Where the education system and women's bodies collide: The social and health impact of girls' experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania - Sommer, Marni (Journal of Adolescence, 2009)
ABSTRACT The global development community has focused in recent decades on closing the gender gap in education, but has given insufficient attention to the specific needs of pre‐ and post‐pubescent girls as they transition to young womanhood within the educational institution. This study explored the social context of girls' experiences of menses and schooling in northern Tanzania, with data collection focused on capturing girls' voiced concerns and recommendations. Results indicated that pubescent girls are confronted with numerous challenges to managing menses within the school environment. Many are transitioning through puberty without adequate guidance on puberty and menses management, and pursuing education in environments that lack adequate facilities, supplies, and gender sensitivity. Girls have pragmatic and realistic recommendations for how to improve school environments, ideas that should be incorporated as effective methods for improving girls' academic experiences and their healthy transitions to womanhood.
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Pastoral Herd Management, Drought Coping Strategies, and Cattle Mobility in Southern Kenya - Butt, Bilal; Shortridge, Ashton; WinklerPrins, Antoinette M. G. A. (Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 2009)
Livestock mobility facilitates opportunistic grazing management strategies that pastoralists employ to counter environmental variability in rangelands. One such strategy is moving livestock to temporary camps that are closer to areas of underutilized forage during times of drought. In areas where pastoralists graze near large protected areas, movement into protected areas, where both forage quantity and quality are higher, is also a common strategy. The aim of this study is to test hypotheses of herd relocation and effects of seasonality and herd size on spatially explicit parameters of cattle mobility for Maasai pastoralists along the northern border of a protected area in Kenya. Modified Global Positioning System (GPS) collars were placed on cattle from ten Maasai households that recorded three parameters of mobility for hundreds of grazing orbits from August 2005 to August 2006. Data were grouped by two constraints—seasonality and herd size—and tested against the two types of enclosure locations (temporary camps and permanent settlements). Hypotheses were formed on the basis of the current knowledge within the literature and analyzed using a series of analyses of variance. Results suggest that household relocation reduces the stress faced by pastoralists and their cattle during the drought by (1) lowering the average total daily distance and time traveled by cattle, (2) directing cattle toward the protected area, and (3) concentrating cattle grazing in distinct areas within the protected area. Herd size was found to have no effect on duration of travel for pastoralists that choose not to relocate during the drought. The research demonstrates how the use of modified low-cost GPS collars can be an effective tool for capturing parameters of mobility and for inferring pastoralist–livestock–rangeland relationships.
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Education center empowers women in Mozambique - Green, Linda (2009)
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Downsizing a Pharmacy Library Collection and Meeting the Information Needs of Clinical Pharmacists in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital - Komolafe-Opadeji, Helen (Journal of Hospital Librarianship, 2009)
The creation of Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Ibadan led to the downsizing as well as the relocation of more than 80% of pharmacy books and journals from the medical library to the main campus about 15 km away from the teaching hospital/College of Medicine library, where the books were initially housed. This study revealed the hardship and problems encountered by the clinical pharmacists in the teaching hospital who were using these resources before they were relocated. The pharmacists proffered solutions to some of the problems, especially as the researcher gave them a free hand to suggest four core resources they would appreciate finding in the library. Their suggestions would guide selection of relevant resources for their use by the library. The study also determined that the study group would have gained from using the HINARI database, which the study revealed was the least used of the electronic databases available in the library, whereas the Internet was widely used as source for medical information. Though all the participants in the research claimed to be computer literate, 97% clamored for training by the librarians on information-sourcing skills.
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District professional development models as a way to introduce primary‐school teachers to natural science curriculum reforms in one district in South Africa - Bantwini, Bongani D. (Journal of Education for Teaching, 2009)
This paper reports on a study that investigated whether district continued professional development (CPD) sufficiently prepared teachers for their classroom practice. Analysis of CPD models used with primary‐school natural science teachers in a district in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa was conducted. Findings indicated that the district CPD models used with the teachers did not address the various challenges and complexities within the district and therefore created several challenges that negatively impacted on the success of the new curriculum reforms. It is argued that successful CPD models should address both the internal and external factors that influence individuals' understanding of new reforms and their social practice. Thus, it is proposed that each district should develop a context‐based CPD model that captures and addresses issues that are likely to impact teacher learning and classroom practice in their particular context.
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The Impact of Climate Variability and Change on Economic Growth and Poverty in Zambia - Thurlow, James; Zhu, Tingju; Diao, Xinshen (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
Zambia is a low-income country with a history of erratic economic growth. Some of the uneven performance of the economy has been driven by unsustainable policies, adverse global conditions, and pronounced shocks from macroeconomic reforms (Resnick and Thurlow, forthcoming). While the country has performed well since the late 1990s, with positive economic growth and poverty reduction (see Figure 1), growth in agriculture remains volatile despite improvements in the policy environment. This can, at least in part, be attributed to high rainfall variability, or more generally climate variability, in the country. Indeed some of the more substantial declines in economic growth over the last three decades have occurred during major drought years. Climate variability is especially important for the agricultural sector, which is heavily dependent on rainfall due to the country’s limited irrigation capacity. Climate variability may also undermine attempts to reduce poverty, since most of Zambia’s poor population live in rural areas and are heavily dependent on agricultural incomes. Overcoming climate variability therefore poses a significant challenge to maintaining agricultural growth, significantly reducing poverty, and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It also heightens concern over potentially negative impacts from climate change. Together climate variability and climate change places considerable pressure on Zambia’s government to improve incentives for farmers and for the private sector to invest in infrastructure and improve productivity
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Rural Educators’ Understanding of the Legislations That Impact on School Practice with Specific Reference to the Bill of Rights and the South African Schools Act - Duma, M. A. N. (International Education Studies, 2009)
The aim of this article is to investigate the rural educators' understanding of the legislations that impact on school practice.An argument is presented that the understanding of the legal frameworks that govern school practice begins with the educators' understanding of the Bill of Rights and the South African Schools Act.The article reports on a study in which quantitative methodology was used to obtain information from rural educators who are members of the school management team , about their understanding of certain sections of the Bill of Rights and the South African Schools Act that have a founding impact on the school practice.The study is concluded by the submission that it is essential for rural educators to be given necessary training so that they can have a working knowledge of the legislations that impact on their school practice to understand the legal processes and principles and determine the legality of their decisions.
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Sense of Belonging and Persistence in White and African American First-Year Students - Hausmann, Leslie R. M.; Ye, Feifei; Schofield, Janet Ward; Woods, Rochelle L. (Research in Higher Education, 2009)
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An evaluation of the use of ICT within primary education in malawi - Hollow, David; Masperi, Paola (2009)
The paper demonstrates how appropriate technology, when combined with quality curriculum-based content, has the potential to have a positive impact on primary education within developing countries. It documents an evaluation of portable learning technology from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology in Malawi, providing theoretical background and educational context before detailing the methodology and findings of the study. Significant impacts from the introduction of the program were increased school attendance, reduced dropout rates and improved student and teacher enthusiasm. Alongside this, the audio and video material and interactive learning techniques offered potential pedagogical benefits in com bining learner-centered and outcome-based activities with continuous assessment, helping children to retain information more effectively and record higher test scores. Major challenges were also identified regarding implementation and sustainability. These centered around the need for rigorous teacher training, classroom integration, appropriate deployment, maintenance, sustained impact and overall cost-effectiveness. In closing, the paper emphasizes the need for such programs to be driven by educational concerns and recognizes the similar challenges faced in many related initiatives.
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Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa - Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Beck, J. Warren; Cole, Julia E.; Dettman, David L.; Peck, John A.; Scholz, Christopher A.; King, J. W. (Science, 2009)
Although persistent drought in West Africa is well documented from the instrumental record and has been primarily attributed to changing Atlantic sea surface temperatures, little is known about the length, severity, and origin of drought before the 20th century. We combined geomorphic, isotopic, and geochemical evidence from the sediments of Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, to reconstruct natural variability in the African monsoon over the past three millennia. We find that intervals of severe drought lasting for periods ranging from decades to centuries are characteristic of the monsoon and are linked to natural variations in Atlantic temperatures. Thus the severe drought of recent decades is not anomalous in the context of the past three millennia, indicating that the monsoon is capable of longer and more severe future droughts.
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Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa - Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Beck, J. Warren; Cole, Julia E.; Dettman, David L.; Peck, John A.; Scholz, Christopher A.; King, J. W. (Science, 2009)
Although persistent drought in West Africa is well documented from the instrumental record and has been primarily attributed to changing Atlantic sea surface temperatures, little is known about the length, severity, and origin of drought before the 20th century. We combined geomorphic, isotopic, and geochemical evidence from the sediments of Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, to reconstruct natural variability in the African monsoon over the past three millennia. We find that intervals of severe drought lasting for periods ranging from decades to centuries are characteristic of the monsoon and are linked to natural variations in Atlantic temperatures. Thus the severe drought of recent decades is not anomalous in the context of the past three millennia, indicating that the monsoon is capable of longer and more severe future droughts.
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Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa - Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Beck, J. Warren; Cole, Julia E.; Dettman, David L.; Peck, John A.; Scholz, Christopher A.; King, J. W. (Science, 2009)
Although persistent drought in West Africa is well documented from the instrumental record and has been primarily attributed to changing Atlantic sea surface temperatures, little is known about the length, severity, and origin of drought before the 20th century. We combined geomorphic, isotopic, and geochemical evidence from the sediments of Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, to reconstruct natural variability in the African monsoon over the past three millennia. We find that intervals of severe drought lasting for periods ranging from decades to centuries are characteristic of the monsoon and are linked to natural variations in Atlantic temperatures. Thus the severe drought of recent decades is not anomalous in the context of the past three millennia, indicating that the monsoon is capable of longer and more severe future droughts.
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Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa - Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Beck, J. Warren; Cole, Julia E.; Dettman, David L.; Peck, John A.; Scholz, Christopher A.; King, J. W. (Science, 2009)
Although persistent drought in West Africa is well documented from the instrumental record and has been primarily attributed to changing Atlantic sea surface temperatures, little is known about the length, severity, and origin of drought before the 20th century. We combined geomorphic, isotopic, and geochemical evidence from the sediments of Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, to reconstruct natural variability in the African monsoon over the past three millennia. We find that intervals of severe drought lasting for periods ranging from decades to centuries are characteristic of the monsoon and are linked to natural variations in Atlantic temperatures. Thus the severe drought of recent decades is not anomalous in the context of the past three millennia, indicating that the monsoon is capable of longer and more severe future droughts.
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Religion and Opinions on Democracy in Ghana: A Data-Driven Learning Guide (2009)
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Social Capital in South Africa: A Data-Driven Learning Guide (2009)
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Development Strategy in the Context of Climate Change: The Case of Ethiopia - Arndt, Channing; Robinson, Sherman; Willenbockel, Dirk (2009)
This study develops an economy-wide framework for analyzing economic impacts from climate change and potential adaptation policies for Ethiopia, a country that is heavily dependent on rain-fed agriculture. A comprehensive review of the literature on the likely evolution of climate for Ethiopia (or the broader region) underlines the high levels of uncertainty associated with climate change. A stochastic modelling framework is employed. Results point to three channels where climate change has substantial impact on economic growth. The first involves reductions in average agricultural yields due to less favourable growing conditions. The second involves reductions in the rate of process improvement due to the demands of adaptation. The third involves the possibility of destruction of capital stocks due to an increased probability of extreme events. On top of this analysis of averages, analysis of the variability of the components of GDP indicates that aggregate consumption always has a higher coefficient of variation (CV) than the other macro aggregates. The burden of adjustment appears to fall more heavily on consumers. Poor consumers are likely to experience increased vulnerability.
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Sociocultural Factors and School Engagement Among African American Youth: The Roles of Racial Discrimination, Racial Socialization, and Ethnic Identity - Dotterer, Aryn M.; McHale, Susan M.; Crouter, Ann C. (Applied Developmental Science, 2009)
This study investigated the links between racial discrimination and school engagement and the roles of racial socialization and ethnic identity as protective factors in those linkages in a sample of 148, sixth through twelfth grade African American adolescents from working and middle-class two-parent families. In home interviews, youth described their ethnic identity, discrimination experiences at school, and school engagement (school bonding, school grades, school self-esteem), and parents rated their racial socialization practices. Analyses revealed that discrimination was negatively related to school self-esteem and school bonding. Racial socialization had additive effects on school self-esteem and school bonding, but did not moderate the discrimination—school engagement association. For boys, ethnic identity had additive effects on school bonding, but for girls, ethnic identity moderated the relation between discrimination and school bonding: when girls experienced more discrimination and had a lower ethnic identity, they reported lower school bonding. Discrimination, racial socialization, and ethnic identity were not related to school grades.
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Peer provocation in physical education: experiences of Botswana adolescents - Shehu, Jimoh (Educational studies, 2009)
Critical incidents of peer provocation in physical education were investigated among 675 junior secondary school students in Botswana. Data were generated through a brief, open‐ended questionnaire requesting the students to narrate their experiences of bad, hurtful and offensive peer behaviours during physical education classes. Six overlapping categories of peer provocation that emerged from the data were: humiliation, injustice, physical assaults, sexual harassment; dangerous play and female physicality frighteners. These categories are discussed with reference to the themes central to boys’ and girls’ experiences. To the extent that peer provocation is differentially aimed at boys and girls, it is crucial to recurrently (en)gender its analysis. This study encourages educators in general and physical education teachers in particular to take heightened interest in, and reflect more critically about proactive ways to address the multiple domains and consequences of peer provocation in physical education settings.
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Neuropsychology in Cameroon: First Normative Data for Cognitive Tests among School-Aged Children - Ruffieux, Nicolas; Njamnshi, Alfred K.; Mayer, Eugene P.; Sztajzel, Roman; Eta, Sabine; Doh, Roland F.; Kengne, André Pascal; Ngamaleu, R. N.; Chanal, Julien; Verdon, Vincent; Hauert, Claude-Alain (Child Neuropsychology, 2009)
Introduction: Very few normative data on psychometric tests are available in sub-Saharan African countries, in spite of the obvious needs and potential benefits from psychological and neuropsychological examination in these contexts. The goal of the ongoing overall project is to assess the cognitive functioning of Cameroonian school-aged children suffering from Sickle Cell Disease. For this purpose, normative data on psychometric tests adapted to the Cameroonian cultural context had to first be established. Method: 125 “healthy” school-aged Cameroonian children were recruited from public schools in the city of Yaoundé and were given a battery of 14 cognitive tests assessing executive functions and memory. Criteria for tests inclusions were: simplicity of administration, few verbal demand, and broad cross-cultural applicability. Results allow concluding that the battery is appropriate for neuropsychological evaluation in Cameroon, with the exception of the Block Design test (WISC-IV) and a Verbal Phonemic Fluency test. A factor analysis shows a division of the tests in a four-factors model that is very consistent with the expected measures of the tests. Effects of gender, age, and education are also discussed. Conclusion: this study is the first to report normative data on neuropsychological tests among children in Cameroon and constitutes an initial step for the advancement of neuropsychology in this country in particular and in sub-Saharan Africa in general. The battery is currently used in Cameroon with children suffering from Sickle Cell Disease as an aid to detect cerebrovascular complications.
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Bacteriological Assessment of Stethoscopes Used by Medical Students in Nigeria: Implications for Nosocomial Infection Control - Uneke, Chigozie Jesse; Ogbonna, A.; Oyibo, PG; Ekuma, Uchechukwu Onyeukwu (World health and population, 2009)
Best practices, policy and innovations in the administration of healthcare in developing communities and countries. For administrators, academics, researchers and policy leaders. Includes peer reviewed research papers. Edited by Dr. Judith Shamian, President Emeritus, International Council of Nurses, Professor and Co-investigator with the Nursing Health Services Research Unit, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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Prevalence of HIV among victims of sexual assault who were mentally impaired children (5 to 18 years) in the Mthatha area of South Africa - Meel, B L (African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 2009)
Background: Protection of children has been identified as a priority in South Africa. Despite a commitment to uphold children’s rights, much still needs to be done for the safety of mentally impaired children.Method: This is a record review of attendees at the Sinawe Centre from 2001 to 2005. It is the only centre in the Mthatha area that provides care for sexually assaulted persons and it is affiliated to the Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital. All mentally impaired victims of sexual assault were recorded on the register.Results: During the study period, 1,268 individuals, of whom 32 were profoundly mentally impaired, attended the Sinawe Centre following sexual assault. Of these mentally impaired individuals, 28 (87.5%) were below the age of 18 years. Two were males while the rest were females, giving a male to female ratio of 1:15. A close relative was implicated in 29 (90.6%) of the cases. Among the victims were six (18.7%) epileptics who were on treatment. One was 13 years old and pregnant. Four were HIV positive on screening.Conclusion: Over 2% of the sexual assault victims attending the Sinawe Centre were mentally impaired. Of these, 12.5% were HIV seropositive.
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Tracing the benefits of multimodal learning in a self-portrait project in Mitchell's Plain, South Africa - Hibbert, Liesel (Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2009)
Abstract This article describes a project in which it was demonstrated how multimodal practice benefits learners in their social and educational development. The self-portrait project was conducted in order to assess the impact of a theatre training project called Brown Paper Studio, on the participating learners at Glendale High School in Mitchell's Plain, South Africa. The ethnographic data consisted of diaries, interviews, questionnaires and photographs which were collected from learners in a series of workshops. The data provided insights regarding youth in the area which are not easily accessible through the fairly negative ‘factual’, statistical reports which exist of the area and its people. The results demonstrated the importance of positive self-concept which is nurtured through theatre and life skills training, as evidenced in participation in the Self-Portrait Project. The self-portrait project also revealed how opportunities for creative expression have helped the youth to shape identities which engage positively with the perceived and conceived boundaries of existing socio-economic constraints.
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The Telesis of Nigerian Nomadic Education (2009)
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Abolishing School Fees in Africa - Birger, Fredriksen; Craissati, Di (2009)
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“Even If She Learns, She Doesn’t Understand Properly”. Children’s Understandings of Illbeing and Poverty in Five Ethiopian Communities - Camfield, Laura (Social Indicators Research, 2009)
The paper argues on the basis of data from Young Lives, an international study of childhood poverty, and an extensive review of child-centered poverty studies that experiences of relative poverty and social exclusion are as common and corrosive in contemporary Ethiopia as North America and Europe. If taken seriously, this insight could broaden the focus of child poverty reduction from nutrition and education to include the psychosocial costs of lacking the culturally-specific resources required for full participation in society. The paper makes a number of methodological points of value to researchers undertaking similar studies: firstly, poverty can be explored by asking about illbeing; secondly, children’s conceptions of poverty are profoundly social and context-specific; and thirdly, young children are just as able to address these themes as older ones.
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Problems and Prospects in the Education of a Marginal Minority: The Case of the Batwa Community in Burundi - Rwantabagu, Hermenegilde (Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 2009)
This article sets out to analyze the educational problems facing the Batwa community of Burundi. After explaining the marginal nature of that community in the Burundian context, the article highlights the Batwa's exclusion from school education, from the colonial era to the present. The article attempts to show that, despite governmental adopted policy and some tangible progress made so far in the schooling of Batwa children, major constraints of a normative, economic, and structural nature do impede real change. The article concludes by making the case that if the Batwa community are to enjoy their full right to education and social participation, concerted action must be undertaken by the state, the churches, and nongovernmental organizations to enhance their general well-being.
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Source parameters and ground motion of the Suez-Cairo shear zone earthquakes, Eastern Desert, Egypt - Elenean, K. M. Abou; Mohamed, Abbas Ahmed; Hussein, H. M. (Natural Hazards, 2009)
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Community health workers for ART in sub-Saharan Africa: learning from experience – capitalizing on new opportunities - Hermann, Katharina; Damme, Wim Van; Pariyo, George; Schouten, Erik J; Assefa, Yibeltal; Cirera, Anna; Massavon, William (Human Resources for Health, 2009)
Low-income countries with high HIV/AIDS burdens in sub-Saharan Africa must deal with severe shortages of qualified human resources for health. This situation has triggered the renewed interest in community health workers, as they may play an important role in scaling-up antiretroviral treatment for HIV/AIDS by taking over a number of tasks from the professional health workers. Currently, a wide variety of community health workers are active in many antiretroviral treatment delivery sites. This article investigates whether present community health worker programmes for antiretroviral treatment are taking into account the lessons learnt from past experiences with community health worker programmes in primary health care and to what extent they are seizing the new antiretroviral treatment-specific opportunities. Based on a desk review of multi-purpose community health worker programmes for primary health care and of recent experiences with antiretroviral treatment-related community health workers, we developed an analytic framework of 10 criteria: eight conditions for successful large-scale antiretroviral treatment-related community health worker programmes and two antiretroviral treatment-specific opportunities. Our appraisal of six community health worker programmes, which we identified during field work in Ethiopia, Malawi and Uganda in 2007, shows that while some lessons from the past have been learnt, others are not being sufficiently considered and antiretroviral treatment-specific opportunities are not being sufficiently seized. In particular, all programmes have learnt the lesson that without adequate remuneration, community health workers cannot be retained in the long term. Yet we contend that the apparently insufficient attention to issues such as quality supervision and continuous training will lead to decreasing quality of the programmes over time. The life experience of people living with HIV/AIDS is still a relatively neglected asset, even though it may give antiretroviral treatment-related community health worker programmes better chances of success than their predecessors and may be crucially important for adherence and retention in large-scale antiretroviral treatment programmes. Community health workers as a community-based extension of health services are essential for antiretroviral treatment scale-up and comprehensive primary health care. The renewed attention to community health workers is thus very welcome, but the scale-up of community health worker programmes runs a high risk of neglecting the necessary quality criteria if it is not aligned with broader health systems strengthening. To achieve universal access to antiretroviral treatment, this is of paramount importance and should receive urgent attention.
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Fluid intellingence and spatial reasoning as predictors of pilot training performance in the South African Air Force (SAAF) - Kock, François de; Schlechter, Anton F. (Sa Journal of Industrial Psychology, 2009)
Pilot selection is a form of high-stakes selection due to the massive costs of training, high trainee ability requirements and costly repercussions of poor selection decisions. This criterion-related validation study investigated the predictive ability of fluid intelligence and spatial reasoning in predicting three criteria of pilot training performance, using an accumulated sample of South African Air Force pilots (N = 108). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses with training grade achieved as criterion were performed for each of the phases of training, namely practical flight training, ground school training, and officers’ formative training. Multiple correlations of 0.35 (p < 0.01), 0.20 (p > 0.05) and 0.23 (p > 0.05) were obtained for flight, ground school and formative training results, respectively. Spatial ability had incremental validity over fluid intelligence for predicting flight training performance.
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Transitional justice and reconciliation after violent conflict: learning from African experiences - Panighel, Margaret (Development in Practice, 2009)
Stockholm: International IDEA, 2008, ISBN: 978-91- 85724-28-4, 203 pp. The field of conflict resolution is in a state of constant growth. Peace and its elusive friend resolution challenge this fiel...
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Improving the Reading Skills of African American Secondary Students: What Teachers Can Do - Thompson, Gail L. (2009)
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Parents’ Preference for Private Secondary Schools in Nigeria - Adebayo, Florence Aduke (International journal of educational sciences (Delhi) (Print), 2009)
The study examined the phenomenon of parental preference for private secondary schools in Nigeria.The population consisted all the parents and guardians of children in private secondary schools.Purposive random sampling was used to select 750 parents from various private schools during the Parents-Teacher Association (PTA) meeting.An instrument designated Parental Preference for Private Secondary Schools (PPSS) was used to collect data.The instrument was validated and reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87.The results were analysed using frequency counts and percentages.The findings revealed some factors such as teacher quality and quantity, facilities, class size, curriculum practices, stability of academic activities, disciplinary concerns, cost effectiveness and overall output quality as responsible concepts preference to private secondary schools Some of the recommendations made were curriculum implementation should be more targeted and student specific in public schools, public school administrators are encouraged to learn form best practices that makes private secondary school such an attractive option for both students and parents.Government is encouraged to borrow leaf from the management and supervision of charter schools in Columbia and Philippines who designed quality activity and requirements that are consistent with the ever charging intellectual, social and physical development of the child.
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The Teacher Matters: Strategies for Making the Teaching Profession More Relevant in Nigerian Educational System - Aluede, Oyaziwo (International journal of educational sciences, 2009)
The study examined the phenomenon of parental preference for private secondary schools in Nigeria.The population consisted all the parents and guardians of children in private secondary schools.Purposive random sampling was used to select 750 parents from various private schools during the Parents-Teacher Association (PTA) meeting.An instrument designated Parental Preference for Private Secondary Schools (PPSS) was used to collect data.The instrument was validated and reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87.The results were analysed using frequency counts and percentages.The findings revealed some factors such as teacher quality and quantity, facilities, class size, curriculum practices, stability of academic activities, disciplinary concerns, cost effectiveness and overall output quality as responsible concepts preference to private secondary schools Some of the recommendations made were curriculum implementation should be more targeted and student specific in public schools, public school administrators are encouraged to learn form best practices that makes private secondary school such an attractive option for both students and parents.Government is encouraged to borrow leaf from the management and supervision of charter schools in Columbia and Philippines who designed quality activity and requirements that are consistent with the ever charging intellectual, social and physical development of the child.
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Educational Futurism: A Case for the Teaching of Agricultural Education to Youths in Nigeria - Egun, A. C. (International journal of educational sciences (Delhi) (Print), 2009)
The study examined the phenomenon of parental preference for private secondary schools in Nigeria.The population consisted all the parents and guardians of children in private secondary schools.Purposive random sampling was used to select 750 parents from various private schools during the Parents-Teacher Association (PTA) meeting.An instrument designated Parental Preference for Private Secondary Schools (PPSS) was used to collect data.The instrument was validated and reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87.The results were analysed using frequency counts and percentages.The findings revealed some factors such as teacher quality and quantity, facilities, class size, curriculum practices, stability of academic activities, disciplinary concerns, cost effectiveness and overall output quality as responsible concepts preference to private secondary schools Some of the recommendations made were curriculum implementation should be more targeted and student specific in public schools, public school administrators are encouraged to learn form best practices that makes private secondary school such an attractive option for both students and parents.Government is encouraged to borrow leaf from the management and supervision of charter schools in Columbia and Philippines who designed quality activity and requirements that are consistent with the ever charging intellectual, social and physical development of the child.
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Introducing the moon to South African natural science classrooms - Kelfkens, Lesley (2009)
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Model for training of reflective neonatal nurses in a South African context - Maree, Carin (2009)
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Enteric Bacterial Pathogens in HIV-Infected Children With Acute Diarrhea in Mulago Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kampala, Uganda - Musiime, Victor; Kalyesubula, Israel; Kaddu-Mulindwa, Deogratias H; Byarugaba, Justus (Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 2009)
HIV-infected children develop severe bacterial infections. We set out to determine the enteric bacterial pathogens in HIV-infected children and HIV-negative controls with acute diarrhea and their antimicrobial sensitivities.Children below 5 years of age with acute diarrhea were screened for HIV and their stools were analyzed by culture and use of antisera and the sensitivities of the pathogens were determined using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Of the 190 children, 47 were HIV positive. The prevalence rates of the pathogens in HIV-infected and -uninfected children were 19% (9/47) and 27% (38/143), respectively; odds ratio = 0.64 (95% confidence interval 0.20-1.97), P value .396. The pathogens in HIV-infected and -uninfected children were Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella species. Most isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole.Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella species significantly cause acute diarrhea in HIV-infected and -uninfected children and they are highly resistant to cotrimoxazole.
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‘Teacher only calls her pets’: teacher's selective attention and the invisible life of a diverse classroom in Ghana - Opoku-Amankwa, Kwasi (Language and Education, 2009)
Studies on classroom practices in Africa and the developing world tend to report on the visible general features, i.e. code switching, rote learning, memorisation and safe talk, with very little on the micro, invisible, classroom life. This article, based on the findings of a study involving classroom observations of teachers and pupils' interactions around texts, interviews and focus-group discussions with teachers and pupils, considers ways in which certain classroom practices, such as teacher's selective attention to pupils, teacher remarks and comments, corporal punishment, power play among pupils and other classroom norms, help create inequality and cumulatively contribute to communication failure and underachievement in a diverse urban primary classroom in Ghana. The article discusses the wider implications of the findings from a socio-critical language and literacy-learning perspective and makes suggestions for improving teacher quality and effective use of textbooks and other resources.
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Basic piano instruction for vocal art students at the Tshwane University of Technology in Pretoria, South Africa - Orlandi, Laetitia Annette (2009)
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Impact of twenty‐first century climate change on diadromous fish spread over Europe, North Africa and the Middle East - Lassalle, Géraldine; Rochard, Éric (Global change biology (Print), 2009)
Abstract Climate change is expected to drive species ranges towards the poles and to have a strong influence on species distributions. In this study, we focused on diadromous species that are of economical and ecological importance in the whole of Europe. We investigated the potential distribution of all diadromous fish regularly encountered in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East (28 species) under conditions predicted for twenty‐first century climate change. To do so, we investigated the 1900 distribution of each species in 196 basins spread across all of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Four levels were used to semiquantitatively describe the abundance of species, that is missing, rare, common and abundant. We then selected five variables describing the prevailing climate in the basins, the physical nature of the basins and reflecting historical events known to have affected freshwater fish distribution. Logistic regressions with a four‐level ordinal response variable were used to develop species‐specific models. These predictive models related the observed distribution of these species in 1900 to the most explanatory combination of variables. Finally, we selected the A2 SRES scenario and the HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3) global climate model (GCM) to obtain climate variables (temperature and precipitation) at the end of this century. We used these 2100 variables in our models and obtained maps of climatically suitable and unsuitable basins, percentages of contraction or expansion for each species. Twenty‐two models were successfully built, that is there were five species for which no model could be established because their distribution range was too narrow and the Acipenser sturio model failed during calibration. All the models selected temperature or/and precipitation as explanatory variables. Responses to climate change were species‐specific but could be classified into three categories: little or no change in the distribution (five species), expansion of the distribution range (three species gaining suitable basins mainly northward) and contraction of the distribution (14 species losing suitable basins). Shifting ranges were in accordance with those found in other studies and underlined the high sensitivity of diadromous fish to modifications in their environment.
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Quality Education for African Americans After Parents Involved - Brown, Frank (Education and urban society, 2009)
This introduction discusses the possible impact of the 2007 Supreme Court decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, which dismantled the ability of school boards to act affirmatively to desegregate their schools by assigning students to schools beyond their neighborhoods as sanctioned in the Court's 1971 decision in Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education. In addition, because this action will lead to de facto segregated schools by race and ethnicity, what are the possible implications for quality education for all students? Finally, the role of economic globalization on the need for the highest quality of education for racially isolated schools is discussed.
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Active Learning Techniques (ALT) in a Mathematics Workshop; Nigerian Primary School Teachers’ Assessment - Salman, Medinat Folorunso (International electronic journal of mathematics education (Online), 2009)
This study examined Nigerian Primary School teachers' assessment of Active Learning Technique (ALT).A total of 120 male and female primary school teachers were purposively sampled from the North central geo-political zone of Nigeria.The sampled primary school teachers were participants at a Mathematics workshop organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).Out of the 120 participants expected at the workshop, only 85 participated in all the interactive activities on the ALT.Two researcher-designed questionnaire forms titled" Reflection on Methodology and Difficult Mathematics Topics" and "ALT Assessment Scale" were prepared and administered to the participants before and after the workshop activities.The pre-workshop questionnaire sought information on how participants teach Mathematics in their various schools and the Mathematics topics they found difficult to teach.After the workshop activities have been carried out, a questionnaire on participants'assessment of the ALT was administered.The collected data were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages.Reports of analysis indicated that participants found ALT interactive, interesting, motivating, participatory and highly innovative.Based on the findings, it was recommended that the teaching methodology of Nigerian Primary School teachers should be regularly updated through workshops on ALT and that teaching of Mathematics at primary level should be handled by trained Mathematics teachers.
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The construction of poetry teaching and learning in Ghanaian and South African hisgh schools english language textbooks and teaching materials - Kumah, John Quagie (2009)
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TOGO–FRANCE: Defence Agreements and Training (Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, 2009)
Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural SeriesVolume 46, Issue 3 p. 17911C-17912C TOGO–FRANCE: Defence Agreements and Training First published: 21 April 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2009.02280.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume46, Issue3April 2009Pages 17911C-17912C RelatedInformation
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The environmental significance of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of Maryout lagoon, Egypt - Abdallah, Maha Ahmed Mohamed (EGUGA, 2009)
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Sleep patterns and sleep problems among Egyptian school children living in urban, suburban, and rural areas - Abou-Khadra, Maha K. (Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2009)
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Teacher training quality and effectiveness in the context of basic education: an examination of primary education studies (PES) programme in two colleges of education Nigeria (Special issue: Quality of education in Africa: Africa-Asia university dialogue for basic education development (2)) - Adeosun, Oyenike; Oni, Adesoji; Oladipo, Adebayo; Onuoha, Susan; Yakassai, Mohammed (国際教育協力論集, 2009)
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Effectiveness of Non-formal Education Programs in Nigeria: How Competent Are the Learners in Life Skills? - Adewale, J. G. (Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 2009)
In order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Nigeria adopts both formal and non-formal approaches to provide basic education for its citizenry. Thus, to determine the effectiveness of the non-formal approach in providing basic education in Nigeria, this study examines the competency level of Nigerian non-formal education learners on a life-skills achievement test. The test was administered to a sample of 876 learners. The competency level in life-skills of the majority of the learners was below the national benchmark (50%). Rural dwellers were more competent than urban dwellers and young learners were more competent than old learners.
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Effects of Parental Involvement in HIV/AIDS Preventive Education on Secondary Student Knowledge about Transmission and Prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria - Akpabio, Idongesit I.; Asuzu, MC; Fajemilehin, Boluwaji Reuben; Ofi, Bola Abosede (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 2009)
This study investigated HIV/AIDS preventive health education involving nurses alone (IG1) and another involving both nurses and trained parents/ guardians (IG2) on students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS' transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Subjects included 339 students selected through a multistage and stratified random sampling technique. A pre-test/post-test intervention design with control group was used. Data were obtained using questionnaire, and analysis involved the use of analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis, and Scheffe's post-hoc test. Results show that students exposed to parental involvement had significantly better mean scores on knowledge of prevention (IG2: x=7.51; IG1: x=6.96 control: x=3.82). Furthermore, although the male students had significantly higher mean score with intervention involving only nurses, the females had higher mean score with intervention involving parents/guardians. It is recommended that parents/guardians should be trained and involved in HIV/AIDS' preventive education of secondary school students.
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Education and improved iron intakes for treatment of mild iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls in southern Benin - Alaofè, Halimatou; Zee, J.A.; Dossa, Romain; O’Brien, Huguette Turgeon (The FASEB Journal, 2009)
The impact of a nutrition education program combined with an increase in bioavailable dietary iron to treat iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has never been studied in adolescent girls. The impact of an intensive dietary program for the treatment of IDA was studied in 34 intervention and 34 control boarding girls aged 12 to 17 years from Benin. A quasi‐experimental design comprising 4 weeks of nutrition education combined with an increase in the content and bioavailability of dietary iron for 22 weeks was implemented in the intervention school, but not in the control school. A nutrition knowledge questionnaire, 24‐h dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, iron status indices and screening for malarial and intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) were obtained in both groups. Nutrition knowledge scores and mean intakes of nutrients including dietary iron, absorbable iron and vitamin C were higher in the intervention group (p < 0.05) compared to the control group after 26 weeks. Also, mean hemoglobin and serum ferritin values were higher (122 vs. 113g/L; p = 0.0002; 32 vs. 19µg/L; p = 0.04) in the intervention group, whereas the incidence of anemia (32 vs 85%; p = 0.005) and IDA (26 vs. 56%; p = 0.04) was significantly lower. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate in adolescent girls that a multi‐dietary strategy aiming to improve available dietary iron can reduce iron deficiency anemia.
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Crustal rheology and depth distribution of earthquakes: Insights from the central and southern East African Rift System - Albaric, Julie; Déverchère, Jacques; Petit, Carole; Perrot, Julie; Gall, Bernard Le (Tectonophysics, 2009)
The seismicity depth distribution in the central and southern East African Rift System (EARS) is investigated using available catalogs from local, regional and global networks. We select well-determined events and make a re-assessment of these catalogs, including a relocation of 40 events and, where necessary, a declustering. About 560 events are finally used for determining foci depth distribution within 6 areas of the EARS. Assuming that short-term deformation expressed by seismicity reflects the long-term mechanical properties of the lithosphere, we build yield strength envelopes from seismicity depth distribution. Using brittle and ductile laws, we predict the strength percentage spaced every 5 km (or sometimes 2 km) in the crust, for a given composition and a specific geotherm, and constrain it with the relative abundance of seismicity. Results of this modeling indicate significant local and regional variations of the thermo-mechanical properties of the lithosphere which are broadly consistent with previous studies based on independent modelings. In order to explain relatively deep earthquakes, a highly resistant, mafic lower crust is generally required. We also find evidence for changes in the strength magnitude and in the depth of the brittle–ductile transitions which are clearly correlated to tectonic provinces, characterized by contrasted thermal gradients and basement types. A clear N–S increase and deepening of the peak strength level is evidenced along the eastern branch of the EARS, following a consistent southward migration of rifting since ~ 8 Ma. We also detect the presence of a decoupling layer in the Kenya rift, which suggests persisting influences of the deep crustal structures (Archaean and Proterozoic) on the behavior of the extending crust. More generally, our results suggest that seismicity peaks and cut-off depths may provide good proxies for bracketing the brittle–ductile transitions within the continental crust.
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Building capacity without disrupting health services: public health education for Africa through distance learning - Alexander, Lucy; Igumbor, Ehimario; Sanders, David (Human Resources for Health, 2009)
The human resources crisis in Africa is especially acute in the public health field. Through distance education, the School of Public Health of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa, has provided access to master's level public health education for health professionals from more than 20 African countries while they remain in post. Since 2000, interest has increased overwhelmingly to a point where four times more applications are received than can be accommodated. This home-grown programme remains sensitive to the needs of the target learners while engaging them in high-quality learning applied in their own work contexts. This brief paper describes the innovative aspects of the programme, offering some evaluative indications of its impact, and reviews how the delivery of text-led distance learning has facilitated the realization of the objectives of public health training. Strategies are proposed for scaling up such a programme to meet the growing need in this essential area of health human resource capacity development in Africa.
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The Status of Quality Assurance and Accreditation Systems within Higher Education Institutions in the Republic of Yemen - Anaam, Mahyoub Ali; Alhammadi, Abdullah Othman; Kwairan, Abdulwahab Awadh (Quality in Higher Education, 2009)
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the status of quality assurance and accreditation systems within higher education institutions in Yemen. The paper initially describes the stages of development and changes that have occurred in the field of quality and accreditation in Yemeni higher education. The paper shows that no formal mechanisms for quality assurance and accreditation processes have been fully developed within higher education institutions in Yemen. In addition, the discussion reveals that the continuing efforts exerted by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) to establish the quality assurance and accreditation systems in higher education institutions have resulted in increased awareness among university officials, academic staff and administrators about the quality concepts, quality standards and quality assurance system. The paper concludes by exploring the lessons learned about the changes in quality and accreditation nationally and institutionally. The conclusion may provide some opportunities for reflection by quality assurance experts and officials in universities and the MHESR for continuous development of quality assurance and accreditation systems at national and institutional levels.
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Regional Climate Change Hotspots over Africa - Anber, Usama (EGUGA, 2009)
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Regional Climate Change Hotspots over Africa - Anber, Usama; Zakey, A. S.; Wahab, M. Abd El (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
Regional Climate Change Index (RCCI), is developed based on regional mean precipitation change, mean surface air temperature change, and change in precipitation and temperature interannual variability. The RCCI is a comparative index designed to identify the most responsive regions to climate change, or HotSpots. The RCCI is calculated for Seven land regions over North Africa and Arabian region from the latest set of climate change projections by 14 global climates for the A1B, A2 and B1 IPCC emission scenarios.
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The GILDA t-Infrastructure: grid training activities in Africa and future opportunities - Ardizzone, Valeria; Barbera, R.; Ciuffo, Leandro; Giorgio, Emidio (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
Scientists, educators, and students from many parts of the worlds are not able to take advantage of ICT because the digital divide is growing and prevents less developed countries to exploit its benefits. Instead of becoming more empowered and involved in worldwide developments, they are becoming increasingly marginalised as the world of education and science becomes increasingly Internet-dependent.
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Risk factors for stillbirths at universty of Maiduguri teaching hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria: A cross-sectional retrospective analysis - Audu, BM; Ma, Aijun; Takai, UI; Bukar, Mohammed (Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 2009)
Background:Stillbirth rate is an important indicator of access to and quality of antenatal and delivery care. Data on birth outcomes are important for planning maternal and child health care services in developing countries. There is little or no literature on the stillbirth rate in north-eastern Nigeria. This may be the first study to serve as the baseline data in Maiduguri. Objective: This study aimed at determining the prevalence and identifying the risk factors contributing to foetal demise. Study design: A cross-sectional retrospective analysis of stillbirth among women delivering in UMTH over a-4 year period, from January 2001 to December 2004. Method: The Case records of 7996 women that delivered in UMTH over the study period were retrieved and the trend of the stillbirth experiences followed up retrospectively, and relevant information with special reference to socio-demographic characteristics, clinical risk factors for stillbirth and type of stillbirth obtained and analyzed. Results: There was a total of 179 stillbirths among the 7996 deliveries giving the institutional prevalence of 22/1000 deliveries. Macerated stillbirths with no obvious congenital malformation predominated (OR: 10.89; CI: 6.51-31.80), accounting for 52.5%, while fresh stillbirths (OR: 5.81; CI: 3.77– 11.87), accounted for 47.5%. Most of the risk factors (63.7%) for stillbirths were present ante partum such as multiparity (OR: 2.88; CI: 1.47-6.09), lack of antenatal care (OR: 1.91; CI: 0.92- 2.05), maternal literacy level (OR: 2.82; CI: 1.44-5.41), hypertension, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia disease complex (c2=15.12; P-value =0.006); while intra partum risk factors contributed 36.3% with SVD as a mode of delivery, the leading risk factor (c2= 23.79; & P-value 0.000). Conclusion: The prevalence of stillbirth is high and is predominantly associated with ante partum risk factors. In our setting, antenatal care should be considered as the cornerstone in the prevention of stillbirth. With adequate antenatal care and good understanding of the determinants of stillbirth, women with clinical risk factors to stillbirth could be identified and measures to avoid or substantially decrease the occurrence of stillbirth instituted. Key words: stillbirth, prevalence, aetiologic determinants
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Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast cancer screening among nurses in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Nigeria. - Awodele, Olufunsho; Adeyomoye, Adekunle; Oreagba, IA; Dolapo, Duro C.; Anisu, DF; Kolawole, SO; Ishola, I O; Adebayo, KO; Akintonwa, A (PubMed, 2009)
Breast Cancer has been known to be the most common cancer and second principal cause of cancer death in women. However, the adherence to recommended breast cancer screening guidelines is low especially in Africa.It may be necessary to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast cancer screening among nurses who are in good position to educate people.A cross sectional study of 183 nurses was carried out in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, using a close ended questionnaire assessing information on demographic variables, awareness, knowledge and attitude towards breast cancer.The results revealed 100% rate of awareness of breast cancer although 32% of the respondents knew not that breast cancer could be inherited. The major source (76%) of their information about breast cancer was from health professionals. Among the respondents 96% knew self breast examination while 41% knew clinical breast examination as screening method. Eighty two percent of the respondents thought self breast examination should be carried out monthly while very few subscribed to clinical breast examination.The studied population has good knowledge of breast cancer, its symptoms and screening methods. However, they lack adequate knowledge of the risk factors and only few practiced clinical breast examination. Thus, there is need for educational intervention to enhance knowledge of the risk factors and the need for clinical breast examination.
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South African training officers' perception of skills requirements for entry-level trainee accountants - Barac, Karin (Southern African Business Review, 2009)
Given the rapid pace of change, the environment in which today's accountants work has become far more demanding. In response to these demands, accountants are having to upgrade their skills and, in particular, to become highly computer literate and acquire skills such as communication, analytical and interpersonal skills. The objective of this study was to determine the perceptions of training officers of the levels of these skills and computer capabilities among entry-level trainee accountants. For all nine information technology (IT) capabilities identified, the expectation was that entry-level trainee accountants would have had at least average exposure, namely the ability to use the IT application under supervision. All the listed skills (namely, communication, analytical and interpersonal skills) were perceived to be important or very important for entry-level trainee accountants, which illustrates that there is a movement towards an expanded set of competencies beyond the technical knowledge typically taught. Independent statistical tests revealed that the perceptions of respondents of the IT capabilities and identified skills for entry-level trainee accountants did not differ significantly with respect to training inside public practice (TIPP) and training outside public practice (TOPP). Only two instances where found where significant disagreement between TIPP and TOPP respondents' perceptions existed, namely for the IT capability of audit working paper-related software and for the analytical skill of analysing business problems.
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Using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for Drought Monitoring over Africa - Barbosa, Paulo; Kurnik, Blaž; Juergen, Vogt; Gadain, Hussein (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
(1) Institute for Environment and Sustainability Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy (paulo.barbosa@jrc.it), (2) Institute for Environment and Sustainability Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy (blaz.kurnik@jrc.it), (3) Institute for Environment and Sustainability Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy (juergen.vogt@jrc.it), (4) Somalia Water and Land Information Management System, Nairobi, Kenya (hgadain@faoswalim.org)
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Satellite observations of the eruption of Dala Filla volcano in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia, during November 2008 - Barnie, T.; Oppenheimer, Clive (EGUGA, 2009)
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The Lâalam (Béjaïa, North-East Algeria) Moderate Earthquake (Mw = 5.2) on March 20, 2006 - Beldjoudi, Hamoud; Guemache, Mehdi Amine; Kherroubi, A.; Semmane, Fethi; Yelles‐Chaouche, Abdelkrim; Djellit, Hamou; Amrani, Alon; Haned, A. (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2009)
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The Oral Health of School Children in the Ho Municipality, Ghana - Beni, P Tuosie (2009)
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Seasonal changes of macroinvertebrate communities in a Western Cape river, South Africa, receiving nonpoint‐source insecticide pollution - Bollmohr, Silke; Schulz, Ralf (Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2009)
Abstract A field study was conducted at three different sites along the Lourens River (South Africa) to assess aquatic macroinvertebrate abundances and community structures in relation to seasonal changes in rainfall and particle‐associated organophosphorous (OP) insecticide contamination. Redundancy analysis indicated OP insecticide contamination (azinphos‐methyl and chlorpyrifos) as the only significant variable determining the community composition. Principal response curves indicated that the invertebrate community dynamics of the Lourens River at the most‐contaminated site, Lourens River 3 (38 ± 23.0 μg total OP/kg suspended particles), differed significantly from the less‐contaminated site, Lourens River 2 (8.0 ± 4.9 μg total OP/kg in suspended particles) during the dry season (October–December; pesticide application period), whereas no difference was found during the wet season (July–September). Ephemeroptera abundances increased significantly ( p = 0.0021) at the control site, Lourens River 1, from the wet to dry season, whereas abundances significantly decreased ( p = 0.0011) at Lourens River 3. Two‐by‐three factorial analysis of variance demonstrated a significant interaction of site and season for the three most abundant mayfly taxa, Baetis sp., Demoreptus sp., and Castanophlebia sp., confirming a possible OP effect. Lourens River 3, however, differed significantly from the other two sites in flow, ortho ‐phosphate, and algae growth, which may partly explain the lower abundance of sensitive species. Apart from the OP contamination, only flow velocities showed significant differences between the wet and dry season at some sites. In conclusion, the present study suggests that particle‐associated OPs affected community structure in the Lourens River at levels greater than 30 μg total OP/kg, whereas levels less then 10 μg total OP/kg yielded no significant effects.
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Definition, Identification, Identity, and Culture: A Unique Alchemy Impacting the Success of Gifted African American Millennial Males in School - Bonner, Fred A.; Lewis, Chance W.; Bowman‐Perrott, Lisa; Hill-Jackson, Valerie; James, Marlon (Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 2009)
This article focuses on the underrepresentation of African American males in gifted and talented programs, and offers a number of key recommendations to practitioners and researchers who seek viable strategies to circumvent this problem. Beyond the focus on underrepresentation, several additional topics for discussion are excogitated to provide a clear perspective on the challenges these students experience in school; namely, (a) definitions of giftedness, (b) identity development, (c) student Millennial culture, and (d) how gifted African American Millennial males in school contexts are treated. Additionally, data collected from a recent study of a large Midwestern school district will be presented to further highlight the topics under investigation.
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School-based suicide prevention with African American youth in an urban setting. - Brown, Melanie M.; Grumet, Julie Goldstein (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2009)
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What Darfur Teaches Us about the Lessons Learned from Rwanda - Caplan, Gerald (2009)
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Climate and environmental change at the last glacial-interglacial transition in Southern Africa: issues for current research - Carr, Simon (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
Southern Africa is in a critical position with regard to the study of large-scale climate shifts during the Late Quaternary, being located at the boundary between tropical, sub-tropical and temperate climate systems, and also between the Atlantic, Indian and Southern Oceans. Today, the south-western part of the sub-continent receives precipitation mainly from westerly frontal systems in the winter (April to September), whereas the east and north of the region is dominated by summer precipitation from easterlies driven by the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone, between which is a corridor in which year-round precipitation occurs. By comparison with other regions of the world, there are few reliable quantified palaeoclimatic data records for the southern Africa for the last glacial cycle, and these are generally restricted to either the immediate vicinity of the Tropic of Capricorn or the south-west coastal zone, resulting in a large gap in palaeoclimatic records centred on Lesotho and SE South Africa, especially in the sub-tropical and temperate summer precipitation zone.
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Analysis of the time-scaling behaviour in the sequence of the aftershocks of Al-Hoceima (Morocco) February 24, 2004 earthquake - Cherkaoui, Taj-Eddine; Rouai, Mohamed; Telesca, Luciano (EGUGA, 2009)
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Risk and protective factors for tobacco use among 8th- and 10th-grade African American students in Virginia. - Corona, Rosalie; Turf, Elizabeth; Corneille, Maya; Belgrave, Faye Z.; Nasim, Aashir (PubMed, 2009)
Few studies have simultaneously examined the influence of multiple domains of risk and protective factors for smoking among African Americans. This study identified individual-peer, family, school, and community risk and protective factors that predict early cigarette use among African American adolescents.Data from 1,056 African American 8th and 10th graders who completed the 2005 Community Youth Survey in Virginia were analyzed by using logistic regression.The prevalence of smoking among the weighted sample population was 11.2%. In univariate analyses, the strongest predictors of smoking were low academic achievement, peer drug use, and early substance use (individual domain). In multivariate analyses, these factors and being in the 10th grade were significant predictors. The single protective factor in multivariate analyses was in the school domain (rewards for prosocial behavior in the school setting). When family and community variables were entered into a model in which individual-peer and school factors were controlled for, these variables were not significantly associated with smoking, and they failed to improve model fit.These findings suggest that tobacco prevention programs that aim to increase school connectedness while decreasing youth risk behaviors might be useful in preventing cigarette use among African American adolescents. Given the relative importance of peer drug use in predicting smoking among African American youth, more work is needed that explores the accuracy of youths' perceptions of their friends' cigarette use and how family factors may moderate this risk.
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Climatic, volcanic and tectonic events recorded in recent sediments of the Rukwa rift, Western Tanzania - Delvaux, Damien; Mees, Florias; Williamson, David; Macheyeki, A.S. (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Interactions between climatic forcing of lake level change, tectonics and volcanism in the Rungwe Volcanic Province, SW Highlands of Tanzania - Delvaux, Damien; Williamson, David (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Enhancing active learning through self- and- peer reflections: the case of selected school in Ethiopia (Special issue: Quality of education in Africa: Africa-Asia university dialogue for basic education development (2)) - Desta, Daniel; Chalchisa, Desalegn; Mulat, Yeshitila; Berihun, Asmaru; Tesera, Adane (国際教育協力論集, 2009)
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Does the EPLF (Eritrean People's Liberation Front) qualify to be a learning organization? A modern systems theory perspective - Desta, Yemane (Journal of organisational transformation & social change, 2009)
This article uses the framework modern systems theory as elaborated by Peter Senge (1990) to examine the EPLF (Eritrean People's Liberation Front) as organizational system by assessing the Front's commitment to and performance of social programs of education, health and women's rights. This article goes to examines whether the EPLF qualified to be a learning organization that employed the five basic disciplines of systems thinking, personal mastery, shared vision, mental models and team learning as advanced by Peter Senge. The findings of this article suggest that the EPLF had achieved a significant measure of social transformation by bringing medicine and education to local populations living in areas it controlled, and made significant strides towards ensuring gender equality by employing a holistic approach(systems thinking) to the twin goals of liberation and development.
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Erratum to “Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery” [South African Journal of Botany 75 (2009) 34–42] - Efeoğlu, Banu; Ekmekçi, Yasemin; Çiçek, Nuran (2009)
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Students’ Use of Electronic Information Sources at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka - Ekwelem, Vincent O.; Okafor, Victoria N.; Ukwoma, Scholastica Chizoma (African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2009)
The paper examined the extent and patterns of use of electronic information sources (EIS) by students of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered on 600 student users of the cybercafes on the university campus. Results from the study showed that 52.3 % of the respondents agreed that EIS  provides reliable access to information resources, whilst 92.5 % of them rated the Internet as their most preferred EIS. The main barriers to the effective use of EIS by the students included finance, inadequate skill and epileptic power supply. The study  recommends user training and adequate infrastructure within the university, including more cybercafes, to facilitate access by the students to EIS on the university campus.
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611 HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT IN EGYPTIAN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS - El‐Karaksy, Hanaa; Anwar, Ghada M.; Mansour, Suzan M.; El-Koofy, Nehal; El-Sayed, Rokaya; Helmy, Hanan; Mina, Herlina Klarista; Sabry, Maha A.; Esmat, Gamal (Journal of hepatology (Print), 2009)
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Surgical training in resource-limited countries: moving from the body to the bench – experiences from the basic surgical skills workshop in Enugu, Nigeria - Ezeome, Emmanuel; Ekenze, Sebastian O.; Ugwumba, Fred O; Nwajiobi, CE; Coker, Olujimi (Tropical Doctor, 2009)
Increasingly, many institutions and surgical groups are resorting to laboratory simulations when teaching surgical skills. The Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland partnered with the West African College of Surgeons and Johnson and Johnson Corporation to introduce basic surgical skills (BSS) training into West Africa. The local faculty at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, was able to use the opportunity of this partnership to establish a regular basic surgical skills training programme. The achievement in Enugu shows that, with a dedicated team of local faculties, giving the local medical trainers a short introduction to the practicalities of organizing and conducting BSS is enough to jump start the programme in resource-poor countries. The Enugu example is a model that should be emulated by centres in other resource-poor countries to make the course a regular feature of their surgical training.
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Lava flow risk maps at Mount Cameroon volcano - Favalli, Massimiliano; Fornaciai, Alessandro; Papale, Paolo; Tarquini, Simone (EGUGA, 2009)
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Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. - Fetoni, Anna Rita; Ralli, Massimo; Sergi, Bruno; Parrilla, Claudio; Troiani, Diana; Paludetti, Gaetano (PubMed, 2009)
Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of oxidative stress in noise-induced hearing loss. The present study analysed, in an animal experimental model, the time course of the pathogenic mechanisms of noise-induced cochlear damage and the efficacy of the antioxidant drug N-acetylcysteine in reducing noise ototoxicity. Animals were divided into two groups, exposed to noise one treated with N-acetylcysteine for 3 days and one (the control group) with saline. Acoustic trauma was induced by a continuous pure tone of 6 kHz, at 120 dB SPL for 30 minutes. Electrocochleographic recordings were made from an implanted round window electrode and the compound action potentials were measured daily at 2-16 kHz for 7 days. Morphological changes were analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The acoustic threshold measured 1 hour after acoustic trauma was elevated in the control group to 70-90 dB in the higher frequencies of the compound action potential audiogram, with a maximum threshold elevation ranging between 12 and 16 kHz. During the first 24 h, following acoustic trauma, there was a partial recovery of compound action potential thresholds of about 20 dB to reach a final threshold elevation of about 50-70 dB; there was no further improvement over the remaining experimental week. Animals treated with N-acetylcysteine showed a similar temporary threshold shift but a clear improvement in the recovery of compound action potential thresholds, with significantly reduced permanent threshold shift and hair cell loss. These data suggest that N-acetylcysteine is able to attenuate the toxic effect of acoustic trauma and could represent an interesting molecule for preventing inner ear injuries.
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Testing the hypothesis of Pleistocene East African mega droughts: The chlorine record of authigenic minerals in the Naivasha basin - Fremd, V.; Stroncik, Nicole A.; Trauth, Martin H. (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Assessment of thermal comfort inside primary governmental classrooms in hot-dry climates part I - a case study from Egypt - Gado, Tamer A.; Mohamed, Mady (2009)
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Best Practice Program for Low-Income African American Students Transitioning from Middle to High School - Gentle-Genitty, Carolyn (Children & Schools, 2009)
Journal Article Best Practice Program for Low-Income African American Students Transitioning from Middle to High School Get access Carolyn Gentle-Genitty Carolyn Gentle-Genitty Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Children & Schools, Volume 31, Issue 2, April 2009, Pages 109–117, https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/31.2.109 Published: 01 April 2009 Article history Accepted: 07 January 2009 Published: 01 April 2009
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Climate Change and Agriculture in Africa. Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies. Edited by A. Dinar, R. Hassan, R. Mendelson, J. Benhin and Others. London: Earthscan/Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA) (2008), pp. 189, £49.95. ISBN 13:-978-1-84407-547-8. - Gibbon, David (Experimental Agriculture, 2009)
Climate Change and Agriculture in Africa. Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies. Edited by A. Dinar, R. Hassan, R. Mendelson, J. Benhin and Others. London: Earthscan/Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA) (2008), pp. 189, £49.95. ISBN 13:-978-1-84407-547-8. - Volume 45 Issue 2
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An integrated economic and education intervention (the ENAM project) decreased household food insecurity in rural Ghana - Harding, Kimberly; Marquis, Grace S; Colecraft, Esi K; Lartey, Anna; Sakyi-Dawson, O.; Ahunu, B.K.; Reddy, Manju B.; Jensen, Helen H.; Butler, Lorna Michael; Lonergan, Elisabeth (The FASEB Journal, 2009)
Interventions that enhance women's incomes and nutrition knowledge are likely to improve household food security through increased economic contribution to food expenditures and better nutrition practices. From May 2006 to September 2007, the ENAM project provided nutrition education and enterprise development services for 180 caregivers of young children in three ecological zones of Ghana, with the goal of improving household food security and child nutrition. A control sample of 287 households were also recruited. At baseline, almost three‐quarters of households expressed concern about their inability to meet their food needs and about half of adults and children were reported to consume less food than desired because of poverty. Locale, household size and type, and income were associated independently with food security in the past month (p<0.05). The logistic regression model demonstrated that, compared to control households, there was about a 50% decrease in the risk of food insecurity among intervention households at the final intervention time point (p<0.05). An integrated intervention that addresses barriers to availability, accessibility, and utilization of ASF can reduce household food insecurity. This is a collaborative research effort of ENAM researchers with support through the GL‐CRSP, funded in part by USAID, Grant # PCE‐G‐00‐98‐00036‐00.
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The Impact of HIV Education on the Lives of Ugandan Nurses and Nurse-Midwives - Harrowing, Jean N. (Advances in Nursing Science, 2009)
In this ethnography, I explored the impact of an HIV/AIDS education program on the lives of 24 Ugandan nurses and nurse-midwives. Nurses who previously had viewed themselves simply as providers of advice and sympathy now saw themselves as more holistic, collaborative caregivers. They voiced an increased awareness of their role as leaders and advocates in the community with respect to policy. The education program had positive and synergistic effects on the nurses' professional practice, communication and problem-solving skills, confidence, and engagement in political and social change activities.
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C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men - Heffernan, Kevin S.; Jae, Sae Young; Vieira, Victoria J.; Iwamoto, Gary A.; Wilund, Kenneth R.; Woods, Jeffrey A.; Fernhall, Bo (American Journal of Physiology-regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2009)
African Americans have a greater prevalence of hypertension and diabetes compared with white Americans, and both autonomic dysregulation and inflammation have been implicated in the etiology of these disease states. The purpose of this study was to examine the cardiac autonomic and systemic inflammatory response to resistance training in young African-American and white men. Linear (time and frequency domain) and nonlinear (sample entropy) heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and postexercise heart rate recovery were used to assess cardiac vagal modulation. C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count were used as inflammatory markers. Twenty two white and 19 African-American men completed 6 wk of resistance training followed by 4 wk of exercise detraining (Post 2). Sample entropy, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and heart rate recovery were increased in white and African-American men following resistance training ( P < 0.05). Following detraining (Post 2), sample entropy, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and heart rate recovery returned to baseline values in white men but remained above baseline in African-American men. While there were no changes in white blood cell count or CRP in white men, these inflammatory markers decreased in African-American men following resistance training, with reductions being maintained following detraining ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, resistance training improves cardiac autonomic function and reduces inflammation in African-American men, and these adaptations remained after the cessation of training. Resistance training may be an important lifestyle modification for improving cardiac autonomic health and reducing inflammation in young African-American men.
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Grade‐appropriate literacy and South African grade seven learners' classroom writing in English - Hendricks, Monica (Early Child Development and Care, 2009)
This paper reports on the writing of grade seven learners in English as an additional language at four differently resourced schools in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Because grade seven is the start of the senior phase of schooling, it is vital that learners achieve grade‐level competence in the language used as medium of instruction. Learning outcome five, which states that ‘the learner will be able to use language to think and reason, as well as access, process and use information for learning’, is particularly relevant. The primary research question asked what the writing practices in grade seven additional languages were, and how these contribute to the development of learners' writing. The findings were that literacy practices at all four schools privilege grammar exercises and personal, expressive writing. In terms of Cummins's constructs of basic interpersonal communicative skill and cognitive academic language proficiency, learners' written competencies are mainly conversational (basic interpersonal communicative skill). The personal expressive texts that predominate in learners' writing have done little to develop a formal, impersonal academic register (cognitive academic language proficiency). Learners need to become familiar with the more abstract impersonal factual genres associated with disciplinary‐based knowledge.
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An evaluation of the use of ICT within primary education in Malawi - Hollow; Masperi (2009)
The paper demonstrates how appropriate technology, when combined with quality curriculum-based content, has the potential to have a positive impact on primary education within developing countries. It documents an evaluation of portable learning technology from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology in Malawi, providing theoretical background and educational context before detailing the methodology and findings of the study. Significant impacts from the introduction of the program were increased school attendance, reduced dropout rates and improved student and teacher enthusiasm. Alongside this, the audio and video material and interactive learning techniques offered potential pedagogical benefits in combining learner-centered and outcome-based activities with continuous assessment, helping children to retain information more effectively and record higher test scores. Major challenges were also identified regarding implementation and sustainability. These centered around the need for rigorous teacher training, classroom integration, appropriate deployment, maintenance, sustained impact and overall cost-effectiveness. In closing, the paper emphasizes the need for such programs to be driven by educational concerns and recognizes the similar challenges faced in many related initiatives.
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A first calibration of nonmarine ostracod species for the quantitative estimation of Pleistocene climate change in southern Africa - Horne, David J.; Martens, Koenraad (EGUGA, 2009)
Although qualitative statements have been made about general climatic conditions in southern Africa during the Pleistocene, there are few quantifiable palaeoclimatic data based on field evidence, especially regarding whether the area was wetter or drier during the Last Glacial Maximum. Such information is critical in validating models of climate change, both in spatial and temporal dimensions. As an essential preliminary step towards palaeoclimate reconstructions using fossil ostracods from cored lake sediment sequences, we have calibrated a training set of living ostracod species’ distributions against a modern climate dataset and other available environmental data. The modern ostracod dataset is based on the collections in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences in Brussels, which constitutes the most diverse and comprehensive collection of southern African nonmarine ostracods available anywhere in the world. To date, c. 150 nominal species have been described from southern Africa (Martens, 2001) out of c. 450 species in the total Afrotropical area (Martens et al., 2008). Here we discuss the potential value and limitations of the training set for the estimation of past climatic parameters including air temperature (July and January means, maxima and minima, Mean Annual Air Temperature), precipitation, water conductivity and pH. The next step will be to apply the Mutual Ostracod Temperature Range method (Horne, 2007; Horne & Mezquita, 2008) to the palaeoclimatic analysis of fossil ostracod assemblages from sequences recording the Last Glacial Maximum in southern Africa. Ultimately this work will contribute to the development of a glacier-climate modelling project based on evidence of former niche glaciation of the Drakensberg Escarpment.
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A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron age of Southern Africa - Huffman, Thomas N. (Journal of Archaeological Science, 2009)
In traditional Bantu-speaking societies in southern Africa, drought is caused by breaches in rules of pollution. At times of severe drought (3–5 consecutive seasons), rainmakers ascend special hills to perform special rituals. The archaeological signature of this unique activity forms a cultural proxy for drought. New research shows that burnt daga structures also correlate with high δ15N values for small stock. Burnt structures thus form a new component to the proxy. According to the ethnography, farmers implicated in the cause burnt their grain bins, and sometimes houses, as a ritual of cleansing. The dating of these structures provides a revised climatic sequence for the plateau portion of the summer rainfall region. Among other new results, there was a drought at the end of the Mapungubwe period (ca. AD 1300). At about AD 1650, droughts associated with the arrival of maize caused people to stop growing it as food for a while.
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Socio-Economic Factors and Pupils Academic Performance In Kianjai Zone, Tigania District Kenya - Igweta, Thomas Mwika (2009)
A Research Report Submitted To The Institute Of Open And Distance Learning In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirement For Award Of A Bachelor In Education, Special Needs Of Kampala International University
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Global pathways of air pollution and the impact on Africa: A modelling study with the ECHMERIT model - Jung, Gunjoo; Pirrone, Nicola (EGUGA, 2009)
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566 PREVALENCE OF HBV AND RELATED RISK FACTORS IN HIGH SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY OF BANGUI (CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC) - Komas, Narcisse; Baï-Sepou, Souleyman; Manirakiza, Alexandre; Béré, Aubin; Lefaou, Alain (Journal of Hepatology, 2009)
Background and Aims: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.HBV has three major modes of infection: parenteral inoculation, sexual transmission and perinatal transmission from mother to infant.The global epidemiological scenario of HBV infection has been changing rapidly over the last two decade due to an effective immunization programme initiated by the World Health Organization.Because the risk of chronic infection increases with decreasing age, people who are infected in early childhood experience a disproportionately large burden of disease attributable to HBV.The objective of our study is to estimate the prevalence of HBV and identify the risk factors of transmission of the HBV among adolescents and young adults to know the precise mode and dynamics of HBV transmission in our country.Methods: Eight hundred and one (801) adolescents from high school and young adults from university were included in the study with their consent.The parental consent was required for subjects under 18 years old.Dried blood spot (DBS) from each participant were prepared by spotting 3 drops of whole blood (4 spots) from the same fingerprick onto Whatman filter paper.Blood samples were extracted from DBS by punching one bloodstained disk of 6 mm diameter from the filter paper, and then eluting overnight in 500 ml PBS.An aliquot of eluate was then processed with commercial ELISA tests (Abbott Murex, Dartfort, UK) according to manufacturer procedures to detect HBsAg antigen, Anti-HBc and Anti-HBs antibodies.Results: Global seroprevalence of HBV is 42.3%.Prevalence of HBV markers: HBsAg: 15.5% (including 13.3% for adolescents and 19.9% for young adults); Anti-HBc antibody: 41.1% and 3.7% for the anti-HBs antibody.The prominent risk factors are sexual activity, familial antecedent of HBV, socioeconomic conditions (orphans, low income families, hygiene conditions) and drug.On the contrary, blood transfusion, multiple sexual partner, age, tattooing, surgery and dental surgery are not associated with the HBV transmission in the studied population. Conclusion:Results suggest that socioeconomic conditions and sexual activity are the prominent risk factors for HBV transmission in this study.Immunization program should be reinforced by national authorities.
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Potential impact of climate change on durum wheat cropping in Tunisia - Lhomme, Jean-Paul; Mougou, R.; Mansour, Mohsen (Climatic Change, 2009)
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Impact of Campus Recreational Sports Facilities and Programs on Recruitment and Retention among African American Students: A Pilot Study - Lindsey, Robert R.; Sessoms, Eugene; Willis, Georgia (Recreational Sports Journal, 2009)
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of campus recreational sports facilities and programs on student recruitment and retention among male and female African American students. A convenience sample of students from classes in the Department of Health and Human Performance at a small, southeastern, private, historically black college and university was used in the study. The instrument consisted of a modified version of the National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association's Quality and Importance of Recreational Services Survey. An independent samples t test was used to test for differences between gender and the recruitment and retention questions, alpha = .05. It was determined that 60% of the male students reported that the availability of recreational sports was important/very important in deciding to attend the college and 68% of the men reported that the availability of recreational sports was important/very important in deciding to continue attending the college. Men scored higher than women when it came to importance of the availability of recreational facilities and programs in deciding to attend the school, the importance of the availability of recreational facilities and programs in deciding to continue at the school, how important sports and fitness activities will be to them after graduation, and the total times per week they participate in active recreational sports pursuits. Although there are limitations to the study, the results provide further evidence that students report that the availability of recreational sports facilities and programs has an impact on both their decisions to attend and remain at an institution. This is a finding that can only serve to increase the practitioner's understanding of those who use such facilities and programs. More studies are needed to further examine the impact of campus recreational facilities and programs on African American students.
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Active synchronous counterclockwise rotation and northwards translation of Africa toward Eurasia during the Late Cretaceous: A paleomagnetic study on the Alkaline volcanic field of Wadi Natash (ca. 100-86Ma), South Eastern Desert, Egypt - Lotfy, Hamza (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Assessment of Environmental Sanitation and Diseases among Students in University of Ghana Legon - Mahamah, E.E (2009)
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Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Options in Vulnerable Agro-Landscapes in East-Africa - Manful, Desmond; Tscherning, Karen; Kersebaum, Kurt Christian; Dietz, Johannes; Dietrich, Ottfried; Gomani, C.; Böhm, Hans; Büchner, Matthias; Lischeid, Gunnar; Ojoyi, Mercy (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
• Climate change is recognized risk to peoples’ livelihoods in Tanzania. • Projected impacts include: variability in temperature, rainfall, LGP, flooding and drought. • This affects different sectors namely agriculture, water resources & ecosystem services among others. Final effects are being felt in reduced agricultural production, diminishing river flow & possibly ground water. • This will be coupled with increasing demand for food due to increase in human pressure. • Rain-fed mixed crop livestock systems of north, east and central Tanzania are likely to be most severely affected by these changes.
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Climate change impact on water resources for several river basins: a European, Asian and African case study. - Mariotti, Laura; Coppola, Erika; Gao, Xichao; Im, Eun‐Soon; Giorgi, Filippo (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Dynamical Downscaling of Climate Change Projection over the African Region using the Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) - Mariotti, Laura; Sylla, Mouhamadou Bamba; Coppola, Erika; Rauscher, Sara A.; Piani, C.; Giorgi, Filippo (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
Email: mariotti@ictp.it , coppolae@ictp.it ABSTRACT Results are presented from regional climate model experiments over the African region. Simulated present day climate (1990 to 2007) is examined and compared to climate projections for the 1990 to 2007 period. The model used is the resident regional climate model at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics referred to as RegCM. Horizontal resolution was fixed at 50km as an optimal compromise between computing power and model performance. For the present day simulation, referred to here as the ‘control’ case, boundary conditions were derived from the ERAInterim database. The projected climate simulation, referred to here as the ‘scenario’ case, is intended to respond to a forcing described by the A1B emission scenario. The boundary conditions were derived from the global climate simulation carried out with the ECHAM5 model. The control simulation (forced by ERA-Interim) performs quite well in terms of temperature and precipitation during the eighteen years of validation. The bias differences for RegCM compared with CRU dataset show the West African Monsoon penetrates too far northward during the summer, resulting a negative precipitation bias over the Guinea Coast (Sylla MB. Et al. 2009). With ECHAM forcing we found an opposite bias to that of the ERA-Interim: the monsoon is located too far southward; this illustrates the important of the boundary conditions. The scenario simulation shows a warming of 0.5 to 6 degrees for the period 2081-2100 compared to present day everywhere on the continent and for all seasons. In general, future increases in temperature correspond with areas of decrease precipitation. For example, over the Sahel region precipitation decreases by 40% while the temperatures increases by almost 5 degrees. If precipitation decreases, temperatures can increase due to both reduced cloud cover and a decrease in soil moisture and latent heat flux (i.e., a greater Bowen ratio). Compared to the ECHAM change signal we notice a slightly bigger warming over the Guinea Coast both for summer and winter season. The GCM precipitation change signal over the western African region show a drying of the Sahel and an increase of precipitation over the Guinea Coast. In the regional model the same dipole is shown but slightly shifted to the south. If we compute the two model precipitation regression on to the SST anomaly mean index over the Guinea Coast we obtain a similar precipitation anomaly pattern.
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Coastal freshwater resources management in the frame of climate change: application to three basins (Italy, Morocco, Portugal) - Masson, Éric; Antonellini, Marco; Dentinho, Tomaz Ponce; Khattabi, Abdellatif (2009)
(1) University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, Geography and urban planning, Villeneuve Ascq, France (eric.masson@univ-lille1.fr), (2) Alma Mater StudiorumUniversita di Bologna, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Scienze Ambientali, Ravenna, Italy, (3) Universidade dos Acores, Gabinete de Gestao e Conservacao da Natureza do Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal, (4) Ecole Nationale Forestiere d’Ingenieurs, Sale, Morocco
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Corporal Punishment and Positive Discipline on Students Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu District Kenya - Maurice, Otunga Shilaho (2009)
A Research Report Presented To the Institute Of Open and Distance Learning In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award Degree Bachelor of Education in Arts of Kampala- International University
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School Day Eating Habits of Inner-City, African American Adolescents - McDuffie, Thomas E.; George, Richard J. (Journal of Negro Education, 2009)
School administrators and food providers need to better understand what factors drive young consumers' food choices in order to keep them as customers and avoid a potential backlash from parents, the community, and public policymakers. This article reports the findings of a study on African American adolescents and food, specifically, their attitudes, constraints, and behaviors during the school day. The study is based on data collected in two Philadelphia public schools-a middle school and a high school-with very high African American student populations. Three areas with implications for improving the school day diet of African American adolescents are discussed INTRODUCTION Being is no longer an individual and national concern; rather it is a worldwide epidemic. Obesity is the 10th most preventable disease in developing nations as well as the industrialized, free world (Fensholt, 2003). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention prefers the terms risk of and overweight for children based on body mass index or BMI (Budd & Volpe, 2006). BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that is associated with body fat and health risk. An estimated two-thirds of the U.S. adult population is or obese (Budd & Volpe, 2006). Similarly the number of overweight, American school-aged children is staggering. Sixteen percent of children and adolescents were and 34% were at risk of becoming in 2003-2004 (Youfa & Beydoun, 2007). While no group is spared, African American children are at greater risk of obesity according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Ogden, Flegal, Carroll, & Johnson, 2002). More pointedly, the Department of Health and Human Services reported that obesity among poor, inner-city African American school children is both high and rising. A study by the Maryland Medical Research Institute found that 1 7.4% of African American girls were by age nine. Moreover, an additional 2% to 5% of the remaining girls became each year through age twelve (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003). Discussions of this health problem feature prominently in the professional and public press; however, there is a paucity of empirical research about food consumption during the school day particularly among African American youth. Increased attention to in-school food offerings magnifies this need. As Nguyen (2005) observed, There's no shortage of ideas when it comes to childhood obesity, but the data out there are a lot more limited (p. A4). The intent of this study is to provide a framework for viewing the school day eating habits of inner-city African American adolescents. Specifically, the study identifies food choices, attributes underlying choices, and related constraints. BACKGROUND After one excludes those with genetic issues, most Americans are because they overeat. Evolutionary coping mechanisms that served well in lean times are detrimental in this era of plenty. Physiologically, the national caloric budget has a significant surplus. Dietary intake is not matched by the level of exercise. Calories not burned through exercise or used for bodily functions are converted to fat. Consequently, two-thirds of Americans, adolescents included, need to exercise more and eat less. Being is a complex mix of social, cultural, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While central to one's understanding, the caloric explanation of obesity skirts critical physiological and social issues. This oversimplification fails to consider that the human body craves high energy fats and sweet foods; to recognize that highly efficient intestinal bacteria are more common in obese than lean individuals; to account for the reality that cultures and families celebrate with food, or that teachers use it to reward students (Kubik, Lytle, Hannan, Story, & Perry, 2002). …
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Tracking working status of HIV/AIDS-trained service providers by means of a training information monitoring system in Ethiopia - McNabb, Marion; Hiner, Cynthia A; Pfitzer, Anne; Abduljewad, Yassir; Nadew, Mesrak; Faltamo, Petros; Anderson, Jean (Human Resources for Health, 2009)
The Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia is implementing an ambitious and rapid scale-up of health care services for the prevention, care and treatment of HIV/AIDS in public facilities. With support from the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 38,830 service providers were trained, from early 2005 until December 2007, in HIV-related topics. Anecdotal evidence suggested high attrition rates of providers, but reliable quantitative data have been limited.With that funding, Jhpiego supports a Training Information Monitoring System, which stores training information for all HIV/AIDS training events supported by the same funding source. Data forms were developed to capture information on providers' working status and were given to eight partners who collected data during routine site visits on individual providers about working status; if not working at the facility, date of and reason for leaving; and source of information.Data were collected on 1744 providers (59% males) in 53 hospitals and 45 health centres in 10 regional and administrative states. The project found that 32.6% of the providers were no longer at the site, 57.6% are still working on HIV/AIDS services at the same facility where they were trained and 10.4% are at the facility, but not providing HIV/AIDS services. Of the providers not at the facility, the two largest groups were those who had left for further study (27.6%) and those who had gone to another public facility (17.6%). Of all physicians trained, 49.2% had left the facility. Regional and cadre variation was found, for example Gambella had the highest percent of providers no longer at the site (53.7%) while Harari had the highest percentage of providers still working on HIV/AIDS (71.6%).Overall, the project found that the information in the Training Information Monitoring System can be used to track the working status of trained providers. Data generated from the project are being shared with key stakeholders and used for planning and monitoring the workforce, and partners have agreed to continue collecting data. The attrition rates found in this project imply an increased need to continue to conduct in-service training for HIV/AIDS in the short term. For long-term solutions, retention strategies should be developed and implemented, and opportunities to accelerate the incorporation of HIV/AIDS training in pre-service institutions should be explored. Further study on reasons why providers leave sites and why providers are not working on HIV at the sites where they were trained, in addition to our project findings, can provide valuable data for development of national and regional strategies and retention schemes. Project findings suggest that the development of national and region-specific human resources for health strategy and policies could address important human resources issues found in the project.
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Field evidence for summit subsidence, flank instability and basal spreading at Mt Cameroon volcano, West Africa - Meerendre, Matthieu Kervyn De; Mathieu, Lucie; Vries, Benjamín van Wyk de; Ernst, Gérald (The EGU General Assembly, 2009)
Mt Cameroon is a steep lava-dominated volcano located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. This 1400 km3 edifice is one of two active centres in the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Despite recent lava eruptions along its rift zones in 1999 and 2000, little geological or monitoring data are available to understand the structure of this large volcanic system. Here we report results from a field campaign dedicated to mapping geological structures in the summit area and at the SE base of Mount Cameroon. Eruptive fissures and open fractures’ orientation, vents’ location and alignment above 3500 m a.s.l were systematically surveyed. In addition to the tectonically-controlled N40°E orientation of eruptive fissures along the rift zones, other dominant orientations were identified such as N60°E (summit vents alignment), N20°E and N90° (extension related structures). These were attributed to local instability around the summit, stress field re-orientation around the head of a deep valley cutting through the NW flank and radial pattern around the summit. Inward-dipping structures were also observed to border the relatively flat upper part of the rift zones. Geological profiles were also measured along rivers cutting through a topographic bulge at the SE base of Mt Cameroon. This topographic step was seen to be associated with deformed Miocene sediments from the Douala basin overlain by volcanic products.Weak sediments of this area are deformed by N50- 60°E trending asymmetrical folds verging toward the SE and by N10-30°E trending symmetrical folds and thrusts. Initial NE-SW trending structures formed following the sliding of sediments on the flank of a NE-SW elongated uplift dome. Later, the same area has been deformed by NNE-SSW trending compressive structures linked to the spreading of Mt Cameroon southern flank toward the SE. Combined with the interpretation of a 30 m Digital Elevation Models and multispectral satellite data, the field observations suggest that Mt Cameroon is affected by major instabilities. Both slow spreading movements and catastrophic collapses of the steep flanks are interpreted to result from complex interactions between the growing edifice, repeated dyke intrusions, the weak sedimentary substratum and tectonic structures.
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A quantitative study on the culture of violence amongst learners in South African schools - Merwe, Nicola Van der (2009)
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Disability Screening and Labor Supply: Evidence from South Africa - Mitra, Sophie (The American Economic Review, 2009)
Yet research that examines the poverty reduction and labor supply effects of disability programs has taken place exclu-sively in developed countries with relatively low unemployment and high labor force participa-tion rates. In developing countries with high unemployment rates, the disincentive effect of cash transfers on labor supply has often been assumed to be economically insignificant (Anne Case and Angus Deaton 1998). In this paper, I provide initial evidence on, and draw attention to, the effect of the South Africa Disability Grant (DG) program on labor supply, in the context of a policy change in disability screening. I use a difference-in-differences estimator to assess the effect of a change toward a less intensive dis-ability screening on labor force nonparticipation for older individuals.If screening for disability benefit programs were perfect, the supply of disability benefits would be independent of labor supply decisions, and only those unable to work due to health con-ditions would receive benefits. However, the dis-ability screening process is imperfect because it is, in practice, difficult to determine whether a person is able to work, which is the typical test of eligibility for disability benefit programs. Recent evidence suggests that the work disincen -tive effects of disability benefits are expected to
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A Study on Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière, 1789) As a Biomonitor Aspect of Oil Pollution in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt - Mohammad, Samya H.; Belal, Aisha Ahmed Mohammed; El-Agroudy, Nadia (International Journal on Environmental Sciences, 2009)
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Municipal Responses to Climate Change in South Africa: The case of eThekwini, the City of Cape Town, and the City of Johannesburg - Mokwena, Lebogang (2009)
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Communally-Bonded Schools and the New Localism: Implications for African American Schooling and a Democratic Future - Morris, Jerome E. (Teachers College record (1970), 2009)
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Micronutrient Deficiencies Among School Girls from Tigray, Northern Ethiopia - Mulugeta, Afework; Gebre, Mehari; Abdulkadir, Mahmud; Tsadik, Asfaw G.; Yesus, Araya G.; Stoecker, Barbara J. (The FASEB Journal, 2009)
A total of 413 girls, 10‐15 y, were randomly selected from nine schools. Age and exam scores were collected from the school register. Anthropometric measurements, clinical assessments and biological samples were obtained using standard techniques. The prevalence of stunting was 24.5%, and 26.4% of girls had BMI = ‐2 z scores. Entamoeba histolytica (19.8%) and Hymenolepis nana (6.3%) were the common intestinal parasites. Only 4% of the girls had hematocrits of =36%. Goiter as assessed by palpation was 45.3% and Bitot's spot prevalence was 2.4%. The local term "hima", describing night blindness, was mentioned by 27.4% of the girls, suggesting that the problem is occurring with some regularity in the study communities. Girls without goiter performed better in math than the goitrous girls (57.6% vs. 53.5%, p=0.007). Stunted girls had lower MUAC (18.1 vs. 18.8 cm, p=0.0038) and hematocrit levels (42.1 vs. 43.2%, p=0.0075). Age was correlated inversely to HAZ (r=‐0.1886, p = 0.0001) and positively to BMI (r=0.5092, p<0.0001). Maternal education was significantly associated with MUAC (p=0.0008) and BMIz scores (p=0.0221). Age (p<0.0001) and hematocrit levels (p=0.0201) were the main predictors of girls' stunting. Iodine and vitamin A, but not iron deficiency anemia, were public health problems in adolescent girls from the study communities. (Supported by Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Mekelle Univ., Ethiopia, and Oklahoma State Univ., USA).
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Mild experimental climate warming induces metabolic impairment and massive mortalities in southern African quartz field succulents - Musil, C.F.; Heerden, P.D.R. Van; Cilliers, Charl; Schmiedel, Ute (Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009)
Current thermal regimes for many southern African succulent species of the subfamily Ruschioideae, which rapidly diversified during the cooler Pleistocene period, may be close to their tolerable extremes, and likely exceeded with anticipated future climate warming. This hypothesis was tested by exposing succulent species of different size and architecture to differently elevated temperatures approximating future African climate scenarios (2.5–3.8 °C increases in mean annual daily temperature maxima) using transparent hexagonal open-top chambers of different heights. Air temperatures, soil water potentials and amounts of fog and dew precipitation were monitored hourly in the differently heated open-top chambers and ambient environment, and changes in species leaf densities and canopy covers precisely determined in these chambers and ambient environment from high resolution digital images taken at 3-monthly intervals spanning a 12-month monitoring period. Photochemical efficiencies and activities of the photosynthetic enzyme Rubisco were also measured in one widespread dwarf succulent species following 2-h exposures of its populations in a forced draft oven to eight different heat intensities (range: 40–54 °C), the highest closely matching the temperature extreme of 54.8 °C recorded in the most intensively heated open-top chambers. After 12-months warming, all succulent species displayed massively (up to 90.2%) reduced leaf densities and canopy covers in the differently heated open-top chambers, with small sparsely branched species comprising single leaf pairs per axis exhibiting much greater reductions than large, shrubby or creeping species with multiple leaves. Noteworthy, was that fog and dew precipitation levels and soil water potentials at the centres of the least intensively heated chambers did not differ significantly from those in the ambient environment, even during the critical dry summer and early autumn seasons. However, leaf density and canopy reductions in these chambers were of similar magnitude to those in the most intensively heated chambers where fog and dew precipitation levels and soil water potentials were significantly reduced. These findings identified elevated temperatures as the principal cause of the observed massive reductions in leaf density and canopy cover and supported the hypothesis that mild anthropogenic warming could exceed the thermal thresholds of many southern African quartz field succulents leading to metabolic impairment. This impairment explained by an observed loss in the catalytic efficiency of Rubisco at daytime temperature extremes exceeding 54 °C, preceded by a decrease in PSII electron transport commencing at temperatures much lower than the threshold for Rubisco de-activation.
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Understanding Nonsmoking in African American and Caucasian College Students: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior - Nehl, Eric J.; Blanchard, Chris M.; Peng, Chao; Rhodes, Ryan E.; Kupperman, Janet; Sparling, Phillip B.; Courneya, Kerry S.; Baker, Frank (Behavioral Medicine, 2009)
Few studies have considered whether psychological determinants of nonsmoking among college students vary by ethnicity. The authors tested the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain differences in nonsmoking intentions of 238 African American and 197 Caucasian college students who completed an in-class TPB questionnaire and a smoking assessment 1 week later. After removing 35 students who reported smoking at the baseline assessment, regressions were used to examine ethnic effects on TPB constructs when predicting nonsmoking intentions. Caucasians had statistically significant higher nonsmoking intentions than African Americans. Further, subjective norms for Caucasians and attitudes for African Americans had small but significant relations to intention, but perceived behavioral control (PBC) was a strongly significant predictor for both ethnic groups. However, the prediction of nonsmoking intentions was not statistically moderated by ethnicity for any of the TPB constructs. This study suggests that the TPB may aid in understanding collegiate nonsmoking intentions and help begin to explain differences in smoking on the basis of ethnicity. Last, because of strong associations shown in this study, PBC should be considered when developing ethnic-specific smoking interventions in college students.
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A comparative analysis of universal primary education policy in Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and Uganda (Special issue: Quality of education in Africa: Africa-Asia university dialogue for basic education development (2)) - Nishimura, Mikiko; Ogawa, Keiichi; Sifuna, Daniel N.; Chimombo, Joseph; Kunje, Demis; Ampiah, Joseph Ghartey; Byamugisha, Albert; Sawamura, Nobuhide; Yamada, Shoko (国際教育協力論集, 2009)
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Origin of Bannerman's Turaco Tauraco bannermani in relation to historical climate change and the distribution of West African montane forests - Njabo, Kevin Y.; Sorenson, Michael D. (Ostrich, 2009)
We determined the systematic relationships and approximate divergence time of Bannerman's Turaco Tauraco bannermani and used this information to test whether the origin and distribution of this species and its closest relatives are associated with the effects of historical climate change on forest habitats in West Africa. We collected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data for T. bannermani and combined this with previously published data to (1) generate a phylogeny for 22 of the 23 turaco species and (2) estimate approximate divergence times among species. The mtDNA data provide strong support for a clade comprising T. bannermani, the morphologically similar T. erythrolophus, and T. leucolophus. Genetic distances suggest that the mitochondrial lineages of these species diverged in the late Pliocene concomitant with increasingly arid and variable palaeoenvironmental conditions. We suggest that palaeoclimate change sundered a more widespread ancestral population associated with montane forests, giving rise to three allopatric species. More recent forest contraction during the past 100 000 years has likely led to increasingly restricted ranges for T. bannermani and T. erythrolophus. In contrast, T. leucolophus has maintained a much larger range, perhaps by adapting to savanna and submontane habitats. Finally, we suggest that the current dependence of Bannerman's Turaco on montane forests and its restricted range in Cameroon are largely the result of drier conditions in the late Pleistocene. The fragmented modern population is now highly vulnerable to extinction due to ongoing habitat loss.
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“If You Don't Abstain, You Will Die of AIDS”: AIDS Education in Kenyan Public Schools - Njue, Carolyne; Nzioka, C; Ahlberg, Beth-Maina; Pertet, Anne M.; Voeten, Hélène (Aids Education and Prevention, 2009)
We explored constraints of implementing AIDS education in public schools in Kenya. Sixty interviews with teachers and 60 focus group discussions with students were conducted in 21 primary and nine secondary schools. System/school-level constraints included lack of time in the curriculum, limited reach of secondary-school students (because AIDS education is embedded in biology, which is not compulsory), and disapproval of openness about sex and condoms by the Ministry of Education and parents. Alternative strategies to teach about AIDS had their own constraints. Teachers lacked training and support and felt uncomfortable with the topic. They were not used to interactive teaching methods and sometimes breached confidentiality. Teachers' negative attitudes constrained students from seeking information. Training interventions should be provided to teachers to increase their self-confidence, foster more positive attitudes, and stimulate interactive teaching methods. The Ministry of Education needs to have a clear policy toward the promotion of condoms.
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Quality of basic education provided by rural community and regular schools in the northern province of Zambia (Special issue: Quality of education in Africa: Africa-Asia university dialogue for basic education development (2)) - Nkosha, Dickson C.; Mwanza, Peggy (国際教育協力論集, 2009)
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Orphan hood and academic performance of learners in kavutiri primary school Embu district, Kenya - Nthiga, Florence N. (2009)
A research project presented to the Institute of Open and Distance Learning in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Early Childhood and Primary Education of Kampala International University
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Energy Reform for West Africa in Climate Change Crisis Era - Nwokocha, C.; Kasei, Raymond Abudu (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Influence of home video on sexuality aspirations of secondary schools students in Ibadan, Nigeria - Obono, Koblowe; Obono, Oka (2009)
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Impact of future climate change on streamflow in the White Volta river basin, West Africa - Obuobie, Emmanuel; Diekkrüger, Bernd; Liebe, Jens (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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The effects of soybean (Glycine max) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) food mixtures on the nutritional status of school children in Suba District, Kenya. - Ohiokpehai, Omo; David, Dorcus Mbithe; Kamau, Joyce (Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 2009)
The effects of HIV and AIDS are reversing the developmental gains on malnutrition in Africa. It is important to reposition nutrition for development that is sustainable, especially in resource poor areas, an example which is Suba District in Nyanza province. Suba District has the highest prevalence of HIV and AIDS which is currently 31%. This has resulted in inadequate food at the household level leading to macro and micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of the work was to establish the effect of corn-soy and corn-pigeon pea blends on nutritional status of school children aged 6-9 years in Suba District, Kenya. An experimental research design was adopted that would enable the data to be analyzed statistically. Two primary schools were purposively selected followed by a systematic sampling of the pupils leading to the selection of 49 pupils from Mbita and 52 pupils from Ong’ayo schools. The children were purposely chosen to be affected by HIV and known to be vulnerable in the community. Soybean or pigeon peacorn mixtures were commercially prepared at NUTRO EPZ, Athi River, Kenya, to give 14% protein of roasted flour. The children were fed at midday in school and a take home ration was prepared to serve a family of five during the weekend to ensure that the index child was allowed to eat his/ her portion. Anthropometric techniques were used for data collection. Pupils from Mbita were fed on corn-soy while those from Ong’ayo were fed on corn-pigeon pea blends for five months. Nutrisurvey and SPSS were used for data analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to interpret results at p<0.05 confidence interval. Stunting level in Mbita decreased from 21.6 to 16.4% and in Ong’ayo from 21.5 to 18.8%. Underweight and wasting decreased significantly (p<0.05). Grain legumes can improve nutritional status of children; however, a longer feeding (intervention) period and a more dense food type are needed to allow for a better impact. Grain legumes, especially soybeans, contain genistein and immune-boosting substances that can improve growth and could decrease the use of nutritional intervention.
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Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Headache in Medical Students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria - Ojini, FI; Okubadejo, Njideka; Danesi, MA (Cephalalgia (Oslo), 2009)
We investigated the 1-year prevalence, clinical features and mode of treatment of headache in medical students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria, using a self-administered headache questionnaire. Headache prevalence was 46.0% and was significantly higher in women than in men (62.8% vs. 34.1%). Prevalence of tension-type headache was higher than that of migraine (18.1% vs. 6.4%). Although tension-type headache had a similar prevalence in both sexes (male 17.3%, female 19.2%), migraine was three times more common in women (10.9% vs. 3.2%). A family history of headache was present in 22.0%. Only 4.6% sought medical assistance, whereas 68.2% took non-prescription drugs, mainly simple analgesics. Specific drugs for migraine and tension-type headache were rarely used. In conclusion, 1-year headache prevalence is high among medical students at this university. The low consultation rate and the rarity of usage of specific anti-headache drugs probably reflect inadequacies in the management of primary headaches in this population.
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Analysis of the Learning Environment of University Students on Nigeria: A Case Study of University of Benin - Ojogwu, C. N.; Alutu, Azuka N. G. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2009)
This study analyzed the state of the learning environment of University students in Nigeria. A guided interview schedule was used to collect data from the principal officers of the University in the library, academic planning division and the Vice Chancellor’s office. A similar schedule was used to collect data on twenty students’ representatives. Secondary data were collected from the University involved in the study. The result of the analyses showed that the learning environment was very much below standard. Based on the findings, it was recommended that National Universities Commission minimum guidelines should be strictly adhered to in terms of staffing, staff-student ratio and provision of adequate physical facilities.
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Assessing Computer Knowledge in Senior High School: A Case Study of the Upper East Region in Ghana - Oladejo, N. K.; Adetunde, I. A. (Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 2009)
Problem statement: This study contracted with assessing the knowledge of computer in Senior High Schools of the Upper East Region in Ghana. Approach: Data collected by means of administration of questionnaire brings out the level of computer knowledge expected from a student completing a Senior High School in the Upper East Region in Ghana. 140 sample students from 8 districts were selected for the study. Results: Hypotheses were tested at ? = 0.05 while the analyses of data were presented through SAS and SPSS. General Linear Model (GLM), post ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD) were also used. Conclusion: The study revealed that an average student in Senior High School of the Upper East Region can not pass in computer subject. The research further revealed that gender has no influence on the level of computer knowledge of a student. This indicates that the level of computer knowledge of males and females is not significantly different.
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Architectural Education and Housing Provision in Nigeria - Olotuah, Abiodun Olukayode; Ajenifujah, A. O. (Transactions, 2009)
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The Relationship between Personality Types and Career Choice of Secondary School Students in Federal Government Colleges in Nigeria - Onoyase, Dickson; Onoyase, Anna (Anthropologist (Delhi, 1999), 2009)
The study was carried out to investigate the Relationship between Personality Types and Career Choice of Secondary School Students in Federal Government Colleges in Nigeria. The researchers formulated one hypothesis to guide the study. The researchers employed random sampling method to draw a sample size of six hundred and sixteen (616) senior secondary two students. The two instruments used for the study were Students’ Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and Students’ Career Choice Questionnaire (SCCQ). The first instrument has a coefficient of .89 while the second has a coefficient of .81. Both have content validity and language appropriateness. The chi-square statistical analysis was used to analyze the data. The hypothesis was tested at 0.5 level of significance. The results showed that there were significant relationships between the Artistic, Social, Enterprising and investigative personality types on one hand and career choice on the other. However, no significant relationships were found between the realistic and conventional personality types and career choice. Based on the findings it was recommended, among others, that practising counsellors should give priority to career guidance in schools so as to enable students align their personality types with intended careers and also that emphasis should be placed on the importance of psychological testing in counsellor-training programmes in Nigeria’s institutions.
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Effects of capitation grant on education outcomes in Ghana - Osei, Robert Darko; Owusu, G.A.; Asem, F.E.; Afutu-Kotey, R.L. (2009)
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Afar unrest: the 2008 Alu eruption in the Erta `Ale volcanic system (Ethiopia) - Pagli, Carolina; Wright, T. J.; Ayele, Atalay; Barnie, Talfan (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Use of Library Information Resources and Services as Predictor of the Teaching Effectiveness of Social Scientists in Nigerian Universities - Popoola, Sunday Olanrewaju; Haliso, Yacob (African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2009)
This study investigated the predictive relationships between teaching effectiveness and use of library information resources and services among social scientists in thirteen federal government-funded Nigerian universities. Stratified random sampling with equal allocation method coupled with self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data from 650 academic social scientists from the universities, out of which 570 responded giving a response rate of 87.7 per cent. The study found that the utilisation of library information resources and services correlated significantly with perceived  teaching effectiveness of the respondents. It was also found that the utilisation of library information resources and library services contributed 49.8 per cent and 38.5 per cent respectively to the prediction of teaching effectiveness of the respondents. It is recommended that academic social scientists in the Nigerian universities should endeavour to use library resources and services to improve their teaching effectiveness.
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Skills deficit and development in the South African public sector : a training and development perspective - Qwabe, Bongani Reginald; Pillay, Soma (Journal of Public Administration, 2009)
South Africa faces enormous challenges as it seeks to achieve development objectives set out in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Despite the enormity and complexity of these challenges, there is potential and opportunity for growth provided that skills deficit and development is promptly addressed. The extent to which the public sector can evolve as a developmental state centres on high skills levels. These skill levels inescapably influence the constitutional principles which are effectiveness and efficiency with which the government serves the twin goals of social and economic development. The Human Resource Strategy of the Public Sector seeks to maximize people development, management and empowerment through quality skills development to accelerate transformation and service delivery that will benefit the people of South Africa. The aim of this article is to analyse skills deficit and development within a training and development paradigm. Furthermore, the legislative and institutional mechanisms will be discussed as a means to sustain life long national skills growth for effective service delivery. Finally, this article proposes an innovative and learning strategy for training and development of human capital as an investment for a high performance public sector.
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Provision of in-service training of mathematics and science teachers in Botswana: teachers’ perspectives - Ramatlapana, Kim (Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 2009)
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Analysis of the factors that explain the non-completion of the curriculum: a study of the teaching time in primary schools in Madagascar (Special issue: Quality of education in Africa: Africa-Asia university dialogue for basic education development (2)) - Razafimbele, Judith; Rajonhson, Lina; Ratompomalala, Harinosy; Malazamanana, Jean de la Croix (国際教育協力論集, 2009)
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Spectral analysis of the Namarunu volcanic complex in the Northern Kenya Rift - Riedl, Simon; Trauth, Martin H. (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Significant others influence on socialization into sport of Kenya secondary school athletes - Rintaugu, E.G. (2009)
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Complementary feeding education to mothers in health facilities of Manya‐Krobo district of Ghana - Robinson, Jasna Lin; Marquis, Grace S; Lartey, Anna (The FASEB Journal, 2009)
In Ghana, the prevalence of young child undernutrition is highest between 9 and 21 mo of age; inadequate complementary feeding (CF) is one of its major causes. This study examined health service education focused on CF and its relationship with mothers' knowledge and reported practices. Two focus groups were conducted with mothers of young children (n=14). Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with Ministry of Health (MOH) personnel (n=3), doctors (n=3), nurses (n=13), health assistants (n=5), Queen Mothers (n=6), and fathers (n=8). All focus group discussions and interviews were tape‐recorded and translated for coding and analysis. Messages on CF were provided via 10‐min health talks, posters, and private counseling. While all health workers recommended starting CF at 6 mo, messages for older infants did not consistently follow MOH feeding guidelines. Reported barriers to CF education included lack of audience‐appropriate teaching aids and limited in‐service training. Like health workers, mothers and fathers' knowledge of the recommended timing for CF initiation was good but, in practice, progression to a family diet was problematic. Practical CF advice is needed and should be integrated and reinforced throughout the health system.
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Achievement of African American and Caucasian Students Referred and Placed or Not Placed in Gifted Programs - Romanoff, Brenda; Algozzine, Bob; Nielson, Aleene B. (Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 2009)
The identification of students who are gifted traditionally has been grounded in criteria with an emphasis on unitary measures of intellectual ability. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the performance of elementary school children in a Southeastern state identified as gifted using an assessment process based on MI theory, the Problem Solving Assessment, with a comparable group of students referred for assessment but not identified as gifted. We compared scores on statewide end-of-grade reading and math tests to evaluate the performance of African American and Caucasian students. Although scores for African American students were below those for the Caucasian peers in both groups, the difference between the groups was smaller in reading and mathematics for students identified and placed in gifted programs. We discuss the implications of our findings as they related to identification and program development.
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Factors affecting Southern African students’ success in CIMA examinations - Roos, Shelley-Anne (Meditari : Research Journal of the School of Accounting Sciences, 2009)
This study explores the factors affecting the results obtained by Southern African students in the professional qualification examinations of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA). Thirteen variables were identified and included in a questionnaire sent to CIMA students. It was found that three variables were significantly associated with examination success: age, tuition and study material. Younger candidates, candidates who attended part‐time tuition classes and candidates who used the textbooks published by BPP were more successful. Trends were also detected regarding gender, the number of papers written, and examination attempts: females tended to outperform males, candidates had a smaller chance of passing all the papers they sat if they took on more papers at a time, and first‐time candidates had a higher tendency to pass than repeat candidates. Opportunities for further research are discussed.
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Tracing the Southwest African climate development during the Miocene - changes in elemental distribution and clay mineral composition at DSDP Site 530A (southeastern Angola Basin) - Roters, Bastian (EGUGA, 2009)
During the middle and late Miocene the climatic system in Southwest Africa was reorganized leading to generally drier conditions as known from today. The reason for this was the cooling of the coastal-near ocean by the initialization of the Benguela Current. Thus the temperature difference between the continent and the sea increased and a system of seaward blowing winds developed. This lead to (1) the development of the Benguela Upwelling System in front of the Namibian coast and (2) it prevented the landward flow of humid air masses. The Mid-Miocene climate change in SW-Africa has been shown by data-sets from the Cape Basin and the Walvis Ridge (Kastanja et al., 2006; Westerhold et al., 2005; Diester-Haass et al., 2002; Roters & Henrich, in press). The DSDP Site 530A is situated in the SE corner of the Walvis Basin at the toe of the Walvis Ridge in a water depth of 4629 m. Today the distance to the coast is about 285 km. The idea is to trace the climatic development between 19 and 9 Myr with the help of (1) a clay mineral record and (2) the results of XRF-scanning of the core. The sediment is carbonate-depleted, which, inversely, enriches the terrigenous components. On the other hand mass accumulation rates are low and the age control of the sediments is difficult. XRF scanning was done on the archive cores at the MARUM, Bremen in a resolution of about 10 kyr, while the clay mineral contents were measured in the isolated clay fraction (< 2μm) on a XRD machine at the AWI, Bremerhaven in a 100 kyr resolution. By grain size analysis it was found that the content of clays (fraction < 2μm) of the sediments averages out to about 75%. The most prominent clays found in the samples are Illites. The remaining material is nearly completely composed of silt. The sediments could have been transported to site 530A by three different processes: (1) in the sediment load of the Kunene River and onwards by surface ocean currents, (2) with the dust load from the African continent and (3) by deeper ocean and bottom currents. In a previous grain size study of these sediments no indications for bottom currents were found. Material, which was suspicious to be transported by mass wasting events, has been excluded from this study. The grain size analysis showed a general coarsening of sediment after 11.5 Myr, when the Benguela Current system began to work. Also peaks of coarser material have been found before that general change. The scope of the here presented work is to trace these developments with chemical data and clay mineral contribution changes. First results show enrichment in Iron and Titanium contents after 11.5 Myr that is explained with higher dust input to the ocean.
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Kenya's HIV/AIDS education sector policy: implications for orphaned and vulnerable children and the teaching of HIV/AIDS education (Special issue: Quality of education in Africa: Africa-Asia university dialogue for basic education development (2)) - Ruto, Sara Jerop; Chege, Fatuma N.; Wawire, Violet (国際教育協力論集, 2009)
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Assessment of Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution at Mitm Area, Ibb City, Yemen - Sabahi (American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2009)
Groundwater and surface water samples were collected from Mitm area to study the possible impact of wastewater treatment percolation into the groundwater and surface water.The objective of the study is to assess the groundwater and surface water pollution due to wastewater treatment at Mitm area of Ibb city, in the Republic of Yemen.The concentrations of various physiochemical parameters include heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu) pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), anions and nutrients (F -, Cl -, SO 4 -2 , NO 2 , NO 3 -,NH 3 -N), major cations (Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mg) and parameters (COD, BOD 5 , and coliform group bacteria) were measured from the groundwater samples.The results show that three out of five boreholes are contaminated, where the concentration of physic-chemical parameters are above the standard acceptable levels which required for drinking water adapted by Yemen's Ministry of Water and Environment (YMWE, 1999).On the other hand, surface water is affected by the discharge of untreated wastewater.The concentrations of physiochemical parameters are above the standard acceptable levels which required for irrigation purpose adopted by Yemen's Ministry of Water and Environment (YMWE, 1999).Boreholes 1 and 2 are suitable for drinking water, whereas boreholes 3, 4 and 5 are not suitable for drinking water.Therefore, urgency for wastewater treatment at this site is recommended to prevent further contamination to surface and groundwater.
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Assessment of Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution at Mitm Area, Ibb City, Yemen - Sabahi, Esmail Al; Rahim, Samsudin A.; Zuhairi, W. Y. Wan; Alshaebi, Fares; Nozaily, Fadhl Al (American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2009)
Groundwater and surface water samples were collected from Mitm area to study the possible impact of wastewater treatment percolation into the groundwater and surface water. The objective of the study is to assess the groundwater and surface water pollution due to wastewater treatment at Mitm area of Ibb city, in the Republic of Yemen. The concentrations of various physiochemical parameters include heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu) pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), anions and nutrients (F-, Cl-, SO4-2, NO2, NO3-,NH3-N), major cations (Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mg) and parameters (COD, BOD5, and coliform group bacteria) were measured from the groundwater samples. The results show that three out of five boreholes are contaminated, where the concentration of physic-chemical parameters are above the standard acceptable levels which required for drinking water adapted by Yemen's Ministry of Water and Environment (YMWE, 1999). On the other hand, surface water is affected by the discharge of untreated wastewater. The concentrations of physiochemical parameters are above the standard acceptable levels which required for irrigation purpose adopted by Yemen's Ministry of Water and Environment (YMWE, 1999). Boreholes 1 and 2 are suitable for drinking water, whereas boreholes 3, 4 and 5 are not suitable for drinking water. Therefore, urgency for wastewater treatment at this site is recommended to prevent further contamination to surface and groundwater.
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Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana - Tan, Zhengxi; Liu, Shuguang; Tieszen, Larry L.; Tachie-Obeng, E. (Agriculture, ecosystems & environment (Print), 2009)
Sub-Saharan Africa is large and diverse with regions of food insecurity and high vulnerability to climate change. This project quantifies carbon stocks and fluxes in the humid forest zone of Ghana, as a part of an assessment in West Africa. The General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) was used to simulate the responses of natural and managed systems to projected scenarios of changes in climate, land use and cover, and nitrogen fertilization in the Assin district of Ghana. Model inputs included historical land use and cover data, historical climate records and projected climate changes, and national management inventories. Our results show that deforestation for crop production led to a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 33% from 1900 to 2000. The results also show that the trend of carbon emissions from cropland in the 20th century will continue through the 21st century and will be increased under the projected warming and drying scenarios. Nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural systems could offset SOC loss by 6% with 30 kg N ha−1 year−1 and by 11% with 60 kg N ha−1 year−1. To increase N fertilizer input would be one of the vital adaptive measures to ensure food security and maintain agricultural sustainability through the 21st century.
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Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Naturals Hazards in the Caldera of Mount Bambouto (West Cameroon) - Tefogoum, Ghislain Zangmo; Dongmo, Armand Kagou; Nkouathio, D. G.; Wandji, Pierre (EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009)
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Self-Efficacy, Motivation, and Academic Adjustment among African American Women Attending Institutions of Higher Education. - Thomas, Deneia; Love, Keisha M.; Roan-Belle, Clarissa; Tyler, Kenneth M.; Brown, Callie L.; Garriott, Patton O. (Journal of Negro Education, 2009)
This study examined the relationships among self-efficacy beliefs, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and academic adjustment among 111 African American women in college. Results revealed that self-efficacy beliefs predicted Motivation to Know, Externally Regulated motivation, Identified motivation, and academic adjustment. Furthermore, Motivation to Know partially mediated the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and academic adjustment. Contrary to prediction, extrinsic motivation did not mediate the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and academic adjustment. The implications of these findings for faculty, higher education administrators, and mental health counselors are provided, as well directions for future research. Education trends indicated that at the turn of the twenty-first century, 44% of African Americans attended college, while 31% attended college twenty years ago (NCES, 2004; U.S. Census Bureau, 2004). To continue this positive, upward trend among African Americans, particularly African American women, researchers must use empirical findings to identify factors that contribute to persistence toward academic attainment in higher education (Allen, Epps, & Haniff, 1991). Although researchers have identified a few significant psychological, familial/contextual, and interpersonal factors that facilitate academic adjustment among African Americans (e.g., Constantine & Sue, 2006), due to a long-standing focus on educational deficits, the literature is lacking sufficient empirically based evidence reflecting positive factors mat predict persistence and academic achievement among African American students, specifically, African American women. Historically, the depiction of African Americans has been presented as educationally disadvantaged or deprived, because their level of academic performance has lagged behind their Caucasian American counterparts (Gay, 2000; Ford, 1996). With little findings that are genderspecific to account for within group factors, studies have traditionally focused on the shortcomings of African American college students as a means of explaining these educational disparities (Jencks & Phillips, 1998), with research shifting to reflect a focus on factors that promote academic success among this population (Ladson-Billings, 1994). AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION Studies support the notion that women in general, often face institutional, political, and cultural barriers (e.g. sexism, prejudice, and the ceiling effect) that can impede advancement and success at institutions of higher education (Gilligan, 1993; Hyde & Kling, 2001; Lemons, 2003). These barriers are compounded for African American women because they encounter additional obstacles such racism and discrimination, beyond the barriers met by Caucasian American women or men (Cotter, Hermsen, Ovadia, & Vanneman, 2001; Johnson, 2006; Moore & Jones, 2001). The ceiling effect is distinct from me ceiling effect in that, unlike glass that can be seen through and shattered, concrete is more difficult to infiltrate and cannot be pierced without extreme pressure. Caucasian American women face sexism, prejudice, and discrimination, but do not have the added obstruction of racism. While African American men experience racism and discrimination, sexism is not intertwined with these hurdles. It is the combination of these factors that is unique to African American women, which results in the cumulative or pooled outcome of these barriers identified as the ceiling effect (Johnson, 2006; Moore & Jones, 2001; Tomkiewicz, Bass, & Vaicys, 2003). For example, African American women tend to encounter higher incidences of negative, racebased stereotypes, more frequent questioning of their credibility, knowledge, and authority, the socio-cultural expectation to advance the African American male while sacrificing personal achievement and advancement, and a lack of institutional support (Benjamin, 1997; Higginbotham, 2001). …
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Basic education and development in sub-Saharan Africa (Special issue: Quality of education in Africa: Africa-Asia university dialogue for basic education development (2)) - Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. (国際教育協力論集, 2009)
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Earthquake vulnerability and risk modeling for the area of Greater Cairo, Egypt - Tyagunov, Sergey; Abdelrahman, Kamal; El-Hady, Sherif M.; Mohamed, Abbas Ahmed; Stempniewski, Lothar; Liesch, T.; Zschau, Jochen (EGUGA, 2009)
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Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Need of Mentally Handicapped Children in Lagos, Nigeria - Utomi, I L (Brazilian Research in Pediatric Dentistry and Integrated Clinic, 2009)
Resumen pt: Objetivo: Determinar a prevalencia de maloclusao e necessidade de tratamento ortodontico em criancas e adolescentes nigerianos com necessidades especiais...
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Science Education in the Gambia--UK Students' Perspectives. - Vatcher, Judy (Education in science, 2009)
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Social and cognitive variables predicting voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Tanzanian medical students - Vermeer, Willemijn M.; Bos, Arjan E. R.; Mbwambo, Jessie; Kaaya, Sylvia; Schaalma, H.P. (Patient Education and Counseling, 2009)
The present study aimed to predict Tanzanian medical students’ Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) participation intention using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a theoretical framework. Further, differences between respondents who had previously participated in VCT and respondents who had not were assessed. Cross-sectional data were gathered from 186 Tanzanian medical students using a self-administered questionnaire. Almost half of the respondents (43.3%) reported having been tested for HIV. A prediction model containing HBM and demographic variables explained 31% of the variance in VCT-participation intention. Self-efficacy, fear of being HIV-positive, and perceived susceptibility contributed significantly to the final regression model. In addition, respondents who had previously participated in VCT expressed less fear of being stigmatized and being HIV-positive than respondents who had not. Fear of being HIV-positive, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and fear of being stigmatized were associated with either VCT-participation intention or previous participation. Further, the HBM accounted for a limited proportion of the explained variance in Tanzanian students’ intention to participate in VCT. This suggests that the validity of the HBM in explaining HIV-preventive behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa should be questioned. Interventions promoting VCT should incorporate program elements targeting self-efficacy, fear of being HIV-positive, perceived susceptibility and fear of being stigmatized.
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COMPARISON OF SOME ESSENTIAL AND HEAVY METALS IN THE TOENAILS AND FINGERNAILS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN KENYA - Were, Faridah Hussein; Njue, Wilson; Murungi, Jane; Wanjau, Ruth (Bulletin of The Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 2009)
This paper describes the determination of the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in the toenails and fingernails of children under the age of six years in urban and rural areas in Kenya by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Lead levels in urban areas ranged from 8.0-49.0 μg/g in fingernails and 7.0-62.0 μg/g in toenails as compared to those in rural areas (5.0-36.5 μg/g and 5.5-31.5 μg/g, respectively). A similar trend was observed for Cd where significantly high levels were found in children in urban areas than those in rural areas. The Fe and Zn levels were significantly higher in children in rural areas than those in the urban areas. The levels of all the metals studied were higher in the toenails except for Fe and Ca where the levels were higher in fingernails; however, the difference in the levels was not significant. These results indicate that either the toenails or fingernails can be used as a reference for levels of metals environmental exposure. KEY WORDS: Children, Essential elements, Heavy metals, Fingernails, Toenails, Kenya Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2009, 23(1), 117-122.
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A marketing perspective on choice factors considered by South African first-year students in selecting a higher education institution - Wiese, Melanie; Heerden, Cornelius Hendrik Van; Jordaan, Yolanda; North, Ernest J. (Southern African Business Review, 2009)
The unstable and turbulent environment in which higher education institutions all over the world currently have to operate poses many management and marketing challenges to such institutions. As non-profit organisations, the ability of higher education institutions to survive and grow would be enhanced by up-to-date knowledge and information regarding the higher education environment, and more specifically by having marketing and communication strategies that might influence students making decisions on which university to to enrol at. The main goal of this study was to investigate the relevant importance of the choice factors that prospective students considered, as well as the sources of information used in the decision making process when they decided to enrol as first-year Economic and Management Sciences students at a higher education institution in South Africa. A non-probability convenience sample of 1 500 students from six higher education institutions participated in the study. The findings of the study indicate that quality of teaching and employment prospects ranked the highest as choice factors. The word-of-mouth influence of parents, siblings and friends were the least influential factors. Campus visits and open-days are the most valuable sources of information for prospective students. Advertisements on television or in the printed media are not considered to be particularly valuable sources of information.
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A comparative assessment of soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two Niger Delta communities, Nigeria - Ana, Godson; Sridhar, M. K. C.; Emerole, Godwin O. (African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2009)
This study determined, in comparison with guideline limits, the levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in the soils at Eleme (highly industrialized) and Ahoada East (less industrialized) communities in the Niger Delta Area. Sixteen grab soil samples with 8 samples each from different locations in each community were collected at depth 0 - 15 cm using an auger. About 500 g of soil from each location were processed and analyzed for pH, moisture content, organic matter, phenol, and PAHs using standard methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics viz mean ± standard deviation as well as inferential statistics such as Man Whitney U test and simple regression at 5% level of significance. At Eleme, the highest concentration of phenol (1.04 ± 0.85%) was observed in samples at Ekporo. The highest levels of Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) (1.54 x 105 ng/kg) were recorded at Onne. Soil samples close to the Petroleum Refinery at Alesa recorded the highest total PAH concentration (2.30 x 106 ng/kg) even though this was slightly lower than the EPA guideline value of 2.5 x 106 ng/kg. At Ahoada East, the highest phenol level (1.48 ±0.99 mg/kg) was observed at Ula Ehuda. The highest BaP concentrations were observed at Ahoada town (1.57 x 105 ng/kg). Also the highest total PAH levels (3.67 x 105 ng/kg) were recorded at Odiabidi and this was lower than the levels at Eleme and EPA guideline limits (P < 0.05). The mean level of total PAHs at Eleme which recorded the highest number (9) of individual components was 7 fold higher than that recorded at Ahoada East with only 3 components. Also at Eleme four locations compared to none at Ahoada East were classified as high risk sites. The study showed that the communities at Eleme when compared to Ahoada East may be more vulnerable to hazards associated with increased exposure to Soil PAH. Key words: Industry, Niger Delta Communities, Nigeria, PAHs, soil pollution.
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Traditional health practitioners' awareness training programme on TB, HIV and AIDS: a pilot project for the Khayelitsha area in Cape Town, South Africa. - Matsabisa, Motlalepula G.; Spotose, Thozama; Hoho, D.; Javu, Mncedi Gladman (Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2009)
Twenty (20) Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) from Khayelitsha Township in Cape Town were being trained in tuberculosis (TB), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Khayelitsha is among the biggest townships in the City of Cape Town Metro pole. The city is about 30 km south of Cape Town. Based on scientific research articles Khayelitsha has a high prevalence of TB cases. The THPs were randomly selected from different sections of the township after a pre-evaluation workshop. They attended the awareness training once a week for two months amounting to 8 days in total. The Indigenous Knowledge Systems [Health] Lead Programme (IKS) at Medical Research Council (MRC), South African National Tuberculosis Association (SANTA) and People Management Organisation (PMO) conducted the training at the IKS [Health] Lead Programmer’s Resource Centre which is at MRC Delft Community Centre at Brentwood. The centre hosts numbers of activities for community programmes including school outreach programmes and conducts various scientific projects. THPs and the biomedical workers (BMWs) exchange information bases and knowledge levels at the centre. The THPs were being taught about clinical and laboratory diagnosis of TB and its mode of infection at National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) situated at Old City Hospital Complex, Green Point, Cape Town. The purpose of the TB, HIV and AIDS training programme was to increase the awareness on TB, HIV and AIDS and also to train the THPs as TB Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) Supporters. The questionnaire was structured based on three themes and three factors. The themes were as follows: Section A: Particulars of the THP, Section B: Training on TB, HIV and AIDS and Section C: Public Health. The data collected during awareness training workshop was statistically analysed for significance using the statistical analysis system version 9.1. The results showed the importance and need of the TB, HIV and AIDS training programme as the THPs present in the programme felt that policy makers should think of a nationwide programme in this aspect to train all THPs in different regions of the country. It was being felt that successful participation by THPS in these types of awareness trainings would increase their knowledge, improve their practices and assist during consultations with their patients. Subsequently, THPs will be in a position to provide accurate information on TB, HIV and AIDS to their communities and they will utilize the new information and skills in their daily activities. The results of this project indicated that THPs complemented the activities of health providers at the community level and were eager to be trained as TB DOT supporters. This study further indicated that, properly trained THPs could be deployed in hospitals and clinics as TB DOT supporters. The THPs appreciated the training offered and they were keen to participate in public health activities in a meaningful pattern. The training showed no hostility between THPs and BMWs, but willingness to collaborate and learn from each other. It was being recommended that this training should cover a large population of THPs in the country. Key words: Traditional health practitioners, TB, HIV and AIDS, training, TB DOT supporters.
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Antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the surgical unit of a university teaching hospital in north central Nigeria - Olayinka, Adebola; Olayinka, B. O.; Onile, B A (International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2009)
This study determined the susceptibility pattern and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 92 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from clinical samples comprising mainly urine (51.1%) and wounds (41.3%) obtained from the surgical units of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; over a 24-month period. The strains were susceptible to imipenem (94.6%), ciprofloxacin (90.2%), amikacin (89.1%) and ceftazidime (78.3%) but resistant to ofloxacin (82.6%), perfloxacin (58.7%) and gentamicin (35.8%). Analysis of the MAR index of isolates revealed that 60.9% had MAR index of 0.3 and above, which is an indication of probable origin from the hospital environment where antibiotics are extensively used. A strict management of antibiotic policies and a continuous surveillance programme for multidrug resistant pathogens like P. aeruginosa in specialised units is advocated.
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Development and validation of a computer instructional package on electrochemistry for secondary schools in Nigeria. - Oyelekan, Oloyede Solomon; Olorundare, Adekunle Solomon (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2009)
The computer has witnessed a wide range of applications in virtually all human endeavours. It has also found its way into the classroom, and educators now look in its way as a panacea to prevalent pedagogical challenges. Researches have indicated that appropriate use of the computer for science instruction facilitates teaching and learning. This research work was carried out to develop and validate a computer instructional package on electrochemistry for secondary schools in Nigeria. Several researches have indicated electrochemistry to be one of the topics responsible for students’ poor performance in School Certificate Chemistry examinations in Nigeria. The package was produced in an html format using Macromedia Dreamweaver as the overall platform. Other computer programs utilized during the development process are: CorelDraw suit 12, Microsoft Word 2003, Macromedia Fireworks 8, and Macromedia Flash 8. The validation of the package was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of Dick, Carey, & Carey (2005). In the end, the package was found to produce a very good performance level in the students when used for electrochemistry instruction.
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The Computers for Education Forum: Working with 57 rural schools (Ngoketunjia, North West Region, Cameroon) - Palamakumbura, Tamara (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2009)
The Computers for Education Forum (COF) is a framework of 3 partners and 57 schools extending across 7 villages in rural Cameroon. The objective of the framework is to bridge the digital divide through education. As its first phase of activities, the program will run 12 monthly seminars for school teachers. Of the participants 51 schools (89%) do not currently teach computing. Of these 42 schools will introduce computing as a subject through the program. To facilitate this, the program will invite 5-10 teachers from each school to participate in the program and as such will be training 200-400 teachers.
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Interview with Jacques Bwira Hope Primary School Kampala, Uganda (Harvard Educational Review, 2009)
Jacques Bwira arrived in Uganda in 2000, having fled the violent conflict in his native country, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Though he had trained and worked as a teacher in Congo, he feared that speaking only French would prevent him from making a living in his new home. The police officer who interrogated Jacques on arrival in the capital city of Kampala took him to a flat rented by a Catholic priest who often hosted refugees. Jacques agreed to begin teaching the children of other refugees in his native French in exchange for a place to live. Emerging from a small operation serving a handful of neighbors, the Hope Primary School, of which Jacques is the founding director, now serves 217 refugee and Ugandan national children. Through hard work, advocacy, and community support, Jacques and the staff of Hope Primary School have been able to purchase land and build a permanent school—the only Ugandan school for refugees located outside a refugee camp. In this interview,editors from the Harvard Educational Review spoke with Jacques about the school's development, the community it serves, and its struggles and accomplishments.
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Spinning off an entrepreneurship culture among Nigerian University Students: Prospects and challenges - Adejimola, Amuseghan Sunday; Olufunmilayo, Tayo-Olajubutu (African Journal of Business Management, 2009)
The re-engineering of the Nigerian economy in the presence of available resources and business opportunities has attracted serious attention in recent times. The colonial mentality in the first generation of graduates in Nigeria, which was deep-rooted in the Golden Fleece and certificate frenzy, influenced the limited spirit of entrepreneurship. Among the dead and surviving industries in Nigeria, the captains of these industries are semi-literate entrepreneurs. This paper adopts a case study of the Nigerian university system in re-positioning the economic development and entrepreneurial drive for job creation, wealth creation and global competitiveness of Nigerian youths/graduates. The main thrust of the paper is the emphasis on the marriage between theories and practical which the research and development centres in the universities should serve as technological incubators and entrepreneurship drive. The introduction of entrepreneurship education as a compulsory course in the Nigerian university system is seen as a measure to address the problem of graduate unemployment and strategically position the economy for leadership in Africa. It is recommended that the Nigerian ecosystem must be harnessed before meaningful entrepreneurship development can take place. The paper concludes that curriculum review, sensitization, advocacy and mobilization of support for entrepreneurship education, programme focus and funding together with the political will and stability of the government should be provided for entrepreneurship culture and development. Key words: Spinning off, entrepreneurship, strategies, cultures, incubators.
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The Somali Bantu Experience: Using Multimedia Ethnography for Community Building, Public Education and Advocacy - Besteman, Catherine (Anthropology News, 2009)
Anthropology NewsVolume 50, Issue 4 p. 23-23 The Somali Bantu Experience: Using Multimedia Ethnography for Community Building, Public Education and Advocacy Catherine Besteman, Catherine Besteman Professor of anthropology at Colby College. In the 1990s she published two books and several articles about Somalia's civil war and Somali Bantu history and identity, and she currently collaborates with Somali Bantu refugees in Lewiston, Maine. See also her work on post-apartheid South Africa (Transforming Cape Town) and public anthropology (Why America's Top Pundits are Wrong and The Insecure American, both coedited with Hugh Gusterson).Search for more papers by this author Catherine Besteman, Catherine Besteman Professor of anthropology at Colby College. In the 1990s she published two books and several articles about Somalia's civil war and Somali Bantu history and identity, and she currently collaborates with Somali Bantu refugees in Lewiston, Maine. See also her work on post-apartheid South Africa (Transforming Cape Town) and public anthropology (Why America's Top Pundits are Wrong and The Insecure American, both coedited with Hugh Gusterson).Search for more papers by this author First published: 30 March 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3502.2009.50423.x Jorge Acero, whose photos appear alongside this essay, currently works with guest and migrant worker programs in Maine's Department of Labor. AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume50, Issue4April 2009Pages 23-23 RelatedInformation
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Parent-Community Involvement in School Governance and Its Effects on Teacher Effectiveness and Improvement of Learner Performance: A Study of Selected Primary and Secondary Schools in Botswana. - Boaduo, F R C Nana Adu-Pipim; Milondzo, Khazamula Samson; Adjei, Alex A. (Educational Research Review, 2009)
This study surveyed 45 selected primary and secondary schools in Botswana which aimed to identify how parent and community involvement in the governance of schools affect teacher effectiveness and improvement of learner performance. The study started from January 2005 to December 2006. Literature review, administration of questionnaires, interview schedules and local conferencing at the chiefs’ palaces (kgotla) and in churches were used to gather data. The conclusion that could be drawn is that in schools where parents and community involvement is visible, teachers are highly effective and this contributes to learners’ positive behaviour and improvement in their performance.
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Perceptions of Innovations as Predictors of TALULAR Implementation Levels among Secondary School Science Teachers in Malawi: A Diffusion of Innovations Perspective - Gwayi, Simeon Mackson (2009)
The ever increasing enrollment numbers and the corresponding dwindling educational resources in public schools have challenged the Ministry of Education in Malawi to introduce an instructional innovation (TALULAR) based on the use of locally available resources for teaching and learning. The purpose of this study was to determine: (i) whether, and to what extent, the perceived characteristics of innovations and teachers’ demographic and employment variables are useful in predicting the implementation of TALULAR, and (ii) the extent to which TALULAR has been implemented by secondary school science teachers in Malawi. Rogers’ (2003) diffusion of innovations theory provided the theoretical framework for the study. Using stratified random sampling, 269 science teachers, representing a response rate of 77%, provided data for this study. Among other findings, multiple regression analysis revealed that collectively, the perceived innovation characteristics are significant predictors of TALULAR implementation. The results further revealed that perceived relative advantage and perceived observability in terms of others’ use are the two most important predictors of TALULAR implementation, and that implementation of the innovation by science teachers is at a moderate level. These findings might contribute to a deeper understanding of science teachers’ perceptions of using the innovation and may aid change agents and agencies in planning a successful nation-wide diffusion campaign to ensure that all teachers not only adopt, but more importantly, implement the innovation in the classroom. Perceptions of Innovations as Predictors of TALULAR Implementation iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the following people: (i) my mother, Mrs. Dorice Gwayi, who worked tirelessly to bring me up in a very unfavorable environment infested by poverty, disease, hunger and nepotism, (ii) my brother, Mr. Ronald Gwayi, who is an extraordinary human being who dropped out of primary school to look for a job in order to finance my secondary school education, (iii) my late father, Mr. Mackson Gwayi, who was my role-model for hard work and persistence and who instilled in me the inspiration to set high goals and the confidence to attain them, (iii) my lovely wife, Elizabeth Gwayi, who has been supportive of my work and who shared the many challenges and sacrifices for completing this mammoth task, and (iv) my son, Wongani Elijah Gwayi, and my daughter, Thandiwe Sithembile Gwayi, who have now grown into wonderful six and two-year olds, respectively, in spite of their father being less available for them than he should have been during the critical years of their life. Perceptions of Innovations as Predictors of TALULAR Implementation iv Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to thank God for His gift of life and wisdom without which this endeavor would not have come to fruition. Many thanks go to my academic committee, Dr. John Burton, Dr. Barbara Lockee, Dr. Ken Potter, and Dr. Jennifer Brill, who were there and provided the much needed light during the darkest moments when the idea, which blossomed into this dissertation, was being conceived and have supported me unceasingly. No one would ask for more blessings than to be mentored by these extraordinary people. My deep appreciation goes to Dr. John Burton, who chaired my dissertation committee, for his wisdom, tireless support, guidance and patience as I traversed through the dissertation trajectory. Many other people have also contributed to the success of this dissertation in unique ways, and the list may be too long to include them all. Sincere thanks go to the Malawi Group at Blacksburg Presbyterian Church, Dr. George Glasson and Dr. Josiah Tlou for their precious support that made my data collection in Malawi possible. Thanks also go to Dr. Chuck Hodges who provided initial insights into better ways of coding the questionnaire data. I thank my employer, Mzuzu University in Malawi, for their enduring support (through the ESSUP program) in partly financing my doctoral studies in Virginia, USA, and Mr. G.H. Zembeni, the TALULAR expert at MIE in Zomba, for providing me with valuable information about the innovation. Thanks also go to science teachers and school heads in the Northern Region of Malawi for their cooperation and time in providing data for this study. The most valuable support also came from my family. I owe thanks to my dear wife, Elizabeth, my son, Wongani, and my daughter, Thandiwe, for their unfaltering love, support, and motivation I needed to excel, and for their understanding even when my long hours of absence caused a sense of insecurity, discomfort, and inconvenience. Perceptions of Innovations as Predictors of TALULAR Implementation v Table of
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Myths in education: A Kenyan perspective - Mwaka, Marcella; Kyalo, Wambua B.; Kadenyi, Misia; George, Kegode (Educational Research Review, 2009)
In every culture and generation, hard work and virtue are regarded as passport to material success. African cultures are inherently ingrained with myths about work. The purpose of this article was to establish how curriculum is derived from myths and whether the contents of myths are directly or indirectly related to propensity to work and development of virtue. The article adopted an exploratory/descriptive approach. It attempted to treat the concept of myths and critically examined the role played by the perpetuation of myths; examples given were greatly borrowed from Kenya. It also looked at the relationship of “hard work and virtue leading to material success” and “myths”. The article therefore addressed itself to the questions: Is it right to treat the belief that hard work and virtue lead to material success as a myth? Why would such a belief be imaginative? What myths are identifiable in our school curriculum today – and are they necessarily bad, and are they avoidable? In this paper, attempts were made to provide answers to these questions. The article began by stating the nature of myths. In view of the nature, it looked at the question: Hard work and virtue lead to material success – Is it a myth?  It also treated the issue of the role of myths in education and gave examples of myths that have been perpetuated in our schools. Other issues that were also discussed in this paper are the dangers and advantages of using myths. At the end of the discussion on the various specified issues, the authors concluded that myths play an important role in education and if education is to retain its credibility, myths require constant review to reflect changing curriculum contexts. Key words: Myths, virtue, hard work.
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Adapting to Climate Change Mosaically: An Analysis of African Livestock Management by Agro-Ecological Zones - Seo, S. Niggol; Mendelsohn, Robert; Dinar, Ariel; Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep (B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 2009)
Abstract This paper examines African livestock management across Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) to learn how they would adapt to climate change in the coming century. We analyze farm level decisions to own livestock and to choose a primary livestock species using logit models with and without country fixed effects or AEZ fixed effects. With a hot dry scenario, the results indicate that livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation AEZs. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in lowlands, and rearing chickens will increase at high elevations. On the other hand, if climate becomes wetter, livestock ownership will fall dramatically in lowlands and high elevation moist AEZs. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry AEZs, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist AEZs, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Therefore, adaptation measures should be tailored to a specific AEZ.
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Biomonitoring of environmental pollution on the Algerian west coast using caged mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis: - Taleb, Zoheïr M.; Benali, Imène; Gherras, Hamida; Ykhlef-Allal, Amina; Bachir-Bouiadjra, Benabdellah; Amiard, Jean‐Claude; Boutiba, Zitouni (Oceanologia, 2009)
The physical and optical properties of an atmospheric aerosol mixture depend on a number of factors.The relative humidity influences the size of hydroscopic particles and the effective radius of an aerosol mixture.In consequence, values of the aerosol extinction, the aerosol optical thickness and the Ångström coefficient are modified.A similar effect is observed when the aerosol composition changes.A higher content of small aerosol particles causes the effective radius of an aerosol mixture to decrease and the Ångström coefficient to increase.Both effects are analysed in this paper.The parameters of the size distribution and the type of components used to represent natural atmospheric aerosol mixtures are based on experimental data.The main components are sea-salts (SSA), anthropogenic salts (WS, e.g.NH 4 HSO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ), organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC).The aerosol optical thickness is modelled using the external mixing approach.The influence of relative humidity on the optical and physical properties of the following aerosol mixtures is investigated: (SSA & WS), (SSA & OC), (SSA & BC), (SSA, WS & OC) and (WS, OC & BC).It is demonstrated that the Ångström coefficient can be used as a rough indicator of the aerosol type.
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Serodiversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Shigella Isolates at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia - Tiruneh, Moges (Japanese journal of infectious diseases (Print), 2009)
The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of serogroups and serotypes as well as the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella isolates from Gondar patients with acute diarrhea. A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2006 to February 2008. Stool specimens were received from study subjects and cultured. Isolates were confirmed by biochemical and serological tests. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disc diffusion method. Of the 1,200 stool specimens, 90 (7.5%) yielded Shigella isolates with the serogroups of Shigella flexneri (72.2%), S. dysenteriae (10.0%), S. boydii (8.9%), and S. sonnei (8.9%). S. flexneri was the predominant serogroup. S. dysenteriae type 1 was absent, and S. sonnei was present. Eighty-five (94.5%) of the isolates showed resistance to one or more drugs, and 79% of those were multi-resistant. S. flexneri showed the highest resistance (91.2%). S. flexneri serotype 1, resistant to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, was observed. All isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid and ceftriaxone. Only 5 (5.6%) of the isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Based on these findings, we recommend ciprofloxacin as the drug of choice for treatment of shigellosis in Gondar, with frequent monitoring of drug susceptibility testing.
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Humanitarian Engineering: Groundwater Investigation for St. Denis Secondary School, Makondo, Uganda - Jackson, John M.; Skokan, Catherine; Muñoz, David (Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2009, 2009)
PreviousNext No AccessSymposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2009Humanitarian Engineering: Groundwater Investigation for St. Denis Secondary School, Makondo, UgandaAuthors: John M. JacksonCatherine K. SkokanDavid R. MuñozJohn M. JacksonColorado School of Mines, Golden, COSearch for more papers by this author, Catherine K. SkokanColorado School of Mines, Golden, COSearch for more papers by this author, and David R. MuñozColorado School of Mines, Golden, COSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.4133/1.3176790 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract The overall goal of the Humanitarian Engineering program at the Colorado School of Mines is the creation of new cadre of engineers, sensitive to social contexts, and committed and qualified to serve humanity by contributing to the solution of problems to those in want of technical assistance in meeting the basic needs. CSM formed a working relationship with St. Denis, a secondary school in Makondo, Uganda. A geophysical survey was conducted outside of Makondo to investigate water resources for the community. Because the number of students is growing, water demands have outgrown the current supply. Several engineering solutions have been analyzed including drilling for additional groundwater. Based on preliminary information, a DC resistivity survey was decided as the most efficient method for collecting data. The goals of the survey were threefold; locate the water table; find information about local geology; and determine if the groundwater was contaminated and identify the contaminates. Dipole‐dipole and Schlumberger sounding arrays were placed in three separate areas. These data were collected and analyzed using 1‐D and 2‐D inversion programs. The resulting inversions located the water table and suggested that the groundwater was only partially contaminated. Using these data, a well location was proposed for future construction.Permalink: https://doi.org/10.4133/1.3176790FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited BySustainable groundwater resources exploration and management in a complex geological setting as part of a humanitarian project (Mahafaly Plateau, Madagascar)31 October 2018 | Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 77, No. 21 Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2009ISSN (online):1554-8015Copyright: 2009 Pages: 1113 publication data© 2009 Copyright © 2009 The Environmental and Engineering Geophysical SocietyPublisher:Environmental & Engineering Geophysical Society HistoryPublished: 25 Jun 2009 CITATION INFORMATION John M. Jackson, Catherine K. Skokan, and David R. Muñoz, (2009), "Humanitarian Engineering: Groundwater Investigation for St. Denis Secondary School, Makondo, Uganda," Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems Proceedings : 958-964. https://doi.org/10.4133/1.3176790 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
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Learning from the Past: Three Lessons from the Rwandan Genocide - Clark, Janine Natalya (African studies (Johannesburg), 2009)
The past cannot be changed, but we can learn from it. The purpose of this article is to explore some of the lessons that can be learnt from the genocide in Rwanda in 1994. The first of these is that the génocidaires should not be dehumanised. This is simply to engage in the very process that made genocide possible in the first place. Rather, they should be given a voice. As the work of authors such as Hatzfield, McDoom, Mironko and Straus demonstrates, perpetrators’ stories can offer an important ‘insider’ perspective into events and add richness and texture to top-down elitist accounts of the genocide. The second lesson is that while it may be comforting to believe that genocide is only carried out by monsters and psychopaths – by people ‘not like us’ – the reality is that it is ordinary people who, under certain circumstances, commit genocide. Hence, it should not be seen as a crime that can only occur in ‘faraway’ places. The final lesson, which pertains to how we deal with the perpetrators of genocide and mass crimes, is that retributive justice is not a panacea in either post-genocide Rwanda or in post-conflict societies more generally. Perpetrators should be held accountable for their crimes, but criminal trials have limitations, particularly in facilitating reconciliation. Rather than relying exclusively on retributive justice, therefore, post-conflict societies should wherever possible seek to combine criminal trials with restorative justice mechanisms.
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Sustainability of gains made in a primary school HIV prevention programme in Kenya into the secondary school years - Maticka‐Tyndale, Eleanor (Journal of Adolescence, 2009)
The question addressed in this paper is whether the beneficial effects of Primary School Action for Better Health (PSABH), an HIV prevention programme delivered in Kenyan primary schools, continue once students move on to secondary schools. Questionnaires were completed in December 2005 and January 2006 by all form 1-3 students in 154 randomly selected secondary schools. Students who had attended primary schools with PSABH programming were compared to those who did not on knowledge, attitudes and behaviours using multivariate regression with controls for gender, school year, religion and financial resources. Students who attended PSABH primary schools were significantly more likely to have higher levels of knowledge and attitudes that were more supportive of sexual restraint, condom use and HIV testing. They were more likely to have used several safer sex practices and to have been tested for HIV. The effects were strongest in the first year of secondary school and decreased thereafter. PSABH continues to have a beneficial effect for students who continue to secondary school.
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What can health care professionals in the United Kingdom learn from Malawi? - Neville, Ron; Neville, Jemma (Human Resources for Health, 2009)
Debate on how resource-rich countries and their health care professionals should help the plight of sub-Saharan Africa appears locked in a mind-set dominated by gloomy statistics and one-way monetary aid. Having established a project to link primary care clinics based on two-way sharing of education rather than one-way aid, our United Kingdom colleagues often ask us: "But what can we learn from Malawi?" A recent fact-finding visit to Malawi helped us clarify some aspects of health care that may be of relevance to health care professionals in the developed world, including the United Kingdom. This commentary article is focused on encouraging debate and discussion as to how we might wish to re-think our relationship with colleagues in other health care environments and consider how we can work together on a theme of two-way shared learning rather than one-way aid.
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Resuscitating the critical in the biological grotesque: blood, guts, biomachismo in science/education and human guinea pig discourse - Weinstein, Matthew; Broda, Matthew (Cultural Studies of Science Education, 2009)
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Bilingual education: meeting the challenges of diversity and change in Botswana - Adeyemi, D.A. (Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 2009)
This paper reviews the role of language in addressing issues of instruction and diversity towards the achievement of the aims of basic education in Botswana. It also examines the role of indigenous languages in instruction in promoting and sustaining national educational goals as well as the development of a functional citizen. It further reviews the Botswana language in education policy and its implementation. The failures, inconsistencies between policy and practice, and real obstacles are discussed. The need for compromise in the implementation of mother tongue instruction and its implications for literacy are discussed. Finally, suggestions for implementation of mother tongue instruction and model are outlined to ensure that government responds to the needs of her citizens, in the continuous efforts at mobilizing the people for national unity and sustainable development Keywords: Language, Policy, Mother Tongue, Instruction, Bilingual Education, Sustainable Development Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (2) 2009: pp. 129-142
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Hydrological drought analysis occurrence, severity, risks : the case of Wabi Shebele River Basin, Ethiopia - Awass, Adane Abebe (2009)
This study analyses hydrological drought with due emphasis to ungauged catchments. Identification of hydrological drought and methods of unveiling its intrinsic multi-variate characteristics are investigated. The severity of drought has been examined using a multitude of methodologies. Quite often, absence of recorded long time streamflow data hinders a reliable drought analysis and understanding of the phenomenon in the past. Signatures of water stress are imprinted on tree rings. In this study streamflow reconstruction is achieved by coalescing proxy data from riparian tree rings and climatic indices. The generated data are used for extracting the multivariate features of this extreme hydrological event. The case study is demonstrated in Wabi Shebele river basin in Ethiopia. The methods proposed here are applicable to other similar river basins. Extracting hydrological drought entailed defining a possible threshold level. Threshold levels of low exceedance probability are found to be appropriate unlike the commonly used higher exceedance probabilities in temperate climate. It was corroborated that the frequency of some notable recent droughts as revealed with data generated from proxy records well matches that of instrumental data. Stochastic simulation of hydrological drought is done using SARIMA models from time series of instrumental monthly streamflow records in the study area. The nonlinear dependency between severity and duration of hydrological drought is studied using copula models. Different copula families and parameter estimation techniques are evaluated. Joint and conditional probabilities of severity and duration of drought in the area is specified from the derived relationship to provide empirical insight on the nature of the extreme events. It is demonstrated that droughts have distinct spatial patterns regarding temporal evolution and variability in the study area in which the geographic and climatic characteristics have a high degree of diversity. The relative strengths in association between the climatic, morphometric and geologic features of the catchment to the base flow estimates are weighted and a plausible relationship is produced. However, in view of the tremendous spatio-temporal heterogeneity of climatic and landscape properties extrapolation of response information or knowledge from gauged to ungauged basins remains fraught with considerable difficulties and uncertainties. Catchment characteristics can be related to low flows thus are used to delineate hydrologically homogeneous pools. Severity-area-frequency analysis of drought in the area using nonparametric kernels shows high variability of drought events within the pools formed. Associated relative risks of drought are also scrutinized using multicriteria analysis. No single variable is sufficient to portray the complexity of the vulnerability of an area to drought.
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A ‘culturally unsafe’ space? The Somali experience of Christchurch secondary schools - Humpage, Louise (New Zealand geographer, 2009)
Abstract: School should be a ‘culturally safe’ place, particularly for those students in Christchurch who challenge the city's reputation as a culturally homogeneous space and are thus frequently open to discrimination. A case study focusing on Somali refugee adolescents highlights that Christchurch's secondary schools – like those elsewhere in New Zealand – are not a culturally safe, certain space for all students but rather spatially reconstruct inequalities of gender, class and ethnicity. Yet, Somali students are not passive victims, for they have actively renegotiated these spaces within their schools with varying degrees of success.
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A case for teaching English as a service subject at universities in Kenya - Kioko, Angelina Nduku (Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 2009)
Language plays an important role in teaching and learning activities whether the teachers and learners are conscious or unconscious of this. Thus language and communication are the most important components of the school curriculum (Lopez, 2000, p.1). This is because there is a very close relationship between language and thought. As Muthwii (2002, p. 1) notes, “special problems arise in multilingual communities where learners frequently join the school system equipped with home languages that are often different from the languages of education”. A consequence of this is that the learner is expected to acquire and utilize skills using a language he or she is not quite proficient in. It is, however, usually expected that by the time students join university they have enough of the language of instruction to function effectively in their major areas of study and to interact with the acquisition and propagation of knowledge at that level. Recent studies on learner English have, however, shown that the language of high school graduates, (Nyamasyo, 1992) and even that of university students (Njoroge, 1996) have the same type of errors as those observed in the English of learners at lower levels of education. If many students entering the universities today have not attained the expected English level, what should be done to counter this challenge? Using an analysis of students' performance in an English Placement Test, this paper discusses the English language needs of Kenyan students at the time of entry to the university; appraises the programs which are put in place to address this need in the local universities; and makes recommendations on what universities in Kenya ought to be doing in order to produce students that can compete internationally and fit in the global academic field. Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (2) 2009: pp. 99-111
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Relationship between school culture and students\' performance in French in selected secondary schools in Kenya - Omusonga, TO; Kazadi, IM; Indoshi, F. C. (Journal for language, technology & entrepreneurship in Africa, 2009)
School culture refers to a set of accepted beliefs and norms governing people's conduct in a school. Schools with a culture that favors teaching and learning French tend to have a longer history of offering French subject characterized by high expectations for and recognition of academic and co-curricula achievement, parental involvement, and career guidance and counseling. Such schools also tend to perform better in French in national examinations compared to schools without a French culture. However, not a single study in Kenya has explored the role school culture may play in ameliorating the pathetic performance witnessed in French Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) examination, whereby 60% of candidates fail to attain the minimum required grade of C+ to enable them join universities in the country. This necessitates a study of this nature whose purpose was to determine the relationship between school culture and students' performance in French in selected secondary schools in Kenya. The study is based on correlation design. It was carried out in 16 secondary schools offering French in Western Province of Kenya, selected by stratified random sampling to include provincial, district and private school categories. Saturated sampling technique was used to select 16 teachers of French and 327 students of French, from the 16 sample schools. Data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (Pearson's product moment correlation and t test). The study reached the conclusion that school culture and students' performance in French in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) examination have a strong positive correlation. Therefore, developing a French culture within a school improves students' scores in French. Based on these findings, it is recommended that school authorities in collaboration with the teacher of French should inculcate in their institutions a culture which favors teaching and learning of French, especially by encouraging students to participate in French co-curricula activities such as drama and music festivals, French days, and cultural exchange programs, and by availing the necessary French curriculum materials, facilities and equipment. Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (2) 2009: pp. 255-263
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Globalization and Its Implication On African Culture And Development: Challenges For Education - Oni, Adesoji (2009)
Globalization has continued to engender enormous debate, controversy, protest and demonstrations that are sometimes violent. The reactions against globalization and its implication to human development have been pronounced in the relationship between the developed rich Western world, which are the owners of the new technologies and the poor developing countries. Major critics of globalization from Africa have argued that globalization is destructive to African culture and development. However, since sociology deals with exploration and examination of how people relates in the society and how issues that affect human integration in society is enhanced with the formation of the individual as a self and as a member of a larger society, this paper examines to what extent is the phenomenon “globalization” eating deep into African culture or threatening her development and sovereignty. The origin, nature and dynamics of the process of globalization and its continuous implication on African culture and development were discussed. Education taken as an instrument for change, development and power was identified as the only thing that can save Africa and perhaps enable her defend her interest, preserve her values and make her relevant in the new modernity.
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Relationships Between Low‐Income African American Mothers and Their Home Visitors: A Parents as Teachers Program - Woolfolk, Tara; Unger, Donald G. (Family Relations, 2009)
Relationships that developed between low‐income African American mothers and home visitors in a Parents as Teachers program were studied. Qualitative open‐ended interviews were conducted with mothers. Results indicated that even though the program was designed to deliver the same curriculum to all parents, there were differences in the focus of the visits. Mothers actively made efforts to shape the focus of the mother‐home visitor relationships. Diversity within mother‐home visitor relationships was associated with the fit between a mother’s perceptions of her home visitor and home visiting services and her parenting needs. Implications are provided for enhancing the responsiveness of home visiting programs to the needs of low‐income African American parents and for conducting program evaluations in ways that assess home visiting programs in the context of diverse parent‐home visitor relationships.
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Paradigm Shift in Theological Education in Southern and Central Africa and its Relevance to Ministerial Formation - Amanze, James N. (International Review of Mission, 2009)
Abstract Theological education is of crucial importance in the mission of the Church in Southern and Central Africa. This paper discusses the changes that have taken place in theological education in post‐independence Africa. The author argues that theological education during the colonial period was Euro‐centric. As a result, it did not respond adequately to the pressing problems faced by the African people such as colonial oppression, poverty, patriarchy and others. However, the situation has changed dramatically in modern times. Theological educators have realized the significance and importance of context in theological education. They are, thus, seriously taking into account the political, social, economic and religious context in which the African people live today. This has led to the creation of different theologies that are in line with modern and post‐modern challenges facing the African people thereby making the church both relevant and necessary.
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Religiosity, Meaning in Life, and Clinical Symptomology: A Comparison of African-American and European-American College Students - Holmes, Jeffrey D.; Hardin, Susan I. (Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 2009)
This study examined whether religiosity is subsumed under the broader construct of meaning in life as a predictor of psychological symptomology in college students from two ethnic groups. Data from 299 undergraduates indicated that among European-American students, religiosity predicted little variance in psychological symptomology and was subsumed by general meaning in life. Conversely, for African-American students, perceived meaning in life predicted little variance in symptomology and was subsumed by religiosity. The findings demonstrate that the link between religiosity and mental health among college students differs as a function of ethnic group membership and illustrate the perils of neglecting ethnicity when examining predictors of mental health variables.
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Ethnic Studies: An Urgent Need in Theological Education in Africa - Nyende, Peter (International Review of Mission, 2009)
Abstract By virtue of its subject matter, theological education ought to infuse life with morals and values, thus moulding a just, moral and peaceful society such as is envisaged in God's telos for His world. And in line with its aims, theological education provides knowledge and skills to people to enable them to serve the church, together with the wider society where the church lives. A theological curriculum appropriate to its context ensures success in both these aspects of theological education. To their credit Africa's theological institutions seem to have curricula which are relevant to Africa's context. Success in sustaining the relevance of these curricula lies in continually revising the curriculum so that it does not become dated. One such urgent revision is in the offering of ethnic studies which is necessitated by the ethnic crisis in Africa. For this reason, ethnic studies in the curriculum of theological education in Africa are imperative. In the essay four ways are proposed in which ethnic studies could be included in the curriculum of theological education in Africa.
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Major Challenges for African Women Theologians in Theological Education (1989-2008) - Phiri, Isabel Apawo (International Review of Mission, 2009)
Abstract The paper reflects on the major challenges for African women theologians in theological education as presented and experienced in the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians (“Circle”) which was launched in Ghana in 1989 as a community of African women theologians who come together to reflect on what it means to them to be women of faith within their experiences of religion, culture, politics and social‐economic structures in Africa. Four major challenges are identified that African women theologians have had to contend with and which are still present, namely (1) re‐defining the identity of African women theologians; (2) promoting more women to study theology and be on permanent staff; (3) inclusion of African women's theology in the theological curriculum; and (4) collaboration with male theologians.
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Secondary school teachers\' attitude to mental illness in Ogun State, Nigeria - Aghukwa, N C (African journal of psychiatry, 2009)
Teachers as role models stand in a unique position in the formation of their pupils' set values about mental health issues. The aim of this study therefore was to determine the attitude of teachers to mental illness.The questionnaire for the study was a drafted modified self-administered one, distributed among a randomly selected sample of teachers in the area of study.A significant number of teachers would not want to interact with former mentally ill persons in close social situations and many of them felt such people were unpredictable. Most of the respondents would not want former mentally ill persons holding sensitive jobs. More years of teaching was associated with not perceiving the former mentally ill person as being unpredictable. Teachers' highest educational qualification significantly related to their attitude towards former mentally ill persons. More teachers with Master's Degree than those with N.C.E qualification would not mind employing former mentally ill persons as gardeners, likewise not perceiving them as unpredictable or dangerous to other people in their surroundings. Results of the study showed that the majority of the teachers expressed negative attitudes in close social situations and job entrustments towards former mentally ill persons.Mental health educational programmes geared towards a change in teachers' preconceptions about mental illness and with opportunities for positive interactions with mentally ill persons might be effective in changing their negative attitude towards former mentally ill persons.
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A case study of South African township teachers' use of pedagogical content knowledge. - Ndlovu, Thandi Brenda (2009)
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UofL Libraries: Government Resources: Health, Disability, Safety, Nutrition and Fitness: African American Health - Whitener, Barbara (2009)
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Access to Education in Africa: Mobile Learning and Open Educational Resources - Young, Brian A. (2009)
This paper discusses the viability of mobile learning using mobile phones and open educational resources in Africa. It evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones as a learning device and examines the kinds of learning material that is appropriate for use on mobile phones
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Teachers' Perception of Principals' Leadership Capacities in Nigeria - Arikewuyo, M. Olalekan (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2009)
The study examined teachers' perception of the leadership competencies of their principals. Two hundred secondary school teachers from Oyo State, Nigeria, participated in the study. The principals' Leadership Capacities Questionnaire (PLCQ) developed by Luo (2004) was used to collect data, which was analysed by using simple percentage technique. Findings showed that the teachers perceived their principals as either having little capacity, moderate capacity or excellent capacity. None of the principals was considered as having no capacity. The principals were considered to have little capacity in the area of technology and information system and ability to apply appropriate models and principles of organisational development and management. The principals were considered to be having excellent capacity in the area of vision for the school, communicating this vision to staff, students and parents and have the ability to use effective strategies to implement this vision in order to promote positive school culture. The study therefore recommended that principals of secondary schools should be given adequate training in information and communication technology and modern management techniques. Finally, the study recommended that would-be-principals must be formally trained at the National Institute for Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA – NIGERIA) before they assume duties as school principals. Keywords: Teachers, Principals, leadership, capacities.Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling Vol. 13 (1) 2008: pp. 143-157
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School Counsellors' Perceptions of Guidance and Counseling in Secondary Schools in Botswana - Charema, John (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2009)
This paper explores school counsellors' perceptions of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools in Botswana. It focuses on their needs, the problems they meet and what they think should be done to improve the counselling situation. In addition perceptions of the administration's attitudes, support from other members of staff and the school counsellors' workload as well as their overall assessment of the programme are discussed. The inquiry emerged from a study of the literature, personal experiences and practice as well as discussions with other school counsellors. Questionnaire data are analysed using descriptive statistics to provide information on the needs and difficulties school counsellors face in their everyday duties. Results indicate that although most of the teachers are not qualified in counselling, they are of the view that counselling helps pupils to change in behaviour and perform better in school work by sharing their problems and difficulties with counsellors, thereby devoting more time to their studies than personal problems. It has also been established that participants require training, more time for counselling and a private room to do their counselling. The challenges they face include lack of reading and counselling materials, lack of support from other teachers and inadequate time for counselling due to their teaching loads. Workshops and seminars have been cited as other means of improving counselling programmes. Keywords: School, perception, counsellors, guidance and counselling, BotswanaNigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling Vol. 13 (1) 2008: pp. 158-170
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The Evaluation of School Guidance and Counselling Services in Zimbabwe - Chireshe, Regis (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2009)
This paper sought to establish the status of the Zimbabwean School Guidance and Counselling Services (SGC services) evaluation from school counsellors’ perspectives. A descriptive survey design was used. A questionnaire was administered to 314 participants. The SAS/STAT version 9.1 was used to analyse the data. Chi-square tests were computed. Ratios were calculated toestablish the relative rating of each item. The study revealed that evaluation for SGC services was seldom done. Parents, students and the psychological team were seldom involved. Key assessment methods like tests and questionnaires are not always used. Formative evaluation is notfrequently used and issues addressed in the evaluation are not very clear. Recommendations for improving the evaluation of SGC services were made.
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An Exploratory Study of Factors Affecting Stress Levels Among Teachers in Zimbabwe - Mapfumo, John; Shumba, Almon; Daniel, Mercian (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2009)
Current research shows that stress levels among the teaching personnel has become a concern and most studies have found that stress is caused by physiological, psychological and environmental demands. This study seeks to determine: (1) factors that affect stress levels of teachers in primary school as a whole, and how these stress levels are related to experience and gender of teachers; (2) coping strategies that are used by these teachers to resist or adapt to stress, and (3) possible school system changes that could be adopted to combat stress among teachers. A purposive sample comprising 30 male and 20 female teachers from three primary schools in Bikita district in south–east Zimbabwe was used to obtain roughly comparable numbers of participants under the different levels of experience. It was not possible to obtain the ideal ten women in any of the schools studied. The result shows that the most stressful factors for both male and female teachers are: working on unnecessary tasks; taking work home after hours; unreasonable demands for work quality; unmanageable number of projects; more work than can be done in one day; and having no time for a break. Implications for these findings are discussed in detail in this paper. Keywords: stress levels, teachers, factors, experience, coping strategies, ZimbabweNigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling Vol. 13 (1) 2008: pp. 25-40
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Epidemiology of cigarette smoking among secondary school students in Owerri Municipality Imo State, Nigeria - Osuchukwu, NC; Osuchukwu, EC (Mary Slessor Journal of Medicine, 2009)
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Student Teachers\' Perceptions of HIV/AIDS Prevention Methods for Use in Botswana Schools - Shumba, Almon; Gwirayi, Pesanayi; Makura, AH; Ushoriwa, T (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2009)
HIV/AIDS is a social pandemic problem at all levels of society in Botswana. Despite efforts by government and non-governmental organisations to combat the pandemic, many people appear not to have changed their sexual behaviours. This study seeks to determine student perceptions of potential prevention methods that can be used by teachers to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS in Botswana schools. A convenient sample of 200 student teacher trainees was used in this study to answer an essay question and suggest how teachers can combat AIDS in schools. All participants in this study were expected to teach in schools at the end of their professional training. Content analysis was used to analyse the data collected. Most participants suggest that HIV/AIDS education should be included in the school curriculum and that schools should organise seminars and workshops addressed by AIDS patients, the Health Minister, social workers or priests in their schools. There is no doubt that teachers in Botswana can play a vital role in combating the spread of HIV/AIDS among pupils by making them aware of the dangers of indulging in early and unprotected sexual activities. Keywords: HIV/AIDS prevention, student teachers, pupils, schools, BotswanaNigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling Vol. 13 (1) 2008: pp. 109-128
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A review of the African redflanked skinks of the Lygosoma fernandi (BURTON, 1836) species group (Squamata: Scincidae) and the role of climate change in their speciation - Wagner, Philipp; Böhme, Wolfgang; Pauwels, Olivier S. G.; Schmitz, Andreas (Zootaxa, 2009)
We present an analysis of the morphometric and genetic variability of Lygosoma fernandi. Geographical variation and taxonomic consequences are discussed and Lepidothyris Cope, 1892 is resurrected as genus for the L. fernandi species group. The results show that Lepidothyris fernandi sensu lato is a species complex, which comprises an eastern and a western species. Each of them has a further subspecies of its own, and a third distinct species is present in southwestern Central Africa. The morphological and genetic differences between these taxa are analyzed resulting in the description of two new taxa, and the resurrection of two more taxa.
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Egyptian Teacher Opportunities for Professional Growth Grants (TOP G-rants): A bottom-up approach to professional development - Abd‐El‐Khalick, Fouad; Boyle, Helen (2009)
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Impact of a systemic reform initiative on Egyptian teachers instructional practice: A longitudinal study - Abd‐El‐Khalick, Fouad; Boyle, Helen; Christina, Rachel (2009)
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Trends in knowledge, attitudes and behavior toward HIV and their relationship with education among women in Ghana - Collins, John; León, Juan Felipe De; Baker, David P.; Halabi, Samira (2009)
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Education and fragility in northern Uganda - McCormac, Meredith; Benjamin, Judy A. (2009)
American Institutes for Research under the EQUIP1 LWA Meredith McCormac, Principal Author Judy A. Benjamin, PhD, Contributor October 2008 American Institutes for Research Academy for Educational Development Aga Khan Foundation CARE Discovery Channel Global Education Fund Education Development Center Howard University International Reading Association The Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation Juarez and Associates, Inc. Michigan State University Sesame Workshop Save the Children Federation, USA University of Pittsburgh World Education Produced by:
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Impact of a primary school-based nutrition and physical activity intervention on learners in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A pilot study - Naidoo, Richard; Coopoo, Yoga; Lambert, Estelle V.; Draper, Catherine E. (South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 2009)
No Abstract.
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The Effect of Gender, Socio-Economic Status and School Location on Students Performance in Nigerian Integrated Science. - Okoye, Nnamdi S. (Education 3-13, 2009)
Educators are incessantly concerned about the need to improve academic achievement especially in the sciences. The plethora of researches on students academic achievement in the sciences, is a testimony to this concern (e.g. Bajah, 1979; Babalola, 1979; Holliday, 1981; Nwagbo, 2001; Oyewole, 1982; Olayiwela, 1999; Okonkwo, 2000; Nwagbo, 2001, and Okoro, 2005). This is as it should be because the consequences of success or failure in science subjects in schools are far reaching particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This is not only because a higher achievement especially in the sciences is the foundation for technical skills which are in short supply, but also because higher achievement is particularly valued in a society which sets high premium on academic success as the stepping stone for entrance into more prestigious occupations. (Ukeje, 2000). The various biological differences in human make-up particularly between male and female human beings in most cases have led to the suspicion that one sex may have a edge over the other sex. Some people believe (without of course any empirical support) that because men are regarded as the dominant and even superior sex, they intrinsically have better brains and learn much better than women (Mkpughe, 1998). This view tends to be in line with that of Rosenthal and Rubin (1982) together with that of Hyde (1981) that differences between male and female students in intellectual performance in schools have been demonstrated on a wide range of variables Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded that three cognitive gender differences were well established. Girls have greater verbal, ability than boys, and boys have better visual spatial ability than girls. Other research studies show that observed differences had not always favoured one gender. In Nigeria, considerable efforts have been expended on trying to see how gender effects can be implicated in the seemingly poor performance of girls in integrated science (Ukwuagwu, 2002). Unfortunately, these research efforts have not produced any definite clear-cut picture from their findings as they do not agree on the magnitude and direction of gender differences in performance in Integrated science. The present study tries to take a wholistic view of gender effects on integrated science by looking at the effects of gender in relations to other variables of socio--economic status and school location on performance in Integrated science. The location of a school has a significant effect on the academic performance of the child. A school could be located in the urban or rural area. Ezewu (1987) stated the obvious that the location of a school (rural or urban) affects a child's ability to study and perform at the level expected of him. A stimulating school environment arouses the student to learn especially in the area of science. Hence the degree of interest a student derives from a learning environment affects his performance. Mkpugbe (1998) noted that different aspects of school environment influence students achievement. She further stated that the individual students academic behaviour is influenced not only by the motivating forces of his home, scholastic ability, and academic values but also by the social pressure applied by the participants in the school setting. In Nigeria, most rural based schools lacks enough qualified teachers, are poorly equipped and lack basic amenities-all serving as inhibiting factors of good academic performance. Combining school location and other variables on science performance may or may not produce the desired result. This study therefore seeks to evaluate the effect of genders, socio-economic status and school locations on performance in Integrated science. Socio-economic status of parents in one way or the other affects the academic performance of the school children in science. The above fact was further justified in the statement of Ezewu (1981) who stated that the socio economic status of a family affects the schooling of the children either positively or negatively. …
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