A study on constraints in the use of radio programmes in primary schools in kenya. A case study of Thika Municipality. - Wambaria, Mary W (2008)
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Efficiency in the Selection of Students in Kenyan Public Universities - Wambua, Richard (The International Journal of Learning: Annual Review, 2008)
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Efficiency in the Selection of Students in Kenyan Public Universities - Wambua, Richard (The International Journal of Learning: Annual Review, 2008)
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Relationship between Organizational Learning and Performance: A Survey of Insurance and Reinsurance Companies in Kenya - Wandera, Stephen Ojiambo (2008)
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Assessing Potential Impact of a Farmer Field School Training on Perennial Crop in Cameroon - Wandji, Njankoua; Binam, Nyemeck; David, Sonii; Mva, J. Mva; Gockowski, J. (2008)
This study is an attempt of the combination of multiple data sources referring to the same time period and to the same farmer population, it aims at assessing the potential impact of a cocoa Farmer Field School Training on Integrated Pest Management in Cameroon. Using a combination of a latitudinal and a longitudinal comparison, the results indicate that FFS-trained farmers have significantly more knowledge about crop husbandry practices than those in the non-participant comparison group. A 32% production increase and 45% income increase relative to the non-participants was estimated in the latitudinal analysis. The longitudinal comparison is showing significant adoption rates of 94, 93, 90, 66 and 35 % respectively for shade management, phytosanitary harvest, pruning, improved spraying practices and grafting of improved materials. There was a 47 % reduction in the frequency of spraying fungicides and a 17 % reduction in the number of sprayers applied per treatment following the implementation of the training. Labour inputs increased significantly for pruning, phytosanitary harvest, and shade management but decreased for spraying. A partial budget analysis reveals that the IPM practices lowered overall costs of production by 11 % relative to previous practices. The two different analytical tools (longitudinal and latitudinal) are convergent in their results, showing more evidence about the higher potential impact of the farmer field school training on the restructuring process of the cocoa sector in Cameroon
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Teachers' attitudes toward outlawing of corporal punishment in public secondary schools: a case of Eldoret Municipality, Kenya - Wando, D.; Busienei, AJ; Ndurumo, MM (2008)
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An Analysis on Background,Feature and Quality Assurance of Private Higher Education Development in Ghana - Wang, Jianliang (Studies In Foreign Education, 2008)
Private higher education in Ghana has developed rapidly since the 1990s.Under the influence of traditional culture and market change,the private higher education institutes in Ghana present some distinguished features in terms of course offerings,staffing and so on.Because private higher education institutes in Ghana are relatively young,some measures for ensuring quality has been taken,but to keep the rapid development,there are still a lot of severe challenges they would face.
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The Role of Organizational Learning Practices on the Effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya - Wanyoike, Elizabeth (2008)
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A case for after-school care in South Africa - Ward, Cathy Rodgers (2008)
Paper presented at the PASACAP (Partnership for After-School Care Programmes) Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 17-18 June
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The Role of Ethnicity and Grade Level on the Motivational Orientation in Urban African American Middle School Students - Warner, Cheryl B. (Journal of Urban Learning, Teaching, and Research, 2008)
This study’s purpose was to pair motivational orientation and ethnicity in a sample of urban African American middle school students (n = 213). Through multivariate analyses, the results revealed differences in motivational orientation between eighth graders when compared to their younger peers. The study supports the hypotheses of: a) the flexibility of motivational orientation; b) the declining interests and increased self-evaluation and satisfaction in students, and; c) the impact of ethnic pride on students’ motivation. Implications of the findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Mid-Term Review of the DFID/IDRC Climate Change Adaptation in Africa (CCAA) Research and Capacity Development Programme. - Watkinson, Andrew; Khennas, Smail; Misselhorn, Alison; Footitt, A (2008)
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Clinical neuropsychology training in developing countries: The South African experience - Watts, Ann (2008)
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Concept cartoons and writing frames: Developing argumentation in South African science classrooms? - Webb, Paul; Williams, Yvette; Meiring, Les (African Journal of Research in Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 2008)
AbstractThis study investigated what two classes of 9th grade South African learners were capable of doing when introduced to, and presented with, a number of concept cartoons and an argumentation writing frame during their science lessons. A modified five-point Toulmin's Argumentation Programme (TAP) instrument was used to assess the levels of argumentation produced in six groups of eight grade nine learners each for the duration of the research (eight weeks). An initial investigation was conducted to determine what forms of argumentation, if any, took place amongst them before the notion and purposes of concept cartoons, the writing frame and argumentation were explained and made explicit. The findings of the initial investigation revealed that very little classroom talk took place and, when it did, was only at the lowest level of the five-point argumentation scale used as the assessment tool in this study. After an explanation of what was expected, and clarification of how to use the cartoons and writing frame to stimulate and record argumentation, the children were presented with three other concept cartoons over a period of six weeks. The limited data generated suggest that there is promise in using concept cartoons in terms of provoking argumentation and stimulating learners' thinking. These data also suggest that linking these cartoons with writing frames to scaffold learners' thinking added value to the process in a number of casesKeywords: argumentationconcept cartoonswriting frameToulmin Argumentation Programme (TAP)science education
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A conceptual exploration of academic freedom and institutional autonomy in South African higher education : postmodernism, globalisation and quality assurance. - Webbstock, Denyse (2008)
This thesis proposes a conceptual framework for the discussion of concepts of academic freedom and institutional autonomy in a South African higher education context. A four-cell matrix is presented at the start of the thesis that distinguishes four types of understandings of these concepts. Having discussed these concepts-in-use in different contexts, the grid is used as a framework to explicate local debates on academic freedom and institutional autonomy. Beyond the conceptual exploration, the thesis traces a variety of broader debates in higher education in an attempt to add a richness to the South African conversations relating to academic freedom and institutional autonomy. Postmodernism and its implications for higher education in South Africa is explored, as is the more recent phenomenon (or ideology) of globalisation. Finally, the advent of external quality assurance in South Africa is considered and its role in changing perceptions of academic work and academic identity through the potential circumscribing of the academic domain is explored. My hope is that this thesis will contribute to a broadening and deepening of the current South African debates, and at the same time, offer a uniquely South African perspective on global conversations on academic freedom and institutional autonomy.
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Evaluation criteria for selected administrative and support systems in South African higher education institutions - Weideman, Renee (2008)
Dissertation prepared in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Technologiae (Quality) CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2008
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Closing the Black-White Achievement Gap in High School: An Assessment of Evidence on Interventions to Improve Test Scores and College Prospects of African American Students - Weinstein, Meryle; Schwartz, Amy Ellen; Amor, Hella Bel Hadj; Stiefel, Leanna (Social Science Research Network, 2008)
In this paper, we review policy levers that could potentially help close the achievement gap between African-American and white high school students, and draw on the literature to glean recommendations for superintendents, principals and education policy makers. We address, in turn: Policies to recruit and train teachers; policies to improve attendance, discipline and relationships among students and adults; policies to provide additional services to students; policies to increase the types of schools available to African-American teens; policies to engage parents and communities; and policies to effectively use data. In the end, students of all races benefit from good educational practices, adequate resources and strong support. Policies and interventions to improve the performance of African-American students will overlap significantly with those that would improve the performance of students of other races.
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Higher education quality audit in Ethiopia : analyzing the methods and procedures - Weldemariam, Melaku Dires (2008)
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Enhancing Cultural Competence among Teachers of African American Children Using Mediated Lesson Study - West-Olatunji, Cirecie; Behar‐Horenstein, Linda S.; Rant, Jeffrey; Cohen-Phillips, Lakechia N. (Journal of Negro Education, 2008)
Researchers investigated if early childhood teachers could become reflective practitioners when they studied culturally specific constructs within a digital collegial environment. Three female African American early childhood teachers within three different settings (a faith-based primary school, a home school, and a government-funded pre-school agency) developed mini-research projects using a mediated form of Lesson Study. Data consisted of teachers' electronic mail, application artifacts, synchronous and asynchronous online activities via Blackboard, and videotaped exit interviews. Findings showed that even when there is ethnic congruence, teachers are inclined to teach in ways that propagate the Eurocentric curriculum model. The teachers' use of a culturally-specific reflective teaching model resulted in culturally responsive teaching practices within their individual classrooms. As early as third grade, African American students demonstrate significantly lower performance in reading, mathematics, and science as compared to their White, Latino, and Asian/Pacific Islander peers (National Center for Education Statistics, NCES, 2002). Furthermore, this achievement gap, between African American students and their more affluent White counterparts, continues to widen over time (West-Olatunji, 2005). A major problem faced by many culturally diverse students is the centrality of Western values in the educational system (Banks, 2006; Grant, 2006). This ethnocentric monoculturalism in school environments is characterized by a lack of sensitivity in which teachers typically do not use culturally responsive teaching practices (Ladson-Billings, 2005), the material used often does not represent individuals from diverse cultures (Gay, 2000), and racial segregation among students exists (Grant, 2006; Kozol, 2005). Some of the consequences of cultural marginalization include low-end tracking (Broaded, 1997), low teacher expectations (Garrahy, 2001; Harry & Anderson, 1994; Skiba, Michael, Nardo & Peterson, 2002), and an increase in punitive actions (Brooks, West-Olatunji & Baker, 2005; Townsend, 2000; West-Olatunji, Baker & Brooks, 2006). Polite (1994) offered the use of chaos theory to explain the academic challenges experienced by African American youth. Chaos theory proposed that the continuous occurrence of multiple minor events can have significant and cumulative effects. Other scholars (Grant, 2006; King, 2005; Ladson-Billings, 1995b) have focused on the prevailing sociopolitical conditions that predispose teacher attitudes and expectations about students. These scholars theorized that societal conditions allow some educators to take advantage of their position, power, and prestige to negatively impact the educational experiences of African American and other marginalized students (Calabrese & Underwood, 1994). Perhaps, the achievement gap is best understood from the lens of culturally appropriate pedagogy. This framework theorized that African American students arrive in the school environment with a set of unique and legitimate ways of being that are cognitively, linguistically, and behaviorally different from White middle-class norms (Phillips, 1993). From this viewpoint, school failure can be attributed to the cultural incompatibility of the school environment, such as structure, content, curriculum, teaching practices, materials, and organization (Ladson-Billings, 1995b). The primary purpose of this research project was to investigate the role of culture in collaborative researcher and practitioner inquiry, communication, and mentoring. The researchers asked the question, Is there instructional benefit from early childhood practitioners' study of culturally specific constructs within a collegial circle of learners? Through mediated lesson study (inquiry and action)-focused primarily, but not exclusively, on African American students' learning-teachers constructed a shared knowledge base about teaching and teacher-research, culture, students, and learning. …
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Teaching Communication Ethics in the African Context: A Response to Globalization - White, R. A. (Ecquid Novi, 2008)
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Teaching Communication Ethics in the African Context: A Response to Globalization - White, Robert A. (Ecquid novi, 2008)
The present article analyzes how the teaching of communication ethics could prepare African journalists to develop in Africa a more independent, self-reliant response to globalization. The economic stagnation and governance without accountability are due, largely, to the failure to link citizens into a democratic national communication system. Professional journalists often do little to develop self-reliant national democracies because their training and ethics focus more on a blind photographic reproduction of the minutiae of social reality rather than the ability to see in current events the central issues of a democratic communication system, namely, social inequalities, structural injustices, exclusion from communication, and lack of accountable governance.
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"…a proper subject of reproach to the Empire". Reflections on British Education Policy in the Seychelles 1938-1948. - Whitehead, Clive (Education research and perspectives, 2008)
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Challenges in the primary education in Namibia - Wikan, Gerd (2008)
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Reading among grade six learners in Namibia and Norway : an investigation of reading habits and attitudes of learners in the Khomas and Oshana regions of Namibia and the Hedmark region in Norway - Wikan, Gerd; Mostert, Maria Louise; Danbolt, Anne Marit Vesteraas; Nes, Kari; Nyathi, Francis; Hengari, Job U. (2008)
SIU/NORAD, Hedmark University College, University of Namibia, Ongwediva College of Education
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No Child Left Behind and teacher morale among African-American teachers in low-performing middle schools - Wiley, Kim L. (2008)
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Watershed Payments for Ecosystem Services and Climate Change Adaptation Case Study on Rugezi Wetlands, Rwanda - Willetts, Elizabeth (2008)
A majority of East African nations rely heavily on hydropower for their energy supply. However, climate change experts predict significant changes to total precipitation and seasonal weather patterns in this area. Consequently, in the near future these nations should expect hydrologic stress across all watershed scales. Resilience of East Africa’s energy sector to these climate change impacts will rely on coordinated environmental and economic policy. It will depend on the ability of governments to quickly improve management of important ecosystems and water basins. However, effective decision-making must balance the watershed needs of local livelihoods, such as subsistence agriculture, with national energy needs, such as expansion of electricity infrastructure. Environmental policy increasingly leans to economic mechanisms to find resolutions to ecosystem dependency conflicts. Payments for Ecosystems Services (PES) is one environmental economic mechanism that could effectively and rapidly improve environmental management in this region. This paper investigates the feasibility for using local PES schemes in a major Rwanda watershed as both a tool for community vulnerability reduction and for energy sector resilience to climate change impacts. Payments for Ecosystem Services in developing countries involves local-level environmental negotiations between the public and private sectors. The mechanism has two goals. Primarily, it gives physical value to specific resource improvements. Secondly, PES reorganizes funding streams towards particular environmental objectives using positive incentives. In effect, it can develop a sustainable, locally-driven, conservation funding mechanism. PES most strongly emerged as a conservation tool in the early 1990’s in Latin America. Uncertainty in its ability to achieve restoration targets and questions about its ability to achieve financial independence does not deter PES’ popularity. PES schemes and informational networks now exist in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. The first portion of this paper looks at the capacity-building potential of PES mechanisms. It relates these to adaptive capacity needs for climate change given by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The second portion of this paper organizes key literature describing different feasibility criteria for PES implementation in the Rwandan context. To verify whether watershed PES is plausible, the paper then investigates the political, social, and environmental context of Rwanda’s major watershed and compares these to fourteen international PES case study sites. The final portion of the paper links potential PES scheme designs in the Rugezi area to specific capacity building potential and then to climate change adaptation objectives. Successful implementation of watershed PES in Rwanda will depend on careful scheme design and persistent trust-building in order to harmonize wetland inhabitant and electric utility needs. Existence of contextually parallel projects in Indonesia, South Africa, and Columbia, gives evidence that these challenges can be creatively overcome. Findings show that Rwandan decision-makers will need more hydrologic data to make ecologically informed and efficient decisions and to set targets. With several necessary conditions in place, watershed PES in Rugezi may be a feasible tool for climate change adaptation and energy sector resilience. However, there is need for cost-benefit analysis to clarify short term, long term, and distributive costs and benefits of such a project. Author contact information: Elizabeth Willetts Geneva, Switzerland Skype: (919) 809-7800 lizwilletts@gmail.com
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The Expansion of Higher Education for Kenyans, With Special Emphasis on Women, From 1959--1969 - Williams-Black, Joy (2008)
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An ethnographic study of successful African American male learners in middle school - Williams, Princess (2008)
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I remember the Kenya High School - Williams, Verónica (Old Africa, 2008)
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A case study of and African American charter school's satisfactory performance based on the perception of stakehoders of parents, teachers, students, and the community members. - Wills, Maury Lynn (2008)
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A Web-based, Tailored Asthma Management Program for Urban African-American High School Students - Willsie, S.K. (Yearbook of Pulmonary Disease, 2008)
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The Identifícation of Cultural Factors that Impact Well-Being Among African American College Students - Wilson, Derek; Moore, Paula; Boyd, Eryka L.; Easley, Jeremy; Russell, Alesha (2008)
The primary purpose of this study was to discover what relationship exists between cultural coping factors and subjective well-being in a sample of 261 African American college students. An increase in collective coping among African American college students was associated with an increase in life satisfaction and hope. However, cultural coping was not influential in the relationship between hope and life satisfaction in the sample of African American college students. A future research direction towards the development of a model of positive psychology for African Americans is discussed.
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Haven for all hungry souls: The influence of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools on Morris Brown College - Wilson, Serena Celeste (2008)
HAVEN FOR ALL HUNGRY SOULS: THE INFLUENCE OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH AND THE SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS ON MORRIS BROWN COLLEGE By Serena Celeste Wilson Morris Brown College is a small, private historically Black college located near downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The College is the only post-secondary institution in Georgia noted for having been founded by Blacks for the purpose of educating Blacks. The relationship between Morris Brown College, and the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools presents an untapped area of research regarding the how external regulatory and fiscal contributing bodies influence the internal mission, culture and management of an institution of higher education. Morris Brown College presents a unique case because, since its founding, it has maintained a close affiliation with the Church that established it. The Church is closely connected to the College’s identity and mission. Yet, in recent years, its financial existence has been dependent upon the receipt and use of public funding—which is intricately tied to accrediting standards and oversight. This research is timely because in 2003 the College lost its accreditation. This raises questions regarding the internal operations of the institution, as well as its interactions with external entities that affect its financial solvency. This study employs an ethnographic case-study qualitative research design to explore how the College’s relationship with these bodies influenced the institution’s organizational structure, fiscal management, and administrative culture and identity.
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Quantifying SD-PAMs: National energy models and international allocation models for climate change mitigation: South African case study. Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town. - Winkler, Harald; Marquard, Andrew; Manley, Jonathan; Davis, Stephen J.; Trikam, Ajay; Elzen, Michel den; Höhne, Niklas; Witi, Jongikhaya (2008)
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Marine sedimentation and volcanic activity in the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni Island region, New Ireland Basin, Papua Neu Guinea - Winn, Kyaw (2008)
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Resistance training differentially affects weight loss and glucose metabolism of White and African American patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. - Winnick, Jason J.; Gaillard, Trudy; Schuster, Dara (PubMed, 2008)
We aimed to identify whether racial differences in body composition and glucose metabolism occur in response to exercise and determine whether aerobic and resistance exercise modalities bring about differential changes in these parameters in African Americans and White persons with type 2 diabetes.Participants included 36 African American and 23 White men and women with type 2 diabetes who were randomly assigned to eight weeks of either resistance or aerobic exercise. Before and after this intervention, each participant underwent a series of measurements that assessed anthropometrics and glucose metabolism.African Americans responded more favorably to resistance training than did Whites. This difference was manifested by a significant improvement in BMI (-2.57%+/-.90% vs 2.57%+/-1.09%, P<.01) and insulin resistance (-19.15%+/-9.00% vs 13.12%+/-11.86%, P<.05) in African Americans compared to Whites. When comparing exercise modalities within the races, African Americans demonstrated a preferential response to resistance training.Eight weeks of resistance training by African Americans may have a more positive effect on weight loss and glucose metabolism than aerobic exercise training. Furthermore, the changes observed appear to be unique to African Americans, as no changes were observed in Whites after an equal amount of resistance training. When an exercise program is designed for a person with type 2 diabetes, race should be taken into consideration, and resistance exercise for African Americans may lead to increased weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity than does aerobic exercise.
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"The Beginning of a Beloved Community": Teaching and Learning Within the Literacy Tradition of African American Women Writers - Wissman, Kelly K. (2008)
For a little over one academic year I taught an elective course exploring poetry and photography with a group of young women of color in an urban public charter high school. Framing the development and research of this learning context were both the expressed desires of the students themselves for a different kind of learning space within their school and my own questions surrounding the possibilities of creating educational contexts supportive of young women enriched by the arts and poetry. Within this time of standardized and scripted curricula, what happens when we craft alternative in-school spaces to “invent what we desire” (Rich, 1993)? Within this time deemed post-feminist and post-racial, what happens if we take seriously that race and gender matter in how we live our lives and the artistic work we produce? What happens when students are invited to consider poetry as a possible venue for, in June Jordan’s words, “taking control of the language of your life” (Muller, 1995, p. 3)? If inquiry, as Lorri Neilsen (1998) contends, is a “conspiracy, a breathing together” (p. 262), then the kind of air we breathed in the class most often was the socially charged, socially grounded, and socially visionary air of contemporary African American women writers. Their words created the context; their words became inspiration for the students’ own words. In this article, I explore what happened when I brought into the classroom writers who in richly varied ways engaged the creative process toward the production of what Dionne Brand (1995) calls “relevant, charged, politically conscious, memorable” (p. 167) expression.
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The Farmer Field School in Senegal: Does Training Intensity Affect Diffusion of Information? - Witt, Rudolph; Pemsl, Diemuth E.; Waibel, Hermann (Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 2008)
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Traditional and scientific conceptions of snakes in Kenya: Alternative perspectives for teaching - Wojnowski, David (PhDT, 2008)
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Harnessing OER's, mobiles and other technologies for teacher education in Africa: the TESSA and DEEP projects - Wolfenden, Freda (2008)
About the book: Mobile Phone Ownership is considerably more ubiquitous than internet access via personal computers: more and more people around the world are carrying a tiny mobile device of some kind in their pocket or handbag. The environment in which people find and use information is changing - we are busier, we are constantly on the move and whether we are shopping, booking a holiday or looking for train times we expect instant results. What does all this mean for libraries? The development of networked technologies opened up huge opportunities for libraries to make their resources and services accessible to their users regardless of distance. The opportunity to deliver these to users via their mobile phones, PDAs and other handheld devices will be as significant a challenge. Indeed, if libraries choose to ignore this challenge, they are in danger of being left behind in an increasingly competitive world of information provision and services. This authoritative collection of contributions from experts in the field, based on the First International M-Libraries Conference, explores the technical and social context for m-libraries, describes a range of global initiatives with lessons learned, and discusses the potential for future development.
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An Integrated Model of Health Literacy: The Role of Non-formal Education Groups in HIV/AIDS Health-Seeking Behaviors in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Wolff, Leanne N. (2008)
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Bestaan daar 'n dissiplinekrisis binne Suid-Afrikaanse skole? Belewenis van opvoeders = Does a discipline crisis exist in South African schools? - Wolhuter, Charl C.; Staden, J.G. Van (Tydskrif vir geesteswetenskappe, 2008)
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Does a discipline crisis exist in South African schools? Experience of educators - Wolhuter, Charl C.; Staden, J.G. Van (2008)
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Title of Dissertation: THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON EDUCATION REFORM: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA - Wood, Jane C. Millar; Lin, Jing; Klees, Steven J. (2008)
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An assessment of the appropriateness of agricultural extension education in South Africa. - Worth, S.H. (2008)
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HIV Risk Among Nursing Students in Rwanda : Self-Efficacy, Knowledge and Attitudes - Wosinski, Jacqueline (2008)
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Professional communication practices of radiotherapists in the workplace and classroom in higher education in the Western Cape, South Africa. - Wyrley-Birch, Bridget (2008)
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Radiography in the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2008
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The Link between Research in Higher Education Institutions and Industries in Kenya - Xiu-la, Wan (Comparative Education Review, 2008)
As in most other countries in Africa, limited by overall national development level, especially the economic level, the research in colleges and universities in Kenya has been facing deeper crisis in such aspects as its organization, personnel construction, physical conditions, and its linkage with industries. Since Kenyan government cannot provide great investment into the research in higher education institutions, they try to solve the problem through building links with industries. But there still remain some perception and practical problems in developing the linkage on the parts of Government, colleges and enterprises. Therefore some pertinent suggestions and counter measures have been put forward by different sectors.
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Changes in the Composition of Teaching Staff in Tanzanian Higher Education Institutions - Xu-y, XU (Comparative Education Review, 2008)
The author explores the changes in the composition of teaching staff in the institutions of higher learning in Tanzania,including the overall scale,their qualifications,ranks and age structure,etc.
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The Challenges of HIV/AIDS Counselling in Nigerian Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Kwara State - Yahaya, Lasiele Alabi (Journal of psychology in Africa, 2008)
The study investigated the challenges of HIV/AIDS counselling in Nigerian secondary schools as expressed by school counsellors in Kwara state, Nigeria. The respondents comprised 132 purposively selected counsellors in Kwara state public secondary schools (Male=85; Female=47). Data were collected with the use of a survey instrument and the data were quantitatively analyzed. The study identified the challenges hindering effective implementation of HIV/AIDS counselling in Nigerian secondary schools as ignorance, non-existence of governmental policy on HIV/AIDS counselling in schools and negative attitudes of school administrators, students and teachers to HIV/AIDS. Geographical location and job status had significant influence on the respondents' views of the challenges facing HIV/AIDS counselling in Nigerian secondary schools. The Counselling Association of Nigeria (CASSON) should enlighten Nigerians on the importance of HIV/AIDS counselling in schools.
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Social learning, selection, and HIV infection: Evidence from Malawi - Yamauchi, Futoshi; Ueyama, Mika (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2008)
paper examines social learning regarding HIV infection, using HIV test results and sibling death data from Malawi. In the analysis, we compare hypotheses on social learning, selection. and common Empirical results show that young women are less likely to be HIV-infected if they observed prime-age deaths among their siblings, whereas HIV infection is found to be positively related to prime-age sibling deaths among older women. This supports the social-learning hypothesis. Notably, schooling reinforces the social-learning effect of sibling deaths on HIV infection in women regardless of age. The above findings are robust to age (cohort) effects and unobserved location factors. from authors' abstract
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A Study of the Agricultural School LAMS, Benin - Yara, Bio (2008)
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Increasing access of female students to vocational education : a study of the Agricultural School LAMS, Benin - Yara, O.G.J.P. Bio (2008)
This research sets out to identify the factors that are enforcing gender inequality and influencing the increase of access of female students to vocational education. The study specifically sought to explore the external and internal factors influencing access of girls to agricultural education in LAMS, an agricultural senior secondary school. Several texts, decrees and laws promoting gender equality in technical and vocational education exist in Benin. Unfortunately, according to eight female and six male students, policy implementation by the ministry of technical and vocational education on students’ recruitment and scholarship allocation are not yet adapted to increase access of female students to LAMS; Parental-related factors found to influence access of female students to LAMS are income and earnings, educational attainment, household size and location of residence have negative effects on access of female students to LAMS. According to seven of the female students interviewed, there still exist parents who deny girls’ rights to agricultural education. Eight female and six male students revealed the existence of gender and age preference by parents. But, this is related to the parental earnings. The findings revealed children from family with small size have more access to agricultural education than those from the largest family. In addition, origin of parents constitutes one factor influencing access of female students to agricultural education. Parents native from rural areas are more in good mood to include their daughters in LAMS than those native of urban areas. The children-related factors found to influence access to agricultural education are the difficulties met in general secondary education and the actual job opportunity in agricultural sector in Benin. The need to leave the parents in order to end or avoid conflicts has been also revealed as children-related factors influencing access to LAMS. All the children-related factors influence positively their enrollment in the school. The internal factors are related to the institutional organization, infrastructure and contextual. The infrastructure factors are influencing negatively girls’ access to LAMS. It is related to the limited number of classed and places at the boarding school for girls.
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Towards strategies for pollution control on the use of wastewater effluent in sustainable agriculture in the Gaza Strip - Yassin, Maged M.; Tubail, Khalil; Dadah, Jamal Y. Al (World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 2008)
The agriculture sector is a major consumer of groundwater in the Gaza Strip, where the level of groundwater, the main water resource, is being depleted and its quality is adversely affected. Wastewater reuse is identified to solve the water shortage problem in the Gaza Strip in the National Water Policy. However, treated effluent has been successfully applied in many countries, though it should be subject to many major concerns, which eventually have adverse impacts on health, crops and soil. The key elements of Palestinian draft pollution control strategy have been addressed. Such a strategy should be integrated to mitigate the negative hygienic limitations and optimise crop production to achieve the sustainable agriculture and food security under water scarcity.
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Keeping children in school : a review of open education policies in Lesotho and Malawi - Yates, Chris (2008)
Its purpose is to strengthen open, distance and flexible learning (ODFL) systems and structures to increase access to education for young people living in high HIV prevalence areas in Malawi and Lesotho.It seeks to achieve this through developing a new, more flexible model of education that uses ODFL
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Education reform in Kenya : Institutionalising the provision of instructional materials and in-service teacher education for quality primary education - Yates, Christopher St. J.; Foster, David William; Barasa, Lawrence (2008)
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An Analysis of Employment Policy in Nigerian Higher Education - Ye-qi, Ning (Comparative Education Review, 2008)
Since 1980s, the employment situation of Nigerian university graduates gradually fell into the dilemma. Therefore, Nigerian Federal Government and related departments have issued a series of policies to promote graduates employment, including reforming the curriculum content, adjusting the structure of training and improving the quality of graduates etc. However these policies are not very effective. The reasons behind include the low labor absorbability of national economy, rapid expansion of university system as well as poor policy implementation and the inherent deviations of policies.
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How can African agriculture adapt to climate change: Risk aversion in low-income countries: Experimental evidence from Ethiopia [in Amharic] - Yesuf, Mahmud; Bluffstone, Randall (Research briefs, 2008)
Agricultural production remains the main source of livelihood for rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa, providing employment to more than 60 percent of the population and contributing about 30 percent of gross domestic product. With likely long-term changes in rainfall patterns and shifting temperature zones, climate change is expected to significantly affect agricultural production, which could be detrimental to the region’s food security and economic growth. An assessment of the factors influencing farm-level adaptation can facilitate the formation of policies and investment strategies that help moderate potential adverse consequences of long-term climate Because smallholder farmers tend to have a low capacity to adapt to changes in climatic conditions, policies that help these farmers adapt to global warming and associated climatic extremes are particularly important. This brief is based on a study that assesses smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change in southern Africa. The study identifies farmers’ perceptions of climate change and the determinants of farm- level adaptation strategies, and recommends policies that could help stabilize national and regional food production given the anticipated adverse effects of climate change. from text
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How can African agriculture adapt to climate change: The impact of climate change and adaptation on food production in low-income countries: Evidence from the Nile Basin, Ethiopia [in Amharic] - Yesuf, Mahmud; Falco, Salvatore Di; Deressa, Temesgen; Ringler, Claudia; Köhlin, Gunnar (Research briefs, 2008)
Growing consensus in the scientific community indicates that higher temperatures and changing precipitation levels resulting from climate change will depress crop yields in many countries over the coming decades. This is particularly true in low-income countries, where adaptive capacity is low. Many African countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change because their economies largely depend on climate-sensitive agricultural production. This brief is based on a study that used household survey data to analyze the impact of climate change on food production in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. The study also examined the factors influencing adaptation and the implications of various adaptation strategies for farm productivity. from text
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The impact of climate change and adaptation on food production in low income countries: Evidence from the Nile basin, Ethiopia - Yesuf, Mahmud; Falco, Salvatore Di; Deressa, Temesgen; Ringler, Claudia; Köhlin, Gunnar (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2008)
Growing consensus in the scientific community indicates that higher temperatures and changing precipitation levels resulting from climate change will depress crop yields in many countries over the coming decades. This is particularly true in low-income countries, where adaptive capacity is low. Many African countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change because their economies largely depend on climate-sensitive agricultural production. This brief is based on a study that used household survey data to analyze the impact of climate change on food production in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. The study also examined the factors influencing adaptation and the implications of various adaptation strategies for farm productivity. from text
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The impact of climate change and adaptation on food production in low-income countries: Evidence from the Nile Basin, Ethiopia [in Amharic] - Yesuf, Mahmud; Falco, Salvatore Di; Deressa, Temesgen; Ringler, Claudia; Köhlin, Gunnar (Research briefs, 2008)
Growing consensus in the scientific community indicates that higher temperatures and changing precipitation levels resulting from climate change will depress crop yields in many countries over the coming decades. This is particularly true in low-income countries, where adaptive capacity is low. Many African countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change because their economies largely depend on climate-sensitive agricultural production. This brief is based on a study that used household survey data to analyze the impact of climate change on food production in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. The study also examined the factors influencing adaptation and the implications of various adaptation strategies for farm productivity. from text
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Development of Distance Higher Education in Kenya - Ying, Guo (Journal of Zhejiang Normal University, 2008)
The advance of the age and the want of higher education resources result in the development of distance higher education.This has become a common way in Kenya,where institutions of distance higher education are departments and/or faculties affiliated to universities,and a cost-sharing system is practiced in the tuition.For the time being,there are still many problems with Kenya's distance higher education,such as its national system,funding and cultural tradition,but the government's awareness of and action in giving priorities to education and solving the problems therein will certainly boost the further development of distance higher education in the future.
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Earthquake ground-motion parameters at stiff sites in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Yoseph, B.; Ramana, G. V. (International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2008)
Abstract Ground-motion relations are developed for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and response spectra (Pseudo-acceleration, 5% damped) for stiff sites in Addis Ababa (near-surface shear-wave velocity, β ≥ 760 m/s), as a function of moment magnitude (M) >5 and closest distance to the fault rupture (<100 km) considering uncertainties in seismological parameters. Because of the non availability of recorded ground motions in this magnitude-distance range, ground-motion relations are derived from a simulated ground-motion database. The simulated ground motions are developed from well established stochastic finite-fault model and source, path and site parameters of the region are adopted from published database of previous researchers. The simulations are performed with the computer code EXSIM. The ground motions acceleration response spectra for 5% damping obtained from simulations are compared with recently developed Campbell-Bozorgnia (NGA) empirical ground motion model as well as theoretical Brune's source...
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Earthquake ground-motion parameters at stiff sites in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Yoseph, B.; Ramana, G. V. (International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2008)
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Adult Literacy and Adult Education in the Arab States: Bahrain, Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen - Yousif, Abdelwahid Abdalla (2008)
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Improved biomass cookstoves - a strategy towards mitigating indoor air pollution and deforestation. A case study of the North West Province of Cameroon - Yuntenwi, Tangang; Andandoh, Ernestine (2008)
This thesis seeks to enhance a better understanding of the concept of cookstoves and their associated repercussions on health and the environment. A three tier methodological approach was used in this study. Firstly, questionnaires were distributed in the study areas and results analysed. Secondly, a laboratory based water boiling test was conducted using three stoves (open fire, rocket stove and “skirt” stove) to assess the effect of wood moisture content on combustion and heat transfer efficiencies. Lastly, a simulation model was used to understand the behaviour of key players within the system of cookstoves and indoor air pollution such that setbacks are better understood, controlled or mitigated. Results of the questionnaires showed that the majority of the people in the case study area are not aware of the threats posed by indoor air pollution on health; however, they are willing to accept any innovations that will abate the pending related environmental, social and health crises associated to poor cooking techniques. From the water boiling test, results showed that fuel moisture greatly affects combustion efficiency and heat transfer efficiency. Fuel at 15% moisture produced best results with little particulate matter and carbonmonoxide emissions meanwhile emissions at 5% and 30% moisture were relatively high. The sensitivity model laid down the basis for comparism and control mechanisms for indoor air pollution and deforestation.
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Aflatoxin exposure and impaired child growth in West Africa: an unexplored international public health burden? - YunYun, Gong YunYun Gong; Turner, Paul C.; Hall, A. J.; Wild, C. (2008)
Aflatoxins are common contaminants of staple foods in sub-Saharan Africa. These toxins are human hepatocarcinogens, especially in combination with chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. Exposure to aflatoxins begins early in life and recent studies in West Africa demonstrated an association between exposure and slowed growth, particularly stunting, in young children. The underlying mechanisms for these latter effects are unknown but may include impairment of immunity, altered intestinal integrity and increased susceptibility to infections. Simple post-harvest intervention strategies were successful in reducing aflatoxin exposure in a subsistence farm setting, providing a rationale for prevention of aflatoxin-related disease(s).
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A linguistic analysis of errors made in written English by Yemeni students - Zabidi, Al; Saleh, Aziza (University, 2008)
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Contradictions and Tensions in the Place of Teachers in Educational Reform Reflections upon the Role of Teachers in Recent Educational Reforms in the United States and Namibia - Zeichner, Ken (2008)
In this essay, I draw on my own experiences over the last thirty-seven years as a primary school teacher and teacher educator in the United States, and my experiences from 1994–2004 participating in and then studying the educational reforms in Namibia. Specifically, I compare educational reforms in the United States and Namibia to examine two dichotomies that have been a central part of debates about teacher quality throughout the world (teachers as technicians vs. teachers as reflective practitioners and teacher-centered instruction vs. learner-centered instruction). I will argue for a way of resolving the tensions associated with these binaries that addresses the legitimate interests of both states and teachers in shaping educational reforms, one that takes account of recent research about teacher and pupil learning and the limitations found in teachers’ working conditions throughout the world.
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Spaces and Scales of African Student Activism: Senegalese and Zimbabwean University Students at the Intersection of Campus, Nation and Globe - Zeilig, Leo; Ansell, Nicola (Antipode, 2008)
Abstract: African university students have long engaged in political activism, responding to changing political, social and economic circumstances through protest that has at times exerted considerable influence on the national stage. Student activism employs highly spatialised strategies yet has received minimal attention from geographers. Drawing on case studies from Senegal and Zimbabwe, we identify four phases of activism in which students have mobilised distinctive relational spatialities in responding to changes in the spatial expression of dominant political power. In so doing, we highlight the inadequacies of approaches to resistance that give excessive emphasis to a power/resistance dualism or to questions of scale.
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Special issue: student activism in Africa - Zeilig, Leo; Dawson, Marcelle C. (Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2008)
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The Latest Advance of Informationization of Basic Education in South Africa - Zhang, Sujing (Modern Educational Technology, 2008)
This paper aims to study the latest advance of the informationization of basic education in South Africa since 2000, which include its policy planning, information technology infrastructure, the status quo of training of teachers and curriculum reform in information technology in order to provide useful experience and reference for he informationization construction of basic education in china, through analyzing many online documents.
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Thinkings of the Work on African Talents Education - Zhao, Chen (2008)
This article begin with the preparations for more enrollment of the African exchange students,using various forms of education to educate the African talents,and thinkings of universities and colleges how to put into practice the serious promises by Chairman HU Jintao and Premier WEN Jiabao at Summit Meeting Forum of Sino-African Cooporation and Sino-African economic forum.
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The species composition and diversity of zooplankton in the seawaters of Guinea-Bissau during the drought season - Zhu, Jianqing (2008)
Based on the samples collected by bottom trawl in the seawaters of Guniea-Bissau during 31 Jan. to 17 Apr. 2006, the species composition and diversity of zooplankton were analyzed and compared to the four sub-areas with different features of sediment. The highest and lowest mean biomass of zooplankton appeared in Area 1 (16°30′～17°00′ W, 11°30′～12°20′N) (2 992 mg/m3) and Area 3 (16°40′～17°20′W, 10°00′～11°00′N) (1 069 mg/m3) respectively. The species of zooplankton were consisted of planktonic Crustacean, Medusae, Chaetognaths and Tunicata, etc., in which planktonic Crustacean were consisted of 6 orders, 22 families, 22 genus and 23 species. Copepods were the most important zooplanktons; the proportion of Copepods was more than 80% except for Area 3, followed by Lucifer. The number of Copepods was the hightest and followed by Lucifer and Chaetognatha in Area 1, Area 2 (16°55′～17°30′W, 11°00′～12°20′N), and Area 3. The number of Chaetognatha, however, was higher than that of Lucifer in Area 4 (16°20′W～16°40′W, 10°20′N～10°35′N). Species number and diversity index (H=1.547) of zooplankton in Area 1 was the highest among the 4 areas, but the richness index was the lowest (D=0.28). Richness index (D=0.58) and evenness index (J=1.26) in Area 3 were the highest and diversity index (H=1.07) and evenness index (J=0.59) in Area 4 were the lowest among the 4 areas.
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Climate Change and Adaptation in African Agriculture - Ziervogel, Gina; Cartwright, Anton; Tas, Adriaan; Adejuwon, J. O.; Zermoglio, Fernanda; Shale, Moliehi; Smith, Ben (2008)
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Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco, by Moha Ennaji - Zouhir, Abderrahmane (International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2008)
There are numerous books devoted to the question of language policy and literacy in Morocco, but they deal only with certain aspects of the field. To my knowledge, so far there seems to have been none that is devoted to multilingualism, culture, gender, identity, and education, and which are comprehensively presented in one book. Moha Ennaji's book is worth reading for anybody who is interested in linguistics, literacy, and language policy. It may be useful for linguists and non-linguists. It is also a valuable addition to sociolinguistic research. The range of topics explored makes it a worthwhile addition to any library of linguistics and non-linguistics. It gives a history of literacy and language education policy in Morocco, and sketches the complexity of the language situation before and after colonization. The book is divided into ten chapters. This division itself suggests the complexity of issues involved in this book.
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Factors Contributing to Needle Prick Injuries among Nursing Students of a Medical University in South Africa: A Quantitative Survey - Zungu, Lindiwe (The International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review, 2008)
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Equity and effectiveness in East African primary schools - Zuze, Tia Linda (2008)
Researchers and policy makers agree that studying the relationship between school qualityand academic achievement will benefit public investment in education. An important turningpoint in educational delivery in Africa came during the 1990 World Conference on Educationfor All where renewed commitments to quality basic education were made. Against thisbackground, interest in how African education systems are progressing has increased. Thisthesis contributes to this understanding in three important ways. The first and broadestobjective is to assess the role of comparative studies in setting educational standards. Thesecond relates to how schools within three East African education systems can contribute tothe academic success of students whatever their background. The third is to investigate whichschools most effectively ensure a meaningful educational experience for children who faceeconomic and social hardships. Data are sourced from the second wave of a cross-nationalsurvey of schools in Southern and Eastern Africa. Hierarchical Linear Modelling is used toanalyse data on schools and students in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.The results demonstrate that, although valuable for establishing general patterns of effects,comparative studies should be followed by further investigation of the salient issues at workwithin individual countries. Contrary to earlier studies in developing countries, anunambiguous positive relationship between socioeconomic status and student performancewas evident across this region. Compositional, structural and organisational characteristics ofEast African primary schools were found to be related to academic achievement. Academicallysupportive relationships between students and household members benefited studentperformance in Kenya and Tanzania. In line with the school effectiveness theory, resourceavailability proved to be consistently related to educational quality and its equitable distributionin Uganda. An important finding relating to gender was that characteristics of schools thatimproved quality did so more effectively for boys than for girls and therefore increased themale academic advantage. The implication is that the climate for learning in East Africanprimary schools is better suited to educating boys.The study recommends that future surveys pay closer attention to how student attitudes tolearning are shaped so that schools can play a more effective role in motivating students. Totease out exactly how the educational environment influences learning, it is also recommendedthat more longitudinal studies be pursued by the educational research community. That thepace of educational reform is often painfully slow makes the use of longitudinal data to track itscourse all the more necessary.
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Local level service delivery, decentralisation and governance : a comparative study of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania education, health and agriculture sectors : synthesis report - 国際協力機構国際協力総合研修所 (2008)
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Malis Legacy and Development of Spinal Microneurosurgery in Japan(LEARNING OLD CREATING NEW) - 洋, 中川 (Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery, 2008)
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