Learning to Innovate: Information Hardware in Asia and Africa - Oyelaren-Oyeyinka, Banji; Rasiah, Rajah (2009)
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Lack of Gender Differences in Lifetime Substance Use Reported Among African-American Urban Community College Students - Stolberg, Victor B. (Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2009)
The purpose of this study was to examine whether there are significant gender differences concerning lifetime prevalence of substance use reported among a group of African-American urban community college students. Although gender differences have commonly been examined in studies of substance use and abuse, it appears that gender similarities may be more significant, including substance abusers and treatment. The interaction between gender and ethnicity is also more complex than generally acknowledged. Respondents completed sections of the Student Drinking Information Scale, the Family History of Alcoholism Scale, and the Khavari-Douglass Psychotropics Questionnaire. Lifetime prevalence was examined respectively for alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, relaxants, and opiate drugs. The only substance category where a significant difference was observed between males and females was in reference to opiates. There was also no significant difference between the males and females in this sample with respect to reported family history of alcoholism. This general lack of observed gender difference in lifetime substance use suggests that addiction studies must more closely investigate this area of gender and ethnicity for more meaningful distinctions. This discussion will consider gender differences in substance use, gender differences and treatment, and interactions of gender and ethnicity and then will examine gender similarities with respect to substance use and abuse and, more specifically, gender similarities in substance abusers and treatment. Next follows an overview of methods, which includes procedures and instrumentation, the results of the study will be presented, and will be followed by a few concluding comments.
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Introducing science center TOGO: a mixed reality learning environment for everyone's pocket - Buchholz, Hagen; Wetzel, Richard (2009)
Today's Science Centers offer a variety of intriguing exhibits to their visitors. The exhibits enable visitors to experience science first hand by actively manipulating the experiments, thus delivering natural ways of active playful learning. Modern technologies like Mixed Reality are often used to enrich the experience and display otherwise hidden phenomena. The Science Center TOGO approach goes one step further and aims to bring similar comprehensive learning experiences out of the Science Center into everyone's home. Our miniature exhibits - by fitting into a pocket- enable users to experiment whenever and wherever they please. This way we are making full use of the powerful capabilities offered by tailor-made exhibits combined with Mixed Reality. In this paper we will present our concept, the first prototype and take a look at the potential of a Science Center TOGO.
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Learning And An African Lifeworld In (Higher) Education - Wyk, Berte van (Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2009)
There have been concerns in recent years about drop-outs and matric pass rates in schools, and low through-put rates at higher education institutions in South Africa. I assume that these concerns relate to a perceived lack of, or inadequate, learning. Focusing on blacks in general or African learners and students in particular, these concerns however, failed to acknowledge the cultural dimension of learning. This article attempts to focus attention on a cultural dimension and argues that we need to explore the notion of the lifeworld, particularly the African lifeworld, in order to develop a deeper understanding of the unacceptable level of matric passes, drop-outs and through-put rates. Rasmussen (1998) argues that, for a variety of reasons, learning should be studied as a cultural phenomenon and I explore various types of learning cultures. Finally, I argue for transformative learning as a means to address concerns related to a perceived lack of learning Keywords: Learning, culture, lifeworld, African lifeworld, (higher) education, transformative learning.Indilinga Vol. 7 (2) 2008: pp. 171-181
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Fournier\'s Gangrene: Irrua Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, Experience. - Irekpita, Eshiobo; Salami, Tat; Dongo, AE; Eze, KC; Momoh, MO; Okogbenin, SA (Sudanese journal of dermatology, 2009)
Fournier\'s gangrene can no longer be considered idiopathic or a disease of young adult males in apparent good health. This work aims to highlight the changes in the knowledge of the epidemiology vis-à-vis current management recommendations. This study is retrospective. Case files of seventeen patients seen within the ten-year period of 1997-2006 were retrieved, relevant information extracted. All were males who had easily identifiable aetiological factors. Perianal sepsis was the most common (23.53%) followed by diabetes mellitus (17.64%). The disease was fulminating in 2 (11.76%) with over all mortality of 2 (11.76%), one a diabetic and the other an HIV positive patient. Epidemiology of Fournier\'s gangrene is better understood now. There is an a etiology in most of the cases. All our patients were males, a finding similar to other authors from the region and casting doubt on the existence of female genital gangrene. The prognosis is worse when it is associated with immune suppression from diabetes mellitus and HIV infection. Keywords: Fournier\'s gangrene. Changing epidemiology. Female genital gangrene. eponym. AfricansSudanese Journal of Dermatology Vol. 6 (1) 2008: pp. 34-43
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Government Intervention in Higher Education in South Africa: Policy Options - Akor, Eusebius Ugochukwu (2009)
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A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of dementia or relative cognitive impairment in the older African-Caribbean population in Britain - Adelman, Simon; Blanchard, Martin; Livingston, Gill (International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2009)
Abstract Objectives To collate evidence regarding the prevalence and predictors of dementia or relative cognitive impairment in older, African‐Caribbean people in Britain, as compared to their white, British peers. Design We conducted a systematic literature review by searching electronic databases, contacting experts in the field and searching the references of identified papers for studies fulfilling our predefined inclusion criteria. They were divided into those measuring the prevalence or incidence of dementia or cognitive impairment, and those investigating risk factors. Each study selected for inclusion, was evaluated by two of the three authors using a standardised checklist and assigned a numerical score for quality. Results Eleven papers fulfilled the selection criteria. Two cross‐sectional surveys had calculated prevalence of dementia in a sample of British African‐Caribbean people. A further prevalence study had estimated dementia prevalence in a mixed sample of African and African‐Caribbean participants. All the comparative studies found an excess of dementia in African‐Caribbean people when compared to the indigenous, white population but in one study, this was not statistically significant. Seven studies investigated potential predictive factors for cognitive impairment or cognitive decline. One study investigated the association between hypertension, dementia and country of birth. Conclusions The published research in this area is limited. The available studies consistently indicate an excess of dementia in older African‐Caribbean people when compared to the indigenous white population. However, the magnitude of this difference and the associated risk factors are not clear, and warrant further investigation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Distribution and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a university Teaching hospital in Nigeria. - Akande, O Azeez –; Utsalo, S. J.; Epoke, J (Sahel Medical Journal, 2009)
Background: The rise of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has become a serious health issue. The emergence of mutidrug – resistant MRSA strains compounds chemotherapy and has raised public health concern. In this preliminary study, the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of MRSA to 10 commonly used antimicrobial agents at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Nigeria were determined between June 2005 and May 2006. Methods: S. aureus were cultured from various clinical samples using standard bacteriologic technique. Methicillin disc diffusion method for the detection of methicillin resistance and Kirby – Bauer NCCLS modified disc diffusion for antibiotic susceptibility tests were used. Results: The MRSA prevalence rate was 37.5% (33/88) of all S. aureus isolates. Majority of the MRSA strains (15/33) were recovered from blood samples followed by isolates from wound exudates (11/33) and were statistically significant (p 50 years (60%) and were statistically significant (r = - 0.083). The MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin (97.0%), tetracycline (93.9%), Cotrimoxazole (90.9%), Chloramphenicol (78.8%), Cefuroxime (66.7%), Erthromycin (60.6%) and Gentamycin (54.5%). Amoxycillin clavunanic acid and ciprofloxacin were most active with MRSA isolates showing 97% and 93.9% susceptibility to the two drugs respectively. Eighteen (54.5%) MRSA isolates showed resistance to more than four antibiotic groups. One strain was resistant to all of the antimicrobial agents used. Conclusion: The study affirms the increasing prevalence of multidrug resistant MRSA in Nigeria. There is need for rational chemotherapy, routine detection and regular surveillance of MRSA to limit its spread. Keywords:incidence, MRSA, multidrug, resistance, chemotherapy; surveillanceSahel Medical Journal Vol. 11 (4) 2008: pp. 142-147
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Career aspirations of final year diploma in librarian ship students in the University of Ghana, Legon - Fosu, V.K. (Ghana Library Journal, 2009)
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Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv At The University Of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria - Sadoh, WE; Omoigberale, AI; Esene, HA; Onakewhor, Jue (Sahel Medical Journal, 2009)
Introduction: A variety of drugs including single dose (SD) nevirapine, zidovudine and its combination, given to mother in pregnancy and baby postnatally have been used to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission rate. The experience at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is reported. Methods: A total of 317 Mothers/ babies pairs recruited at the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme of UBTH who had HAART, were recruited for the study. HIV status of the infants was determined by deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (DNA PCR). Results: Of the 285 mothers/ infants pairs who adhered to our protocol, the transmission rate was 2.46 %. The babies who had mixed feeding had significantly higher rates than those who were exclusively breast-fed or had replacement feeding. P =
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Girls' Education Movement (GEM): Study of program implementation and partnerships for education development in Cape Town, South Africa - Wilson, Felicia Renee (2009)
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Knowledge, practices, and attitudes regarding emergency contraception among students at a university in Ghana - Addo, Victor N.; Tagoe-Darko, Eva (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009)
Abstract Objectives To investigate the knowledge, practices, and attitudes among students at a university in Ghana regarding emergency contraception (EC). Methods An anonymous, self‐administered, 39‐item questionnaire was sent to 3200 students. The sample size was stratified and 2292 students were randomly selected. Results Of the 71.6% of students who responded, 51.4% had heard of EC. Among those, 19.4% thought EC consisted of contraceptive pills, 19.1% of “morning‐after pills,” and 12.8% of an intrauterine device. Only 4.2% had ever used EC but 73.9% wished it were provided on campus. Of all the respondents, 90.9% called for the establishment of a reproductive health counseling center on campus. Conclusion Student knowledge and use of EC were poor, and there is urgent need for reproductive counseling and EC services on campus.
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Success in mathematics within a challenged minority: the case of students of Ethiopian origin in Israel (SEO) - Mulat, Tiruwork; Arcavi, Abraham (Educational studies in mathematics, 2009)
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Resilience, power, culture, and climate: a case study from semi-arid Tanzania, and new research directions - Nelson, Valerie; Stathers, T. (Gender and Development, 2009)
Rapid changes to the climate are predicted over the next few years, and these present challenges for women's empowerment and gender equality on a completely new scale. There is little evidence or research to provide a reliable basis for gender-sensitive approaches to agricultural adaptation to climate change. This article explores the gender dimensions of climate change, in relation to participation in decision-making, divisions of labour, access to resources, and knowledge systems. It draws on insights from recent research on agricultural adaptation to climate change in Tanzania. The article then explains why future gender-sensitive climate-adaptation efforts should draw upon insights from ‘resilience thinking’, ‘political ecology’, and environmental anthropology – as a way of embedding analysis of power struggles and cultural norms in the context of the overall socio-ecological system.
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Perceived attitudes and benefits towards teaching evidence based practice among physiotherapy lecturers at tertiary institutions in South Africa - Frantz, José M.; Diener, Ina (South African journal of physiotherapy, 2009)
Evidence-based practice (EBP) is gaining momentum in the physiotherapy profession. The main focus of EBP, however, has been in clinical practiceand in the move towards global EBP, very little attention has been given tothe contents of physiotherapy education programs. There is very limitedinformation regarding the attitudes of health professional lecturers, especially physiotherapists, towards the teaching of evidence based practice.The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of lecturers and use ofevidence in teaching among physiotherapists at tertiary institutions in South Africa. The study employed a within stage mixed model approach. The study population consisted of all physiotherapy lecturers at the 8 training institutions in South Africa. Out of 76 physiotherapy lecturers at the 8 insti-tutions, the response rate to the questionnaire was 47% (35). Respondents identified that teaching EBP depends on personal experience, current literature, and availability of time, current practice patterns and CPD courses. Barriers toincluding evidence in the content of what is being taught were mainly time constraints, accessibility of journals, work-load and knowledge on how to obtain the evidence. Facilitators to including evidence in subject content were adequateresources and a well equipped library, the environment and departmental support/encouragement. Teaching EBPrequires the integration of factors such as research evidence, clinical expertise and patient values. Although the majority of respondents in the current study demonstrated a positive attitude towards teaching EBP, they reported finding it difficult to implement it in practice due to several identified barriers. It can only be to the benefit of lecturers, studentsand patients if university departments create favourable circumstances for lecturers to facilitate teaching of EBP.
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Asset Building Through Community Participation: Restocking Pastoralists Following Drought in Northern Kenya - Lesorogol, Carolyn (Social Work in Public Health, 2009)
Restocking has conventionally been viewed as a short-term relief or recovery intervention initiated by development agencies for the benefit of destitute pastoralists. In contrast, this case study discusses a community-initiated and -organized restocking strategy to alleviate poverty with support from a development agency. The case study outlines the process that occurred in the Samburu district of northern Kenya through which a number of communities designed restocking programs to meet their perceived needs. It presents results of the program, constraints, and contrasts with more conventional restocking approaches. This study shows the potential for asset-building approaches in the African context and the synergistic effects of linking local cultural traditions with participatory development approaches.
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Some South African connections among students at the Stern'sches Conservatorium der Musik in Berlin, 1850-1914 - Mescht, Heinrich Van der (South African Journal of Cultural History, 2009)
Suid-Afrikaanse verbintenisse onder studente by die Stern'sches Conservatorium der Musik in Berlyn, 1850-1914: Die doel van die navorsing was om vas te stel of enige Suid-Afrikaanse studente aan die bekende Stern-Konservatorium in Berlin studeer het in die tydperk tussen die stigting daarvan in 1850 en die uitbreek van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog in 1914. Inligting kan slegs verkry word uit die jaarverslae wat tans in die argief van die Hochschule der Künste in Berlyn geberg word. Ander dokumente (studenterapporte en briewe aan en van studente) het verlore gegaan. Die bevinding is dat altesaam 28 studente van Suid-Afrikaanse oorsprong was, insluitende een uit Namibië. Hierdie studente het dikwels Duitse vanne gehad, was met een uitsondering vroulik, het van 'n groot verskeidenheid plekke in Suid-Afrika gekom, en het gewoonlik klavier as hoofinstrument studeer – maar ook viool, sang en teorie. Berlyn het in daardie tyd 'n buitengewone aktiewe kultuurlewe gehad. Die studente sou dus blootgestel word aan 'n verbasende verskeidenheid inspirerende uitvoerings deur hulle onderwysers, medestudente, Berlynse musici en besoekende kunstenaars. Die Nederlandse student Albertha Tideman-Wijers is uitsonderlik, aangesien sy later Afrikaanse gedigte van Elisabeth Eybers getoonset het. Keywords: Berlyn, Minnie Baettenhausen, May Boessl, Inez Borgström, Margaret Brenner, Ella Burmester, Elise Anna Büttner, Nancy de Villiers, Sophie Adelheid Franz, Beatrice Hanau, Frieda Hoffmann, Dearly Horwitz, Annie Jacobsohn, Lili Krause, Elsa Leviseur, Margar. Lindhorst, May/Mary Mitchell, Rosaline Movshon, Agnes Müller, Helene Müller, musiekstudente, Namibië, Rosa Prestwich, Blanche Shaw, Stern- Konservatorium, Suid-Afrika, Rosine Sullivan, Jeanette Thies, Albertha Wilhelmina Tideman-Wijers, Christ. van der Merwe, Johanna (Joan) van Niekerk, Alice Welchmann, Elsb. WinkelmannSouth Africa Journal of Cultural History Vol. 22 (1) 2008: pp. 136-162
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Some South African connections among students at the Stern'sches Conservatorium der Musik in Berlin, 1914-1939 - Mescht, Heinrich Van der (South African Journal of Cultural History, 2009)
Suid-Afrikaanse verbintenisse onder studente by die Stern'sches Conservatorium der Musik in Berlin, 1914-1939: Die artikel poog om vas te stel of Suid-Afrikaanse studente tussen 1914 en 1939 aan die Stern-Konservatorium in Berlyn studeer het. Hierdie datums word begrens deur die uitbreek van die twee wêreldoorloë. Weens tragiese omstandighede het die persoonlike dokumente van die studente verlore gegaan. Ons besit slegs die onvolledige stel jaarverslae van die Konservatorium. Ten spyte van hierdie belangrike leemtes kon agt Suid-Afrikaners geïdentifiseer word: Elise Anna Büttner (van Suidwes-Afrika, nou Namibië, wat skoolmusiek en viool studeer het), Dora Levy (Kimberley, klavier), Erika Dold (Kaapstad, sang), Clarissa Sale (Benoni, klavier), Käthe Rothe (Grootfontein, sang en klavier), Ernst Stone (Kaapstad, klavier), Elisabeth Myburgh (Zastron, klavier) en Grace de Kock (Pretoria, orkesspel, kamermusiek en hobo). Hierdie inligting toon soortgelyke tendense as dié van vorige stadiums by die Stern-Konservatorium: die studente het van 'n groot verskeidenheid plekke in Suid-Afrika gekom, was gewoonlik vroulik, en het omtrent uitsluitlik klavier as hoofinstrument geneem. Keywords: Berlyn, Elise Anna Büttner, Grace de Kock, Erika Dold, Dora Levy, musiekstudente, Elisabeth Myburgh, Namibië, Käthe Rothe, Clarissa Sale, Suid-Afrika, Stern-Konservatorium, Ernst Stone South Africa Journal of Cultural History Vol. 22 (2) 2008: pp. 107-125
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The use of information and communication technology by South African physiotherapy students - Rowe, Michael; Struthers, Patricia (South African journal of physiotherapy, 2009)
The global shift toward the use of information and commu -nication technology (ICT) in health education and practice has been shown toenhance both the educational opportunities and the support provided to studentsand healthcare professionals. This study aimed to investigate the use of ICTby South A frican physiotherapy students and what their experiences and perceptions were regarding their use of ICT as part of their studies. The studydesign was a cross-sectional, descriptive survey using a self-administered questionnaire. The survey populationincluded all of the undergraduate physiotherapy students from six of the eight universities offering the physiotherapydegree in South A frica (N=1105). The sample size consisted of 529 students from the survey population who completed and returned questionnaires, indicating a response rate of 48%. The results of the study showed that the useof ICT by South A frican physiotherapy students varied according to task, racial group and university attended.Furthermore, the reported use of ICT for communication, research and continuing professional development was low.In conclusion, this study indicates that with a move toward the use of ICT to enhance health education and practice in South A frica, certain groups of physiotherapy students may be at a disadvantage if required to make use of ICT asa means of improving communication, enhancing education, participating in lifelong learning opportunities andaccessing support.
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Building values: a collaborative, participatory and empowerment evaluation of civics and religion curricula in three Tanzanian schools - Sulayman, Hamdun Ibrahim (2009)
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Transitions Among Disability Levels or Death in African American and White Older Women - Thorpe, Roland J.; Weiss, Carlos O.; Qin, Xue; Fried, Linda P. (The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 2009)
BackgroundThis study examined the racial differences in probabilities of transitioning across three disability levels of walking ½ mile in a community-dwelling population of older women.
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Normal Haematological Values Of Nigerian Students As Seen In Anambra State - Nwobu, Rau; Ume, SO (Tropical Journal of Medical Research, 2009)
Objective: To determine the normal haematological values of secondary school students. Age range 11 – 22 years. Design: Venous blood samples were collected from students of three secondary schools at Anambra State. Settings: The samples were collected with sterile syringes and needles into haeparinized bottles and processed in the laboratory unit of the department of production Technology (Biotechnology Option) NAU Awka Main Outcome Measure: Determination of the haematological normal values of the following blood parameters; Haemoglobin (Hb), Haematocrit (PCV), Leucocyte count (WBC), and the differential cells count (consisting of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes and monocytes). Results: Out of the 100 blood samples collected the following ranges were obtained. Males: Hb 9.9 – 16.6g/dl, PVC 33-49%, Total WBC 4.5-10.0x103 cells/mm, Neutrophils 39-64% Lymphocytes 20-76%, Monocytes 0-13%, Eosinophils 0-11% and Basophils 0-1% Female: Hb 8.7-15.0g/dl, PCV 30-47%, Total WBC 3.0-10.8x103 cells/mm, Neutrophils 39-64%, Lymphocytes 20-76%, monocytes 0-13%, Eosinophils 0-14% and Basophils 0-1% Conclusion: Normal haematological Values help to determine the health condition of individuals. Very low values of Hb and PCV results in anaemia while some diseases and infections either reduce WBC drastically or raise it so high. Keywords: Normal Haematological values, Student\'s secondary school.Tropical Journal of Medical Research Vol. 10 (2) 2006: pp. 6-8
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Trace Metal Pollution Study on Cassava Flour’s Roadside Drying Technique in Nigeria - Obanijesu, Emmanuel; Olajide, J.O. (2009)
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Results Of The Needs Assessment Survey Of Lecturers For Establishing An Office Of Medical Education In A Medical School In Nigeria - Ofoegbu, EN (Tropical Journal of Medical Research, 2009)
Background: Medical education is undergoing tremendous changes in the 21st century. These changes are driven by changing societal demands and expectations of physicians and health care professionals . Globalization has brought about the need for global professionals who are able to function efficiently in any part of the world. As a result Offices of Medical Education are becoming an integral part of medical schools . They exist to support the curriculum and assist medical schools in achieving their goals by helping lecturers acquire skills for professionalism in teaching . They also engage in medical education research to ensure that products of medical school meet the minimum essential international standards. The College of Medicine University of Nigeria as a first step in establishing an Office of Medical Education carried out a survey of the faculty members to determine their need for an office of medical education. This paper analysis the result of the survey. Method: A questionnaire to assess the faculty needs for establishing an office of medical education was developed and administered by the authors to both preclinical and clinical faculty member . Information sought included demographics, use of instructional technology, participation in medical education workshops etc Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS. Result: One hundred and twenty two (122) questionnaires were distributed. Fifty four were completed and returned giving a 44% return rate . This was acceptable as it probably represented those lecturers with an interest in medical education A high percentage of both clinical and basic science lectures 89% and 96% respectively indicated a felt need for professional development in teaching. Eighty six percent of respondents stated that they would like to participate in teaching skills training programs. Discussion/ Conclusion: The survey found that a majority of faculty members recognize the need for services provided by an office of medical education and are in support of the establishment of the office of medical education in the college. Keywords: Office Medical Education Faculty NeedsTropical Journal of Medical Research Vol. 11 (2) 2007: pp. 19-25
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Groundwater Pollution in Shallow Wells in Southern Malawi and a Potential Indigenous Method of Water Purification - Pritchard, Martin; Mkandawire, Theresa; O'Neill, Jay (2009)
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The Pattern Of Mental Symptoms In Patients With Hiv/Aids Seen At A Teaching Hospital In Eastern Nigeria - Uwakwe, Richard; Ele, Prince Udegbunam; Okocha, Chike; Ilika, A (Tropical Journal of Medical Research, 2009)
Background: Reports from studies in developed countries indicate that mental disorders seem to be commonly associated with HIV/AIDS. Objective: In this study our major aim was to determine the pattern of mental symptoms in patients with HIV/AIDS seen at the NAUTH. Methods: Patients confirmed to have HIV/AIDS were registered in the special HIV/AIDS clinic of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi. By use of the random table numbers, 347 of 900 patients were selected and assessed by trained research assistants using a translated vernacular (Igbo) version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ – 28). The conventional scoring of 0011 was adopted with enquiry as to the time of onset of positive GHQ – 28 symptoms in relation to the time of diagnosis/recognition of HIV/AIDS. Results: Using a cutoff score of 5 on the GHQ-28, 41.2% of the patients had mental morbidity. Of the 203 females, about 39% had mental morbidity whereas nearly 44% of the 144 males had mental symptoms. In the 4 subscales of GHQ – 28 the commonest symptoms reported were anxiety, worry, tension, hopelessness, depression, feelings of incompetence and difficulty with coping. Conclusion: A wide range of psychological/psychiatric symptoms occurs in a sizable proportion of patients who have HIV/AIDS. Mental health treatment should be an integral part of the management of patients with HIV/AIDS. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Mental/psychiatric symptoms, Nigerians.Tropical Journal of Medical Research Vol. 11 (2) 2007: pp. 31-37
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Influence Of Age, Gender, Subject Background And Predisposing Factors On The Admission Choice Of Undergraduates In Nigerian Library Schools - Issa, AO; Nwalo, K.I.N. (Information Technologist (The), 2009)
It has been observed that not many undergraduates of Nigerian universities apply to study library and information science unless as a last resort. This situation is unwholesome for the future of the librarianship profession in the 21st Century Nigeria, considering its dynamic nature. Hence, this study investigated the influence of age, gender, subject background and predisposing factors on the admission choice of undergraduates in Nigerian library schools. This is to allow for a better understanding of the circumstances surrounding the admission choice of this set of undergraduates in Nigerian universities. The study adopted survey research design, with the Career Choice Influence Questionnaire (CCIQ), r = 0.92, as the major instrument of data collection. In all, 1,228 students from eight, proportionally stratified Nigerian university library schools selected by proportionate sampling were surveyed; based on the population of students per library school and for every class involved in the study. Secondary data were obtained from the students\' admission records. The questionnaire was validated through expert advice and pre-test. Students from the Federal University of Technology, Minna Library School were involved in the pre-test. Chi-square statistics were used to test the study\'s four hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The study revealed that there are slightly more male librarianship students (50.3%) than females (49.7%), indicating that the course is popular with both sexes. That 46.9% undergraduates were in the 22-26 age bracket indicated that the younger undergraduates constitute the majority. Chi-square tests revealed significant relationships between undergraduates who chose the course originally and those who did not, regarding age and career choice (X2=11.1, df=5, p
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Internet Use Among Science Undergraduate Students: A Comparative Study Of Two Universities In South West Nigeria - Odunlade, RO (Information Technologist (The), 2009)
The objective of this study was to identify and determine the extent of students\' access to, and use of the Internet using the Science Undergraduate Students of University of Ibadan and University of Lagos as a case study. The study also aimed at comparing the rate of use among this group of students and determine which is mostly used between the Internet and the Library. The research showed that majority of Science Undergraduate students do make use of the Internet because it was considered to provide wide coverage of information, contains adequate and current information, it is quickly and easily accessible, it provided electronic journals that could be purchased online and so on. The study further revealed that part of the benefits of the Net is that it provided the student with resources to carry out assignment enhances their knowledge and allow them to communicate faster. It was discovered that though a greater percentage of them patronize the library, the satisfaction required were not provided. Some of the reasons were ioodequacy of library materials, obsolete materials and poor library conditions. On a general note, library patronage in the two Universities is less than Internet patronage. The study also revealed that this group of students prefers the Internet to the library. Recommendations on the way forward were made. Keywords: Internet, Science, Students, Universities, South-West, NigeriaThe Information Technologist Vol. 5 (2) 2008: pp. 133-149
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Early assessment of the implementation of a national programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Cameroon and the effects of staff training: a survey in 70 rural health care facilities - Labhardt, Niklaus Daniel; Manga, Engelbert; Ndam, Mama; Balo, Jean-Richard; Bischoff, Alexandre; Stoll, Béat (Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2009)
To assess the availability of equipment and the staff's knowledge to prevent Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) in rural healthcare facilities recently covered by the national PMTCT programme in Cameroon.In eight districts inventories of antiviral drugs and HIV test kits were made on site, using a standardised check-list. Knowledge of HIV and PMTCT was evaluated with a multiple-choice (MC) questionnaire based on typical clinical PMTCT cases. Staff participated subsequently in a 2-day training on HIV/AIDS and the Cameroon PMTCT guidelines. Immediately after training and after 7 months, retention of knowledge was tested with the same questions but in different order and layout.Sixty two peripheral nurse-led clinics and the eight district hospitals were assessed. Whereas all district hospitals presented complete equipment, only six of the peripheral clinics (10%) were equipped with both complete testing materials and a full set of drugs to provide PMTCT. Thirty six peripheral facilities (58%) possessed full equipment for HIV-testing and 8 (13%) stocked all PMTCT drugs. Of 137 nurses, 102 (74%) agreed to the two knowledge tests. Fewer than 66% knew that HIV-diagnosis requires positive results in two different types of rapid tests and only 19% chose the right recommendation on infant-feeding for HIV-positive mothers. Correct answers on drug regimens in different PMTCT settings varied from 25% to 56%. All percentages of correct answers improved greatly with training (P < 0.001) and retention remained high 7 months after training (P < 0.001).Prevent Mother-To-Child Transmission programmes in settings such as rural Cameroon need to be adapted to the special needs of peripheral nurse-led clinics. Appropriate short training may considerably improve nurses' competence in PMTCT. Other important components are regular supervision and measures to guarantee supply of equipment in rural areas.
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Accessibility and Presence of English in Rural Kisii, Kenya: Implications for English Language Education - Michieka, Martha Moraa (2009)
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Water, Climate Change and Human Security in the Middle East and North Africa - Sowers, Jeannie L.; Weinthal, Erika; Vengosh, Avner (2009)
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The Teaching of African Traditional Religion in Primary Schools in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Opportunities - Marashe, Joel; Ndamba, Gamuchirai Tsitsiozashe; Chireshe, Excellent (Religious Education, 2009)
Abstract Zimbabwe's Education Ministry recommended the teaching of African Traditional Religion in recognition of its multi-religious society. This study sought to establish the extent to which African Traditional Religion is taught in primary schools, the challenges faced by teachers, and opportunities for promoting its teaching. A descriptive survey design was used. A sample of 171 Bachelor of Education (In-Service) primary students of Great Zimbabwe University participated in the study. Data was collected through questionnaires and analysis of Religious and Moral Education syllabi. The study revealed that African Traditional Religion is not given due attention. Recommendations for effective teaching were made.
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The appropriation of literacy in a multilingual school context. The situation of Madagascar. Results of pupils' Malagasy and French development in light of teaching and learning practices - Nicot-Guillorel, Muriel (2009)
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Transformation through training: application of emancipatory methods in a housing education programme for rural women in South Africa - Merwe, Marietjie van der; Albertyn, Ruth (Community Development Journal, 2009)
The role of education in the development of communities has been receiving increasing attention from the South African Government. The purpose of this study was to determine how community developers could contribute to transformative learning in community groups. Using an emancipatory teaching approach, a housing education programme was presented to a group of women who had recently been allocated subsidized housing in a rural Northern Cape town in South Africa. During the implementation of the housing intervention, the emancipatory method encouraged participants to question and alter their distorted assumptions. Guidelines are provided for community developers for applying the emancipatory teaching method to facilitate transformative learning.
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Madagascar nursing needs assessment: education and development of the profession - Plager, Karen A.; Razaonandrianina, J.O. (International Nursing Review, 2009)
Purpose: To address how Madagascar is improving nursing education and the profession to strengthen their nursing workforce. Background: The sub‐Saharan Africa nursing workforce shortage is more than 600 000. Madagascar measures among affected countries. Nursing in Madagascar with reference to the Malagasy Lutheran Church Health Department (SALFA) is examined in this paper. The Malagasy Lutheran Nursing School (SEFAM) was established in 1956 to prepare nurses and midwives. The school recently relocated to better meet SALFA goals to increase nurses in the system and improve nursing education. A US nursing faculty and the SEFAM director proposed to conduct programme assessment to ensure that nursing and midwifery education meet health, social and community needs in Madagascar. Data source/methods: An in‐depth needs assessment of the school programme, facilities and resources occurred. Site visits and informal interviews were held. Field study visits to nursing schools and health‐care facilities in Kenya and Tanzania assisted the authors in learning how nursing developed in those countries. Data analysis included comparison of the authors' comprehensive notes for congruity and accuracy. Outcomes: Strategies are needed to support and maintain quality education, improve quality and quantity of nursing care services in hospitals and dispensaries, and improve conditions for nurses and other health‐care workers. Compared with Madagascar, Kenya and Tanzania have more well‐developed systems of nursing education and professional development. Limitations: There were limited written sources for some information but methods, such as verbal accounts, compensated for this limitation. Implications/conclusions: Implications include advantages, disadvantages, facilitators and barriers to nursing educational and professional development in Madagascar. Development of nursing education, regulation and the profession will continue with support from key stakeholders. Kenya and Tanzania can serve as role models for Madagascar nurses. Countries with similar nursing education and professional development issues can be informed by lessons learned in this project.
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Production and Utilization of Resources in Biology Education. A Case Study Of South West Nigerian Secondary Schools - Olagunju, Adeyemi; Abiona, Oluwamayomikun (2009)
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An Evaluation of Parents’ Patronage of Private Primary Schools in Abeokuta, Nigeria - Onuka, A. O. U.; Arowojolu, A F (2009)
This paper examines the factors determining parents’ patronage of private primary schools using Abeokuta as a case study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 of 14 approved private primary schools in Abeokuta. Total of 210 respondents were used in the study. This comprises 100 parents (42 males, 58 females), 100 private primary school teachers and 10 school administrators. It also used three questionnaires – (PPSPQ, PPSTQ, PPSAQ) and a checklist – (SFC). Data analysis involved the use of percentages, frequencies and t-test. The paper found that private schools are highly patronized in spite of high fees charged. The results indicate that parents’ patronage are influenced by: teachers’ dedication to work, high level of discipline among the teachers and pupils, early opportunity to train a child, good physical facilities, teaching and use of appropriate medium of instruction for which reasons high fees did not deter parents from patronizing them.
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ICT and e-learning technology in Nigeria education system - Yaduma, P.S. (International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2009)
No Abstract. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 4 (1) 2008: pp. 120-123
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Print and Broadcast Mass Media Factors as Predictors of Nigerian Teachers' Political Awareness and Participation - Agbatogun, A. Olaoluwakotansibe (Journal of Political Science Education, 2009)
This study examined the extent to which the use of print and broadcast mass media could predict the level of awareness and participation of secondary school teachers in political activities and its implications on the quality of Nigerian education system. Eight hundred and two secondary school teachers from South West states of Nigeria served as the sample for the study. The Teachers in Politics through Mass Media Questionnaire with Cronbach coefficient alpha of 0.86 was used in the collection of data that was analyzed with t-test and Analysis of Variance at a .05 significant level. The use of print and broadcast mass media in creating awareness about political parties' activities and the electoral process had a combined effect on the teachers' participation in political party activities. Similarly, the use of print and broadcast mass media in creating awareness about the political parties' activities and the electoral process had a combined effect on teachers' participation in the electoral process, but the use of print and broadcast mass media for awareness of the electoral process was a prominent predictor of teachers' participation in the electoral process. In view of the above findings, it was however suggested amongst other things that teachers' condition of service should be reviewed to encourage teachers' comfortable and convenient living. Likewise, government should reduce the time span of the electoral process to reduce teachers' rate of absence from the classroom because of its adverse effect on the educational system.
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Problems of Teacher Education for Primary Schools in Nigeria: Beyond Curriculum Design and Implementation - Akinbote, Olusegun (2009)
Primary education is the core of development and progress sin modern societies. However the quality of teachers who are to ensure the realization of the aspirations we hold for our children has fallen below expectations. This study therefore investigated the entry qualifications, the mode of entry into and the reasons why students enroll in Colleges of Education. The findings showed that majority of the student teachers are not ‘good materials’ for teacher education and that only a few of them really have the genuine desire to become teachers. Recommendations are made on how to improve on the quality of entrants into the Colleges of Education and the teaching profession generally.
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Emotional Intelligence In Modifying Signs And Symptoms Of Sexual Anxiety Among Fresh University Students In South-Western Nigeria - Busari, Afusat Olanike; Abass, Ademola O. (2009)
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Perceived Impact Of Universal Basic Education On National Development In Nigeria - Jaiyeoba, Adebola O. (2009)
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Universality of Primary Education in Nigeria: Trends and Issues - Joshua, Opeyemi (2009)
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A Critical Review of Management of Primary Education in Nigeria - Olaniyan, David A; Obadara, Olabanji E. (2009)
Primary education is a foundational level of education that needs to be well funded, controlled and managed. Adequate provisions of education to the citizens contribute greatly to the socioeconomic development of the country. Therefore good administration of primary level of education is required to foster national growth and development. The paper thus examined the management of primary education in Nigeria from the colonial administration to date. It is therefore observed that the management of this level of education has passed through different stages and different authorities exercised its control from time to time. It is being faced with many problems ranging from acute shortage of classroom spaces or over-crowded classrooms, shortage of teachers and equipment to under-funding.
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Impact of Climate Change on the Relict Tropical Fish Fauna of Central Sahara: Threat for the Survival of Adrar Mountains Fishes, Mauritania - Trape, Sébastien (PLOS ONE, 2009)
Four central Sahara mountainous massifs provide habitats for relict populations of fish. In the Adrar of Mauritania all available data on the presence and distribution of fish come from pre-1960 surveys where five fish species were reported: Barbus pobeguini, Barbus macrops, Barbus mirei, Sarotherodon galilaeus, and Clarias anguillaris. Since 1970, drought has had a severe impact in the Adrar where rainfall decreased by 35%. To investigate whether the relict populations of fish have survived the continuing drought, a study was carried out from 2004 to 2008.An inventory of perennial bodies of water was drawn up using a literature review and analysis of topographical and hydrological maps. Field surveys were carried out in order to locate the bodies of water described in the literature, identify the presence of fish, determine which species were present and estimate their abundance. The thirteen sites where the presence of fish was observed in the 1950s -Ksar Torchane, Ilij, Molomhar, Agueni, Tachot, Hamdoun, Terjit, Toungad, El Berbera, Timagazine, Dâyet el Mbârek, Dâyet et-Tefla, Nkedeï- were located and surveyed. The Ksar Torchane spring -type locality and the only known locality of B. mirei- has dried up at the height of the drought in 1984, and any fish populations have since become extinct there. The Timagazine, Dâyet el Mbârek and Dâyet et-Tefla pools have become ephemeral. The Hamdoun guelta appears to be highly endangered. The fish populations at the other sites remain unchanged. Four perennial pools which are home to populations of B. pobeguini are newly recorded.The tropical relict fish populations of the Adrar mountains of Mauritania appear to be highly endangered. Of thirteen previously recorded populations, four have become extinct since the beginning of the drought period. New fish population extinctions may occur should low levels of annual rainfall be repeated.
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Influence of Primordial Culture and HIV/AIDS Awareness Programme on Stigmatization of HIV/AIDS Patients in Oyo and Osun States, Nigeria: Premise for Community Education Intervention - Abiona, I. Adekeye (2009)
The study examined the problem of stigmatization of HIV/AIDs patients in Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. Two hypotheses were generated to test possible influence of primordial culture and component of awareness of HIV/Aids on stigmatization of HIV/Aids patients. The population of the study consisted of male and female respondents from two communities in Oyo and Osun States, Nigeria. A total of 275 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire tagged “Stigmatization of HIV/Aids patients and Community Education Questionnaire (SHAPCEQ)” was designed for the study. The data collected were analyzed, using frequency counts, percentages and chi square statistical method. Findings showed that primordial culture influenced attitude to HIV/AIDS patients (χ2= 7.69, P<0.05). Also, the initial components of the awareness of the deadly disease contributed to the stigmatization (χ2= 50.3569, P<0.05. Based on these findings, it was recommended that community education strategies should be intensified to reduce stigmatization of HIV/Aids patients.
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Reflections On The Philosophical Base Of The Nigerian Education And The Attainment Of Equality Of Access To Primary Education - Adiele, E E (2009)
The Adoption of a National policy on education in 1977in Nigeria was seen as a great innovation in the school system. The policy was applauded especially because of the promises of equal educational opportunity it held for Nigerians. 29 years of policy implementation, Nigerians are ever worried on the level of achievement recorded. This paper reflects on the philosophical base of the Nigerian education and the attainment of equality of access to primary education. Concluding that the land is bright but not full of opportunities, the paper recommends the development of an ideological framework for Nigeria education that is based on the peculiar nature of the country.
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Quality Asurance: A Practical Solution To Examination Malpractices In Nigerian Secondary Schools - Fasasi, Y. A. (2009)
This paper focuses on quality assurance as a solution to examination malpractices in Nigerian secondary schools. An examination is an instrument for decision-making on the performance and consequently the job opportunity and educational advancement for an individual. Therefore, many examinees would want to pass by all means, their abilities notwithstanding. Examination malpractice occurs every year and it seems to have defied solutions. It has negative consequences on the examinees and the education system. Using quality assurance strategy, inputs of high standard teachers, students, facilities, curriculum and education policy into the education system would be ascertained. School managers are to monitor the inputs and ensure proper processing so that relevant and adequate knowledge would be acquired. Thus, this paper recommends that there should be quality inputs and processing of all resources. It also recommends that automatic promotion should be discouraged and that there should be moderate class-size. Introduction In Nigeria, education has been adopted as an instrument for national development. Therefore, governments, communities, private organizations, and individuals have established educational institutions with a view to training the citizens for the development of the nation’s physical and human resources. In these institutions, teaching and guidance activities are supposed to take place so that appropriate skills and knowledge can be acquired by the students. Furthermore, a machinery, through which the extent of knowledge and skill acquisition is determined at each stage of education has been set up. This is in form of examination which would be organized in order to evaluate, assess and test knowledge and skills. The outcome of the examination is used as a basis for decision-making on the examinee’s ability. The examinee is consequently awarded a certificate which could qualified him for admission into a school, promotion into higher level of an institution and employment opportunities. However, many decisions, which emanate from examinations may not be valid due to involvement of examinees in malpractices. When such decisions are upheld, the certificate awarding institutions would be promoting and graduating incompetent personnel who would not be able to contribute positively national development. Malpractice occurs in both internal and external assessment of educational outcome. It is a problem which has been afflicting the education system for many years. It seems to have defied solutions, as all antidotes applied so far have been faulted by fraudsters. In fact, it constitutes the most serious problem facing Nigerian education system in general and secondary education in particular (Obe, 1998; Adesina, 2005). Therefore, there is a need to sanitize the nation’s education by getting rid of examination malpractices. This is a challenge to the administrators of education within and outside the school system. In this paper, quality assurance is examined as a practical solution to examination malpractices. International Journal of African & African American Studies Vol. V, No. 2, Jul 2006 Conceptual Clarification The following terms are defined as used in this paper. Quality: Something good, ideal, or of high standard. Quality Assurance: Consistent provision and utilization of good and high standard resources to foster effective teaching and learning, in every stage and aspect of the educational system. Quality assurance is meaningful when application of its strategy is not deferred till the end of an educational programme. Examination: Test, assessment, evaluation. It is “an instrument for assessing individuals’ skills and knowledge in general, and specific areas of studies, and overall academic achievements” (Adekale, 1993, p.20). Examination Malpractice: ‘A misconduct or improper practice before, during or after any examination by the examinees or others with a view, to obtaining good results, by fraudulent means’ (Obe, 1998, p.36). Input: Human and non-human resources provided into an organization from the beginning of a programme to the implementation stage and to the end of the programme. Process: Activities such as teaching, learning, and counseling, in which personnel in the educational institutions engage. Examination Malpractices An examination, which can be in essay or objective type, oral or written, theory or practical, constitutes an integral part of the education process. It is conducted in order to determine the extent to which knowledge and skills have been acquired. Based on examination results, decision could be taken on admission into educational institutions and employment in the labour market. As an instrument for decision-making, examination is always prone to fear and anxiety. Many examinees would want to pass the examination by all means. Also, many school authorities and parents would want to explore means of getting good grades for their students and children. Hence, they resort to different forms of malpractices before, during and after examinations. According to Adesina (2005), examination malpractices include leaking out questions to students, girraffing and smuggling of material into examination hall. Others are deliberate extension of time by supervisors and invigilators, change of scores, buying and selling of examination grades, question papers and prepared answers, and trading sex for question papers, marks and grades. Also, Magaji (2006), identified impersonation, collusion between candidates, collusion between candidates and officials, assault and intimidation, mass cheating, teacher-student affair, bribery, spying, submission of multiple scripts, use of coded or sign language, multiple entry for the same examination among others, as different forms of malpractices in Nigeria. Malpractice in an examination has been in existence a long time ago. For example, there was a leakage of Senior Cambridge Local Examination in 1914 (Ezezobor, 1983; Adekale, 1993). After independence, there was hardly any year when no examination malpractice was not recorded. There were leakages in West African Examination Council 16 International Journal of African & African American Studies Vol. V, No. 2, Jul 2006 (WAEC) paper in 1963, 1967, 1971, 1977 and 1981. A panel of enquiry, set up by the Federal Government to investigate the 1977 examination leakage, recommended sanction on WAEC officials who were involved in the malpractice, shedding of WAEC workload and use of continuous assessment as a factor for award of certificate (Ezezobor 1983, Adesina 2005). Consequently, new examination bodies were established. These were Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) established in 1978 to conduct matriculation examinations for admission into universities, polytechnics and colleges of education; National Business and Technical Examination Board (NABTEB) established in 1992 to conduct business and technical examinations; National Board for Educational Measurement (NBEM) established in 1992 and changed to National Examination Council (NECO) in 1999 to conduct school certificate examinations (Olagboye, 2004). Another measure was the Federal Government’s promulgation of Decree 20 in 1984, which stipulated a 21-year jail term for those found guilty of examination malpractice. Also, there was decree 33 of 1999 stipulating imprisonment for a term up to five years or fine of N50,000.00 to N100,000.00 for any person convicted of examination malpractice (National Open University of Nigeria, n.d.). In spite of these measures, the menace continued to occur in virtually all public and institutionally organized examinations. In 2006, the Federal Ministry of Education blacklisted and derecognized 324 secondary schools across the nation as centres for conducting public examinations from 2007 to 2010. The distribution of the schools which were found guilty of examination malpractices, is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Examination Malpractices in Nigerian Secondary Schools Zone No of schools involved % North-Central 54 16.6 North-East 08 2.5 North-West 12 3.6 South-East 48 14.8 South-South 116 36.0 South-West 86 26.5
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The multilayered character of newcomers’ academic identities: Somali female high‐school students in a US school - Oikonomidoy, Eleni (Globalisation, Societies and Education, 2009)
Drawing from the findings of a qualitative study with female refugee high school students from Somalia in the US, this paper attempts to provide a window to understanding the multilayered character of newcomer students’ academic identity construction. The students’ micro‐level processes of creating spaces for belonging at school are linked to their macro‐level extra‐educational connections at the societal and global levels. The framework presented attempts to sensitise educators to increase their attention to the global‐socio‐cultural contexts of education and strive to create spaces within schools for the recognition and facilitation of students’ complex identities.
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Aspects of student equity and higher education in South Africa - Beckmann, Johan (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
Badat (2004, 4) refers to the triple challenge facing higher education: to promote equity and growth within a democratic framework and to consolidate a fledgling democracy. In higher education there is inherent tension between growth (access to education) and equity. The article argues that the vagueness in which the term “equity” is generally used as a synonym for “equality” contributes to an over-simplification of relevant issues. It also argues that the common practice of describing equity almost exclusively in quantitative terms (such as enrolment figures) detracts from important issues like the quality of the educational process, accountability and even outcomes. It explores other possibilities of conceptualising and reporting on equity. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 22 (4) 2008: pp. 773-788
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Millennial‐scale northwest African droughts related to Heinrich events and Dansgaard‐Oeschger cycles: Evidence in marine sediments from offshore Senegal - Itambi, Achakie C; Dobeneck, Tilo von; Mulitza, Stefan; Bickert, Torsten; Heslop, David (Paleoceanography, 2009)
We present a suite of new high‐resolution records (0–135 ka) representing pulses of aeolian, fluvial, and biogenic sedimentation along the Senegalese continental margin. A multiproxy approach based on rock magnetic, element, and color data was applied on three cores enclosing the present‐day northern limit of the ITCZ. A strong episodic aeolian contribution driven by stronger winds and dry conditions and characterized by high hematite and goethite input was revealed north of 13°N. These millennial‐scale dust fluxes are synchronous with North Atlantic Heinrich stadials. Fluvial clay input driven by the West African monsoon predominates at 12°N and varies at Dansgaard‐Oeschger time scales while marine productivity is strongly enhanced during the African humid periods and marine isotope stage 5. From latitudinal signal variations, we deduce that the last glacial ITCZ summer position was located between core positions at 12°26′ and 13°40′N. Furthermore, this work also shows that submillennial periods of aridity over northwest Africa occurred more frequently and farther south than previously thought.
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Judgments of widely held beliefs about psychological phenomena among South African postgraduate Psychology students - Kagee, Ashraf; Harper, Michelle E.; Spies, Gloudien M. (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
Lay understandings of human cognition, affect, and behaviour often diverge from the findings of scientific investigations. The present study examined South African fourth year psychology students' judgments about the factual correctness of statements of psychological phenomena that have been demonstrated to be incorrect by empirical research. Students enrolled in the psychology Honours programmes at two large residential universities in the Western Cape and Gauteng were asked to respond to a questionnaire that required them to decide on the validity of a list of empirically untrue statements. The results show that a large proportion of students at both universities believed many incorrect statements to be true. Significant differences between the samples emerged that may have been due to curricular differences between the two academic programmes. These results are discussed with reference to the teaching of critical thinking skills in psychology courses and the influence of popular culture on beliefs about human behaviour. Recommendations are also made about the teaching of scientific and critical reasoning skills in academic psychology programmes. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 22 (4) 2008: pp. 789-798
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Ethical crossroads: A study of factors impeding professional growth in initial teacher education in Zimbabwe - Mswazi, JL; Shumba, Almon (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
Research on current discourses on educational change in general and teacher education in particular have identified reasons why some teacher education courses fail to connect with trainees. This study sought to investigate factors that underlie pre-service teachers\' resistance to an innovative religious and moral education course. A descriptive survey methodology was used to collect relevant data in this study. Oser's (1991) concept of moral dilemmas was utilized as a theoretical framework for investigating and interpreting the results. The sample comprised of 200 out of 700 teacher trainees randomly selected from two primary teacher's colleges. A questionnaire was used to collect data from participants. The study found that the socio-affective, factors, namely the dominant social values and expectations, religious beliefs and doctrines, and an inadequate professional support infrastructure constituted the major impediments to the adoption of professional behaviors commensurate with teaching Religious and Moral Education by prospective teachers. This study recommends the adoption of inclusive policy interventions at national, college and school levels. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 22 (4) 2008: pp. 843-860
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Higher Education in Tanzania: A Volunteer's View - Palmer, W. P. (Social Science Research Network, 2009)
My wife and I have recently visited St. John's Anglican University, Dodoma, Tanzania with a view to assisting on a volunteer basis in 2009 as the university, which is only one year old, is in the midst of rapid expansion and lacks experienced lecturers in some areas. From the calmness of retirement in Australia, we anticipated that St. John's Anglican University was just a new Tanzanian university starting and that this was in no way remarkable. This view is incorrect in several ways and this study will set the start of this new university in a comparative context and interlace the comparative study with personal impressions of our short stay at St. John's Anglican University, Dodoma.
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Academic research at a South African higher education institution: - Schulze, Salomé (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
The aim of the research was to critically analyse how a university context influences the quality of academics' research output. Wenger's social theory of learning was used as theoretical framework. The investigation involved an ethnographic case study of the research culture at one college at the institution. Data collection was mainly by means of participant observation, interviews and document analysis. In the light of Wenger's theory, the findings revealed that certain institutional practices facilitated high-quality research. These included financial incentives, some training programmes and travel opportunities to interact with other researchers. Practices that inhibited the delivery of quality research related to lack of job security, research support and uninterrupted time as well as excessive institutional control. Training that was disconnected from research practice did not stimulate quality research. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 22 (3) 2008: pp. 644-661
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The intersection of race and class in the South African university: Student - Soudien, Crain (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
The purpose of this article is to make a contribution to the discussion on the sociological features of higher education and the significant ways in which it comes to produce a particular version of the racial experience.2 While work has appeared which has begun to comment on fragmentation of identity in South African higher education there is insufficient attention paid to the ways in which identity-making takes place. What this article will do is to focus on the racial as a resource which is brought into contact with the institution and to suggest what the outlines of this coming together are in the South African setting. It does not, indeed cannot, develop a deep discussion, as in the classic identity-formation literature, about subject formation – who, for example, is attributing what to whom and under what power conditions. What it seeks to do, in a limited way, is point to interesting new trends in how race is being experienced by South African students and particularly by black students. What does the racial experience look like for them? When students invoke race what is it that they are talking about? South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 22 (3) 2008: pp. 662-678
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Teacher training in South Africa: The integrated model as viable option - Steyn, Hennie; Mentz, Elsa (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
This article contributes to the debate regarding the preferred model for teacher education to provide for teacher shortages. The models commonly referred to are the consecutive model, the integrated model and the concurrent model for teacher training. The aim of this article is to determine if the integrated model for teacher education is an effective, attainable and sustainable model for teacher education. It was indicated that the integrated model for teacher education puts forward a single aim for the entire four-year period of study and secures a unity of purpose between the scientific basis of subject knowledge, teaching methodology, pedagogy and repeated practice in schools. The integrated model is in line with other professional teachers\' qualifications as well as other professional qualifications and enables specialisation in school subjects. In terms of attainability and sustainability it was explained that the integrated model is regarded as the preferred model by students to such a level that sufficient numbers of enrolments are available to ensure a financially viable operation. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 22 (3) 2008: pp. 672-691
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Coping Behavior in Hurricane-Affected African American Youth: Psychometric Properties of the Kidcope - Vigna, Julia F.; Hernandez, Brittany C.; Kelley, Mary Lou; Gresham, Frank M. (Journal of Black Psychology, 2009)
Hurricane Katrina forced thousands of children in and around New Orleans to cope with life-altering circumstances. The Kidcope, a checklist designed to assess coping in pediatric populations, has been used to evaluate children after disasters. Research has demonstrated the importance of considering the role of cultural factors in the development and use of coping strategies. The authors examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Kidcope on the basis of the responses of hurricane-exposed, African American, predominantly low income youth in New Orleans and surrounding areas. The results yielded a one-factor scale for the adolescent version and three factors for the child version. Future directions for use of the Kidcope with African Americans are discussed.
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Financing higher education in South Africa: Public funding, nongovernment revenue and tuition fees - Wangenge‐Ouma, Gerald; Cloete, Nico (South African journal of higher education, 2009)
The funding of public higher education is currently a moot issue in South Africa. Public funding has been declining and opportunities for winning non-government revenue remain limited. The frequent raising of tuition fees, which is one of the main strategies public universities have resorted to mitigate declining state funding is not without controversy. The article discusses these funding challenges. It argues that the current higher education funding conundrum will hamstring the achievement of the important higher education policy goals articulated in the National Plan on Higher Education. The article finally argues for a shift towards a redistributive funding model by changing the current formula for allocating funding for student aid to universities so that resources are redistributed in favour of the genuinely poor. By so doing, it is anticipated that higher education will be affordable for the poor who are generally sensitive to tuition fee increases, and also the rich, who can afford the current (high) tuition fee charges. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 22 (4) 2008: pp. 906-919
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Social Work in Ghana: A Participatory Action Research Project Looking at Culturally Appropriate Training and Practice - Kreitzer, Linda; Abukari, Ziblim; Antonio, Patience; Mensah, Johanna; Kwaku, Afram (Social Work Education, 2009)
Social work emerged in the western world, particularly in the USA and the United Kingdom, at the turn of the twentieth century. Western social welfare systems were introduced to other countries through the colonial empires of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and social work training reflected these systems. However, many of these countries have revised their curricula to make them more culturally appropriate while others are still in this process. This article highlights issues concerning social work education and training in Ghana, West Africa through a Participatory Action Research project. Themes emerging concerning the present curriculum, the professional association and social work in Ghana are presented. Action plans instigated from this project are described, ending with a future challenge for social work in Africa.
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Comparison of blood smear microscopy to a rapid diagnostic test for in-vitro testing for P. Falciparum malaria in Kenyan school children - Neumann, CG; Bwibo, Nimrod O.; Siekmann, JH; Mclean, ED; Browdy, Ben L.; Drorbaugh, Natalie (East African medical journal, 2009)
To compare the diagnostic performance of microscopy using Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood smears to a rapid malaria dipstick test (RDT) in detecting P. falciparum malaria in Kenyan school children.Randomised, controlled feeding intervention trial from 1998-2001.Rural Embu district, Kenya. The area is considered endemic for malaria, with four rainy seasons per year. Chloroquine resistance was estimated in 80% of patients. Children had a spleen rate of 45%.A sample of 515 rural Kenyan primary school children, aged 7-11 years, who were enrolled in a feeding intervention trial from 1998-2001.Percent positive and negative P. falciparum malaria status, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of RDT.For both years, the RDT yielded positive results of 30% in children compared to microscopy (17%). With microscopy as the "gold standard", RDT yielded a sensitivity of 81.3% in 1998 and 79.3% in 2000. Specificity was 81.6% in 1998 and 78.3% in 2000. Positive predictive value was 47.3% in 1998 and 42.6% in 2000, and negative predictive value was 95.6% in 1998 and 94.9% in 2000.Rapid diagnostic testing is a valuable tool for diagnosis and can shorten the interval for starting treatment, particularly where microscopy may not be feasible due to resource and distance limitations.
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Barriers to managing chronic illness among urban households in coastal Kenya - Porter, Thomas; Chuma, Jane; Molyneux, Sassy (Journal of International Development, 2009)
Abstract The burden of chronic illnesses is rising throughout the world but information on barriers to managing such diseases in developing countries is scarce. Qualitative data from focus group discussions and interview transcripts from a longitudinal study involving 22 households in urban, coastal Kenya were analysed. Themes around barriers to chronic illness care were identified and a conceptual framework developed which described relationships between these themes. The main barrier to chronic illness management was the cost of care. Other barriers identified were patient knowledge and beliefs, stigma, quality and trust in providers and long care pathways. Household resilience was adversely affected by chronic illness, further reducing households' ability to cope with illness. Policy options to address the barriers identified are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Correlational Effects Of Plyometric Training On Leg Muscle Strength, Endurance And Power Characteristics Of Nigerian University Undergraduates - Abass, Ademola O. (2009)
This study focused on the relationship among strength, endurance and power performance characteristics of untrained university undergraduates following three different modes of plyometric training. Participants were 40 untrained volunteer male undergraduates, randomly assigned to three experimental plyometric training groups of depth jumping, rebound jumping and horizontal jumping over a distance, and a fourth group which served as the control. The three experimental groups were made to go through a 12-week exercise programme based on plyometric training procedures. Interval training method was adopted while the progressive resistance training principle was considered to determine the duration and intensity of training. Data collected were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation and range. Relationship between variables was determined using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Results show that there were no significant relationships among the groups in strength and endurance performance characteristics. Significant correlations were recorded in power performance between horizontal jumping and rebound jumping group [0.672; P= 0.033]. All other interactions among the groups on leg power were not significant. On relationship among the three variables based on pooled data across the groups, significant correlation was recorded only between muscle strength and power [0.327;P= 0.039]. Correlation between all other variables was found not to be significant. Based on the finding of the study it was concluded that plyometrics training with repeated jumps horizontally and that which involves rebound jumping on the spot, are capable of improving leg muscle power in similar ways. Moreover, the study also concluded that, plyometrics training is capable of improving leg muscle strength and power significantly.
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Children\'s perceptions of physical education and school sports at selected South African Schools - Amusa, L.O.; Toriola, A.L. (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2009)
Students' perceptions and value orientation could assist curriculum developers to design and implement a Physical Education (PE) curriculum that would address the needs of post-independent South African schools. PE and School Sport (SS) in South Africa demonstrate extremes and inequities. Contrast is visible in all aspects of South African life, but most significant in education. White and urban schools are relatively problem free, whereas black and rural schools have been adversely affected by the past governments' apartheid and separate development policies. Some schools have well developed facilities, while the majority has next to nothing. PE teachers are qualified in some cases and grossly unqualified in many others. PE programmes in white schools and urban cities offer a wide and balanced variety of activities while in others opportunities are limited to a few movement activities. PE as a school subject has been neglected, misunderstood, seen as being of little importance and regarded as inferior when compared to other subjects in the school curriculum. In order to find out the perceptions of PE and school sport among school children aged 7-15 years, we administered the modified Sport in Education (SpinEd) project questionnaire to 923 school children in two provinces and contrasting geographical locations in South Africa. The questionnaire focused on five main domains referring specifically to aspects of children's perceptions and understanding of PE and SS. The results showed some disparity in the perceptions and understanding of PE and SS among the respondents by gender, age group and geographical location, specifically with regard to feeling about PE and SS, outcomes of PE and SS, comparison of PE and SS with other school subjects and perceived competence in PE and SS. Results are discussed in the light of their implications for provision of quality PE and SS in South African schools.
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Physical education in grades 10 & 11: a survey of selected Western Cape high schools in South Africa - Deventer, K. J. van (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2009)
Adolescence is one of the most critical phases in the lifespan of human beings and is characterised by experimenting and recklessness that lead to social problems, diseases and deaths among adolescents. This poses a major educational challenge to bring about a lifestyle change among adolescents. The main problem of the study was to determine the perspectives of Life Orientation (LO) teachers regarding the implementation of LO with specific reference to the Learning Outcome Physical Education (PE) in the Further Education and Training (FET) Band (Grades 10 and 11) in randomly selected high schools in the Western Cape. In the survey 124 high schools (Grades 8-11) were randomly selected of which 32 grades 10 and 11 teachers returned questionnaires. The Centre for Statistical Consultation at Stellenbosch University did the statistical calculations. Summary statistics using frequency tables and histograms were utilised. The data were analysed using Statistica 8.0 (2007). In the majority of the schools PE was offered as part of LO and in most schools qualified PE teachers facilitated the Learning Outcome. Although this situation regarding qualified PE teachers is positive, it is not yet the ideal situation. This conclusion once again confirms what other researchers have already found that is that either former Guidance or former PE teachers, or any other generalist teacher, presents LO. In these cases, teachers have to present subject matter that fall beyond their field of knowledge. A solution to this situation is for the Department of Education (DoE) to form partnerships with Higher Education Institutions (HEI's), non-governmental organisations (NGO's) and other stakeholders to deliver training packages to teachers.
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A paradigm for metal design: the University of Benin Art School experience - Emeriewen, KO (Global journal of humaniies, 2009)
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Determining the comfortable skipping frequency in school age children in Benin Republic - Falola, JM; Gouthon, Polycarpe; Amusa, L.O.; Dansou, Pierre H.; Dossou, W; Toriola, A.L. (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2009)
Skipping is a sportive activity consisting of relative jumping cycles of skipping rope round the body. The main purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between heart rate (HR) and skipping frequency in children, using a regression analysis. A second objective was to determine the intensity corresponding to the lowest heart rate and least energy cost of rope skipping. A Repeated ANOVA design requiring the subjects to perform skipping at three different trials and at five different intensities (Scales) was used. To achieve these objectives, the skipping frequency at which each of the 87 school children aged 12.5 ± 2.5 years felt at ease, was gradually increased according to a five- intensity scales or frequencies (Preferred, -10%, +10%, -20% and +20%), and randomly applied at three minutes interval. HR was determined at rest and during rope skipping using the polar HR monitor. The comfortable skipping frequency was determined following three steps and in three days using the standard procedure. Data were analysed using ANOVA repeated measures and a second degree polynomial regression analysis. The results indicate that there is a comfortable skipping frequency (CSF) corresponding to the lowest HR. This CSF was reached at 116± 2 skips.min-1 in the study group. The subjects that maintained a stable skipping rhythm showed better physiological and mechanical results. The study concludes that the attainment of a CSF leads to lower HR;. rope skipping could therefore be recommended as an inexpensive sportive activity that could be used to develop fitness in children. For a clearer understanding of what happens during this activity it is recommended that maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 and max) the electro myographic (EMG) activity of the main muscles involved in the activity must be studied to buttress the results of the study.
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Vegetation dynamics in western Uganda during the last 1000 years: climate change or human induced environmental degradation? - Lejju, Julius Bunny (African Journal of Ecology, 2009)
Abstract A multi‐proxy analysis of microfossils from sedimentary records, together with evidence from historical and archaeological data, has provided evidence of vegetation dynamics and human environment interactions in western Uganda for the last 1000 years. Pollen, fungal spores and phytoliths extracted from sediment cores obtained from a papyrus swamp at Munsa archaeological site indicate a relatively wet and forested environment in western Uganda prior to ca 1000 yr bp (cal 977–1159 ad ). A subsequent decline in forest vegetation occurred from ca 920 yr bp (cal 1027–1207 ad ). However, the deforestation period occurred during a wet period as registered in the River Nile water records, suggesting a human induced deforestation at Munsa rather than reduced precipitation. Increased numbers of herbivores, presumably domesticated cattle, postdeforestation are evidenced by the presence of dung fungal spores and broad accord with the archaeological evidence for initial occupation of the site at Munsa and the establishment of a mixed economy based on crops, cattle and iron working between 1000 and 1200 ad . From ca 200 yr bp (cal 1647–1952 ad ), forest recovery occurred at Munsa site and appears to reflect abandonment of the site, as suggested by archaeological evidence, possibly following a period of prolonged drought and famine between 1600 and 1800 ad , as recounted in the oral rich traditions of western Uganda and also reflected by low water levels of River Nile.
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Building the Capacity for Peace After Genocide: The Reconstruction of Formal Education in Rwanda - Njanga, Laura Bryant (2009)
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Climate variability and change over southern Africa: impacts and challenges - Sithole, Alec; Murewi, Cyril Tapiwa Farai (African Journal of Ecology, 2009)
Abstract In this paper, the influence of climate variability and change on the environment was studied over southern Africa using ground‐based and remotely sensed data. A time series analysis of rainfall and temperature anomalies indicated that there was a high rainfall and temperature variability in the region. The influence of global teleconnections on rainfall patterns over southern Africa showed that in some areas there was a spatial variation in their strength, increasing from west to east. Maps of NDVI, from 1982 to 2004, showed that changes in vegetation cover were more apparent during the dry season than during the wet season. The study also revealed that climate variability and change are linked to decreasing rainfall and hence, decreasing regional water resources and biodiversity and increasing environmental degradation. With the regional population expected increase, this depletion of resources poses the greatest regional environmental challenge to humankind.
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Drought in South Africa : lessons lost and/or learnt from 1990 to 2005 - Austin, Wayne Devlin (2009)
Drought and its associated impacts have been causing critical problems for agriculture, vulnerable communities and overall development for many years in South Africa. Impacts of drought such as the effects on a regions’ climatology, increases in food insecurity and food prices and the integration of drought with factors such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic have led government to introduce various policies dealing, in particular, with drought risk. By means of examining government documents, journal articles and media publications the methods government has employed to reduce the impacts of drought are traced. The way government has handled drought in the recent past, such as during 1991/92 and 2003/04, with regard to maize farming and vulnerable populations, is of great importance for learning lessons in drought-risk reduction for the future. Lessons Government has learnt include shifting drought management policy and those lost from recent drought episodes include improving early warning systems and incorporating HIV/AIDS in drought strategies. The research also presents suggestions for alleviating the impacts of drought and for better managing the events. The Government, with at least a twenty year history of drought situations and drought governance, provides an interesting range of experience that can present a useful set of cases that may yield valuable insights into the future.
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A New Squeaker Frog (Arthroleptidae: Arthroleptis) From the Cameroon Volcanic Line With Redescriptions Of Arthroleptis adolfifriederici Nieden, 1911 “1910” and A. variabilis Matschie, 1893 - Blackburn, David C.; Gonwouo, Legrand Nono; Ernst, Raffael; Rödel, Mark‐Oliver (Breviora, 2009)
We describe a new species of squeaker frog (Arthroleptis) from Mt. Manengouba in southwestern Cameroon. The new species is distinguished from other Cameroonian Arthroleptis by moderately larger body size; a darkened throat and posterior thigh, both with many white spots; and, in females, a fourth finger longer than the first and second fingers. This species corresponds to a Cameroonian taxon previously identified as Arthroleptis adolfifriederici but which has been long recognized as distinct. Multivariate morphometric analysis demonstrates that the new taxon is distinct from Arthroleptis variabilis, which occurs in the surrounding lowlands. Because of the general similarity of the new species to A. variabilis and its previous confusion with A. adolfifriederici, redescriptions of the latter two species are provided. This refinement of taxonomic knowledge will facilitate future study of cryptic or undescribed large Arthroleptis from western, central, and eastern Africa.
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The Mediation of Representative Council of Learners Policy in South African Schools, 1997 to 2003 - Carr, Ivan; Williams, C. Willoughby (South African Journal of Education, 2009)
We investigated how education policy was mediated at a representative number of Western Cape schools, from 1997 to 2003, using the structure, symbolic, human resource and political frames of Bolman and Deal (1997) as the basis of the investigation. The investigation produced diverse research findings. At the one end there were a majority of representative councils of learners that received the full support of the main role players. These councils were fully functional and were making a significant contribution to the effective governance of their schools. At the other end there were significant numbers of representative councils of learners that were not receiving the requisite support, and which were merely tolerated to ensure legal compliance. The factors responsible for preventing the development of education policy into praxis, at these schools, are divided into three categories: technical challenges, cultural challenges and political challenges. In conclusion suggestions are made as to how these varied and complex challenges can be met in the interests of furthering the democratic goals that underpin RPL policy. Keywords : cultural challenges; education policy; learner representative councils; policy mediation; political challenges; school governance; technical challenges South African Journal of Education Vol. 29 (1) 2009: pp. 69-82
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Sexual activity and contraceptive use among young female students of tertiary educational institutions in Ilorin, Nigeria - Abiodun, Omoniyi M.; Balogun, OR (Contraception, 2009)
A survey was conducted to evaluate the pattern of sexual behavior and contraceptive use among female students aged 15 to 24 years attending tertiary institutions in Ilorin, Nigeria.A valid and reliable semistructured questionnaire was self-administered to a sampled population of 600 students aged 15 to 24 years.Of the 600 students, 562 (93.7%) completed the questionnaire. Most (98.6%) of the respondents were unmarried, 77.6% have had sexual intercourse, 67.8% have had an unwanted pregnancy while 63.5% have had induced abortion. All the respondents were aware of contraceptives, but only 25.4% have ever used any contraceptive method. The most common sources of information about contraception among the respondents were friends/relatives (73.7%), while the fear of side effects of modern contraceptives was the most common reason (77.5%) for nonuse.The fear of side effects is the main reason for low contraceptive prevalence among young female students of tertiary institutions in Ilorin. Reproductive health services should focus more on delivery of adequate and accurate information about contraceptives to improve use among young women.
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Local actors' perception of the climate change issue in Lagos, Nigeria - Adedayo, Abimbola (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Local actors' perception of the climate change issue in Lagos, Nigeria - Adedayo, Abimbola (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change and aquaculture development in Nigeria: Experiences and adaptation strategies - Ajani, Emmanuel Kolawole (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change and aquaculture development in Nigeria: Experiences and adaptation strategies - Ajani, Emmanuel Kolawole (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Enhancing Students' Attitude Towards Nigerian Senior Secondary School Physics Through the Use of Cooperative, Competitive and Individualistic Learning Strategies - Akinbobola, Akinyemi Olufunminiyi (Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 2009)
The study was conducted to find out the attitude of students towards the use of cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning strategies in Nigerian senior secondary school physics.The design selected for this study was quasiexperimental.A total of 140 students took part in the study and they were selected by a random sampling technique.A structured questionnaire titled Students' Attitude Towards Physics Questionnaire (SATPQ) on 4-point scale was used to collect the data.The Students' Attitude Towards Physics Questionnaire (SATPQ) was validated and trial-tested to establish reliability using Cronbach Alpha.The instrument had a coefficient of internal consistency of 0.86.Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in analyzing the data.The result of the findings showed that cooperative learning strategy was the most effective in facilitating students' attitude towards physics.This was then followed by competitive strategies with the individualistic learning strategies being seen to be the least facilitative.The results also showed an insignificant gender difference in the attitude of students toward physics when taught with cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning strategies.Consequently, it is recommended that cooperative learning strategy should be used in schools to facilitate students' attitude towards physics.
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Effects of School Health Nursing Education Interventions on HIV/AIDS-Related Attitudes of Students in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria - Akpabio, Idongesit I.; Asuzu, Michael C.; Fajemilehin, Boluwaji Reuben; Ofi, Abosede B. (Journal of Adolescent Health, 2009)
One of the greatest challenges facing school nurses is that of identifying and using appropriate strategies to meet the health education needs of adolescents in regard to prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study examined the effects of HIV/AIDS preventive health education with parental involvement on students' attitude toward HIV/AIDS prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.The study population comprised students from three of nine secondary schools in the study area. The three schools were randomly assigned as Intervention Group 1 (IG1), involving nurses only; Intervention Group 2 (IG2), involving both nurses and parents (IG2); and a control group. A pretest/post-test intervention design was used. A 29-item, validated questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Sampling involved multistage and stratified random technique to select 120 subjects from each of the three selected schools, with a total of 360 subjects representing 8.3% of the study population. From this number, 339 (94.2%) provided sufficient data for analysis. Data analysis involved analysis of covariance and the Scheffé post hoc test determined at the .05 significance level.Results show significant effect of intervention on students attitudes toward preventive measures (F = 234.27, p < .001 *). The intervention that involved nurses only was found to be a more potent strategy in providing favorable attitudes toward HIV/AIDS prevention (IG1 mean, 20.59; IG2 mean, 19.20; control mean, 12.34). Attitudes were influenced by older age but not by gender.Health education efforts aimed at improving HIV/AIDS-related attitudes should not only focus on children but also on parents so that they in turn could assist to improve on health workers' efforts in educating the children.
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Simulating the interactions between climate change, food, and water in future Africa - Alcamo, Joseph (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Simulating the interactions between climate change, food, and water in future Africa - Alcamo, Joseph (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Adapting to climate change: Policy implications for Ghana - Anaman, Kwabena Asomanin; Osei‐Amponsah, Charity (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Adapting to climate change: Policy implications for Ghana - Anaman, Kwabena Asomanin; Osei‐Amponsah, Charity (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Koranic Schools in Senegal: An actual barrier to formal education? - André, P.; Demonsant, Jean-Luc (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
In Sahelian countries, non-religious public education systems prevent the inclusion of religious teaching in public schools, which is relegated to the informal sector. This article is a first attempt to quantitatively study how this dual educational system works and whether the potential competition between both systems is a key factor for low primary school enrollment in Senegal. The analysis is based on a unique national dataset with detailed information on formal and Koranic schooling of 5 to 21 year-old children covering 1800 households. In our sample, over half of the girls and 60% of the boys attend Koranic school, but the majority only for 2 or 3 years. After giving a brief background on Islam and Koranic schools in Senegal, to better grasp the complexity of the subject, we study the determinants of Koranic schooling before analyzing its compatibility with formal schooling. A descriptive analysis shows that children who attended for a few years Koranic school have a higher probability of attending formal primary school than those who haven't been to Koranic school at all and those who attended higher Koranic studies. However, this apparent complementarity vanishes and even in some cases turns into significant substitutability after duly instrumenting formal school attendance with school openings. This tends to prove that the coordination between the acquisition of formal human capital and religious knowledge is one of the challenges faced by Senegal in achieving Millennium Development Goals.
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Using general circulation model outputs to assess impacts of climate change on runoff for large hydrological catchments in West Africa - Ardoin‐Bardin, Sandra; Dezetter, Alain; Servat, Éric; Paturel, Jean‐Emmanuel; Mahé, Gil; Niel, H.; Dieulin, Claudine (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2009)
Abstract The problem of using data outputs from general circulation models (GCMs) to assess the impacts of climate change on runoff in West Africa is addressed. The annual and monthly precipitation data from four GCMs used in the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC were studied over the 1950–1998 period: the CSIRO-Mk2, ECHAM4, HadCM3 and NCAR-PCM models. Two weaknesses common to all these models are their inability to reproduce rainfall volumes in the Sahelian zone, and their difficulty in simulating the seasonal dynamics of rainfall in the Guinean zone. Two climate scenarios were then developed based on the changes predicted by the HadCM3-A2 model, which aimed to generate time series for rainfall and potential evapotranspiration up to the end of the 21st century, in order to simulate probable future climatic conditions. These scenarios were used as input to the hydrological model GR2M to assess the impacts of climate change on the discharge of four main rivers: the Senegal, the Gambia, the Sassandra and the Chari. The results show that the possible future changes in runoff are highly dependent on rainfall and, hence, on the quality of the output of a given GCM. Résumé Cette étude aborde le problème de l'utilisation des données issues des modèles de circulation générale (GCM) pour évaluer les impacts du changement climatique sur les écoulements en Afrique de l'Ouest. Les données annuelles et mensuelles de précipitations de quatre GCM utilisés dans le Troisième Rapport de l'IPCC ont été étudiées sur la période 1950–1998: les modèles CSIRO-Mk2, ECHAM4, HadCM3 et NCAR-PCM. Deux faiblesses communes à tous ces modèles sont leur incapacité à reproduire les volumes précipités en zone Sahélienne et leur difficulté à simuler la dynamique saisonnière des pluies en zone Guinéenne. Deux scenarii climatiques basés sur les variations prévues par le modèle HadCM3-A2 ont alors été élaborés, afin de générer des chroniques de précipitation et d'évapotranspiration potentielle jusqu'à la fin du 21ème siècle, pour simuler les conditions climatiques futures probables. Ces scenarii ont ensuite été utilisés comme entrées du modèle hydrologique GR2M afin d'évaluer les impacts du changement climatique sur les écoulements des Fleuves Sénégal, Gambie, Sassandra et Chari. Les résultats montrent que les variations envisageables des écoulements dans le futur sont très dépendantes des précipitations et donc de la qualité des sorties du GCM utilisé. Key words: climate changegeneral circulation modelclimate scenariosrainfallrunoffWest AfricaMots clefs: changement climatiquemodèle de circulation généralescenarii climatiquesprécipitationsécoulementAfrique de l'Ouest
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Funding climate change adaptation and mitigation in urban areas of Nigeria: The case of Ondo State in South Western Nigeria - Aribisbola, Afolabi (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Funding climate change adaptation and mitigation in urban areas of Nigeria: The case of Ondo State in South Western Nigeria - Aribisbola, Afolabi (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change and Ethiopia - Arndt, C; Ahmed, H; Robinson, Sherman; Willenbockel, Dirk (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change and Ethiopia - Arndt, Channing; Ahmed, Hiba; Robinson, Sherman; Willenbockel, Dirk (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Vulnerability, adaptability and mitigation of the context of challenges of climate change: The balance of benefits in traditional and urban paradigms in Ghana - Arthur, Jones Lewis (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Vulnerability, adaptability and mitigation of the context of challenges of climate change: The balance of benefits in traditional and urban paradigms in Ghana - Arthur, Jones Lewis (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Study on the Impact of Climate Change on Disaster Risk in Mozambique - Asante, K. O.; Brito, Renata Peregrino de; Brundrit, G. B.; Epstein, PaulR.; Nussbaumer, Patrick; Patt, Anthony (2009)
The study on Impacts of Climate Change on Disaster Risk in Mozambique, conducted from May 2008 January 2009 by the National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC) and funded by Denmark, UNDP and GTZ, attempts to provide preliminary answers to the following questions: To what extent will vulnerability and exposure to natural disasters alter with projected climate change, given socio-economic developments, by 2030 and 2060? What is the extreme scenario? What adaptation is needed to reduce vulnerability to these impacts of climate change? This document contains the main findings in answer to the above. For more information on methodologies followed and detailed results, the reader is referred to the main report. The team members who worked on this study are listed in Annex 1. For the purpose of this study, Mozambique was divided into 5 zones. Three zones are based on the regional/provincial administrative division of the country i.e. South (Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane provinces), Central (Tete, Manica, Sofala and Zambezia), and North (Nampula, Cabo Delgado and Niassa). The fourth zone is the coastal zone, as it is most vulnerable to cyclones and has the most socio-economic infrastructure, with associated dominant patterns of population settlement. The fifth zone represents the river flood plain systems, vulnerable to both floods and water stress. A detailed baseline description for each zone is given in the main report (agricultural section).
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Climate change mitigation in dryland rural communities in Nigeria, old problem: New challenges and new opportunities - Ayeni, Andrew I (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change mitigation in dryland rural communities in Nigeria, old problem: New challenges and new opportunities - Ayeni, Andrew I (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Pollution of Groundwater through Surface Input from Domestic, Agricultural and Industrial Sources in Festac Town, Lagos, Nigeria. - Babatunde, Abimbola; Okolue, I.M.; Oyelola, O.T.; Odunlade, A.K. (2009)
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Cost-effectiveness of screening and correcting refractive errors in school children in Africa, Asia, America and Europe - Baltussen, Rob; Naus, Jeroen; Limburg, Hans (Health Policy, 2009)
To estimate the costs and effects of alternative strategies for annual screening of school children for refractive errors, and the provision of spectacles, in different WHO sub-regions in Africa, Asia, America and Europe. We developed a mathematical simulation model for uncorrected refractive error, using prevailing prevalence and incidence rates. Remission rates reflected the absence or presence of screening strategies for school children. All screening strategies were implemented for a period of 10 years and were compared to a situation were no screening was implemented. Outcome measures were life years adjusted for disability (DALYs), costs of screening and provision of spectacles and follow-up for six different screening strategies, and cost-effectiveness in international dollars per DALY averted. Epidemiological information was derived from the burden of disease study from the World Health Organization (WHO). Cost data were derived from large databases from the WHO. Both univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed on key parameters to determine the robustness of the model results. In all regions, screening of 5–15 years old children yields most health effects, followed by screening of 11–15 years old, 5–10 years old, and screening of 8 and 13 years old. Screening of broad-age intervals is always more costly than screening of single-age intervals, and there are important economies of scale for simultaneous screening of both 5–10 and 11–15-year-old children. In all regions, screening of 11–15 years old is the most cost-effective intervention, with the cost per DALY averted ranging from I$67 per DALY averted in the Asian sub-region to I$458 per DALY averted in the European sub-region. The incremental cost per DALY averted of screening 5–15 years old ranges between I$111 in the Asian sub-region to I$672 in the European sub-region. Considering the conservative study assumptions and the robustness of study conclusions towards changes in these assumptions, screening of school children for refractive error is economically attractive in all regions in the world.
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Household energy, indoor air pollution and child respiratory health in South Africa - Barnes, Brendon; Mathee, Angela; Thomas, Liz; Bruce, Nigel (Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 2009)
Indoor air pollution due to the indoor burning of polluting fuels has been associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) amongst children less than five years old. This paper reviews evidence of the association between household energy, indoor air pollution and child ALRI in South Africa. Studies show evidence consistent with the international literature with the likelihood of ALRI between 2 and 4 amongst children living in households using polluting fuels compared to households using electricity. Indoor air pollution is responsible for the deaths of up to 1 400 children annually. Interven-tions have demonstrated 46 – 97% lower pollution concentrations compared to open fires. However, the sustainability of selected interventions has been questioned in certain contexts. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence and highlights opportunities for further research.
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Climate Change and Agriculture in Africa. Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies - By Ariel Dinar, Rashid Hassan, Robert Mendelssohn, James Benhin and others - Blanc, David Le (Natural Resources Forum, 2009)
Natural Resources ForumVolume 33, Issue 1 p. 90-91 Climate Change and Agriculture in Africa. Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies - By Ariel Dinar, Rashid Hassan, Robert Mendelssohn, James Benhin and others David Le Blanc, David Le Blanc Senior Sustainable Development Officer Division for Sustainable Development United Nations, New York, USASearch for more papers by this author David Le Blanc, David Le Blanc Senior Sustainable Development Officer Division for Sustainable Development United Nations, New York, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 April 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.1212_1.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue1Special Issue: Integrated Water Resources Management in Water‐Stressed CountriesFebruary 2009Pages 90-91 RelatedInformation
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QS451. Acute Trauma Care Training in Eastern Africa: Is Learning Associated With Available Resources, Type of Hospital, or Cadre of Training? - Bray, Jennifer; Macleod, Jana (Journal of Surgical Research, 2009)
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Institutional factors for adaptation to climate change in the Congo Basin forest of Cameroon - Brown, H. Carolyn Peach (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Institutional factors for adaptation to climate change in the Congo Basin forest of Cameroon - Brown, H. Carolyn Peach (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Consumer behaviour and climate change: Consumers' strategies to mitigating climate change impacts in Mauritius - Bullywon, Lutchmeeduth; Sookun, A (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Consumer behaviour and climate change: Consumers' strategies to mitigating climate change impacts in Mauritius - Bullywon, Lutchmeeduth; Sookun, Anand (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change impacts on African agriculture: Uncertainties and implications for adaptation - Burke, Marshall; Lobell, David B.; Schlenker, Wolfram (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Climate change impacts on African agriculture: Uncertainties and implications for adaptation - Burke, Marshall; Lobell, David B.; Schlenker, Wolfram (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Subsistence farmers' responses to climate variability and change in Kyela, Tanzania - Bushesha, Magreth S.; Lee-Thorp, J; Hopkinson, P (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Subsistence farmers' responses to climate variability and change in Kyela, Tanzania - Bushesha, Magreth S.; Lee‐Thorp, Julia A.; Hopkinson, Peter (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Out of Africa and into an ice age: on the role of global climate change in the late Pleistocene migration of early modern humans out of Africa - Carto, Shannon L.; Weaver, Andrew J.; Hetherington, Renée; Lam, Y. M.; Wiebe, Edward C. (Journal of Human Evolution, 2009)
The results from two climate model simulations are used to explore the relationship between North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and the development of African aridity around 100,000 years ago. Through the use of illustrative simulations with an Earth System Climate Model, it is shown that freshwater fluxes associated with ice sheet surges into the North Atlantic, known as Heinrich events, lead to the southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone over Africa. This, combined with the overall increased aridity in the cooler mean climate, leads to substantial changes in simulated African vegetation cover, particularly in the Sahel. We suggest that Heinrich events, which occurred episodically throughout the last glacial cycle, led to abrupt changes in climate that may have rendered large parts of North, East, and West Africa unsuitable for hominin occupation, thus compelling early Homo sapiens to migrate out of Africa.
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Isotopic and geochemical evidence for a heterogeneous mantle plume origin of the Virunga volcanics, Western rift, East African Rift system - Chakrabarti, Ramananda; Basu, Asish R.; Santo, Alba Patrizia; Tedesco, Dario; Vaselli, Orlando (Chemical Geology, 2009)
Virunga volcanics in the western rift of the East African Rift system (EARS) show silica-undersaturated, ultra-alkaline, alkalic-mafic compositions. The two active Virunga volcanoes, Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira, are 15 km apart. Nyiragongo shows unusual compositions not seen globally and has the lowest recorded viscosity among terrestrial magmas while Nyamuragira is unusually effusive. These volcanoes occur along the fringes of a topographic uplift within the EARS. We analyzed major, trace elements and Nd–Sr–Pb isotopes in Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira lavas including samples from 2002, 2003 and 2004 eruptions. The youngest Nyiragongo lavas are ultrapotassic, ultrasodic and have low SiO2 (36.6 wt.%). Nyamuragira lavas are basalts, basanites and tephrites, distinct from the foiditic Nyiragongo lavas. Both volcanic products show enrichment in light rare earths, large ion lithophile and high field strength elements. High chondrite-normalized Dy/Yb suggests residual garnet in the source(s). Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira lavas show high Nb/U similar to oceanic basalts while Ce/Pb ratios are unusually high in Nyiragongo. 2002 and 2003 Nyiragongo lavas show superchondritic Zr/Hf suggesting carbonate metasomatism in their source. Both these volcanics show low K/Rb (231–356) ratios suggesting phlogopite-melting in their mantle source. Residual garnet and phlogopite suggests melt derivation from depths between 80 and 150 km. Nyiragongo lavas show bulk-earth like Nd–Sr isotopes. In Nd–Sr–Pb isotope space, both Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira show correlations similar to ocean island basalts with a strong affinity for EM II. Pb-isotopic variations in some parts of the 2002 Nyiragongo lava flow are caused by leaching of Pb by various degrees of fusion of granitic basement rocks found as xenoliths in the lava and within the volcanic cone. In a plot of 207Pb/206Pb versus 208Pb/206Pb, however, the least contaminated lavas plot conspicuously in the field of Type I kimberlites suggesting a sub-lithospheric mantle origin. Also, the reported MORB-like He-isotopic composition of the Nyiragongo lavas are distinctly higher than those of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. In summary, the Nyiragongo lavas are bulk silicate earth-like in Nd and Sr-isotopes, Group I kimberlite-like in their Pb-isotopes, and their high Ce/Pb, low SiO2 rule out continental lithospheric sources, particularly in conjunction with all the isotopic data. Our combined geochemical data with available experimental petrological data on peridotitic compositions suggest that Nyiragongo lavas formed at greater depths by low degree partial melting of a garnet, clinopyroxene, and phlogopite-bearing carbonated mantle, while the Nyamuragira lavas are products of larger degree partial melting at comparatively shallower mantle depths with a recycled crustal component. We argue that simultaneous volcanism in adjacent Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira, with magmas originating from different depths requires the presence of a heterogeneous mantle plume beneath the Tanzanian craton. This plume caused chemically distinctive volcanic provinces around the Tanzanian craton, in the Western and Kenya Rift.
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Linkages between climate change, health, water and food security: What are the issues for Southern Africa? - Chimbari, Moses John; Mazvimavi, D; Manase, G; Furu, P; Feilberg, M; Jensen, J R; Ørnbjerg, N; Sørensen, A M; Madsen, P V (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Linkages between climate change, health, water and food security: What are the issues for Southern Africa? - Chimbari, Moses John; Mazvimavi, Dominic; Manase, Gift; Furu, Peter; Feilberg, Miriam; Jensen, Julio; Ørnbjerg, N.; Sorensen, Asta; Madsen, Peder (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Decentralized renewable energy: An adaptative strategy for climate change and limiting restiveness in the niger delta region of southern Nigeria - Chineke, Chidiezie; Nwofor, O. K.; Okoro, Ogbonnaya I. (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Decentralized renewable energy: An adaptative strategy for climate change and limiting restiveness in the niger delta region of southern Nigeria - Chineke, Chidiezie; Nwofor, O; Okoro, O (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Theatrical performance as technology: the case of drama in AIDS education (DramAidE) in South Africa - Chinyowa, Kennedy C. (Studies in Theatre and Performance, 2009)
AbstractThe capacity of applied drama and theatre to create transformational learning encounters has increasingly attracted contemporary practice-based research. By enabling practitioners and participants to create symbolic alternatives to reality, applied drama and theatre acts as a social engineering technology that communicates messages which may not be easily transmitted in ordinary life. Such theatrical performance becomes a form of ‘staged authenticity’ in the manner in which it enjoys the poetic licence to comment on even the most sensitive issues, such as gender, sexuality and HIV/AIDS. This article examines the potential of applied drama and theatre to make present the non-existent, to create ‘concrete dreams’ and transform the imagination into action. The article explores the cultural engineering mechanisms that enable applied drama and theatre to engage with participants in order to bring forth alternative realities in the specific context of HIV/AIDS education in South Africa.
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Building ‘learning catchments’ for integrated catchment managing: designing learning systems based on experiences in the UK and South Africa - Collins, Kevin; Colvin, John; Ison, Ray (Water Science and Technology, 2009)
We examine challenges and opportunities for developing 'learning systems' for integrated catchment managing (ICMg) drawing on our experiences in two contexts: UK and South Africa (SA). Our research question is: what is it that we would have to experience to claim that a catchment was a learning catchment? We suggest that any valid answer to this question will arise in social relations in context-determined ways. From this perspective ICMg is an emergent 'performance' of stakeholders engaged in mutual action, or social learning (SL), in which understandings and practices are transformed in situation improving ways. These questions are relevant given recent reviews suggesting that implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is not nurturing adaptive management. Our European and SA experiences demonstrate that it is possible to invest in social learning as a governance mechanism for water managing, but key constraints exist. Our SA work based on (i) appreciating the situation, especially the history, and (ii) contextual appreciation and design of learning systems (as a result of (i)) is described in response to these constraints. We conclude that more attention on developing an effective praxis for ICMg is required.
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Ventricular septal defects at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu: a review of echocardiogram records - Ejim, EC; Ike, SO; Anisiuba, BC; Onwubere, Bjc; Ikeh, V. O. (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009)
Journal Article Ventricular septal defects at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu: A review of echocardiogram records Get access E.C. Ejim, E.C. Ejim Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar S.O. Ike, S.O. Ike ⁎ Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria ⁎Corresponding author. E-mail address:sobiajuluike@yahoo.com (S.O. Ike). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B.C. Anisiuba, B.C. Anisiuba Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B.J.C. Onwubere, B.J.C. Onwubere Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar V.O. Ikeh V.O. Ikeh Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 103, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 159–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.06.016 Published: 01 February 2009 Article history Received: 03 March 2008 Revision received: 24 June 2008 Accepted: 25 June 2008 Published: 01 February 2009
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Hydrocarbon pollution of the Mediterranean coastline of Morocco - Er-Raioui, Hassan; Bouzid, Saida; Marhraoui, Mohammed; Saliot, A. (Ocean & Coastal Management, 2009)
Organic geochemical study of hydrocarbon pollution of the Mediterranean coastline of Morocco (Tangier-Nador) was performed during March–April 2002. It corresponds to a preliminary work representing an initial assessment of oil contamination of Moroccan coast. Three coastal sites corresponding to Tangier, Tetouan and Nador, representing the main built-up area of this marine region, were selected for superficial sediments, water and organism sampling. Results showed high contamination levels in these three selected sites, known as the most exposed areas to urban and industrial discharges. The maximal contamination corresponding to the sum of non-aromatic (NAH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) encountered in sediment samples was about 553 μg/g (dw). Nevertheless, even a small city agglomeration without any industrial activity showed high values reaching 370 μg/g (dw), which confirm the important hydrocarbons input coming from discharges of fishing ships and oil transporting tankers. The obtained results from this survey reflecting in part the important amounts drained via effluents toward the Moroccan Mediterranean coasts, presented to the concerned authorities drove to the realization of the project of treatment of the wastewater. They later expect to lower rates by 50%, which is still insufficient for a fragile ecosystem such as the Mediterranean and sensitive to anthropogenic effects.
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The vulnerability context of a savanna area in Mozambique: household drought coping strategies and responses to economic change - Eriksen, Siri; Silva, Julie A. (Environmental Science & Policy, 2009)
In this paper, we investigate the ways in which climate stressors and economic changes related to liberalisation alter the local vulnerability context. Household and key informant data from two villages in Mozambique are analysed. First, we explore how changes such as increased market integration, altered systems of agricultural support, land tenure change and privatisation of agro-industries may affect factors important for response capacity, including access to local natural resources, employment opportunities, and household labour and capital. Next, we investigate how people related to the market while coping with the 2002–2003 drought. The study reveals that there had been an increase in informal trade and casual employment opportunities; however, market relations were very unfavourable and as the drought intensified, smallholders were locked into activities that barely secured economic survival and which sometimes endangered long-term response capacity. Only a few large-scale farmers had the capital and skills necessary to negotiate a good market position in urban markets, thus securing future incomes. Inequality, social sustainability, vulnerability and natural resource use are all closely linked in the savannas. Hence, both climate change adaptation policies and sustainability measures need to target vulnerability context and the social and environmental stressors shaping it.
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An evaluation of a brief motivational interviewing training course for HIV/AIDS counsellors in Western Cape Province, South Africa - Evangeli, Michael; Engelbrecht, Sarah-Kate; Swartz, Leslie; Turner, Karen; Forsberg, Lisa; Soka, Nosiphiwo F (AIDS Care, 2009)
HIV/AIDS counselling in South Africa covers a range of areas of prevention and treatment with a commonly used model of lay counsellors trained by non-governmental organisations and working alongside professionals in public health settings. This study presents a single group evaluation of a six-session (12-hour) course of Motivational Interviewing (MI) delivered to 17 HIV/AIDS lay counsellors working in peri-urban settings in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Counsellors reported that they used MI techniques both at the start and at the end of the training. In addition, they reported confidence in their ability to influence their clients' motivation at both time points. The results from the ratings of role play performance showed that there was a marked change in emphasis over the group of counsellors from MI non-adherent practice before training (with advice giving, directiveness, control and confrontation) to more MI adherent practice (asking permission before giving advice, emphasising client autonomy, affirming the client and stressing the client's responsibility to change) at the end of the training. Only a small proportion of the counsellors reached the level of beginning proficiency (according to the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code) on the measure of the ratio of MI adherent to non-adherent responses. The ratio of reflections to questions and the percentage of open questions also showed improvements in performance across the group but generally to levels below that suggesting beginning proficiency in MI. There was no evidence of any change on global therapist ratings (of empathy and the spirit of MI, i.e. collaboration, evocation and autonomy support) or the percentage of complex reflections across the group of counsellors. Possible explanations for the results and public health implications are discussed.
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Adapting land use to climate change on the coast of Ondo state, southwest Nigeria - Fasona, Mayowa; Omojola, Ademola; Soneye, Alabi (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Adapting land use to climate change on the coast of Ondo state, southwest Nigeria - Fasona, Mayowa; Omojola, Ademola; Soneye, Alabi (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Nigeria coastal cities already living with climate change - Fatai, Adesina (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Nigeria coastal cities already living with climate change - Fatai, Adesina (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Water-soluble Coenzyme Q10 formulation (Q-ter) promotes outer hair cell survival in a guinea pig model of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) - Fetoni, Anna Rita; Piacentini, Roberto; Fiorita, Antonella; Paludetti, Gaetano; Troiani, Diana (Brain Research, 2009)
The mitochondrial respiratory chain is a powerful source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also in noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) and anti-oxidants and free-radicals scavengers have been shown to attenuate the damage. Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) or ubiquinone has a bioenergetic role as a component of the mithocondrial respiratory chain, it inhibits mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, inducing ATP production and it is involved in ROS removal and prevention of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. However the therapeutic application of CoQ(10) is limited by the lack of solubility and poor bio- availability, therefore it is a challenge to improve its water solubility in order to ameliorate the efficacy in tissues and fluids. This study was conducted in a model of acoustic trauma in the guinea pig where the effectiveness of CoQ(10) was compared with a soluble formulation of CoQ(10) (multicomposite CoQ(10) Terclatrate, Q-ter) given intraperitoneally 1 h before and once daily for 3 days after pure tone noise exposure (6 kHz for 1 h at 120 dB SPL). Functional and morphological studies were carried out by measuring auditory brainstem responses, scanning electron microscopy for hair cell loss count, active caspase 3 staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP labelling assay in order to identify initial signs of apoptosis. Treatments decreased active caspase 3 expression and the number of apoptotic cells, but animals injected with Q-ter showed a greater degree of activity in preventing apoptosis and thus in improving hearing. These data confirm that solubility of Coenzyme Q(10) improves the ability of CoQ(10) in preventing oxidative injuries that result from mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Adapting a Multifaceted U.S. HIV Prevention Education Program for Girls in Ghana - Fiscian, Vivian Sarpomaa; Obeng, E. Kwame; Goldstein, Kenneth M.; Shea, Judy A.; Turner, Barbara J. (Aids Education and Prevention, 2009)
We adapted a U.S. HIV prevention program to address knowledge gaps and cultural pressures that increase the risk of infection in adolescent Ghanaian girls. The theory-based nine-module HIV prevention program combines didactics and games, an interactive computer program about sugar daddies, and tie-and-dye training to demonstrate an economic alternative to transactional sex. The abstinence-based study was conducted in a church-affiliated junior secondary school in Nsawam, Ghana. Of 61 subjects aged 10-14 in the prevention program, over two thirds were very worried about becoming HIV infected. A pre-post evaluation of the intervention showed significant gains in three domains: HIV knowledge (p = .001) and self efficacy to discuss HIV and sex with men (p < .001) and with boys (p < .001). Responses to items about social norms of HIV risk behavior were also somewhat improved (p = .09). Subjects rated most program features highly. Although short-term knowledge and self-efficacy to address HIV improved significantly, longer term research is needed to address cultural and economic factors placing young women at risk of HIV infection.
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Land use and socio-economics. Identifying societal factors that lead to agricultural landscapes vulnerable to climate change in Malawi - Fraser, Evan D. G.; Simelton, Elisabeth; Termansen, Mette; Challinor, Andrew J.; Mkwambisi, David (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Land use and socio-economics. Identifying societal factors that lead to agricultural landscapes vulnerable to climate change in Malawi - Fraser, Evan D. G.; Simelton, Elisabeth; Termansen, Mette; Challinor, Andrew J.; Mkwambisi, David (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Importance of local institutions and downwards accountability of local government for mitigating adverse effects of global climate change for poor farmers in South-Eastern Africa - Friis-Hansen, Esbern; Stage, O; Aben, Charles (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Importance of local institutions and downwards accountability of local government for mitigating adverse effects of global climate change for poor farmers in South-Eastern Africa - Friis-Hansen, Esbern; Stage, Ole; Aben, Charles (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Differentiated Writing Interventions for High-Achieving Urban African American Elementary Students - Geisler, Jennifer L.; Hessler, Terri; Gardner, Ralph; Lovelace, Temple S. (Journal of Advanced Academics, 2009)
African American students are overrepresented in special education and underrepresented in gifted education. This is in large part due to students’ poor performance in core academic areas such as reading, math, and writing. Differentiating instruction in early grades could assist in closing the writing performance gap between African American and majority students, with the intended outcome of increasing the likelihood of students achieving their academic potential. Research-based strategies that improve fluency and vocabulary—potentially improving writing quality—include students counting the total number of words they have written and self-monitoring their progress. We examined the effects of self-counting (which included viewing graphs of the word counts students had written) and student use of synonym lists (which provided alternative words for students to use in their writing) on the length and quality of writing of 5 high-achieving urban African American first graders whose instruction took place in a first/second-grade split classroom. All 5 students demonstrated improved writing outcomes. The results of this study support the use of differentiated interventions for high-achieving students in order to better increase the likelihood that they will achieve in written expression at a level commensurate with their abilities.
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Ecosystem effects of climate change on the Seychelles islands: Current impacts and the potential for resolution - Gerlach, Justin (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Ecosystem effects of climate change on the Seychelles islands: Current impacts and the potential for resolution - Gerlach, Justin (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Exploring agricultural management options for improving adaptation to climate change and variability in smallholder farming systems in Zimbabwe. - Giller, Ken E.; Wijk, Mark T. van; Rufino, M.C.; Rurinda, Jairos (2009)
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Cooperation and adaptation to climate change in transboundary river basins in Africa: Evidence from the Nile Basin - Goulden, Marisa; Conway, Declan (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
African Community and the Nile Basin Initiative are important for cooperation and potentially also for climate change adaptation.The findings highlight the benefits of supporting cooperation between river basin
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Cooperation and adaptation to climate change in transboundary river basins in Africa: Evidence from the Nile Basin - Goulden, Marisa; Conway, Declan (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Albert Sidney Beckham: The First African American School Psychologist - Graves, JR Scott L. (School Psychology International, 2009)
Albert Sidney Beckham was the first African American to hold the title school psychologist. This article examines the life and professional career of Beckham in the context of his contributions to the field of school psychology. It explores his graduate education, the founding of Howard University's Psychological Laboratory and his research and practice as a school psychologist at the Institute for Juvenile Research and Chicago Bureau of Child Study. While much has been written on individual contributors to the field of school psychology, there is virtually no mention of any practitioners of colour. Thus, the purpose of this article is to begin a process of inclusion by mainstreaming the work of a pioneer in the field of school psychology.
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The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique - Hahn, Micah B.; Riederer, Anne M.; Foster, Stanley O. (Global environmental change, 2009)
We developed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate climate change vulnerability in the Mabote and Moma Districts of Mozambique. We surveyed 200 households in each district to collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate variability. Data were aggregated using a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. Results suggest that Moma may be more vulnerable in terms of water resources while Mabote may be more vulnerable in terms of socio-demographic structure. This pragmatic approach may be used to monitor vulnerability, program resources for assistance, and/or evaluate potential program/policy effectiveness in data-scarce regions by introducing scenarios into the LVI model for baseline comparison.
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The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique - Hahn, Micah B.; Riederer, Anne M.; Foster, Stanley O. (Global environmental change, 2009)
We developed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate climate change vulnerability in the Mabote and Moma Districts of Mozambique. We surveyed 200 households in each district to collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate variability. Data were aggregated using a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. Results suggest that Moma may be more vulnerable in terms of water resources while Mabote may be more vulnerable in terms of socio-demographic structure. This pragmatic approach may be used to monitor vulnerability, program resources for assistance, and/or evaluate potential program/policy effectiveness in data-scarce regions by introducing scenarios into the LVI model for baseline comparison.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique - Hahn, Micah B.; Riederer, Anne M.; Foster, Stanley O. (Global environmental change, 2009)
We developed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate climate change vulnerability in the Mabote and Moma Districts of Mozambique. We surveyed 200 households in each district to collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate variability. Data were aggregated using a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. Results suggest that Moma may be more vulnerable in terms of water resources while Mabote may be more vulnerable in terms of socio-demographic structure. This pragmatic approach may be used to monitor vulnerability, program resources for assistance, and/or evaluate potential program/policy effectiveness in data-scarce regions by introducing scenarios into the LVI model for baseline comparison.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique - Hahn, Micah B.; Riederer, Anne M.; Foster, Stanley O. (Global environmental change, 2009)
We developed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate climate change vulnerability in the Mabote and Moma Districts of Mozambique. We surveyed 200 households in each district to collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate variability. Data were aggregated using a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. Results suggest that Moma may be more vulnerable in terms of water resources while Mabote may be more vulnerable in terms of socio-demographic structure. This pragmatic approach may be used to monitor vulnerability, program resources for assistance, and/or evaluate potential program/policy effectiveness in data-scarce regions by introducing scenarios into the LVI model for baseline comparison.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique - Hahn, Micah B.; Riederer, Anne M.; Foster, Stanley O. (Global environmental change, 2009)
We developed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate climate change vulnerability in the Mabote and Moma Districts of Mozambique. We surveyed 200 households in each district to collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate variability. Data were aggregated using a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. Results suggest that Moma may be more vulnerable in terms of water resources while Mabote may be more vulnerable in terms of socio-demographic structure. This pragmatic approach may be used to monitor vulnerability, program resources for assistance, and/or evaluate potential program/policy effectiveness in data-scarce regions by introducing scenarios into the LVI model for baseline comparison.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique - Hahn, Micah B.; Riederer, Anne M.; Foster, Stanley O. (Global environmental change, 2009)
We developed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate climate change vulnerability in the Mabote and Moma Districts of Mozambique. We surveyed 200 households in each district to collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate variability. Data were aggregated using a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. Results suggest that Moma may be more vulnerable in terms of water resources while Mabote may be more vulnerable in terms of socio-demographic structure. This pragmatic approach may be used to monitor vulnerability, program resources for assistance, and/or evaluate potential program/policy effectiveness in data-scarce regions by introducing scenarios into the LVI model for baseline comparison.
Keywords: openalex:import

Disability and HIV/AIDS ‐ a systematic review of literature on Africa - Hanass-Hancock, Jill (Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2009)
This systematic review focuses on empirical work on disability and HIV/AIDS in Africa in the past decade and considers all the literature currently accessible. The review presents data from different surveys and summarizes the findings. In this way, it convincingly reveals that people with disabilities are very vulnerable to contracting HIV, and lack access to information, testing and treatment. The review further reveals gaps in the research and areas of concern. While vulnerability and accessibility have been investigated, there are few prevalence studies or evaluations available. A certain amount of work has focused on the deaf population, but little has been done for other disability groups. A growing area of concern is sexual abuse and exploitation of people with disabilities. Only a few studies or interventions focus on this crucial area.
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Changing pedagogical practice in Kenyan primary schools: the impact of school‐based training - Hardman, Frank; Abd‐Kadir, Jan; Agg, Catherine; Migwi, James; Ndambuku, Jacinta; Smith, Fay (Comparative Education, 2009)
This study reports on an investigation into the impact of a national, school‐based teacher development programme on learning and teaching in Kenyan primary schools. Building on a national baseline study (n=102), 144 video‐recorded lessons, covering the teaching of English, maths and science at Standards 3 and 6, were analysed to investigate whole‐class teaching and group‐based learning. Interviews were also conducted with school management committees, head teachers, teachers and pupils to elicit their views on the impact of the school‐based training programme on learning and teaching. The study found that compared to the earlier baseline, teachers were more interactive with the pupils in their whole‐class teaching and greater use was being made of group work. Lesson plans, teaching resources and flexible classroom layouts were also much more in evidence. However, the greatest impact on classroom practice was seen in the classrooms of those teachers who had undergone the most systematic in‐service training. The wider implications of the findings for improving the quality of classroom learning in Kenyan primary classrooms are considered.
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Enhancing adaptation of the pastoralists to climate change through drought contingency measures in arid Northern Kenya - Harun, M Warui (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Enhancing adaptation of the pastoralists to climate change through drought contingency measures in arid Northern Kenya - Harun, M Warui (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
Pastoralism, which is a major livestock production system in the arid and semi arid lands (ASALs) of Sub-Saharan Africa, entails extensive grazing in rangelands.Mobility of the livestock is an adaptive mechanism of the pastoralists to the temporal and spatial variability of livestock's feed.Although pastoralists have extensive local knowledge in drought management, the long drought periods-which usually exceed one year period-impacts on their livestock by causing high mortality.This remains a concern to the livestock keepers in the arid Northern Kenya as exemplified in a comment by a livestock keeper during the post drought period of 2006:"Long droughts are nowadays more common than before.They are hitting us more badly, making us to live in a cyclic life of trying to increase our herd sizes but only to be reduced again by the next drought."During this drought of 2006, the Government of Kenya (GoK) and the donor community initiated some drought contingency measures, which were instrumental in reducing vulnerability of pastoralists to climate change.First, livestock in the 'drought refuge pasture areas', which are grazing sites having perennial grasses but lacking nearby water sources, were supplied with water using lorries.Secondly, the pastoralists were supported with supplementary feed (hay and feed concentrates) to 'sustain a core-breeding herd'.Thirdly, pastoralists were facilitated to carry out livestock off-take to reduce herd sizes.In addition this provided cash resource transfer to pastoralists before their animals died.The potentials and challenges of factoring these initiatives into a drought management plan of the arid Northern Kenya are discussed.
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South African teachers' reflections on the impact of culture on their teaching of sexuality and HIV/AIDS - Helleve, Arnfinn; Flisher, Alan J.; Onya, Hans; Mukoma, Wanjirû; Klepp, Knut‐Inge (Culture, health & sexuality (Print), 2009)
This paper aims to explore South African Life Orientation teachers' perception and practice of teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality in a cultural perspective. We aim to investigate how teachers respond to perceived cultural differences between the local community and the content of their teaching. Data were collected through interviews with teachers who taught students in grades 8 or 9 in public high schools. The teachers expressed differing viewpoints regarding the rationale for teaching about HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Many teachers saw teaching these topics as a response to declining moral standards, while others suggested that they were teaching issues that parents failed to address. The teachers were more concerned about young people's sexual behaviour than about preventing HIV/AIDS. They perceived that cultural contradictions between what was taught and local cultural values were an issue to which they needed to respond, although they differed in terms of how to respond. Some took an adaptive approach to try to avoid conflicts, while others claimed the moral neutrality of their teaching. Teaching about sexuality was perceived to be challenging in terms of language and communication norms. Teaching about HIV/AIDS was perceived as challenging because teachers often needed to convince students about the reality of AIDS.
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Climate change: Challenges for social protection in Africa - Heltberg, Rasmus; Jørgensen, Steen Lau; Siegel, P. B. (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
This paper explores the role of social protection in helping Africa adapt to climate change. The increase in covariate (environmental and health) risks due to ongoing and future climate changes—and the demonstrated adverse impacts of such risks—make it important to scale up interventions to reduce household vulnerability. Efforts under way to gear up adaptation to climate change in Africa must be responsive to the needs of the poor. Social protection can contribute to this with its established frameworks for vulnerability reduction. Particular instruments to consider include social funds for community-based adaptation, safety nets designed flexible to respond to climatic shocks and natural disasters, and skills development, micro finance, and assisted migration for changing livelihoods.
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Climate change: Challenges for social protection in Africa - Heltberg, Rasmus; Jørgensen, Steen Lau; Siegel, P. B. (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Perceived Academic Competence and Overall Job Evaluations: Students' Evaluations of African American and European American Professors - Ho, Arnold K.; Thomsen, Lotte; Sidanius, Jim (Journal of applied social psychology, 2009)
Despite the fact that few people appear to endorse negative stereotypes of Blacks, such stereotypes are widely disseminated in our culture. Consequently, such stereotypes can have pervasive consequences on one's impressions of African Americans, even by low‐prejudice Whites and by Blacks themselves. Thus, we predicted that student judgments of intellectual competence would be more important when students were making global performance evaluations of Black faculty than of White faculty. Furthermore, to the extent that intellectual competence is more salient in the judgment of Black faculty, such judgments should be essentially the same among Black and White students, and for low‐ and high‐prejudice students. For the most part, analyses of instructor evaluations at a major American university supported these expectations.
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Climate change and climate insurance. The case of Malawi - Hochrainer, Stefan; Mechler, R; Pflug, G (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change and climate insurance. The case of Malawi - Hochrainer, Stefan; Mechler, Reinhard; Pflug, Georg Ch. (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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JNMA Salutes the African American Deans at Majority Medical Schools - Hoover, Eddie L. (Journal of the National Medical Association, 2009)
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Comparison of the processes for developing climate change adaptation strategies for dealing with floods and droughts in the Netherlands, South Africa, China and Australia - Huntjens, Patrick; Pahl-Wostl, C; Jun, X; Camkin, J; Kranz, N (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Comparison of the processes for developing climate change adaptation strategies for dealing with floods and droughts in the Netherlands, South Africa, China and Australia - Huntjens, Patrick; Pahl–Wostl, Claudia; Xia, Jun; Camkin, Jeff; Kranz, Nicole (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Inequity in climate change mitigation and adaptation capacities: The case for Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa - Iinswe, Richard U U; Otu, J E; Ukwayi, J K (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Inequity in climate change mitigation and adaptation capacities: The case for Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa - Iinswe, Richard U U; Otu, Judith E.; Ukwayi, J. K. (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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An exploration of bullying in public schools in Lesotho - Isidiho, Pius Emenike (2009)
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Effects of Information Literacy Skills on the Use of E-Library Resources among Students of the University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria - Issa, Abdulwahab Olanrewaju; Blessing, Amusan; Daura, Umma Dauda (Library Philosophy and Practice, 2009)
Introduction The has long been perceived as a building with walls and filled with books for reading. Issa (2003) notes that librarianship as a profession came into existence to preserve and make widely accessible records of human experience. The emergence of Information Technology (IT) has recreated face of librarianship. IT has permeated evenly into our daily activities. Okerulu (2003) states that IT has created limitless opportunities for open access to information. Larnikanra (2003) describes history of Internet which grew out of ARPANET, a computer network developed by Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) in 1960s. The term refers to information accessed through Internet. Unlike traditional libraries, e-libraries are not limited by location or time. Libraries have changed with emergence and application of IT. They have assumed role of educators, teaching users to find, evaluate, and use information both in and over electronic networks. As use of e-library continues to soar, users are expected to develop information literacy skills. These skills, as Julien (2002) observes, will enable users to make efficient and effective use of information sources. Information literacy is increasingly important. Academic libraries have responded by providing instruction in information literacy, described as the ability to locate, manage, critically evaluate and use information for problem solving, research and decision making (Orr, Appleton, and Wallin, 2001). In developing countries like Nigeria however, both IT and use of e-library are still at an embryonic stage. The limits of tradition and increasing popularity of IT have caused use of e-library to grow rapidly. Although people need no longer go to a building for some kinds of information, they still need help to locate information they want. Locating information from e-library requires information literacy. There are standards which an information literate person must meet. The primary goal of this study is to determine how information literacy skills, especially among students of tertiary institutions, affect use of e-library among University of Ilorin students. Literature Review The term is used synonymously with universal future virtual and library without walls. It has been defined variously by different scholars and/or organizations, depending on their perception of concept. Arms (2005) defines e-library as managed collection of information, with association, services, where information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network. These two definitions recognize need for e-library to function over a network but crucial part of latter is that information is managed. MacCall, Cleveland, and Gibson (1999) define e-library as collections of electronic knowledge resources developed and maintained in order to meet totality of information needs for a given user population. Like traditional library, e-library is also targeted towards a particular group of users in term of its information dissemination. Acting as a quality guide, e-libraries often follow certain guidelines for selection of content in order to maintain a consistent collection of data (Virtual Library 2007). They follow procedures to select materials in their collections, to organize and make them available to users. Waters (1998) states that, libraries are organizations that provide resources, including specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to Internet, distribute, preserve integrity of, and ensure persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities. …
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Effects of Information Literacy Skills on the Use of E-Library Resources among Students of the University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria - Issa, Abdulwahab Olanrewaju; Blessing, Amusan; Daura, Umma Dauda (Library Philosophy and Practice, 2009)
Introduction The has long been perceived as a building with walls and filled with books for reading. Issa (2003) notes that librarianship as a profession came into existence to preserve and make widely accessible records of human experience. The emergence of Information Technology (IT) has recreated face of librarianship. IT has permeated evenly into our daily activities. Okerulu (2003) states that IT has created limitless opportunities for open access to information. Larnikanra (2003) describes history of Internet which grew out of ARPANET, a computer network developed by Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) in 1960s. The term refers to information accessed through Internet. Unlike traditional libraries, e-libraries are not limited by location or time. Libraries have changed with emergence and application of IT. They have assumed role of educators, teaching users to find, evaluate, and use information both in and over electronic networks. As use of e-library continues to soar, users are expected to develop information literacy skills. These skills, as Julien (2002) observes, will enable users to make efficient and effective use of information sources. Information literacy is increasingly important. Academic libraries have responded by providing instruction in information literacy, described as the ability to locate, manage, critically evaluate and use information for problem solving, research and decision making (Orr, Appleton, and Wallin, 2001). In developing countries like Nigeria however, both IT and use of e-library are still at an embryonic stage. The limits of tradition and increasing popularity of IT have caused use of e-library to grow rapidly. Although people need no longer go to a building for some kinds of information, they still need help to locate information they want. Locating information from e-library requires information literacy. There are standards which an information literate person must meet. The primary goal of this study is to determine how information literacy skills, especially among students of tertiary institutions, affect use of e-library among University of Ilorin students. Literature Review The term is used synonymously with universal future virtual and library without walls. It has been defined variously by different scholars and/or organizations, depending on their perception of concept. Arms (2005) defines e-library as managed collection of information, with association, services, where information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network. These two definitions recognize need for e-library to function over a network but crucial part of latter is that information is managed. MacCall, Cleveland, and Gibson (1999) define e-library as collections of electronic knowledge resources developed and maintained in order to meet totality of information needs for a given user population. Like traditional library, e-library is also targeted towards a particular group of users in term of its information dissemination. Acting as a quality guide, e-libraries often follow certain guidelines for selection of content in order to maintain a consistent collection of data (Virtual Library 2007). They follow procedures to select materials in their collections, to organize and make them available to users. Waters (1998) states that, libraries are organizations that provide resources, including specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to Internet, distribute, preserve integrity of, and ensure persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities. …
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When Knowledge is not Enough : Sexual Behaviour among University Students in Tanzania - Jeckoniah, John; Mwageni, Eleuther; Kayunze, Kim A. (Asian Journal of African Studies, 2009)
Although university students form an important future work force for the nation, they are at high risk of HIV/AIDS infection. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with sexual behaviour among public university students in Tanzania. Using a cross-sectional study design and stratified sampling the survey was conducted in two big public universities in Tanzania, 360 respondents participated in the study. Statistical analysis by SPSS was done to compute descriptive statistics. Index scales were constructed to gauge the level of risky behaviour, misconceptions and barriers to sexual behavioural change. The study found that students have high levels of knowledge on HIV/AIDS, indulge in risky sexual behaviour, have many sexual partners and are inconsistent in using condoms. It recommends the government to develop programmes and strategies to address risky sexual behaviour in universities.
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Opportunities and constraints for action of climate change adaptation in Africa: Experiences from Uganda - Kasimbazi, Emmanuel (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Opportunities and constraints for action of climate change adaptation in Africa: Experiences from Uganda - Kasimbazi, Emmanuel (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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HIV prevalence among medical students in Johannesburg, South Africa. - Keller, Patrick; McCarthy, Kerrigan; Mosendane, T; Tellie, Mercia Jane; Venter, F; Noble, Lara; Scott, Lesley; Stevens, Wendy; Rie, Annelies Van (South African Medical Journal, 2009)
As part of a study to determine Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection rates among medical students in Johannesburg South Africa we conducted tuberculin skin testing (TST) as well as HIV counselling and testing (in order to interpret TST results). We offered participation to 190 5th-year medical students; only 74 (39%) participated and none were HIV infected. The mean age of the participants was 23.9 years (median 23 years) and 55% were female. In two studies on HIV prevalence in South African health care workers the HIV testing was anonymous and unlinked i.e. participants could not learn their HIV status. We offered pre- and post-test HIV counselling and all participating students elected to receive their HIV results. While both studies included health care workers neither included medical students. Shisana et al. used cluster methods to sample a representative 5% of all health care workers in South Africa. Most (595 out of 721 or 82.5%) eligible health workers participated; 349 (59%) were professional health care workers (physicians and nurses) and 246 (41%) were non-professional (N=246) health care workers (ward attendants and cleaners). The HIV prevalence rate was 20.3% among non-professional workers and 13.7% among health professionals. HIV prevalence was higher among the 18 - 35-year-olds (20%) than among the 36 - 45-year-olds (16.6%). The HIV prevalence rate was not listed separately for different categories of professional health care workers. Connelly et al. determined the HIV prevalence among doctors nurses and student nurses at two hospitals in Gauteng province South Africa.2 While they achieved a high overall response rate (1 493/1 813 or 82.3%) almost all (98.5%) student nurses but few (25%) physicians participated. The HIV prevalence rate was 11.5% overall (student nurses 13.8% nurses 13.7% physicians 2%). HIV prevalence was low in hospital workers in the age groups over 55 years (2%) and 18 - 24 years (6.7%) and higher (10.2 - 15.9%) in all other age groups. The low participation rate among medical students in our study (39%) was higher than the 25% participation rate among physicians in the study by Connelly et al. even though HIV testing in our study was not anonymous. We expected to find an HIV prevalence rate among medical students similar to the estimated 9% to 11.9% for Gauteng youth aged 15 - 24 years. The lower rate among physicians in the study by Connelly et al. and in our study among medical students may suggest that physicians and medical students are truly at lower risk compared with the general population and other health workers or may be a biased estimate result with only those at lowest risk choosing to participate. These observations raise several questions. Why do physicians and medical students refrain from participation in these studies? Is the HIV prevalence among physicians and medical students truly lower than in the general population and other health workers? Does the low participation rate among physicians and medical students who are well aware of the HIV epidemic and the need for all South Africans to know their HIV status indicate that it may be difficult to achieve high uptake rates of HIV testing strategies in the general population? It is important to explore these questions further. (full-text)
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Adaptation actions to reduce water system vulnerability to climate change in Tensift River basin (Morocco) - Khebiza, Mohammed Yacoubi; Messouli, M; Hammadi, F; Ghallabi, B (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
living in the region.The study has engaged key Moroccan stakeholders at regional and local levels.It has also improved the scientific capacity in the region and suggested practical adaptation options and/or policies to effectively handle climate change impacts and to enhance regional sustainable development.
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Adaptation actions to reduce water system vulnerability to climate change in Tensift River basin (Morocco) - Khebiza, Mohammed Yacoubi; Messouli, Mohammed; Hammadi, F; Ghallabi, B (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Drought and flood in Korhogo (Côte d'Ivoire): From their manifestation to population perception and coping strategies - Koné, Brama; Boko, Nung; Kouakou, E; Koffi, Gnagne-Agnéro; Houenou, P.; Cissé, Guéladio (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Drought and flood in Korhogo (Côte d'Ivoire): From their manifestation to population perception and coping strategies - Koné, Brama; Boko, Nung; Kouakou, E; Koffi, Gnagne-Agnéro; Houenou, P.; Cissé, Guéladio (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Ecological implications of climate change on the genetic diversity and distribution of African locust bean parkia biglobossa in Central Nigeria - Kwon-Ndung, E. H.; Chup, C D; Binbol, N A; Ismaila, A (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Ecological implications of climate change on the genetic diversity and distribution of African locust bean parkia biglobossa in Central Nigeria - Kwon-Ndung, E. H.; Chup, Clement Didi; Binbol, N A; Ismaila, Afisi S (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
P37.19 Ecological implications of climate change on the genetic diversity and distribution of African locust bean parkia biglobossa in Central Nigeria Emmanuel Hala Kwon-Ndung(1), CD Chup(2), NA Binbol(1), A Ismaila(1) (1) Nasarawa State University Keffi, Department of Biological Sciences, Nigeria (2) University of Abuja, Nigeria The African locust bean Parkia biglobossa is a very important tree crop in the African savannas where the natives use it as a food, medicine, glaze for ceramic pots, fodder, firewood and charcoal production. However, its wide range of wild species which is quite restricted is seriously under threat of genetic erosion, although the need to develop improved seedlings or varieties of this tree with lesser growth cycles and other socioeconomic characteristics is under consideration. So many factors might be responsible for this threat even though the consequence of climate has been suspected as one of the most important causes. This study was therefore carried out to determine the ecological implication of possible response of climate change on the genetic distribution and diversity of this valuable source of biodiversity in selected locations in North Central Nigeria. Different agro climatic factors such as rainfall distribution, temperatures and relative humidity in ten locations in the north central region or Northern Guinea savanna agro ecological zones as is popularly known in Nigeria were undertaken. The suitability of these locations to Parkia biglobossa prevalence or otherwise with regards to the climatic factors were observed in the 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons and statistically analyzed. Also the fruit yield over the two cropping seasons with respect to the climatic factors was analyzed using correlation coefficients. Rainfall distribution, temperature and relative humidity significantly varied with crop prevalence across locations and these results are discussed and the limitations and suggestions are presented for a postulation of the probable effect of shifts in the main agro climatic factors on the yield productivity and genetic diversity of this important germplasm in sub-Saharan Africa. Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science6 (2009) 372026 doi:10.1088/1755-1307/6/7/372026 c 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd
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Challenges experienced by educators in the implementation of inclusive education in primary schools in South Africa - Ladbrook, Maughreen Winifred (2009)
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The economic impact of climate change on agriculture in Cameroon - Lambi, Cornelius Mbifung; Forbang, T (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
This study examines the impact of climate change on crop farming in Cameroon. The country's economy is predominantly agrarian and agriculture and the exploitation of natural resources remain the driving force for the country's economic development. Fluctuations in national income are due not merely to the decline in world demand for Cameroon's traditional agricultural exports or to mistakes in economic policy making, but also to the vagaries of the weather. Based on a farm-level survey of more than 800 farms, the study employs a Ricardian cross-sectional approach to measure the relationship between climate and the net revenue from crops. Net revenue is regressed on climate, water flow, soil, and economic variables. Further, uniform scenarios assume that only one aspect of climate changes and the change is uniform across the whole country. The analysis finds that net revenues fall as precipitation decreases or temperatures increase across all the surveyed farms. The study reaffirms that agriculture in Cameroon is often limited by seasonality and the availability of moisture. Although other physical factors, such as soil and relief, have an important influence on agriculture, climate remains the dominant influence on the variety of crops cultivated and the types of agriculture practiced.
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The impact of teachers' misconduct on learners' performance in primary schools in Moshono division Arusha Tanzania - Layson, Gerald (2009)
A Research Dissertation Submitted To The Faculty Of Education In Partial Fulfillment For The Award Of Degree, Bachelor Of Arts With Education Of Kampala International University
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Climate change: Lessons from the past set future mitigations strategies in arid and semi-arid Kenya - Lekasi, J.K.; Woomer, Paul L. (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change impact in agriculture sector in Tanzania and its mitigation measure - Levira, Pamela William (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Climate change impact in agriculture sector in Tanzania and its mitigation measure - Levira, Pamela William (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Ability Grouping Practices in Elementary School and African American/Hispanic Achievement - Lleras, Christy; Rangel, Claudia (American Journal of Education, 2009)
This study examines the impact of ability grouping practices on the achievement gains among African Americans and Hispanics during elementary school. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, the results strongly support the differential effects hypothesis of ability grouping. That is, students who are lower grouped for reading instruction learn substantially less, and higher‐grouped students learn slightly more over the first few years of school, compared to students who are in classrooms that do not practice grouping. Overall, the results of our study call into question the notion that ability grouping is a beneficial practice in the earliest years of schooling.
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Teaching approaches in South African dental schools: direct restorative procedures. - Lombard, Ronald; Preez, I. C. du; Oberholzer, Theunis; Gugushe, Tshepo Sipho (journal of the South African Dental Association, 2009)
Introduction : Worldwide the use of amalgam has declined and mercury-containing products are banned in several countries. National and international opinions on amalgam were recently discussed in journals. According to surveys, significant time is spent on the teaching of amalgam in American, Canadian, Irish and United Kingdom Dental Schools. Aims and objectives : To i) investigate the teaching approaches on direct restorative techniques and materials in South African Dental Schools; ii) compare the teaching approaches of the dental schools in South Africa with each other as well as with the American, Canadian, Irish and United Kingdom schools; iii) use the information of this study as baseline data for future studies on teaching approaches. Methods : A questionnaire regarding the teaching and training of direct restorations was e-mailed to the heads of Restorative Dentistry departments in four South African Dental Schools in 2007. Results : Significant time is spent on teaching and training of amalgam as a restorative material. Teaching and training on direct restorations are very similar in all South African Dental Schools. Conclusion : Although there is a decline in the use of amalgam worldwide, significant time is spent on teaching of amalgam restorations in South African Dental Schools and this corresponds to the curriculums of American, Canadian, Ireland and United Kingdom Dental Schools.
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Planning water resources development in the Western Cape of South Africa: How do coping with development pressure, climate variability, and climate change influence each other? - Louw, D. B.; Tadros, M; Schulze, R. E.; Hellmuth, M; Greene, A; Callaway, J.M. (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Planning water resources development in the Western Cape of South Africa: How do coping with development pressure, climate variability, and climate change influence each other? - Louw, D. B.; Tadros, M; Schulze, R. E.; Hellmuth, Molly; Greene, Arthur M.; Callaway, J.M. (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Impacts of climate variability and change on development and water security in Sub-Saharan Africa - Ludwig, Fulco; Kabat, P; Hagemann, S; Dorlandt, M (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
necessary that countries become less vulnerable to climate variability.Also without adaptation, future climate change is likely to slow down economic growth of West and Southern African countries.To reduce the impact of climate variability and change on African countries significant investment in water infrastructure is necessary in addition to a range of other non-structural measurers.
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Impacts of climate variability and change on development and water security in Sub-Saharan Africa - Ludwig, Fulco; Kabat, P.; Hagemann, Stefan; Dorlandt, M (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Transforming the role of the media in combating climate change in Africa - Luganda, Patrick (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Transforming the role of the media in combating climate change in Africa - Luganda, Patrick (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Gender norms in South Africa: implications for HIV and pregnancy prevention among African and Indian women students at a South African tertiary institution - Mantell, Joanne E.; Needham, Sarah; Smit, Jennifer; Hoffman, Susie; Cebekhulu, Queen; Adams‐Skinner, Jessica; Exner, Theresa M.; Mabude, Zonke; Beksinska, Mags; Stein, Zena; Milford, Cecilia (Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2009)
In post-Apartheid South Africa, women are constitutionally guaranteed protections and freedoms that were previously unknown to them. These freedoms may have positive implications for women's ability to negotiate sexual protection with partners and hence prevent unintended pregnancy and decrease their risk of HIV. Among tertiary institution students, who are a relatively 'privileged' group, there is little information on gender norms that might shape responses to HIV-prevention programmes. To elicit gender norms regarding women's and men's roles, condom and contraceptive use, sexual communication and sexual pleasure, we conducted 10 semi-structured focus group discussions with African and Indian female tertiary institution students in order to understand how norms might be used to buttress HIV- and pregnancy-prevention. Participants reported dramatic changes in the structure of gender norms and relations with the formal recognition of women's rights in the post-Apartheid context. These generational shifts in norms are supported by other research in South Africa. At the same time, women recognized the co-existence of traditional constructions of gender that operate to constrain women's freedom. The perceived changes that have taken place provide an entry point for intervention, particularly for reinforcing emerging gender norms that promote women's protection against unintended pregnancy and HIV/STIs.
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Climate change, poverty and development in the coast region of Tanzania - Mascarenhas, Adolfo (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
The Coast Region of Tanzania with its huge potential and opportunities for development is faced with a serious dilemma related to differential effects of climate change on the livelihoods of people.There are two basic issues.The first is knowledge management at the formal and informal level.The assumption that local people have no adaptation capacity is erroneous (Mascarenhas 2006).Secondly, in contrast 'scientific knowledge' is open to all manner of emphasises and perhaps even manipulations (CARE 2006; OXFAM 2008).If the present trends of meeting climate change goals continue without taking the equity factor and in whose name these changes are being undertaken, there will be serious repercussions.This ongoing research needs evidence from the field in Tanzania.
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Climate change, poverty and development in the coast region of Tanzania - Mascarenhas, Adolfo (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Linking climate factors, agricultural development and adaptation strategies in the Sahel-Sudan zone of West Africa - Mertz, Ole; Mbow, C; Nielsen, J Ø; Ka, A; Diallo, D; Cissé, P; Barbier, B; Da, D E; Bouzou, I; Mato, W M; Dabi, D; Ihemegbulem, V (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Linking climate factors, agricultural development and adaptation strategies in the Sahel-Sudan zone of West Africa - Mertz, Ole; Mbow, Cheikh; Nielsen, Jonas Østergaard; Ka, Alioune; Diallo, Drissa; Cissé, Pierre; Barbier, Bruno; Da, D E; Bouzou, I; Mato, W M; Dabi, Daniel; Ihemegbulem, V (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Potential effects of climate change on vegetation zonation and c and n dynamics in islands of the Okavango Delta, Botswana - Mfundisi, Kelebosile (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Potential effects of climate change on vegetation zonation and c and n dynamics in islands of the Okavango Delta, Botswana - Mfundisi, Kelebosile (IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science (Online), 2009)
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Perceptions of the principal’s role in democratic school governance in South Africa - Mncube, Vusi (Journal of Educational Administration and History, 2009)
This article explores governors’ perceptions of the role played by school principals in the democratic governance of secondary schools in South Africa. The South African Schools Act No. 84 of 1996 has mandated that all public schools in South Africa must have democratically elected school governing bodies, comprised of the principal (in his or her official capacity), educators, non‐teaching staff, parents and learners, but the latter is applicable only in secondary schools. This reform is intended to foster tolerance, rational discussion and collective decision‐making. In the light of this reform an empirical study investigated the role of the principal in the school governing body (SGB), particularly in promoting parent and learner participation in SGBs. The findings highlighted the important functions that principals fulfil with regard to the functioning of the SGB. Principals are viewed by governors as playing a positive role in SGBs. Governors referred to principals as ‘the finger on the pulse of what is happening at school’; they are resource persons for other members of the SGBs and ‘the engines’ of the schools. Governors viewed the principal as in charge of the professional management of the school, ensuring that all duties are carried out adequately, setting the tone in SGB meetings, and responsible for interpreting education policies and ensuring that they are well implemented. Furthermore, principals have the responsibility of ensuring the maximum participation of both parent and learner governors in SGBs meetings. Principals can also contribute greatly to school governance issues, since they are usually at an advantage in terms of their familiarity with official regulations, provincial directives and knowledge of educational reform measures. The findings highlighted persistent power struggles in rural schools that may arise when principals overplay their roles as this creates tension among SGB members. However, principals enabled implementation of democratic values such as tolerance, rational discussion and collective decision‐making in schools through their leadership roles.
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The perceptions of parents of their role in the democratic governance of schools in South Africa: are they on board? - Mncube, Vusi (South African Journal of Education, 2009)
I argue that parent participation in SGBs is an important ingredient in building democracy in the schooling system, as well as in the wider society of South Africa. At some schools in South Africa, parents are not yet playing their full role as governors mandated by legislation. Parents at some rural schools are reluctant to participate in the decision-making by School Governing Bodies (SGBs) as a result of their low educational level or of power struggles in SGBs. In some former model C schools, on the other hand, lack of participation is related to a level of education of parents in general, lack of education on parental involvement in school activities, a fear of ‘academic victimisation' of their children, language barrier, and difficulty in attending meetings. This lack of involvement is at its highest in school governing bodies. It appears therefore that while representation and debate are theoretically open and fair, there are still factors that inhibit SGBs from operating democratically. Although the political control of apartheid has gone, issues related to full democratic participation have not been resolved. South African Journal of Education Vol. 29 (1) 2009: pp. 83-103
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Food production risks associated with land use change and climate change in East Africa - Moore, Nathan; Alagarswamy, G.; Pijanowski, B.C.; Thornton, P. E.; Olson, J.; Lofgren, Brent M.; Andresen, Jeff; Campbell, David (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Food production risks associated with land use change and climate change in East Africa - Moore, Nathan; Alagarswamy, G; Pijanowski, Bryan C.; Thornton, P; Olson, J; Lofgren, B; Andresen, J; Campbell, D (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Status of practice of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies among intensive dairy systems in Uganda - Mubiru, Sarah; Nanyeenya, W; Tenywa, J. S.; Romney, D.L.; Halberg, Niels (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Status of practice of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies among intensive dairy systems in Uganda - Mubiru, Sarah; Nanyeenya, W; Tenywa, J; Romney, D; Halberg, N (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Integrating climate change concerns into energy efficiency in Uganda - Mukiibi, Martin Luther; Nabuduwa, A (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
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Integrating climate change concerns into energy efficiency in Uganda - Mukiibi, Martin Luther; Nabuduwa, A (IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2009)
training; the introduction of billing systems designed to allow customers to analyze their energy encouraging energy efficient investments; A strong conclusion for a whole range of adaptation strategies is that a substantial increase in RD&D for new energy technologies as well as for technology transfer is needed in Uganda.Promoting relevant research; and the development of better regulatory legislation, Promoting research in the energy sector; promoting the use of the Clean Development Mechanism and the voluntary carbon markets; the redesign of energy taxation; legislation for labelling and standardization; the drawing up of better building codes taking account of energy efficiency Otherwise the required new and advanced technologies may not reach competitiveness with traditional options.Investments in new and advanced technology will only achieve improvements and cost reductions in some cases.However, the corollary is also true, without such uncertain investments there surely will be no improvements in the climate change.Thus, experimentation and accumulation of experience are indispensable to achieve technological change and the replacement of old by new systems and diffusion of new and advanced technologies is indispensable for achieving emissions reductions.
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