The prevalence and socio-demographic characteristics of persons with TB and TB/HIV co-infection at the chest clinic of the University of Nigeria teaching hospital, Enugu, Nigeria - Ekwueme, OC; Ezeoke, Uchechukwu Enuma; Mgbeokwere, U (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2009)
Aim: Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS together pose the greatest threat to human health. This study assessed the prevalence and socio-demographic variables of persons affected with TB and TB/HIV co-infections at the chest clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective study of 726 patients treated at the chest unit, UNTH from 2003 to 2005 was conducted. A simple random sampling technique was used. Data proforma was used to extract information from the patient’s folders, treatment cards and clinic registers. Level of significant was set at 5% confidence level. Results: The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and TB/HIV co-infection were 85.7% and 14.3% respectively. The age group 20-39 years had the highest prevalence rate of 51.8% for PTB and 72.2% for TB/HIV co-infection.. Students, traders and civil servants had the highest occupational prevalence of 29.0%, 27.7%, 18.6% respectively for PTB and 22.1%, 35.6% and 15.4% respectively for TB/HIV co-infection. The prevalence of PTB was higher among male patients (59.6%) than female counterparts (40.4%) but the prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was higher in the females (53.8%) than the males (46.2%). The observed differences in the prevalence rates were statistically significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: There is a corresponding high prevalence of PTB and TB/HIV co-infections among patients attended to in the chest unit of the UNTH for the period 2003 through 2005. Regular and targeted health education intervention on TB and TB/HIV co-infection is recommended for these patients in the future. Key Words: TB, TB/HIV, prevalence, UNTH
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General Education Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes toward Inclusion in Egypt. - El-Ashry, Fathi Rezk (2009)
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Inter-continental Transport of Dust and Pollution Aerosols across Alexandria, Egypt - El-Askary, H. M.; Farouk, R.; Ichoku, Charles; Kafatos, Menas (2009)
The flow of pollutants from Europe and desert dust to Europe from the Sahara desert both affects the air quality of the coastal regions of Egypt. As such, measurements from both ground and satellite observations assume great importance to ascertain the conditions and flow affecting the Nile Delta and the large city of Alexandria. We note that special weather conditions prevailing in the Mediterranean Sea result in a westerly wind flow pattern during spring and from North to South during the summer. Such flow patterns transport dust-loaded and polluted air masses from the Sahara desert and Europe, respectively, through Alexandria, and the Nile Delta in Egypt. We have carried out measurements acquired with a groundbased portable sun photometer (Microtops II) and the satellite-borne TERRA/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor during the periods of October 1999–August 2001 and July 2002–September 2003. These measurements show a seasonal variability in aerosol optical depth (AOD) following these flow patterns. Maximum aerosol loadings accompanied by total precipitable water vapor (W) enhancements are observed during the spring and summer seasons. Pronounced changes have been observed in the Angstrom exponent (α) derived from groundbased measurements over Alexandria (31.14 N, 29.59 E) during both dust and pollution periods. We have followed up the observations with a 3-day back-trajectories model to trace the probable sources and pathways of the air masses causing the observed aerosol loadings. We have also used other NASA model outputs to estimate the sea salt, dust, sulfates and black carbon AOD spatial distributions during different seasons. Our results reveal the probable source regions Correspondence to: H. El-Askary (elaskary@chapman.edu) of these aerosol types, showing agreement with the trajectory and Angstrom exponent analysis results. It is confirmed that Alexandria is subjected to different atmospheric conditions involving dust, pollution, mixed aerosols and clean sky.
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PERCEIVED STRESS AMONG MEDICAL AND LAW STUDENTS IN MANSOURA, EGYPT - El-Gilany, H.; El-Khawaga, Ghada; Amr, Mostafa; Awadalla, Nabil J. (Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine, 2009)
Objective: this study aims to determine whether there is a difference in the perceived stress levels between medical and law students in Mansoura University, Egypt. Method: This is a comparative study between Medical and law students, conducted during October to December 2007. The sample consisted of 283 medical and 277 law students selected through the cluster sampling method. A self-reported questionnaire was used which covered four categories including 15 items of sources of stress. Perceived stress scale and Hospital anxiety and depression scale were used to measurestress, anxiety and depression. Results: Law students were more likely to cite personal,environmental and relationship categories as stressors. The top five stressors in medical students identified in this study were troubles with the instructors, excessive workload, problems with coursemates, close contact with serious illness and personal injury orillness. The high level of preceived stress was reported by 20.1% and 41.2% of medical and law students, respectively. Independent predictors of stress among students were anxiety, depression and number of stressors. Conclusions: Stressors and stress are frequent among medical and law students. Counseling and preventive mental healthservices should be an integral part of the routine clinical facilities caring for university students
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Higher Education and Some Upper Egyptian Women's Negotiation of Self-Autonomy at Work and Home - EL-Halawany, Hanan Salah EL-Deen Mohamed (Research in Comparative and International Education, 2009)
This research aims to compare the effect of higher education on some Upper Egyptian women's practice of self autonomy at both work and home. The most important revelation this research makes is the fact that although no one can deny the importance and significance of higher education to Upper Egyptian women, yet it failed to challenge the traditional gender division of work. Hence, it affected negatively Upper Egyptian women's perceptions of self-autonomy. The empirical evidence laid down in this research emphasizes that the relationship between women's higher education and their self-autonomy, empowerment, and gender equality yields consistently positive effects of education on some aspects, especially on their participation in decision-making at home. However, women seem to be unaware of their possession of such power. For other aspects of women's life, the empirical evidence suggests that a range of underlying social, cultural and especially economic conditions need to be more favourable in order for women's higher education to have a beneficial effect on gender equality and women's mastery of self-autonomy.
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Are Current Strategies Increasing Higher Education Access for the Underprivileged in Egypt? - El‐Kaffass, Iman; Sabry, Manar (2009)
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Women in Physics in Egypt: The Status and Needs of Female Physics Students - El‐Sayed, Karimat; Hosny, Hala; Moh́sen, M.; Gadalla, A. (AIP Conference Proceedings, 2009)
Information is provided on a number of issues: the percentage of female students enrolled in physics in higher education, the percentage of women who earned BSc degrees in physics from Egyptian universities, and the percentage of women academic staff members in different universities and institutions relative to staff members in other fields of science. The results of a survey that features the ideas of female physics students are presented. The Africa and the Middle East Regional Conference on Women in Physics held in Egypt in 2007 is discussed.
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Programme collaboration among educational agencies: A panacea for effective school library media programme in Nigerian schools - Elaturoti, DF (Nigerian School Library Journal, 2009)
The paper identified the sections of the NationalPolicy on Education that refers to the provision of libraries in schools and.who should provide them as well as the share of responsibilities for school supervision among the three tiers of government. The paper highlights the landmarks in school library  development in the last three and a half decade in Nigeria and the significance of each. The contribution to school library development in Nigeria was highlighted for public awareness and patronage The paper also identifies some areas of collaboration among the providers of school library service for greater efficiency and more meaningful impact on quality of education in Nigerian schools.
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The effect of a public health service-learning/study abroad program in Swaziland on the cultural awareness of university undergraduate students - Elble, Ann Elizabeth (2009)
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The effect of a public health service-learning/study abroad program in Swaziland on the cultural awareness of university undergraduate students - Elble, Ann Elizabeth (2009)
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Senegal Teacher's Guide for Multigrade Classrooms - Elementary (2009)
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Senegal Training Manual for Multigrade Teachers - Elementary (2009)
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Relative Efficacy of Moral Dilemma Model Of Value-Clarification On Nigerian Secondary School Students' Knowledge And Attitude To Hiv/Aids - A Clue For The Social Studies Teacher - Elijah, Olalekan (2009)
The value-clarification strategy has been employed in teaching population education and other concepts in the Nigerian school curriculum and found efficacious. There was a doubt whether secondary school students will learn better and develop desirable attitude, if a Social Studies teacher employs it in teaching the learning content of HIV/AIDS. This experiment found out that the moral dilemma model, one of the strategies of Value-clarification may be efficacious in assisting improved knowledge acquisition and development of desirable attitude about HIV/AIDS than the expository method, if a Social Studies teacher employs it in teaching its learning content among secondary school students.
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Learning to Be a Writer in Papua New Guinea - Ellerman, Evelyn (History of Intellectual Culture, 2009)
For students and instructors at English-speaking, post-war, colonial universities, the literature curriculum had special significance: graduates of these institutions were expected not only to fill key positions in a new nation, but to write that nation into existence. Theirs would be the first histories, biographies, and literary texts of a new nation. This essay examines the role of those universities in the development of print culture by focussing on the teaching of literature and the training of writers in the colonies of Papua and New Guinea (PNG), where the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) served as a hothouse for late colonial cultural production. Established in 1965, UPNG was literally at the end of the decolonizing trail. Some of its academics had previously worked in Africa and other colonies, and had thus arrived at UPNG with ideas about the role that university-trained writers could play in nation-building. In an effort to re-build cultural self-confidence in their students, they purposely restricted the curriculum to works chosen largely from the traditions of European alienation, as well as African folklore and anti-colonialism. Student-generated creative writing was added to the curriculum immediately and then published or performed abroad through the efforts of their professors. Contextual analysis of the interplay between such pedagogical practices and the actions of UPNG's first writers constitutes an essential step in understanding the early literary history of Papua New Guinea.
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Assessment of the Zambia College of Distance Education (ZACODE) - Ellis, Justin (2009)
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Teaching English in Egypt: An analysis of an Egyptian elementary English textbook - Elmehy, Enas A (2009)
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The Neglect of Listening Activities Among Egyptian Preparatory School EFL Teachers - Eltawila, Mohamed (2009)
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Web System of Announcement for School in Libya (WS_SL) - Elwahid, Ahmad Abubaker Abd (2009)
Web technology enables people to access digital information located in the Internet or also beyond the reach of stationary Internet access. The focus of this project is to apply Web-application field, particularly in observing schools' announcement in schools by school staff and ministry staff of the schools, the prospective system will facilitate to ministry staff to make announcements in the class and save it in the database of the school, the administrator also can add record of announcement, and the all of them school staff, ministry staff can oversee their announcement during school days. To achieve this goal, the study will adopt Object oriented development life cycle as a methodology, the four phases will be discussed in section of Research Methodology. Usability testing will be conducted to examine user's satisfaction, lastly to document the models of prototype.
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The Nigerian National Policy on Education and Structure: Matters Arising - Eneji, C. V. O.; Eneji, Jeo; Undeshi, VA; Bisong, CA; Emanghe, E; Bassey, JE; Etokobe, IJ (Annals of Modern Education, 2009)
The Nigeria educational system has undergone a plethora of changes and restructuring, with consistent strike and industrial action by unions within the educational system. Government has made some concerted effort to address these problems in the educational system and also design and formulate an educational structure that will assist in reaching the set goals and aims as enshrined in the national policy on education. Such efforts include the national curriculum conference, the national policy on education, the 6-5-4 system of education, the 6-3-3-4 system and yet again the restructuring of the national educational system to the 9-3-4 system under the Universal Basic Education. However, success has been limited at best. Here, we reviewed the National policy on education and analyzed stakeholders views through oral interviews of officials in the Federal and State ministry of education, universities and other relevant agencies in the educational sector. The problem with the educational system seems not to be that of policy or structural falsification and proliferation, but that of programmes and policy implementations. Some recommendations were made to help address these educational problems. Keywords : National Policy on Education, educational restructuring, educational policy, strike actions.
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Prevalence of superficial mycoses in primary school children in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria - Enemuor, S. C.; Amedu, A. S. (2009)
(13.5%). M canis (12.4%), M. ferrugineum (3.4%), Trichophyton rubrum (30.3%), T. tonsurans (12.4%), T. soudanense (5.6%), T. verrucosum (11.2%) and T. schoenleinii (11.2%). Poor infrastructure (residential house and classrooms), contact with soil during outdoor activities (especially in children), intimate association with pet animals and poor personal hygiene may contribute to the spread of these infections among children.
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Cosmopolitan education revisited: implications for higher education in Africa - Engelbrecht, A. (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
In this article we provide a brief theoretical overview of cosmopolitan education with reference to the seminal thoughts of Seyla Benhabib (2006), Martha Nussbaum (1996) and Amy Gutmann (1996). We then examine how such a form of education can be taught in universities, before moving on to an exploration of some of the implications of cosmopolitanism for universities in Africa.
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Cosmopolitan education revisited : implications for higher education in Africa : initiating debate - Engelbrecht, A.; Mafumo, Norman Thinavhudzulo; Waghid, Yusef (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
In this article we provide a brief theoretical overview of cosmopolitan education with reference to the seminal thoughts of Seyla Benhabib (2006), Martha Nussbaum (1996) and Amy Gutmann (1996). We then examine how such a form of education can be taught in universities, before moving on to an exploration of some of the implications of cosmopolitanism for universities in Africa.
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Environmental Education in Ethiopia - Engida, Temechegn; Areaya, Solomon (2009)
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Multiculturalism, citizenship, and education in Morocco - Ennaji, Moha (2009)
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A Comparative Study on the Nature of Public Sector Ethics and the Issue of Civil Service Corruption: The Cases of Teachers and Police in Cameroon - Enongene, Ebah Stanley (2009)
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Essential Skills and Training Provisions for Building Project Stakeholders in Palestine - Enshassi, Adnan; Mohamed, Sherif Ali Mohtady; Ekarriri, Alaá (2009)
The primary aim of this paper is to identify the skills that bo th construction clients and contractors identify as critical to improving the building sector's overall productivity in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Through a co mprehensive questionnaire targeting key project stakeholders (na mely, clients and contractors), this paper also evaluates the factors affecting skills upgrade and the continuity of training approaches currently used in this sector. Mentoring appears to be the preferred training approach for clients and contractors alike. According to respondents, decision-making, problem solving a nd goal setting skills are highly critical. Furthermore, conventional face-to-face meetings were identified as the most suitable communication channel to obtain and exchange project information. Staff self-interest and willingness to upgrade their skills were ranked as the most important factors influencing the effectiveness of the professional training process. Based on the study findings, the pape r concludes with a set of practical recommendations.
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ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SOCIETY NETWORK ON CLIMATE CHANGE (ECSNCC) - Environment, Forum for (2009)
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Comparison of Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change Simulated by WASMOD and HBV Models in Different Climatic Zones China, Ethiopia, and Norway - Eregno, Fasil Ejigu (2009)
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Common Issues and Practices in Social Studies Classroom Teaching: The Nigerian Experience - Erhabor, Edobor Michael (International journal of technology, knowledge and society, 2009)
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Liberatory Education: Unmasking Apartheids Pedagogical Plunder The South African Liberation Struggle (1912 – 1990) - Essack, Mohammed A. (2009)
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Measuring efficiency of Tunisian schools in the presence of quasi-fixed inputs: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis approach - Essid, Hédi; Ouellette, Pierre; Vigeant, Stéphane (2009)
The objective of this paper is to measure the efficiency of high schools in Tunisia. We use a statistical Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-bootstrap approach with quasi-fixed inputs to estimate the precision of our measure. To do so, we developed a statistical model serving as the foundation of the Data Generation Process (DGP). The DGP is constructed such that we can implement both smooth homogeneous and heterogeneous bootstrap methods. Bootstrap simulations were used to estimate and correct the bias, and to construct confidence intervals for the efficiency measures. The simulation results show that the efficiency measures are subject to sampling variations. The adjusted measure reveals that high schools with residence services would have to give up less than 12.1 percent of their resources on average to be efficient.
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Learning Achievement and the Cycle of Poverty across urban and rural districts in Ghana - Etsey, Young Kafui Abel (2009)
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Overcoming the Storm: The Most Effective Healing Strategies for African American Female Survivors of Sexual Violence - Evans, Argrow Kitnequa (2009)
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Challenges faced by African international students at a metropolitan research university: A phenomenological case study - Evivie, Loretta Gbemudu (2009)
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Collaborative Partnerships and the Application of ICTs in Secondary Education in South Africa - Evoh, Chijioke J. (2009)
The purpose of this study is to examine the dynamics of collaborative partnership involving the private sector, government, and community groups in the application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for expanding access to and improving the quality of secondary education in South Africa. Based on the operations and projects of Mindset Learn channel in secondary schools in South Africa, the study explores the enabling factors for the innovative improvement of secondary schooling with ICTs. On the other hand, the study also focused on the challenges facing Mindset Learn innovative approach to secondary education as well as the prospects of the sustaining this model of educational development in South Africa and other countries in Africa. Qualitative data collection methods were used to gather data from key informants.
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Malaria Self-Medication among students of a Nigerian Tertiary institution - Ezeoke, Uchechukwu Enuma (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2009)
Background : Malaria causes about 350 to 500 infections in humans and approximately 1.3 million deaths annually, mainly in the tropics. Sub Saharan Africa accounts for 85% of these fatalities. In many developing countries up to 60% - 80% of the health problems are treated by self medication The disease is often treated in Nigeria by self medication. Objective : To ascertain the prevalence and practice of malaria self medication among the undergraduates of Nigeria tertiary institution. Materials and Methods : A cross sectional descriptive survey was carried out among 250 undergraduates of the University of Nigeria Enugu Campus. A simple random sampling method was used to select the students. Sample size was calculated using a previous prevalence. Instrument of data collection was a self administered questionnaire. Results : Two hundred and forty students 240(96%) suffer from malaria; and 160(67%) practice self medication. One hundred and fifty students (60%) believe self medication should be discouraged and most of them 98(55.4%) believe it encourages drug abuse. Conclusion : The students treat themselves when they believe they have malaria. Most of them believe self medication should be discouraged. I therefore recommend a drug education intervention to curb the menace of self medication for malaria among our undergraduates.
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Correlates of Computer Attitude among Secondary School Students in Lagos State, Nigeria - F, Adediwura O. (2009)
Research have been conducted to study students’ attitude towards the computer [computer attitudes], their computer self efficacy and computer anxiety separately. This study was specifically targeted at determining if socio-demographic variables like gender, age and field of study had any effect on these computer parameters among secondary school students. It also explored the possibility of been able to predict students’ computer characteristics from computer efficacy, computer anxiety and demographic variables. 600 students were selected by proportionate sampling from the Senior Secondary class III [SS III] of six secondary schools equipped with 40 micro-computer-fitted laboratories by the Nigerian [Lagos state] government. The instrument for the study consisted of two types of questionnaires, one titled “Questionnaire on the computer attitude” was used to obtain a measure of students’ computer attitude while another titled “Questionnaire on students computer self efficacy and computer anxiety” was used to measure their computer self efficacy and computer anxiety. The questionnaires were administered by their ICT teachers under the supervision of the researchers. Data analyses were by using t-test, ANOVA, Posthoc tests and multiple regression. The results showed that gender had no significant influence on any of the three parameters but age seems to affect computer attitude and computer anxiety. Students in the vocational and commercial fields of study had better attitude towards the computer than those in the sciences and arts. In terms of predicting students computer attitudes, fields of study, computer self efficacy, gender and very low levels of computer anxiety were found to be the significant predictors of computer attitude.
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Massification and quality in tertiary education: the Nigerian experience. - Fabiyi, Ann; Uzoka, N.E. (2009)
This paper reports on the findings of a survey that delved into the impact of expanding student enrollment on quality assurance in Nigeria. Starting with a brief on the historical development and management of the Nigerian higher education system, the paper addresses questions pertaining to student-lecturer ratios; lecturers’ assessment of their workload; and the relationship between the availability of resources and quality of teaching in higher education. Data were collected from 432 respondents drawn from six higher education institutions and the findings were that: student-lecturer ratios are too large for quality assurance, especially in the Arts; and that the lecturers do not have sufficient contact with their students.
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An Assessment of Learning Leadership Development from African Cultures: Implication for School Management and School Improvement Reform - Fadokun, J.B. (The international journal of knowledge, culture and change management, 2009)
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A Qualitative Study/Counter-StoryTelling: A Counter-Narrative of Literacy Education For African American Males - Faircloth, Glenn L. (2009)
A QUALITATIVE STUDY/COUNTER-STORYTELLING: A COUNTERNARRATIVE OF LITERACY EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES By: Glenn L. Faircloth Black males are portrayed....in a limited number of roles, most of them deviant, dangerous, and dysfunctional... This constant barrage of predominantly disturbing images inevitably contributes to the public’s negative stereotypes of black men, particularly of those who are perceived as young, hostile, and impulsive. Clearly, the message says: If they entertain you, enjoy them (at a safe distance); if they serve you, avoid them. Thus, young black males are stereotyped by the five “d’s”: dumb, deprived, dangerous, deviant, and disturbed. There is no room in this picture for comprehension, caring, or compassion of the plight of these black men (Gibbs, 1988). The purpose of this study is to tell the story of what some African American males experience with literacy as they matriculate through high school; using the reading portion of the Ohio Graduation Test as a precursor. I am interested in this area of research for two reasons. First, reading is the fundamental basis for all academic learning. Secondly, I want to tell the story of the struggles, successes, alienation, and acceptance that these young men may have experienced while trying to read. The four chapters of this study include the development, the process, and the results of the research. A QUALITATIVE STUDY/COUNTER-STORYTELLING: A COUNTERNARRATIVE OF LITERACY EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES
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Major congenital surgical malformations among Yemeni children admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Unit in Al-Gamhouria Teaching Hospital, Aden. - Faiza, S. A.; Jamal, Hassan S. (University of Aden Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2009)
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English Language Proficiency as a Predictor of Academic Achievement Among EFL Students in Nigeria - Fakeye, David O.; Ogunsiji, Yemi (European journal of scientific research, 2009)
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Indigenous Languages in Pre-Primary and Primary Education in Nigeria: Beyond the Facade - Fakeye, David O.; Soyinka, Akeem (European journal of social sciences, 2009)
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Attitude of Teachers toward the Inclusion of Children with Special Needs in the General Education Classroom: The Case of Teachers in Selected Schools in Nigeria. - Fakolade, Olufemi Aremu; Adeniyi, Samuel Olufemi (The Journal of the International Association of Special Education, 2009)
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Volunteer Teaching in Kenya: The Inspiring, Challenging and Foreign Experience of a Westerner - Farndale, Amy Catherine (The International journal of learning (Online), 2009)
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Engaging in South African Family Literacy Education - Farrar, Ruth (2009)
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Cost-effectiveness of screening methods for urinary schistosomiasis in a school-based control programme in Ibadan, Nigeria - Fatiregun, Akinola Ayoola; Osungbade, Kayode O.; Olumide, Aderonke (Health Policy, 2009)
To carry out a comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of screening methods for urinary schistosomiasis; terminal haematuria, unqualified haematuria, dysuria, visual urine examination and chemical reagent strip technique, in a school-based control programme.Estimation of costs and determination of cost-effect ratios of the screening methods applied in a school-based screening and treatment programme, from the perspective of a programme manager.A junior secondary school in Ibadan, Nigeria.Cost per number of cases correctly diagnosed.Unqualified haematuria was found to be the most cost-effective method costing N51.06 (US$ 2.16) to diagnose a case correctly, followed by terminal haematuria N58.91 (US$ 2.50) and dysuria N84.24 (US$ 3.57). Despite the relatively high input costs of chemical reagent strip technique over visual urine examination (N22.12 (US$ 0.94) per student vs. N6.44 (US$ 0.27) per student), it was found to be more cost effective costing N304.56 (US$ 12.91) to diagnose a case correctly than visual examination of urine cost of N317.58 (US$ 13.46) per correct case diagnosed.From the viewpoint of a programme manager, interview method of screening by asking for blood in the urine remains the most efficient means of screening for urinary schistosomiasis in school-based control programmes in our environment.
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Comparison of substance use knowledge and attitude among senior students in military secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria - Fatiregun, Akinola Ayoola; Yisa, Ibrahim (Journal of Substance Use, 2009)
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the knowledge and attitudes regarding substance use of senior students attending military secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria.Methods: Cross‐sectional surveys were carried out in two schools located within different military barracks at Ojoo and Apata areas of Ibadan, using a self‐administered questionnaire.Results: The mean age was 15±1.2 years and 15±1.3 years for respondents in Ojoo and Apata schools, respectively. Out of a maximum score of 30, the mean knowledge scores were 12.4±4.2 and 12.1±3.4 for the Ojoo and Apata schools, respectively. The difference in the mean scores between the two schools was not statistically significant p = 0.457. High disapproval rates were obtained for tobacco use (75.8 vs 76.5%) and for cocaine use (73.4 vs 70.6%) by the respondents in Ojoo and Apata schools, respectively. Positive attitudes were shown by respondents towards acceptance of substances as only 6.3 and 10.6% of respondents from Ojoo and Apata schools, respectively, indicated willingness to accept substances, if offered.Conclusion: Although similar knowledge and attitudes regarding substance use were found among senior students in the military schools in Ibadan, the gap in knowledge identified suggests the need for health education intervention.
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Case Management of Childhood Fever by Traditional Healers in Southwest Nigeria: Identification of Training and Collaborative Needs - Fawole, Olufunmilayo I; Akinboye, Dora; Falade, Catherine O.; Arulogun, Oyedunni; Adeniyi, Joshua D. (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 2009)
Traditional healers play an important role in the provision of healthcare in many communities in Africa. This study aimed to improve home management of malaria in children by assessing the healer's knowledge and practice. A semi-structured questionnaire interview of 127 traditional healers selected by proportionate sampling technique from two rural and two urban local government areas (LGAs) of southwestern Nigeria was followed by a training program. Malaria ranked first (87%) among the illnesses managed by the healers. Diagnosis of fever was often (72%) based on client history, physical examination (24.4%), consulting oracles (18.9%), and interpretation of dreams (3.1%). Treatment of malaria was with boiled herbs ("agbo"; 72%), ground herbs ("agunmu"; 14%), and incisions and scarifications (3%). Forty-one (32.5%) healers had referred febrile children to a health facility. Younger healers and those who had at least a secondary education were more likely to refer patients (p < 0.05 in both cases). Thirty-six healers (28.4%) had previous formal training on management of fevers, most of whom were the younger (p < 0.05), educated healers (p > 0.05), with fewer years of practice (p > 0.05). Research into traditional herbs (48%), better acknowledgment by government (23.6%), and collaboration with other health sectors were suggestions to improve practice. Traditional healers, especially the older, less-educated, and long-practicing healers, urgently require formal training and collaboration with other healthcare providers to improve knowledge and promote early referral of children with fever.
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Impacts of climate change on groundwater recharge and salinization of groundwater resources in Senegal. - Faye, S.; Mor, Diaw; Ndoye, Samba Fama; Malou, Raymond; Faye, A. (IAHS-AISH publication, 2009)
Climate variability and climate change affect groundwater resources through changes in the timing and magnitude of recharge, the interaction between groundwater and surface waters, and water withdrawals. Evaluation of these impacts is essential for long-term water resource management, especially in semi-arid regions where the availability of resources is often the key to economic development. In Senegal, hypersalinity occurs upstream in tidal estuaries with salinisation of groundwater in shallow aquifers up to 200 km inland. Recent studies on several aquifers (Senegal River Delta System, North Coast Littoral, Saloum Delta and the Casamance Delta) reveal high sensitivities to climate variability and climate change. Hydrochemical evidence together with numerical and analytical models informs regional groundwater recharge and flow. Sensitivity analyses involving reductions of 10-25% in mean annual recharge reveal only minor changes in the seasonality of water-table fluctuations. In the North Coast Littoral and Saloum Delta systems, changes (-1.2 to -3 m water table lowering) are more pronounced in the high water-level zone (corresponding to the high altitude zone) where recharge mostly occurs; whereas values are negligible to nil in the lower water-level region. In the Casamance catchment and the Senegal River catchments, recharge regimes deduced from the water-table fluctuation method and isotopic signatures suggest that climate change will impact these systems, but the magnitude of these impacts will vary under different geomorphological settings.
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RELOCATION OF THE MACHAZE AND LACERDA EARTHQUAKES IN MOZAMBIQUE AND THE RUPTURE PROCESS OF THE 2006 Mw7.0 MACHAZE EARTHQUAKE - Feitio, P.; Hurukawa, Nobuo; Yokoi, Toshiaki (Bulletin of the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 2009)
In the present study, the 2006 Machaze earthquake (Mw7.0) and the 2006 Lacerda earthquake (Mw5.6) in Mozambique are relocated. The main purpose of the relocation is to determine fault planes related to those earthquakes. The result of the relocation of the Machaze earthquake indicates that the strike and dip of the fault plane is about 172° and 65° westward, respectively, and it represents a normal faulting. Analysis of the Lacerda cluster suggests that this is an earthquake swarm. The fault plane corresponding to the biggest event presents a strike and dip of about 350° and 40°, respectively, dipping to the east. The rupture process of the Machaze earthquake is also determined in the present study. The result of the slip inversion shows that two asperities characterize the Machaze earthquake. The maximum slip is 3.4 m located in the south asperity near the initial break point and the asperity in the north of the initial break point has a slip of about 2.5 m. The last asperity is located at surface and generated the most prominent offset observed at the surface. The aftershocks are located near the two asperities. Both analyses show a size of the fault plane corresponding to the mainshock about 50 km in length.
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Age at First Child: Does Education Delay Fertility Timing? The Case of Kenya - Ferré, Céline (2009)
Completing additional years of education necessarily entails spending more time in school. There is naturally a rather mechanical effect of schooling on fertility if women tend not to have children while continuing to attend high school or college, thus delaying the beginning of and shortening their reproductive life. This paper uses data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys of 1989, 1993, 1998, and 2003 to uncover the impact of staying one more year in school on teenage fertility. To get around the endogeneity issue between schooling and fertility preferences, the analysis uses the 1985 Kenyan education reform as an instrument for years of education. The authors find that adding one more year of education decreases by at least 10 percentage points the probability of giving birth when still a teenager. The probability of having one's first child before age 20, when having at least completed primary education, is about 65 percent; therefore, for this means a reduction of about 15 percent in teenage fertility rates for this group. One additional year of school curbs the probability of becoming a mother each year by 7.3 percent for women who have completed at least primary education, and 5.6 percent for women with at least a secondary degree. These results (robust to a wide array of specifications) are of crucial interest to policy and decision makers who set up health and educational policies. This paper shows that investing in education can have positive spillovers on health.
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Discipline in Lesotho schools : educator strategies - Ferreira, Annelie; Jacobs, Lynette; Coetzee-Manning, Daniella; Wet, Corene De (Acta Academica, 2009)
This article reports from an exploratory, quantitative and critical frame of reference on a study on educator strategies to maintain discipline in Lesotho schools. The data, based on a questionnaire completed by Lesotho educators, were analysed by means of frequencies and the student's t-test. The most popular strategy employed by the respondents as a means of maintaining discipline is to come properly prepared to school, followed by positive discipline. Strategies least used by the respondents are detention and community service. The data reveal that the majority of the respondents use a combination of traditional and progressive strategies. The data also show that the perceived effectiveness of a strategy does not always correspond with its popularity. Dissipline in Lesotho skole : opvoeders se strategiee Vanuit 'n ondersoekende, kwantitatiewe en kritiese verwysingsraamwerk word verslag gelewer oor opvoederstrategiee om dissipline in Lesotho skole te handhaaf. Die data wat verkry is uit vraelyste wat deur Lesotho-opvoeders voltooi is, is met behulp van frekwensies en die studente t-toets geanaliseer. Die gewildste strategie wat deur die respondente gebruik is om dissipline te handhaaf, is om goed voorbereid skool toe te gaan, gevolg deur positiewe dissipline. Strategiee wat die minste deur respondente gebruik word, is detensie en gemeenskapsdiens. Die data het aangedui dat die meeste respondente 'n kombinasie van tradisionele en progressiewe strategiee gebruik. Die data het ook aangetoon dat die sieninge oor die effektiwiteit van 'n strategie nie noodwendig ooreenkom met die gewildheid daarvan nie.
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Farmer breeder partnership in barley varietal selection: a case for decentralized plant breeding in drought prone areas of Northern Ethiopia - Fetien, Abay; Bjørnstad, Åsmund (2009)
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Noise induced hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction in the guinea pig - Fetoni, Anna Rita; Ferraresi, Aldo; Picciotti, Pasqualina Maria; Gaetani, Eleonora; Paludetti, Gaetano; Troiani, Diana (International Journal of Audiology, 2009)
This study analysed the acoustic and vestibular functional and morphological modifications in guinea pigs after acoustic trauma. Animals were exposed to noise (6 kHz, at 120 dB SPL for 60 minutes) and then auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) were measured at 6 hours, 1 day, 3, 7, and 21 days after noise. Western blotting and immunostaining for 4-hydroxy-2-noneal (4-HNE) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were performed in the cochlear and vestibular regions at 1 and 7 days after noise exposure. A significant decrease of VOR gain was observed on day 1 and the recovery was completed at day 21. ABR threshold values reached a level of 80 dB at day 1 after trauma reaching a value of about 50 dB SPL on day 21. 4-HNE expression, a marker of lipid peroxidation was strongly increased in the cochlea. In the vestibule, 4-HNE immunoreactivity was faint. However, VEGF was up-regulated both in the cochlea and vestibule. In conclusion, the expression of VEGF in both cochlear and vestibular structures suggests a reparative role with potentially therapeutic implications.
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“Picture is a Silent Talker” (Apagya): African Studio Photography in the English Classroom - Feurle, Gisela (2009)
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The challenge of theological education for women in Malawi - Fiedler, Rachel NyaGondwe (2009)
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Teaching Peace: An Exploration in Youth Peace Building Through Peace Education Programs in Gulu Municipality, Northern Uganda - Firestone, Julia (2009)
After more than two decades of conflict and instability in Northern Uganda, there is finally relative peace. Now is the time of post-armed conflict transformation. The establishment of peace during this time will determine the direction of much of Uganda. Because youth were greatly affected by the conflict, they are particularly important to building a “culture of peace” (Interview with Mapenduzi, 18/4/2009). This study aims to explore the broad mechanisms of peace education and the role of youth in peace building using the case study of Gulu municipality. The research also utilizes key community representatives to examine the non-youth perspectives on the role of youth in peace building. The study was conducted over a period of twenty-eight days. Four formal interviews were conducted using semi-structured questions, three informal interviews were conducted with partial use of semi-structured questions, and one focus group of eleven youth ages eighteen to twenty-three was conducted using semi-structured interview questions. The research did not utilize a translator or assistant as the entirety of participants spoke English fluently. It is evident from the interviews that there are many ways to teach peace. Key community members in leadership positions are very supportive of peace education programs, but also have many creative ideas of new and different ways to improve or add to available youth activities. Funding is a major challenge to youth programs, but with more community voices sharing with one another and more donors and actors participating in implementation listening to those voices, there could be massive improvements to peace education in Gulu municipality to better function in this context.
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Functional impairment in South African children with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder - Fischer, Mareli (2009)
This study aimed to investigate the differences in functional impairment as experienced by school-aged South African children diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These two disorders often occur co-morbidly and are frequently confused by teachers and parents, and therefore this study aimed to contribute to disentangling the two by identifying the specific functional impairment associated with each. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate, in both the OCD and ADHD groups, the differences between parent and child reports about functional impairment. Seventeen children and adolescents diagnosed with OCD and 13 children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD participated in the research. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (M.I.N.I Kid) was used as diagnostic tool. Measures of functional impairment included the Child-Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and the Schreiner Disability Scale (SDS). Results indicate that children and adolescents diagnosed with OCD experience most functional impairment in the social domain, while those diagnosed with ADHD experience most difficulties in the school domain. Agreement between parent and child reports was also statistically significant. Studying functional impairment in this way is of great importance because it adds to understanding and prediction of treatment and outcome of highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorders such as ADHD and OCD.
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AN EXPLORATION OF POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS' ENGAGEMENT WITH COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT. - Fitchet, Lauren (2009)
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Learning Conversations Stillborn: Distrust and Education Policy Dialogue in South Africa - Fleisch, Brahm (2009)
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Patterns and Prevalence of School Access, Transitions and Equity in South Africa: Secondary Analyses of BT20 Large-Scale Data Sources - Fleisch, Brahm; Shindler, Jennifer (2009)
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Special Issue: School-based HIV/AIDS prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa. - Flisher, Alan J.; Klepp, Knut Inge (Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2009)
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Coping with increasing food prices in Nakuru, Kenya: urban school farming as a way to make school lunches affordable. - Foeken, Dick; Owuor, Samuel; Mwangi, AM; Campbell, M. C. (Urban Agriculture Magazine, 2009)
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Swazi students' perceptions of US health promotion students participating in a service learning project in Swaziland - Fogler, Anne (2009)
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An Examination of School Attitude and Self-Esteem among African-American Elementary School Students. - Foster, Esau (2009)
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Reducing Corruption in Public Education Programs in Africa: Instruments and Capture in Madagascar - Francken, Nathalie (Review of Business and Economic Literature, 2009)
This paper investigates how the choice of public expenditure instrument is affecting capture in the public education sector. We analyze data on two public funding schemes in Madagascar. We find that there is much more capture of in-kind than of cash transfers. Capture of both instruments declines with better local access to media information and with higher local literacy rates. However, capture of cash grants falls rapidly with a raise in the level of education of the intended beneficiaries, while this effect is significantly weaker for capture of in-kind funds. Our findings suggest that intensive monitoring and increased public access to information should be combined with the right instrument for public funding implementation in order to eradicate capture and corruption.
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Reducing Corruption in Public Education Programs in Africa: Instruments and Capture in Madagascar - Francken, Nathalie (Social Science Research Network, 2009)
This paper investigates how the choice of public expenditure instrument is affecting capture in the public education sector. We analyze data on two public funding schemes in Madagascar. We find that there is much more capture of in-kind transfers than of cash transfers. Capture of both instruments declines with better local access to media information and with higher local literacy rates. However, capture of cash grants falls rapidly with a raise in the level of education of the intended beneficiaries, while this effect is significantly weaker for capture of in-kind funds. Our findings suggest that intensive monitoring and increased public access to information should be combined with the right instrument for public funding implementation in order to eradicate capture and corruption.
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Reducing Corruption in Public Education Programs in Africa:Instruments and Capture in Madagascar - Francken, Nathalie (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
This paper investigates how the choice of public expenditure instrument is affecting capture in the public education sector. We analyze data on two public funding schemes in Madagascar. We find that there is much more capture of in-kind transfers than of cash transfers. Capture of both instruments declines with better local access to media information and with higher local literacy rates. However, capture of cash grants falls rapidly with a raise in the level of education of the intended beneficiaries, while this effect is significantly weaker for capture of in-kind funds. Our findings suggest that intensive monitoring and increased public access to information should be combined with the right instrument for public funding implementation in order to eradicate capture and corruption.
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Adapting Protected Area Networks to the Impacts of Climate Change: Potential Options for the Sub-Saharan Africa Important Bird Area (IBA) Network - Frater, George S. (2009)
Predicted climate change represents a major challenge to conservation over the 21st Century and beyond. Currently, conservation is largely reliant upon static Protected Areas (PAs) to conserve uncommon species. However, evidence from past climate change events suggests that species distributions are dynamic and alter in relation to species’ bioclimate envelopes. Adapting PA networks to cope with projected changes in species distributions is a vital role of conservation biology. The sub-Saharan Africa Important Bird Area (IBA) network is designed to protect sites containing significant proportions of the populations of congregatory species, species which have restricted ranges or species of global conservation concern found on the continent. Here I explore ways in which the IBA network can be adapted to the impacts of climate change. Data of present species ranges and simulations of future range shifts for 1608 bird species for the time periods 2011-2040, 2041-2070, 2071-2100 were used. Initially, using a reserve selection algorithm (RSA), I created optimal PA networks of one- and quarter-degree cells for present and future time periods. I then created near-optimal reserve networks using IBAs alone, or permitting the selection of additional land-areas. Finally, I incorporated economic opportunity costs of land into the RSAs to assess how to adapt the network to climate change in the most economical way. The results showed that while some areas of Africa will undergo a large reduction in their importance to a complementarity-based PA network (such as West Africa), other areas will increase in importance (East and Southern Africa). Selected PAs often coincided with areas of currently recognised importance to conservation in both present and future projected scenarios. However, the selection of sites in these areas generally increased over the century. The number of additional sites needed to complement the IBA network and reach conservation targets also increased over time. The areas of increased importance were, on the whole, areas of increased economic opportunity costs to conservation and therefore the acquisition costs of PAs selected in the future may be greater than those selected for the present.
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Academic self-concept and possible selves of high-ability African American males attending a specialized school for gifted and talented high school students. - Frazier, Andrea Dawn (CardinalScholar, 2009)
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii CHAPTER 1 1 Research Questions 8 2 12 Acting White 15 Academic Self Concept in African American Students 16 Academic Self-Concept in High-Ability Students 32 Possible Selves 66 Possible Selves and African American Students 70 Possible Selves and High Ability Students 75 (Academic) Self-Concept and Possible Selves 79 The Present Study 83 3 85 4 103 Possible Selves Interviews with African American Male Students 103 Path Analysis with Current and Future Selves 119
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Voices of success: African American male school leaders - Frazier, Gale B. (2009)
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Provisioning Western Cape Schools in South Africa with Effective Dance Educators: Posing the Challenges - Friedman, Sharon M. (Conference proceedings, 2009)
This paper problematises the training of dance teachers in post-apartheid South Africa. The provisioning of the state primary and secondary schools that offer dance studies as part of the Learning Area, Arts and Culture, with effective teachers is crucial to the delivery of satisfactory dance education in South Africa, where the Revised National Curriculum Statement is specifically intended to meet the diverse demands of the post-apartheid arts environment. The paper proposes that the training of dance educators is further complicated due to the tensions created by the gaps between post-apartheid education philosophy and the realities of teaching, particularly in state schools in the Western Cape.
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How elevated teacher expectations are transformative and how they can impact the perceptions of African American students in a way that can facilitate achievement for individual students of color - Frye, Margaret Renea (2009)
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Diet, Hydration, Lifestyle and Training Practices of Elite Kenyan Endurance Runners - Fudge, Barry W. (2009)
Since the emergence of Kenyan endurance runners on the world stage at the 1968 Mexico Olympics, where they won 8 medals ranging from 400 m relay to the 10 000 m, Kenyan success has grown year on year. The staggering success of a country that compromises just 0.5 % of the world population has triggered a number of explanations. Heavily cited explanations are genetic superiority and environmental factors. Despite a number of investigations, genetic superiority remains to be determined, what is clear though is that the environmental factors that interact with each genetic element leading to world-class performance are particularly important. Aims and objectives: Given the importance environmental factors may have on the process leading to world class performance, the main aims of the following research were: 1) to determine the composition of elite Kenyan endurance runners diet and assess their energy balance status prior to major competition using methods; 2) to establish lifestyle practices of elite Kenyan endurance runners prior to major competition that will allow an insight in to the preparation of some of the best athletes in the world; 3) to ascertain the hydration status of elite Kenyan endurance runners during an important training period and directly compare these results to traditional paradigms and current thinking on optimal fluid intake for superior endurance running performance; 4) to investigate the training process leading to world class performance by quantifying training load in the lead up to major competition; 5) to determine the fluid intake behaviours of the world's best marathon runners during racing. This will allow an insight into current practices of elite runners that will act as a benchmark and comparison of current fluid intake guidelines; and 6) to validate and combine existing technologies of heart rate and accelerometry for quantifying energy expenditure during free living conditions. Methods: Chapters 2 and 3 detail extensively the diet, hydration, lifestyle and training practices of a group of highly successful elite Kenyan endurance runners during important training periods based at a high altitude camp in Kenya. Chapter 4 explores the significance of the hydration practices reported in Chapters 2 and 3 (i.e., ad libitum fluid intake) have on elite marathon running performance and the wider implications for fluid intake recommendations for elite marathon running. Chapter 5 investigates novel technology (i.e., the combined use of accelerometry and heart rate) that may further enhance our understanding of the physical activity patterns and training practices of elite Kenyan endurance runners on a day-to-day basis. Results and discussion: Chapter 2 reported elite Kenyan endurance runners are in negative energy balance prior to major competition as assessed by the gold standard doubly labeled water method (Energy intake: 13.2 +/- 1.3 MJ/d: vs. Energy expenditure: 14.6 +/- 1.0 MJ/d; p lt; 0.005). Considering the relatively high carbohydrate content of their diet (e.g., 67.3 +/- 7.8 %, 9.8 g/kg/bm) it is hypothesised the caloric deficit may not have a direct impact on their training performance. In fact the performance implications of reducing body mass as a result of energy deficiency is that the athletes will be lighter for competition and may thus be at an advantage as the energy cost per unit distance increases in direct proportion to the added load expressed as a percentage of body mass. Measured physical activity patterns (i.e., Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) and accelerometry) of elite Kenyan endurance runners strongly suggest rest between running training sessions is an important lifestyle factor as it was found time spent relaxing, in light activity, slow running (8.0-13.6 km/h), moderate running (13.7-17.3 km/h), and fast running (> 17.4 km/h) as estimated using the PAR method was 82 +/- 6 %, 8 +/- 6 %, 3 +/- 1 %, 5 +/- 1 %, 2 +/- 1 %, respectively. The reported time spent in light, moderate, hard and very hard activity as determined by accelerometry was 82 +/- 3 %, 11 +/- 2 %, 6 +/- 3 %, and 1 +/- 1 % respectively. A further striking finding in Chapter 2 was the relatively low daily fluid intake that consisted of primarily water (0.9 +/- 0.5 L/d) and milky tea (0.9 +/- 0.3 L/d). Chapter 3 found athletes remained hydrated day-to-day drinking ad libitum despite this relatively low daily fluid intake that corroborated prevailing fluid intake recommendations. This was evidenced by mean total body water and pre training body mass being maintained day-to-day throughout the recording period (p = 0.194 and p = 0.302, respectively). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the osmolality of the morning urine sample and the evening sample (p = 0.685). It was also found that athletes remained in electrolyte balance (Na+ intake: 3245 +/- 901 vs. Na+ loss: 3254 +/- 1070 mg/d; p = 0.975) day-to-day thus negating the need for further supplementation. The training load analysis supports the contention that elite endurance athletes spend the majority of their training time at low intensity (26 % of total weekly training time spent > 80 % heart rate peak) with periods of high intensity work interspersed (e.g., twice weekly track session). Chapter 4 reported prevailing fluid intake recommendations that recommend a specific fluid intake rate (i.e., 0.4-0.8 L/h) are insufficient for elite marathon running evidenced by mathematical modelling and video analysis of drinking behaviours of the winners of a major city marathon. As a direct result of these findings it is proposed the best strategy for competitive marathon running in temperate conditions is to drink ad libitum as long as body mass loss is kept within acceptable limits, possibly < 3 %. The ad libitum drinking pattern supports observations of the elite Kenyan endurance runners reported in Chapter 2 and 3. Chapter 5 is the first study to report an accelerometer that can operate up to and including 20 km/h. It was also found the combined use of tri-axial accelerometry and heart rate (r2 = 0.80) predict VO2 better during fast running than either predictor alone (heart rate: r2 = 0.59; accelerometry: r2 = 0.76) and that subject's individually calibrated data further improves VO2 estimation (r2 = 0.99). Conclusions: The main findings of the research do not point to one single explanation for the Kenyan running phenomenon. The results suggest the explanation is likely to be complex in origin and that many individual factors may well aggregate to produce world class performance. It is proposed that future studies should focus on developing combined technologies such as accelerometery and heart rate in order to better understand physical activity patterns and energy expenditure of elite Kenyan endurance runners on a day-to-day basis over an extended period of time that incorporates multiple training cycles. It is also suggested that similar studies to those presented here in Chapters 2-3 are conducted in Ethiopia due to their recent staggering success in endurance running.
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New Satellite Observations and Rainfall Forecasts Help Provide Earlier Warning of African Drought - Funk, Chris (2009)
The poor nations of sub-Saharan Africa face a con stant struggle against weather and climate. The outcome of that struggle profoundly influences these nations’ economic growth, health, and social stability. Advances in climate monitoring and forecasting can help African nations and international aid organizations reduce the impact of these natural hazards. Satellites play a crucial role in this effort as they enable scientists to track climate conditions over data-sparse land and ocean areas. In this article, I discuss how a multi-organizational group of scientists use satellite data and statistical forecasts to provide earlier and more accurate early warning of potential drought conditions. We frame our discussion in a specific, timely context—that of probable dramatic food insecurity in Zimbabwe, Eastern Kenya, and Somalia. As this article was being prepared in mid-December, very warm conditions in the Indian Ocean appear likely to produce below normal December–January–February rainfall in both Eastern Kenya/Somalia and Zimbabwe.
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The first Southern African Students' : Psychology Conference Gaborone, Botswana, 26-27 June 2009 : conference reports - Fynn, Angelo (New Voices in Psychology, 2009)
The journey to Botswana began on a chilly morning on the Unisa main campus as students, speakers, and lecturers from various parts of Southern Africa and parts of West Africa converged on our Little Red Bus to embark on a journey to Reimagine Psychology in Africa. As we boarded we began tentative conversations that soon sparked debates that electrified the atmosphere and set the tone for the conference ahead. Although long, the journey provided the time needed for the first flickers of friendship to bloom among those on the bus. There was a growing sense of anticipation the closer we came to the border and by the time we reached the town of Zeerust, I could see my own excitement mirrored in every face as they boarded for the second leg of our journey.
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATTITUDE SCALE FOR KENYA SECONDARY CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION TEACHERS AND STUDENTS. - Ga, Chekareva (2009)
It is important that an instrument to be used in a study should be reliable and valid. When these conditions are fulfilleQ, the study's internal validity is, to some extent, ascertained. Both validity and reliability were highlighted in the construction of the attitude scale on Kenyan Secondary Christian Religious Education teachers and students. The data collected were reduced by two Religious Education experts from the School of Education, King's College London and by the use of factor analysis procedures. These techniques produced a unidimensional scale (54 items) of 0.94 reliability.
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Sanitation challenges in learning institutions: the case of Nakuru municipality, Kenya - Gacheiya, Raphael M.; Mutua, Benedict M. (2009)
While every aspect of human development is vital, perhaps none is as important as the provision and access to improved sustainable sanitation. Whereas, the learning institutions are at the heart of transforming the nation and must sensitize and enrich the minds of the citizens, most schools’ sanitation facilities has been found wanting. Since the introduction of free primary education in Kenya in 2003, school enrolment has risen to about 7.3 million. In 2008, free secondary education was introduced raising significantly enrolments in secondary schools. These efforts may not realize their ultimate goalmeeting the MDGs. School’s sanitation and hygiene have received the least attention in the allocations of monetary resources. Against this background, this research sought to establish and report on the actual status of the schools’ sanitation facilities, hygiene standards and behaviour in the schools within the periurban areas of Nakuru Municipality. Findings would in turn inform existing NGOs such as ROSA which aims at promoting resourceoriented sanitation concepts being an innovative, affordable, adaptable and replicable approach to sustainable sanitation.
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International Service-Learning in South Africa and Personal Change: An Exploratory Content Analysis - Gaines-Hanks, Norma; Grayman, Nyasha A. (NASPA, 2009)
This qualitative exploratory content analysis examined student perceptions of personal change in conjunction with their participation in an international service-learning program in South Africa. Twelve undergraduate students self-rated the extent to which they agreed that they were affected personally by their service-learning placement experiences. In addition, these students offered written responses to an open-ended question regarding the ways in which their service-learning placements changed them personally. All respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that they had been personally changed. Additionally, content analysis of written responses revealed the emergence of five themes of personal change in connection with service-learning placement experiences: (1) Increased Awareness, (2) Relational Growth, (3) Professional Growth, (4) Increased Gratitude, and (5) Unspecified Change. Relevance of emergent themes to higher education practice and future research are discussed.
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Stress and General Health among students at Makerere Univeristy: The Uganda experience - Gaj, Van Dyk (2009)
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Christian Missionaries and Education in Former African Colonies: How Competition Mattered - Gallego, Francisco; Woodberry, Robert D. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
Using regional data for about 180 African provinces, we find that measures of Protestant missionary activity in the past are more correlated with schooling variables today than similar measures for Catholic missionary activity, as previous papers have suggested. However, we find that this effect is mainly driven by differences in Catholic areas (ie. areas in which Catholic missionaries were protected from competition from Protestant missionaries in the past). This is not surprising because most former Catholic colonies had a number of restrictions to the operation of Protestant missionaries that benefited Catholic missionaries. Therefore, our results are consistent with an economic rationale in which dierent rules created differences in competitive pressures faced by Catholic and Protestant missionaries.
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Suswa volcano, Kenya rift: Evidence of magma mixing, Na-F complexing and eruptions triggered by recharge - Garcia, Espejel; Veronica, Vanessa (2009)
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Suswa volcano, Kenya rift: Evidence of magma mixing, sodium-fluorine complexing and eruptions triggered by recharge - Garcia, Espejel; Veronica, Vanessa (2009)
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How can African agriculture adapt to climate change: Mapping the South African farming sector’s vulnerability to climate change and variability: A subnational assessment - Gbetibouo, Glwadys Aymone; Ringler, Claudia (Research briefs, 2009)
In southern Africa, by the middle of the 21st century climate change is expected to cause temperature increases of 1–3°C, broad summer rainfall reductions of 5–10 percent, and an increase in the incidence of both droughts and floods. Consequently, climate change has significant potential to negatively affect crop production in South Africa, and in turn the well-being of the country’s farmers. This brief is based on a study that examines the level of vulnerability to climate change in South Africa’s farming sector by developing a nationwide provincial-level vulnerability profile. Particular attention is paid to the underlying socioeconomic and institutional factors that determine how farmers respond to and cope with climate hazards.
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How can African agriculture adapt to climate change: Mapping the South African farming sector’s vulnerability to climate change and variability: A subnational assessment - Gbetibouo, Glwadys Aymone; Ringler, Claudia (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
In southern Africa, by the middle of the 21st century climate change is expected to cause temperature increases of 1–3°C, broad summer rainfall reductions of 5–10 percent, and an increase in the incidence of both droughts and floods. Consequently, climate change has significant potential to negatively affect crop production in South Africa, and in turn the well-being of the country’s farmers. This brief is based on a study that examines the level of vulnerability to climate change in South Africa’s farming sector by developing a nationwide provincial-level vulnerability profile. Particular attention is paid to the underlying socioeconomic and institutional factors that determine how farmers respond to and cope with climate hazards.
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Developing inclusive business models : a review of Coca-Cola's Manual Distribution Centers in Ethiopia and Tanzania - Geaneotes, Alexis; Nelson, Jane; Ishikawa, Eriko (2009)
Expanding economic opportunity, raising productivity and increasing growth are crucial for alleviating poverty. In the face of the global economic crisis they are more important and more challenging than ever. Their achievement will require concerted leadership on the part of both the public and private sectors. In many developing countries, achieving these goals requires the creation of more inclusive business models that directly integrate low-income people as entrepreneurs, suppliers, distributors, retailers, employees and consumers.4 It also requires more collaborative approaches between large companies, small enterprises, public sector entities, civil society organizations and the poor themselves. These are necessary to address the market failures and the governance gaps that currently exclude or disadvantage many small enterprises and low-income households from prospering. A growing number of large corporations are proactively engaging in such approaches with the aim of achieving core business benefits such as greater competitiveness, increased market share and improved risk management - while also contributing to the achievement of international development goals. The following report provides a review of one such approach: Coca-Cola's Manual Distribution Center model, with a focus on implementation in Ethiopia and Tanzania where it accounts for over 80% of the company's sales. It aims to provide a more empirical basis for understanding and enhancing the development contribution of large companies through their core business operations and their partnerships with other development actors. In addition to this report, the participating organizations are working together in Africa and elsewhere to engage with key stakeholders, test recommendations on the ground, and implement practical new approaches that combine both business benefi ts and development gains.
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An Analysis of Elementary Foreign Language hnmersion Education And its Effect on African American Student Basic Reading Skills and Attitudes of Milwaukee Spanish Immersion School 4th Graders Toward Academic and Recreation Reading - Gee, Trisha J. (2009)
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Impact of male sex worker peer education on condom use in Mombasa, Kenya - Geibel, Scott; King’ola, Nzioki; Lüchters, Stanley (2009)
Background: Over 700 male sex workers are estimated to be actively seeking male clients in Mombasa, Kenya. A 2006 baseline survey of 425 male sex workers found poor knowledge of anal HIV transmission and low consistent condom use with male clients. Methods: After the baseline survey, interventions were implemented including: (a) the opening of a drop-in centre where male sex workers could receive HIV information and testing, (b) the training of 40 peer educators trained in prevention and basic counseling skills, and (c) the distribution of condoms and water-based lubricants. After 14 months, a follow-up behavioural survey of 442 male sex workers was conducted. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were compared, and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine intervention impact on consistent condom use with male clients in the past 30 days. Results: Male sex workers reported improvements in correct knowledge of anal HIV transmission (65% to 73%, P< 0.01) and consistent condom use with male clients in the past 30 days (36% to 50%, P< 0.01). In the follow-up survey, 33% of male sex workers reported exposure to peer educators in the Mombasa area. In multivariate analysis, increasing exposure to peer educators (range: 0 to 5+ yearly contacts) was a key predictor of consistent condom use (OR: 1.14, 95%CI=1.03-1.27, P=0.01), as was having ever been counseled or tested for HIV (OR: 1.70, 95%CI=1.11-2.60, P=0.01). Visiting a drop-in centre failed to be a predictor of consistent condom use (OR: 1.07, 95%CI=0.68-1.69, P=0.77) Conclusions: Exposure to peer education increased consistent condom use among male sex workers in Mombasa. Further strategies to increase peer educator coverage and effectiveness are recommended, including: (a) utilization of peers as outreach HIV counselors, (b) involvement in mobile testing, and (c) increasing referrals to friendly community testing centres. Drop-in centre attendance was not associated with condom use in the multivariate model.
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Rising trend and indications of caesarean section at the university of Maiduguri teaching hospital, Nigeria - Geidam, Ado Danazumi; Audu, BM; Kawuwa, Bello M; Obed, J. Y. (Annals of African Medicine, 2009)
Objective : To determine the trend and indications for the use of caesarean delivery in our environment. Method : A retrospective review of the caesarean sections performed at University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital from January 2000 to December 2005 inclusive. Results : During the study period, there were 10,097 deliveries and 1192 caesarean sections giving a caesarean section rate of 11.8%. The major maternal indications were cephalopelvic disproportion (15.5%), previous caesarean section (14.7%), eclampsia (7.2%), failed induction of labor (5.5%), and placenta previa (5.1%). Fetal distress (9.6%), breech presentation (4.7%), fetal macrosomia (4.3%), and pregnancy complicated by multiple fetuses (4.2%) were the major fetal indications. The caesarean section rate showed a steady increase over the years (7.20% in 2000-13.95% in 2005), but yearly analysis of the demographic characteristics, type of caesarean section, and the major indications did not reveal any consistent changes to account for the rising trend except for the increasing frequency of fetal distress as an indication of caesarean section over the years, which was also not statistically significant (c[2] =8.08; P=0.12). The overall perinatal mortality in the study population was found to be 72.7/1000 birth and despite the rising rate of caesarean section, the perinatal outcomes did not improve over the years.Conclusion : Trial of vaginal birth after caesarean section in appropriate cases and use of cardiotocography for continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in labor with confirmation of suspected fetal distress through fetal blood acid--base study are recommended. A prospective study may reveal some of the other reasons for the increasing caesarean section rate.
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Rising trend and indications of caesarean section at the university of Maiduguri teaching hospital, Nigeria - Geidam, Ado Danazumi; Audu, BM; Kawuwa, Bello M; Obed, J. Y. (Annals of African Medicine, 2009)
Objective : To determine the trend and indications for the use of caesarean delivery in our environment. Method : A retrospective review of the caesarean sections performed at University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital from January 2000 to December 2005 inclusive. Results : During the study period, there were 10,097 deliveries and 1192 caesarean sections giving a caesarean section rate of 11.8%. The major maternal indications were cephalopelvic disproportion (15.5%), previous caesarean section (14.7%), eclampsia (7.2%), failed induction of labor (5.5%), and placenta previa (5.1%). Fetal distress (9.6%), breech presentation (4.7%), fetal macrosomia (4.3%), and pregnancy complicated by multiple fetuses (4.2%) were the major fetal indications. The caesarean section rate showed a steady increase over the years (7.20% in 2000-13.95% in 2005), but yearly analysis of the demographic characteristics, type of caesarean section, and the major indications did not reveal any consistent changes to account for the rising trend except for the increasing frequency of fetal distress as an indication of caesarean section over the years, which was also not statistically significant (c[2] =8.08; P=0.12). The overall perinatal mortality in the study population was found to be 72.7/1000 birth and despite the rising rate of caesarean section, the perinatal outcomes did not improve over the years.Conclusion : Trial of vaginal birth after caesarean section in appropriate cases and use of cardiotocography for continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in labor with confirmation of suspected fetal distress through fetal blood acid--base study are recommended. A prospective study may reveal some of the other reasons for the increasing caesarean section rate.
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USING METAPHORS IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH: A SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOL MANAGEMENT TEAM’S APPROACH TO THE IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION - Geldenhuys, J.; Geduld, Deidre (INTED2009 Proceedings, 2009)
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South African Educators' Voice on the Potential Role of Traditional Healers (THs) in Education Support Services - Geldenhuys, Johanna (Journal of Psychology in Africa, 2009)
The aim of this qualitative research was to explore and describe perceptions of the potential role of traditional healers in education support services. Participants were 42 teachers (males = 13, females = 29) from a school district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Interview and questionnaire data were collected and analysed, using a phenomenological method. Two main themes emerged from the analysis for the role of THs as education support providers: as 1) representatives of African culture and 2) contributors towards harmonising diversity in schools. The recommendations made were in line with the findings.
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Prevalence, Factors and Consequences of Khat Chewing among High School Students of Gondar Town, Northwestern Ethiopia - Genene, Bizuayehu (2009)
Summary Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a plant grows in most parts of Ethiopia, contains a psychoactive substance called cathinone (amphetamine analogous). It is widely abused in some east African countries and the Arabian Peninsula. Habitual use of khat is certainly addictive and potentially harmful on physical, psychological and economical well being of the community. To assess the prevalence, factor and impacts of khat chewing among high school students of Gondar town, Northwestern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 397 students of two high schools found in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. A stratified sampling method was used for determination of students in each school. Students in each grade i.e. grade 9-12, were selected by systematic sampling technique. Self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection from April to May 2008.The result was analyzed by using EPI info version 3.4.3 statistical software package. The study revealed 12.6% current prevalence of khat chewing, and that of lifetime prevalence was 22.7%. The lifetime prevalence was found to be significantly higher among males (30.2%), Muslims (42. 9%), age group greater than 23 years (42.9%), Tigries (38.7%), and widowed (80%) than their respective counterparts. The lifetime khat chewing was associated with sex (OR=3.4963, X 2 =18.7832, P=0.0000), age (X 2 =13.6309, P=0.0010), religion (X 2 =13.1870, P=0.0104), ethnicity (X 2 =8.5447, P=0.0360) source of money (X 2 =10.1689, P=0.0172), and family job (X 2 =14.3173, P=0.0137). Sixty (67.7%) of the lifetime chewers started chewing after they entered to high schools. Sixty-three (70%) of the lifetime chewers want to stop chewing. Economic and social problems including financial crisis, behavioral change, and loss of working time were mentioned by 115 (29 %) of the students. 265(66.8%) of the respondents strongly disagree with women’s khat chewing. The prevalence of khat chewing is increasing among high school students. Most of the students knew the effects of khat chewing on health and its socio-economic problems. Parents, colleagues, teachers and other concerned bodies should give emphasis on the side of avoiding exposing factors and have pave the ways make quit khat chewing and this will have strong positive impact on the coming new and productive generation of this world.
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Gender Equity and Women Empowerment in Africa: The Education and Economic Globalization Nexus - Geo‐JaJa, Macleans A.; Payne, Sara J.; Hallam, Pamela R.; Baum, Donald R. (2009)
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A reflection on the development of a service-learning pedagogy for teaching and learning in speech-language therapy in South Africa - Gerber, Brian L. (2009)
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Delivering results while learning : the case of guided distance learning in water sanitation and hygiene in Ethiopia - Getachew, F; Wandera, Jackson; Tamiru, Sosina; Tsegaye, Z.; Kitaba, A. (2009)
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Assessment and Analysis of Traffic Noise Pollution in Alexandria City, Egypt - Ghatass, Z. F. (World applied sciences journal, 2009)
This paper presents the results obtained in a study of environmental noise pollution in Alexandria city. Alexandria is a coastal city. It is the second largest city in Egypt. Thirty seven sampling sites were selected to measure the noise level at three main streets in the city (Elgish Street, Horreya Avenue and Circular Highway). The minimum noise levels recoded at Elgish Street, Horreya Avenue and Circular Highway were 58.4, 48.6 and 40.2 dB, respectively. The maximum values were close to 101 dB. The long-term annoyance was calculated based on the day-evening-night level (L ). The mean values of L were more accurate if the day DEN DEN and night time is divided into three intervals. Relative frequency distribution and cumulative relative frequency distribution are used for assessing noise levels. The noise level exceeding 10% of the measurement time (L ) 10 were 92, 88, 97 dB at Elgish Street, Horreya Avenue and Circular Highway, respectively. The noise levels exceeding 90% of the measurement time (L ) were 67, 62 and 57 dB at the same streets. The noise level at three 90 streets in the day and evening times are higher than the permissible limits according to Egyptian Environmental Law 4/94. The levels at Horreya and Circular Highway at the night time are lower than the permissible limits. The diurnal variation was studied at the three streets.
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Challenges Facing The Implementation Of Inclusive Education Programme In Public Primary Schools In Mombasa District Of Kenya - Gichana, Paul M (2009)
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Evaluating mentorship practices among nursing Students in selected kenyan universities - Gichigi, Esther (2009)
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Reframing Refugee Education in Kenya as an Inclusionary Practice of Pedagogy - Gichiru, Wangari; Larkin, Douglas B. (2009)
There can be no doubt that large-scale humanitarian assistance is a necessary element of today’s global geopolitical environment. Wars, civil strife, environmental catastrophes, and other events compel significant numbers of people into situations in which they face a dire need for food, shelter, security, and a path toward a return to lives interrupted by tragedy. This assistance is currently provided in a number of ways through governmental, quasi-governmental, and nongovernmental organizations.1 Over the past decade, these actors have also come to view education as an equally important part of the humanitarian assistance they provide. While education was earlier seen by donors and planners as primarily a development activity and excluded as a form of humanitarian assistance, it is now considered to be an essential component for meeting the immediate needs of refugees (Sinclair, 2001; Sommers, 2001; UNESCO, 2000a). The debates over how education ought to occur in emergencies and after they are over are framed in particular and pragmatic ways, and they necessarily focus on how to go about providing education to refugees in the most effective manner.
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Forestry and climate change: challenges and opportunities for the forestry sector in Kenya. - Gichu, Alfred; Muchiri, M. N.; Kamondo, B.; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Tuwei, P.; Wanjiku, J. (2009)
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How international students navigate the social and academic practices of a South African university - Gieser, James D. (2009)
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Poverty Reduction Strategies and Governance, with Equity, for Education Four case studies: Cambodia, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nepal - Giffard-Lindsay, Katharine (2009)
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Schistomiasis In Selected Primary Schools From Coast Province , Kenya. - Gikunju, Jk; Kepher, O. (2009)
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Assessing the effect of climate change on agricultural productivity and on famers' livelihoods in southern Mali - Giller, Ken E.; Wijk, Mark T. van; Traoré, Bouba (2009)
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UNICEF toilet solutions for child-friendly schools in Rwanda. - Ginoulhiac, Luca (2009)
Within the Child Friendly School approach, UNICEF Rwanda in partnership with the Ministry of Education is building new educational infrastructures in many Primary Schools all around the country. This paper presents few developed toilet solutions to promote a fruitful exchanges amongst participants on sanitation for primary schools.
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Significant others influence on socialization into sport of Kenya Secondary School athletes - Gitonga, E.R. (2009)
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Elaboration of a biotic index of pollution using invertebrates for the monitoring of West African lagoons. - Gnohossou, Pierre; Lalèyé, Philippe; Atachi, P.; Gérino, Magali; Brosse, Sébastien; Moreau, Jacques (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2009)
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Some observations on higher education in the Humanities in South Africa with special reference to Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University as a post-merger institution - Goddard, Keith (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
This article argues that the Humanities in South Africa are under threat, from various quarters, both structurally in higher educational institutions, and conceptually in the corporatization of present-day ways of thinking. It suggests some of the ways in which the structural issues may be dealt with by Higher Education Authorities, and uses Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) as a specific example of some of the problems and challenges facing the Higher Education sector in general, but the Humanities in particular.
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The Asian Drivers and Africa: Learning from Case Studies - Goldstein, Andrea; Pinaud, Nicolas; Reisen, Helmut; McCormick, Dorothy (EconStor Open Access Articles, 2009)
When the OECD Development Centre launched research in 2005 to document the economic, political and social impacts of China’s and India’s economic growth on sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, the arrival (or resurgence) of new important players had triggered concerns among traditional donors. Accusations ran from free riding on Western debt relief over violation of governance standards and unfair company competition to fragmentation of aid delivery. At the same time, there was a tendency to neglect the diversity of SSA in terms of resource endowments, trade links and industrial development. It was time then to promote African voices from various backgrounds to reflect Africa’s heterogeneity. The introductory section presents a summary of findings about the economic impact of the two Asian giants in SSA countries by Africa-based economists, with three practical conclusions. First, African countries should favour strategies that minimise areas of direct competition with the Asian giants. Second, industrialisation strategies are required to exploit opportunities complementary to the Asian development path. Third, sectors of mutual interest should be identified in order to develop long-term views on how to cooperate with China and India and these views should be mainstreamed into national development plans.
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Usage des intrants chimiques dans un agrosystème tropical : diagnostic du risque de pollution environnementale dans la région cotonnière de l'est du Burkina Faso - Gomgnimbou, Alain P.K.; Savadogo, Patrice; Nianogo, Aimé J.; Millogo‐Rasolodimby, J. (Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement, 2009)
L'objectif vise a travers ce travail a ete de faire un diagnostic du risque de pollution environnementale, consequence de l'utilisation des intrants chimiques du cotonnier dans la region de l'est du Burkina Faso. Un suivi de soixante exploitations cotonnieres de la province de la Kompienga et des observations sur les pratiques agricoles ont permis de recueillir les donnees. L'etude a revele une imprecision manifeste de concentration des insecticides avec une moyenne du nombre d'epandages de 9,30. En outre, 61,66 % des producteurs de coton ont applique les insecticides de Gossypium sp. (cotonnier) sur Vigna unguiculata (niebe), Colocynthis vulgaris L. (melon) et Zea mays (mais) respectivement dans 60,50 %, 9,30 % et 2,32 % des cas d'utilisation detournee. Les sources du risque environnemental sont les circuits paralleles d'approvisionnement des pesticides, le lavage du materiel d'epandage dans les sources d'alimentation en eau et le non-respect des itineraires techniques d'utilisation des intrants chimiques. L'estimation des risques a permis de mettre en exergue ceux d'ordre sanitaire, de pollution des eaux et des sols et de developpement de resistance chez les parasites cibles par les traitements insecticides. Une promotion des bonnes pratiques agricoles est indispensable dans l'optique d'une exploitation durable des ressources naturelles de la region.
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND DAMS DRYING: A CASE STUDY OF THREE COMMUNITIES IN LANGTANG SOUTH OF PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA - Gongden, J. J.; Lohdip, Y. N. (2009)
The results of a three year study of the climate change and its effect on dams in three communities in Langtang South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria are presented.  Low vegetation, high temp of between 39 – 44 o C, dams sizes and location as well as the vertical land formation have been identified as major factors for drying up of the dams with the attendant hardship in the dry season and the flooding at the onset of the raining season. Competition between human and livestock for survival during the period of the drought has turned some of the dams into “dams of death” due to contamination by livestock and use of the untreated water by the community. Cases of water borne diseases are reported on a weekly basis. The problems associated with these natural conditions have been shown to have adverse effects on the education, economic, health and family social life of the people in these communities. The need for households to have personal rain tanks, pond or reservoir to store water and protect their sources of water from livestock during the dry season has been suggested. The communities are encouraged to plant trees and other vegetation around the dams to prevent flooding during rainy reason. It is also suggested that the Local, State and Federal authorities, including Non-Governmental Agencies, should come to the aid of the communities in solving the water crisis and the attendant heath implications.
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Impact of climate change and variability on groundwater resources in humid tropical areas: a case study from the Ivory Coast. - Goula, Bi Tié Albert; Kouassi, F. W.; Fadika, V.; Kouakou, Koffi Eugène; Kouadio, G. B.; Koffi, K; Bamory, K.; Inza, D.; Savané, Issiaka; Taylor, R.; Tindimugaya, Callist; Owor, Michael; et al. (2009)
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Bedside practice of blood transfusion in a large teaching hospital in Uganda: An observational study - Graaf, Johan de; Kajja, Isaac; Bimenya, G. S.; Postma, Maarten J.; Sibinga, Cees Smit (Asian Journal of Transfusion Science, 2009)
Adverse transfusion reactions can cause morbidity and death to patients who receive a blood transfusion. Blood transfusion practice in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda is analyzed to see if and when these practices play a role in the morbidity and mortality of patients.An observational study on three wards of Mulago Hospital. Physicians, paramedics, nurses, medical students and nurse students were observed using two questionnaires. For comparison, a limited observational study was performed in the University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG) in Groningen, The Netherlands.In Mulago Hospital guidelines for blood transfusion practice were not easily available. Medical staff members work on individual professional levels. Students perform poorly due to inconsistency in their supervision. Documentation of blood transfusion in patient files is scarce. There is no immediate bedside observation, so transfusion reactions and obstructions in the blood transfusion flow are not observed.The poor blood transfusion practice is likely to play a role in the morbidity and mortality of patients who receive a blood transfusion. There is a need for a blood transfusion policy and current practical guidelines.
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Learning from the past: the future of malaria in Africa - Graboyes, Melissa (2009)
In April 2009, Boston University’s African Studies Center was the lead sponsor of a two-day event titled “Africa 2060 A.D.: What We Don’t Know About Malaria, and When Didn’t We Know It.” (See box on page 5). Based on the discussion that took place among the experts gathered over the two days, this paper explores the theme posited in the event’s title. In particular, the paper is framed by conversations that centered on the benefits of “failure analysis”— a rigorous study of the failures of past eradication attempts. The logic was that figuring out what hasn’t worked in the past might help us determine what could work in the future.
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Examining the Relationship between Selected Variables and the Academic Achievement of African American High School Students. - Graham, David Mark (2009)
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Climate change in West Africa: the risk to food security and biodiversity. - Grain (2009)
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Purchasing a personality : a case study of cellular phone consumption by South African students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. - Grainger, Simon. John (2009)
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Education in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic: Three essays on the case of Malawi - Grant, Monica J. (2009)
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Vocational Training in Post-War Sierra Leone and Liberia - Greene, Andrew Benson (2009)
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The First-year Student Experience at the University of Botswana - Gregory, Michael (2009)
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Factors associated with Advanced Placement enrollment, Advanced Placement course grade, and passing of the Advanced Placement examination among Hispanic and African American students in Southern California - Gregory, Sally W. (2009)
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Urban African American Male High School Students' Educational Aspirations for College and the Influence of Family, School, and Peers. - Grieve, Kimberly Ann (2009)
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An Irish Adult Learner in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Account of My Experience of Working with Teacher Educators in Lesotho. - Griffin, Rosarii (Adult Learner: The Irish Journal of Adult and Community Education, 2009)
The educational context in Sub-Saharan Africa Within the African context, educational attainment is, on balance, low. There are many reasons for this. Some of them are as follows: first of all, nutrition. Malnutrition affects one in three children under the age of five. It is difficult to learn even everyday things on an empty stomach. Malnutrition is linked to ill health and ill health is linked to child mortality. Child mortality is still high in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although UNICEF reported that infant mortality rates ‘were down’ to 9.7 million children (under the age of five) dying in 2006, it was, nevertheless, down from 13 million in 1990. The majority of deaths still occur in Sub-Saharan Africa: 4.8million (BBC, Health Reports, 2009). Already, a proportion of the population never make it to the childhood or adolescent phase, not to mind adulthood. The survivor child might be lucky enough to attend pre-schooling of some kind: but only 14% of children in Sub-Sahara Africa are enrolled in pre-school education. Even if this child were to be enrolled, often the care is more akin to ‘babysitting’ than any educational-oriented activity going on, such as Montessori.
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Safe sex pioneers: class identity, peer education and emerging masculinities among youth in Mozambique - Groes-Green, Christian (Sexual Health, 2009)
Studies on sexual behaviour within the area of HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa have largely focussed on unsafe sex and obstacles to condom use rather than examined factors potentially favouring safe sex. The present study examines how class, gender and peer education affects safe sex in male youth and identifies the reasons behind condom use by combining a questionnaire survey with ethnographic fieldwork. Findings from the field study among male secondary school youth in Maputo, Mozambique point to middle class youth from urban schools as more likely to use condoms than working class youth from suburban schools. Examining the meanings behind use or non-use of condoms the study identified narratives in middle class youth favouring safe sex in response to better social conditions, career opportunities and 'modern' masculinities, whereas working class youth explained non-use of condoms as due to lack of hope and job opportunities and by reference to fatalist ideas that life is out of their hands and that it's better to 'live in the moment'.
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The effects of ProjectPower diabetes education program on adult African Americans' diabetes knowledge, empowerment, and readiness to change - Grover, Sherry (2009)
The primary purpose of this study was to assess whether a faith-based diabetes education program (ProjectPower) would significantly influence African American's knowledge, readiness to change, and feelings of empowerment about diabetes care. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine the ecological factors that would affect knowledge, readiness to change, and feelings of empowerment about diabetes care. A volunteer convenience sample of 48 church members, family and friends participated in the study. The inclusion criteria were: African American male and females ages 18 years and older that lived in Houston/Harris County, Texas and surrounding areas. Those with or without diabetes participated. The majority of the participants were female (79.2%), and 20.8% were males. Participants were, on average, 60 years of age (M = 60.52, SD = 15.00) and ranged from 18 years to 82 years of age. The study used a pre-test/post-test survey design that included both open-ended and closed-ended questions. Participants were tested both before and after a three-module workshop. Participants were also invited to participate in a one-month follow-up survey. Data analyses included frequencies, ANOVA, and Pearson's Product Moment correlations. Results indicated that the diabetes knowledge test scores were significantly higher at the time of post-test compared with results at the time of pre-test, while neither the readiness-to-change scores nor the diabetes empowerment change scores were significantly different between the pre-test and post-test. There was a significant trend between all the pre-test and post-test scores as participants who had higher scores on the pre-test tended to have higher scores on the post-test. The results of this study may be used to refine the process that is currently being used by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to implement programs in churches. Although the results of this study cannot be generalized, education does seem to have a significant impact on diabetes knowledge. ProjectPower programs are currently being held year-round; and based on the results of this study ProjectPower modules can increase participants' knowledge when conducted in 45 minutes. Goal-setting components built into the program such as the commitment cards could be used to empower participants to change. Finally, additional program planning efforts could include components such as resilience education and support groups based upon available funds and volunteers.
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The "inclusive pluralism" of Jacques Dupuis, its contribution to a Christian theology of religions, and its relevance to the South African interreligious context. - Grzelak, Christopher. (2009)
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Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly People Living in Rural Benin, West Africa - Guerchet, Maëlenn; Houinato, Dismand Stéphan; Paraïso, Moussiliou Noël; Ahsen, Nicolas von; Nubukpo, Philippe; Otto, Markus; Clément, Jean‐Pierre; Preux, Pierre‐Marie; Dartigues, Jean‐François (Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 2009)
Background/Aims: Dementia is increasing as a priority public health problem because of the ageing of the world population. Our goal was to estimate dementia and cognitive impairment prevalence in an elderly population of rural Benin. Methods: In a door-to-door survey, elderly people aged 65 years and above were screened using the Community Screening Interview for Dementia and the Five-Word Test. Results: The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 10.4% and that of dementia was 2.6%. Age, current depressive disorder and absence of the APOE ε2 allele were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Prevalence of dementia and cognitive impairment appears to be lower in this study than in developed countries.
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Taye Assefa (ed.), Academic Freedom in Ethiopia. Perspectives of Teaching Personnel - Guidi, Pierre (Annales D'ethiopie, 2009)
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Understanding Seychelles International Students’ Social and Cultural Experiences during Transition to an Australian University - Guilfoyle, Andrew; Harryba, Sophia (The International Journal of Learning: Annual Review, 2009)
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Challenges for all- Education in the young nation of Uganda - Gullstrand, Erika (2009)
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Management and motivation in Ugandan Primary Schools - Guloba, Madina; Mugisha, Frederick; Zeitlin, Andrew (2009)
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The management of physical resources by principals in the rural secondary schools of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa - Gumbi, Daphne (2009)
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Under pressure to perform: Academic achievement, masculinity, and presentation of self among urban African American male high school students - Gunn, Raymond (2009)
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Analysis of volcanic rock samples collected in March 2008 in eastern Ogaden Basin, Ethiopia, Pexco, Exploration (East Africa) N.V., University of Nantes - Gurgurewicz, J.; Mège, D.; Carrère, V.; Cornen, G.; Gaudin, A.; Morizet, Yann (2009)
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Financing Vocational Education and Training in South Africa - Gustafsson, Martin; Pillay, Pundy (2009)
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The Last Dog in Rwanda : Swedish Educational Films and Teaching Guides on the History of Genocide - Gustafsson, Tommy (2009)
The Last Dog in Rwanda : Swedish Educational Films and Teaching Guides on the History of Genocide
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Othering the Other: How Stereotypes Influence African American and Black African High School Students' Perceptions and Expectations of Higher Education - Guy, Mignonne C. (2009)
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Knowledge and practice of breast-self examination among female undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria - Gwarzo, Umd; Sabitu, Kabir; Idris, SH (Annals of African Medicine, 2009)
Background : Carcinoma of the breast is an important public health problem in Nigeria and studies have reported low levels of awareness and practice of breast self examination as an important method of prevention. Breast self examination is a cost-effective method of early detection of cancer of the breast especially in resource poor countries. We assessed knowledge and practice of breast-self examination (BSE) among female undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. Method : In this study, knowledge and practice of BSE were examined among 221 female students aged 16 - 28 years old studying at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria using self administered questionnaires. Results : It was found that despite nearly three quarter of the respondents (87.7%) had heard of BSE, only 19.0% of them were performing this examination monthly. Regarding the sources of information about BSE among respondents, media was found to be most common followed by health workers accounting for 45.5% and 32.2% respectively. Regular performance of BSE was significantly correlated with duration of stay in the University (X2 = 81.9, df = 3, P < .05) and family history of breast cancer (X2 = 17.4, df = 2, P < .05). Conclusion : We observed a disparity between high levels of knowledge of BSE compared to a low level of practice. Public health education using the media could significantly reduce the knowledge- practice gap and early detection of breast lump.
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Childhood physical abuse among student teachers in Zimbabwe - Gwirayi, Pesanayi (2009)
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Child Physical Abuse Among Urban Secondary School Pupils in Zimbabwe - Gwirayi, Pesanayi; Shumba, Almon (Journal of Psychology in Africa, 2009)
The study had two main objectives: (a) to examine the nature and prevalence of child physical abuse among urban secondary school pupils in Zimbabwe; and (b) to investigate pupils' views on the causes of child physical abuse among urban secondary school pupils in Zimbabwe. An anonymous retrospective self-rating questionnaire was administered to a randomly selected sample of 212(114 males, 98 females; age = 15 to 17 years; mean = 16 years) Form three pupils in Gweru urban secondary schools. Results reported an overall prevalence rate of 79.2% with males (81.6%) slightly more likely to be physically abused than females (76.5%). The most common forms of CPA were being hit or beaten (78.9%), threatened (55.2%) and chased (47.2%). Economic hardships, abuse of power by adults, alcohol abuse, and lack of education were mentioned as the major causes of CPA. The study recommends the introduction of Child Rights Education and use of alternative methods of firm discipline that do not involve physical violence.
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Integrating further and higher education in the Ivory Coast: an answer to the growing demand for tertiary education? - Hack‐Polay, Dieu (2009)
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Education: Economic Growth and Gender Inequity: Sierra Leone - Haffner, Lilian Conteh (Social Science Research Network, 2009)
Ѕіerrа Leone’s civil war іѕ perhaps one of the most undereѕtіmаted and grave breaches of human rights that the 21ѕt century hаѕ seen. Fаcіlіtаted by іllіcіt drugѕ аnd arms trаffіckіng, the war raged for eleven year, with аmbіguouѕ polіtіcаl juѕtіfіcаtіon with the government'ѕ underlying deѕіre to control the dіаmond mіneѕ аnd trаde in Ѕіerrа Leone. Аmіdѕt the huge аtrocіtіeѕ аnd war crimes, the price of peace did not come eаѕy; 200,000 people were brutally murdered, tens of thouѕаndѕ of men women аnd children are lіmbleѕѕ аnd а further two million people are dіѕplаced.Thіѕ wаѕ brought to the concern of the United Nаtіonѕ Ѕecurіty Council who took meаѕureѕ to іnterventіon meаѕureѕ. However it іѕ evident that the United Nаtіonѕ Observer Mіѕѕіon in Ѕіerrа Leone аnd the United Nаtіonѕ Mіѕѕіon an Ѕіerrа Leone, both were ѕucceѕѕful in keeping the peace on а community bаѕіѕ through effective dіѕаrmіng, and demobіlіzіng techniques. The UN however fаіled to аddreѕѕ the underlying polіtіcаl ѕocіаl and economic cаuѕeѕ of the war, leaving Ѕіerrа Leone’s future jeopardized and uncertаіn.
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Basic Education and Education for All in Nigeria: The Role of Multinational Corporations - Haggai, Mary Plangnan (Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective, 2009)
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The role of learning in adoption of improved wheat varieties in Northern and Western Shewa zones of Ethiopia - Hailu, Biruk; Hassan, Rashid M. (2009)
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Sustainable forests: A strategy for climate change adaptation and mitigation? : A case study from Babati District, Tanzania - Hall, Elin (2009)
This Bachelor‟s thesis aims at explaining the relationship between forests and climate change, a subject that has been given a lot of attention in environmental discussions in recent years, particu ...
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Extending Student Evaluation of International Relations: Exploring the Israel-Palestine Problem with PeaceMaker - Hall, Richard; Goldsmith, Chris (2009)
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Referral of Patients with Kidney Impairment for Specialist Care in a Developing Country of Sub-Saharan Africa - Halle, Marie Patrice; Kengne, André Pascal; Ashuntantang, Gloria (Renal Failure, 2009)
Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the referral pattern of patients with kidney impairment in Cameroon. Methods. Medical files of patients received at the out-patients department of nephrology from January 2001 to December 2003 at the Yaounde General Hospital were reviewed. Individual information recorded included age, sex, and referral sources. Data on etiologic and co-morbidity factors, clinical signs of CRF, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biological variables were recorded. Patients were staged for kidney damage in three groups following an adaptation of the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guide recommendations, using the creatinine clearance derived from the Cockroft-Gault equation. Results. Of the 183 patients received during the study period, 140 (77.8%) fulfilled the entry criteria. Men (70%) were more represented, and mean age was 50.19 ± 1.07 years. Hypertension (62.1%) and diabetes mellitus (26.4%) were the most frequent risk factors. There was no major difference between men and women for most clinical and biological variables. Patients were referred mostly by cardiologist (31.4%) and general practitioners (29.3%). Late referral (GFR <30 mL/min) encompassed 82.8% of participants. Regardless of the referral source, the overall trend was toward late referral. Clinical and biological profiles worsen with advanced stage of kidney impairment. In general, management of patients prior to referral was poor. Conclusions. This study has revealed the disconcerting high rate of late referral to nephrologists in this context. Many potential factors can account for this observed pattern, and it is worth investigating to improve referral and outcomes of patients with kidney diseases in Cameroon.
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Realising the Right to Education for Children Infected and Affected By HIV/AIDS in South Africa - Hammarson, Anna; Nilsson, Jan (2009)
It has been over 25 years since the AIDS epidemic was first recognised. HIV/AIDS has claimed more lives in South Africa than in any other country in the world. The pandemic has devastating impacts on society. Children infected or affected by the virus are hit particularly hard and the AIDS pandemic negatively affects children and their human rights in numerous ways: physically, emotionally and economically. This thesis explores the issue of equal access to education for children infected or affected by HIV and AIDS in South Africa. South Africa has, under both international and domestic legal instruments, undertaken to guarantee everyone the right to basic education without discrimination of any kind. The South African government is not only under a negative duty to ensure the realisation of the right to basic education, but also under a positive duty. Hence, the government is not only required to refrain from interfering with a child's exercise of his or her right to education, but is also under an obligation to act and remove obstacles to ensure that the right to education is realised. During a ten week minor field study conducted in South Africa, in spring 2009, it was observed that despite legal protection and policy documents ensuring fair treatment of children infected or affected by HIV/AIDS, this group of learners still encounter significant obstacles hindering them from equal access to schooling. This thesis identifies and, with the backdrop of existing legal protection, discusses obstacles of social, financial and practical nature. This thesis ultimately argues that the significant problem in the context of equal access to education for learners infected or affected by HIV/AIDS is not primarily a matter of deficient legal protection, even though the law admittedly could benefit from a higher level of progression and elaboration, but rather the implementation of the law. It is essentially argued that a satisfactory functioning of the legal provisions intended to ensure equal access to education for children are hindered by specifics founds in the South African context. It is reasonable to assume that the discrepancy between the protection offered through various relevant international and domestic legal provisions, and the reality of vulnerability and discrimination of children infected or affected by HIV/AIDS in South African schools, is a complex riddle that is caused by various factors&semic a riddle that does not lend itself to easy solutions or remedies. However, the final chapter of this thesis provides a brief analytical discussion on the authors' view of possible ways forward, to counteract the de facto discrimination of children infected or affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa, preventing their right to equal access to education.
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Citizenship Education in South Africa: A report to schools - Hammett, Daniel; Staeheli, Lynn A. (2009)
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Disability and HIV/AIDS - a systematic review of literature on Africa - Hanass-Hancock, Jill (Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2009)
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South Africa - a Pioneer in the Fight Against HIV/AIDS and Disability. - Hanass-Hancock, Jill (2009)
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Teaching Them All: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study of African American Students' Perceptions of Their Middle School's Culture. - Hankerson, Henry E. (2009)
Teaching Them All: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study of African American Students’ Perceptions of Their Middle School’s Culture
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Teaching jurisprudence in Namibia - Hannam, Mark (The Philosophers’ Magazine, 2009)
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Swimming against the tide : African American girls and science education - Hanson, Sandra L. (2009)
Preface and Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: Understanding Young African American Women's Experiences in 2. The Conceptual Framework: A Critical-Feminist Approach 3. Young African American Women's Experiences in Science: Science Is Like Opening A Present from Your Favorite Aunt. You Just Can't Wait to Open It Because You Know There Is Something Wonderful and Unique Inside. 4. Influences-Teachers and Schools: They Looked at Us Like We Weren't Supposed to Be Scientists. 5. Influences-Family and Community: Mother Never Minded Me Using Her Kitchen Utensils to Dig Up Insects and Worms to Explore. 6. Influences-Peers: I Know Plenty of Girls at My School [Who] Love Science. 7. Conclusions: Science Is Not About Which Race Likes It Better, It Is About Doing What You Like. Appendix A: Tables Appendix B: Detail on Knowledge Networks Sampling Appendix C: Test for Vignettes Appendix D: Selected Questions from Knowledge Networks Survey Appendix E: Detail on NELS Sampling and Data Notes Reference Index
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Swimming against the tide : African American girls and science education - Hanson, Sandra L. (2009)
Preface and Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: Understanding Young African American Women's Experiences in 2. The Conceptual Framework: A Critical-Feminist Approach 3. Young African American Women's Experiences in Science: Science Is Like Opening A Present from Your Favorite Aunt. You Just Can't Wait to Open It Because You Know There Is Something Wonderful and Unique Inside. 4. Influences-Teachers and Schools: They Looked at Us Like We Weren't Supposed to Be Scientists. 5. Influences-Family and Community: Mother Never Minded Me Using Her Kitchen Utensils to Dig Up Insects and Worms to Explore. 6. Influences-Peers: I Know Plenty of Girls at My School [Who] Love Science. 7. Conclusions: Science Is Not About Which Race Likes It Better, It Is About Doing What You Like. Appendix A: Tables Appendix B: Detail on Knowledge Networks Sampling Appendix C: Test for Vignettes Appendix D: Selected Questions from Knowledge Networks Survey Appendix E: Detail on NELS Sampling and Data Notes Reference Index
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Access and Equity for African American Students in Higher Education: A Critical Race Historical Analysis of Policy Efforts - Harper, Shaun R.; Patton, Lori D.; Wooden, Ontario S. (The Journal of Higher Education, 2009)
Policies that have affected enrollments and degree attainment rates for African American students throughout the lifespan of higher education are analyzed in this article. Historically noteworthy progressive steps toward access and equity are juxtaposed with recent indicators of regression. Critical Race Theory is employed as an analytical framework for understanding how white supremacy and racist ideologies have shaped and undermined various policy efforts.
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Performativity, identity and the 'found girls' of Africa: Sudanese women talk education - Harris, Anne (2009)
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An Innovative Approach to HIV/AIDS Education in Cape Town, South Africa - Harris, Lauren McArthur; Heindl, Caitlin; Miller, X.; Stedmen, Justin (2009)
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The Relationship between African American Middle School Students' Attitudes toward Reading and Their Reading Comprehension Level. - Harris, LeCharle Webb (2009)
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Roses that Grew from the Concrete: A Critical Investigation of the Intersection of Race and Gender on the Lived Experiences of African American Male Senior Student Affairs Officers at Predominately White Institutions - Hart, Rahmon S. (2009)
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Using community/researcher partnerships to develop a culturally relevant intervention for children with communication disabilities in Kenya - Hartley, Sally; Murira, G; Mwangoma, Mary; Carter, Julie; Newton, Charles R. (Disability and Rehabilitation, 2009)
Purpose. The objective of this study is to develop a culturally relevant community-based intervention for children with communication disabilities in Kenya through a community/researcher partnership. The resulting intervention is for use in a randomized control trial which will be reported at a later stage.Method. Using a qualitative approach, initial data was collected through focus group discussions with women, disabled people and traditional dancers. The groups examined the needs, problems and challenges faced by disabled children and their families. This generated the content and structure for a series of participatory workshops with a further two women's groups. These workshops strove to generate a culturally relevant community-based intervention programme for children with communication disabilities and their families. The content and balance of the resulting intervention was observed to be different from existing programmes described in the literature. Notably it included many culturally appropriate strategies for increasing social integration and raising community awareness.Results. The process of generating a locally relevant community-based rehabilitation intervention is potentially transferable and has particular relevance to the estimated 80% of the world where there are no formal rehabilitation services for children with disabilities and where women's groups are a strong element of local culture.Conclusion. (i) Community/researcher partnerships can be used to develop interventions; (ii) such interventions are different from those imported from other cultures; and (iii) this process is transferable and can be part of the preparations for a Randomized Control Trial.
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An assessment of sanitation and hygiene in primary schools in Zambia - Harvey, Peter; Adenya, Edwin (2009)
Access to sanitation in primary schools in Zambia is woefully inadequate, especially in community schools. Through analysis of national Ministry of Education data and a survey of schools in 16 districts an assessment of sanitation and hygiene in primary schools was undertaken. This revealed that while almost all schools have some type of sanitation facility, just over one third have permanent toilets and less than 10% of schools provide adequate numbers of toilets for girls. While lack of sanitation facilities may play a role in discouraging the attendance and retention of girl students no correlation was found between pupiltoilet ratios and school retention rates. However, for schools with unimproved traditional latrines retention rates were significantly lower than for those with improved sanitation facilities, especially for girls. While hygiene education programmes were present in most of the sample schools, only 45% of schools had soap for handwashing and the impact on hygiene behaviour in the school catchment areas appeared to be limited. There is a strong need to incorporate sanitation in the Ministry of Education’s infrastructure development plans.
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Scholars of the Circles: Role of Qādīs in Training and Transmission of Islamic Learning along the East African coast between mid nineteenth and twentieth centuries - Hashim, Abdulkadir (Journal of Islamic Studies, 2009)
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An evaluation framework for educational reform projects for teacher quality improvements in developing countries : a case study of Egyptian education reform - Hashimoto, Kazuaki (2009)
The role of the evaluation for Official Development Assistance (ODA) enterprises including educational development has become critical after increasing “aid fatigue” experienced by the international community in the 1990s. To date, however, monitoring and evaluating outcomes of the projects has been limited to the project life. Consequently these have been mainly through the international aid agencies. Furthermore, the monitoring and evaluation led by international aid agencies have paid little attention to aspects of the sustainability of technical cooperation in educational development. To sustain the impact of technical cooperation, the reinforcement of evaluation has drawn increasing attention in light of the emerging modalities in international development. Therefore this research was inspired to investigate alternative evaluation frameworks for an educational reform project for teacher quality improvement that may increase possibilities for long term sustainability. Importantly, the new modalities in international development and educational issues provide new options. In addition, the research reviewed theoretical and practical issues surrounding evaluation in general, and highlighted the evaluation of education reform projects. The research reported explored via case studies, the evaluation processes employed by the Egyptian education reform projects implemented by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The case studies used three data sources (archival and relevant documents, a survey questionnaire and interviews) to illuminate the contextually-embedded evaluation processes. The research found that process evaluation is a potential alternative method since it is likely to be locally institutionalised, which may yield long-term sustainability of the projects.
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Geoelectric sounding and hydrochemical investigations of a groundwater pollution in the area West of the River Nile, Assiut, Egypt. - Hassan, Mostafa Afifi; Ibrahim, Hamza A.; Ebraheem, Mohamed; Batelaan, Okke (2009)
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A logistics skills audit for South Africa - guiding training and development curricula - Havenga, Jan H. (2009)
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South African Education Before and After 1994 - Hay, Driekie; Monnapula-Mapesela, Mabokang (2009)
In this chapter the authors describe some theoretical underpinnings of policy analysis with specific reference to one distinct approach, namely evaluative policy analysis.This is followed by an explanation of why the study of policies and policy analysis is important and of how governments steer higher education through policies.Both the South African and the European higher education systems are used to illustrate how steering and policies influence each other.The main focus of the chapter, however, is on the complexities, reasoning and forces behind policy development and implementation in South Africa, both before and after 1994.The chapter concludes with the challenges of policy development, implementation and evaluation facing South Africa.
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URBAN CLIMATE AND AIR POLLUTION IN KIGALI, RWANDA - Henninger, Sascha (2009)
Rwanda is a landlocked republic in Equatorial Africa. The capital Kigali can be mentioned as a typical African city due to its rising population and the rising rate of motorization. Different pollutants produced e.g. by a high-usage rate of mopeds or open fireplaces burning woods for cooking and household chores could be detected. Climatological parameters as well as air pollutants were measured within the urban area. These values indicated an UHI, which tends to rise from 1971 till 2008. Also a temporary phenomenon for the air pollution indicators is visible during the hours before sunrise. The distinctive relief caused an accumulation within small valleys called Marais. Unfortunately, these are the favourite places of living and agriculture.
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An Evaluation of English as a Foreign Language Textbooks for Secondary Schools in Angola - Henriques, Simao (2009)
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The formalization and realization level in Namibian schools : an investigation of two countryside schools - Herdin, Fanny; Nilsson, Helena (2009)
The aim of this thesis is to find out if there is a gap between the formalization level and the realization level in the Namibian school system. Moreover, our aim is to figure out how we, as visiti ...
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Review of: R. Sultana, The Girls' Education Initiative in Egypt - Herrera, Linda (2009)
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Governing Chronic Poverty Under Inclusive Liberalism: The Case of the Northern Uganda Social Action Fund - Hickey, Sam; Golooba-Mutebi, Frederick (Social Science Research Network, 2009)
The paradigm of ‘inclusive liberalism’ that currently characterises international development places a particular emphasis on the responsibility of communities to overcome the often structural problems of poverty and exclusion. Such approaches have become increasingly controversial: on the one hand, it is celebrated by optimists as the most empowering way forward for marginal citizens, and on the other, it is derided as an abrogation of responsibility by development trustees by sceptics. Uganda provides a particularly interesting context to explore these debates, not least because it has become a standard bearer for inclusive liberalism at the same time that regional inequalities within it have become increasingly apparent. Our investigation of the flagship response to deep impoverishment in its northern region, the World Bank-funded Northern Uganda Social Action Fund, offers greater support to the sceptical position, not least because of the ways in which the more pernicious tendencies within inclusive liberalism have converged with the contemporary politics of development in Uganda. This includes a tendency to blame the poorest for their own predicament and a failure to include the North within the regime’s broader social contract.
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Governing chronic poverty under inclusive liberalism: the case of the Northern Uganda Social Action Fund. CPRC Working Paper No. 150. - Hickey, Sam; Golooba-Mutebi, Frederick (2009)
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The Exploration of Spirituality as a Means of Coping and Persistence in African American Female College Students. - Hill, Shelia D. (2009)
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Sustainable tea production : an assessment of farmer field schools in Kenya - Hiller, S.R.C.H.; Onduru, D.D.; Jager, A. de (2009)
This report presents the results of the KTDA/Lipton Sustainable Agriculture Project. The aim of the KTDA/Lipton Sustainable Agriculture Project is to increase the sustainability of tea production by increasing the rate of adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and thereby directly improve profitability. In 2006 the Kenya Tea Development Agency and Lipton started four pilot Farmer Field Schools (FFS). The results of the four pilot FFS are encouraging. Although no quantitative increase in tea production per acre due to the FFS could be observed, overwhelming evidence has been gathered about the increase of knowledge on and implementation of GAPs. This will have short and long-term benefits for smallholders engaged in FFS. Indirect effects of the FFS were better group cohesion and strengthened learning capacities. The pilot suggests that FFS are a more efficient way of extending production management techniques than the traditional extension methodology
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Questions in the Answers of Primary School Education in Sierra Leone - Hinton, Samuel (US-China education review, 2009)
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Managing learner discipline : a case study of two secondary schools in the Khomas region, Namibia - Hipondoka, Oiva Shuuveni (2009)
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Impact of A Health Education Intervention Program about Breast Cancer among Women in a Semi-urban Area in Alexandria, Egypt. - Hm, Abd El Aziz; Oa, Akl; Hk, Ibrahim (PubMed, 2009)
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second principal cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide as well as in Egypt. The present work aimed to assess the impact of a health education intervention program about breast cancer (BC) among women in a semi-urban area in Alexandria. The study was carried out through pre-post test design in three phases; pre intervention phase, intervention phase, and post intervention phase. A total number of 139 females accepted to be included in the study, their mean age was 39.94 +/-13.5 years, about 23% had secondary and university education. Intervention health education program was administrated to 96 women, those were subjected to post test, and the total number of drop-outs group was 43 women. The results showed that there was a highly significant improvement in all knowledge items of the intervention group from pre to post-test. After the intervention program, eleven women (11.6%) had good knowledge. About, 75.0% practiced breast self examination (BSE) in post-test compared to 70.0% who did not practiced it in pre-test. Age was the only factor affecting BC knowledge significantly. Women's education and knowledge score were significantly associated with the practice of BSE.data from this study re-enforce the continuing need for more BC education programs that are intended to attract the attention of women with low literacy skills.
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Development of social work education in southern and east Africa : research report. - Hochfeld, Tessa; Selipsky, Lisa; Mupedziswa, Rodreck; Chitereka, Christopher (2009)
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Project African Dawn : a study of second-chance learners' perceptions of how an equine skills apprenticeship programme has impacted on their identity, their workplace practices and their desire for further learning programmes - Hodes, Margrete Lizbeth (2009)
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Effects of parental morbidity on child school participation in Malawi - Hoeg, Jennifer Marie. (2009)
Thesis (M.P.P.)--Georgetown University, 2009.; Includes bibliographical references. Educating children in developing countries has the potential to profoundly and positively affect socio-economic development outcomes by allowing these individuals to attain improved health outcomes, increased wage-earning potential, and to potentially break the cycle of inter-generational poverty. One of the key development concerns impacting educational participation for children is health, with a developing strand of research focused on the effects of parental morbidity and mortality on child educational participation. This study seeks to add to this body of literature by investigating the relationship between adult health status and child educational participation in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region that is faced with particularly low educational attainment and high disease burden. Using data from the Government of Malawi's 2004-2005 Second Integrated Household Survey, this study finds a modest and statistically significant negative relationship between head of household morbidity and child school attendance, and confirms parental education as a primary driver of child school attendance. These findings suggest mutually positively reinforcing benefits to human development investments in health and education. Further investigation of this research question is encouraged, particularly addressing the efficacy of interventions to increase ailing parents' access to health care or palliative care in improving school attendance rates of children.
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Drought, climate change and vegetation response in the succulent karoo, South Africa - Hoffman, Margaret; Carrick, Peter J.; Gillson, Lindsey; West, Adam G. (South African journal of science, 2009)
For the winter-rainfall region of South Africa, the frequency of drought is predicted to increase over the next 100 years, with dire consequences for the vegetation of this biodiversity hotspot. We analysed historical 20th century rainfall records for six rainfall stations within the succulent karoo biome to determine if the signal of increasing drought frequency is already apparent, and whether mean annual rainfall is decreasing. We found no evidence for a decrease either in mean annual rainfall or in the incidence of drought, as measured by the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) over the 20th century. Evidence points to a drying trend from 1900–1950 while no significant trend in rainfall and drought was found at most stations from 1951–2000. In a second analysis we synthesised the information concerning the response of adult succulent karoo biome plants and seedlings to extended drought conditions. General findings are that responses to drought differ between species, and that longevity is an important life history trait related to drought survival. Growth form is a poor predictor of drought response across the biome. There was a range of responses to drought among adult plants of various growth forms, and among non-succulent seedlings. Leaf-succulent seedlings, however, exhibited phenomenal drought resistance, the majority surviving drought long after all the experimentally comparative non-succulent seedlings had died. Our synthesis showed that previous studies on the impact of drought on succulent karoo biome plants differ greatly in terms of their location, sampling design, measured values and plant responses. A suite of coordinated long-term field observations, experiments and models are therefore needed to assess the response of succulent karoo biome species to key drought events as they occur over time and to integrate this information into conservation planning.
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Drought, climate change and vegetation response in the succulent karoo, South Africa - Hoffman, Margaret; Carrick, Peter J.; Gillson, Lindsey; West, Adam G. (South African journal of science, 2009)
For the winter-rainfall region of South Africa, the frequency of drought is predicted to increase over the next 100 years, with dire consequences for the vegetation of this biodiversity hotspot. We analysed historical 20th century rainfall records for six rainfall stations within the succulent karoo biome to determine if the signal of increasing drought frequency is already apparent, and whether mean annual rainfall is decreasing. We found no evidence for a decrease either in mean annual rainfall or in the incidence of drought, as measured by the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) over the 20th century. Evidence points to a drying trend from 1900–1950 while no significant trend in rainfall and drought was found at most stations from 1951–2000. In a second analysis we synthesised the information concerning the response of adult succulent karoo biome plants and seedlings to extended drought conditions. General findings are that responses to drought differ between species, and that longevity is an important life history trait related to drought survival. Growth form is a poor predictor of drought response across the biome. There was a range of responses to drought among adult plants of various growth forms, and among non-succulent seedlings. Leaf-succulent seedlings, however, exhibited phenomenal drought resistance, the majority surviving drought long after all the experimentally comparative non-succulent seedlings had died. Our synthesis showed that previous studies on the impact of drought on succulent karoo biome plants differ greatly in terms of their location, sampling design, measured values and plant responses. A suite of coordinated long-term field observations, experiments and models are therefore needed to assess the response of succulent karoo biome species to key drought events as they occur over time and to integrate this information into conservation planning.
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Drought, climate change and vegetation response in the succulent karoo, South Africa - Hoffman, Margaret; Carrick, Peter J.; Gillson, Lindsey; West, Adam G. (South African journal of science, 2009)
For the winter-rainfall region of South Africa, the frequency of drought is predicted to increase over the next 100 years, with dire consequences for the vegetation of this biodiversity hotspot. We analysed historical 20th century rainfall records for six rainfall stations within the succulent karoo biome to determine if the signal of increasing drought frequency is already apparent, and whether mean annual rainfall is decreasing. We found no evidence for a decrease either in mean annual rainfall or in the incidence of drought, as measured by the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) over the 20th century. Evidence points to a drying trend from 1900–1950 while no significant trend in rainfall and drought was found at most stations from 1951–2000. In a second analysis we synthesised the information concerning the response of adult succulent karoo biome plants and seedlings to extended drought conditions. General findings are that responses to drought differ between species, and that longevity is an important life history trait related to drought survival. Growth form is a poor predictor of drought response across the biome. There was a range of responses to drought among adult plants of various growth forms, and among non-succulent seedlings. Leaf-succulent seedlings, however, exhibited phenomenal drought resistance, the majority surviving drought long after all the experimentally comparative non-succulent seedlings had died. Our synthesis showed that previous studies on the impact of drought on succulent karoo biome plants differ greatly in terms of their location, sampling design, measured values and plant responses. A suite of coordinated long-term field observations, experiments and models are therefore needed to assess the response of succulent karoo biome species to key drought events as they occur over time and to integrate this information into conservation planning.
Keywords: openalex:import

Drought, climate change and vegetation response in the succulent karoo, South Africa - Hoffman, Margaret; Carrick, Peter J.; Gillson, Lindsey; West, Adam G. (South African journal of science, 2009)
For the winter-rainfall region of South Africa, the frequency of drought is predicted to increase over the next 100 years, with dire consequences for the vegetation of this biodiversity hotspot. We analysed historical 20th century rainfall records for six rainfall stations within the succulent karoo biome to determine if the signal of increasing drought frequency is already apparent, and whether mean annual rainfall is decreasing. We found no evidence for a decrease either in mean annual rainfall or in the incidence of drought, as measured by the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) over the 20th century. Evidence points to a drying trend from 1900–1950 while no significant trend in rainfall and drought was found at most stations from 1951–2000. In a second analysis we synthesised the information concerning the response of adult succulent karoo biome plants and seedlings to extended drought conditions. General findings are that responses to drought differ between species, and that longevity is an important life history trait related to drought survival. Growth form is a poor predictor of drought response across the biome. There was a range of responses to drought among adult plants of various growth forms, and among non-succulent seedlings. Leaf-succulent seedlings, however, exhibited phenomenal drought resistance, the majority surviving drought long after all the experimentally comparative non-succulent seedlings had died. Our synthesis showed that previous studies on the impact of drought on succulent karoo biome plants differ greatly in terms of their location, sampling design, measured values and plant responses. A suite of coordinated long-term field observations, experiments and models are therefore needed to assess the response of succulent karoo biome species to key drought events as they occur over time and to integrate this information into conservation planning.
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Identification of the ENPP1 three-allele risk haplotype and its possible contribution to the development of obesity and insulin resistance in 8-18-year-old learners in communities of the Western Cape, South Africa - Hoffman, Michael D.; Somers, Anne R.; Yako, Yandiswa Y; Fanampe, Biotumelo L; Matsha, Tandi E.; Erasmus, Rajiv T (2009)
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How might drought affect biodiversity in South Africa? : climate chage - Hoffman, Timm (Quest, 2009)
What can 20th century rainfall data tell us about the effects of climate fluctuations on the vegetation of the succulent Karoo biome? QUEST looked at the work of Timm Hoffman and colleagues in the region.
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Climate change and wildland fires in Mozambique - Hoffmann, Anja; Parry, Jo-Ellen; Cuambe, Carla Cristina Dinis; Kwesha, Dominick; Zhakata, Washington (2009)
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Monitoring and Evaluation at the sector level: experiences from Joint Sector Reviews in the education sectors of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger - Holvoet, Nathalie; Inberg, Liesbeth (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
Aid policy and practice have been thoroughly shaken up over the past few years. One of the crucial reform areas relates to monitoring and evaluation (ME but poorly on alignment. They generally prioritise accountability over learning needs; focus more on implementation than results; and largely neglect accountability and learning at the level of the sector institutional apparatus (including the M&E system). In this paper, findings from the field are contrasted with insights from evaluation theory and practice so as to provide suggestions for on the ground JSR improvements.
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The Development and Enlightenment of Multi-cultural Education in Ghana - Hong, Fan (Huazhong Normal University Journal of Postgraduates, 2009)
Ghana is a deve loping country with multiethnic and races in west African.Since the independent of Ghana,primary and secondary education,university education as well as teacher education have got great achievements after multi-cultural education had undergone several reforms.While multi-cultural education in Ghana present some features as the use of multi-languages,the continuous changes of language polices,the combine multiculture with local-culture in term of program arrangements and the emphasis on teacher education and so on.These,to some extent,have some enlightenment to our multi-cultural education and minority education.
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How can I encourage multi-stakeholder narrative and reflection on the use of ICT in Teacher Professional Development programmes in Rwanda? - Hooker, Mary (2009)
This is an action research enquiry into how I can improve my practice to encourage multi-stakeholder narrative and reflection on the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Teacher Professional Development (TPD) programmes in Rwanda. I examine the complexity of the ICT-TPD landscape in the Africa Region. I describe two action research cycles in which I attempt to encourage reflection on ICT in professional development in Rwanda. In each cycle I explore the potential of an Activity Theory lens for probing the issues and examining the perspectives of the stakeholder community of teachers, teacher educators, curriculum developers and researchers affiliated to national ICT in TPD programmes and initiatives. I integrate a “Most Significant Change” narrative technique to engage participants in telling stories of significant change in their practice with technology integration. Through the rigour of the action research living theory approach I come to a number of conclusions about my own values and how I actually live my values in practice as I engage with partners in discourse and reflection for mutual learning on the issues of ICT integration in Teacher Professional Development.
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Functional impairment in South African children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder - Hoppe, Lara (2009)
This research aimed to increase understanding regarding functional impairment in children and adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Eight South African children and adolescents with OCD participated in the study. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS-PL), the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) and the Child Obsessive-Compulsive Impact Scale-Revised (COIS-R) were used to assess the children and adolescents’ past and current psychopathology, OCD symptom severity and OCD-related functional impairment. Children and adolescents rated more problems as being significant than did their parents. In addition, parents reported that the most significant domain of impairment was in the school domain; child reports, in contrast, showed that the most significant impairments occurred in the school and social domains. Parents and children differed in terms of their ratings regarding the most significant individual functional problems. These findings differ from those of previous North American and European studies in this domain, and thus provide the rationale for future research that will examine the effect of culture on childhood OCD-related functional impairment. This future research will have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of children with OCD in South Africa.
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Post-primary education in Africa: challenges and approaches for expanding learning opportunities - Hoppers, Wim (2009)
The 2008 ADEA Biennale examined secondary, tertiary and vocational education needs and priorities, as well as basic primary education. It looked forward to future challenges, posing questions and exploring solutions for all types and levels of educational needs in Africa. Three specific themes were selected to focus the discussions on the most critical dimensions of post-primary education development: (1) towards 9-10 years Education for All: promising policies and strategies; (2) skills development and the world of work: challenges for education and training; and (3) preparing knowledge workers for Africa's development: articulating upper secondary with higher education. Six crosscutting issues were: policy and governance; financing; access and equity; education and training personnel; curriculum and skills development; and articulation and assessment. The chapters are: Introduction; Summary of outcomes of the 2008 ADEA Biennale; The present context of post-primary education; A conceptual framework for reviewing post-primary education; Towards 9-10 years of Education for All: promising practices and strategies; Youth employment and the world of work: what skills should be developed?; Preparing knowledge workers for Africa's development: articulating upper secondary with higher education; Conclusions on key issues across sub-themes; Strategic directions for BE-PBET [basic education/post-basic education and training] development.
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Knowledge of and attitude towards cervical cancer among female university students in South Africa - Hoque, Ehsanul; Hoque, Muhammad (The Southern African journal of epidemiology & infection, 2009)
The objectives of this descriptive cross-sectional study were to assess the knowledge of the risk factors associated with, and detection methods of cervical cancer among female undergraduate students at Mangosuthu University of Technology. A total of 389 students were selected by stratifed random sampling techniques. Participants' mean age was 20 years (SD=2). Results indicated that 51.2% students were currently involved in a sexual relationship, with 19.2% reporting two or more sexual partners in the past year. Less than half (42.9%) of the participants had heard of cervical cancer and of these, 26 (15.6%) did not know any risk factors for cervical cancer, while 96 (58.6%) of 164 participants who knew of risk factors, did not know that cervical cancer is preventable. One-hundred and sixty-three (41.9%) participants had heard about the Pap smear test. That the Pap smear test is used for detection or prevention of cervical cancer, was known to 62 (38%) of the respondents. Only 16 (9.8%) participants had had a Pap smear test. Among those who knew about the Pap smear test (n=136), 86 respondents did not have the test done mainly because of personal factors such as fear of the procedure, cultural or religious reasons, and were not ill (61.1%). Findings suggest low level of knowledge on cervical cancer and its risk factors and detection method among these female university students. The university should thus concentrate on developing policies on health education and promotion, particularly targeting preventable health conditions, eg. cervical cancer and strategies to prevent transmission of the human papillomavirus.
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Knowledge of and attitude towards cervical cancer among female university students in South Africa : original research - Hoque, Ehsanul; Hoque, Muhammad (The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection, 2009)
The objectives of this descriptive cross-sectional study were to assess the knowledge of the risk factors associated with, and detection methods of cervical cancer among female undergraduate students at Mangosuthu University of Technology. A total of 389 students were selected by stratified random sampling techniques. Participants' mean age was 20 years (SD=2). Results indicated that 51.2% students were currently involved in a sexual relationship, with 19.2% reporting two or more sexual partners in the past year. Less than half (42.9%) of the participants had heard of cervical cancer and of these, 26 (15.6%) did not know any risk factors for cervical cancer, while 96 (58.6%) of 164 participants who knew of risk factors, did not know that cervical cancer is preventable. One-hundred and sixty-three (41.9%) participants had heard about the Pap smear test. That the Pap smear test is used for detection or prevention of cervical cancer, was known to 62 (38%) of the respondents. Only 16 (9.8%) participants had had a Pap smear test. Among those who knew about the Pap smear test (n=136), 86 respondents did not have the test done mainly because of personal factors such as fear of the procedure, cultural or religious reasons, and were not ill (61.1%). Findings suggest low level of knowledge on cervical cancer and its risk factors and detection method among these female university students. The university should thus concentrate on developing policies on health education and promotion, particularly targeting preventable health conditions, eg. cervical cancer and strategies to prevent transmission of the human papillomavirus.
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Risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implication for health education and health promotion - Hoque, Monjurul; Hoque, Ehsanul; Kader, Suriya Bibi (South African Family Practice, 2009)
Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem in developing countries. It is associated with an increased risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. A high rate of anaemia in pregnancy in the rural population of KwaZulu-Natal (30% according to national and 57% according to the World Health Organization [WHO] definition of anaemia in pregnancy) is observed. The risk factors for anaemia, particularly during pregnancy, are multiple and complex and their relative contributions are known to vary by geographic areas and by seasons. In order to design an intervention for treatment and prevention of anaemia in pregnancy, studies to assess the aetiological factors are necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of association between intestinal helminthiasis, urinary schistosomiasis and HIV infection on anaemia in pregnancy.Methods: A retrospective case-control study design was used in a rural district hospital of South Africa. A total of 300 pregnant women, 100 of them with anaemia (haemoglobin less than 10 gm/dL according to the national definition of anaemia in pregnancy) referred as cases and 200 controls were studied from Empangeni Hospital. Both cases and controls were matched for age, parity and gestational age. Data were collected from the antenatal clinic and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme registers for cases and controls at their booking visit during the months of May, June and July of 2004. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were performed to analyse the data.Results: Of the cases, 48% and 1% among the controls had intestinal helminthiasis, resulting in the odds ratio of 42 (p = 0,000 and 95% CI 9,96–176.59). The risk of anaemia was related to urinary schistosomiasis, as 27% of the cases compared to 1% of controls was found with anaemia. The odds ratio was 12 (p = 0,000 and 95% CI 3.58 - 41.02). These parasitic infestations are known to cause chronic haemorrhage and iron deficiency resulting in the development of anaemia in pregnancy. Transmissions of intestinal parasitic infestation occur through the faecal-oral route. Personal hygiene and other environmental factors are therefore an important factor for the transmission of the disease. To reduce the transmission of faecal- oral diseases (e.g. intestinal helminthiasis and urinary schistosomiasis) key interventions recommended are: 1) safe disposal of human excreta, 2) hand-washing practices with soap after defecation, and 3) maintenance of drinking water free from faecal contamination.Similarly, HIV infection increased the chance of developing anaemia in pregnancy twofold as HIV infection was more common among cases (56%) than among controls (37%), resulting in an odds ratio of 2.11 (p = 0,003 and 95% CI 1.123–3.21). The prevention of HIV infection and transmission can be achieved through the improvement of knowledge of these conditions. These can be achieved through health education and health promotion.Conclusion: These findings confirm and conform to other studies on the association between anaemia in pregnancy and parasitic and HIV infections. Antenatal care should promote de-worming and education on personal hygiene and HIV (risk factors, mode of transmission, etc.). The provision of safe water supply and toilet facilities for the rural communities should be considered urgently to prevent and promote better health for all, including pregnant women.
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The South African higher education transformation debate: culture, identity and 'African ways of knowing' - Horsthemke, Kai (London Review of Education, 2009)
Following the first democratic election in South Africa in 1994, there has been a strong drive towards democratising education at all levels, primary, secondary and tertiary. The present paper examines some of the key ideas in the debate around transformation in higher education in South Africa, namely the notions of an African essence, culture and identity, as well as African knowledge systems. It contends that neither the idea of the 'essence of Africa' nor an emphasis on 'African culture and identity' constitutes an appropriate theoretical framework for conceptualising change in higher educational thought and practice in South Africa, the major problems turning on issues around essentialism and cultural relativism. Similarly, the post-colonialist and anti-discrimination discourse underpinning 'African ways of knowing' is unfortunately riddled with problems, logical and epistemological. While the present contribution is sympathetic to the basic concerns articulated in the respective debates, especially around the significance of indigenous languages, it offers both conceptual clarification as well as a critical (re-)evaluation of the pertinent issues. Thus, 'African knowledge' is argued to be a misnomer that raises more problems than it can conceivably solve. What its proponents hope to achieve is arguably better achieved by an emphasis on restorative justice that locates the principle of reconciliation within a basic framework of human rights.
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LEARNING FROM EGYPT,DEVELOPING AGRICULTURE IN SICHUAN - Hou-qiang, LI (2009)
This paper introduces the Egyptian agriculture research institutions and their success in research system establishment,research achievements transfer and promotion,and water conservation through literature research and field investigation in the Arab Republic of Egypt.Egyptian government also encourages enlarging cultivated land to compensate for their limited land resources.It is then suggested by the author that,in constructing new socialist countryside and in modernizing agriculture,Sichuan should focus on legislation,water-saving technologies and agricultural technology promotion.
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