties to promote the use of IT in teaching and learning and also apply e learning effectively in these faculties to make qualified students for market work. Data was collected through a questionnaire of 92 staff member (professor, assistant professor and lecturers) of tourism studies, hotel management and Tourism Guidance departments. Also this research is based on a basic hypothesis that there is a shortage and insufficient of staff members e readiness for e learning. The paper contains also typical e learning quality framework , SPSS program was used to analyses the data and reach to the finding of this study as frequencies, standard deviation, means, t test per pair between the two dimension pedagogical and technical competencies, also average mean to measure this dimension, also cronbach alpha was made to ensure the reliability, beside the validity was been achieved. The findings have been indicated that the staff member at faculties of tourism and hotels have a good level in pedagogical factor and have a bad or shortage in technical factor, so the paper has recommended them to improve their technical competencies.
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The Need for Patient Education at a Psychiatric Clinic in Nigeria - Atilola, Olayinka (Psychiatric Services, 2010)
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LetterFull AccessLetterOlayinka Atilola M.B.B.S., M.W.A.C.P.Olayinka Atilola M.B.B.S., M.W.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Jul 2010https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2010.61.7.729aAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail The Need for Patient Education at a Psychiatric Clinic in NigeriaTo the Editor: Reports from other countries indicate that patients receiving psychiatric services may not have a good understanding of important aspects of their treatments. For instance, Carol and Wolfson ( 1 ) found that in a population of patients receiving clozapine therapy in the United Kingdom, about half did not know why a monthly blood test was needed. Also, in a survey of 253 psychiatric inpatients in Pennsylvania, Clary and colleagues ( 2 ) found that at discharge more than half did not know the name and dosage of the psychiatric medications prescribed for them and why they were taking them, even though they had received both group and individual medication instruction during hospitalization. Therefore, as part of a quality improvement program at an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria, patients were asked whether they knew the purpose of the medication prescribed to treat their extrapyramidal symptoms. The study was conducted in April 2009 with a sample of 98 outpatients. The study used a clinician-administered questionnaire that was structured to obtain sociodemographic data and elicit respondents' views on the role of benzhexol in their treatment. Patients were asked to state how they perceived the role of anticholinergic drugs as well as the source of this information.A third of patients (N=32) reported that they did not know the role of anticholinergic drugs in their treatment. Of the 66 patients who claimed to know, 42 gave responses that clinicians felt reflected little understanding and might have led to deleterious health outcomes. Patients' level of education was not related to whether they knew the role of these drugs.Only 17 patients reported ever having received education about the role of anticholinergic drugs in their treatment. Among these, 13 reported receiving education from doctors, and one each reported nurses, pharmacists, medical students, and family members as the source of education. In developing countries like Nigeria, where prohibitive cost limits the use of second-generation antipsychotics, a large number of patients who need antipsychotics receive first-generation agents. Extrapyramidal symptoms are more common when first-generation antipsychotics are used, and anticholinergic drugs can reduce these symptoms ( 3 ). However, substantial research evidence indicates that there are dangers associated with the use of anticholinergic agents ( 4 ). These dangers underscore a need for thorough education of patients who are users or potential users of these agents. Such education should focus on the specific role of the drugs in a patient's treatment and the risks that may be associated with misuse. This survey provides evidence that most patients attending this outpatient clinic may not be well informed about important aspects of their treatment and that our multidisciplinary health team may have neglected to educate them. It also underlines the urgent need to improve patient information aspects of service delivery in Nigerian clinics.Acknowledgements and disclosuresThe author thanks Victor Makanjuola, M.B.B.S., F.W.A.C.P., for help with data processing.The author reports no competing interests.Dr. Atilola is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.References1. Carol P, Wolfson P: Haematologic monitoring for clozapine: do patients know why? Psychiatric Bulletin 9:536–537, 1995Google Scholar2. Clary C, Dever A, Schweizer E: Psychiatric inpatients' knowledge of medication at hospital discharge. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 43:140–144, 1992Google Scholar3. Hales R, Yudofsky S, Gabbard G (eds): The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc, 2008Google Scholar4. Prophylactic use of anticholinergics in patients on long-term neuroleptic treatment, a consensus statement: World Health Organization heads of centres collaborating in WHO co-ordinated studies on biological aspects of mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 156:412, 1990Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 61Issue 7 July, 2010Pages 729-730PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES July 2010 Volume 61 Number 7 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 July 2010 Published in print 1 July 2010
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Shifting Patterns in the Premedical Education of African Americans and the Role of the HBCU - Butler, Barbara Marie (Journal of African American Studies, 2010)
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The gender gap in vocational education: Increasing girls access in the 21st century in the Midwestern states of Nigeria - Egun, A. C.; Tibi, E U (Vocational and Technical Education, 2010)
There is an indication of inequality in educational chances for boys and girls. The girls are less favoured in enrolment ratio especially in the vocational subjects of agriculture, business education and engineering. The situation has been precipitated by social, cultural and economic factors. This paper examined the effects of cultural expectations and roles, sex-stereotyped occupations, classroom lessons, and lack of access to education and suggests education of parents, increment in the number of female teachers in schools, re-examination of cost of education for secondary school as a means of encouraging and retaining girls in schools. Key words: Cultural practices, female teachers, sex-stereotyped occupation.
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Vulnerability and adaptation of rain fed agriculture to climate change and variability in semi-arid Tanzania - Mongi, Hector; Majule, Amos; Lyimo, James (African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2010)
A vulnerability assessment of rain fed agriculture to climate change and variability in semi-arid parts of Tabora Region in Tanzania was conducted in 2009.Four village clusters were selected out of which, three villages represent Millennium Villages Program (MVP) namely Mbola, Mpenge and Isila from Uyui District.One village namely Tumbi from Tabora Urban bordering the MVP was also selected.Both primary and secondary data were collected using different methods including structured questionnaire interviews, focus group discussion, documentary review and field observations.Structured questionnaire interviews were administered to 7% of all farmers selected at random from the four villages and 30 research and extension officers obtained through accidental purposeful sampling.Simple regression and t-test analyses of numeric data for rainfall and temperature collected over the last 35 growing seasons were performed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Analysis System respectively.Non-numeric data were coded, summarized and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences spreadsheet.Results indicate that the overall rainfall amount was found to decline while distribution was varying both in time and space.Inter-seasonal dry spells between January and February appeared to increase both in duration and frequency.Temperature has shown an increasing trend.Minimum temperature increased faster (R 2 = 0.68, p<0.001) while maximum temperature increased gradually (R 2 = 0.24, p<0.01).Farmers, research and extension officers also perceived these changes by the help of a series of indicators.Nevertheless, perception on the climate change indicators varied depending on the type of livelihood activity most affected.Major implications on rain fed agriculture are possible shrinking of the growing season, increasing moisture and heat stress to common food and cash crops, increased insects and pests and eventually low income and food insecurity.This study concludes that there is strong evidence demonstrating the vulnerability of rain fed agriculture to negative impacts of climate change and variability in the study area.It is suggested that there is a need for multi-level interventions on adaptation to climate change and variability taking into account a wide range of stakeholder involvement.
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Vulnerability and adaptation of rain fed agriculture to climate change and variability in semi-arid Tanzania - Mongi, Hector; Majule, Amos; Lyimo, James (African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2010)
A vulnerability assessment of rain fed agriculture to climate change and variability in semi-arid parts of Tabora Region in Tanzania was conducted in 2009.Four village clusters were selected out of which, three villages represent Millennium Villages Program (MVP) namely Mbola, Mpenge and Isila from Uyui District.One village namely Tumbi from Tabora Urban bordering the MVP was also selected.Both primary and secondary data were collected using different methods including structured questionnaire interviews, focus group discussion, documentary review and field observations.Structured questionnaire interviews were administered to 7% of all farmers selected at random from the four villages and 30 research and extension officers obtained through accidental purposeful sampling.Simple regression and t-test analyses of numeric data for rainfall and temperature collected over the last 35 growing seasons were performed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Analysis System respectively.Non-numeric data were coded, summarized and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences spreadsheet.Results indicate that the overall rainfall amount was found to decline while distribution was varying both in time and space.Inter-seasonal dry spells between January and February appeared to increase both in duration and frequency.Temperature has shown an increasing trend.Minimum temperature increased faster (R 2 = 0.68, p<0.001) while maximum temperature increased gradually (R 2 = 0.24, p<0.01).Farmers, research and extension officers also perceived these changes by the help of a series of indicators.Nevertheless, perception on the climate change indicators varied depending on the type of livelihood activity most affected.Major implications on rain fed agriculture are possible shrinking of the growing season, increasing moisture and heat stress to common food and cash crops, increased insects and pests and eventually low income and food insecurity.This study concludes that there is strong evidence demonstrating the vulnerability of rain fed agriculture to negative impacts of climate change and variability in the study area.It is suggested that there is a need for multi-level interventions on adaptation to climate change and variability taking into account a wide range of stakeholder involvement.
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Vulnerability and adaptation of rain fed agriculture to climate change and variability in semi-arid Tanzania - Mongi, Hector; Majule, Amos; Lyimo, James (African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2010)
A vulnerability assessment of rain fed agriculture to climate change and variability in semi-arid parts of Tabora Region in Tanzania was conducted in 2009.Four village clusters were selected out of which, three villages represent Millennium Villages Program (MVP) namely Mbola, Mpenge and Isila from Uyui District.One village namely Tumbi from Tabora Urban bordering the MVP was also selected.Both primary and secondary data were collected using different methods including structured questionnaire interviews, focus group discussion, documentary review and field observations.Structured questionnaire interviews were administered to 7% of all farmers selected at random from the four villages and 30 research and extension officers obtained through accidental purposeful sampling.Simple regression and t-test analyses of numeric data for rainfall and temperature collected over the last 35 growing seasons were performed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Analysis System respectively.Non-numeric data were coded, summarized and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences spreadsheet.Results indicate that the overall rainfall amount was found to decline while distribution was varying both in time and space.Inter-seasonal dry spells between January and February appeared to increase both in duration and frequency.Temperature has shown an increasing trend.Minimum temperature increased faster (R 2 = 0.68, p<0.001) while maximum temperature increased gradually (R 2 = 0.24, p<0.01).Farmers, research and extension officers also perceived these changes by the help of a series of indicators.Nevertheless, perception on the climate change indicators varied depending on the type of livelihood activity most affected.Major implications on rain fed agriculture are possible shrinking of the growing season, increasing moisture and heat stress to common food and cash crops, increased insects and pests and eventually low income and food insecurity.This study concludes that there is strong evidence demonstrating the vulnerability of rain fed agriculture to negative impacts of climate change and variability in the study area.It is suggested that there is a need for multi-level interventions on adaptation to climate change and variability taking into account a wide range of stakeholder involvement.
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Vulnerability and adaptation of rain fed agriculture to climate change and variability in semi-arid Tanzania - Mongi, Hector; Majule, Amos; Lyimo, James (African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2010)
A vulnerability assessment of rain fed agriculture to climate change and variability in semi-arid parts of Tabora Region in Tanzania was conducted in 2009.Four village clusters were selected out of which, three villages represent Millennium Villages Program (MVP) namely Mbola, Mpenge and Isila from Uyui District.One village namely Tumbi from Tabora Urban bordering the MVP was also selected.Both primary and secondary data were collected using different methods including structured questionnaire interviews, focus group discussion, documentary review and field observations.Structured questionnaire interviews were administered to 7% of all farmers selected at random from the four villages and 30 research and extension officers obtained through accidental purposeful sampling.Simple regression and t-test analyses of numeric data for rainfall and temperature collected over the last 35 growing seasons were performed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Analysis System respectively.Non-numeric data were coded, summarized and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences spreadsheet.Results indicate that the overall rainfall amount was found to decline while distribution was varying both in time and space.Inter-seasonal dry spells between January and February appeared to increase both in duration and frequency.Temperature has shown an increasing trend.Minimum temperature increased faster (R 2 = 0.68, p<0.001) while maximum temperature increased gradually (R 2 = 0.24, p<0.01).Farmers, research and extension officers also perceived these changes by the help of a series of indicators.Nevertheless, perception on the climate change indicators varied depending on the type of livelihood activity most affected.Major implications on rain fed agriculture are possible shrinking of the growing season, increasing moisture and heat stress to common food and cash crops, increased insects and pests and eventually low income and food insecurity.This study concludes that there is strong evidence demonstrating the vulnerability of rain fed agriculture to negative impacts of climate change and variability in the study area.It is suggested that there is a need for multi-level interventions on adaptation to climate change and variability taking into account a wide range of stakeholder involvement.
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Regional evidence of climate change in Nigeria - Odjugo, Peter A. O. (Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2010)
Most available data on climate change are mainly global whereas the effects are more at regional levels. It is on this premise that this study investigated the regional evidences of climate change using Nigeria as a case study. Mean annual air temperature from 30 synoptic stations between 1901 and 2005 were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Lagos and Meteorological Department in some Airports. The data were divided into three climatic periods namely 1901-1935, 1936-1970 and 1971-2005 for the purpose of comparison. Time series, correlation, least square range test, ANOVA and isotherm maps were some statistical tools used to analyze the data. The results show that air temperature is steadily increasing especially from the 1970s. Between 1901 - 1935 and 1936 - 1970 climatic periods, temperature anomalies were below the 1970 - 2005 normal, but 22 years (63%) out of the 35 years were above the normal between 1971 and 2005. The temperature anomalies shows that climate change signal is stronger as from the 1970s.The rate of temperature increase is higher in the semi-arid region than the coastal areas of Nigeria. The current available pieces of evidence show that Nigeria, like most parts of the world, is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Key words: Climate change, global warming, Nigeria, climate change signal, temperature.
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Rethinking development and sustainability of African economy: The roles of science education - Oloruntegbe, Kunle Oke; Akinsete, A. M.; Ayeni, Edidiong; Odutuyi, M. O.; Alam, Gazi Mahabubul (African Journal of Business Management, 2010)
It is an understatement that of all the continents in the world Africa is seriously lagging behind in the area of development and sustainability. Trend studies of vital indices revealed a slow pace of development, which portends a great danger for the continent coupled with it being bedeviled by political instability. This study offers a rethink of these situations and the roles science education could play in fostering the much-needed development in Africa. The areas of focus are food security, energy supply, institutional infrastructures, education, health and environmental conscious designs. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations made on the ways forward. Key words: African economy, sustainable development, science education.
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Guilty or Not Guilty? How Nigerian Families Impede the Aspirations of Nigerian Girls for Higher Education - Onochie, Okeke Chinedu Ifedi (US-China education review, 2010)
The females' relatively low participation in higher education is discussed within the Nigerian society in a way that such issues are discursively placed in often contradictory, as well as extremely complicated contexts. Dominant discussions draw on the interplay between gender and students' performance across subjects, as well as on the influences of the often patriarchal school environment on students' overall performance, which with little or no attention given to parental and domestic agencies. This paper is an account of the stories of the experiences of schooling about some Nigerian school girls from the perspective of their families. The larger study from which this paper derives, examined the gendered perception of schooling amongst some senior secondary school students in a Nigerian suburb. A number of discussions among the 25 girls (and 25 boys) who participated in the study were analyzed to understand how gender played in their perceptions of schooling influences upon their lives. As this project was grounded in the interpretivist qualitative research paradigm, discursive interpretivist approach was employed to interrogate how parental and domestic agencies, can play upon the aspirations of young girls for higher education in both complex and subtle ways. Recommendations for changes in policy and practice are made.
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Guilty or Not Guilty? How Nigerian Families Impede the Aspirations of Nigerian Girls for Higher Education - Onochie, Okeke Chinedu Ifedi (US-China education review, 2010)
The females' relatively low participation in higher education is discussed within the Nigerian society in a way that such issues are discursively placed in often contradictory, as well as extremely complicated contexts. Dominant discussions draw on the interplay between gender and students' performance across subjects, as well as on the influences of the often patriarchal school environment on students' overall performance, which with little or no attention given to parental and domestic agencies. This paper is an account of the stories of the experiences of schooling about some Nigerian school girls from the perspective of their families. The larger study from which this paper derives, examined the gendered perception of schooling amongst some senior secondary school students in a Nigerian suburb. A number of discussions among the 25 girls (and 25 boys) who participated in the study were analyzed to understand how gender played in their perceptions of schooling influences upon their lives. As this project was grounded in the interpretivist qualitative research paradigm, discursive interpretivist approach was employed to interrogate how parental and domestic agencies, can play upon the aspirations of young girls for higher education in both complex and subtle ways. Recommendations for changes in policy and practice are made.
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Guilty or Not Guilty? How Nigerian Families Impede the Aspirations of Nigerian Girls for Higher Education - Onochie, Okeke Chinedu Ifedi (US-China education review, 2010)
The females' relatively low participation in higher education is discussed within the Nigerian society in a way that such issues are discursively placed in often contradictory, as well as extremely complicated contexts. Dominant discussions draw on the interplay between gender and students' performance across subjects, as well as on the influences of the often patriarchal school environment on students' overall performance, which with little or no attention given to parental and domestic agencies. This paper is an account of the stories of the experiences of schooling about some Nigerian school girls from the perspective of their families. The larger study from which this paper derives, examined the gendered perception of schooling amongst some senior secondary school students in a Nigerian suburb. A number of discussions among the 25 girls (and 25 boys) who participated in the study were analyzed to understand how gender played in their perceptions of schooling influences upon their lives. As this project was grounded in the interpretivist qualitative research paradigm, discursive interpretivist approach was employed to interrogate how parental and domestic agencies, can play upon the aspirations of young girls for higher education in both complex and subtle ways. Recommendations for changes in policy and practice are made.
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Pregnancy outcome after one previous caesarean section at a tertiary university teaching hospital in Tanzania - Pembe, Andrea B.; Othman, Mashavu Khalid (Tanzania health research bulletin, 2010)
The aim of this study was to assess outcome of pregnancy in women with one previous caesarean section at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) from 13th September 2006-2nd February 2007. All women with one previous caesarean section coming for delivery at MNH in that period were identified. Data on medical history, socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, decision on mode of delivery, and pregnancy outcomes were collected. There were 3285 deliveries during the study period, out of which 365 (11%) women had one previous caesarean section. Almost half (48%) of the women with one previous caesarean section attended antenatal care in the dispensaries and health centres. Trial of scar was decided in 80 (21.9%) women. A total of 278 women had the decision for repeat caesarean section made on admission whereby 180 (64.4%) were for emergency caesarean section and 98 (35.6%) were for elective caesarean section. A total 52 women delivered vaginally, 44 after trial of the scar and eight among women decided for emergency repeat caesarean section on admission. The incidence of uterine rupture was 2% and perinatal mortality ratio was 55 per 1000 live birth. In conclusion, a significant proportion of women delivering at MNH had one previous caesarean section among which few underwent trial of scar. Half of the women attended antenatal care in the dispensaries and health centres. Women with previous caesarean section should be encouraged to attend hospitals providing comprehensive emergency obstetric care. The quality of intrapartum monitoring should be audited to improve maternal and newborn outcome.
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Managing Nigerian Secondary School Reforms to Enhance Equity and Globalization. - Peretomode, Victor F.; Ikoya, Peter O. (Educational Research Review, 2010)
The world is in a state of flux occasioned by profound natural forces, social, economic, and political changes and rapid scientific and technological advancement. The nations of the world, of which Nigeria is a part, are also becoming more interconnected and interdependent. To avoid possible “future shock”’ nations must respond quickly, preferably and proactively to these rapid changes. Regular curriculum renewal, which must consider new competencies, standards and trends, regional and international, is increasingly becoming a must in most educational systems of the world as a means of coping with these changes and challenges. Effective management is a sine-qua-non to the successful implementation and institutionalization of curriculum change in order to achieve the desired goals. This paper examines systematically the important issue of managing curriculum reforms to enhance effectiveness and efficiency, equity and relevance in a globalize economy. Key words: Interdependent, implementation, institutionalization, curriculum, systematically, advancement
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Farmers training effectiveness in terms of changes in knowledge and attitude: The case of Holeta, Melkassa and Debre zeit Agricultural Research Centres, Ethiopia - Tesfaye, Tsion; Karippai, Ranjan S.; Tesfaye, Teklu (Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 2010)
Several agricultural technologies and high yielding varieties have been disseminated from the research centres operating under the umbrella of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research such as: Holeta, Debre Zeit and Melkassa Agricultural Research centres. While the core functions of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) are technology supply, popularization, national coordination and capacity building and policy development, the research and extension divisions of EIAR are responsible for transfer of technologies that are being developed in the respective research centres to farmers and other functionalities through training. There is, therefore, an alarming need to improve agricultural extension activities with the involved farmers through training. Therefore, the objective of this study was to the effectiveness of farmers’ training in improving their knowledge and attitudes. One woreda was purposively selected from areas where each one of the three research centres is offering training to the farmers. Equal numbers of respondents of 40 trained and 40 untrained farmers from each of the three research centres were selected for the study. Quantitative data were collected from the respondents. Structured interview schedule was used for collecting the essential quantitative data from the sampled trained and untrained respondents. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and also chi-square t-test were employed. The major output of the study indicate that training offered by the three agricultural research centre significantly improved knowledge of potato, onion and durum wheat extension packages, attitude of farmers and level of practice of farmers compared to those of untrained sample farmers. Key words: Farmers training, effectiveness, Ethiopia, research, onion, durum wheat, potato.
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An investigation into students' study habit in volumetric analysis in the senior secondary provision: A case study in Ondo State, Nigeria - Tunde, Orimogunje; Oke, Oloruntegbe Kunle; Alam, Gazi Mahabubul (African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2010)
An investigation was carried out on students’ study habit in volumetric analysis at the senior secondary school level in Ondo State. A descriptive research design was adopted in the study. Questionnaire on study habit inventory was adapted and used to collect information from the respondents at various sampled schools. The sample comprised 240 senior secondary II chemistry students drawn from six schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The hypotheses investigated with respect to students’ study habit problems such as home work/ assignment, reading and note-taking, students’ concentration, time allocation, teachers’ consultation as human variables were analyzed using chi-square statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that the main sources of students’ study problems have strong influence on students’ study habit which is causally related to the performance and consequently the efficiency of the students during the practical lesson in volumetric analysis. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that chemistry teachers need proper exposure and orientation to some psychological study problems in order to understand students’ developmental and intellectual progress so as to improved learners’ performances. Hence, there is a need for workshops and seminar for teachers where the importance of effective study habit behavioural pattern would be stressed. Key words: Volumetric analysis, volumetric titration, study habit, practical activities.
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Determinants of urban job attainment in Kenya across time: education and quality of jobs by gender - Wamuthenya, Wambui Rose (2010)
textabstractKenya has experienced a sharp decline in formal sector employment and a corresponding increase in informal sector employment. This paper examines the role played by various factors in influencing the sorting of individuals into different sectors of employment in urban Kenya. It examines whether factors influencing the location of individuals in different sectors change over time and differ across gender and thus contributes to an understanding of gender differences in job attainment. The paper complements the issues addressed in two other studies by the author on the remarkable rise in female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and on the gender gap in the incidence of unemployment. As may be expected, in both periods, experience and education are highly valued in the formal sector. Over time, the importance of education in securing labour market access increases by about 5 and 16 percentage points for primary and secondary education levels respectively. However, there are sharp gender differences. For men, the importance of education increases while for women it declines suggesting the presence of labour market segregation. Over time, the negative effect of marital status on female formal sector participation declines reflecting the increasing insertion of married women in the labour market. Underscoring the use of the informal sector as a last resort option, I find that declines in husbands’ real earnings are associated with a sharp increase in women’s participation in the informal sector. The increasing participation of women in the vulnerable informal sector is consistent with the feminist version of the structuralist characterisation of the informal sector.
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Using Storytelling Alice to Teach Egyptian Students Speech Acts - AlKhayat, Amany (EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology, 2010)
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Science Teacher Trainees' Perceptions about their Information and Communication Technology Skills in the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana - Amedeker, Mawuadem Koku; Yidana, Issifu (2010)
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Use of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching, Learning and Administration in the Gauteng Department of Education, South Africa - Amory, Alan (EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology, 2010)
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The Prospects and Challenges of Open Learning and Distance Education in Malawi - Chimpololo, Andrew (World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 2010)
Open and distance learning is a fairly new concept in Malawi. The major public provider, the Malawi College of Distance Education, rolled out its activities only about 40 years ago. Over the years, the demand for distance education has tremendously increased. The present government has displayed positive political will to uplift ODL as outlined in the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy as well as the National Education Sector Plan. A growing national interest in education coupled with political stability and a booming ICT industry also raise hope for success. However, a fragile economy with a GNI per capita of -US$ 200 over the last decade, poor public funding, erratic power supply and lack of expertise put strain on efforts towards the promotion of ODL initiatives. Despite the challenges, the nation appears determined to go flat out and explore all possible avenues that could revolutionise education access and equity through ODL. Keywords—challenges, distance education, Malawi, open learning, prospects. List of abbreviations CDSS Community Day Secondary School COL Commonwealth of Learning DEC Distance Education Centre MCC Malawi Correspondence College MCDE Malawi College of Distance Education MGDS Malawi Growth and Development Strategy NESP National Education Sector Plan ODL Open and Distance Learning OL and DE Open Learning and Distance Education Author is with University of Malawi. e-mail: achimpololo@poly.ac.mw
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Exploring Teachers’ ICT Pedagogy in the North-West Province, South Africa - Christo, J.; Blignaut, A. Seugnet (EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology, 2010)
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Assessment of non-verbal intelligence in South African schools : do language and gender bias performance on the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices? - Knowles, J. D. (2010)
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A cross sectional survey to explore the e-maturity of schools in Gauteng Province, South Africa - Lautenbach, Geoffrey (EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology, 2010)
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Museum 2.0 Education in the Uganda National Museum - Morbey, Mary Leigh; Senoga, Maureen Muwanga; Kortenaar, Paul (EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology, 2010)
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Assessing and supporting an underachieving anxious child : using a constructivist ecosystemic approach in a South African university training context. - Mugnaioni, Maria Viviana (2010)
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E-learning in Rwanda: Report from a Fulbrighter - Perdue, Diana (EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology, 2010)
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Inaugural lecture: African spirituality, ethics and traditional healing - implications for indigenous South African social work education and practice - Ross, Eleanor (South African Journal of Bioethics and Law, 2010)
The over-reliance of South African social work on Euro-American and British theories, and the need to decolonise the profession, has long been recognised by many writers. This article endeavours to conceptualise a pluralistic, indigenous, Afro-centric model of social work education and practice that seeks to infuse the educational curriculum with African spirituality and ethics as well as traditional and Western approaches to helping and healing. However, the main thrust of the paper is that, while educational curricula need to be locally relevant, universities need to remain globally engaged.
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Strengthening Social Capital for Adaptive Governance of Natural Resources: A Participatory Learning and Action Research for Bylaws Reforms in Uganda - Sanginga, Pascal C.; Kamugisha, Rick; Martin, Adrienne (Society & Natural Resources, 2010)
Abstract This article reflects on experiences of a 5-year participatory policy learning and action research (PLAR) project that aimed at strengthening local-level capacities to develop and formalize bylaws for effective natural resources management (NRM) and governance. The PLAR involved a top-bottom-up iterative process of social learning and experience sharing, policy dialogue and negotiation, and adaptive management that resulted in the formulation and formalization of a set of bylaws regulating soil erosion control, tree planting, animal grazing, bush burning, and wetland management. This article describes the participatory bylaw reform process and analyzes the mechanisms for bylaw formalization and enforcement. This experience suggests that with appropriate catalyzing, rural communities have capacities to develop their institutions, skills, and networks for participatory NRM governance. A companion article (this issue) discusses the results of a postproject tracking study on the outcomes and the conditions for sustainability and uptake potential of community bylaws reforms. Keywords: bylawsdecentralizationgendergovernanceNRMparticipatory action researchpolicy processsocial capitalUganda
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