Oral health status of handicapped primary school pupils in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania - Simon, ENM; Matee, Mecky; Scheutz, F (East African Medical Journal, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Intraoperative colonic irrigation in the management of left sided large bowel emergecies in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Sule, A Z; Po, Obepka; Iya, D; Ogbonna, B. C.; Momoh, J. T. (East African Medical Journal, 2009)
To evaluate the safety and benefits of antegrade intraoperative colonic irrigation (lavage) and primary anastomosis, after colonic resection, in the treatment of left sided large bowel emergencies.A prospective descriptive study.Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.Thirty seven patients with an average age of 44.86 +/- 16.15 years.Sigmoid colectomy was performed in twenty two sigmoid volvulus, five sigmoid cancer, two faecal fistulae and one sigmoid injury. Left hemicolectomy was offered in four descending colon cancer, one descending colon injury, while anterior resection was carried out in two rectal cancers. Primary anastomosis was performed after intraoperative colonic lavage.The operative mortality was 2.7%, anastomotic leakage rate 2.7% and superficial wound infection occurred in 10.81%. The average duration of hospital stay was 22.76 +/- 11.26 days. Intraoperative colonic lavage added 35.79 +/- 7.25 minutes to the operating time.The results of this study suggest that intraoperative colonic lavage is an effective method enabling the surgeon to perform a primary anastomosis with reasonable safety after emergency resection of selected distal colonic lesions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Food, energy and macronutrient contribution of out-of-home foods in school-going adolescents in Cotonou, Benin - Nago, Eunice; Lachat, Carl; Huybregts, Lieven; Roberfroid, Dominique; Dossa, Romain; Kolsteren, Patrick (British Journal of Nutrition, 2009)
The objective of the present study was to document the food, energy and macronutrient contribution of out-of-home prepared foods in school-going adolescents in Cotonou (Benin) and compare the food, energy and macronutrient intakes of low and high out-of-home consumers. We used a cross-sectional study with 24 h dietary recalls on two non-consecutive school days to collect food intake data. Low and high consumers were defined respectively as subjects whose percentage of daily energy intake from out-of-home foods was in the first and the third terciles of the sample distribution. The setting was twelve secondary schools in Cotonou with 656 adolescents aged 13-19 years. Out-of-home prepared foods contributed more than 40 % of the daily energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate and fibre intakes and of the daily weight of food in the adolescents. They were highly present at breakfast and as afternoon snacks in high consumers, providing respectively 94 and 82 % of the energy intake of high consumers at breakfast and as afternoon snacks. Low consumers ate more fruit and vegetables and cereal grain products than high consumers whereas high consumers consumed more sweet energy-dense foods. Both categories had a diet poor in fruit and vegetables (hardly one-fourth of the recommended 400 g) and high in fat. We concluded that out-of-home foods are important in the diet of urban school adolescents in Benin. Therefore, they should be investigated in depth and taken into account in the development of interventions to promote healthy diet and lifestyles in adolescents.
Keywords: openalex:import

Students’ Assessment Of Farm Practical Programme In Selected Universities Of Southwestern, Nigeria - Oyesola, O. B. (Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences, 2009)
The study evaluates students’ assessment of farm practical programme in selected universities of southwestern Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting 180 students from 6 selected universities in the study area. Frequency counts, percentages, chi-square, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Analysis of variance were used in analyzing the data. Result of analysis shows that majority of the students are within the age range of 22-26 years with a mean age of 24 years. Morethan half of the students were males, entered the university through Joint Admission Matriculation Board Examination and do not choose agriculture as their first choice of career at the point of entry into the university. Students are involve in both crop and animal production activities. Students reported that lack of planning, improper implementation of activities lined up for the programme, lack of fund to properly finance the programme and insufficient time to gain competence in skill acquired are some of the problems faced during the programme. However, students derived benefits from the programme and assessed the farm practical programme as averagely effective. There is significant difference in students’ assessment of farm practical programme across the selected universities. It is therefore recommended that government should make adequate provision in the curriculum of primary and junior secondary schools to encourage agriculture as a profession and also introduce students to practical training in agriculture through attachment to agricultural related firms during each session break to gain competence in skills acquired knowledge and be well grounded in the practices agricultural production.
Keywords: openalex:import

Exposure to physical and sexual violence and adverse health behaviours in African children: results from the Global School-based Student Health Survey - Reading, Richard (Child: Care, Health and Development, 2009)
Child: Care, Health and DevelopmentVolume 35, Issue 6 p. 890-891 Exposure to physical and sexual violence and adverse health behaviours in African children: results from the Global School-based Student Health Survey Richard Reading, Richard ReadingSearch for more papers by this author Richard Reading, Richard ReadingSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 October 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01023_2.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume35, Issue6November 2009Pages 890-891 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

A 30-month prospective study on the treatment of retinoblastoma in the Gabriel Toure Teaching Hospital, Bamako, Mali - Togo, B; Sylla, Fatou K.; Traoré, Fousseyni; Sylla, Mariam; Dicko-Traoré, Fatoumata; Sidibé, Toumani; Diakite, A.; Marouf, Keïta Mamadou (British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2009)
Retinoblastoma is one of the most common malignant tumours among children in Africa. However, very few studies on this disease have been published, especially studies from French-speaking countries in Africa.Prospective study over a period of 30 months from 1 January 2005 to 30 June 2007 on all cases of retinoblastoma diagnosed and treated in the Paediatric Oncology Unit of the Gabriel Touré Hospital in Bamako, Mali. Treatment was two courses of pre-operative chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, adriamycine and vincristine), enucleation for many patients, and then two courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with the same drugs.During the study period, 55 cases of retinoblastoma were treated, which represents 33.1% of all the solid tumours, coming second in frequency after lymphomas (39.7%). The mean age of the patients was 4.2 years. Boys were the most affected, with a sex ratio of 2:1. Forty-nine mothers (89.1%) and 46 fathers (83.6%) had no formal education. Thirty-seven children (67.3%) were from rural areas. Unilateral cases were predominant (49 cases (89.1%)). Ten cases (10.9%) were bilateral. Exophthalmos was the leading symptom (30 cases (54.5%)). The survival rate at 30 months was 56% with 18% lost at follow-up.Mortality as a result of retinoblastoma remains high in our region because diagnosis is always late and it is difficult to follow-up the patients. Education of healthcare workers and raising awareness in the general population would improve the survival rate of retinoblastoma patients in Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

A 30-month prospective study on the treatment of retinoblastoma in the Gabriel Toure Teaching Hospital, Bamako, Mali - Togo, B; Sylla, Fatou K.; Traoré, Fousseyni; Sylla, Mariam; Dicko-Traoré, Fatoumata; Sidibé, Toumani; Diakite, A.; Marouf, Keïta Mamadou (British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2009)
Retinoblastoma is one of the most common malignant tumours among children in Africa. However, very few studies on this disease have been published, especially studies from French-speaking countries in Africa.Prospective study over a period of 30 months from 1 January 2005 to 30 June 2007 on all cases of retinoblastoma diagnosed and treated in the Paediatric Oncology Unit of the Gabriel Touré Hospital in Bamako, Mali. Treatment was two courses of pre-operative chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, adriamycine and vincristine), enucleation for many patients, and then two courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with the same drugs.During the study period, 55 cases of retinoblastoma were treated, which represents 33.1% of all the solid tumours, coming second in frequency after lymphomas (39.7%). The mean age of the patients was 4.2 years. Boys were the most affected, with a sex ratio of 2:1. Forty-nine mothers (89.1%) and 46 fathers (83.6%) had no formal education. Thirty-seven children (67.3%) were from rural areas. Unilateral cases were predominant (49 cases (89.1%)). Ten cases (10.9%) were bilateral. Exophthalmos was the leading symptom (30 cases (54.5%)). The survival rate at 30 months was 56% with 18% lost at follow-up.Mortality as a result of retinoblastoma remains high in our region because diagnosis is always late and it is difficult to follow-up the patients. Education of healthcare workers and raising awareness in the general population would improve the survival rate of retinoblastoma patients in Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

“Blitz Surgery”: Redefining Surgical Needs, Training, and Practice in Sub‐Saharan Africa - Nthumba, Peter (World Journal of Surgery, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Paternal involvement in children's education: an implication of children's performance at preschool in Gucha District, Kenya - Bitengo, Teresa Mwoma (2009)
A research thesis submited for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Early Childhood Studies) in the School of Education of Kenyatta University
Keywords: openalex:import

Reformatting the hard drive of South African education for the knowledge economy - Davis, Jason Stratton (Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business, 2009)
South African education system needs reformatting in order to produce employable graduates. By introducing educational gaming into the formal learning programmes, the nature and quality of learning can be enhanced to create the innovative professionals need for the new knowledge economy.
Keywords: openalex:import

Accommodation of climate change in coastal areas of cameroon: selection of household-level protection options - Molua, Ernest L. (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

[Prevalence and polyparasitism of intestinal protozoa and spatial distribution of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar and Giardia intestinalis from pupils in the rural zone of Man in Côte d'Ivoire]. - Ouattara, Mamadou; Silué, Kigbafori D.; N’Guéssan, Aya Nicaise; Yapi, Ahoua; Barbara, Matthys; Raso, Giovanna; Utzinger, Jüerg; N’Goran, Eliézer K. (PubMed, 2009)
Diseases caused by environmental contamination by micro-organisms, including intestinal helminths and protozoa, are prevalent in developing countries. According to some authors, their strong expansion in some zones of these countries is due primarily to favourable climatic conditions, combined with inadequate hygiene measures and cleaning and the generally low socio-economic level. Progress in disease control has resulted from new studies that improve our understanding of the epidemiology of helminthiases and from the availability of simple tools that are inexpensive and effective against these diseases (chemotherapy with albendazole and mebendazole). On the other hand, surprisingly few such studies have looked at intestinal protozoa, although the WHO reports that approximately 480 million individuals throughout the world are infested by amoebiasis caused by the protozoon Entamoeba histolytica and that 40,000-110,000 people die from it each year. Giardiasis, a cosmopolitan parasitosis, is due to another intestinal protozoon called Giardia intestinalis. To help develop a database on these parasites, we conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological survey in the Man region in western Côte d'Ivoire. Its objectives were to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoa, to evaluate polyparasitism and to assess the spatial distribution of the pathogenic protozoal species, E. histolytica and G. intestinalis. Overall, 4466 stools samples taken from pupils aged 6 to 16 years of age at 57 different schools were analyzed under an optical microscope by the formol-ether stool concentration method, after preservation in sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF). The most common protozoa species in this area were Endolimax nanus (83.8%) and E. coli (74.7%). The regional prevalence of G. intestinalis was 17.5% and of E. histolytica/E. dispar 11.3%. Both species were found in each of the 57 schools. The prevalence of E. histolytica/E. dispar exceeded 15% in six schools, and its spatial distribution was highly disparate. On the other hand, three large areas with substantial G. intestinalis transmission were identified. Polyparasitism of intestinal protozoa is very frequent in these areas; 80.2% of pupils carried at least 2 species. This work confirms the presence and breadth of protozoa species in the Man region. Understanding the spatial distribution of the principal areas where pathogenic protozoa species are transmitted may help to develop programmes for disease control that combine chemotherapy and preventive measures.
Keywords: openalex:import

A comparative analysis of teacher competence and its effect on pupil performance in upper primary schools in Mozambique and other Sacmeq countries - Passos, Ana Filipe Jose (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Knowledge, self-efficacy and behavioural intent towards AIDS prevention behaviours among culturally diverse secondary school pupils in South Africa - Peltzer, Karl; Cherian, Lily; Cherian, Varghese I. (East African medical journal, 2009)
To investigate knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavioural intent towards AIDS prevention behaviours among culturally diverse secondary school pupils in South Africa.Randomised study.Three urban secondary schools in Pietersburg, South Africa.Three hundred and sixty six Grade 11 secondary school pupils, comprising 150 (41%) males, and 216 (59%) females, aged 17 to 24 years (mean age 19.3 years, SD=2.6). The three cultural groups were 142 Blacks, 112 Whites and 112 Asians.The questionnaire included items on socio-economic and family background, knowledge about HIV, perceived self-efficacy and behavioural intent regarding AIDS preventive behaviours.Overall, the participants showed an adequate level of AIDS knowledge. However, there was considerable inaccuracy regarding AIDS transmission myths or how AIDS cannot be transmitted. The different cultural groups generally felt most self-efficacious regarding how to protect themselves from becoming infected (75-90%) and least self-efficacious on knowing where to go for information on AIDS (72-74%). Generally, participants reported a high behavioural intent. The Whites stand second in knowledge and more or less second in self-efficacy and behaviour intent. The Blacks stand third in knowledge and more or less second in self-efficacy and behaviour intent.Culturally diverse knowledge, self-efficacy and behavioural intent towards AIDS prevention was found among White, Black and Asian pupils, which should inform a culturally sensitive and appropriate AIDS health promotion programme in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Impact of a Community-based Pilot Health Education Intervention for Older People as Caregivers of Orphaned and Sick Children as a Result of HIV and AIDS in South Africa - Boon, Hermien; Ruiter, Robert A. C.; James, Shamagonam; Borne, Bart van den; Williams, Eka; Reddy, Priscilla (Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 2009)
The increasing HIV and AIDS epidemic in South Africa poses a substantial burden to older people, in particular older women who mainly provide care for sick adult children and their grandchildren who have become orphaned and rendered vulnerable by the death or illness of their parents. In this study, 202 isiXhosa speaking older caregivers from Motherwell in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa were trained to provide care for grandchildren and adult children living with HIV or AIDS. Based on a community needs assessment, a health education intervention comprising four modules was designed to improve skills and knowledge which would be used to assist older people in their care-giving tasks. Some topics were HIV and AIDS knowledge, effective intergenerational communication, providing home-based basic nursing care, accessing social services and grants, and relaxation techniques. Structured one-on-one interviews measured differences between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores among those who attended all four modules vs. those that missed one or more of the sessions. The results demonstrated that older people who participated in all four workshops perceived themselves more able and in control to provide nursing care. The participants also showed a more positive attitude towards people living with HIV or AIDS and reported an increased level of HIV and AIDS knowledge. The results provided valuable information upon which the development of future interventions may be based and psychosocial and structural needs of the older caregivers may be addressed by relevant stakeholders.
Keywords: openalex:import

Epidemiology of single and multiple species of helminth infections among school children in Busia District, Kenya - Brooker, Simon; Miguel, Edward; Moulin, Solène; Luoba, Alfred I.; Bundy, Donald; Krémer, M (East African Medical Journal, 2009)
Objective: To describe the patterns of single and multiple helminth infection in school children from Busia District, Kenya.Design: A cross-sectional school survey using a randomly selected sample, forming part of an evaluation study of an ongoing deworming project.Setting: Budalangi and Funyula divisions of Busia District, Western Province, Kenya.Subjects: One thousand seven hundred and thirty eight school children aged 8-20 years randomly selected from those enrolled in standards 3-8 in 25 randomly selected primary schools.Results: Overall, 91.7% of children were infected with either hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura or Schistosoma mansoni.Infection prevalence of each species varied considerably among schools, being most marked for S. mansoni, where prevalence was highest in lakeshore schools.Children were typically infected with two or more species of helminth.Infection intensity of each geohelminth species was higher in school children infected with multiple species than in school children with single species infections, and intensity increased with the number of concurrent infections.Conclusion: Helminth infections are exceptionally common among school children in Busia district, thus confirming the good sense of the school-based approach adopted by the control programme.The study also shows that there is an association between concurrent infection and the intensity of infection, which may have consequences for nutritional and educational status.
Keywords: openalex:import

Determinants of iodine deficiency in school children in different regions of Ethiopia - Cherinet, A; Kelbessa, U (East African medical journal, 2009)
To determine the magnitude of goitre in school children and measure indicators of iodine deficiency including the most commonly consumed staple foods.A cross-sectional study.Ten villages from four administrative regions of Ethiopia.A total of 2485 randomly selected elementary school children were examined for clinical signs of goitre. Indicators of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) assessed were urinary iodine excretion (UIE) rate, iodine concentration in water, the commonly consumed individual foods of plant origin and milk, and bacterial contamination of drinking water.The gross prevalence (mean of male and female values) among school children was 53.3%. The prevalence was higher in females (56.1%) than in males (50.8%). The highest prevalence (82 and 91%, respectively) were observed in the villages of Lotte and Kodowono and the lowest (31%) in the village of Abossara. Of the urinary measurements, 70% of the samples showed moderate and 30% mild iodine deficiency. Levels of iodine in water and individual food samples were low in general. Breast milk iodine content was similarly low and related to the maternal daily iodine intake which may affect the nutritional status of the nursing infant. The study also provides further evidence that coliforms and E. coli isolated from drinking water contribute to the high incidence of endemic goitre other than iodine deficiency.It is difficult to obtain a sufficient iodine intake in the survey villages as the individual foods are very low in the element. However, IDD can be prevented by ensuring normal iodine nutrition through instituting ways that avail iodinated salt to the survey population.
Keywords: openalex:import

Ensemble models predict Important Bird Areas in southern Africa will become less effective for conserving endemic birds under climate change - Coetzee, Bernard W. T.; Robertson, Mark P.; Erasmus, Barend; Rensburg, Berndt J. van; Thuiller, Wilfried (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2009)
ABSTRACT Aim To examine the impacts of climate change on endemic birds, which are of global significance for conservation, on a continent with few such assessments. We specifically assess projected range changes in relation to the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) network and assess the possible consequences for conservation. Location South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Methods The newly emerging ensemble modelling approach is used with 50 species, four climate change models for the period 2070–2100 and eight bioclimatic niche models in the statistical package biomod . Model evaluation is done using the receiver operating characteristic and the recently introduced true skill statistic. Future projections are made considering two extreme assumptions: species have full dispersal ability and species have no dispersal ability. A consensus forecast is identified using principal components analysis. This forecast is interpreted in terms of the IBA network. An irreplaceability analysis is used to highlight priority IBAs for conservation attention in terms of climate change. Results The majority of species (62%) are predicted to lose climatically suitable space. Five species lose at least 85% of their climatically suitable space. Many IBAs lose species (41%; 47 IBAs) and show high rates of species turnover of more than 50% (77%; 95 IBAs). Highly irreplaceable regions for endemic species become highly localized under climate change, meaning that the endemic species analysed here experience similar range contractions to maintain climate niches. Main conclusions The South African IBAs network is likely to become less effective for conserving endemic birds under climate change. The irreplaceability analysis identified key refugia for endemic species under climate change, but many of these areas are not currently IBAs. In addition, many of these high‐priority areas that are IBAs fall outside the current formal protected areas network.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Rhetoric of Globalization and Communication Education in Nigeria: Issues, Prospects and Challenges - Esuh, P (Lwati: a journal of contemporary research, 2009)
This paper attempts an assessment of the various conceptual projections for the evaluation of the supposed derivations of globalization. The many scholastic discourses and some obviously identifiable fallacies are measured from rhetorical standpoint. The dictates of globalization suggest that every nation needs to participate in the global market. Only the nation with adequate manpower and communication expertise can comfortably participate, otherwise it would be left behind. The baseline is the eestructuring of not only the socio-economic actualities, but communication education, especially ICTs in our tertiary institutions and the secondary education level.
Keywords: openalex:import

Tanzanian High School students' attitude towards five University professional courses - Kikwilu, Emil N.; Mugonzibwa, EA; Rugarabamu, P. G. N.; Ntabaye, Moshi (East African Medical Journal, 2009)
To determine the attitude of high school students majoring in Physics, Chemistry and Biology (PCB) towards Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry, Veterinary Medicine and Nursing as professions at university.A cross sectional study of a representative sample of high school students using a pretested attitudinal questionnaire. Attitude components tested were degree of liking, degree of admiration and intentions to visit a professional at work.High schools in Tanzania mainland majoring in PCB.All 352 high school students from a representative sample of five schools: two boy-schools; two girl-schools; and one mixed gender-school participated by filling in a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic variables on age, sex, class, education and employment status of father and mother as background variables, and questions on the degree of liking, admiration and preference to visit a particular professional at work. All the attitudinal questions were scored on a 5-point scale. Scores for the three-attitudinal components were summed to group subjects into positive, neutral and negative attitude.Attitude of students to five professions they could study at a higher level.Eighty seven percent of the high school students had a positive attitude towards medicine, 66% towards pharmacy, 40% dentistry, 12% veterinary and 9% nursing. Dentistry and veterinary had the highest percentage of students (46.5% and 37.3%) who had a neutral attitude towards the professions, and the highest percentage of students (11.7% and 9.9%) who reported to have had no sufficient information to enable them indicate whether they admired dentistry and veterinary medicine or not. Significantly more girls than boys liked, admired and preferred to study nursing (chi2 varied from 11.39 to 12.99; p-value < 0.005).Medicine was the most liked profession while nursing was the least liked. Pharmacy, dentistry and veterinary medicine fell in between. There was insufficient knowledge about dentistry and veterinary medicine among the high school students.
Keywords: openalex:import

Estimating the near surface amplification factor to minimize earthquake damage: a case study at West Wadi Hagoul area, Egypt - Mohamed, Abbas Ahmed (Geophysical Prospecting, 2009)
ABSTRACT The damage caused by earthquake occurrences in different localities all over the world necessitates the evaluation of the underground and/or sub‐soil structure for strategic projects. The case study is the proposed area for a new factory construction that lies 3 km west of Suez Cement factory, in the area between Kottamiya and Ain Sokhna. The shallow seismic refraction survey was carried out through 10 major lines (grid lines), comprising 30 seismic profiles. The microtremor measurements were done at 25 locations at the grid intersection points. The obtained compressional (P) and horizontal shear (SH) wave velocities, with the horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratios, are used to deduce the subsurface structures, to evaluate the elastic and dynamic properties and the transfer function at both the surface and bedrock. The results illustrate that there is a good correlation between the fundamental frequencies deduced through the theoretical transfer function and the H/V spectral ratio. The maximum value of ground motion amplification factor of the study area is 3.3 at a corresponding frequency of 7.8 Hz.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education: Demand and Supply of Teachers for Primary Schools in the 21st Century Nigeria - Omo-Ojugo, M.O (Lwati: a journal of contemporary research, 2009)
How to ensure Nigerians have access to Universal Basic Education has often attracted the attention of some States and Federal Government of Nigeria since 1955.Several factors, bordering on supply of teachers, facilities, finance have constrained implementation of well fashioned policies.Demand and supply of teachers for primary schools have serious consequences on the implementation of primary school education in Nigeria.This paper explores the demand and supply of teachers for primary schools in the 21st century in Nigeria especially with the introduction of Universal Basic Education in Nigeria and attempts to ensure the attainment of United Nations Millennium Development Goals and Education for All (EFA) by the year 2015.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cross-cultural attitudes towards suicide among South African Secondary School Pupils - Peltzer, Karl; Cherian, Varghese I.; Cherian, Lily (East African Medical Journal, 2009)
To investigate the attitudes towards suicide among Grade II secondary school pupils among three cultural groups in South Africa.Cross sectional study.Grade II Secondary school pupils chosen at random from three urban schools in Pietersburg.The sample included 366 pupils, 150 (41%) males and 216 (59%) females, the mean age was 19.3 years (SD = 2.6), with a range from 17 to 24 years. The three cultural groups were 142 blacks, 112 whites and 112 Asians.Socioeconomic and family background (14 items), suicide data (4 items), and a 30-item Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale for Adolescents (MAST-12).Suicide ideation and plans to commit suicide are the highest among Asians, closely followed by Whites and lowest among Black pupils. The frequency of attempted suicide was lower among Blacks (11.3%) than that among Asians (13.5%) and Whites (13%). Analysis of variance indicated a significantly higher score among suicide attempters on attraction to death and repulsion by life and a significantly lower score on attraction to life and repulsion by death. Furthermore, this study found a significant correlation between total MAST, suicide ideation, suicide intent, history of completed suicide in family or friend, parents divorced, family size and suicide attempt.This study found differential effects across diverse ethnocultural adolescent groups for suicidal ideation, plants and attempts. This gives indications on how suicide prevention programmes can be constructed in culture-congenial ways.
Keywords: openalex:import

Air pollution and respiratory health in Africa: A review - Tanmowo, MO (East African medical journal, 2009)
Objective: To bring into focus the existence of respiratory hazards due to air pollution as a result of industrialisation, tobacco smoking (personal pollution), domestic pollution and vehicular fuel combustion on the African continent; and to stimulate health workers, and the various governments in Africa, to devote more attention to the subject of air pollution by engaging in and encouraging multidisciplinary research so that appropriate and effective control measures can be put in place.Data sources: Medline literature search through internet using the keywords: air pollution, cigarette smoking, domestic pollution, respiratory morbidity, Africa.The author's contributions to the subject of air pollution and respiratory morbidity are included.Study selection: Relevant studies or articles from eastern, western, northern, southern and central parts of Africa are included in the review.Data extraction: From individual study or article.Data synthesis: Evidence of respiratory hazards sequel to the four main sources of air pollution in each part of Africa, are synchronised under the headings: introduction, respiratory impairment and the future.Conclusions: Respiratory impairment from the four main sources of air pollution is a major but highly neglected problem on the African continent.There is need for concerted efforts on the part of African governments, health administrators and health workers to ensure that necessary attention is given to multidisciplinary research on the subject so that meaningful control measures can be formulated, thereby ensuring clean air for the people to breathe.
Keywords: openalex:import

Climate Change in Africa - Toulmin, Camilla (2009)
* 1. Introduction * 2. Global Climate Change and Africa * 3. Water * 4. Food * 5. Forests * 6. Cities * 7. Climate Change and Conflict * 8. Africa and the Low-Carbon Economy * 9. Looking Forward * Notes * Index
Keywords: openalex:import

Stress Profile of Secretarial Administration Students in Nigeria - Ubangha, MB (Lwati: a journal of contemporary research, 2009)
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of some demographic variables to the experience of stress among trainee secretaries. Additionally, the prevalence and sources of stress among trainee secretaries were studied. Four hypotheses and two research questions were formulated for investigation. The study was a descriptive survey and employed the Student Stress Inventory developed by the researchers to garner the relevant data. A total of 100 participants (35 males and 65 females) drawn from the Department of Secretarial Studies, The Polytechnic, Calabar - Nigeria took part in the study. The respondents were drawn from all the grade levels ofthe ND and HND programmes and were aged between seventeen and thirty-five with a mean age of 24.6years. Results following the analysis of data indicate significant differences in stress levels among Secretarial Administration students due to gender and pre-training experience. Females seemed to experience more stress than theirmale counterparts while those with the relevant pre-training experience reported less stress than those without the relevant pre-training experience. However, stress among trainee secretaries was independent of their age and marital status. About 64% of therespondents found training for secretaryship as either extremely stressful or stressful. The major sources of stress to trainee secretaries were examination syllabuses too demanding in some courses and too much academic assignment to do each day whilethe least sources were campus living conditions, overcrowding in hostels and the consequences of engaging in too much social activities to the detriment of school work. Based on these findings some recommendations were made
Keywords: openalex:import

Do maternal factors influence the dental health status of Nigerian pre‐school children? - Adeniyi, Adekunle Oyeyemi; Ogunbodede, O. Eyitope; Jeboda, O. Sonny; Folayan, O. (International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 2009)
Objective. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between maternal related factors and the dental health status of pre‐school children in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methods. A cross‐sectional study of 404 pairs of mothers and their pre‐school children was conducted at two selected primary health centres in Lagos State Nigeria. An interviewer administered questionnaire recorded the mother’s socio‐demographic characteristics and assessed her perception of her child’s dental needs, attitude to oral disease prevention, level of dental health knowledge and attitude to oral health. The child’s dental status was assessed using the dft index (caries status) and the simplified oral hygiene index. Data analysis tools included Spearman’s correlation coefficient and multivariate logistic regression. Results. Maternal age, maternal education, location of residence, maternal knowledge, and attitudes were all positively correlated with the child’s caries and oral hygiene status. There were statistically significant correlations between maternal attitude and the oral hygiene index ( P = 0.01) and dft score ( P = 0.001). Maternal age also had a significant relationship with the child’s caries status ( P = 0.003). Conclusion. This study concluded that maternal age and attitude were important determinants of caries experience whereas the mother’s attitude was an important determinant of oral cleanliness in pre‐school children in Lagos State Nigeria.
Keywords: openalex:import

Do maternal factors influence the dental health status of Nigerian pre‐school children? - Adeniyi, Adekunle Oyeyemi; Ogunbodede, O. Eyitope; Jeboda, O. Sonny; Folayan, O. (International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 2009)
Objective. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between maternal related factors and the dental health status of pre‐school children in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methods. A cross‐sectional study of 404 pairs of mothers and their pre‐school children was conducted at two selected primary health centres in Lagos State Nigeria. An interviewer administered questionnaire recorded the mother’s socio‐demographic characteristics and assessed her perception of her child’s dental needs, attitude to oral disease prevention, level of dental health knowledge and attitude to oral health. The child’s dental status was assessed using the dft index (caries status) and the simplified oral hygiene index. Data analysis tools included Spearman’s correlation coefficient and multivariate logistic regression. Results. Maternal age, maternal education, location of residence, maternal knowledge, and attitudes were all positively correlated with the child’s caries and oral hygiene status. There were statistically significant correlations between maternal attitude and the oral hygiene index ( P = 0.01) and dft score ( P = 0.001). Maternal age also had a significant relationship with the child’s caries status ( P = 0.003). Conclusion. This study concluded that maternal age and attitude were important determinants of caries experience whereas the mother’s attitude was an important determinant of oral cleanliness in pre‐school children in Lagos State Nigeria.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Current Status of Teachers and the Teaching Profession in Tanzania - Anangisye, William A. L. (Lwati: a journal of contemporary research, 2009)
This paper examines the current status of teachers and the teaching sector in Tanzania. It draws on experiences of teachers, parents, and students in Dar es Salaam, Iringa and Mbeya regions. Informed by the qualitative inquiry, the paper is largely empirical in character. Data was sought through interviews and document search. Findings indicate that,first, teachers and the teaching profession have low status today than during the colonial days and up to a few years after independence. Secondly, the generality of teaching view, second choosers view, and undesirable working and living conditions accounted for thelow status of teachers and the teaching profession. In conclusion, the status of teachers and the teaching profession is measured in terms of economic gains which have implications for social gains. Hence, the revival of the lost glory lies in the hands of the Government of Tanzania and, partners or stakeholders in the teaching sector.
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher C-Reactive Protein and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Levels Are Associated With Poor Physical Function and Disability: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Cohort of Late Middle-Aged African Americans - Haren, Matthew T.; Malmstrom, Theodore K.; Miller, Douglas K.; Patrick, Ping; Perry, H. Mitchell; Herning, Margaret M.; Banks, William A.; Morley, John E. (The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 2009)
BackgroundThis cohort of "late middle-aged" African Americans has an excess of disability. We aimed to determine associations of circulating cytokine receptors (sTNFR1, sTNFR2, and sIL-6R) and C-reactive protein (CRP) with disability, physical function, and body composition.
Keywords: openalex:import

Child Abuse and Emotional Stability among Senior Secondary School Students in Cross River State, Nigeria - Isangedighi, AJ; Ajake, UE; Bisong, NN (LWATI, 2009)
Survey data collected from 2,000 Senior Secondary Two (SS II) Students in Cross River State, Nigeria were analysed to determine the influence of child abuse on later emotional stability of the individual.Four dimensions of child abuse namely: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and child neglect were considered in the study.One Way Analysis of Variance was used in testing the hypothesis at 0.05 Alpha levels.The result obtained showed a significant influence of child abuse on the individual later emotional stability.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education: Entrepreneurship Education and Community Outreach at the University of Botswana - Mafela, Lily (Lwati: a journal of contemporary research, 2009)
This article is based on a study to assess and evaluate the benefits of the University of Botswana Business Clinic to students, and the outcome of its community outreach to the prospective and new enterprise owners. The business education programme at theUniversity of Botswana incorporates a business clinic, through which students undertake a range of activities, where they are able to acquire skills while providing support to aspiring and new enterprise owners. As in other business education programmes elsewhere, the programme infuses entrepreneurship through incorporation of experiential learning and carefully arranged student placement in industries and workplaces, where students are able to put business theory into practice, alongside regular classroom activities. These placements also enhance the relevance of the business education to the particular socioeconomic context. In this way, entrepreneurship education forms a critical component of entrepreneurship development. It signals a move away from the traditional business education programmes, and incorporates a variety of learning activities and experiences, which reflect the spirit and principle of entrepreneurship (Solomon, Duffy et al 2002; Wilson et al 2003).
Keywords: openalex:import

Female Dropouts in Botswana Junior Secondary Schools - Makwinja-Morara, Veronica (Educational Studies, 2009)
A serious problem in Botswana is the large number of girls and young women who drop out of school. Just over half of the female population attends secondary schools, and the percentage of school-enrolled females has fallen in recent years. Few researchers have studied the dropout problem in Botswana. Twenty-four individuals selected for this study were associated with a junior secondary school (grades 8–10) and a nongovernmental agency located in a section of Gaborone, the capital city that began as a squatter camp but has now been registered by the Botswana government as a residential area. Case study and portraiture methods were utilized to examine the experiences and perceptions of the female dropouts and the role of education in their lives.
Keywords: openalex:import

Multilingualism and Teacher Preparation for the Universal Basic Education among Ethnic Minorities in Nigeria - Ogar, MN; Ugot, MI (Lwati: a journal of contemporary research, 2009)
The Universal Basic Education (UBE) programmeme was launched by the Federal Government of Nigeria to ensure that each child of school going age compulsorily and freely attends school continuously for 9 years.Specifically, it is aimed at inculcating literacy, numeracy and life skills for entrepreneurship and national development.Also language teaching and learning is one of the core components for achieving the UBE goals.Although the National Policy on Education stipulates the learning of at least three languages on completion of Junior Secondary School by each learner, the Nigerian linguistic environment which is evidently multilingual poses some challenges and setbacks for language teaching and learning among ethnic minorities.The absence of adequate orthographies, materials and personnel in the languages and a general apathy in studying the indigenous languages were identified as impediments for realising the objectives of the UBE programmeme.A paradigm for language development and teacher preparation was presented.It was concluded that a systematic approach which ensures the interactive rather than the linear relationships of the steps provided should be adopted to achieve the language objectives.
Keywords: openalex:import

Literature: What Kind of Literature for Ethical Education in Africa? - Sone, EM (Lwati: a journal of contemporary research, 2009)
I attempt in this paper to answer the question “What kind of literature is needed for ethical education in Africa, especially in this era of globalization?” I proceed to examine three identifiable kinds of literature in Africa: Oral literature in local African and modern European languages, written literature in local African languages and written literature in European languages—to determine what role each is playing in our contemporary educational system. I then advance the view that, in spite of the progressive transition of Africa from the predominance of Oral literature in local languages to written literature in European languages, and in spite of the undue influence of European languages inthe education of many Africans, Oral literature in African languages remains the most appropriate language of education for Africans. This is especially true at the lower primary level where the very foundation of ethics and all education is laid. Indeed, it is this aspect which calls for the efforts of each and every African country in the development of oralliterature for these major reasons. In the first place, oral literature is an important component of African cultural heritage. Besides being the most vigorous and effective medium of reflecting contemporary ethical and cultural diffusion prevalent in Africa, oral literature provides a greater opportunity for the development of literary talent than does written literature in modern European Languages. I will use folktales and proverbs selected from different parts of Africa to underscore the role and function of oral literature as part of both national and global literature.
Keywords: openalex:import

Estimating the returns to education in Cameroon informal sector - Tegoum, Pierre Nguetse (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Estimating the returns to education in Cameroon informal sector - Tegoum, Pierre Nguetse (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching and Teacher Education for Health Professionals: Perspectives on Quality and Outlook of Health Professionals Education in Zambia - Banda, SS (Medical journal of Zambia, 2009)
assurance benchmark by the School.This result suggests that a large proportion of teaching staff could benefit from teacher education.Four hundred and four questionnaires were completed and returned out of the 426 that had been distributed, yielding a response rate of 94.8 %.The Cronbach's alpha for reliability test was 0.62 -0.70 on the teaching skills sub-scale and 0.76 -0.78 on the Educational skills sub-scale.The majority, over 85%, acknowledged they lacked expertise in educational skills and that they would enrol in a programme to improve their educational skills.There was overwhelming (>90%) agreement in topics to be covered.Limitations: Quality of teaching contributions only measured at school of medicine; Large proportion of educators' survey were not full-time teaching staff. Implications:The belief that professional qualifications are sufficient for preparation for teaching health professionals is now being confronted.Formal systems of teacher education in the health professions have emerged worldwide and are now also available in Zambia.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Review of Outcome of Postgraduate Medical Training in Zambia - Bowa, Kasonde; Goma, Fastone; Yikona, Joseph; Mulla, Yakub; Banda, Sekelani S. (Medical journal of Zambia, 2009)
The University of Zambia School of Medicine was opened in 1966.Since inception, over 1200 undergraduate students have graduated with Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.The postgraduate Master of Medicine (M.Med)programme was started in 1982 2 with the intention of providing district specialists in the rural and semi urban communities of Zambia.Additional hope was to stem the brain drain to other countries.This is a study to describe the deployment of graduates of the M.Med training programs at the University of Zambia School Of Medicine in relation to the objectives defined by the University of Zambia senate in 1981.It was found that the School of Medicine has produced 118 Master of Medicine graduates in 5 clinical programs over a period of 22 years.The average graduation rate is 5 students per annum.The largest specialist group has been in General surgery with 34 (29% ) of all graduates.The ratio of men to women was 3 to 1.The ratio of Zambian to Non Zambian ratio was 10:1.Of all students who have graduated over this period 13 (11%) have gone abroad and 7(6%) have died., Eighty-eight (75%) of the graduates are working along the line of rail in the 5 most urbanized towns in the country.Twenty-five ( 21%) are doing non clinical jobs which involve health programs administration and 12 (10%) are working in private practice.We concluded that external migration is not a major problem and, overall, the creation of a local postgraduate training program has reduced brain drain.The key challenge is internal brain drain.
Keywords: openalex:import

Predicting grade point average from the hybrid model of learning in personality: consistent findings from Ugandan and Australian students - Jackson, Chris J.; Baguma, Peter; Furnham, Adrian (Educational Psychology, 2009)
Jackson developed a hybrid model of learning in personality, known as the Learning Styles Profiler (LSP), which seeks to explain personality in terms of biological, socio‐cognitive and experiential processes. The hybrid model argues that functional learning outcomes can be understood in terms of how cognitions and experiences re‐express sensation seeking as functional learning. In two studies from Uganda and Australia (n = 136 and n = 290 respectively), grade point average (GPA) of students was successfully predicted from the hybrid model. Results show evidence of three indirect pathways from sensation seeking through cognitions to GPA and provide a new understanding of the way in which personality can predict performance.
Keywords: openalex:import

Tobacco smoking prevalence among in-school adolescents aged 13-15 years: baseline for evaluation of the implementation of the FCTC in Lusaka district, Zambia - Zulu, Robert; Siziya, Seter; Nzala, SH (Medical journal of Zambia, 2009)
Background: Tobacco use is a major public health concern worldwide.Zambia has been controlling tobacco use in terms of legislative interventions, and acceding to the World Health organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).The study was aimed to determine the baseline prevalence of current smoking to be used in the evaluation of the implementation of the WHO FCTC. Methods: Survey data from the 2002 and 2007 GlobalYouth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS) were used to estimate the prevalence of tobacco use.The standard protocol for GYTS was used in the surveys, and only data for students aged 13 to 15 years was used in the analysis.Data were analyzed using SUDAAN (Research Triangle institute), and SPSS (version 11.5) software packages.Weighted analysis was used to produce estimates together with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results:The current cigarette smokers were 9.2% in 2002 and 6.8% in 2007 (p>0.05), with an overall rate of 7. 4% (95%CI [7.1, 7.7]).No significant difference in current cigarette smoking rates was observed between sexes.However, compared to students of age 15 years, those of ages 13 and 14 years were less likely to be current smokers (AOR=0.82,95%CI [0.77, 0.88]) for 13 years, and AOR=0.90, 95%CI [0.85, 0.96] for 14 years). Conclusion:The results of this study show that Lusaka district is in the first stage of the tobacco epidemic.There is urgent need, guided by the WHO FCTC, for effective interventions to be put in place before the epidemic becomes unmanageable.
Keywords: openalex:import

Age at menarche and the menstrual pattern of secondary school adolescents in northwest Ethiopia - Zegeye, Desalegn Tegabu; Megabiaw, Berihun; Mulu, Abay (BMC women's health (Online), 2009)
Population studies on normal and dysfunctional characteristics of menstrual cycles are scarce in Ethiopia. In addition variability in menarcheal age and menstrual characteristics are common. Knowledge on this variability is necessary for patient education and to guide clinical evaluation.A cross sectional study was conducted in two small towns called Dabat and Kola Diba, northwest Ethiopia between April and May 2007. Systematic sampling method was used to select 622 school girls from two secondary schools. A pretested questionnaire prepared in Amharic was used to gather data. Selected girls cooperated in answering the questionnaire in their classrooms under the supervision of the research team. Only 612 of the adolescent females were included in the final analysis, of which 305 were from Koladiba High School and 307 from Dabat.The age of the study subjects ranges between 14 and 19 with a mean (standard deviation) of 16.9 +/- 1 years. About 92.2% had attained menarche by the time the survey was conducted. The probit analysis of the status quo data yielded a median (CI) age at menarche of 14.8 (13.9-15.3) years. The average age at menarche by recall method was 15.8 +/- 1 years. The mean age at menarche was 0.3 years younger for urban females compared with rural ones (p < 0.001). A cycle length between 21 and 35 days was observed in 70.3% of the girls. The mean duration of flow was 4 +/- 1.3 days with a range of 2-7 days. The menstrual cycles were irregular in 42.8% of the subjects. The overall prevalence of dysmenorrhoea was 72% among these subjects. Premenstrual symptoms were present in 435 of the females (75.4%). The leading sources of menarcheal information to the adolescents were mothers (39.7%), followed by their friends (26.6%) and teachers (21.8%).In this study age of menarche was found to be delayed which is even higher than the findings indicated similar studies conducted in Ethiopia and other African countries. A significant number of students complain of abnormal menstrual cycle, dysmenorrhoea and premenstrual symptoms which call for appropriate counselling and management.
Keywords: openalex:import

Treatment outcome of tuberculosis patients at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A five - year retrospective study - Tessema, Belay; Muche, Abebe; Bekele, Assegedech; Reißig, Dieter; Emmrich, Frank; Sack, Ulrich (BMC Public Health, 2009)
In Gondar University Teaching Hospital standardized tuberculosis prevention and control programme, incorporating Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS) started in 2000. According to the proposal of World Health Organization (WHO), treatment outcome is an important indicator of tuberculosis control programs. This study investigated the outcome of tuberculosis treatment at Gondar University Teaching Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia.We analyzed the records of 4000 tuberculosis patients registered at Gondar University Teaching Hospital from September 2003 to May 2008. Treatment outcome and tuberculosis type were categorized according to the national tuberculosis control program guideline. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression model was used to analyse the association between treatment outcome and potential predictor variables.From the total of 4000 patients, tuberculosis type was categorized as extrapulmonary in 1133 (28.3%), smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis in 2196 (54.9%) and smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in 671 (16.8%) cases. Of all patients, treatment outcome was classified as successfully treated in 1181(29.5%), defaulted in 730 (18.3%), died in 403 (10.1%), treatment failed in six (0.2%) and transferred out in 1680 (42.0%) patients. Males had the trend to be more likely to experience death or default than females, and the elderly were more likely to die than younger. The proportion of default rate was increased across the years from 97(9.2%) to 228(42.9%). Being female, age group 15-24 years, smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and being urban resident were associated with higher treatment success rate.The treatment success rate of tuberculosis patients was unsatisfactorily low (29.5%). A high proportion of patients died (10.1%) or defaulted (18.3%), which is a serious public health concern that needs to be addressed urgently.
Keywords: openalex:import

Droughts, conflict, and lack of funding leave millions of east Africans at risk of famine - Moszynski, Peter (The BMJ, 2009)
A “severe and persistent five year drought” has left more than 20 million people in desperate need of food throughout east Africa. Launching an appeal this week, Oxfam said that the worst affected countries are Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Uganda. Other countries hit are Djibouti, Sudan, and Tanzania. The charity, one of several to launch separate emergency appeals in the past few days, warned, “The aid response to the crisis needs to rapidly expand, but it is desperately short of funds.” The United Nations World Food Programme is facing a $977m (£612m; €672m) shortfall in donations for its work in the Horn of Africa in the next …
Keywords: openalex:import

EAST AFRICA: Military Training (Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, 2009)
Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural SeriesVolume 46, Issue 9 p. 18125A-18125B EAST AFRICA: Military Training First published: 16 October 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2009.02575.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume46, Issue9October 2009Pages 18125A-18125B RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

EDUCATION: Africa (Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, 2009)
Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural SeriesVolume 46, Issue 9 p. 18131A-18132A EDUCATION: Africa First published: 16 October 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2009.02584.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume46, Issue9October 2009Pages 18131A-18132A RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment in African-American and Hispanic Preschool ChildrenThe Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (Ophthalmology, 2009)
Purpose To determine the prevalence and causes of decreased visual acuity (VA) in a population-based study of minority preschool children. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study. Participants Children 30 to 72 months of age in 44 census tracts in Los Angeles County. Methods A population-based sample of children underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation including monocular VA testing, cover testing, cycloplegic autorefraction, anterior segment and fundus evaluation, and VA retesting with refractive correction. The prevalence and etiology of decreased VA were determined, for both presenting and best-measured VA, and better eye and worse eye. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of decreased presenting and best-measured VA with an identifiable ophthalmic etiology. Results Presenting VA was assessed in 3207 children and best-measured VA in 3364 children. Although nearly one third of cases of worse-eye decreased presenting VA were without an identifiable ophthalmic etiology, this proportion decreased with increasing age. Decreased presenting VA that resolved with retesting and was associated with uncorrected refractive error was present in the worse eye of 4.3% of African-American children and 5.3% of Hispanic children, and in the better eye of 1.9% of African-American children and 1.7% of Hispanic children. Decreased best-measured VA that was not immediately correctable with spectacles and that was because of ocular disease, unilateral or bilateral amblyopia, or probable bilateral ametropic amblyopia, was seen in the worse eye of 1.5% of African-American and 1.9% of Hispanic children, and in the better eye of 0.8% of African-American and 0.6% of Hispanic children. Amblyopia related to refractive error was the most common cause. Conclusions More than 5% of African-American and Hispanic preschool children in Los Angeles County have either correctable visual impairment from uncorrected refractive error or visual impairment from amblyopia related to refractive error. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this manuscript. To determine the prevalence and causes of decreased visual acuity (VA) in a population-based study of minority preschool children. Population-based, cross-sectional study. Children 30 to 72 months of age in 44 census tracts in Los Angeles County. A population-based sample of children underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation including monocular VA testing, cover testing, cycloplegic autorefraction, anterior segment and fundus evaluation, and VA retesting with refractive correction. The prevalence and etiology of decreased VA were determined, for both presenting and best-measured VA, and better eye and worse eye. Prevalence of decreased presenting and best-measured VA with an identifiable ophthalmic etiology. Presenting VA was assessed in 3207 children and best-measured VA in 3364 children. Although nearly one third of cases of worse-eye decreased presenting VA were without an identifiable ophthalmic etiology, this proportion decreased with increasing age. Decreased presenting VA that resolved with retesting and was associated with uncorrected refractive error was present in the worse eye of 4.3% of African-American children and 5.3% of Hispanic children, and in the better eye of 1.9% of African-American children and 1.7% of Hispanic children. Decreased best-measured VA that was not immediately correctable with spectacles and that was because of ocular disease, unilateral or bilateral amblyopia, or probable bilateral ametropic amblyopia, was seen in the worse eye of 1.5% of African-American and 1.9% of Hispanic children, and in the better eye of 0.8% of African-American and 0.6% of Hispanic children. Amblyopia related to refractive error was the most common cause. More than 5% of African-American and Hispanic preschool children in Los Angeles County have either correctable visual impairment from uncorrected refractive error or visual impairment from amblyopia related to refractive error.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teacher trainees’ perception of their competence: a study of selected seventh day adventist teacher training college trainees, Asokore, Ghana - Aduhene-Chinbuah, Betty (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Cosmogenic helium and neon in mantle xenoliths from the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West Africa): Preliminary observations - Aka, Festus Tongwa; Nagao, Keisuke; Kusakabe, Minoru; Nfomou, Ntepe (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2009)
Step heating and in-vacuo crushing helium and neon data of alkali basalt-hosted ultramafic xenolith whole rock and mineral separates from the Cameroon Volcanic Line centers of Annobon, Bioko, Oku and Ngaoundere are reported for the first time. Step heating data reveals large 3He/4He (up to 118 ± 8Ra, where Ra is the atmospheric ratio of 1.4 × 10−6) and 21Ne/22Ne (up to 0.20 ± 0.03) isotopic anomalies resulting from the presence of cosmic ray-derived 3He (3Hec) and 21Ne (21Nec). Crushing of the same phases releases fluids with morb-like Ne for all the centers considered, but morb-like (Annobon and Ngaoundere) and high-μ-like (Bioko and Oku) 3He/4He ratios. 3Hec and 21Nec make up ∼77% and ∼97% respectively of the 3He and excess 21Ne observed in the xenoliths. With 2.44 ± 0.37, the cosmogenic 3He/21Ne ratio in the Cameroon Line xenolith olivines is similar to that previously observed. Preliminary 3Hec and 21Nec production rates were calculated for the xenolith localities and used to estimate the preliminary 3Hec and 21Nec xenolith exposure ages. Resulting 3Hec and 21Nec ages are similar and suggest that the Annobon, Oku and Ngaoundere xenoliths erupted between 14 and 195 kyr BP. This is the first cosmonuclide age report of Upper Pleistocene volcanic activity in these centers. The cosmogenic age of the Bioko sample is only ∼25% of its K–Ar age, and suggests (assuming the K–Ar age reflects the true eruption age) erosion of the Bioko lava surface. Rigorous evaluation of the erosion rate and the potentially viable general use of cosmonuclides in rocks of the Cameroon Line for studies of the geomorphic evolution of its volcanic centers need a more cosmogenic nuclide-oriented investigation.
Keywords: openalex:import

Impact of socioeconomic and health related factors on the iron status of adolescent girls from two boarding schools in Southern Benin - Alaofè, Halimatou; Zee, J.A.; Dossa, Romain; O’Brien, Huguette Turgeon (International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 2009)
To our knowledge, the impact of socioeconomic and health related factors on the iron status of adolescent girls has never been studied in Benin.These factors were studied in 180 girls aged 12 to 17 years living in two boarding schools from South Benin.Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as either serum ferritin (SF) < 20 microg/L or SF between 20-50 microg/L plus two abnormal values in the three following parameters: serum iron < 11 micromol/L, total iron binding capacity > 73 micromol/L or transferrin saturation < 20%. Socioeconomic and health related factors were obtained from each participant by mean of an interview using a standardized and pre-tested questionnaire.Almost half the participants reported some health problems in the last four months before the study, whereas more than 75% auto-medicated before going to the hospital. The majority of the girls believed themselves to be in good health, although only 16% could define the term 'anemia'. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that girls whose mother was a manual worker (P = .002), who came from a larger family (P = .0001), and who auto-medicated (P = .014), had a lower hemoglobin level, whereas girls who had started their menstruation (P = .008) had a lower SF level. In a logistic regression analysis, girls from a large family size and whose mother was a manual worker showed a higher risk of IDA (OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.5; P = .04; OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.2-2.2; P = .04 respectively).The findings indicate that iron deficiency is related to the occupation of the mother, family size, auto-medication, and menstruation.
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence of tinea capitis and the causative agent among school children in Gondar, North West Ethiopia. - Ali, Jemal; Yifru, Sisay; Woldeamanuel, Yimtubezinash (PubMed, 2009)
Tinea capitis is a worldwide public health problem that poses specific therapeutic challenge. This dermatophytosis of the scalp is characteristically a fungal infection affecting children between 5 and 15 years of age. A decision on treatment of tinea capitis requires identification of the specific causative fungal agent or at least establishment of the prevalence of a given dermatophyte in a given community.to estimate the prevalence of tinea capitis, assess predisposing risk factors and identify the causative fungal agent in school children in north Gonder zone, Northwest Ethiopia.This was a cross sectional study conducted in two elementary schools in Gondar town. Clinico-dermatological data and questionnaire on socio-demographic information, living and hygienic conditions were collected. Mycological investigation was done by microscopic examination culture.A total of 372 students were screened for Tinea capitis infection, 262 from Meseret elementary school and 110 from Chechela elementary school. Among these, 61% (n = 227) were female and 39% (n = 145) were male. The median age was 10 years old, 98% of the study subjects were within the age range of 5 to 15. From the screened 372 children 47.5% (n = 177) were clinically suspected for Tinea capitis and 174 scalp samples were collected Microscopic examination in KOH (10%)-wet-mount preparation revealed 65.5% (n = 14) had fungal elements (hyphae and/or arthroconidia) in their clinical samples. Out of 174 specimen 50.0% (87) were culture positive. 33.9% (59) were contaminated and in 16.0% (28) were culture negative. From the positive samples 86.2% (75) were identified as Trichophyton violaceum. The rest 13.8% (12) were further sub-cultured at 37 degrees C and studied morphologically, and identified as Trichophyton verrucosum.A high prevalence of Tinea capitis caused by T. violaceum was found in school children in Gondar. Ethiopia. Provisions for prevention and control should be set in the schools focused on hygiene control and health education.
Keywords: openalex:import

Birth Order and Selection for University Education in Kenya - Arap-Maritim, Ezra K. (Perceptual and motor skills, 2009)
The representation of firstborns among 1,293 (650 women, 643 men) university freshmen in Kenya ( M age = 20.8 yr., SD = 1.9) was explored. In a situation where university admission is very competitive, it was hypothesized that firstborns would be numerically more represented than later borns. The results indicated (a) an overall preponderance of the firstborns (20%), (b) only children and lastborns were the least represented groups at 1 and 5%, respectively, and (c) firstborns tended to come from relatively smaller families than the later borns. The findings were discussed in relation to previous studies, family size, and implications for future research in a subsistence society.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Creation of Students' Academic Slang Expressions in the University of Botswana - Arua, Arua E.; Alimi, Modupe M. (Linguistik online, 2009)
This study investigates the creation of students' academic slang expressions at the University of Botswana with data obtained from 32 items in a questionnaire consisting of 89 items. The semantic process of extension is the most widespread creative process, producing 101 (66%) out of 153 selected slang expressions. Five morphological processes, compounding, derivation, conversion, acronymy and reduplication, together produce the remaining 52 (34%) expressions. Also the process of semantic extension features in all aspects of the students' academic life in contrast with the other five morphological processes which are restricted. These findings show that the students draw extensively on and exploit the language resources at their disposal to create new meanings for describing their academic life. The findings also show that all the word formation processes highlighted relate to certain areas of the students' academic life, notably, the students' relationships with their lecturers, difficult courses and those who teach them, performances and grades.
Keywords: openalex:import

Financing Higher Education through Value Added Tax: A Review of the Contribution of the Ghana Education Trust Fund (GETFund) in Fulfilment of the Objectives of Act 581 - Atuahene, Francis (Métropole (Rabat), 2009)
The Ghana Education Trust Fund (GETFund), funded by a percentage of the national Value Added Tax, has had as its purpose, since its establish- ment in 2000, the enhancement of primary, secondary and particularly terti- ary education. This research paper examines the perceptions of key stakeholders as to the contributions, thus far, of the GETFund in address- ing principal objectives and challenges such as infrastructural develop- ment, research and faculty development, the promotion of technology, mathematics and scientific education, student access and gender equity. Through the lens of stakeholders, recommendations are offered for poten- tial enhancements to the GETFund and for its adaptation to other national circumstances. The analysis of this paper is primarily a combination of the perceptions of stakeholders such as vice-chancellors, pro-vice-chancel- lors, registrars, principals, legislators, student leaders, public officials, etc., as well as available GETFund disbursement formulae and policy papers from 2001 to 2006. The outcome of this study is a series of judgements on the contribution of the GETFund compared to prior government objectives and recommendations relevant to the adaptation of the programme in other nations.
Keywords: openalex:import

Factors influencing African American high school students in career decision self-efficacy and engineering related goal intentions. - Austin, Chandra (2009)
University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. October 2009. Major: Work and Human Resource Education. Advisor: Dr. Theodore Lewis, Ph.D. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 165 pages, appendices A-I.
Keywords: openalex:import

South African training officers’ perceptions of the knowledge and skills requirements of entry‐level trainee accountants - Barac, Karin (Meditari : Research Journal of the School of Accounting Sciences, 2009)
Changes in business environments have challenged the competencies (technical knowledge, skills and attitudes) of professional accountants. Accounting professions have responded by developing competency frameworks. In 2008, the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA) issued a draft competency framework encapsulating a broad range of knowledge, skills and attributes. The objective of the study reported on here was to determine training officers’ perceptions of the knowledge and skills requirements of entry‐level trainee accountants. SAICA could consider the findings of this study in the finalisation of its competency framework. The study reveals that nearly three‐quarters of all the topics in the current prescribed SAICA syllabus are considered to make at least an important contribution to the knowledge requirements of entry‐level trainee accountants. Although more than half the management accounting topics prescribed in the SAICA syllabus are perceived as being only reasonably important, further statistical analysis revealed that TOPP (training outside public practice) training officers disagreed significantly with their TIPP (training inside public practice) counterparts on the importance of management accounting topics and perceived them to be at least important. Except for specialised topics, all other topics covering the remaining core subjects (Financial Accounting, Financial Management, Taxation and Auditing) were perceived to be important or even more than important by the respondents. The study demonstrates that there is a movement towards an expanded set of competencies beyond the technical knowledge typically taught to prospective CAs, and that there is evidence of a need for today’s entry‐level trainee accountants to receive training in communication, analytical, interpersonal and computer skills.
Keywords: openalex:import

O303 The Academy Charity Teaching Hospital's experience in manual vacuum aspirator as a tool for intrauterine manipulation – Khartoum, Sudan - Bashir, A. Fazari; Elmusharaf, Khalifa; Elnour, Amy Abou; Mohamed, Tasneem (International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S179-S179 Free communication (oral) presentations O303 The Academy Charity Teaching Hospital's experience in manual vacuum aspirator as a tool for intrauterine manipulation – Khartoum, Sudan A. Fazari Bashir, A. Fazari BashirSearch for more papers by this authorK. Elmusharaf, K. ElmusharafSearch for more papers by this authorA. Elnour, A. ElnourSearch for more papers by this authorT. Ali Mohamed, T. Ali MohamedSearch for more papers by this author A. Fazari Bashir, A. Fazari BashirSearch for more papers by this authorK. Elmusharaf, K. ElmusharafSearch for more papers by this authorA. Elnour, A. ElnourSearch for more papers by this authorT. Ali Mohamed, T. Ali MohamedSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60675-5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S179-S179 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Weather-Index Drought Insurance in Burkina-Faso: Assessment of Its Potential Interest to Farmers - Berg, Alexis; Quirion, Philippe; Sultan, Benjamin (Weather, Climate, and Society, 2009)
Abstract By using a detailed agricultural and climate dataset over Burkina-Faso and simple assumptions regarding the form of an insurance contract, the authors investigate the potential economic efficiency for farmers of a weather-index insurance system in this country. To do so, the results of more than 3000 simulated contracts applied to 30 districts, 21 yr (1984–2004), and five crops (cotton, millet, sorghum, maize, and groundnut) are explored. It is found that such an insurance system, even based on a simple weather index like cumulative rainfall during the rainy season, can present a significant economic efficiency for some crops and districts. The determinants of the efficiency of such contracts are analyzed in terms of yield/index correlations and yield variability. As a consequence of these two main determinants, the farmer’s gain from an insurance contract is higher in the driest part of the country. In the same way, maize and groundnuts are the most suitable to implement an insurance system since their respective yields show a large variance and a generally high correlation with the weather index. However, the implementation of a real weather-index insurance system in West Africa raises a number of key practical issues related to cultural, economic, and institutional aspects.
Keywords: openalex:import

Climate change, carbon trading and civil society: negative returns on South African investments - Bond, Patrick; Dada, Rehana; Erion, Graham (Choice Reviews Online, 2009)
Can global warming be mitigated by carbon trading? With climate change posing perhaps the gravest threat to humanity in coming decades, and with free market economics still dominated by a few wealthy nations, it is little wonder so much effort has gone into creating a carbon market, no matter how much evidence has recently emerged about its flaws. South Africa, a revealing pilot site, has initiated carbon trading projects with adverse economic, environmental and social impacts. This country pollutes at a rate twenty times higher than even the United States of America, measured by CO2 emissions generated by each GDP dollar per person, so the idea of trading for carbon reductions is seductive - and potentially lucrative. Current state policy is supportive and a former environment minister is a market promoter, alongside the World Bank, the Dutch government and big oil companies.
Keywords: openalex:import

Achieving Success with African American Learners: A Framework for Culturally Responsive Mathematics Teaching - Bonner, Emily P. (Childhood education, 2009)
(2009). Achieving Success with African American Learners: A Framework for Culturally Responsive Mathematics Teaching. Childhood Education: Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 2-6.
Keywords: openalex:import

Exploratory Investigation into Preservice Teachers' Career-Goal Contents and Their Relationships with Class Participation Motivation in Higher Education in South Africa - Brown, Byron A.; Forcheh, Ntonghanwah (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Social pensions and policy learning: The case of southern Africa - Casey, Bernard; McKinnon, Roddy (International Social Security Review, 2009)
Abstract In the last decade and particularly since the publication of the Millennium Development Goals, social pensions have captured the interest of those concerned with the well‐being of older people across that large part of the world where formal, contributions‐financed, old‐age benefit systems cover only a minority of the population. International organizations have turned their attention to such schemes and some see them as having a valuable role to play. However, information about what they are and how they work, and about their efficacy in meeting the objectives set for them, is still limited. Learning has been taking place not only in the international organizations but also in the region where they are most prominent – southern Africa. Such learning should be encouraged and the International Social Security Association has a part to play in this learning process.
Keywords: openalex:import

O249 Pattern of paediatric gynaecology cases in Jos university teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Cc, Ekwempu; Ocheke, Amaka N (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S163-S163 Free communication (oral) presentations O249 Pattern of paediatric gynaecology cases in Jos university teaching Hospital, Nigeria C. Ekwempu, C. EkwempuSearch for more papers by this authorA. Ocheke, A. OchekeSearch for more papers by this author C. Ekwempu, C. EkwempuSearch for more papers by this authorA. Ocheke, A. OchekeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60621-4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S163-S163 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

[Tunisian adaptation of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test , Form 1]. - Dellagi, Lamia; O, Ben Azouz; Johnson, Ines; Kebir, Oussam; Amado, Isabelle; Tabbane, Karim (2009)
BACKGROUND Memory impairment and verbal learning are the most common cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) is considered to be the most reliable test to asses memory and verbal learning in this mental illness. AIMS to create one form of the HVLT which would suit our linguistic and cultural context and to study the characteristics of this test in a group of healthy subjects. METHODS The HVLT consists of a list of 12 words belonging to 3 semantic categories and which are read orally to the subject with an immediate and differed recall. The first part of this work was to select words from a lexical database in order to create the list of the HVLT. The test was then administered to 103 subjects aged from 17- to 45-years-old (mean=27,4; SD =7,3) and having between 1 and 20 years of education ( mean=12,2; SD=5,3). RESULTS No statistical difference was found within performances of the HVLT across gender and sex. Whereas, years of education was found to have an impact on performances. Although statistically difference was found across level of education. CONCLUSION Our study permitted us to create one form of the HVLT which well suits our Tunisian context and which we could use to evaluate memory functions among people suffering from schizophrenia.
Keywords: openalex:import

Climate change in early Egypt - Dufton, David; Branton, T. (2009)
David Dufton and Tom Branton have taken a geological look at the changing environment in Egypt, revealing that the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods, times of change for the ancient Egyptians, also marked a time of ‘landscape confict’ between the desert wadis and the Nile.
Keywords: openalex:import

O245 Uterine rupture at the Nnamdi Azikiwe university teaching hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria - Eke, AC; Eleje, George Uchenna; Ijeneme, U. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S162-S162 Free communication (oral) presentations O245 Uterine rupture at the Nnamdi Azikiwe university teaching hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria A. Eke, A. EkeSearch for more papers by this authorG. Eleje, G. ElejeSearch for more papers by this authorU. Ijeneme, U. IjenemeSearch for more papers by this author A. Eke, A. EkeSearch for more papers by this authorG. Eleje, G. ElejeSearch for more papers by this authorU. Ijeneme, U. IjenemeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60617-2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S162-S162 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

P970 Molar pregnancies in a Nigerian teaching hospital - Eke, AC; Eleje, George Uchenna; Okonkwo, J. E. N.; Go, Udigwe; Ijeneme, U. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S686-S686 Poster presentations P970 Molar pregnancies in a Nigerian teaching hospital A. Eke, A. EkeSearch for more papers by this authorG. Eleje, G. ElejeSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Okonkwo, J. OkonkwoSearch for more papers by this authorG. Udigwe, G. UdigweSearch for more papers by this authorU. Ijeneme, U. IjenemeSearch for more papers by this author A. Eke, A. EkeSearch for more papers by this authorG. Eleje, G. ElejeSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Okonkwo, J. OkonkwoSearch for more papers by this authorG. Udigwe, G. UdigweSearch for more papers by this authorU. Ijeneme, U. IjenemeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)62457-7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S686-S686 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

O599 Abruptio placentae: 5‐year experience at a Nigerian teaching hospital - Eke, Ahizechukwu C.; Mbachu, II; Okonkwo, J. E. N.; Udigwe, Gerald Okanandu; Eleje, GU; Ugboaja, JO; Mbamara, SU; Oguejiofor, Chike F. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S263-S263 Free communication (oral) presentations O599 Abruptio placentae: 5-year experience at a Nigerian teaching hospital A. Eke, A. EkeSearch for more papers by this authorI. Mbachu, I. MbachuSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Okonkwo, J. OkonkwoSearch for more papers by this authorG. Udigwe, G. UdigweSearch for more papers by this authorG. Eleje, G. ElejeSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Ugboaja, J. UgboajaSearch for more papers by this authorS. Mbamara, S. MbamaraSearch for more papers by this authorC. Oguejiofor, C. OguejioforSearch for more papers by this author A. Eke, A. EkeSearch for more papers by this authorI. Mbachu, I. MbachuSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Okonkwo, J. OkonkwoSearch for more papers by this authorG. Udigwe, G. UdigweSearch for more papers by this authorG. Eleje, G. ElejeSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Ugboaja, J. UgboajaSearch for more papers by this authorS. Mbamara, S. MbamaraSearch for more papers by this authorC. Oguejiofor, C. OguejioforSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60972-3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S263-S263 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Assessment of drought across central Sudan using UNEP dryness ratio - Elagib, Nadir Ahmed (Hydrology Research, 2009)
The objective of this paper is to improve our perception of drought in central Sudan. This has been realized by detailing the changes that occurred in the dryness ratio (rainfall/potential evapotranspiration) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) during the period 1941–2005. Eight representative stations of the area were selected and their dryness ratios examined on annual and monthly bases. A trend towards intensifying and more recurrent drought has been found. This trend is particularly significant in the arid areas. Statistically significant increase in areal coverage of drought has occurred. Substantial changes took place in the severity and frequency of drought between 1941–1970 and 1971–2005 over the whole area. Moreover, the early to mid-1970s, mid-1980s, early 1990s and early 2000s were determined as common drought years and were among the driest 10 years. The analysis also revealed high and generally increasing inter-annual variability of the dryness ratio. There is not a dominant short-term persistence in the data, as assessed by the lag-one serial correlation coefficient. Early forecast of the moisture condition during the rest of the season could merely be accomplished at small scale in the area. These results indicate that drought in the study area is irregular.
Keywords: openalex:import

Climate change: The impacts of sea level rise on Egypt - Elsharkawy, Heba; Rashed, Haitham; Rached, I. (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

IMPACT OF ASTHMA EDUCATION ON KNOWLEDGE OF MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE SEVERE ASTHMA AMONGST PRACTICING NURSES IN OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL COMPLEX ILE-IFE NIGERIA - Erhabor, Gregory E.; Obaseki, Daniel O.; Awopeju, Olayemi Fehintola; Adeniyi, B O; Adewole, O O; Erhabor, Folakemi A. (Chest, 2009)
PURPOSE: The upsurge in the incidence of acute severe asthma in the face of slow institutional response to the management of asthma, has heightened public concern in Nigeria. It is against this background that this study investigated the impact of asthma education on knowledge of management of acute severe asthma amongst practicing nurses vis-α-vis signs and symptoms of the disease as well as its therapy.
Keywords: openalex:import

Relative clauses and conjunctive adjuncts in Syrian University student writing in English - Fakhra, Amani (2009)
Initial investigations into English essays written by Syrian university students triangulated Syrian and British teachers’ evaluations of the essays and the lexico-grammatical features they identified as affecting the overall quality of writing, with text analyses of the sources, types and frequency of all grammatical errors. Following this, and a review of relevant literature, the thesis presents an in-depth study of relative clauses and conjunctive adjuncts as under-researched features in Arabic speaking university student writing that can enrich their writing syntactically and semantically. The relative clause (RC) analysis shows that the 'full' form RC occurred much more frequently than the 'reduced' form, and that confusion between these two forms was a prominent source of student error. 'Pronoun retention' errors indicating L1 interference were among the most frequent RC errors – as most studies of RC use by Arab learners find. Moreover, RC constructions with 'head noun' (or antecedent) in the non-subject position and 'gap' (or relativized NP/sentence) in the subject position were dominant, while other, and more complex, construction types were much less common. This supports the AHH and PDH hypotheses on the frequency/difficulty hierarchy of RC types. Conjunctive adjunct analysis reveals that 'additive' conjunctive adjuncts were more frequent, followed by 'causals'. Despite its informality, the resultive conjunctive adjunct 'so' was used most repeatedly, followed by 'also', 'but', and 'and'. Causal conjunctive adjuncts were most frequently misused, though in general conjunctive adjunct misuse is not a major weakness. Contrastive analysis between the L2 (Syrian) and an equivalent L1 (British) corpus of literature essays revealed no significant difference between the total frequencies of RCs, 'full' RCs and 'non-subject-subject' RCs. In contrast, the total frequencies of conjunctive adjuncts in the two corpora were significantly different, with the L2 corpus containing almost twice as many conjunctive adjuncts as the L1 corpus, particularly causals and additives, this latter category being most frequent in both corpora. The British students' employment of relative clause types and conjunctive expressions was generally more diverse than that of the Syrian students. Pedagogical implications conclude this thesis.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Effectiveness of Inputs in Primary Education: Insights from Recent Student Surveys for Sub-Saharan Africa - Fehrler, Sebastian; Michaelowa, Katharina; Wechtler, Annika (Journal of Development Studies, 2009)
Abstract With SACMEQ and PASEC there are now two large data bases available on student achievement, socio-economic background and school and teacher characteristics in both anglophone and francophone sub-Saharan Africa. A joint analysis of PASEC and SACMEQ in a common education production function framework allows us to estimate the impact of educational inputs on student achievement in 21 sub-Saharan African countries and to compare our results with those of earlier empirical studies for education systems in Africa and other world regions. In our analysis we focus on school equipment, teacher quality and class organisation. The issue of teacher and student incentives cannot be adequately addressed with the given data. Our results are based on a traditional retrospective analysis of student achievement in PASEC and SACMEQ countries. In contrast to the ‘nothing works’ result from most industrialized countries' studies we find robust positive correlations of achievement test scores and the possession of textbooks and negative correlations with teaching in shifts. The most striking result is the weak or even absent correlation of achievement test scores and teacher education and professional training. However, some differences between francophone and anglophone education systems can be observed in this context if differences in the sampling methodology are duly taken into account. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Jean Bourdon for his thoughtful comments, and for his invaluable help with providing access to some of the relevant literature, as well as with data preparation and discussion. Moreover, they are grateful to Alain Patrick Nkengne Nkengne, Jean-Marc Bernard, Adriaan Verspor, Marta Encinas-Martin for useful suggestions, and to Mioko Saito for her support with the interpretation of some of the SACMEQ variables. Notes An Online Appendix is available for this article which can be accessed via the online version of the journal available at www.informaworld.com/fjds 1. For a more detailed discussion of education production functions see Glewwe and Kremer (Citation2006). 2. More details regarding differences in sampling are discussed in the Appendix. 3. These robustness checks are not reported here, but results are available from the article's Online Appendix. 4. Even if an impact of educational attainment on student achievement was found, a policy to increase teacher education would have to be considered with care as costs in terms of salaries sharply increase with the completion of the upper secondary final examination. In Burkina Faso in 1999, for example, teachers with a baccalauréat earned 28 per cent more than their colleagues without a baccalauréat (averaged over the income groups for different final marks and tenure). In absolute numbers the difference of the incomes (again averaged over income groups) was 380 Euros per year (Ministère de l'économie et de finance BF, 1999). 5. See for example Bernard et al. (Citation2005) on the effects of grade repetition in Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning Styles and Strategies of Ethiopian Secondary School Students in Learning Mathematics - Geche, Tesfaye Jale (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning Styles and Strategies of Ethiopian Secondary School Students in Learning Mathematics - Geche, Tesfaye Jale (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Analysis of the Determinants of Training Workshop on Natural Rubber in Nigeria - Giroh, Dengle Yuniyus; Taphee, Barnabas Gaius; Moses, J (Journal of Human Ecology, 2009)
Determinants of training workshop on natural rubber technologies were studied by selecting 51 participants invited for training workshop at Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN) main station Iyanomo. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis and Z-test statistic at 5% probability level. The result indicated that males dominated the training; all of the participants were literate and had one form of formal education or the other. Z-test analysis shows a significant relationship between pre-and post training score. Result of the multiple regression analysis showed that the postulated regressors explained about 70.40% of the variations in the regressand. The entire estimated coefficients carried the expected positive sign, which indicated that an increase in these variables would lead to increase in the knowledge of trainees on rubber innovation. Education, depth of coverage, calibre of facilitators and practical exercises/field visits were the major determinants of training workshop and have significant effects on training at various probability levels. It is thus recommended that regular training workshop should be conducted for capacity building of end users in the rubber industry in Nigeria.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adaptation to climate change in international river basins in Africa: a review / Adaptation au changement climatique dans les bassins fluviaux internationaux en Afrique: une revue - Goulden, Marisa; Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurélie (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2009)
Abstract This paper reviews current knowledge of the potential impacts of climate change on water resources in Africa and the possible limits, barriers or opportunities for adaptation to climate change in internationally-shared river basins. Africa faces significant challenges to water resources management in the form of high variability and regional scarcity, set within the context of generally weak institutional capacity. Management is further challenged by the transboundary nature of many of its river basins. Climate change, despite uncertainty about the detail of its impacts on water resources, is likely to exacerbate many of these challenges. River basins, and the riparian states that share them, differ in their capacities to adapt. Without appropriate cooperation adaptation may be limited and uneven. Further research to examine the factors and processes that are important for cooperation to lead to positive adaptation outcomes and the increased adaptive capacity of water management institutions is suggested.
Keywords: openalex:import

MP-05.13: Descriptive Analysis of Urological Cancers, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Oncology, Ghana - Gyasi-Sarpong, Christian Kofi; Awuah, Baffour; Aboah, K.; Opoku, P. (Urology, 2009)
We describe urological cancers diagnosed and treated at KATH Oncology. Urological cancers are usually referred to the directorate for management. The center also caters for patient from the middle and northern belts of the country.
Keywords: openalex:import

Code‐Switching Pedagogies and African American Student Voices: Acceptance and Resistance - Hill, K. Dara (Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 2009)
This study examines a Detroit suburb experiencing an unexpected influx of working class African American students. Dilemmas engendered a cultural mismatch between teachers and students. In a controversial climate where students cross the boundary line in search for educational parity, this study examines a seventh‐grade English teacher who enacts code‐switching pedagogies. This study also examines the perspective of two African American focal students from Detroit, as they negotiated their identity in standard and nonstandard writing contexts. Ultimately, this study presents an argument that teachers must facilitate appropriate contexts for standard and nonstandard writing conventions for all students. تلخيص البحث: تفحص هذه الدراسة ضاحية مدينة ديترويت التي تشهد تدفقاً غير متوقع من طلاب أفريقيين أمريكيين من طبقة العمال الاجتماعية. وأحدثت الوراط عدم المساواة الثقافية بين المعلمين والطلاب. وفي بيئة مثيرة للجدل حيث يتجاوز الطلاب الحدود باحثين عن التعادل التعليمي، تفحص هذه الدراسة معلم لغة إنجليزية للصف السابع ينفذ نظريات علوم أصول التدريس لينتقل ثقافياً ولغوياً بين الثقافتين. وأيضاً تفحص هذه الدراسة وجهتي نظر طالبين أفريقيين أمريكيين من ديترويت حين تفاوضا هويتيهما في السياق التحريري المعياري وغير المعياري. وأخيراً تقدم هذه الدراسة حجة بأن لا بد للمعلمين من تسهيل السياقات الملائمة لتقاليد تحريرية معيارية وغير معيارية لجميع الطلاب. 美国底特律市的一个郊区意外地遇上非洲裔美国工人阶级学生的涌入，本研究为此作出一项研究调查。困境造成了教师与学生之间在文化上的不协调。在学生跨越界线寻求平等教育这具争议性的氛围中，本研考查一位七年级英语教师所施行的语码转换教学法，并调查两名特律市的非洲裔美国学生在标准与非标准写作语境下商定他们的身份认同时所持的观点。本研究最后提出一个论点：教师必须协助提供适当的语境，以便所有学生学习标准和非标准的写作常规。 Cette étude s'intéresse à une banlieue de Détroit confrontée à un afflux inattendu d'élèves afro‐américains de classe ouvrière. Des équivoques ont produit un conflit culturel entre professeurs et élèves. Dans un climat tendu où des élèves dépassent la mesure dans leur recherche de parité scolaire, cette étude s'intéresse à un professeur de septième année qui met en œuvre une pédagogie du changement de code. Cette étude examine aussi la façon de voir de deux étudiants afro‐américains particuliers de Detroit, lorsqu'ils négocient leur identité dans un contexte d'écriture standard et non standard. Enfin, cette étude défend l'idée que les enseignants devraient rechercher des contextes appropriés aux conventions d'écriture standard et non standard pour tous les étudiants. В статье описаны проблемы, возникшие в школе в пригороде Детройта, когда там резко возросло количество учеников афро‐американского происхождения из малообразованных семей. Эта ситуация породила культурное несоответствие между учителями и учащимися. В достаточно противоречивой обстановке, когда ученикам – в поиске образовательного паритета – приходилось пересекать некие границы и вступать на неведомые им интеллектуальные территории, один учитель английского попытался найти общий язык с семиклассниками с помощью “переключения кодов”. В статье также представлены точки зрения двух учеников афро‐американцев из Детройта и описано, как они обретают самоидентичность в контексте создания стандартных и нестандартных письменных текстов. Автор призывает учителей создавать благоприятную обстановку для выработки у всех учащихся общих подходов к академическому и бытовому тексту. Este estudio examina un suburbio en Detroit que experimentó un aumento inesperado de estudiantes africano americanos de la clase baja. Se presentaron situaciones que produjeron una disonancia cultural entre los maestros y los estudiantes. En una atmósfera controvertida en la cual los estudiantes cruzan la línea en busca de igualdad educacional, este estudio examina una maestra de séptimo grado que usó pedagogías de cambio de códigos. Este estudio también examina el punto de vista de dos estudiantes africano americanos de Detroit a medida que ellos negociaban su identidad en contextos de escritura corrientes y no corrientes. Al final, este estudio argumenta que los maestros deben facilitar contextos apropiados para la escritura corriente y no corriente para todos los estudiantes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Climate change and urban development in Africa - Hope, Kempe Ronald (International Journal of Environmental Studies, 2009)
This paper analyses the relationship between climate change and urban development in Africa, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa, and discusses potential adaptation policies for moderating the consequences of climatic changes on urban development in the region.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cohesive Adequacy in the Narrative Samples of School-Age Children Who Use African American English - Horton-Ikard, RaMonda (Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 2009)
Purpose This study explored the type and adequacy of cohesive devices that are produced by school-age children who use African American English (AAE). Method The language samples of 33 African American children, ages 7, 9, and 11 years, were transcribed, analyzed, and coded for AAE use and cohesive adequacy (e.g., personal reference, demonstrative reference, lexical, and conjunctive markers). Results There were 2 AAE features that child speakers used for cohesive purposes. Adequacy rates for personal reference cohesive devices were higher than for the other 3 categories. Age was a significant factor in the use and adequacy of cohesive devices. Conclusion Typically developing African American children use the same category types of cohesive devices that have been reported for their peers who speak Standard American English. Further examination of cohesive adequacy to identify language impairment in school-age AAE speakers is warranted.
Keywords: openalex:import

Experiences of training and implementation of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) in South Africa: a qualitative evaluation of the IMCI case management training course - Horwood, Christiane; Voce, Anna; Vermaak, Kerry; Rollins, Nigel; Qazi, Shamim (BMC Pediatrics, 2009)
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a strategy to reduce mortality and morbidity in children under-5 years by improving management of common illnesses at primary level. IMCI has been shown to improve health worker performance, but constraints have been identified in achieving sufficient coverage to improve child survival, and implementation remains sub-optimal. At the core of the IMCI strategy is a clinical guideline whereby health workers use a series of algorithms to assess and manage a sick child, and give counselling to carers. IMCI is taught using a structured 11-day training course that combines classroom work with clinical practise; a variety of training techniques are used, supported by comprehensive training materials and detailed instructions for facilitators.We conducted focus group discussions with IMCI trained health workers to explore their experiences of the methodology and content of the IMCI training course, whether they thought they gained the skills required for implementation, and their experiences of follow-up visits.Health workers found the training interesting, informative and empowering, and there was consensus that it improved their skills in managing sick children. They appreciated the variety of learning methods employed, and felt that repetition was important to reinforce knowledge and skills. Facilitators were rated highly for their knowledge and commitment, as well as their ability to identify problems and help participants as required. However, health workers felt strongly that the training time was too short to acquire skills in all areas of IMCI. Their increased confidence in managing sick children was identified by health workers as an enabling factor for IMCI implementation in the workplace, but additional time required for IMCI consultations was expressed as a major barrier. Although follow-up visits were described as very helpful, these were often delayed and there was no ongoing clinical supervision.The IMCI training course was reported to be an effective method of acquiring skills, but more time is required, either during the course, or with follow-up, to improve IMCI implementation. Innovative solutions may be required to ensure that adequate skills are acquired and maintained.
Keywords: openalex:import

Climate Change and Pastoral Economy in Kenya: A Blinking Future - Huho, Julius M.; Ngaira, Josephine K. W.; Ogindo, Harun Okello (Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2009)
Abstract: The present paper examines the changing climatic scenarios and associated effects on livestock farming (pastoralism) in the arid and semi arid lands (ASAL) of Kenya, which cover over 80% of the country. The study was carried out in the semi arid Mukogodo Division of Laikipia District in Kenya. This division received a mean annual rainfall of approximately 507.8 mm and the main source of livelihood was pastoralism. Questionnaire, structured interview, observation and literature review were the main methods of data collection. Rainfall was used in delineating changes in climate. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) and Markov process were used in analyzing drought severity and persistence, respectively. Approximately 38% of all droughts between 1975 and 2005 were prolonged and extremely severe, with cumulative severity indices ranging between −2.54 and −6.49. The probability that normal climatic conditions persisted for two or more consecutive years in Mukogodo Division remained constant at approximately 52%. However, the probability of wet years persisting for two or more years showed a declining trend, while persistence of dry years increased with duration. A drying climatic trend was established. This drying trend in the area led to increased land degradation and encroachment of invasive nonpalatable bushes. The net effect on pastoralism was large‐scale livestock loss through starvation, disease and cattle rustling. Proper drought monitoring and accurate forecasts, community participation in all government interventions, infrastructural development in the ASAL and allocation of adequate resources for livestock development are some of the measures necessary for mitigating the dwindling pastoral economy in Kenya and other parts of the world.
Keywords: openalex:import

P663 The development of an obstetric fistula treatment and surgical training program in Eritrea - Husain, Azhar; Hassan, Fathimath Shahaa; Sleemi, Ambereen; Melecot, Habte H.; Polan, Mary Lake; Morgan, Mark A. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S603-S603 Poster presentations P663 The development of an obstetric fistula treatment and surgical training program in Eritrea A. Husain, A. HusainSearch for more papers by this authorF. Hassan, F. HassanSearch for more papers by this authorA. Sleemi, A. SleemiSearch for more papers by this authorH. Melecot, H. MelecotSearch for more papers by this authorM. Polan, M. PolanSearch for more papers by this authorM. Morgan, M. MorganSearch for more papers by this author A. Husain, A. HusainSearch for more papers by this authorF. Hassan, F. HassanSearch for more papers by this authorA. Sleemi, A. SleemiSearch for more papers by this authorH. Melecot, H. MelecotSearch for more papers by this authorM. Polan, M. PolanSearch for more papers by this authorM. Morgan, M. MorganSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)62154-8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S603-S603 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Comparative Studies of Spinal Celes in Switzerland, Jamaica, and Nigeria, and Possible Relationship with Environmental Pollution - Ibe, Mon (Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 2009)
Objective and Background: The need to sanitize our environment from elements hazardous to life on earth is hereby high-lighted, as well as a properly organized and efficiently run prenatal health care system. Clinical Methods and Materials: From 1975 to 2008,17 spinal celes (including 2 meningoceles) were routinely repaired in Imo and Ebonyi States of Nigeria, and 5 in Jamaica,the West Indies; none in Basel, Switzerland. All 20 meningomyeloceles were incontinent of urine and faeces, had severe paraparesis to paraplegia, sensory loss in both lower limbs, and bilateral pedes equino-varus in 16 cases. In addition, 2 were hydrocephalic, and all meningomyeloceles were ulcerated. All celes were midline. The meningoceles were normal. The operations were carried out under routine general anaesthesia. Results: The pre-operation status remained the same in all 20 meningomyeloceles 60 months later, though, they were able to sit up and shift around on their buttocks. The meningoceles remained normal. The hydrocephalus in both cases was arrested. There were no deaths within the hospitalization period of about 14 days. Conclusion: Vigorous endeavor to sanitize our environment from obnoxious elements(environmental pollution, hazardous waste sites, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, water disinfection by-products, etc.), good and adequate antenatal care, with antenatal diagnosis of the malformed foetus and termination of the pregnancy, must be strived at, folic acid supplementation must begin before conception.. Niger Med J. Vol. 50, No. 4, Oct.–Dec., 2009: 84–86 Key words: comparative studies, spinal celes
Keywords: openalex:import

O401 Laparoscopic evaluation of infertile women in Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria: An update - Ibrahim, Safaa A.; Yakasai, Ibrahim Adamu; Abubakar, IS (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S206-S206 Free communication (oral) presentations O401 Laparoscopic evaluation of infertile women in Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria: An update S.A. Ibrahim, S.A. IbrahimSearch for more papers by this authorI.A. Yakasai, I.A. YakasaiSearch for more papers by this authorI.S. Abubakar, I.S. AbubakarSearch for more papers by this author S.A. Ibrahim, S.A. IbrahimSearch for more papers by this authorI.A. Yakasai, I.A. YakasaiSearch for more papers by this authorI.S. Abubakar, I.S. AbubakarSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60774-8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S206-S206 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Africa and Climate Change: With One Voice - Keating, Michael (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

O475 Sustaining a gynecologic operative laparoscopic training program in Ghana - Kim, J.; Patzkowsky, Kristin E.; Xu, Xianghua; Dalton, Vanessa K.; Advincula, Arnold P. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S228-S228 Free communication (oral) presentations O475 Sustaining a gynecologic operative laparoscopic training program in Ghana J. Kim, J. KimSearch for more papers by this authorK. Patzkowsky, K. PatzkowskySearch for more papers by this authorX. Xu, X. XuSearch for more papers by this authorV. Dalton, V. DaltonSearch for more papers by this authorA. Advincula, A. AdvinculaSearch for more papers by this author J. Kim, J. KimSearch for more papers by this authorK. Patzkowsky, K. PatzkowskySearch for more papers by this authorX. Xu, X. XuSearch for more papers by this authorV. Dalton, V. DaltonSearch for more papers by this authorA. Advincula, A. AdvinculaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60848-1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S228-S228 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

THE NAACP CAMPAIGN FOR TEACHERS' SALARY EQUALIZATION: AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN EDUCATORS AND THE EARLY CIVIL RIGHTS STRUGGLE - Kirk, John A. (Journal of African American History, 2009)
Previous articleNext article No AccessTHE NAACP CAMPAIGN FOR TEACHERS' SALARY EQUALIZATION: AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN EDUCATORS AND THE EARLY CIVIL RIGHTS STRUGGLEJohn A. KirkJohn A. Kirk Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of African American History Volume 94, Number 4Fall 2009Documenting the NAACP's First Century A journal of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/JAAHv94n4p529 Views: 92Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref © ASALHPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Raphael Cassimere Jr. “Our School Is Our Glory”: Reflections on the Early Years of Joseph F. Clark High School, 1949–1970, The Journal of African American History 103, no.44 (Dec 2018): 560–580.https://doi.org/10.1086/699954
Keywords: openalex:import

How Zimbabwean AIDS orphans negotiate their personal identities within the fields of home and school in a stigmatising society - Kwenda, Chiwimbiso (Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 2009)
This study is based on field data originally collected for a PhD research project in a small district of Zimbabwe. The study attempts to answer the question about how AIDS orphaned children in a selected context in Zimbabwe construct their concept of self as members of their changed and recomposing families, and as members of their school and their community. Acknowledging and working with the real presence of deeply embedded social understanding about AIDS in this community, the article argues that there is a contradiction between the imported discourse about child‐centred pedagogies and educational theories of constructivism in Zimbabwean school settings, on the one hand, and teachers’ tendency to ignore the way in which vulnerable children such as AIDS orphans construct their reality during classroom lessons, on the other hand. In developing a rationale for this type of research, it is suggested that the main significance of this exercise lies in attempting to re‐think the concepts of home and school in the face of HIV and AIDS. Conceptually framed within Bourdieu’s theory of social practice, the research uses the methodology of critical ethnography. It is the general conclusion of the study that religion and ritual play the most significant role in the self‐definitions of the AIDS orphans studied here, and that teachers should consciously recognise this fact when dealing with these children within the school and the classroom.
Keywords: openalex:import

Implications of Race and Gender in Higher Education Administration: An African American Woman’s Perspective - Lloyd‐Jones, Brenda (Advances in Developing Human Resources, 2009)
A qualitative single-case-study approach is used in this study to examine the lived experiences of an African American woman senior-level administrator in a predominantly White research university. The everyday, lived experience of the participant challenges the ideology that education and hard work are combinations that equal success. The findings in the study indicate that despite achieving advanced levels of education and holding high-ranking positions within academia, many African American women in administrative positions encounter social inequity emerging from intersectionality. The dichotomous tension between achievement ideologies, as “the great equalizer,” and the organizational structure as a form of resistance to social equity are continuous threads throughout this article.
Keywords: openalex:import

[Hepcidin and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in anemic school children in Mali]. - Ma, Aiguo; Rj, Stoltzfus; Gm, Spiekermann-Brouwer; Nemeth, Elizabeta; Ak, Traoré; Ganz, Tomas; Garza, Cutberto (PubMed, 2009)
Hepcidin is a peptide produced by hepatocytes and detectable in blood and urine. Urinary hepcidin excretion appeared to be significantly increasing in humans with acute and chronic infections or inflammatory diseases. However, the effects of common tropical parasitic infections on hepcidin have not been sufficiently examined. We carried out a study in school children from Mali living in a neighborhood where Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Schistosoma haematobium infections are prevalent. Anemia (hemoglobin < 120 g/l) prevalence was very high among these children (68%); 24% had iron deficiency anemia. The prevalence of infections was also high (65% had at least one infection and 41% had C-reactive protein (CRP) levels > 10 mg/L). S. haematobium was diagnosed in 64%. We assessed first morning urine hepcidin excretion in a sub-sample of 15 children with either S. haematobium, P. falciparum malaria or none; 14 of these 15 children were included in the analyses. Children with P. falciparum malaria excreted significantly higher levels of hepcidin than those with S. haematobium (chi2 = 3.86; p = 0.05) or without any infection (chi2 = 5.95; p = 0.01). Urinary hepcidin correlated significantly with CRP (Spearman's r = 0.59; p = 0.001) and serum ferritin (Spearman's r = 0.73; p = 0.003). Our study confirms the still limited evidence of an association between human malaria and increased urinary hepcidin and points out the need for further studies to define the contribution of hepcidin to anemia associated with this disease.
Keywords: openalex:import

O304 Quality of birth care in labour rooms in selected teaching hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan - Mahmoud, Dalia; FazariBashir, A. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S180-S180 Free communication (oral) presentations O304 Quality of birth care in labour rooms in selected teaching hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan D. Mahmoud, D. MahmoudSearch for more papers by this authorA. FazariBashir, A. FazariBashirSearch for more papers by this author D. Mahmoud, D. MahmoudSearch for more papers by this authorA. FazariBashir, A. FazariBashirSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60676-7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S180-S180 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Mindfulness and Mental Health Among African American College Students - Masuda, Akihiko; Anderson, Page L.; Sheehan, Shawn T. (Complementary Health Practice Review, 2009)
The current study examined the relation of a commonly used measure of mindfulness (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale [MAAS]) and psychological flexibility (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire [AAQ]) to mental health-related variables within an African American college sample. The study also examined these constructs as potential mediators of the link between self-concealment and mental health variables. The AAQ did not show adequate internal consistency, and thus was not used in subsequent analyses. Mindfulness was found to be a significant predictor of mental health-related variables and mediated the relation between self-concealment and emotional distress in stressful interpersonal situations (full mediation) and general psychological ill health (partial mediation). These results are suggestive that mindfulness may be useful to understand mental health within African Americans college students, although additional research is clearly needed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Relationship between cost - sharing and access and equity in education in public secondary schools in Nakuru District, Kenya - Mbugua, Jennifer Njeri (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

HIV‐1 Infection in Zambian Children Impairs the Development and Avidity Maturation of Measles Virus–Specific Immunoglobulin G after Vaccination and Infection - Nair, Nitya; Moss, William J.; Scott, Susana; Mugala, Nanthalile; Ndhlovu, Zaza M.; Lilo, Kareem M; Ryon, Judith J.; Monze, Mwaka; Quinn, Thomas C.; Cousens, Simon; Cutts, Felicity; Griffin, Diane E. (The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2009)
BackgroundEndemic transmission of measles continues in many countries that have a high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden. The effects that HIV infection has on immune responses to measles and to measles vaccine can impact measles elimination efforts. Assays to measure antibody include the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), which measures immunoglobulin G (IgG) to all measles virus (MV) proteins, and the plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assay, which measures antibody to the hemagglutinin and correlates with protection. Antibody avidity may affect neutralizing capacity MethodsHIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Zambian children were studied after measles vaccination (n=44) or MV infection (n=57). Laboratory or wild-type MV strains were used to infect Vero or Vero/signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule (SLAM) cells in PRN assays. IgG to MV was measured by EIA, and avidity was determined by ammonium thiocyanate dissociation ResultsHIV infection impaired EIA IgG responses after vaccination and measles but not PRN responses measured using laboratory-adapted MV. Avidity was lower among HIV-infected children 3 months after vaccination and 1 and 3 months after measles. Neutralization of wild-type MV infection of Vero/SLAM cells correlated with IgG avidity ConclusionLower antibody quality and quantity in HIV-infected children after measles vaccination raise challenges for assuring the long-term protection of these children. Antibody quality in children receiving antiretroviral therapy requires assessment
Keywords: openalex:import

Effects of concept and vee mapping strategy on students’ motivation and achievement in Biology in secondary schools in Uasin–Gishu District, Kenya - Namasaka, Fred W. (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Early childhood education programs in Kenya: challenges and solutions - Nganga, Lydiah (Early Years, 2009)
Early childhood education in Kenya serves the critical purpose of preparing young children for primary education. Notwithstanding the associated benefits for society as a whole, the government of Kenya is involved minimally. Indeed, parents are responsible for planning, developing and managing different early childhood programs. Consequently, problems such as funding and lack of program consistency are common. Because early childhood programs are essential, the government should be involved actively in the development and implementation process.
Keywords: openalex:import

Geodynamic framework of large volcanic fields highlighted by SRTM DEMs: Method evaluation and perspectives exampled on three areas from the Cameroon Volcanic Line - Nkono, Collin; Féménias, Olivier; Demaiffe, Daniel (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2009)
article i nfo This study is a part of a wider investigation to evaluate how much can be learnt by using low-cost methods such as systematic moderate-resolution remote sensing to map and quantify geological structures at the regional scale on very large volcanic provinces only partly studied in the field. Volcanic-centre and cinder- cone distribution, faults and structural lineaments are mapped combining Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Landsat satellite images. As an example of the method, we present the interpretation of structural data and morphological features of three contrasted areas from the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Tombel graben, Upper Benue valley, and Ngaoundere area) for which local field studies are available for comparison. At a local scale, this remote-sensing method of mapping displays good to excellent correlations with previously published data and, by itself, it allows one to constrain the structural setting of each area. Numerical treatment of vent and cinder-cone localisation can be related to tension fractures (T direction), whereas numerical treatment of the lineaments constrains the associated fault system to a single transtensional (strike-slip+extension) Riedel type fracture network. The first results on the Cameroon Volcanic Line are promising and could be used at a larger scale on numerous volcanic provinces for which field data are not yet available.
Keywords: openalex:import

The implementation of the Programme of Pastoral Instruction (P.P.I) in Primary Schools within Eldoret Municipality, Kenya - Odongo, Salome Awour (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Supporting Latino and African-American Students in Advanced Placement Courses: A School Counseling Program's Approach - Ohrt, Jonathan H.; Lambie, Glenn W.; Ieva, Kara P. (Professional School Counseling, 2009)
Traditionally, Latino and African-American students have been underrepresented in Advanced Placement courses. However, professional school counselors work to remove barriers to all students' success. This article (a) identifies challenges that Latino and African-American students encounter in accessing Advanced Placement courses, (b) reviews the role of professional school counselors in serving traditionally disenfranchised student populations, and (c) introduces a school counseling program's approach to supporting these students and their families.
Keywords: openalex:import

Supporting Latino and African-American Students in Advanced Placement Courses: A School Counseling Program's Approach - Ohrt, Jonathan H.; Lambie, Glenn W.; Ieva, Kara P. (Professional School Counseling, 2009)
Traditionally, Latino and African-American students have been underrepresented in Advanced Placement courses. However, professional school counselors work to remove barriers to all students’ success. This article (a) identifies challenges that Latino and African-American students encounter in accessing Advanced Placement courses, (b) reviews the role of professional school counselors in serving traditionally disenfranchised student populations, and (c) intro-duces a school counseling program's approach to supporting these students and their families.
Keywords: openalex:import

O707 Teachers' attitude to family life education in different geographical areas in Nigeria - Okusanya, BO; Isabu, PA (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S295-S296 Free communication (oral) presentations O707 Teachers' attitude to family life education in different geographical areas in Nigeria B. Okusanya, B. OkusanyaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Isabu, P. IsabuSearch for more papers by this author B. Okusanya, B. OkusanyaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Isabu, P. IsabuSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)61080-8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S295-S296 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

P617 Pattern and contribution of unsafe abortions to gynaecological emergencies and maternal mortality – Five year experience of a Nigerian teaching hospital - Oyebode, Tinuade; Musa, Jonah; Daru, Patrick H. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S587-S588 Poster presentations P617 Pattern and contribution of unsafe abortions to gynaecological emergencies and maternal mortality – Five year experience of a Nigerian teaching hospital T. Oyebode, T. OyebodeSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Musa, J. MusaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Daru, P. DaruSearch for more papers by this author T. Oyebode, T. OyebodeSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Musa, J. MusaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Daru, P. DaruSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)62107-XCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S587-S588 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence and correlates of substance use among school children in six African countries - Peltzer, Karl (International Journal of Psychology, 2009)
An increasing trend of noncommunicable diseases is a worldwide phenomenon, also including the developing countries. Few studies focus on adolescents' substance use in relation to mental distress and protective factors in African countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates (mental distress and protective factors) of substance use among school-going adolescents in six African countries. The sample included 20,765 students aged from 13 to 15 years from six African countries (Kenya, Namibia, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), chosen by a two-stage cluster sample design to represent all students in grades 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 in each country. The measure used was part of the Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) questionnaire, including various domains of health behaviour. Results indicate a prevalence of 12.6% tobacco use (past month), 6.6% risky alcohol use (two or more per day for at least 20 days or more in the past month), and 10.5% of illicit drug use (three or more times ever) in school-going adolescents in six African countries. School truancy, loneliness, sleeping problems, sadness, suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and poverty were associated with substance use (tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs), while school attendance and parental supervision and connectedness were protective factors for substance use, and peer support protective for tobacco use. It is concluded that tobacco use, risky drinking and illicit drug use were common, clustered together and were associated with school truancy, mental distress, and lack of parental and peer support among adolescent African school children. These findings stress the need for early and integrated prevention programmes.
Keywords: openalex:import

O759 Introduction of post placental/partum IUD insertion (PPIUD) in Lusaka, Zambia: Feasibility of training nurse midwives - Prager, Sarah; Neukom, Josselyn; Gupta, Pratima; Chilambwe, J.; Eber, Maxine; Vwalika, Bellington; Blumenthal, P. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S309-S310 Free communication (oral) presentations O759 Introduction of post placental/partum IUD insertion (PPIUD) in Lusaka, Zambia: Feasibility of training nurse midwives S. Prager, S. PragerSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Neukom, J. NeukomSearch for more papers by this authorP. Gupta, P. GuptaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Chilambwe, J. ChilambweSearch for more papers by this authorM. Eber, M. EberSearch for more papers by this authorB. Vwalika, B. VwalikaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Blumenthal, P. BlumenthalSearch for more papers by this author S. Prager, S. PragerSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Neukom, J. NeukomSearch for more papers by this authorP. Gupta, P. GuptaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Chilambwe, J. ChilambweSearch for more papers by this authorM. Eber, M. EberSearch for more papers by this authorB. Vwalika, B. VwalikaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Blumenthal, P. BlumenthalSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)61132-2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S309-S310 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

The scholastic experiences of the children of moroccan inmigrants at Centres of Compulsory Secundary Education - Román, Cristóbal Ruiz; Mata, David Merino (Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

A model for teaching mobile application development for social changes: Implementation and lessons learned in senegal - Scharff, Christelle; Wasilewska, Anita; Wong, Jennifer L.; Bousso, Mamadou; Ndiaye, Ibrahima; Sarr, Cheikh (2009)
Africa is the fastest growing mobile phone market in the world. The portfolio of available mobile phone applications that impact the populations of the continent is however limited in number and scope. Future African graduates will be the main vectors for the development of mobile applications. In this paper we present a model of teaching mobile application development for social changes emphasizing software engineering practices. The innovation is that students develop and deploy applications for people of their local communities. This model has been used successfully in Senegal. Applications for craft workers and young children have been developed. Findings, lessons learned and guidelines for instructors interested in similar initiatives are presented.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching ecological sanitation in a school environment in Zimbabwe - Shangwa, Annie; Morgan, Peter (Waterlines, 2009)
Teaching the importance of sanitation and hygiene may be extended to teaching how to build simple toilets. This article describes how primary school children were taught the importance of ecological sanitation for health and for nutrient-enrichment of soils. Under the supervision of teachers, five designs of toilets were constructed, as well as handwashing devices. Urine was collected and used to water maize and other plants on demonstration plots. Local acceptance increased following open days to which local dignitaries and parents were invited.
Keywords: openalex:import

Volcano collapse and tsunami generation in the Bismarck Volcanic Arc, Papua New Guinea - Silver, Eli A.; Day, Simon; Ward, Steven N.; Hoffmann, Gary; Llanes, P.; Driscoll, Neal W.; Appelgate, Bruce; Saunders, S.R. (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2009)
During a cruise on the R/V Kilo Moana in 2004, we mapped 12 debris avalanches from volcanoes in the Bismarck volcanic arc, estimated their sizes and computed the size of potential tsunami run-up in major local population centers from these features. We used the towed side-scan instrument HAWAII MR1, the hull-mounted EM120 system for swath bathymetry and backscatter intensity, a shallow penetration chirp system, several bottom camera tows and selected cores. We calibrate our computations with the known tsunami run-up of the Ritter collapse. Even the small collapses may have had significant run-up on near-by coastlines. Had any of the collapses we have identified occurred in modern times each would affect a presently populated region of the coastline to a moderate or significant degree.
Keywords: openalex:import

The impact of socio-economic factors on academic performance of pupils in central division, Garissa district, Kenya: - Siyat, Hussein Noor (2009)
Research report submitted to the institute of open and distance learning in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of a bachelor of early childhood and primary education of Kampala international university.
Keywords: openalex:import

Socioeconomic dimensions of mercury pollution abatement: Engaging artisanal mining communities in Sub-Saharan Africa - Spiegel, Samuel J. (Ecological Economics, 2009)
In recent years, strategies to tackle mercury pollution from artisanal gold mining have mainly included restrictions — banning mercury trade internationally, prescribing alternate technologies and tightening regulations on mining (e.g. banning mercury use). However, artisanal mining communities in Africa are often trapped in cycles of poverty that make it difficult for workers to improve technologies and reduce mercury pollution. This article assesses problems with narrow pollution abatement discourses and top-down regulations, examining the need for integrated approaches to address pollution and socioeconomic challenges in low income mining communities. It advances the hypothesis that pollution abatement strategies fail if they do not explicitly address local socioeconomic capacities for improving environmental management, informed by an adaptive understanding of labor dynamics. Case studies in Mozambique and Tanzania are examined where United Nations pilot projects sought to address local challenges. These combined training on improved technologies and environmental risk mitigation with efforts to empower miners by enhancing access to microfinance services and fairer gold marketing arrangements. These case studies demonstrate adaptive ways of engaging local concerns in mining areas, highlighting lessons that are especially urgent now that recent policy commitments from Europe and the United States to ban mercury exports have specifically sought to make mercury more expensive for African mining communities. Ultimately, the analysis suggests how regionally focused ecological economics research has a vital role to play in (a) revealing how narrowly conceived responses to pollution can yield counterproductive results as well as exacerbate exploitative labor conditions in low income contexts; and (b) stimulating analytic focus on innovative ways of integrating pollution reduction strategy with grassroots socioeconomic empowerment strategies.
Keywords: openalex:import

Work in progress - factors African American males consider when choosing a graduate school: Implications for science and engineering fields - Strayhorn, Terrell L. (2009)
Analyzing survey data from a national sample of 672 Black men, this study investigated the factors they consider when choosing a graduate school. Academic reputation, aid awarded, and proximity to home were considered most frequently and STEM major was correlated with 5 of the factors (p<0.05). Results offer ideas about broadening participation among Black men.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Role of Digital Libraries in Egyptian Higher Education - Taie, Eman Salman; Mohamed, Khaled A. (Digest of Middle East Studies, 2009)
Abstract Exploring the students' information, communication technology (ICT) profile and how it may affect their attitudes towards the Egyptian university digital library (EUDL) and the role of the digital library in the educational and research activities in faculties of nursing and education in Egypt is the main concern of this study. A questionnaire was distributed to students in the faculties of Nursing and Education at five Egyptian universities. A total of 4008 responses have been received and analyzed. The results showed that nursing students are more active in implementing ICT and they have positive attitudes towards the digital library. The results also revealed that the digital library played a more positive role in the Nursing faculties than faculties of Education. The study also revealed five barriers for not using the digital library by the students: the restriction of accessing EDUL as a source of information for research and education, insufficient Internet access, lack of search skills, insufficient computer labs and the cost of using the available labs. The direct implementation of this study could be in the administration level of the quality assurance programs in the studied faculties. The results of the study could also be generalized to other similar programs in the Egyptian universities.
Keywords: openalex:import

Integrating environmental issues in IT education in Tanzania - Tedre, Matti; Chachage, Bukaza; Faida, Joy (2009)
Tanzania is undergoing an unprecedented boom of IT industries. But awareness of environmental issues connected with ICT is almost nonexistent in Tanzania. ICT development without an eye on environmental protection is not sustainable. As of 2009 Tumaini University's B.Sc. program in IT has included a Green Computing course as an obligatory part of IT studies. That course aims at raising students' awareness of environmental issues caused by IT, at giving them knowledge about laws and regulations concerning the issue, and at equipping them with tools and knowledge for making informed choices concerning IT installations. In this paper we analyze Tanzania's educational needs concerning Green Computing and present Tumaini's Green Computing course.
Keywords: openalex:import

Typology of Natural Hazards and Assessment of Associated Risks in the Mount Bambouto Caldera (Cameroon Line, West Cameroon) - Tefogoum, Ghislain Zangmo; Kagou, Armand Dongmo; Nkouathio, D. G.; Wandji, Pierre (Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2009)
Abstract: Mount Bambouto is a polygenic stratovolcano of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, built between 21 Ma and 4.5 Ma. It is situated approximately 200 km NE of Mount Cameroon, between 09° 55′ and 10°15′ longitude east and, 05°25′ and 05°50′ latitude north. The volcano covers an area of 500 km 2 and culminates at 2740 m at Mélétan dome and bears a collapsed caldera at the summit (13 × 8 km). Mount Bambouto is characterized by several natural hazards of different origins: meteorological, such as landslides and rock falls; anthropogenic, such as bushfires, tribal wars and deforestation; and volcanological, such as volcanic eruption. The thematic map shows that 55–60% of the caldera has high probability of occurrence of mass movement. The caldera has a high population density (3000 inhabitants), which increases the level of risk, evaluated at approximately $US3.8 million for patrimony, 3000 civilian deaths and destruction of biodiversity.
Keywords: openalex:import

Typology of Natural Hazards and Assessment of Associated Risks in the Mount Bambouto Caldera (Cameroon Line, West Cameroon) - Tefogoum, Ghislain Zangmo; Kagou, Armand Dongmo; Nkouathio, D. G.; Wandji, Pierre (Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2009)
Abstract: Mount Bambouto is a polygenic stratovolcano of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, built between 21 Ma and 4.5 Ma. It is situated approximately 200 km NE of Mount Cameroon, between 09° 55′ and 10°15′ longitude east and, 05°25′ and 05°50′ latitude north. The volcano covers an area of 500 km 2 and culminates at 2740 m at Mélétan dome and bears a collapsed caldera at the summit (13 × 8 km). Mount Bambouto is characterized by several natural hazards of different origins: meteorological, such as landslides and rock falls; anthropogenic, such as bushfires, tribal wars and deforestation; and volcanological, such as volcanic eruption. The thematic map shows that 55–60% of the caldera has high probability of occurrence of mass movement. The caldera has a high population density (3000 inhabitants), which increases the level of risk, evaluated at approximately $US3.8 million for patrimony, 3000 civilian deaths and destruction of biodiversity.
Keywords: openalex:import

O928 Malaria and pregnancy at the Gabriel Toure teaching hospital in Bamako (Mali) between 2003 and 2007 - Tegueté, Ibrahima; Mounkoro, Niani; Traoré, Youssouf; Dolo, T.; Kayentao, Kassoum; Sissoko, Abdoulaye; Traoré, Mamadou; Dolo, A (International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S357-S357 Free communication (oral) presentations O928 Malaria and pregnancy at the Gabriel Toure teaching hospital in Bamako (Mali) between 2003 and 2007 I. Teguete, I. TegueteSearch for more papers by this authorN. Mounkoro, N. MounkoroSearch for more papers by this authorY. Traore, Y. TraoreSearch for more papers by this authorT. Dolo, T. DoloSearch for more papers by this authorK. Kayentao, K. KayentaoSearch for more papers by this authorA. Sissoko, A. SissokoSearch for more papers by this authorM. Traore, M. TraoreSearch for more papers by this authorA. Dolo, A. DoloSearch for more papers by this author I. Teguete, I. TegueteSearch for more papers by this authorN. Mounkoro, N. MounkoroSearch for more papers by this authorY. Traore, Y. TraoreSearch for more papers by this authorT. Dolo, T. DoloSearch for more papers by this authorK. Kayentao, K. KayentaoSearch for more papers by this authorA. Sissoko, A. SissokoSearch for more papers by this authorM. Traore, M. TraoreSearch for more papers by this authorA. Dolo, A. DoloSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)61301-1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S357-S357 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Genetics of drought tolerance of field grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Ethiopia - Tessema, Biructawit Bekele; Visser, R.G.F.; Linden, C. Gerard van der (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Development of a model for implementation of strategic change management in Libyan higher education. - Theeb, Munir (2009)
This research focuses on an analysis of the changes in the Libyan Higher Education Institutions (LHEIs) management system. This is an important subject since the Libyan General People’s Committee for Higher Education (LGPC) has begun to introduce changes for improving and enhancing the management of Libyan Universities (LUs) and the movement towards sustainable development. This study investigates and examines new management changes by considering different factors including university financing, quality and institutional performance and the relationship between fields of organisational change and implementation process. It may be interpreted within a strategic framework, socio-cultural model and institutional changes. Does this mean a move from idealism to a realistic perspective in relation to the problems and issues of universities in Libya? The study also considers the conditions and barriers involved in implementing the new changes. LHEIs have to re-examine their existing structures and practices in order to meet the needs of the information age. This requires major changes and transformation. A main concern that hinders the management of change process is the lack of useful models and success cases to lead the way. The present research proposes to identify the most successful strategies adopted at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and universities in order to characterize the change processes adopted across the universities. In light of these strategies, another important objective of this research is to develop a model for implementing management change into HEIs and universities. The research is also expected to extend the researcher’s understanding about the extent of success of the organisational development and change policies in improving performance. This study is designed to fill the gap in knowledge about models appropriate to the management of change in higher education. Each model sheds light on different aspects of organisational life and has a distinct set of hypotheses about why change occurs, how the process grows, when change occurs and how long it takes and the results of change. The models will then be adapted to the specific cultural, political and social aspects of LHEIs. The research questions were answered using multiple data sets showing percentages which explained the benefits of comprehensive assessments of change and its mechanisms. The results will be used to explore how the combinations of quantitative interpretation techniques may be used to support LHEIs in enhancing their quality in an effective way while harmonizing with LUs, external standards and requirements of the information age. Research has shown that higher education governance needs to find a clear mechanism for the process of evaluating the course of HEIs and everything related to the role of a university, identifying its strengths and weaknesses and identifying opportunities for development, both at the university level and in higher education management and policy-making to enhance the effectiveness of this vital sector in various areas. Extrapolating from barriers of change approaches which have recently arisen, this study sheds light on the process of change; the main component of this are managers who have a range of awareness and understanding of change in shaping their trends and attitudes towards it. This has an important impact in organisation leadership to implementing change. The implementation of a strategic change model is based on the assessment to keep up with the conversion used in the statistical analysis and deep understanding and mutual commitment to the process of change between the institution and staff. The most important factors for success in building useful understanding of the change process lies in the preparation process and the knowledge and understanding of the customer in recognising the importance of avoiding ambiguity in the steps of change, predicting potential problems, showing different ways of working for the customer, and developing a cooperative relationship with stakeholders. Extrapolation of findings suggests that lack of strategy or a clear action plan to develop and improve the quality of institutional performance leads to a higher education sector with the slow pace of interaction with the desired societal goals. There is also difficulty in keeping pace with the management of modern university systems and recent developments in the fields of science and technology. Therefore, the main objective of higher education management is to develop a flexible action plan to improve/implement and manage the change process using an effective strategy, to avoid any possible resistance to the process of change and to ensure the active and wide participation by the staff in general; a plan of action aims to: Contribute to the realization of the vision and a message of higher education, deepen basic values, and implement strategy plans. Develop a model for the change that includes the first steps of implementing change. Stimulating all personnel of institutions of higher education to upgrade their performance, including a positive impact in the development of institutional performance.
Keywords: openalex:import

Training Lay Health Workers to Promote Post-Treatment Breast Cancer Surveillance in African American Breast Cancer Survivors: Development and Implementation of a Curriculum - Thompson, Hayley S.; Edwards, Tiffany; Erwin, Deborah O.; Lee, Susan H.; Bovbjerg, Dana H.; Jandorf, Lina; Littles, Monique; Valdimarsdottir, Heiðdís; Lewis, Theophilus; Karsif, Karen; Petersen, Bert; Romero, Jenny (Journal of Cancer Education, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Penile Fasciocutaneous Flap Urethroplasty: Recent Experience and Challenges in a Sub-Saharan African Teaching Hospital - Tijani, KH; Adesanya, Adedoyin Adekunle; Ogo, CN; Osegbe, D N (Urology, 2009)
Objective To evaluate penile fasciocutaneous flap urethroplasty for complex anterior urethral strictures in circumcised West African men. Methods Between January 2002 and December 2006, 26 patients with anterior urethral strictures underwent penile fasciocutaneous flap urethroplasty (PFU), using a modification of the technique described by Quartey (Quartey JKM. J Urol. 1985;134:474-475). Of these patients, 21 had dorsal onlay patches and 5 had tubularize patches. Average follow-up was 19 months. Results There was a 100% immediate success rate with the dorsal onlay group. No recurrence was seen in all patients available for follow-up at 30 months. The tubularized flap had an immediate success of 80% but at 30 months it was only 40%. Troublesome postvoid dribbling was completely eliminated and complications were minor and few, which included 1 case of distal superficial dorsal penile skin loss, 1 case of urethrocutaneous fistula, and 2 cases of postvoid dribbling all of which were managed conservatively. Conclusions PFU when used as a dorsal onlay gives excellent results at least in the immediate and intermediate periods in black West African population. A multiracial study to compare the effect of skin color on the short- and long-term outcome of PFU is also suggested. To evaluate penile fasciocutaneous flap urethroplasty for complex anterior urethral strictures in circumcised West African men. Between January 2002 and December 2006, 26 patients with anterior urethral strictures underwent penile fasciocutaneous flap urethroplasty (PFU), using a modification of the technique described by Quartey (Quartey JKM. J Urol. 1985;134:474-475). Of these patients, 21 had dorsal onlay patches and 5 had tubularize patches. Average follow-up was 19 months. There was a 100% immediate success rate with the dorsal onlay group. No recurrence was seen in all patients available for follow-up at 30 months. The tubularized flap had an immediate success of 80% but at 30 months it was only 40%. Troublesome postvoid dribbling was completely eliminated and complications were minor and few, which included 1 case of distal superficial dorsal penile skin loss, 1 case of urethrocutaneous fistula, and 2 cases of postvoid dribbling all of which were managed conservatively. PFU when used as a dorsal onlay gives excellent results at least in the immediate and intermediate periods in black West African population. A multiracial study to compare the effect of skin color on the short- and long-term outcome of PFU is also suggested.
Keywords: openalex:import

I347 Setting of circuit of clinical management of FGM complication in health center in Mali training the personel - Touré, Mariama (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S86-S86 Invited presentations I347 Setting of circuit of clinical management of FGM complication in health center in Mali training the personel M. Toure, M. ToureSearch for more papers by this author M. Toure, M. ToureSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60347-7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S86-S86 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

The Refuge: an after‐school care programme for African–American children in poverty - Tuason, Ma. Teresa; Marcetic, Andjela; Roberts, Shavaun; Stuart, Karly S.; Rearick, Jessica (Early Child Development and Care, 2009)
The Refuge is an after‐school care programme in the southeastern USA that caters to the academic and psychological needs of impoverished African–American children. This study evaluated the Refuge through interviews with staff, small group discussions with children and persistent observation. By evaluating the after‐school care services they receive, children expressed their need for safe and secure environments to grow, their vulnerability to family relationships, their need for fair treatment and nurturance in relationships and their want for opportunities to express their unique developmental strengths. Results reiterate child workers’ significant and urgent purpose of reaching out to low‐income African–American children to inspire them and urge them into vocations – despite the realities of death, poverty and violence in their lives.
Keywords: openalex:import

O951 Age at menarche amongst rural school girls in Sokoto, Northern Nigeria - Tunau, K; Adamu, AN; Hassan, Muhammad; Ekele, Bissallah (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S364-S364 Free communication (oral) presentations O951 Age at menarche amongst rural school girls in Sokoto, Northern Nigeria K. Tunau, K. TunauSearch for more papers by this authorA. Adamu, A. AdamuSearch for more papers by this authorM. Hassan, M. HassanSearch for more papers by this authorB. Ekele, B. EkeleSearch for more papers by this author K. Tunau, K. TunauSearch for more papers by this authorA. Adamu, A. AdamuSearch for more papers by this authorM. Hassan, M. HassanSearch for more papers by this authorB. Ekele, B. EkeleSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)61324-2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S364-S364 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Teachers’ innovative change within countrywide reform: a case study in Rwanda - Uworwabayeho, Alphonse (Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 2009)
This article presents practical perspectives on mathematics teacher change through results of collaborative research with two mathematics secondary school teachers in order to improve the teaching and learning of mathematics in Rwanda. The 2006 national mathematics curriculum reform stresses pedagogies that enhance problem-solving, critical thinking and argumentation. Teachers need to use new teaching strategies. This article is a case study looking at issues around developing teachers’ use of interactions in mathematics classrooms independently of the national programme. Outputs of the study include teachers’ awareness of the need for change and their increased flexibility to accept learners’ autonomy in shifting from teacher-centred to learner-centred pedagogy. Geometer’s Sketchpad challenged teachers’ practice and then provoked reflection to improve student learning.
Keywords: openalex:import

Challenges and opportunities in mainstreaming environmental education into the curricula of teachers' colleges in Ethiopia - Waktola, Daniel Kassahun (Environmental Education Research, 2009)
Lack of environmental awareness is one of the underlying causes of severe environmental degradation in Ethiopia. As teachers' colleges are a seedbed of such awareness, assessment of college curricula should shed light on the possibilities they offer to develop capacities to address environmental degradation. This small‐scale study is based on the assessment of the curricula of the Kotebe and St Mary's teachers' colleges, Ethiopia, and the knowledge and opinions of a sample of teaching students on pertinent environmental issues facing the country. Comparative analysis of data generated through questionnaires and interviews was undertaken across college, curricula and gender categories. The results suggest: a ‘paradigm shift’ from a core‐focused to a pedagogical‐focused curriculum in the last three decades; a declining trend in the provision of outdoor environmental education; inadequate levels of factual knowledge amongst current college students; and variations in knowledge levels and attitudes among the respondents taking different curricula. If the work of teachers' colleges is to support wider efforts throughout Ethiopia to address the causes and effects of environmental degradation, the findings of the study underscore the necessity of revisiting the composition of course categories and maintaining the existence of outdoor environmental education in the current college curricula.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Comparison of Attitudes toward Business Training between African American and Caucasian Female Small Business Owners - Wech, Barbara A.; Martin, Warren S.; Martin, David S.; Dolowitz, Annetta R. (Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 2009)
ABSTRACT This study assesses and compares business training attitudes of female African American and Caucasian small business owners. The growth in entrepreneurs hip by African American women requires a better understanding of their professional development needs. Results reported here indicate that African American females place greater importance on business training than their Caucasian counterparts. This is consistent with previous studies which have shown that minority small business owners tend to assign higher importance ratings to business training than Caucasian business owners. Earlier findings on human capital and entrepreneurs indicate that education and work experience increase business success. Since minority female entrepreneurs tend to have less formal education and business experience than Caucasian women, we can expect them to place greater importance on business training as a method to advance their human capital. This paper also describes preferences of African American females for various aspects of business training. Findings have implications for training providers. INTRODUCTION In the last three decades, the growth of women-owned businesses in the United States has been phenomenal. In 2009, women were at least half-owners in 41% of all private businesses in the U.S., and the number of majority women-owned firms was 7.7 million (Center for Women's Business Research, 2009), which was about two times the national average for all businesses. Revenues for these businesses totalled more than $1.9 trillion. Even more phenomenal has been the increasing number of African American female business owners. Between 1997 and 2004, the number of African American women-owned firms increased by 33%, employment grew by 50%, and sales rose by 44% (National Women's Business Council, 2005). By 2004, the number of privately-held firms owned by African American women had risen to an estimated 414,472, which employed nearly 254,000 people and generated $19.5 billion in sales. Such firms accounted for 39.1% of all African American owned firms in 2004, the highest such proportion among minority groups (Center for Women's Business Research, 2006). As the growth of minority- and women-owned business has continued to expand, so has the interest of researchers. In particular, previous research has sought to examine the differences in attitudes toward business training between minority owners and their majority counterparts (Martin, Wech, & Sandefur, 2008a, 2008b; Martin, Wech, Sandefur, & Pan, 2006), However, important areas that have not been adequately investigated include the attitudes and preferences of African American women toward business training, and the identification of any potential differences that may exist between this minority group and its majority counterpart, Caucasian women. This study seeks to address the issue by measuring and comparing the attitudes toward training of female African American business owners and their Caucasian counterparts. Examining attitudes toward training is important because the training-business creation model contends that the prospective and actual capability of small business is enhanced by training (Martin et al., 2006). For less experienced business owners, training would be expected to be increasingly helpful in the creation, development, maintenance, and success of an entrepreneurial enterprise. Prior research indicates that, as a whole, minority groups have more positive attitudes toward training courses than majority group entrepreneurs. More specifically, it has been found that African American entrepreneurs have more positive attitudes toward training courses than Caucasian business owners. It can be argued that African Americans are more disadvantaged than their Caucasian counterparts in the entrepreneurial experience, which may help to explain their increased focus on business training (Martin et al., 2006). It has also been found that Caucasian women rate training courses higher than Caucasian male business owners and that African American female business owners hold more positive attitudes toward training than African American male entrepreneurs (Martin et al. …
Keywords: openalex:import

A Comparison of Attitudes toward Business Training between African American and Caucasian Female Small Business Owners - Wech, Barbara A.; Martin, Warren S.; Martin, David S.; Dolowitz, Annetta R. (Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 2009)
ABSTRACT This study assesses and compares business training attitudes of female African American and Caucasian small business owners. The growth in entrepreneurs hip by African American women requires a better understanding of their professional development needs. Results reported here indicate that African American females place greater importance on business training than their Caucasian counterparts. This is consistent with previous studies which have shown that minority small business owners tend to assign higher importance ratings to business training than Caucasian business owners. Earlier findings on human capital and entrepreneurs indicate that education and work experience increase business success. Since minority female entrepreneurs tend to have less formal education and business experience than Caucasian women, we can expect them to place greater importance on business training as a method to advance their human capital. This paper also describes preferences of African American females for various aspects of business training. Findings have implications for training providers. INTRODUCTION In the last three decades, the growth of women-owned businesses in the United States has been phenomenal. In 2009, women were at least half-owners in 41% of all private businesses in the U.S., and the number of majority women-owned firms was 7.7 million (Center for Women's Business Research, 2009), which was about two times the national average for all businesses. Revenues for these businesses totalled more than $1.9 trillion. Even more phenomenal has been the increasing number of African American female business owners. Between 1997 and 2004, the number of African American women-owned firms increased by 33%, employment grew by 50%, and sales rose by 44% (National Women's Business Council, 2005). By 2004, the number of privately-held firms owned by African American women had risen to an estimated 414,472, which employed nearly 254,000 people and generated $19.5 billion in sales. Such firms accounted for 39.1% of all African American owned firms in 2004, the highest such proportion among minority groups (Center for Women's Business Research, 2006). As the growth of minority- and women-owned business has continued to expand, so has the interest of researchers. In particular, previous research has sought to examine the differences in attitudes toward business training between minority owners and their majority counterparts (Martin, Wech, & Sandefur, 2008a, 2008b; Martin, Wech, Sandefur, & Pan, 2006), However, important areas that have not been adequately investigated include the attitudes and preferences of African American women toward business training, and the identification of any potential differences that may exist between this minority group and its majority counterpart, Caucasian women. This study seeks to address the issue by measuring and comparing the attitudes toward training of female African American business owners and their Caucasian counterparts. Examining attitudes toward training is important because the training-business creation model contends that the prospective and actual capability of small business is enhanced by training (Martin et al., 2006). For less experienced business owners, training would be expected to be increasingly helpful in the creation, development, maintenance, and success of an entrepreneurial enterprise. Prior research indicates that, as a whole, minority groups have more positive attitudes toward training courses than majority group entrepreneurs. More specifically, it has been found that African American entrepreneurs have more positive attitudes toward training courses than Caucasian business owners. It can be argued that African Americans are more disadvantaged than their Caucasian counterparts in the entrepreneurial experience, which may help to explain their increased focus on business training (Martin et al., 2006). It has also been found that Caucasian women rate training courses higher than Caucasian male business owners and that African American female business owners hold more positive attitudes toward training than African American male entrepreneurs (Martin et al. …
Keywords: openalex:import

A Comparison of Attitudes toward Business Training between African American and Caucasian Female Small Business Owners - Wech, Barbara A.; Martin, Warren S.; Martin, David S.; Dolowitz, Annetta R. (Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 2009)
ABSTRACT This study assesses and compares business training attitudes of female African American and Caucasian small business owners. The growth in entrepreneurs hip by African American women requires a better understanding of their professional development needs. Results reported here indicate that African American females place greater importance on business training than their Caucasian counterparts. This is consistent with previous studies which have shown that minority small business owners tend to assign higher importance ratings to business training than Caucasian business owners. Earlier findings on human capital and entrepreneurs indicate that education and work experience increase business success. Since minority female entrepreneurs tend to have less formal education and business experience than Caucasian women, we can expect them to place greater importance on business training as a method to advance their human capital. This paper also describes preferences of African American females for various aspects of business training. Findings have implications for training providers. INTRODUCTION In the last three decades, the growth of women-owned businesses in the United States has been phenomenal. In 2009, women were at least half-owners in 41% of all private businesses in the U.S., and the number of majority women-owned firms was 7.7 million (Center for Women's Business Research, 2009), which was about two times the national average for all businesses. Revenues for these businesses totalled more than $1.9 trillion. Even more phenomenal has been the increasing number of African American female business owners. Between 1997 and 2004, the number of African American women-owned firms increased by 33%, employment grew by 50%, and sales rose by 44% (National Women's Business Council, 2005). By 2004, the number of privately-held firms owned by African American women had risen to an estimated 414,472, which employed nearly 254,000 people and generated $19.5 billion in sales. Such firms accounted for 39.1% of all African American owned firms in 2004, the highest such proportion among minority groups (Center for Women's Business Research, 2006). As the growth of minority- and women-owned business has continued to expand, so has the interest of researchers. In particular, previous research has sought to examine the differences in attitudes toward business training between minority owners and their majority counterparts (Martin, Wech, & Sandefur, 2008a, 2008b; Martin, Wech, Sandefur, & Pan, 2006), However, important areas that have not been adequately investigated include the attitudes and preferences of African American women toward business training, and the identification of any potential differences that may exist between this minority group and its majority counterpart, Caucasian women. This study seeks to address the issue by measuring and comparing the attitudes toward training of female African American business owners and their Caucasian counterparts. Examining attitudes toward training is important because the training-business creation model contends that the prospective and actual capability of small business is enhanced by training (Martin et al., 2006). For less experienced business owners, training would be expected to be increasingly helpful in the creation, development, maintenance, and success of an entrepreneurial enterprise. Prior research indicates that, as a whole, minority groups have more positive attitudes toward training courses than majority group entrepreneurs. More specifically, it has been found that African American entrepreneurs have more positive attitudes toward training courses than Caucasian business owners. It can be argued that African Americans are more disadvantaged than their Caucasian counterparts in the entrepreneurial experience, which may help to explain their increased focus on business training (Martin et al., 2006). It has also been found that Caucasian women rate training courses higher than Caucasian male business owners and that African American female business owners hold more positive attitudes toward training than African American male entrepreneurs (Martin et al. …
Keywords: openalex:import

Is the Water Sector Lagging behind Education and Health on Aid Effectiveness? Lessons from Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Uganda - Welle, Katharina; Tucker, John Mark; Nicol, Alan; Evans, Bryan (2009)
A study in three countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Uganda) assessed progress against the Paris Principles for Aid Effectiveness (AE) in three sectors – water, health and education – to test the assumption that the water sector is lagging behind. The findings show that it is too simplistic to say that the water sector is lagging, although this may well be the case in some countries. The study found that wider governance issues are more important for AE than having in place sector-specific mechanics such as Sector-Wide Approaches alone. National political leadership and governance are central drivers of sector AE, while national financial and procurement systems and the behaviour of actors who have not signed up to the Paris Principles – at both national and global levels – have implications for progress that cut across sectors. Sectors and sub-sectors do nonetheless have distinct features that must be considered in attempting to improve sector-level AE. In light of these findings, using political economy approaches to better understand and address governance and strengthening sector-level monitoring is recommended as part of efforts to improve AE and development results in the water sector.
Keywords: openalex:import

Implications of the South African higher education qualifications framework for the Master of Public Administration - Wessels, J Jaap (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

“From Where I Stand:” African American Teacher Candidates on Their Decision to Teach - Williams, Ereka R.; Graham, A. C.; McCary-Henderson, Stephen; Floyd, Loury O. (The Educational Forum, 2009)
Abstract Multiple studies explore the issue of the absence of teachers of color in the profession at large. Few studies, however, address the issue from the angle of the teacher candidate of color. With so many competing professions, why do they ultimately make the decision to join the profession? What are the contexts that influence and support that choice? What are the challenges that make that choice questionable? Here, the authors examine from these and other angles African American teacher candidates' decisions to teach.
Keywords: openalex:import

Observation of numerous aftershocks of an Mw 1.9 earthquake with an AE network installed in a deep gold mine in South Africa - Yabe, Yasuo; Philipp, Joachim; Nakatani, Masao; Morema, Gilbert; Naoi, Makoto; Kawakata, Hironori; Igarashi, Toshihiro; Dresen, Georg; Ogasawara, Hiroshi; Jaguars (Earth, Planets and Space, 2009)
Abstract This is the first report from the JAGUARS ( JA panese- G erman U nderground A coustic Emission R esearch in S outh Africa) project, the overall aim of which is to observe ultra-small fracturing in a more or less natural environment. We installed a local (∼40-m span) network of eight acoustic emission (AE) sensors, which have the capability to observe up to 200 kHz at a depth of 3.3 km in a South African gold mine. Our specific objective was to monitor a 30-m thick dyke that remains as a dip pillar against active mining ∼90 m above our network. An M w 1.9 earthquake whose hypocenter was ∼30 m above the network occurred in the dyke. Although the mineowned geophone (4.5 Hz) network detected only five earthquakes in the surrounding 200×200×150-m 3 volume within the first 150 h following the main shock, our AE network detected more than 20,000 earthquakes in the same period. More than 13,000 of these formed a distinct planar cluster (∼100×80 m 2 ) on which the main shock hypocenter lay, suggesting that this cluster delineates the main shock rupture plane. Most of the aftershocks were presumably very small, probably as low as M ∼ −4. The aftershock cluster dipped ∼60°. This is consistent with normal faulting under a nearly vertical compression field, as indicated by nearly horizontal breakouts found in a borehole crossing the rupture plane.
Keywords: openalex:import

Diabetic Retinopathy, Dilated Eye Examination, and Eye Care Education Among African Americans, 1997 and 2004 - Zhang, Xinzhi; Williams, Desmond E.; Beckles, Gloria L.; Gregg, Edward W.; Barker, Lawrence; Luo, Huabin; Rutledge, Stephanie; Saaddine, Jinan (Journal of the National Medical Association, 2009)
To examine diabetic retinopathy, dilated eye examination, and eye care education among African Americans before and after a community-level public health intervention. We analyzed data from Project DIRECT (Diabetes Interventions Reaching and Educating Communities Together) participants with self-reported diabetes (617 in 1996-1997 and 672 in 2003-2004) in Raleigh (intervention community) and Greensboro (comparison community), North Carolina. All analyses were weighted to adjust for the complex sample design of pre and post cross-sectional surveys. Estimates were age standardized to the 2000 US Census population. We used multivariate logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. We found no significant difference in prevalence of diabetic retinopathy between the control and intervention communities (p > .05). However, after adjusting for other confounders, receipt of eye care education (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.19-2.13) was independently associated with receipt of dilated eye examination among African Americans with diabetes. Compared with individuals without diabetic retinopathy, those with diabetic retinopathy were more likely to use eye care services (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.41-2.54). Diabetic retinopathy is a considerable problem among African American communities. Community intervention efforts, such as comprehensive eye care education, that specifically target improvement in diabetic retinopathy and use of eye care services could help better serve this population.
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning activities intended in Kenyan primary mathematic textbooks: focusing on representation ways - 松永, 彩 (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

NPUST Opens Agriculture Program for Gambian Students - 英文版 (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Ethical Issues in Leadership and Accountability in Nigeria and the Challenges for the Teacher, Science and Technology - Achor, Emmanuel Edoja (Social Science Research Network, 2009)
This paper examined ethical issues as they relate to leadership and accountability in Nigeria with emphasis on the implications it has for the teacher, science and technology. Every leader at whatever level is expected to give account of his/her stewardship to the led. The led have their expectations of the leader who in trying to satisfy the demands upon him/her and to meet the daily needs, are under the microscopic view of the led. Sometimes, the led are powerless and the leader takes advantage of this to misrule by setting aside the ethics of the profession. Thus the activities of the teachers, the scientists and the technologists are examined in this paper. In particular, the paper expressed fear of having a truncated development in science and technology as well as education generally if the ethics of such professions are not strictly adhered to. It is recommended among others that while everything should be done to encourage development in science and technology and to make the teachers comfortable to do their work well, they should be made as a rule to strictly adhere to the ethics of the profession and to lead the nation in ensuring that the would be members of the profession are adequately prepared and that they practice with cautions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Principals' Management of Conflicts in Public Secondary Schools in Ondo State, Nigeria: A Critical Survey. - Adeyemi, T. O. (Educational Research Review, 2009)
This paper examined principals’ management of conflicts in public secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. As a descriptive survey, the study population comprised all the 281 public secondary schools in the State. Out of this population, a sample of 80 schools was drawn while 340 respondents (80 principals and 260 teachers) were selected through the stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The data collected were analyzed using percentages. The findings show that conflicts have not been effectively managed by principals of schools because of their inability to effectively utilize the strategies for resolving conflicts. Based on the findings, it was recommended that principals should inculcate the idea of setting up of committees to resolve conflicts. Principals should allow a free flow of information while communication gap should be prevented. Principals should endeavour to make use of dialogue strategy in managing conflicts in schools. They should be sensitive to students’ grievances before the grievances get out of hand. This could be done by having discussions with students on pressing issues in the schools and by allowing students to participate in decision-making. Key words: Principals, management, conflicts, public, secondary, schools
Keywords: openalex:import

Assessment of soil-pollution by slag from an automobile battery manufacturing plant in Nigeria - Adie, Gilbert U.; Osibanjo, Oladele (African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2009)
This study assessed heavy metals pollution of soil by slag from an automobile battery manufacturing plant in Nigeria to ascertain the potential danger they pose on the environment. 84 soil samples were randomly collected at 0 - 15 cm and 15 - 30 cm depths from the premises of the plant and an uncontaminated site as control for both dry and wet seasons. Samples were analyzed for lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel using standard analytical methods. Lead level in soil ranged from 243 to 126000 mg/kg on the premises of the manufacturing plant with about 98% of all soil samples analyzed having levels higher than 400 mg/kg permissible level for Pb in soil. Lead levels for both seasons and depths were statistically comparable (p > 0.05). Cadmium, chromium and nickel were within the permissible limits in soil. Speciation of Pb showed about 89% Pb in non residual phases implying high availability to ecological materials. Soil within the company’s premises and the environs needs to be urgently cleaned up. Key words: Heavy metals, automobile-battery, speciation, slag, pollution.
Keywords: openalex:import

Restore, reform or transform forestry education in Uganda? - Buyinza, Mukadasi; Vedeld, Paul (Makerere Journal of Higher Education, 2009)
The role of participatory approaches to forestry has increased dramatically, and meeting the needs of people is now seen as a primary function of forestry.These changes present both strategic and practical challenges, constraints and opportunities for forestry education.The important changes in forestry education include the shift from teacher-to student-centred learning and rapid technological developments.If forestry education is to meet its new challenges, it needs to undergo deep transformation.This paper discusses the changing social perceptions and demands onto the forest sector and their implications to forestry education.It reflect on the current status of forestry education, and describes the drivers for change in the delivery of forest education in Uganda.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Problem of Agricultural and Industrial Education for African Americans: A Historical Inquiry - Croom, D. Barry; Alston, Antoine J. (Journal of Agricultural Education, 2009)
The model of agricultural and industrial education for African Americans in the United States was created by Samuel Chapman Armstrong, founder of Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. Armstrong developed a paternal approach to educating African Americans and developed the Hampton Institute curriculum with moral education as its base. Booker T. Washington, a protégé of Armstrong, carried the Hampton Model to Tuskegee, Alabama, and made it the basis for the curriculum at the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. The Hampton Model applied the concepts of moral education and a "learning by doing" approach to instruction. Both Armstrong and Washington were successful in garnering public support and private financial assistance for their respective institutes. The Hampton Model was utilized by a number of schools that sprang up in years after the American Civil War. Hampton and Tuskegee often helped to raise the standard of living for African Americans in the years following the American Civil War, but these advances could not be sustained under the tremendous social pressures associated with race and ethnicity of the 20th century.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Use of Digital Content to improve upon the Teaching and Learning of Science in Basic Schools in Ghana - DelphineAblaAzumah; Nakabayashi, Kenichi (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Education policy and the development of the colonial state in the Belgian Congo, 1916-1939 - Dunkerley, Marie Elizabeth (2009)
Taking the transformative potential of education as its starting point, this thesis analyses Belgian attempts to use schools policy to strengthen the hegemony of the colonial state in the Congo during the interwar years. Through an empirical treatment of the development of the colonial school system, based largely on archival research, the study pursues two main contentions. The first is that the Belgian colonial authorities played a far more direct role in formulating and implementing education policy than is often believed. The second is that the state authorities’ interest in education was defined both by the economic imperative of colonial exploitation, which compelled them to train skilled workers, and the fear that access to education would fuel potential sedition. Six thematic chapters demonstrate that this paradox of necessity and fear shaped Belgian education policy in the Congo, looking at the reasons behind the fear of potential unrest, and at its ramifications. This thesis argues that these pressures caused the Belgian colonial authorities to try to mould Congolese society using education as a tool, by using specific streams of instruction to inculcate certain groups of Congolese, such as auxiliaries, healthcare workers, and women, with the principles of colonial rule. The thesis also considers how these policies were put into practice, focusing on relations between the colonial authorities and the Catholic and Protestant mission societies, and evaluates their efficacy. Moreover, this thesis attempts to establish, where possible, the reactions of colonized Congolese to European educational provision. Having analysed these issues, this thesis concludes that the colonial education system in the Congo during the interwar years failed to fulfil its main purpose and perpetuate Belgian colonial rule.
Keywords: openalex:import

University of Swaziland Bachelor of Education Students' Conception of Current Ideas about Writing Instruction. - Jabulani, Shomari Manu (Educational Research Review, 2009)
The present study investigated University of Swaziland Bachelor of Education degree (B.Ed) (Primary and secondary) students’ conception of the current trends in writing instruction. The extent of their conception of these trends was examined on only four selected writing ideas namely collaborative writing, the process approach to writing, teacher response to students’ writing and the sharing and publishing of students’ writing. The review of related literature discussed the nature of the four current ideas against the background of the traditional approach to writing instruction. An eight-item questionnaire and follow-up interviews were employed to source data from the thirty two Bachelor of Education students. The study’s findings point to a gross lack of understanding of the emerging trends in writing instruction among the B.Ed university of Swaziland students. The study recommends the alignment of University Bachelor of Education courses with changing trends in writing instruction, among other recommendations. Key words: Process approach, collaborative writing, sharing and publishing, genuine audience.
Keywords: openalex:import

The role of National Council for Higher Education in Government of Universities in Uganda. - Kasozi, A. B. K. (Makerere Journal of Higher Education, 2009)
In this paper I will discuss the mandate of the National Council for Higher Education in the government of higher education and the measures Council has so far part in place to carry out its mandate. I will also deal with challenges the Council faces in carrying out its mandate.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Model for Scaffolding Traditional Distance Learners in Africa for Constructivic Online Learning - Muyinda, Paul Birevu; Lubega, Jude T.; Lynch, Kathy (Makerere Journal of Higher Education, 2009)
How can we solve the lull in uptake and usage of online learning amongst traditional distance learners in Africa?Several online learning initiatives are taking place in Africa, but a critical assessment of their impact in terms of increasing access to higher education through distance learning indicates, in most cases, lack of value for money.A few distance learners use online learning management systems and other online resources in those institutions.How then do we interest and motivate the majority of traditional distance learners in Africa to adopt and uphold online learning practices?This paper provides a model that can be used to scaffold traditional distance learners in Africa for constructivistic online learning.The framework is built based on experiences derived from a survey of third year Bachelor of Commerce distance learning students at Makerere University who participated in an online learning pilot.The students were, for their very first time, asked to undertake three out of ten modules of an Information Technology course using an online learning mode.This course had previously been tutored using traditional face to face and print based materials methods.The three online modules were tutored using the Blackboard TM Learning Management System.The model is important for managing change from traditional distance learning delivery methods to online delivery methods and ensuring that distance learners in Africa uphold online learning practices.
Keywords: openalex:import

Students Performance And Perception Of Neurophysiology: Feedback For Innovative Curricular Reform In A Nigerian Medical School - Nwobodo, Ed; Anyaehie, UB; Nwobodo, N; Awiwa, C; Ofoegbu, Esther N; Okonkwo, C A; Aligekwe, C; Burdick, Brian (Nigerian journal of physiological sciences : official publication of the Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2009)
This study aimed at ascertaining the status of students' performances and their perception of the learning of neurophysiology in a Nigerian medical school.The goal of the study was to determine ways of addressing identified negative perceptions for the purpose of improving upon the overall learning and use neurophysiology knowledge by structured curricular reform.We analyzed and compared the performances of students in three areas of physiology at the second professional examinations over a three-year period (n=300).We also surveyed learning experience of a batch of graduating doctors in neurosciences (n=50) and surveyed the staff and students' perception of the teaching of neurophysiology.The students performances in neurophysiology was comparatively poorer than in cardiovascular and endocrinology aspects of the subject over a three year period at the second professional examinations.The reported students perception of their neurophysiology learning included uninteresting, abstract concepts, lack of real examples and conflicting facts with their prior basic knowledge.Over 50% of the graduands rated their learning experiences as poor or very poor or below average for the neuroscience courses.The analyses of the curricular contents of neurophysiology in the preclinical departments indicted asynchrony and redundancy in topics that may reduce the learning and reduce teaching time efficiency of the neuroscience courses.It is suggested that learning experiences of medical students should be routinely monitored and structured to ensure that the graduate doctor is able to understand and transfer learned experiences into clinical studies and practice.A horizontally integrated curriculum may be one way of raising students knowledge, attitude and skills in neuroscience courses as taught in the preclinical departments and is suggested.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sign Language Interpreter Training in Kenya - OKOMBO, OKOTH; MWERI, JEFWA G.; AKARANGA, WASHINGTON (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Supervisors’ and subordinates’ perception of the Impact of Botswana College of Agriculture training programme on Graduates’ Job behaviour. - Oladele, O. I.; Baiphethi, Mompati N. (Makerere Journal of Higher Education, 2009)
This study was a descriptive survey, which ascertained supervisors and subordinates perception of the impact of Botswana College of Agriculture training programme on graduates' job behaviour.The study was carried out in the Ministry of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, which is composed of six departments.All BCA graduates employed in each department, their supervisors and subordinates were the population of the study.A simple random sampling technique was used to select 34 graduates and the corresponding supervisors (27) and subordinates (19) were selected in order to reduce response errors due to bias and to triangulate the responses.A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 using frequencies counts, percentages and one-way analysis of variance.The results show that there is male dominance among graduates, supervisors and subordinates.Majority of graduates (53%) are between 26-35 years while for the supervisors the range is 36-45 years however, subordinates are in the same range as graduates.At least 50 percent graduates indicated moderate competence in 27 out of 30 work based competencies.Supervisors indicated that at least 50 percent of the graduates have moderate competence in 21 out of the 30 listed activities while subordinates indicated that at least 50 percent of the graduates were rated to have moderate competence in 19 out of the 30 activities.In terms of meeting the expectations of supervisors and subordinates at least 70 percent of the graduates indicated that they meet expectations of their supervisors and subordinates in 12 out of the listed activities.Supervisors indicated that at least 70 percent of the graduates meet their expectations only in 8 out of the listed activities while subordinates rated that at least 70 percent of the graduates meet their expectations in 5 out of the 30 listed activities .One-way analysis of variance shows that a significance difference exists (F = 3.81, p < 0.05) in perception of the impact of Botswana College of Agriculture training programme on graduates' job behaviour among graduates, supervisors and subordinates.The mean scores show that graduates have the highest mean 98.29 while subordinates have the lowest mean of 86.94.It therefore implies that the rating of graduates by their supervisors and subordinates is lower than that of the graduates and the graduate ratings can also not be considered as valid because of the shortcomings associated with self rating.There is need to improve the training programme such that graduates can be rated independently as competent individuals.
Keywords: openalex:import

Factors affectin condom use among South African University students - Peltzer, K (East African medical journal, 2009)
To investigate factors affecting condom use among South African university students.Cross-sectional survey.Department of Psychology, University of the North, South Africa.One hundred and forty six female and sixty first year male psychology students, mean age 20.9 years (SD = 3.4), with a range from 17 to 34 years.Sexual activity and condom use (6 items), A 16-item AIDS Health Belief Scale and a 28-item Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale.Almost one third (29.2%) of the sample reported never using condoms, 35.4% always, 19.8% regularly and 8.5% irregularly in the past three months. Perceived barriers were associated with increasing age and reduced condom use intentions. In addition, perceived susceptibility was associated with past condom use. The total AIDS Health Belief was not related with age, gender, past condom use and condom use intentions. Self-efficacy of condom use was associated with decreasing age, past condom use and condom use intentions but not with gender.Findings have relevant implications and are discussed in the context of developing an educational or intervention programme.To investigate factors affecting condom use among South African university students, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among students in the Department of Psychology, University of the North, South Africa. 146 female and 60 male first-year students, mean age 20.9 years (SD = 3.4), with a range of 17-34 years, were surveyed. Almost one-third (29.2%) of the sample reported never using condoms, 35.4% always using them, 19.8% regularly using them, and 8.5% using them irregularly in the past 3 months. Perceived barriers were associated with increasing age and reduced condom use intentions. In addition, perceived susceptibility was associated with past condom use. The total AIDS Health Belief was not related with age, gender, past condom use, and condom use intentions. Self-efficacy of condom use was associated with decreasing age, past condom use and condom use intentions but not with gender. Findings have relevant implications and are discussed in the context of developing an educational or intervention program.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education of the Deaf in South Africa - Störbeck, Claudine; Magongwa, Lucas; Parkin, Ingrid (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION PROGRAMMES TARGETING GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGES OF 14-18, IN KENYA, EAST AFRICA - Agbemenu, Kafuli (2009)
Teenage pregnancy in Kenya, East Africa, has emerged as a significant public health concern because of its contribution to increased fetal and maternal mortality, increased spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the declining socio-economic status of women in Kenya. At present 25% of Kenyan females ages 15-19 are either pregnant or have children and 85% of females 15-19 do not use contraceptives. If the country fulfills its unmet need for family planning thus reducing incidences of teenage pregnancy, it can help Kenya significantly reduce the cost of achieving five of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) goals set by the United Nations. To meet their unmet family planning needs, youth nearing or entering their sexual debut need instruction on family planning/sex education. Comprehensive sex education, which includes education on abstinence and birth control methods, has proved effective in delaying sexual debut, reducing frequency of sex, reducing the number of sexual partners and increasing condom or contraceptive use. Comprehensive sex education does not encourage teenage sexual activity nor does it lead to early initiation of sexual activity. Instead participating in a comprehensive sex education programme improved adolescent decision- making skills and boosted self-confidence. An on-line search for functioning comprehensive sex education programmes targeting girls between the ages of 14-18 in Kenya, East Africa, was conducted from January to March 2009. Five programmes were identified: 1) Primary School Action for better Health, 2) Teen Web, 3) The World Starts With Me, 4) Tuko Pamoja [We are One] and 5) Youth for Youth. These programmes met the inclusion criteria used for this paper, all programmes are conducted in Kenya, were initiated after 1990 and are still running, target either adolescent girls or the general adolescent population ages 14 to 18 and must teach comprehensive sex education. Programmes that taught only abstinence were excluded. This paper discusses these comprehensive sex education programmes, examines curriculum design and content and critiques how effectively they met seventeen criteria of a well designed comprehensive sex education (CSEP) curriculum as outlined by Douglas Kirby, a senior research scientist and one of the world's leading experts on the effectiveness of school and community programmes in the reduction of adolescent sexual risk-taking behaviours. This paper also discusses barriers to implementing nation-wide CSEPs in Kenya and strategies to improve and institutionalize available CSEPs.
Keywords: openalex:import

A case study of challenges facing the implementation of life skills education in primary schools in the Zomba District, Malawi. - Chirwa, Grames (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

An Investigation into the Determinants of Performance of Students in Mathematics in Selected Secondary Schools in Kinango District, Kenya - Ndwiga, Kennedy Kanyingi (2009)
Mathematics plays a central role development. In particular, technological development of a country depends heavily on availability of the appropriate technology in the human resource of the country. Educational technology has therefore been identified as an essential tool in the process of preparing the student for technological and industrial advancement. That is why, in 2002 in Kenya, where mathematics is compulsory in primary and secondary schools; educational technology was introduced in the form of the scientific calculator in the teaching and learning of the subject in secondary schools. This was intended to avoid wastage of time in solving mathematical problems and improving student’s performance (Indoshi and Ochanda 2011). However the influence of the calculator on student’s performance has not been fully established especially in the marginalized areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the calculator on the student’s performance in Kinango District. The study sought to determine whether there is an improvement in performance of the subject of mathematics when students used calculators. The researcher also identified other factors influencing performance of students in mathematical examinations. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The research was carried out in eight secondary schools in Kinango District. The schools were in existence before and after the introduction of calculators in the curriculum. The study population was the group of students who sat for their K.C.S.E examinations just before and after the introduction of the calculator.
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence of substance use among rural high school students in Limpopo Province, South Africa - Onya, Hans; Flisher, Alan J. (African journal of drug and alcohol studies, 2009)
This study documents the prevalence rates for use of cigarette, alcohol, methylated spirit, cannabis, mandrax and cannabis together, glue or thinners among rural high school students in Mankweng, Limpopo Province, South Africa.A multistage sampling procedure produced a sample of 1600 students in grades 9 and 11 who completed a self-administered questionnaire.The prevalence rates for previous mouth (recent) use of alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis glue and spirits were 6.4%, 10.5%, 1.4%, 1.2% and 0,8% respectively.For all substances, males had higher prevalence rates than females.Developing alcohol and drug programme for high school students that are more gender specific may improve the effectiveness of intervention efforts at high schools.
Keywords: openalex:import

Study of water stress and droughts with indicators using daily data on the Bani river (Niger basin, Mali) - Roudier, Philippe; Mahé, Gil (International Journal of Climatology, 2009)
Abstract As in most parts of Africa, the Bani basin (Niger River, Mali) is threatened by climate changes. This study focuses on drought hazards and its indicators as derived from the climatic moisture index using the monthly data for the period (1963–2000) in order to examine the Bani basin's vulnerability to water stress. In this study, water deficit (drought) was logically addressed using the standardized precipitation index on a 10‐day time step. The inadequacies in the standardized precipitation index while estimating water deficit within the basin based on technical issues result in the usage of the effective drought index (EDI). This robust index is specially designed for daily data computation and uses daily data efficiently while estimating water deficit. Three regions were identified to be threatened by droughts (length, number, and evolution in time) within the basin, using EDI as a tool of investigation. It also shows that droughts seem to be less frequent but of a longer duration due to the increasing trend of total dry days over the study period. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Keywords: openalex:import

Implementing community-based education in basic nursing education programs in South Africa - Mtshali, Ntombifikile Gloria (Curationis (Print), 2009)
Education of health professionals using principles of community-based education is the recommended national policy in South Africa. A paradigm shift to community-based education is reported in a number of nursing education institutions in South Africa. Reviewed literature however revealed that in some educational institutions planning, implementation and evaluation of Community-based Educational (CBE) programmes tended to be haphazard, uncoordinated and ineffective, resulting in poor student motivation. Therefore the purpose of this study was to analyse the implementation of community-based education in basic nursing education programmes in South Africa. Strauss and Corbin's (1990) grounded theory approach guided the research process. Data were collected by means of observation, interviews and document analysis. The findings revealed that collaborative decision-making involving all stakeholders was crucial especially during the curriculum planning phase. Furthermore, special criteria should be used when selecting community learning sites to ensure that the selected sites are able to facilitate the development of required graduate competencies. Collaborative effort, true partnership between academic institutions and communities, as well as government support and involvement emerged as necessary conditions for the successful implementation of community-based education programmes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Moral Education and the Condition of Africa - Nyabul, Patrick Ouma (Africa thought and practice, 2009)
This paper explores the relationships among moral education on the one hand, and culture, politics, poverty and religion in Africa on the other. It sets out by examining the theory and practice of moral education, before reflecting on moral education and virtue ethics. Thereafter, the paper examines moral education in African cultures and in religion. Finally, it interrogates the connection between oral education in Africa on the one hand, and politics and poverty on the other. The paper concludes that there is still need for a new world order, in which the earth’s resources are fairly distributed nationally and globally. For us to realize this goal, we have the task of using politics, culture and religion to foster moral education for the good of everyone.
Keywords: openalex:import

Reviewing gender and cultural factors associated with HIV/AIDS among university students in the South African context - Staden, Annalene van; Badenhorst, Gerhard (Curationis, 2009)
South Africa is in the midst of a catastrophic AIDS epidemic. HIV prevalence statistics in most countries indicate that up to 60% of all new infections occur among 15 to 24 year olds, whilst this group also boasts the highest incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Statistical findings among South African students predict a 10% increase in the HIV infection rate, highlighting the inability of universities to cope with societies’ demands for academically trained workers which, in the near future, will have a detrimental effect on the economy of South Africa. From the literature it is evident that HIV/AIDS is more than a health issue, it is an inter-sectoral challenge to any society. This paper explored the interplay of gender and cultural factors on South African students’ sexual behaviour by inter alia discussing the following factors that might put students at risk for HIV infection: male dominance vs. female submissiveness; age of first sexual encounter; gender-based violence; contraception; circumcision; financial status; myths and ‘othering’; demonstrating the need for effective strategies, policies and programmes to protect young people, especially females from sexual abuse/rape and its consequences, including HIV. The literature review revealed that South African students, despite adequate HIV/AIDS knowledge, demonstrated high rates of sexual practices that place them at risk for HIV infection, i.e. unprotected sex, multiple partners and ‘sugar-daddy practices’. The paper concludes with a discussion on recommendations for future HIV prevention/ intervention programmes, highlighting the fact that it acquires an inclusive approach. Such interventions should move beyond the individual level to be effective and target gender-based inequalities, human rights violations, including sexual violence and rape, as well as stigma and poverty reduction, both at community and tertiary educational level.
Keywords: openalex:import

Indigenous knowledge related to climate variability and change: insights from droughts in semi-arid areas of former Makueni District, Kenya - Speranza, Chinwe Ifejika; Kiteme, Boniface; Ambenje, P; Wiesmann, Urs; Makali, Samuel (Climatic Change, 2009)
This article describes the indigenous knowledge (IK) that agro-pastoralists in larger Makueni District, Kenya hold and how they use it to monitor, mitigate and adapt to drought. It examines ways of integrating IK into formal monitoring, how to enhance its value and acceptability. Data was collected through target interviews, group discussions and questionnaires covering 127 households in eight villages. Daily rainfall data from 1961–2003 were analysed. Results show that agro-pastoralists hold IK on indicators of rainfall variability; they believe in IK efficacy and they rely on them. Because agro-pastoralists consult additional sources, the authors interpret that IK forms a basic knowledge frame within which agro-pastoralists position and interpret meteorological forecasts. Only a few agro-pastoralists adapt their practices in anticipation of IK-based forecasts partly due to the conditioning of the actors to the high rainfall variability characteristic of the area and partly due to lack of resources. Non-drought factors such as poverty, inadequate resources and lack of preparedness expose agro-pastoralists to drought impacts and limit their adaptive capacity. These factors need to be understood and effectively addressed to increase agro-pastoralists’ decision options and the influence of IK-based forecasts on their decision-making patterns. The limited intergenerational transfer of IK currently threatens its existence in the longer term. One way to ensure its continued existence and use is to integrate IK into the education curriculum and to link IK with formal climate change research through the participation of the local people. However, further studies are necessary to address the reliability and validity of the identified IK indicators of climate variability and change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Indigenous knowledge related to climate variability and change: insights from droughts in semi-arid areas of former Makueni District, Kenya - Speranza, Chinwe Ifejika; Kiteme, Boniface; Ambenje, P; Wiesmann, Urs; Makali, Samuel (Climatic Change, 2009)
This article describes the indigenous knowledge (IK) that agro-pastoralists in larger Makueni District, Kenya hold and how they use it to monitor, mitigate and adapt to drought. It examines ways of integrating IK into formal monitoring, how to enhance its value and acceptability. Data was collected through target interviews, group discussions and questionnaires covering 127 households in eight villages. Daily rainfall data from 1961–2003 were analysed. Results show that agro-pastoralists hold IK on indicators of rainfall variability; they believe in IK efficacy and they rely on them. Because agro-pastoralists consult additional sources, the authors interpret that IK forms a basic knowledge frame within which agro-pastoralists position and interpret meteorological forecasts. Only a few agro-pastoralists adapt their practices in anticipation of IK-based forecasts partly due to the conditioning of the actors to the high rainfall variability characteristic of the area and partly due to lack of resources. Non-drought factors such as poverty, inadequate resources and lack of preparedness expose agro-pastoralists to drought impacts and limit their adaptive capacity. These factors need to be understood and effectively addressed to increase agro-pastoralists’ decision options and the influence of IK-based forecasts on their decision-making patterns. The limited intergenerational transfer of IK currently threatens its existence in the longer term. One way to ensure its continued existence and use is to integrate IK into the education curriculum and to link IK with formal climate change research through the participation of the local people. However, further studies are necessary to address the reliability and validity of the identified IK indicators of climate variability and change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Indigenous knowledge related to climate variability and change: insights from droughts in semi-arid areas of former Makueni District, Kenya - Speranza, Chinwe Ifejika; Kiteme, Boniface; Ambenje, P; Wiesmann, Urs; Makali, Samuel (Climatic Change, 2009)
This article describes the indigenous knowledge (IK) that agro-pastoralists in larger Makueni District, Kenya hold and how they use it to monitor, mitigate and adapt to drought. It examines ways of integrating IK into formal monitoring, how to enhance its value and acceptability. Data was collected through target interviews, group discussions and questionnaires covering 127 households in eight villages. Daily rainfall data from 1961–2003 were analysed. Results show that agro-pastoralists hold IK on indicators of rainfall variability; they believe in IK efficacy and they rely on them. Because agro-pastoralists consult additional sources, the authors interpret that IK forms a basic knowledge frame within which agro-pastoralists position and interpret meteorological forecasts. Only a few agro-pastoralists adapt their practices in anticipation of IK-based forecasts partly due to the conditioning of the actors to the high rainfall variability characteristic of the area and partly due to lack of resources. Non-drought factors such as poverty, inadequate resources and lack of preparedness expose agro-pastoralists to drought impacts and limit their adaptive capacity. These factors need to be understood and effectively addressed to increase agro-pastoralists’ decision options and the influence of IK-based forecasts on their decision-making patterns. The limited intergenerational transfer of IK currently threatens its existence in the longer term. One way to ensure its continued existence and use is to integrate IK into the education curriculum and to link IK with formal climate change research through the participation of the local people. However, further studies are necessary to address the reliability and validity of the identified IK indicators of climate variability and change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Indigenous knowledge related to climate variability and change: insights from droughts in semi-arid areas of former Makueni District, Kenya - Speranza, Chinwe Ifejika; Kiteme, Boniface; Ambenje, P; Wiesmann, Urs; Makali, Samuel (Climatic Change, 2009)
This article describes the indigenous knowledge (IK) that agro-pastoralists in larger Makueni District, Kenya hold and how they use it to monitor, mitigate and adapt to drought. It examines ways of integrating IK into formal monitoring, how to enhance its value and acceptability. Data was collected through target interviews, group discussions and questionnaires covering 127 households in eight villages. Daily rainfall data from 1961–2003 were analysed. Results show that agro-pastoralists hold IK on indicators of rainfall variability; they believe in IK efficacy and they rely on them. Because agro-pastoralists consult additional sources, the authors interpret that IK forms a basic knowledge frame within which agro-pastoralists position and interpret meteorological forecasts. Only a few agro-pastoralists adapt their practices in anticipation of IK-based forecasts partly due to the conditioning of the actors to the high rainfall variability characteristic of the area and partly due to lack of resources. Non-drought factors such as poverty, inadequate resources and lack of preparedness expose agro-pastoralists to drought impacts and limit their adaptive capacity. These factors need to be understood and effectively addressed to increase agro-pastoralists’ decision options and the influence of IK-based forecasts on their decision-making patterns. The limited intergenerational transfer of IK currently threatens its existence in the longer term. One way to ensure its continued existence and use is to integrate IK into the education curriculum and to link IK with formal climate change research through the participation of the local people. However, further studies are necessary to address the reliability and validity of the identified IK indicators of climate variability and change.
Keywords: openalex:import

International languages and education in Botswana and Malawi - Kamwendo, Gregory; Mooko, Theophilus; Moumakwa, Tshiamiso Violet (Language Problems and Language Planning, 2009)
This article is a comparative study of how the language-in-education policies of two Southern African countries — Botswana and Malawi — have responded to the need to have citizens who can compete favourably on the global scene. While private schools have tended to offer several international languages, public schools, on the other hand, have not done so. Public schools are unable to give learners the linguistic power needed in a world in which, besides English, there are other languages of global communication. The paper also highlights the dilemma faced when one tries to reconcile the local and the global in the context of language-in-education policies.
Keywords: openalex:import

Impaired Terminal Differentiation of Pulmonary Macrophages in a Guinea Pig Model of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion - Brown, Sheena D.; Gauthier, Theresa W.; Brown, Lou Ann S. (Alcohol: Clinical & Experimental Research, 2009)
Alcoholic patients have an increased risk of respiratory infections, which is partially due to an impaired immune response of alveolar macrophages. The mechanisms by which alcohol impairs alveolar macrophage function are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated in a guinea pig model that chronic ethanol ingestion significantly impaired alveolar macrophage differentiation and function.Isolated alveolar macrophages were separated into 4 different subpopulations with varying densities and levels of maturation.Compared to control values, chronic ethanol ingestion decreased the percentage of alveolar macrophages in the mature fractions by approximately 60%. Alveolar macrophage function in each subpopulation was determined by measuring phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Staphylococcus aureus. Alveolar macrophages from ethanol-fed animals had approximately 80% decrease in the phagocytic index. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of the differential markers granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha (GM-CSFR-alpha), PU.1, CD11c, and CD11b verified that alcoholic macrophages displayed impaired terminal differentiation. While oral supplementation with the glutathione precursor S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) did not alter the maturational status of control animals, SAM supplementation shifted the distribution of macrophages to more mature fractions, normalized the phagocytic index; as well as normalized expression of CD11c, CD11b, PU.1, and GM-CSFR-alpha. Chronic ethanol ingestion also impaired the differentiation status of interstitial macrophages which was normalized by SAM supplementation.This improvement in the maturational status suggested that ethanol-induced oxidant stress is a central feature in impaired terminal differentiation of macrophages in the interstitial and alveolar space. Therefore, strategies targeting pulmonary oxidant stress may restore macrophage differentiation and function even after chronic ethanol ingestion.
Keywords: openalex:import

Place of health pastorale in the evangelization of the Democratic Republic of Congo : case of the "ambulatory service" of the center for handicapped persons in Goma - Paluku, Jacques Letakamba (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Effect of climate change on livestock production and livelihood of pastoralists in selected pastoral areas of Borana, Ethiopia - Yilma, Zelalem; Haile, Aynalem; Emmanuelle, Guernon (2009)
Understanding of the relation between climate change and agents of disease is critical for better man- agement of animal health problems. Therefore, the objective of this review is to create an understanding on the effects of climate on the abundance and distribution of parasitic diseases. There is a link between climate and epidemiological conditions of disease agents. Temperature, precipitation, humidity, and other climatic factors are known to affect the reproduction, development, behavior, and population dy- namics of the helminthes, arthropod vectors and the pathogen they carry. Climate change influences the emergence and proliferation of disease hosts or vectors and pathogens and their breeding, development and disease transmission. Consequently, it affects distributions and host–parasite relationships and its assemblages to new areas. The life-cycle phonologies and virulence of infectious diseases also shifts to fit to the climatic changes. The population dynamics and distributions of livestock disease agents in the face of overshadowing climate change and global warming is predicted to bring the era of worm. It provokes fears of widespread increases in disease incidence and production loss. Therefore, appropriate livestock husbandry and management practices, adequate response plans, enhancement of disease sur- veillance and monitoring systems, and development of effectively coordinated locally appropriate strate- gies should be implemented to control and prevent helminthes, vectors and vector-borne diseases.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Snapshot of Distance Education in Africa - Aderinoye, Rashid; Siaciwena, Richard; Wright, Clayton R. (International review of research in open and distance learning, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

IRRODL Volume 10, Number 4; Regional Focus Issue: Open and Distance Learning in Africa - Authors, Various (International review of research in open and distance learning, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching White South African Literature in High School: The Legacy of Apartheid in the 21st Century - Batzer, Anastasia (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Exploring Blended Learning for Science Teacher Professional Development in an African Context - Boitshwarelo, Bopelo (International review of research in open and distance learning, 2009)
This paper explores a case of teacher professional development in Botswana where a blended learning solution was attempted. The analysis of the implementation environment reveals deficiencies in policy, schools (workplaces), and training providers. The paper concludes with three recommendations: 1) Schools should support ongoing teacher learning in the workplace and should manage ICT resources for use by both teachers and students; 2) Government should support participatory and localised learning and institutionalise ICT access and use; and 3) Training providers should use blended methods and should model good ICT practices. The author also notes that change is needed in the culture of teaching and learning so that ongoing, situated, participatory, and collaborative approaches are accepted. Finally, collaboration between the training providers and the schools is necessary as is a change in beliefs about the use of ICTs in education.
Keywords: openalex:import

An analysis of the integration of instructional technology in pre-service teacher education in Zimbabwe - Chitiyo, Rodwell; Harmon, Æ Stephen W. (Educational Technology Research and Development, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Designing to Promote Access, Quality, and Student Support in an Advanced Certificate Programme for Rural Teachers in South Africa - Fresen, Jill Winifred; Hendrikz, Johan (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2009)
This paper reports on the re-design of the Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) programme, which is offered by the University of Pretoria through distance education (DE) to teachers in rural South Africa. In 2007, a team re-designed the programme with the goal of promoting access, quality, and student support. The team included an independent body, the South African Institute of Distance Education (SAIDE), and various education specialists. Training workshops for academics and a comprehensive internal and external review process contributed to the quality of the re-designed programme. Interactive web-based technologies were not included because of poor Internet connectivity; however, the authors note the use and potential of cell phone technology for DE programmes. Student support was enhanced by an additional short contact session, a capping assignment, a CD-ROM, and decentralised tutoring at contact venues. The programme was re-evaluated and approved in 2008, and the re-design methodology now guides similar projects.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Effectiveness of an After-school Program Targeting Urban African American Youth - Hanlon, Thomas E.; Simon, Betsy D.; O’Grady, Kevin E.; Carswell, Steven B.; Callaman, Jason M. (Education and urban society, 2009)
The present study reports on the effectiveness at one-year follow-up of an after-school prevention program targeting 6th grade African American youth residing in high-risk urban areas. The program, conducted on-site over the school-year period, involved a group mentoring approach emphasizing remedial education and an appreciation of African American cultural heritage in promoting school bonding, social skills development, and greater academic achievement. Behavioral and adjustment outcome data were obtained from two participating middle-school sites (intervention and comparison, involving 237 and 241 students, respectively) serving essentially equivalent urban communities. Results of the study revealed significant effects for academic achievement and behavior in terms of grade point average and teacher ratings that favored students at the intervention site. At this site, greater participation of parents in the intervention program was found to be positively related to improvement of the children in grade point average. No differential site-related changes in negative behavior were observed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Examining Divergent Pedagogical Styles on the Mathematics Learning of African American Middle School Students - McClain, Oren L.; Berry, Robert Q. (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Crossing the Chasm – Introducing Flexible Learning into the Botswana Technical Education Programme: From Policy to Action - Richardson, Alison (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2009)
This paper reports on a longitudinal, ethnomethodological case study of the development towards flexible delivery of the Botswana Technical Education Programme (BTEP), offered by Francistown College of Technical & Vocational Education (FCTVE). Data collection methods included documentary analysis, naturalistic participant observation, and semi-structured interviews. The author identifies and analyses the technical, staffing, and cultural barriers to change when introducing technology-enhanced, flexible delivery methods. The study recommends that strategies to advance flexible learning should focus on the following goals: establish flexible policy and administration systems, change how staff utilization is calculated when flexible learning methodologies are used, embed flexible delivery in individual performance development and department/college strategic plans, ensure managerial leadership, hire and support permanent specialists, identify champions and share success stories, and address issues of inflexible organisational culture. This study may be of value in developing countries where mass-based models are sought to expand access to vocational education and training.
Keywords: openalex:import

An Evaluative Study of a Distance Teacher Education Program in a University in Ghana - Sampong, Kwasi Addo (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2009)
The study used an adaptation of Provus’ discrepancy evaluation model to evaluate a distance teacher education program in the University of Cape Coast, the premier teacher education institution in Ghana. The study involved comparing performance data of the program as perceived by students and faculty/administrators to standards prepared from the program’s design. Performance data was obtained by administering two survey instruments to a random sample of students and faculty/administrators. Discrepancies between performance and standards were reported. The study concluded that although there were some discrepancies between program standards and performance the program is fulfilling its purpose of upgrading the professional and academic performance of a large number of teachers in the public K-8 schools in Ghana.
Keywords: openalex:import

Distance Learning and Teacher Education in Botswana: Opportunities and Challenges - Sikwibele, Anne L.; Mungoo, Judith (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2009)
This paper reports on a study at Molepolole College of Education (MCE) involving teachers and tutors in the Diploma in Primary Education (DPE) program by distance mode, an in-service program aimed at upgrading academic and professional qualifications of primary school teachers in Botswana. The study sought to understand the level of access and the challenges faced by teachers and tutors. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, survey, and document analysis. Findings showed that teachers should be enrolled in the program at a younger age, and issues that lead to delays in completion must be addressed. The paper recommends that the Ministry of Education (MOE) hire full-time tutors to support teachers at their bases, provide resources for practical subjects, organize workshops to familiarize tutors with appropriate strategies for adult learners, increase the duration of residential sessions, explore the use of alternative instructional technologies, and institute regular customer evaluations.
Keywords: openalex:import

Harnessing Open Educational Resources to the Challenges of Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa - Thakrar, Jayshree; Wolfenden, Freda; Zinn, Denise (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2009)
The challenges to teacher educators in sub-Saharan Africa are acute. This paper describes how the Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa (TESSA) consortium is working within institutional and national policy systems to support school-based teacher professional development. The TESSA consortium (13 African institutions and 5 international organisations delivering teacher education across 9 countries) designed and produced a bank of open educational resources (OERs) to guide teachers’ classroom practices in school-based teacher education. Drawing on examples from the TESSA consortium and from the University of Fort Hare, South Africa, the authors categorize the forms of TESSA OER integration as highly structured, loosely structured, or guided use. The paper concludes by outlining success factors for the integration of OERs: accessibility, adequate resources, support for teachers, accommodation of local cultural and institutional practices, and sustainable funding.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education choices in Ethiopia: what determines whether poor households send their children to school? - Woldehanna, Tassew; Mekonnen, Alemu; Jones, N. F. (Ethiopian journal of economics, 2009)
The paper uses data from a 2002 survey of 1000 rural and urban households with eight-year old children sampled from food insecure communities in Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, SNNP and Addis Ababa Regional States.Using a probit regression model, we investigated external factors associated with child enrolment in school.We found that household wealth, cognitive social capital, adult education and ownership of land had a positive impact on whether eight-year-old children were attending school.Household wealth had the strongest impact followed by cognitive social capital (perceived levels of trust and reciprocity), the maximum level of education attained by female adults in the household, ownership or rental of land, and the maximum level of education attained by male adults in the household.In contrast, child enrolment was found to be negatively associated with the number of household members over the age of 15 years, birth order, ownership of livestock, economic shocks, distance to primary school, and child labour, in declining magnitude.The findings in general suggest that increasing child enrolment in primary school, which is a commitment of the Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP) and Education Sector Development Program (ESDP), will necessitate more targeted educational policies to address regional, gender and wealth disparities, the development of education programmes for adult caregivers, as well as broader intersectoral policy initiatives to ensure that policy initiatives in other sectors facilitate rather than hinder children's education (particularly credit and labour markets and infrastructure-related policies).
Keywords: openalex:import

Educating African American Boys: Our Schools Deserve an "F" - Caire, Kaleem (Education Next, 2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Assessing the Communication Proficiency of Social Studies Teachers in Selected Secondary Schools in South Central Nigeria. - Iyamu, Ede O. S.; Iseguan, Andrew I. (Education 3-13, 2009)
Introduction Stones (2005) sees language or communicative competence thus: a speaker needs to know to communicate effectively in culturally significant setting. Language use, for example is what is said on a particular occasion, how it is phrased, and how it is coordinated with nonverbal sign. It cannot simply be a matter of individuals' free choice. It must be affected by subconsciously internalized constraints. Languages play social roles; they are involved in social intercourse, and explain things to one and another. What is very obvious here is that language is used to conduct day-to-day activities, by individuals who use the language. To be competent in a particular language, one has to master the language in all its ramifications that is, listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This is the crux of language proficiency. According to Martins (2000), every time we express ourselves we have to coordinate not merely muscular movements in the speech organs or in the hand grasping the pen. We have to relate the simultaneously apprehended topic of discourse to its necessary linear linguistic signals which must communicate it: Moreover, we must do so in such a way that we can be sure our companion or reader is able to comprehend the topic in the way we ourselves do, which means selecting linguistic expressions which will not merely suit the topic but will suit our audience (p. 232). This study was agitated by the views of Nwogu (2000) that one of the major obstacles to effective teaching in Nigerian schools is the inability of teachers to communicate effectively. The linguistic weakness of most Nigerian teachers can be attributed to their poor foundations, poor training, influence of local dialects, the pervasiveness of pidgin English ( adulterated English language) and declining reading culture among Nigerians, especially the youth. This according to Nwogu (2000) is further compounded by the linguistic problems of Nigerian teachers who are required to instruct through the medium of a foreign language (English language) in which they themselves lack the needed competence and fluency. Unless the teachers possess acceptable level of proficiency in the use of English language, they are bound to add to the problems of comprehension (learning), which the pupils currently face. It is not enough for teachers to be good in their subject areas. Such mastery is worthless in the instructional process if the knowledge cannot be well communicated by means of sound linguistic facility (Arendi, 1991). It is usually the case that an ability to pass on information very well, means an ability to manipulate the language in use very well. However, this does not seem to be the case with an average teacher trained in Nigerian universities. He is not well equipped in the language arts. The nationwide evaluation of the quality of school graduates in Nigeria in 2004 revealed that majority of products of Nigerian universities score poorly on measures of expression in English language (NERDC, 2004). Where school teachers suffer this predicament, their pupils face double dilemma--difficulty in reading and understanding materials written in English language and learning the wrong thing from teachers. It is therefore necessary to have teachers who are competent and proficient in their communications. This is rooted in the thesis that educational failure is in some instances can to a large degree be explained as linguistic failure (Halidary, 1997). If we must help the Nigerian teachers to be proficient in communication as an impetus for effective teaching, there is need to have empirical data on their present level of communication proficiency. At present, there is no such empirical evidence, hence the need for this study. The Problem Competence in communication is four facetted viz, grammatical competence, discourse competence, socio-linguistic competence, and strategic competence. …
Keywords: openalex:import

Julius Nyerere (1922 – 1999), an African Philosopher, Re-envisions Teacher Education to Escape Colonialism - Major, Thenjiwe Emily; Mulvihill, Thalia M. (New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, 2009)
Before the introduction of the Western system of education into Africa (18th century), the aim of indigenous education was to preserve the cultural heritage of the family, the clan, and the larger groups. Indigenous education was meant for every member of the society because it was believed that every member of society had a role to play in educating the child, thus the proverb “It takes a village to raise a child.” This paper addresses the philosophy of self-reliance as advocated by Julius Nyerere (1922 – 1999) when he became president of Tanzania in 1962. Nyerere was highly critical of the social, political, economic and cultural value system imposed on his country during the period of colonization, and he worked relentlessly to go back to the traditional African values. He believed that the Africans should decolonize their mind in order to accept themselves as Africans. He believed that the education system introduced by the British in 1900, when they colonized Tanzania, did not address the needs of the Tanzanian people, therefore Nyerere advocated for education that he believed was more culturally relevant. Nyerere’s philosophy of education has had a great impact on many African countries. This paper explores his educational philosophy of self-reliance and the impact of African Socialism on the African education system today. Furthermore, the paper critically discusses the reasons for the downfall of Nyerere while reemphasizing the power that educational ideas hold for transforming societies.
Keywords: openalex:import

An Assessment of Citizenship Education in Nigeria. - Omo-Ojugo, M.; Ibhafidon, H. E.; Otote, Celia (Education 3-13, 2009)
People in a heterogeneous society such as Nigeria are always characterized by group, class and individual interests, Intentions, motives, needs, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, fears and anxieties. These diversities however have been positively harnessed for greatness by other nations of the world. The case has been quite different in Nigeria. This is despite the fact that our heros past have long realised this as far back as the twilight of independence when they sang in our National anthem, though tribal, tongue may differ, in brotherhood stand. This was a prompt and early reminder, that inspite of our differences which in reality were diverse and varied we stand as one in brotherhood. These diversities in our national life manifest in music, language, culture, dance, beliefs, religion and infact a hundred other ways. Regrettably, these diversities have not been positively harnessed for development; rather they have served as the bane of social, economic and political development. Consequently, Nigeria as a nation has been besieged by an array of social, economic and political problems. These include corruption, ethnicity (Tribalism), loss of value, negative attitude to national issues, lack of patriotism political gangsterism and a host of other practices, which offend the psyche of well-meaning Nigerians and the civilized world. In the civilized world, moral values and beliefs are generally accorded a higher order of importance (Nduka 2004). An anatomy of the Nigerian value system reveals a gap between the aspirations and dreams of the founding fathers of the nation and the current situation.. In a key note address to the Nigerian Academy of Education, Nduka (2004), observed that Nigerians exhibit deplorable ethnical attitudes in virtually every aspect of life. Indiscipline, a common feature in the country is exemplified, for by scrambling or riotous behaviour in public places, recklessness in driving, lack of respect for law and order ... Furthermore, he noted that there is rampant avarice, cheating and exploitation of fellow citizens, lack of right attitude to work, pervasiveness, lack of commitment to a sound ethical base, pacesetters in cheating, stealing and fraud including the notorious advance fee fraud 419 Attempts at reversing these negative and unethical practices but aimed at refocusing and redirecting the Nigerian value system has resulted in the conception and launching of a number of policies, agencies and commissions. These include: war against indiscipline (WAI) 1984, National Orientation Agency (NAO) 1993, Mass Mobilization for Economic recovery, self-reliance and social justice (MAMSER) 1987, Ethical Revolution (1983) and more recently, the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) 2002 and the Independent Corrupt Practices and other related offences commission (ICPC) These were complemented by intensity in religions activities across the Country. However, it is painful and regrettable to observe that these efforts have at best been a scratch on the surface of the decay in the nation's value system. It is probably in recognition of the poor out come of these efforts that Nduka (2004) observed that Although our value disorientation is pervasive, and has infact reached a crisis proportion, it is the firm belief of the Nigerian academy of education that the best hope of rescuing ourselves from our ethical shipwreck and enabling the Nigerian developmental ship of state sail smoothly and confidently on the high seas is a revamped educational system. It is in recognition of the submission of the Nigeria Academy of education that the present effort aimed at examining the impact of citizenship education on the Nigerian society becomes necessary. Citizenship education is one subject, according to Ajose (2001) that is specifically designed in content and function to produce healthy, good and active citizens, wherein a good citizen is seen as patriotic, responsible, disciplined and conscientious, morally sound with love for his state. …
Keywords: openalex:import

Redistributive social justice in Southern and East Africa: Investigating the affect of social & economic differences on primary pupils’ literacy scores - Smith, MC; Am, Barrett (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Analysis of effects of extension teaching methods on farmers’ level of cassava and maize production in Ogun State, Nigeria - Apantaku, S. O.; Olufade, Oke Jonathan; Adebayo, K.; Oyekanmi, A. C. (Ghana journal of agricultural science, 2009)
This study analyzed the effects of extension teaching methods used by Ogun State (Nigeria) Agricultural Development Programme's extension agents on farmers' level of production in maize and cassava.The sample included 210 randomly selected farmers, comprising adopters and non-adopters of introduced agricultural technologies.The result indicated a high level of awareness and low level of adoption of some essential components of the recommended technologies such as fertilizer and herbicide application.Adopting the technologies is affected by high cost and non-availability of inputs as and when needed.The study also showed that the type of extension teaching methods used by extension agents or which farmers had access to have varying effects on their levels of production.The use of a combination of individual, group and mass methods of extension teaching had the best association and effect on production output.The study recommended that non-adopters (and lowadopters) should be identified and extension efforts concentrated toward them, essential inputs should be provided at the right time and at affordable prices, organic manure (e.g.compost) should be used as a substitute for fertilizer by farmers where it is unavailable, and that the use of a combination of extension teaching methods and media by extension agents should be encouraged.
Keywords: openalex:import

Training needs of rural women in agriculture in Delta and Edo States of Nigeria - Ikeoji, C.N (Ghana journal of agricultural science, 2009)
The purpose of this study was to identify training needs of rural women in agriculture in Delta and Edo States of Nigeria to improve their indigenous scientific knowledge and skills for a sustainable agricultural production.Their traditional crop production techniques were surveyed under the following three headings: (i) on-farm activities, (ii) off-farm activities, and (iii) miscellaneous activities.Skill areas were identified and the rural women were interviewed to find out areas of training needs.Three major farming communities, Abavo, Urhonigbe and Abraka, formed the study area, from where 30 women were selected from each community for interview.Results showed that over 82 per cent of the rural women needed training in planting, post-planting, and processing activities.The percentage of rural women that expressed training needs in credit procurement techniques was 68.5 per cent, while 62 per cent wanted skills in preservation and storage techniques.Also, a high percentage of the women needed skills in multiplication of planting materials; for example, seed yams and cassava cutting (76.8%).Prospects of using mechanised equipment (e.g.tractors) were rendered impossible by the communal land ownership patterns in these communities.Based on the results, it was recommended, among others, that women agriculturalists or extension agents should be used to educate the rural women on the various areas of training needs to enhance productivity.
Keywords: openalex:import

Farmer participatory learning on integrated crop management of lowland rice in Mali - Nwilene, F. E.; Togola, MA; Hamadoun, Abdoulaye (International Rice Research Notes, 2009)
The African rice gall midge (AfRGM) Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne and rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) are principal biotic constraints to the sustainable intensifi cation of rainfed and irrigated lowland rice, posing the most serious challenge to human endeavors in West Africa (Nwilene et al 2002). Considerable progress has been made to control both stresses through integrated pest management (IPM) components. But, there has been no focus on farmers' needs, knowledge, and capacity for learning ways of managing pest and disease problems under locally observed conditions (Defoer et al 2004). Often, farmers are handicapped because they lack a basic understanding of pest and disease symptoms, ecology, natural enemies, development patterns of crops and pests, appropriate control measures, soil condition and its effect on the crop, and the effect of weather conditions on pest populations and disease incidence. They do not understand pest resurgence and the reasons for not using insecticides indiscriminately. There is a growing realization that future agricultural growth hinges on smallholder farmers, who must be knowledgeable and exposed to a learning process that involves continuous observation and feedback from the local environment and that enhances decision-making capacity. This paper reports efforts made to train lowland rice farmers on crop management practices and IPM options to enable them to carry out their own experiments on their own farms.
Keywords: openalex:import

Non-Profit Privatization of the Management of Nigerian Public Schools: A Legal and Policy Analysis - Adeniran, Akingbolahan (Journal of African Law, 2009)
Abstract The objective of this article is to analyse critically a government proposal to privatize the management of federally-run secondary schools in Nigeria. Although they have performed relatively well over the years, recent problems have led to a decline in academic standards in these schools. The article examines the potential merits and demerits of the proposed public-private partnership with a view to assessing whether the partnership can add value to the current public model. Although the analysis falls short of endorsing the proposed reform, the article recommends its phased implementation subject to the application of specific legal and practical considerations. It argues that there are enforceable limits to changes in secondary education policy and that the government has an obligation progressively to implement free and compulsory secondary education. It also highlights a number of practical matters meant to ensure that the best interests of any affected children will be taken into account.
Keywords: openalex:import

Diversity of metazoan parasites of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) as indicators of pollution in a subtropical African river system - Madanire-Moyo, G. N.; Barson, Maxwell (Journal of Helminthology, 2009)
Abstract The relationship between parasite species diversity and organic pollution in the upper Manyame catchment, Zimbabwe, was investigated between October 2006 and January 2007. The parasite assemblage comprised 13 species in total. Species richness in the unpolluted sites was high; in the moderately polluted sites, it was low, while in the polluted sites, only one parasite species was encountered. Component community diversity, as measured by the Shannon index ( H ′), decreased with increase in organic pollution. The distribution and occurrence of ectoparasites ( Dolops ranarum , Lamproglena clariae , Chonopeltis sp. and Macrogyrodactylus sp.) and one endoparasite ( Lytocestus sp.) were limited to the unpolluted sites, demonstrating their sensitivity to organic pollution. The prevalence of the nematodes Paracamallanus cyathopharynx , Procamallanus laevionchus and Contracaecum spp. larvae decreased along the pollution gradient, showing their high sensitivity to organic pollution. The platyhelminths Diplostomum sp. and Polyonchobothrium clarias were the most tolerant and occurred at both polluted and unpolluted sites. Proteocephalus sp. and Caryophyllaeus sp. were limited to the polluted sites, probably as a result of high abundance of oligochaetes and copepods, their intermediate hosts that thrive in sewage-enriched sediments, at the downstream sites. The observed results assume that the decrease in parasite diversity can be related to increased organic pollution. Some parasites requiring complex life histories were absent along with pollution-related disappearance of their vector hosts. Further studies should address the identification of parasite life stages that are more sensitive to pollutants.
Keywords: openalex:import

Late Quaternary climate and vegetation changes at Braamhoek wetland, South Africa - Norström, Elin; Scott, Louis; Finnè, Martin; Risberg, Jan; Partridge, T. C.; Holmgren, Karin (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
Braamhoek wetland is situated at an altitude of c. 1700 meters, a few kilometres north-west of the eastern escarpment, where the large difference in altitude results in orographic uplift of easterly air masses and annual rainfall is c. 1400 mm. The wetland is fed by ground-water springs, promoting continuous local wetness and organic preservation, which explains the accumulative conditions throughout Holocene and late Pleistocene.
Keywords: openalex:import

Reforming and developing a place for young South African actors: a qualitative analysis of the Market Theatre Laboratory, Performer Training Programme - Constantinides, Elaine Elena (2009)
Keywords: openalex:import

Critical Inquiry into Urban African-American Students’ Perceptions of Engineering - Denson, Cameron; Avery, Z.; Schell, John W. (Journal of African American Studies, 2009)
The purpose of this study was to critically examine the perceptions that African-American high school students have towards engineering. A qualitative research design using criterion sampling and snowballing was used to select seven African-American students from urban high schools to participate in the research. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from participants attending urban high schools on the east and west coast. Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) as the theoretical framework, the study was able to produce “emergent themes” from collected data. Findings from this study will help researchers understand how African-American students may perceive the field of engineering.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Cross Sectional Study Exploring Factors Impacting Recruitment of African American College Students into the Genetic Counseling Profession - Schneider, Kami Wolfe; Collins, Roger; Huether, Carl A.; Warren, Nancy Steinberg (Journal of Genetic Counseling, 2009)
African Americans account for about 12.7% of the United States population, but only 1% of the National Society of Genetic Counselors' membership identifies as African American. Since individuals often seek health care from providers sharing similar backgrounds, training genetic counselors from diverse backgrounds is critical. Psychology and biology students (N=552) at four universities completed a self-administered online survey assessing the influence of genetic counseling awareness, demographics, and career decisions on students' interest in pursuing genetic counseling as a career. More African Americans (83%) than Caucasians (62%) reported having chosen a career (p< or = .001). Of the 65% of students who indicated interest in the career description of genetic counseling, fewer African Americans (50%) than Caucasians (74%) had heard of genetic counseling (p< or = .001). Specific strategies to overcome recruiting barriers such as early career selection and lack of awareness of the genetic counseling career among African Americans are suggested.
Keywords: openalex:import

Students’ failure to submit research projects on time: a case study from Masvingo Regional Centre at Zimbabwe Open University - Chabaya, Owence; Chiome, Chrispen; Chabaya, Raphinos Alexander (Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 2009)
The study sought to determine lecturers’ and students’ perceptions of factors contributing to students’ failure to submit research projects on time in three departments of the Zimbabwe Open University. The study employed a descriptive survey design and was both quantitative and qualitative. The questionnaire used as a data‐gathering instrument had both closed and open‐ended sections. In this study, a sample of 76 research students and 17 research supervisors was extracted using the purposive sampling method. The study found out that both lecturers and students contributed to inconsistency in meeting for consultations and this also led to late feedback on submitted work, which, in turn, affected the research progress. It also became apparent that there was no follow‐up from the institution to find out how the research in departments was progressing. Among other matters, the study recommended regular research workshops and seminars for supervisors and supervisees and research presentations by students.
Keywords: openalex:import

The distance learning mode of training teachers in Kenya: challenges, prospects, and suggested policy framework - Maritim, Ezra K. (Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 2009)
Globally, distance learning has gained legitimacy as an effective mode for learning and training. This legitimacy has occurred as a result of, inter alia, its flexibility with respect to time, pace and entry requirements, affordability, cost‐effectiveness, and reputation for high quality. In Kenya, distance learning – although relatively new – is being promoted to attain the Millennium Development Goals, Universal Primary Education, and the Kenya Vision 2030 targets. The majority of those who enrol for distance learning are teachers. This paper examines the utility of a distance learning approach for training teachers in Kenya: its challenges, prospects, and the need for a policy framework. It critically interrogates the readiness of the providers, the learning and policy environments. The paper concludes that current dual‐mode providers do not meet the requirements of the defining features of distance learning, and offers specific quality assuring policy directions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Investigating an On-line Teaching and Learning Environment for the University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Libya - Othman, Aisha (2009)
The main goal of this research is to investigate e-learning environments and provide recommendations to the University of Omar Al-Mukhtar to help establish on-line environment by examining the feedback of Libyan students who studied abroad in the UK, held by a sample of 30 responses. The researcher used a questionnaire tool to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The findings indicate that there are different attitudes towards online environment based on age, gender and subject. However, the findings show that Libyan students generally had positive attitudes towards the online environment. The research explores the main factors which are the most important and most indicative of students’ satisfaction for online teaching and learning methods. The researcher was asked to explore a variety of areas in the online environment and its role in enhancing the teaching and learning in higher education as well as e-learning in Libya, focusing on a blended approach to build recommendations based on facts from research. The author recommends that Omer Al-Mukhtar University implement Blended e-learning methods based on the findings of the research. Lastly, mentioning recommendations and the necessity project plan to move from traditional learning and teaching to the online environment and explain the required purpose of Blended e-learning at Omer Al-Mukhtar University.
Keywords: openalex:import

The specialisation of pedagogic identities in initial mathematics teacher education in post-apartheid South Africa - Parker, Diane (2009)
The specialisation of pedagogic identities in initial mathematics teacher education in post-apartheid South Africa This thesis is concerned with the differential specialisation of the consciousness and conscience of mathematics teachers through initial mathematics teacher education programmes in post-apartheid South Africa. The focus is specifically on the organisation of knowledges and practices in the new Bachelor of Education for secondary teachers (Grades 8 – 12), and the specialisation of pedagogic identity through these programmes. The study is located at different levels within the system as a whole, beginning with policy and regulations for teacher education curricula produced within the Official Recontextualising Field (ORF), moving to consider the production of curricula within the Pedagogic Recontextualising Field (PRF) as a whole and the positioning of different Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the PRF with respect to the ORF, and finally moving to focus on two specific HEIs selected in terms of their positioning within the teacher education landscape. The study is therefore divided into three parts. The first part examines the policy, curriculum and institutional context of the teacher education landscape in post apartheid South Africa. It draws on the theoretical insights of Basil Bernstein (1996, 1999, 2000) to analyse the context of teacher education and the regulatory conditions under which HEIs operate and produce their curricula for initial mathematics teachers in and for South Africa. It provides a description of the ORF and official pedagogic identities projected from South African policy, in terms of the kind of teachers and knowledge expected by the post-apartheid education system. This includes an examination of official school mathematical knowledge and practices embedded within new curriculum statements, and identification of orientations to school mathematical knowledge expected by the new policies. The second part of the study is a survey of the design of initial mathematics teacher education programmes offered by all public HEIs across the system in response to post apartheid regulatory frameworks and policies analysed in the first phase of the study. An analysis of the curriculum documents produced within the pedagogic recontextualising field, specifically different knowledge forms and practices that different HEIs include in their design documents, is provided. This shows that there are a range of differences in curricula across the system and institutions interpret and implement policy in a variety of ways. The analysis is used to identify the positioning of the various institutions with respect to the official recontextualising field, and provides a basis for the selection of two institutions in which in-depth case studies are carried out.
Keywords: openalex:import

Assessment of climate change impacts on the hydrology of Gilgel Abay catchment in Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia - Abdo, K. S.; Fiseha, Bm; Rientjes, T.H.M.; Gieske, A.S.M.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru (Hydrological Processes, 2009)
Abstract In this study, large‐scale atmospheric variables are downscaled to meteorological variables at local scale for the daily time step to assess hydrological impacts by climate changes. Large‐scale atmospheric modelling was by the HadCM3 General Circulation Model (GCM) while downscaling and water balance modelling was through the Statistical DownScaling Model and the HBV semi‐distributed rainfall‐runoff model, respectively. The area of study was the Gilgel Abay catchment that drains in Lake Tana. A selection of large‐scale atmospheric variables by the HadCM3 GCM are downscaled by a multiple linear regression model, were minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation for future time horizons are calculated. Climate scenarios as developed for the A2 (medium–high emission) and B2 (medium–low emission) scenarios for a 100‐year period based on the mean of 20 ensembles have been selected for this study. In addition, a synthetic incremental scenario was tested for a wide range of changes in climatic variables. Stream flow simulations by the HBV model were carried out for the 2020s (2011–2040), 2050s (2041–2070) and 2080s (2071–2099) to define hydrologic impacts. The result of downscaled precipitation reveals that precipitation does not manifest a systematic increase or decrease in all future time horizons for both A2 and B2 scenarios unlike that of minimum and maximum temperature and related evaporation. For the future horizons significant changes and variations in the seasonal and monthly flows are to be expected and for the 2080s the runoff volume in the rainy season will reduce by approximately 11·6 and 10·1% for the A2 and B2 scenarios. Results from synthetic incremental scenarios also indicate sensitivities to climate change. As much as 33% of the seasonal and annual runoff is expected to reduce when temperature increases by 2 °C and when rainfall decreases by approximately 20%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: openalex:import