Évaluation du programme education en milieu pastoral dans le Sahel du Burkina Faso - Compaoré, Maxime (2008)
Ce projet de trois ans axe sur la promotion de l'education equitable patoral dans les communautes, dans le but d'ameliorer l'acces, la qualite et l'equite entre les sexes dans l'education de base dans le Sahel du Burkina Faso et de contribuer a une reduction de la pauvrete. Il a ete developpe et mis en œuvre sur le terrain par une organisation non gouvernementale (ONG), l'Association Nodde Nooto (A2N), par le biais d'un partenariat operationnel avec Intermon Oxfam. Alors que le projet est complete de la derniere annee, il est important de proceder a une evaluation finale pour faire le bilan de ses realisations a la lumiere ot il aux objectifs initiaux.
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Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change? - Cooper, P. J. M.; Dimes, John; Rao, K. P. C.; Shapiro, Barry I.; Shiferaw, Bekele; Twomlow, Steve (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008)
Rain-fed agriculture will remain the dominant source of staple food production and the livelihood foundation of the majority of the rural poor in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Greatly enhanced investment in agriculture by a broad range of stakeholders will be required if this sector is to meet the food security requirements of tomorrow's Africa. However, production uncertainty associated with between and within season rainfall variability remains a fundamental constraint to many investors who often over estimate the negative impacts of climate induced uncertainty. Climate change is likely to make matters worse with increases in rainfall variability being predicted. The ability of agricultural communities and agricultural stakeholders in SSA to cope better with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability must first be enhanced for them to be able to adapt to climate change and the predicted future increase in climate variability. Tools and approaches are now available that allow for a better understanding, characterization and mapping of the agricultural implications of climate variability and the development of climate risk management strategies specifically tailored to stakeholders needs. Application of these tools allows the development and dissemination of targeted investment innovations that have a high probability of biophysical and economic success in the context of climate variability.
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Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change? - Cooper, P. J. M.; Dimes, John; Rao, K. P. C.; Shapiro, Barry I.; Shiferaw, Bekele; Twomlow, Steve (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008)
Rain-fed agriculture will remain the dominant source of staple food production and the livelihood foundation of the majority of the rural poor in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Greatly enhanced investment in agriculture by a broad range of stakeholders will be required if this sector is to meet the food security requirements of tomorrow's Africa. However, production uncertainty associated with between and within season rainfall variability remains a fundamental constraint to many investors who often over estimate the negative impacts of climate induced uncertainty. Climate change is likely to make matters worse with increases in rainfall variability being predicted. The ability of agricultural communities and agricultural stakeholders in SSA to cope better with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability must first be enhanced for them to be able to adapt to climate change and the predicted future increase in climate variability. Tools and approaches are now available that allow for a better understanding, characterization and mapping of the agricultural implications of climate variability and the development of climate risk management strategies specifically tailored to stakeholders needs. Application of these tools allows the development and dissemination of targeted investment innovations that have a high probability of biophysical and economic success in the context of climate variability.
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Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change? - Cooper, P. J. M.; Dimes, John; Rao, K. P. C.; Shapiro, Barry I.; Shiferaw, Bekele; Twomlow, Steve (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008)
Rain-fed agriculture will remain the dominant source of staple food production and the livelihood foundation of the majority of the rural poor in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Greatly enhanced investment in agriculture by a broad range of stakeholders will be required if this sector is to meet the food security requirements of tomorrow's Africa. However, production uncertainty associated with between and within season rainfall variability remains a fundamental constraint to many investors who often over estimate the negative impacts of climate induced uncertainty. Climate change is likely to make matters worse with increases in rainfall variability being predicted. The ability of agricultural communities and agricultural stakeholders in SSA to cope better with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability must first be enhanced for them to be able to adapt to climate change and the predicted future increase in climate variability. Tools and approaches are now available that allow for a better understanding, characterization and mapping of the agricultural implications of climate variability and the development of climate risk management strategies specifically tailored to stakeholders needs. Application of these tools allows the development and dissemination of targeted investment innovations that have a high probability of biophysical and economic success in the context of climate variability.
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Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change? - Cooper, P. J. M.; Dimes, John; Rao, K. P. C.; Shapiro, Barry I.; Shiferaw, Bekele; Twomlow, Steve (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008)
Rain-fed agriculture will remain the dominant source of staple food production and the livelihood foundation of the majority of the rural poor in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Greatly enhanced investment in agriculture by a broad range of stakeholders will be required if this sector is to meet the food security requirements of tomorrow's Africa. However, production uncertainty associated with between and within season rainfall variability remains a fundamental constraint to many investors who often over estimate the negative impacts of climate induced uncertainty. Climate change is likely to make matters worse with increases in rainfall variability being predicted. The ability of agricultural communities and agricultural stakeholders in SSA to cope better with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability must first be enhanced for them to be able to adapt to climate change and the predicted future increase in climate variability. Tools and approaches are now available that allow for a better understanding, characterization and mapping of the agricultural implications of climate variability and the development of climate risk management strategies specifically tailored to stakeholders needs. Application of these tools allows the development and dissemination of targeted investment innovations that have a high probability of biophysical and economic success in the context of climate variability.
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Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change? - Cooper, P. J. M.; Dimes, John; Rao, K. P. C.; Shapiro, Barry I.; Shiferaw, Bekele; Twomlow, Steve (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008)
Rain-fed agriculture will remain the dominant source of staple food production and the livelihood foundation of the majority of the rural poor in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Greatly enhanced investment in agriculture by a broad range of stakeholders will be required if this sector is to meet the food security requirements of tomorrow's Africa. However, production uncertainty associated with between and within season rainfall variability remains a fundamental constraint to many investors who often over estimate the negative impacts of climate induced uncertainty. Climate change is likely to make matters worse with increases in rainfall variability being predicted. The ability of agricultural communities and agricultural stakeholders in SSA to cope better with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability must first be enhanced for them to be able to adapt to climate change and the predicted future increase in climate variability. Tools and approaches are now available that allow for a better understanding, characterization and mapping of the agricultural implications of climate variability and the development of climate risk management strategies specifically tailored to stakeholders needs. Application of these tools allows the development and dissemination of targeted investment innovations that have a high probability of biophysical and economic success in the context of climate variability.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change? - Cooper, P. J. M.; Dimes, John; Rao, K. P. C.; Shapiro, Barry I.; Shiferaw, Bekele; Twomlow, Steve (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008)
Rain-fed agriculture will remain the dominant source of staple food production and the livelihood foundation of the majority of the rural poor in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Greatly enhanced investment in agriculture by a broad range of stakeholders will be required if this sector is to meet the food security requirements of tomorrow's Africa. However, production uncertainty associated with between and within season rainfall variability remains a fundamental constraint to many investors who often over estimate the negative impacts of climate induced uncertainty. Climate change is likely to make matters worse with increases in rainfall variability being predicted. The ability of agricultural communities and agricultural stakeholders in SSA to cope better with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability must first be enhanced for them to be able to adapt to climate change and the predicted future increase in climate variability. Tools and approaches are now available that allow for a better understanding, characterization and mapping of the agricultural implications of climate variability and the development of climate risk management strategies specifically tailored to stakeholders needs. Application of these tools allows the development and dissemination of targeted investment innovations that have a high probability of biophysical and economic success in the context of climate variability.
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The local curriculum in Mozambique: the Santa Rita Community School in Xinavane - Dhorsan, Adelaide; Chachuaio, Albertina Moreno (PROSPECTS, 2008)
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The local curriculum in Mozambique: the Santa Rita Community School in Xinavane - Dhorsan, Adelaide; Chachuaio, Albertina Moreno (PROSPECTS, 2008)
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Theatre and Environmental Education in Cameroon, by John Taku Taken, andWomen in Theatre for Development in Cameroon: Participation, Contributions and Limitations, by Emelda Ngufor Samba - Doho, Gilbert (Research in African Literatures, 2008)
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Information and Communcation Technology and Administrative Effectiveness of Nigerian Distance Education - Elejere, P.A.O.; Ogundele, Michael Olarewaju (2008)
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Strengthening the Management of the Higher Education System in Africa: The Role of a Regional Higher Education Management Information Network System (RHEMINS). - Emetarom, Uche Grace; Enyi, Dan (2008)
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Effect of Sex Education Programme on at-risk sexual behaviour of school-going adolescents in Ilorin, Nigeria. - Esere, Mary O. (PubMed, 2008)
Adolescents display sexual behaviours and developmental characteristics that place them at risk for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). Because young people experiment sexually and because of the consequences of indiscriminate sexual activities on the youth, there is the need to mount sex education programmes that are geared towards enlightenment and appropriate education about sex and sexuality.To determine whether Sex Education Intervention Programme would reduce at-risk sexual behaviours of school-going adolescents.Pre-test, post-test control group quasi-experimental design.A randomly selected co-educational school in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria.24 school-going adolescents aged 13-19 years.Sex Education Programme (treatment group) versus Control programme (placebo).Self-reported exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, multiple sex partners, anal sex, oral sex, non use of condom.When the treatment (intervention) group was compared with the control group in an intention to treat analysis, there were significant differences in at-risk sexual behaviours of the two groups. Those in the intervention group reported less at-risk sexual behaviours than their counterparts in the control group. The treatment group evaluated the intervention programme positively and their knowledge of sexual health improved. Lack of behavioural effect on the control group could be linked to differential quality of delivery of intervention.Compared with the control group, this specially designed intervention sex education programme reduced at-risk sexual behaviour in adolescents. Based on this finding, it was recommended that sex education be introduced into the curriculum of secondary school education in Nigeria.
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History and peace education in Israel/Palestine: a critical discussion of the use of history in peace education - Feldt, Jakob Egholm (Rethinking History, 2008)
Abstract This article discusses the role of history in peace education in the Israeli–Palestinian context. Israeli and Palestinian histories are vital parts of the conflict between the two collectives aiming at the destruction of the collective memory of the Other. Nevertheless, history's role in peace education is rarely discussed from a theoretical and philosophical perspective but only from a realist and representationalist perspective. Israeli and Palestinian history underwent a remarkable revision during the 1990s and the new histories that appeared were labelled ‘New History’ and were generally considered ‘leftist’ and ‘peace oriented’. In this article it is claimed that the new Israeli history uses history in basically the same manner as Zionist history – namely, in order to install a mobilising regime in service of ‘truth’, ‘justice’ or ideologies of what constitutes the good. The new Israeli historians replace ‘Israel’ with ‘Palestine’, thereby inverting the hitherto hegemonic Zionist historical order without questioning ‘historical orders’ or ‘historical truth’ as such. Peace education seems to be more reflexive in its perspective on history but, it is claimed in this article, its focus on recognising the collective memory of the Other fails to recognise the effect of histories on the Self before the Other. Inspired by Nietzsche's understanding of history for purposes of Life, this article suggests a new look at the uses of history in peace education. Keywords: historypeaceeducationIsraelPalestineNietzsche Notes 1. Uri Ram's The Globalization of Israel. McWorld in Tel Aviv, Jihad in Jerusalem is one of the significant exceptions. Such descriptions of a changing social domain and its new discourses and conceptualizations provide us with the opportunity to think the new positions and critical discourses as being a part of an order instead of outside an order (Ram 2005 Ram, Uri. 2005. The globalization of Israel. McWorld in Tel Aviv, Jihad in Jerusalem [Hebrew: “Ha-globalisazia shel Israel. Mcworld be-tel-aviv, jihad be-yerushalaim”] Tel Aviv: Resling [Google Scholar]). 2. Eretz Israel means ‘The Land of Israel’ in Hebrew, while Am Israel means ‘The People of Israel’.
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Theological Education in Africa in the Post-1998 Lambeth Conference - Galgalo, Joseph D.; Mombo, Esther (Journal of Anglican Studies, 2008)
ABSTRACT Since 1998 there has been a revived interest in theology among Anglicans around the world. Rowan Williams has encouraged this with the promotion of a Theological Education for the Anglican Communion Commission. The Global South primates have called for a rejection of the Western paradigm of Anglican theology in the context of the current debates about sexuality. The key Lambeth resolution on sexuality at the 1998 conference carries with it significant assumptions and challenges about theological method. There has been a renewed focus on context in doing theology. These changes can be seen in the case of Kenya where there has been a determined effort to re-cast the theological curriculum. Theology has also become more popular among lay people and theological work is expanding and flourishing.
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"Difficult yet rewarding": The experiences of African American graduate students in education at an Ivy League institution. - Gasman, Marybeth; Hirschfeld, Aviva; Vultaggio, Julie (Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2008)
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Needs of Families of Children with Disabilities in Gaza-Palestine - Hajjar, Bashir Al; Alhajjar, Bashir (2008)
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Climate Change Impacts on African Rangelands - Hoffman, M. Timm; Vogel, Coleen (Rangelands, 2008)
Even though Africa has contributed the least to global greenhouse gas emissions, it is considered the continent most susceptible to climate change impacts because of 1) the large proportion of people who live in the sub tropics, a region predicted to be affected by increased temperature and reduced precipitation; 2) the high dependence of people on natural resources, livestock, and agriculture for their livelihoods; 3) extreme poverty in many parts of Africa, which makes it difficult for affected people to respond to an increased incidence of drought and floods; and 4) the degraded state of Africa's natural resources, which renders them less resilient to the impact of higher temperatures and lower and more variable precipitation.
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Health Effects Of Night Shift Duty On Nurses In A University Teaching Hospital In Benin City, Nigeria - Isah, EC; Iyamu, OA; Imoudu, GO (Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2008)
Objective: This study is aimed at identifying the effects of night shift duty on the health and wellbeing of nurses in order to make recommendations on ways of ameliorating them. Methods: The study was of a cross sectional descriptive type using a total sample of nurses in the hospital. Data collection was by means of a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire and the analysis by the computer Programme for Epidemiologists (PEPI). Results: The response rate was 79.3% with a total of 211(68.1%) having one or more health complaints, which included muscle ache and pains (58.7%), frequent headaches (21.9%), lack of concentration (21.3%) and a negative effect on social life (66.1%). The younger nurses disliked night shift more than the older ones (2 = 57.5, df = 6, p = 0.000) and 57.7% felt they were less productive during night shift. The shorter the period of sleep after the night shift, the lesser the level of productivity and the more the manifestation of health symptoms (2 = 45.5, df = 4, p = 0.000 and 2 = 29.0, df = 2, p = 0.000 respectively). Conclusion: Night shift duty caused both medical and psychological problems on the nurses. There is a need for medical surveillance, educational programme and the application of sleep hygiene techniques for shift working nurses. Keywords : Night shift, Nurses, Health complaints. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol. 11 (2) 2008: pp. 144-148
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What Neighborhood Poverty Studies Can Learn from African American Studies - James, Jessica (The Journal of Pan-African Studies, 2008)
Since the late 1980s, there has been a resurgence of poverty research among sociologists, psychologists, planners, and economists. Many sociologists ascribe the renewed interest in poverty to several events in the 1980s: the widespread visibility of homelessness in American cities, the publication of William Julius Wilson's (1987) The Truly Disadvantaged, The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy, and sociology's subsequent resurrection of social disorganization theory (i) (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000; Gephart & Brooks-Gunn, 1997; Furstenberg, 2001; Sampson, 2001; Brooks-Gunn, et al 1993; Massey, 2001). Wilson argued that research on poverty had been curtailed for over a decade by the acrimony created by the debate over the controversial Moynihan Report, and he claimed that liberals were caught unaware when unemployment, rates of public assistance, and concentrated poverty all increased significantly during the 1970s and 1980s. On the other hand, Wilson maintained, conservatives had generated their own theories to explain the recent social changes that had occurred in areas, blaming liberal social policy for promoting underclass, welfare, or ghetto values and the subsequent perpetuation of what was popularly being termed the urban underclass (Murray, 1985; Auletta, 1983; Wilson, 1987; Peterson, 1991). These conservative arguments were gaining public attention, so, as a liberal, one of Wilson's goals was to reorient discussions about poverty and the urban underclass to the structural constraints created by the larger society, such as discrimination in housing and employment. Wilson argued that in the context of dramatic macroeconomic shifts such as de-industrialization, globalization, decreased government commitment to sustain inner city institutions and out-migrations of the African American middle class, poverty had become disproportionately concentrated in African American neighborhoods during the 1970s and 1980s, creating spatially isolated communities of extreme ghetto (ii) poverty, or neighborhoods where over 40% of the residents live below the poverty line. In the Northeastern United States, the proportion of African Americans living in areas where 40% or more of the residents living in poverty increased from 15% to 34 % in the 1970s. By 1980, in the five largest American cities, 68% of poor whites lived in non-poverty areas while only 15% of poor African Americans lived in non-poverty areas. By 1990, 11.2 million people lived in severely disadvantaged neighborhoods, and over 50% of them were people of African descent. In contrast, a mere 11.8% of the residents were white, even though whites comprise 75% of the population. Furthermore, nearly 40% of all poor African Americans lived in extreme poverty areas. Hence, African Americans were hit the hardest by the economic changes during the 1970s and 1980s (Massey & Eggers, 1990), prompting Massey and Denton (1993) to describe America's modern apartheid. Wilson's work galvanized other social researchers, and studies on poverty, particularly concentrated poverty, have proliferated over the past twenty years. Until very recently, relatively few scholars utilizing perspectives from African American Studies have contributed to the discussions of neighborhood poverty, resulting in a body of literature that remains overwhelmingly focused on the extent to which poverty residents are risk for negative life chances. While this area of inquiry is vital to understanding the effects of poverty on residents, poverty research often suffers from a tendency to stigmatize poverty populations, a disproportionate number of whom are African American. Therefore, African American Studies scholars must become more active in the field of poverty studies, particularly neighborhood poverty studies, since a grass-roots intervention would be possible at the neighborhood level and congruent with the goals of community development. …
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The remedial programme for out-of-school and drop-out children in Rwanda - Kanamugire, Camille; Rutakamize, Joseph (PROSPECTS, 2008)
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An Evaluation of the INEE Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies, Chronic Crises and Early Reconstruction: A Uganda Case Study. - Karpińska, Zuki (2008)
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Response to van de Sande et al. “The relationship between patient education and glycaemic control in a South African township, Prim. Care Diabetes 1 (2) (2007) 87–91” - Kilpatrick, Eric S. (Primary Care Diabetes, 2008)
I was pleased to read the recent report by van de Sande et al., which highlights the key role of education in the global fight against diabetes and its complications [ [1] van de Sande M. Dippenaar H. Rutten G.E. The relationship between patient education and glycaemic control in a South African township. Prim. Care Diabetes. 2007; 1: 87-91 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar ]. Their epidemiological study, set in a South African township, evaluated the relationship between patients’ glycaemic control and their knowledge of diabetes. The study included 247 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and demonstrated that a significantly greater proportion of patients with a basic understanding of their condition had ‘acceptable’ levels of glycaemic control (defined in the study as a fasting blood glucose (FBG) level <8 mmol/l) than those without (p = 0.03). Nurse involvement in educating patients was also shown to be valuable; 30.5% of patients who had received information from a nurse had acceptable FBG levels compared with 14.5% who had no nurse-delivered information (p = 0.03).
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The need for orthodontic treatment in a school and referred population of Nigeria using the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN). - Kolawole, KA; Od, Otuyemi; So, Jeboda; Aa, Umweni (PubMed, 2008)
To determine the objective orthodontic treatment need of a group of school children and a referred population using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and establish the relationship between subjective and objective orthodontic treatment need.The study groups were 250 school children and 157 children referred to the orthodontic unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC). They assessed their need for treatment, their dental casts were also assessed by the examiner (K.A.K) using the IOTN.The professional assessment of treatment need of the children in the school population based on the Aesthetic Component of IOTN were 62.8% no need, 30% moderate need and 7.2% great need for orthodontic treatment, the referred population had 19.7%, 36.3% and 43.9% respectively. The Dental health component resulted in 66% no need, 20% moderate need and 14% great need for treatment in the school population. These percentages were 20.4%, 16.6% and 63% respectively in the referred population. Statistically significant differences were found between subjective and professional assessment of orthodontic treatment need in both populations. There were no significant gender differences in objective orthodontic treatment need.The results of the study indicate that there is a difference of opinion on orthodontic treatment need between laypersons and professionals. The IOTN reliably records deviant occlusal traits can be used to prioritize treatment need.
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Intellectual Disability in the Context of a South African Population - Kromberg, J. G. R.; Zwane, Esther; Manga, Prashiela; Venter, André; Rosen, Eric; Christianson, Arnold L. (Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 2008)
Abstract Childhood disabilities, including intellectual disabilities (ID), are thought to occur in 5–17% of children in developing countries around the world. In order to identify and describe the childhood disabilities occurring in a rural South African population, as well as the context in which they occur, a study was carried out in the Bushbuckridge district in the poor northeast part of the country. Altogether, 6,692 children were screened in their homes in eight villages using the Ten Questions questionnaire. This questionnaire was used by local‐trained field‐workers in interviews with mothers and other carers, to screen children for five disorders (viz., intellectual, hearing, visual and movement disorders, and epilepsy). Altogether, 722 (10.8% of the total sample) children, who screened positive, were examined at clinics in their villages by a pediatrician for diagnostic, treatment, and referral purposes. In addition, 100 traditional healers in the district were interviewed with a specially designed schedule of questions to assess their attitudes toward disabilities and their management of affected children. The results showed that 291 (4.3%) children had at least one of the five disabilities. ID occurred in 3.6%, epilepsy in 0.7%, visual disorders in 0.5%, movement disorders in 0.5%, and hearing disorders in 0.3%. More boys than girls with hearing disorders were receiving special education. Many of the affected children were not receiving treatment or education, resulting in a reduction in their quality of life. Traditional healers were attempting to treat epilepsy and seldom referred affected children to hospital, although effective treatment was available there. Genetic factors were involved in about half the conditions, but genetic services were negligible. Appropriate health, diagnostic, treatment, educational, and supportive services are required for children with disabilities, and awareness of their needs and the resources to meet them should be increased in this community.
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Priority Education Zones in Mauritius - Kumar, Mahadeo Santosh; Gurrib, Mahomed Aniff (PROSPECTS, 2008)
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Assessement of the Impacts of Pollution on Water Quality in the Calueque-Oshakati Canal in North-Central Namibia - Kuutondokwa, Shuuya Matheus. (2008)
North Central Namibia which is home to almost half of Namibia‟s estimated 2 million people, like the whole of Namibia is heavily dependent on water sources from neighbouring countries for secure water supplies. A good example is the Calueque-Oshakati Canal which was built to convey water to the Region from the Kunene River in Angola. Due to population expansion, traditional sources of water could no longer meet the water demand in the Region and they increasingly became susceptible to pollution and contamination. There are four water purification plants (Olushandja, Ombalantu, Ogongo and Oshakati) abstracting water from the Canal and distributing it to the surrounding villages and urban centres. The Canal is however exposed to pollution due to poor sanitation and other land use activities in the basin. The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of pollution on water quality and its subsequent effects on the water suitability for the various intended uses (Aquaculture, irrigation and potable use) and its implications on the water purification processes. Water samples were collected at four points along the Canal from February to April 2008 with the furthest sampling point upstream situated at the Canal entry into Namibia borders and furthest point down stream located at the end of the Canal. The following physico-chemical and biological parameters were determined: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, total hardness, Nitrate, and Escherichia coli. Water treatment plant performance data for the year 2006/2007 of the four water purification plants were obtained from NAMWATER with monthly average values of pH, turbidity, coagulants and chlorine used, and the cost of chemicals used. Jar tests were also carried out to confirm the impacts of pollution on water purification process. Water samples were collected at four points along the Canal from February to April 2008 with the furthest sampling point upstream situated at the Canal entry into Namibia and furthest point down stream located at the end of the Canal. Temperatures at all stations averaged between 24oc and 26.7oc, dissolved oxygen averaged between 3.9 and 4.7mg/l at all sampling stations, pH values averaged between 6.9 to 7.6, turbidity averaged 111NTU upstream and 243NTU down stream. Total dissolved solids concentrations were 43mg/l upstream and 68mg/l down stream, total hardness was 15mg/l as CaCo3 upstream and 24mg/l as CaCo3 downstream while nitrate concentrations both up stream and down stream were below 0.1mg/l. and E.coli averaged 4 Most probable number per 100ml (MPN/100ml) upstream and 42 MPN/100ml. Jar test results indicated that chemical dosages increased from upstream to down stream treatment plants, Olushandja, 16mg/l, Ombalantu 18mg/l, Ogongo 29 mg/l and Oshati 38mg/l. Despite the increase in parameters concentration from upstream to downstream, most parameter concentrations were within the permissible limits of NAMWATER standards and the WHO guidelines for drinking water and the water was found to be suitable for the various intended uses except, as a direct source of potable water. The jar test results shows that treatment plant further downstream use high dosages of coagulants to purify the water compared to those further upstream, this could be attributed to the cumulative impacts of pollution.
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A Desire to Learn: African American Children's Positive Attitudes toward Learning within School Cultures of Low Expectations - Lewis, Jeffrey A.; Kim, Eun‐Hee (Teachers College Record, 2008)
Background Scholars are bringing much-needed attention to the persistent problem of academic underachievement among African American children in the United States, who continue to lag behind White school children in all socioeconomic groups. This is especially true of impoverished African Americans. Although some link these outcomes to poor student attitudes, recent scholarship casts doubt on the prevalence and significance of the role of adversarial attitudes on school outcomes. In addition, most of the extant research of student attitudes among African American students reflects research with middle school and high school students. We know little about the attitudes of elementary-age African American children living in low-income neighborhoods. Focus of Study This qualitative study aims to address this gap in our knowledge by examining whether oppositional attitudes toward learning prevail among African American children attending two low-income urban elementary schools in California. We also examine how what African American children say they want in teachers relates to what we document as good teaching. Research Design This study used a qualitative design that included face-to-face interviews with children, participant observation in the school and after-school labs, and videotape of classroom interactions in after-school sites. We helped establish the after-school sites as pedagogical laboratories designed to examine how less skilled teachers learn to improve their practice and how children learn with an exemplary teacher. Data Analysis We content-analyzed interview data to examine how children defined and described effective and ineffective teaching. We also used content analysis of participant observations to assess school climate and institutional culture. We developed a code manual to content-analyze videotaped lab data to identify characteristics of the after-school lab that supported positive and productive classroom behaviors in the students. Conclusions We conclude that low-come urban children do want to learn, regardless of their actual demonstrated ability levels, and they appear to be resilient in this respect. We found that elementary school-age low-income African American children are aware of strengths and deficiencies in their teachers and can name each explicitly. Even within controlling or negative school environments that reflect a pervasive culture of low expectations, they overwhelmingly expressed a desire for teachers who treated them well, helped them learn, and who were fair and caring toward them. Moreover, given the opportunity to work with a teacher who worked with them in ways consistent with what they looked for in good teachers, the children in our study responded with productive classroom behaviors.
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A Desire to Learn: African American Children’s Positive Attitudes Toward Learning Within School Cultures of Low Expectations - Lewis, Jeffrey A.; Kim, Eun‐Hee (2008)
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Poverty and disability in Eastern and Western Cape Provinces, South Africa - Loeb, Mitchell; Eide, Arne Henning; Jelsma, Jennifer; Toni, Mzolisi Ka; Maart, Soraya (Disability & Society, 2008)
The impact of disability on the living conditions of people living in specifically resource‐poor areas in South Africa has not previously been addressed. This paper presents a comparison of people with a disability and their non‐disabled peers with respect to some key poverty indicators among a sample of Xhosa speaking individuals in resource‐poor areas of Eastern and Western Cape Provinces. A questionnaire on the level of living conditions (household composition and socio‐economic characteristics) and a detailed disability questionnaire that captured more specific details of the disability experience of the individual with a disability were adapted to the South African context and utilised. Despite the improved situation of households with a disabled family member in terms of financial resources (due primarily to the allocation of disability grants), other measures of poverty (education and employment) remain divisive for those with disabilities.
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Poverty and disability in Eastern and Western Cape Provinces, South Africa - Loeb, Mitchell; Eide, Arne Henning; Jelsma, Jennifer; Toni, Mzolisi Ka; Maart, Soraya (Disability & Society, 2008)
The impact of disability on the living conditions of people living in specifically resource‐poor areas in South Africa has not previously been addressed. This paper presents a comparison of people with a disability and their non‐disabled peers with respect to some key poverty indicators among a sample of Xhosa speaking individuals in resource‐poor areas of Eastern and Western Cape Provinces. A questionnaire on the level of living conditions (household composition and socio‐economic characteristics) and a detailed disability questionnaire that captured more specific details of the disability experience of the individual with a disability were adapted to the South African context and utilised. Despite the improved situation of households with a disabled family member in terms of financial resources (due primarily to the allocation of disability grants), other measures of poverty (education and employment) remain divisive for those with disabilities.
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Poverty and disability in Eastern and Western Cape Provinces, South Africa - Loeb, Mitchell; Eide, Arne Henning; Jelsma, Jennifer; Toni, Mzolisi Ka; Maart, Soraya (Disability & Society, 2008)
The impact of disability on the living conditions of people living in specifically resource‐poor areas in South Africa has not previously been addressed. This paper presents a comparison of people with a disability and their non‐disabled peers with respect to some key poverty indicators among a sample of Xhosa speaking individuals in resource‐poor areas of Eastern and Western Cape Provinces. A questionnaire on the level of living conditions (household composition and socio‐economic characteristics) and a detailed disability questionnaire that captured more specific details of the disability experience of the individual with a disability were adapted to the South African context and utilised. Despite the improved situation of households with a disabled family member in terms of financial resources (due primarily to the allocation of disability grants), other measures of poverty (education and employment) remain divisive for those with disabilities.
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Poverty and disability in Eastern and Western Cape Provinces, South Africa - Loeb, Mitchell; Eide, Arne Henning; Jelsma, Jennifer; Toni, Mzolisi Ka; Maart, Soraya (Disability & Society, 2008)
The impact of disability on the living conditions of people living in specifically resource‐poor areas in South Africa has not previously been addressed. This paper presents a comparison of people with a disability and their non‐disabled peers with respect to some key poverty indicators among a sample of Xhosa speaking individuals in resource‐poor areas of Eastern and Western Cape Provinces. A questionnaire on the level of living conditions (household composition and socio‐economic characteristics) and a detailed disability questionnaire that captured more specific details of the disability experience of the individual with a disability were adapted to the South African context and utilised. Despite the improved situation of households with a disabled family member in terms of financial resources (due primarily to the allocation of disability grants), other measures of poverty (education and employment) remain divisive for those with disabilities.
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Geochemistry and geochronology of Neoarchaean volcanic rocks of the Iramba–Sekenke greenstone belt, central Tanzania - Manya, Shukrani; Maboko, Makenya A.H. (Precambrian Research, 2008)
The late Archaean volcanic rocks of the Iramba–Sekenke greenstone belt consist of tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites that are associated with a subordinate amount of intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks. Sm–Nd geochronology shows that the entire volcanic suite was emplaced at 2742 ± 27 Ma (MSWD = 1.6, ɛNd = 2.3). REE patterns in the tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites are flat or slightly depleted in the LREE and are characterized by La/SmCN and La/YbCN ratios of 0.70–1.17 and 0.74–1.35, respectively. On primitive mantle normalized extended trace element diagrams, two groups of basalts and basaltic andesites can be identified. Rocks of the first group display NMORB-like patterns and are characterized by minor negative Ti anomalies as well as slight depletion of the incompatible elements Th, Nb and Ta relative to the LREE. The second group only differs from the first group in having negative anomalies of Nb and Ta. The intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks are characterized by fractionated REE patterns (La/SmCN = 2.77–6.22 and La/YbCN = 15–103) with only minor to absent Eu anomalies. On primitive mantle- and NMORB-normalized extended trace element diagrams, the samples display large negative anomalies of Nb, Ta and Ti (Nb/Lapm = 0.07–0.21) as well as enrichment of Th relative to the LREE (Th/Lapm = 1.24–3.44). Trace element and isotope geochemistry suggests that crustal contamination did not play a role in the genesis of the Iramba–Sekenke volcanic rocks. Geochemical modelling is consistent with derivation of the tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites by 6% non-modal partial melting of a spinel peridotite depleted mantle source. The volumetrically minor intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks are interpreted to have been derived from the parental magmas of the tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites by 85–90% Rayleigh fractionation of clinopyroxene, hornblende and minor plagioclase. Tectonic setting discrimination diagrams and trace element ratios in the rocks are consistent with formation of the Iramba–Sekenke greenstone belt in a back-arc setting.
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Building a nation: religion and values in the public schools of the USA, Australia, and South Africa - Mawdsley, Ralph D.; Cumming, Jacqueline Joy; Waal, Elda de (Education And The Law, 2008)
Although the systems of public schools differ among Australia, South Africa and the USA, all three countries recognize that religion plays a significant role in determining values. All three countries have written constitutions but only South Africa and the USA have a Bill of Rights that protects persons’ exercise of religious beliefs. In Australia, the place of religion in education has largely been shaped by state legislatures, administrative regulations and interpretations of the national constitution. In the USA, the long tradition of religious values being represented in public education has been severely restricted over the past 60 years, resulting in artificial judicial lines being drawn between private religious expression and government expression. However, even private expression can be prohibited if it interferes with the educational mission of a school. South Africa had a long tradition of Christian religious practices in government schools under apartheid. However, the post-apartheid 1996 Constitution and 1996 South African Schools Act still give these schools considerable latitude in investing religious values into the educational process. In Australia, values, religion and education have always been a preoccupation of those providing education, although the blurring of public and private education in Australia has resulted in a different direction for the role of religion than in the USA.
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Tsuneo Yoshikuni,African Urban Experiences in Colonial Zimbabwe: A Social History of Harare before 1925; Firozi Manji and Stephen Marks (eds.),African Perspectives on China in Africa; Allison Drew,Between Empire and the Revolution: A Life of Sidney Bunting, 1873-1936; South African Democracy Education Trust,The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 2; Ivor Chipkin,Do South Africans Exist?: Nationalism, Democracy and the Identity of ‘The People’; Andrew … - Mlambo, Alois S.; Musemwa, Muchapara; Филатова, И. И.; Suttner, Raymond; Kotzé, Dirk; Skotnes, Pippa; Carruthers, Jane; Kriel, Lizé; Pawson, Eric; Stone, Jeffrey A.; Southey, Nicholas; Wassermann, Johan; et al. (African historical review, 2008)
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Tsuneo Yoshikuni,African Urban Experiences in Colonial Zimbabwe: A Social History of Harare before 1925; Firozi Manji and Stephen Marks (eds.),African Perspectives on China in Africa; Allison Drew,Between Empire and the Revolution: A Life of Sidney Bunting, 1873-1936; South African Democracy Education Trust,The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 2; Ivor Chipkin,Do South Africans Exist?: Nationalism, Democracy and the Identity of ‘The People’; Andrew … - Mlambo, Alois S.; Musemwa, Muchapara; Филатова, И. И.; Suttner, Raymond; Kotzé, Dirk; Skotnes, Pippa; Carruthers, Jane; Kriel, Lizé; Pawson, Eric; Stone, Jeffrey A.; Southey, Nicholas; Wassermann, Johan; et al. (African historical review, 2008)
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Continuous assessment as a selfinitiated teacher development strategy in Swaziland: practice and challenges for effective implementation - Modiba, Maropeng; Nsibande, Rejoice (Africa education review, 2008)
Abstract The paper reports on a study that clarifies the challenges that a teacher in Swaziland faced in using continuous assessment (CA) as a self-initiated professional development tool. Drawing mainly on post-Fordist ideals we analyse the assessment tasks she gave to learners to establish the degree of agency, reflectivity and creativity she invested in the choice, adaptation and re-design of assessment tasks that were suggested to the teachers by education authorities. Items within these tasks and how they were employed to serve the lesson objectives are drawn on to illustrate how she took advantage of the professional autonomy the CA programme afforded her to judge the appropriateness of what was officially suggested. The curriculum expertise that informed her choice of items to reinforce or remedy learning is understood in terms of how she conceptualised CA as a tool to track learners’ cognitive competence and as a resource for a self-directed professional development strategy. In conclusion, an attempt is made to provide cues for the conditions under which the self-empowering elements of CA can function to improve learning and teaching.
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Scenario-based earthquake loss estimation for the city of Cairo, Egypt - Moharram, A. M.; Elghazouli, A.Y.; Bommer, Julian J. (Georisk (Print), 2008)
This paper describes a multi-tiered loss assessment methodology to estimate seismic monetary implications resulting from structural damage to the building population in Greater Cairo. After outlining a ground-shaking model, data on geological structures and surface soil conditions are collated using a considerable number of boreholes to produce a classification of different soil deposits. An inventory database for the existing building stock is also prepared. The seismic vulnerability of representative reinforced concrete building models, designed according to prevalent codes and construction practices, is evaluated. Capacity spectrum methods are utilised for assessing the structural performance through a multi-level damage scale. A simplified methodology for deriving fragility curves for non-ductile reinforced concrete building classes that typically constitute the building population of the city is adopted. In addition, suitable fragility functions for unreinforced masonry constructions are selected and used for completing the loss model for the study area. The results are finally used to build an event-based loss model caused by possible earthquakes in the region.
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The Student Factor in building an e-learning culture: Experiences at the University of Botswana - Molwane, Olefile Bethuel; Phuthi, Nduduzo (2008)
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on e-Learning University of Cape Town, South Africa 26-27 June 2008,This paper presents findings of a small study on the prevailing characteristics and preferences of university students that can be linked to their motivation to adopt and sustain e-learning as their key learning strategy. The qualitative case study was carried out through a questionnaire survey, interviews and classroom observations of third year students enrolled in a five-year degree programme in design and technology at the University of Botswana. The university has embarked on a deliberate path of technological transformation through the University of Botswana e-learning initiative (UBel) which has been significantly supported by the institution?s management (Thurab-Nkhosi et al 2005). In this study, students were taken through a variety of learning activities incorporating internet-searches, group work and peer presentations, media-enhanced lectures, and guest lecturing. Through these activities, the students were encouraged to discover and communicate their strengths and preferred learning styles in an attempt to inform their readiness and motivation to embark on full-scale e-learning as desired by UBel. Owing to various reasons, the bottom-up approach to organizational transformation and innovation diffusion is often less explored because of, among others, problems of feasibility and expediency. The largely imported e-learning technology is often assumed transferable and appropriate for all students, regardless of background, orientation and aspirations.
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The desirable role of parents through a case of an alternative school in South Korea, and how it can be applied in Lesotho - Morojele-Dotoro, Seriti Joy; Kwon, Sungho; Lee, Jeongeun (학습과학연구, 2008)
Education demands that parents play a certain role in childrens life and the schools life in general. After all the school is supposed to serve the community in which it is. In this study, the following are examined: the desirable role of parents through a community alternative school and the present situation in Lesotho in regard to the role of parents for the future of their children. This study suggests ways in which Lesotho can learn from Sungmin Son Alternative School in Korea with regard to alternative education and most importantly the desired role of parents in education.
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How ICT has improved the learning achievement of mathematics in Korea elementary schools and its applicability in Mali - Moussa, Traore; Kwon, Sungho; Lee, Jeongeun (학습과학연구, 2008)
The purpose of this study is to finding out how ICT can be used effectively in teaching. The subject under study is Mathematics. The study started with analyzing literature on how Mathematics is being taught in Korea. This throughout the paper acts as a springboard to set a precedent for Mali Education progress. Facts about teaching mathematics using ICT were backed up by an interview with an elementary teacher. EDUNET materials and multimedia flash as the basic resources teachers use are discussed in the paper. As a results, we found which will be used to improve the teaching in general and mathematics: (i) particularly establish an ICT policy; (ii) set up infrastructure with computer facilities; (iii) build the competence levels of the teachers in basic ICT skills; (iv) educate the stakeholders on the benefits of ICT using in teaching; (v) develop a program that can enable teachers to teach using ICT; (vi) Develop materials to use when teaching; (vii) use various ICT resources when teaching; and (viii) balance off -line and on-line teaching.
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African American Students and College Choice - Muhammad, Crystal Gafford (NASSP Bulletin, 2008)
Misinformation in the African American community regarding college costs, access, and the benefits of a college education abound. Counseling from a trustworthy, supportive school counselor can make a difference in stemming African American talent loss, especially among young Black men. Using the 1988 National Educational Longitudinal Survey, the author finds that African American students' understanding of their counselors' expectations for their future education positively influences college predisposition at a magnitude comparable to fatherly support. Implications for principals and school counselor assignments are addressed.
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Comparative Policy Brief: Status of Intellectual Disabilities in the Republic of Zambia - Mung'omba, James (Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 2008)
Abstract In the Republic of Zambia, an estimated 256,000 persons have some form of disability, and of these, 5.4% have intellectual disabilities. Even now, traditional beliefs about the etiology of intellectual disabilities persist and considerable stigma is attached to the presence of persons with intellectual disabilities who are often excluded from community life. Recently, antidiscrimination legislation has been enacted and there is a policy related to pupils with special educational needs. Although a range of Zambian and international nongovernmental organizations and church groups have developed services for children and their families, their impact is impeded by widespread poverty. Adults remain vulnerable, with no entitlement to social welfare benefits and very limited access either to government‐led trust funds for persons with disabilities or to employment. The most striking issue is poverty (Zambia is one of the world's poorest nations) and an absence of even basic support for people with intellectual disabilities outside of families. Other key issues include a lack of useful data, no specific policy related to persons with intellectual disabilities, and limited progress in achieving education for all.
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Overview of contraceptive use in Jos University Teaching Hospital, north central Nigeria. - Mutihir, JT; Pam, VC (PubMed, 2008)
Modern contraceptive methods accepted by 17,846 new clients in Jos University Teaching Hospital, a tertiary health institution, over two decades are presented.This was a review of the contraceptive trend in new clients who used the various methods of contraception over an 18-year period, 1985-2002.The accepted methods were the intrauterine device (26.1%), oral contraceptive pills (23.5%), female sterilization (21.7%), the Injectable (14.2%), male condom (9.5%), Norplant implants (4.9%) and vasectomy (0.1%). Reversible methods were used by 78.2% and the permanent forms by 21.8%. The women were the acceptors of the methods in 90.5%, while men contributed only 9.5% of the new acceptors. Ten men only had vasectomy over the period of study.The Intrauterine device was the leading method of contraception accepted by the women and male vasectomy was the least accepted by men. There is the need for increased male involvement in contraceptive issues.
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Relationship between Leadership Behaviour of Public Secondary School Principals and the Motivation Levels of Teachers in Kiambu District, Kenya - Mutula, Cyprian (2008)
A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Education (M.Ed.) Degree of Kenyatta University, June 2008
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Mother Tongue Usage in Learning: An Examination of Language Preferences in Zimbabwe - Ndamba, Gamuchirai Tsitsi (The Journal of Pan-African Studies, 2008)
This paper is based on findings from a study conducted to examine children and parents’ language preferences in view of the Zimbabwean language policy derived from the 1987 Education Act, which requires instruction to be conducted in the mother tongue in grades 1-3. This study is thus a survey in which interviews and questionnaires were used to gather data from pupils, parents, school heads, “infant teachers and teachers-in-charge of infant departments” (TICs). The sample consisted of 60 pupils, 42 parents, 25 school heads, 152 infant teachers and 17 TICs. Respondents were purposively selected from urban, peripheral-urban, and rural schools in Masvingo district in Zimbabwe. It was found that pupils and parents preferred English as the language of instruction at infant level, despite challenges faced in accessing the curriculum through the use of the second language. Hence, it is suggested that there is need for attitude change and thus a serious campaign for all stakeholders to appreciate the role played by the mother tongue in the early years of schooling.
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English language and gender influences on the prediction of junior certificate perfomance among students in Botswana - Nenty, H. Johnson; Matsoga, Joseph Thoko; Radimo, B.W. (2008)
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Financing Higher Education in Kenya: Student perceptions and experiences - Ngolovoi, Mary (Tertiary Education and Management, 2008)
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A health-education intervention trial to reduce porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania - Ngowi, Helena; Carabin, Hélène; Kassuku, A.A.; Mlozi, M. R. S.; Mlangwa, James E. D.; Willingham, Arve Lee (Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2008)
We conducted a randomised community controlled trial to estimate the effectiveness of health and pig-management education intervention in reducing the incidence rate of porcine cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium in Mbulu District, northern Tanzania, between April 2002 and July 2004. We included a random sample of 827 pig-keeping households from 42 randomly selected villages in our 27-month study. We collected baseline data on the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis based on lingual examination of live pigs, and pig-management and sanitation knowledge and practices based on questionnaire interviews and observations. We allocated 21 of the villages to the health-education intervention, developed with community participation; we used stratified randomisation to balance the village-level baseline prevalence of porcine cysticercosis. From July 2003 to March 2004 following the intervention, we gave each participant household a sentinel piglet to raise (the timing was balanced between the intervention groups). Knowledge about the transmission and prevention of porcine cysticercosis was improved >42% in both groups when measured 10-12 months post-intervention. There was no improvement in observed practices in either group throughout the study period. However, the intervention had a significant reduction in the reported cases of household consumption of infected pork (a reduction by 20%). The intervention was associated with a considerable decrease in the incidence rate of porcine cysticercosis (incidence rate ratio 0.57) as measured by antigen-ELISA in sentinel pigs. Public education could lead to a reduction of the risk of infection in humans.
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New K–Ar age determinations of Kilimanjaro volcano in the North Tanzanian diverging rift, East Africa - Nonnotte, Philippe; Guillou, Hervé; Gall, Bernard Le; Benoît, Mathieu; Cotten, Joseph; Scaillet, Stéphane (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2008)
The Kilimanjaro is the African highest mountain and culminates at 5895 m high. This huge volcanic edifice is composed of three main centres along a N110°E-striking axis (Shira, Kibo and Mawenzi from W to E), and emplaced in a key area where a major N80°E-oriented volcanic lineament intersects a first-order NW–SE basement fault-like discontinuity. Seventeen K–Ar ages (on microcrystalline groundmass) acquired on lavas and intrusive facies from the three eruptive centres confirm that the Plio-Quaternary volcanicity of Kilimanjaro is clearly polyphased. The oldest phases of volcanic activity begun at ~ 2.5 Ma in the Shira vent and our data suggest that the latest important phases occurred around 1.9 Ma, just before the collapse of the Northern part of the edifice. Magmatic activity then shifted eastwards in the Mawenzi and Kibo twin centres where initial volcanism is dated at ~ 1 Ma. Two K–Ar ages obtained for the most recent Mawenzi rocks from the Neumann Tower-Mawenzi group (492 ka) and Mawenzi eruptive centre (448 ka), near the present summit, are linked to the final stage of edification for this centre. Whereas the eruptive activity ceased in the Mawenzi, it still continued on Kibo since sub-actual time. The oldest dated rocks from Kibo (482 ka) is obtained on a dyke from the Lava Tower group cropping out at 4600 m high. The main phase of magmatism on Kibo is recorded by two lava formations with a great spatial extension – the Rhomb Porphyry group and the Lent group – that have been emplaced in a short time interval at ~ 460–360 ka (including two erosive stages) and 359–337 ka, respectively. Based on the dating of Caldera rim group lavas, it is shown that the edification of the present cone was accomplished in a period ranging from 274 to 170 ka. The new ages obtained for the main episodes of volcanic activity on Kibo appear to roughly coincide with the oldest known Quaternary glaciations. The interaction between eruptive phenomena and the ice cover is assumed to have played an important role in triggering collapse processes and associated lahars deposits. The last volcanicity, around 200–150 ka, is marked by the formation of the present summit crater in Kibo and the development of linear parasitic volcanic belts, constituted by numerous Strombolian-type isolated cones on the NW and SE slopes of Kilimanjaro. These belts are likely to occur above deep-seated fractures that have guided the magma ascent, and the changes in their directions with time might be related to the rotation of recent local stress field.
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Teacher training colleges in the rural areas of Angola - Nsiangengo, Pedro; Diasala, André Jacinto (PROSPECTS, 2008)
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Effective International Non-Governmental Organisation (INGO) and Local Non-Governmental Organisation (LNGO) partnerships in education programmes: a case study of an Irish INGO and its partner LNGOs in Ethiopia - O’Sullivan, Margo C. (Irish Educational Studies, 2008)
A review of donors’ most recent policies highlights that the term ‘partnership’ is firmly embedded in the lexicon of international development. Most donors now only fund INGO programmes if they are partnering LNGOs. This article considers key questions in relation to such programmes: What is meant by an education partnership? Are there features common to all education partnerships? What are the features of an effective education partnership between an INGO and an LNGO? How do these features enable an effective partnership? Based on a review of international developments, research in the field, and case study data of the experience of a programme implemented in Ethiopia, the appropriateness of a planning, implementation and evaluation tool for education partnerships between INGOs and LNGOs, and the strengths and weaknesses of current programmes is explored.
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Ethical Crisis in the Nigerian Education System: A Challenge to Educational Administrators and Parents. - Ojogwu, C. N. (College student journal, 2008)
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The Role of Vocational and Technical Education in Manpower Development and Job Creation in Nigeria - Okafor, Christian Emeka (Social Science Research Network, 2008)
Technical education, as entrenched in the Nigerian National Policy on Education, is concerned with qualitative technological human resources development directed towards a national pool of skilled and self-reliant craftsmen, technicians and technologists in technical and vocational fields. The two key phrases, which readily come to mind in this type of education, are competency-based skill-acquisition and sound scientific knowledge. In order to cope with the requirements of fast developing economy, to gear up employment generation and meet the challenges of globalization, it was absolutely imperative to realign Technical and Vocational Education system in the country to cater for these requirements. This paper attempts to appraise the contributions of this often neglected but yet inevitable educational sector in order to make significant progress in terms of national development and job creation.
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The Nigerian University Teachers' Effectiveness as Perceived by Their Students. - Okoye, Nnamdi S. (College student journal, 2008)
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The Interaction of Logical Reasoning Ability and Socio-Economic Status on Achievement in Genetics among Secondary School Students in Nigeria. - Okoye, Nnamdi S.; Okecha, Rita Ebele (College student journal, 2008)
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Otitis media as a cause of significant hearing loss among Nigerians - Olusesi, Abiodun Daud (International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2008)
Mild or worse hearing loss, defined as pure tone average >25 decibel, is seen commonly with preventable etiologies.A tertiary care, urban referral hospital.Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of individuals attending the hearing loss clinic of National Hospital, Abuja, between May 2005 and April 2007. Data matching the diagnosis of acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME) and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) were extracted from the database and analyzed.A total of 298 cases with primary presenting complaints of hard of hearing were seen. A total of 77 cases had hearing loss due to otitis media. 44 (57.1%) had OME, 26 (33.8%) had CSOM, while 7 (9.1%) had AOM. The observed distribution of the OME was left OME (18.1%, n=14), right OME (9.1%, n=7) and bilateral OME (29.9%, n=23), while the CSOM is distributed into left CSOM (15.5%, n=12), bilateral CSOM (11.7%, n=9) and right CSOM (6.4%, n=5), and AOM is distributed into right AOM (2.6%, n=2), left AOM (3.9%, n=3), and bilateral AOM (2.6%, n=2). The mean pure tone averages for the three groups are AOM (30.5dB), OME (41.5dB) and CSOM (56.9dB).Otitis media is an important cause of preventable hearing loss in developing countries, and the predominance of unilateral otitis media in the left ear observed in this study deserves further studies.
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The Future of Higher Education in Nigeria: Global Challenges and Opportunities. - Oni, Adesoji; Alade, Ibiwumi A. (2008)
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Climate change and food security in tropical West Africa – a dynamic-statistical modelling approach - Paeth, Heiko; Capo-Chichi, Arcade; Endlicher, Wilfried (Erdkunde, 2008)
Summary: The relationships between climate and agricultural production in Benin, tropical West Africa, are elucidated using predictions from a high-resolution regional climate model. The aim is to detect the sensitivity of various mainly ali mentary crops cultivated in tropical Africa to changing climate conditions due to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations and ongoing land degradation. This knowledge is of practical relevance since the predominant cultivation of less vulner able crops may be an appropriate adaptation strategy in order to maintain or improve food security in Africa. Model output statistics are used to transfer simulated climate variability to changing crop yield. It turns out that the statistical relationships between climate and agricultural production are very strong, amounting in part to more than 50% of explained variance at the interannual time scale. Especially summer monsoon precipitation and relative humidity represent reliable predictors of crop yield. Until 2025, the dryer and warmer climate in tropical Africa may come along with a decrease in agricultural pro duction with respect to most crops. The reduction is in the amount of 5 to 20%, implying severe problems of food security given the increasing population density. However, yams and manioc, as major alimentary crops in Benin, appear to be less sensitive to climate change. Zusammenfassung: Anhand von Simulationen mit einem hoch auflosenden regionalen Klimamodell wird der Zusammen hang zwischen Klima und landwirtschaftlicher Produktion im westafrikanischen Benin beleuchtet. Das Ziel besteht darin, die Sensitivitat verschiedener Nutzpflanzen, die im tropischen Afrika angebaut werden und vorwiegend als Ernahrungs grundlage dienen, gegeniiber veranderten klimatischen Rahmenbedingungen zu erfassen. Dabei werden steigende Treib hausgaskonzentrationen und eine fortschreitende Landdegradation berucksichtigt. Die Kenntnis dieser Sensitivitat besitzt groBe praktische Relevanz, da der bevorzugte Anbau von unempfindlichen Nutzpflanzen eine geeignete Anpassungsstra tegie zur Ernahrungs sicherheit in Afrika darstellen konnte. Uber so genannte Model Output Statistics wird die simulierte Klimavariabilitat in Ernteertragsanomalien umgesetzt. Es zeigt sich ein starker statistischer Zusammenhang zwischen Klima und landwirtschaftlicher Produktion. Teilweise betragt die erklarte Varianz mehr als 50% auf der interannuellen Zeitskala. Vor allem der Sommermonsunniederschlag und die relative Luftfeuchte bilden zuverlassige Pradiktoren fiir den Ernteer trag. Bis 2025 wird ein trockeneres und warmeres Klima im tropischen Afrika simuliert, welches hinsichtlich der meisten Nutzpflanzen mit ErnteeinbuBen in Hohe von 5 bis 20% einhergehen konnte. Vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Bevolkerungsdichte ergibt sich damit ein gravierendes Ernahrungsproblem. Andererseits erweisen sich Jams und Maniok, die in Benin eine wichtige Nahrungsgrundlage darstellen, als weniger sensitiv gegeniiber dem Klimawandel.
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Intestinal parasitism in an elementary school in Bata, Equatorial Guinea - Pérez, William Quintero; Guerra, Maritza Linares; Almiral, Orlando Téllez; Cabrera, José Caridad Díaz; Viera, Méralys del Valle (Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río, 2008)
With the aim of defining exactly the grade of intestinal parasitism according to age, as well as identifying the most frequent intestinal parasites in Amiguitos de Jesus Elementary School in Bata City, Equatorial Guinea, during septembre 2002 to June 2003, a descriptive, prospective study is carried out. In the study it was found that the parasitism grade was 29.9% from the total of the analysis performed, predominating in those under 6 years of age: 44.7% of these cases were infected. A prevalence of vermes was observed, Trichuris trichiuria was the most frequent species found, representing 95,1% from the total of infected children and Ascaris lumbricoides 75,6% from the total of 41 infected. Among protozoa, amoeba was the most frequent specie observed, being present in 17,07% of infected cases. A high-grade infection was found, requiring educative programs for increasing hygienic habits in children. The prevalence rate of parasites should be caused by the ground pollution with stools, as well as the lack of a proper treatment of drinking water and health infrastructure.
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Parasitismo intestinal en una escuela primaria de Bata, Guinea Ecuatorial Intestinal parasitism in an elementary school in Bata, Equatorial Guinea - Pérez, William Quintero; Guerra, Maritza Linares; Almiral, Orlando Téllez; Cabrera, José Caridad Díaz; Viera, Méralys del Valle (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2008)
Con el objetivo de precisar el grado de parasitismo intestinal segun la edad, asi como identificar los parasitos intestinales mas frecuentes en la escuela primaria Amiguitos de Jesus de la ciudad de Bata, Guinea Ecuatorial, en el periodo septiembre 2002 a Junio 2003, se realizo un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo. En el mismo se encontro que el grado de parasitismo intestinal fue de un 29.9 % del total de analisis realizados, predominando sobre todo en los menores de 6 anos; un 44.7% de estos estaban infestados. Se encontro un predominio de los vermes: el mas frecuente fue Trichuris trichiura, para el 95.1 % del total de ninos infestados, y el ascaris lumbricoides, con un 75.6% del total de 41 infestados. De los protozoos, el mas frecuente fue la ameba, existiendo en un 17.07 % de los infestados. El grado de infestacion encontrado es elevado, requiriendose programas educativos para fomentar el cuidado de los habitos higienicos de los ninos. El predominio de los parasitos encontrados podria deberse a la contaminacion de la tierra con heces fecales y a la falta de un adecuado tratamiento de las aguas para el consumo, y de infraestructura sanitaria. Palabras clave: PARASITOSIS INTESTINALES, epidemiologia, AMEBA, TRICURIASIS, ASCARIS ABSTRACT With the aim of defining exactly the grade of intestinal parasitism according to age, as well as identifying the most frequent intestinal parasites in Amiguitos de Jesus Elementary School in Bata City, Equatorial Guinea, during septembre 2002 to June 2003, a descriptive, prospective study is carried out. In the study it was found that the parasitism grade was 29.9% from the total of the analysis performed, predominating in those under 6 years of age: 44.7% of these cases were infected. A prevalence of vermes was observed, Trichuris trichiuria was the most frequent species found, representing 95,1% from the total of infected children and Ascaris lumbricoides 75,6% from the total of 41 infected. Among protozoa, amoeba was the most frequent specie observed, being present in 17,07% of infected cases. A high-grade infection was found, requiring educative programs for increasing hygienic habits in children. The prevalence rate of parasites should be caused by the ground pollution with stools, as well as the lack of a proper treatment of drinking water and health infrastructure. Key words: INTESTINAL DISEASES, epidemiology, AMOEBA, TRICHURIASIS, ASCARIS.
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Teachers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards performance appraisal in Zimbabwean schools - Pretorius, S. G.; Ngwenya, VC (Africa Education Review, 2008)
Abstract This article reports on an empirical investigation of Zimbabwean teachers’ attitudes towards Performance Appraisal (PA) as a model of staff supervision and the resultant impact on their motivation and performance. A survey design was used to gather data by means of a questionnaire containing ninety one precoded response items on the concepts of supervision and PA, induction programmes, PA interviews and teachers’ attitudes to PA. The responses of fifty two teachers out of a sample of sixty revealed that on the whole teachers are positively motivated by staff supervision models which seek to develop their pedagogical skills and therefore tend to enhance their performance with a view to improving education and attaining educational goals. The research revealed that PA should be collaborative, transparent, dialogical and accountable. Models which are judgmental and call for close and constant supervision are unpopular.
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Perceived Sleep Quality and Sleepiness in South African University Students - Reid, Alison; Baker, Fiona C. (South African Journal of Psychology, 2008)
Little is known about the sleep habits of South African students. The objectives in this study were to evaluate sleep habits and daytime behaviours of South African university students and to examine possible factors associated with their sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. Nine hundred and eighty-six undergraduate students completed a questionnaire about their sleep and lifestyle habits over the previous month, and their fatigue-related driving history. Sleep habits were similar for male and female students, although male students went to bed later and had fewer night-time awakenings. Black students went to bed significantly later than white and Asian students and woke earlier than white students during the week; consequently they were more likely to have a shorter time in bed than white students. Black students were more likely to nap than white students, possibly to supplement their overall sleep amount. Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were not influenced by gender or ethnicity. Twenty percent of the students reported having ever fallen asleep while driving and 2% reported having had a fatigue-related accident; these findings have implications for road safety. Eighteen percent of the students reported poor sleep quality, although few students (4%) had consulted a doctor about a sleeping problem. Logistic multiple regression modeling revealed that poor sleep quality was associated with the following factors: long sleep onset latency; night-time awakenings; late bed times; use of sleep medication; not getting enough sleep; and low energy. Based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 44% of the students had a high propensity for daytime sleepiness, which was associated with not getting enough sleep, consuming more caffeinated beverages, daytime napping, and having no/little energy. Daytime sleepiness and associated factors in South African students need to be investigated further and it is recommended that students be better informed about sleep problems and their consequences. First-line help-professionals such as psychologists, doctors, and healthcare workers should be better trained to support students with sleep problems.
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Poverty and musculoskeletal impairment in Rwanda - Rischewski, Dorothea; Kuper, Hannah; Atijosan, Oluwarantimi; Simms, Victoria; Jofret-Bonet, Mireia; Foster, Allen; Lavy, Christopher (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2008)
Journal Article Poverty and musculoskeletal impairment in Rwanda Get access Dorothea Rischewski, Dorothea Rischewski ⁎ aInfectious Tropical Diseases Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK ⁎Corresponding author. Present address: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Dag-Hammarskjöldweg 1-5, 65760 Eschborn, Germany. Tel.: +49 6196 79 1263; fax: +49 6196 79 801263. E-mail address:dorothea.rischewski@gtz.de (D. Rischewski) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hannah Kuper, Hannah Kuper aInfectious Tropical Diseases Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Oluwarantimi Atijosan, Oluwarantimi Atijosan bJohn Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Victoria Simms, Victoria Simms cDepartment of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College, London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas’ Hospitals, Cutcombe Road, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mireia Jofret-Bonet, Mireia Jofret-Bonet aInfectious Tropical Diseases Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UKdDepartment of Economics, City University, Northampton Square, London EC1V OHB, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Allen Foster, Allen Foster aInfectious Tropical Diseases Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Christopher Lavy Christopher Lavy eNuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 102, Issue 6, June 2008, Pages 608–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.02.023 Published: 01 June 2008 Article history Received: 13 September 2007 Revision received: 27 February 2008 Accepted: 27 February 2008 Published: 01 June 2008
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Earthquake swarms in continental rifts — A comparison of selected cases in America, Africa and Europe - Seht, M. Ibs-von; Plenefisch, Thomas; Klinge, K. (Tectonophysics, 2008)
The occurrence of earthquake swarms is typically related to magmatic activity in volcanoes, yet swarms are also common in other intracontinental regions such as continental rifts. We present here a summary of geophysical observations that have been made in earthquake swarm areas of the Rio Grande, Kenya, and Eger rifts, focusing on characteristic parameters for the origin and generation of the swarm earthquakes. Our compilation of seismological parameters such as spatial distribution and focal parameters of hypocenters, magnitude statistics, and the location of the swarm centres in the rift environments reveals major similarities. The earthquake swarms take place at shallow depth between 0 and 10 km. The maximum magnitudes are mostly less than 4.5. The b-values, indicating the magnitude frequency relation of the seismicity, are about 0.8. They are hence not deviating from a normal non-volcanic intraplate environment, but are considerably lower than those of volcanic earthquake swarms. Focal mechanism studies give uniform pictures of stress field orientation and faulting style for the swarm areas. In all three rifts, the centres of swarm activity seem to be restricted to rift valley sections that may be influenced by large-scale fracture or shear zones that intersect the rifts. We conclude that these deep-reaching zones of weakness allow intrusions of upper mantle material into crustal layers, where magma-related fluids or fluctuations of the magma bodies themselves cause the generation of earthquake swarms.
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Stakeholders Perceptions And Concerns On Open And Distance Education In The Higher Institutions: The Case Of Eastern Ethiopia - Seyoum, Yilfashewa (DergiPark (Istanbul University), 2008)
This study attempt to examine the perception of stakeholders (Tutors & coordinators) in open and distance education with particular reference to the eastern region of Harargie.30 tutors and 10 program coordinators were consulted and considered as subjects of the study. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed in the data treatment and analysis. Data were collected from the selected sample employing a questionnaire and an interview( which include open ended items) The results indicate that the nature of the tutorial services provided by tutors does not follow the fundamental principles of distance education. The tutorial programs were devoted largely to teachers’ verbal explanation of descriptive facts which is the typical feature of conventional face-to-face instruction. The late arrival of course modules to the students; the distribution of modules very close to the actual dates of the tutorial sessions; tutors’ reliance on the conventional face-to-face mode of instruction; large class size and the heavy workloads imposed upon tutors in some tutorial centers were some of the major constraints that caused the program to be implemented in an unsatisfactory way
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Curriculum decision-making decentralization policy in Zimbabwe: how involved are the students in deciding curriculum content? - Shumba, Jenny; Maphosa, Cosmas; Shumba, Almon (Africa Education Review, 2008)
Abstract The study sought to examine the current Zimbabwean school system; establish the extent to which it is conducive to students making decisions about the selection of subjects they learn at school; to examine the nature of children's rights and the extent to which these rights are practiced in schools and in the prevailing socio-economic and political milieu. A stratified random sample of 100 pupils, 24 teachers and five school heads was used in this study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire, an interview schedule and observing both pupils and teachers. The study found that teachers and pupils seemed to be aware of pupils’ rights to participate in deciding the subjects they studied; and most teachers and school heads felt it was more of their duty to decide for pupils because of their immaturity. Therefore, determining the school curriculum content should involve school heads, teachers and pupils instead of choices being made and the content dictated to pupils.
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Sector-wide Approaches and Mainstreaming Gender in Education in Ghana - Sinha, Geeta; Nayak, Bhabani Shankar (Journal of Asian and African Studies, 2008)
The article aims to provide a brief overview of the gender perspective in the Sector-wide Approaches (SWAp) and its ability to integrate gender equality concerns in education in Ghana. This approach has been strategically adopted by various aid agencies as an effective and efficient tool to ensure mainstreaming gender in different fields. In this article, we will try to analyse some of the ways in which mainstreaming gender has taken place through SWAp in the field of education in Ghana. It analyses the extent to which SWAp as a strategy has been able to mainstream gender in education in Ghana.
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A feasibility study on the use of 'smart' pens in South African teaching and learning environments : reviewed article - Slay, Hannah (South African Computer Journal, 2008)
Interactive whiteboards are being installed in many schools in developed and even in developing countries. As they are currently quite expensive, the Eastern Cape Department of Education (ECDoE) initiated several studies to explore the various types of interactive whiteboard systems. This article describes one of the feasibility studies which investigated the use of a 'smart' pen interactive whiteboard technology in previously disadvantaged South African schools as a means for promoting learning in the classroom while simultaneously developing ICT skills. Most investigations of interactive whiteboards review the use of the more expensive 'smart' board technology. This article details the five most common technical problems experienced by teachers and learners of the 'smart' pen interactive whiteboard technology: calibration and infrastructural issues; hardware and software; training and support; timetabling; and portability. This article then compares the findings with the 'smart' pen with previous research that investigated the more expensive 'smart' boards. The findings reveal that although the types of interactive whiteboard systems have slightly different benefits and drawbacks, the critical issues seem not lie in the choice of the type of interactive whiteboard technology per se, but rather in the way in which they are deployed in previously disadvantaged schools. The key issue seems to relate to teachers' prerequisite ICT literacy and integration skills that need to be in place prior to the installation of interactive whiteboard technology. It would seem that unless teachers are sufficiently ICT literate and the school is in a position to support the use of interactive whiteboard technology, the interactive whiteboards are not used optimally or in a sound pedagogical manner in the classroom.
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[Schistosomiasis in school children in the Bandafassi region of East Senegal]. - Sy, Ibrahima; Diawara, Lamine; Ngabo, Didier; Barbier, Dominique; Dreyfuss, G.; Georges, P (PubMed, 2008)
This epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis in children from 6 to 14 years old in the district of Bandafassi of east Senegal. The stools of 505 children from 10 villages were examined. In addition water holes that might serve as biotopes for the intermediate host snails, i.e., Biomphalaria sp. and Bulinus sp., were located and tested. Findings demonstrated the existence of permanent foci of S. mansoni deep within the bush of the Bandafassi district. Sporadic distribution of praziquantel has been effective but not sufficient to eradicate permanent S. mansoni foci in test sites.
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Writing Differences in Teacher Performance Assessments: An Investigation of African American Language and Edited American English - Szpara, Michelle Y.; Wylie, E. Caroline (Applied Linguistics, 2008)
Journal Article Writing Differences in Teacher Performance Assessments: An Investigation of African American Language and Edited American English Get access Michelle Y. Szpara, Michelle Y. Szpara 1Long Island University in New York, 2Educational Testing Service, Princeton, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. Caroline Wylie E. Caroline Wylie 1Long Island University in New York, 2Educational Testing Service, Princeton, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Applied Linguistics, Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2008, Pages 244–266, https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm003 Published: 01 June 2008 Article history Received: 01 July 2006 Published: 01 June 2008
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Opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of dryland farmers in Central and West Asia and North Africa to climate change - Thomas, Richard J. (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008)
The world's drylands will face not only increasing temperatures with climate change but more importantly also disruptions to their hydrological cycles resulting in less and more erratic rainfall that will exacerbate the already critical state of water scarcity and conflicts over water allocation. The rural poor in dry areas will suffer the most from these changes and will require a range of coping strategies to help them adapt to changing climates. Strategies will include changing of cropping systems and patterns, switching from cereal-based systems to cereal–legumes and diversifying production systems into higher value and greater water use efficient options. The latter include judicious use of water using supplementary irrigation systems, more efficient irrigation practices and the adaptation and adoption of existing and new water harvesting technologies. Scope for the application of conservation agriculture in dry areas is thought to be limited by low biomass production but current evidence suggests that even small amounts of residue retention can significantly decrease soil erosion losses. These options will be supplemented by the development of more drought and heat tolerant germplasm using traditional and participatory plant breeding methodologies and better predictions of extreme climatic events. The majority of drylands are occupied by rangelands with some 828 Mha in West Asia and North Africa alone. These vast areas provide environmental services such as the regulation of water quantity and quality, biodiversity and carbon sequestration. Rangelands have been neglected in the past partly because of problems of ownership, access and governmental policies that discourage investments in rangelands. The idea of payment for environmental services in rangelands is in its infancy but is discussed here as a potential option for better use and management of rangelands and as a safety net to reduce the vulnerability of rangeland inhabitants to climate change. In addition to the promising technological options to reduce vulnerability to climate change a brief discussion is included on the institutional and policy options needed to create a better enabling environment for increased adaptation and ecosystem resilience.
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The continuum of bilingual education in Burkina Faso: an educational innovation aimed at improving the quality of basic education for all - Traoré, Catherine; Kaboré, Catherine; Rouamba, Dieudonné (PROSPECTS, 2008)
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Theological Education and Anglican Identity in South Africa - Trisk, Janet; Pato, Luke (Journal of Anglican Studies, 2008)
ABSTRACT Theological education should take full account of the context in which it operates and authors share a commitment to a broadly defined liberation theology which takes the experience of the poor as its starting point. Focus is on the College of the Transfiguration in Grahamstown, a city with an unemployment rate of over 50 percent. The College supports not only theological education but also integrates ministerial and spiritual formation. The political context of South Africa has influenced the shape of theology even though students come from many other places. The contextualization thrust of the theology is shaped by a commitment to Outcomes Based Education. Anglican studies curriculum is shaped by this method and aims for a capacity to describe such things as Anglican identity, polity and beliefs. This is carried out in the absence of any sustained robust discourse on Anglican identity in the Anglican Communion.
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School Belonging, Educational Aspirations, and Academic Self-Efficacy among African American Male High School Students: Implications for School Counselors - Uwah, C.; McMahon, H. George; Furlow, Carolyn F. (Professional School Counseling, 2008)
While academic self-efficacy is widely considered an individual cognitive variable, it may be influenced by a sense of belonging and connection to others in the school community. Using a correlation and multiple regression design, the study in this article examined the relationship between perceptions of school belonging, educational aspirations, and academic self-efficacy among 40 African American male high school students. Results indicated that feeling encouraged to participate and educational aspirations were significant, positive predictors of academic self-efficacy. Other components of perceptions of school belonging were not significant in predicting academic self-efficacy. Recommendations for future research and practical suggestions for school counselors are discussed.
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Satellite measurements of recent volcanic activity at Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania - Vaughan, R. G.; Kervyn, Matthieu; Realmuto, V. J.; Abrams, Michael J.; Hook, Simon J. (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2008)
Oldoinyo Lengai (OL) is the only active volcano in the world that produces natrocarbonatite lava. These carbonate-rich lavas are unique in that they have relatively low temperatures (495–590 °C) and very low viscosity. OL has been erupting intermittently since 1983, mostly with small lava flows, pools and spatter cones (hornitos) confined to the summit crater. Explosive, ash-producing eruptions are rare, however, on September 4, 2007 the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) captured the first satellite image of an ash plume erupting from OL, which may be indicative of a new phase of more silica-rich products and explosive activity that has not occurred since 1966–1967. In the months prior to the eruption, thermal infrared (TIR) satellite monitoring detected an increasing number of thermal anomalies around OL. Data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor analyzed with the MODLEN algorithm detected more than 30 hot spots in the last week of August and first week of September 2007, some of which were from bush fires ignited by lava flows or spatter around the volcano. Higher-resolution ASTER data confirmed the location of these burn scars associated with lava flows. ASTER also detected the appearance of an anomalous hot spot at the summit of OL in mid-June with temperatures ~ 440 °C, the presence of several new lava flows in the crater in July and August, and on September 4 measured higher temperatures (~ 550 °C) possibly suggesting a more silicate-rich eruption. ASTER spectral emissivity data were interpreted to indicate a mixture of carbonate and silicate ash in the eruption plume from September 4. Based on the analysis of both ASTER and MODIS data combined with occasional field observations, there appear to have been 2 distinct eruptive events so far in 2007: a typical natrocarbonatite eruption confined to the summit crater in June–July, and a more intense eruption in August–September consisting of natrocarbonatite lava overflowing the crater and explosive events forming ash plumes up to ~ 5 km high, apparently consisting of a mixture of silicate and carbonate ash. OL is one of the many volcanoes in the world, and especially Africa, that is not regularly monitored with in situ instruments. Continued satellite monitoring along with studies of past thermal activity will help determine how future eruptions and ensuing hazards may be forecasted.
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Abstract: Masculinity and HIV-AIDS prevention in West Africa: a training model - Vonarx, Nicolas (Promotion & Education, 2008)
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African Quest and Struggle for High Schools in Colonial Kenya - Wamagatta, Evanson N. (Journal of Asian and African Studies, 2008)
By 1925, 30 years after Kenya became a British colony, there were no high schools for Africans in the colony. In 1926, the Africans decided to build their own high schools through their Local Native Councils (LNCs) but the Government refused to sanction the building of the schools and this led to a protracted struggle. The Kiambu LNC's abortive high school at Githunguri is used as a case study to examine not only why the Government vetoed the building of the schools, but also to show how this greatly undermined the expansion of African higher education in subsequent years.
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Ideological alchemy: the transmutation of South African didactics (and fundamental pedagogics) into ‘apartheid education’ - Yonge, George D. (Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2008)
Abstract In his response to Krüger, Le Grange claims that: (1) the South African discourse of fundamental pedagogics was closely allied with Christian National Education and functioned as a powerful educational doctrine in the service of the South African policy of apartheid education; (2) fundamental pedagogics bracketed political discourse; (3) the connection between fundamental pedagogics and Christianity promoted an authoritarian approach to education; and (4) because didactic pedagogics and fundamental pedagogics were so intimately intertwined, South African didactic thinking also was used to serve and perpetuate the policy of apartheid education. This paper evaluates these claims and concludes that they are untenable in light of the history, nature, and purpose of South African fundamental and didactic pedagogical thinking. In his effort to link fundamental and didactic pedagogical thinking to apartheid education, Le Grange has lost sight of the profound influence of the tradition of European (Dutch/German) Didaktik on didactic thought in South Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Keywords: apartheid educationdidactic pedagogicseducational ideologies and doctrinesfundamental pedagogicsSouth Africa Notes 1. Possibly the only educational policy in South Africa deserving the label of ‘Apartheid Education’. Fundamental pedagogics and didactic pedagogics are not ‘kinds’ of education but attempts to disclose the nature and essences of educating as such—irrespective of particular ideological commitments. 2. I am relying on my familiarity with the Faculty of Education at the University of Pretoria during its pedagogical heyday in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. This should not be a problem because during this time Pretoria was generally acknowledged as the centre of pedagogical thinking and its development in South Africa. 3. Elsewhere, I (1990, 1991) have indicated how easily this strategy can be misunderstood. 4. The important connection between South African didactic pedagogics and the European (German/Dutch) Didaktik tradition is completely glossed over by Le Grange. For example, in their classic book, Van der Stoep and Louw (1979, Citation2005) list 336 references, five of which concern fundamental pedagogics and 115 the German/Dutch Didaktik tradition.
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An exploratory study of first-year students at a historically black university campus in South Africa: their academic experiences, success and failure - Zulu, Constance (Africa Education Review, 2008)
Abstract This article reports on a study focusing on the first-year academic experiences, success and failure of a cohort of students at a historically black university campus in South Africa. It examines their academic experiences and factors which influenced their success and failure at the end of the first year. Views were sought from a sample of 100 lecturers and 500 first-year students using quantitative (survey) and qualitative (questionnaire) data collection methods. The results indicate that on the one hand, academic success for this cohort was influenced by class attendance, completion and timely submission of assignments, and group discussions/group work. On the other hand, academic failure was attributed to late submission of assignments, inability to ask questions and poor communication skills. The results also point to a need to pay serious attention to improving the academic learning environment of first-year students in order to enhance students’ chances of success.
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Multidimensional Roles of Teachers: Context and Policy Implication for Secondary Teacher Education in Ethiopia - Areaya, Solomon (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2008)
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Geospatial analysis of potential impacts of climate change on coastal urban settlements in Nigeria for the 21 st century - Ekanade, Olusegun; Ayanlade, Ayansina; O, Orimoogunje I. O. (Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2008)
At present, there are substantial scientific uncertainties about the nature and magnitude of climate change impacts that might result from an effective doubling of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere of the coastal urban settlements of Nigeria. This is because large percentage of Nigeria's urban population lives in coastal cities. This study examines the potential impact of climate change on the coastal cities of Lagos and Port Harcourt using the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Induced Climate Change (MAGICC-SCENGEN) and Geographical Information System (GIS) interpolation techniques. The results confirm that sea level rise may occur with a consequence of submerging all coastal cities of the Niger delta area and a larger part of Lagos. The parts left un-submerged may face the risk of incessant flooding. These will also disrupt communications, damage vital infrastructures and affect urban settlements along the coast. The impacts of climate change may be felt also by a wide spectrum of socio-economic variables like human health, transport, energy, industry and other service sectors. Key words: Climate change, coastal cities, MAGICC-SCENGEN, GIS, temperature, precipitation.
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Quality Assurance Practices in Ethiopian Higher Education: The Case of Addis Ababa University - Eshete, Akalewold (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2008)
At the beginning of the millennium, despite voiced concerns by other stakeholders and in the absence of favorable policy environment and virtual ignorance of the sector throughout the 1990s, higher education establishments in Ethiopia experienced hegemonic attack by government. This position was subsequently used by government and the ministry to introduce a series of reforms in higher education and teacher education termed as Higher Education System Overhaul (HESO) and Teacher Education System Overhaul (TESO) respectively. Using available policy and research documents, this article explores quality notion in higher education, important international and domestic pressure attributed for the need to establish quality and relevance assuring mechanisms. Finally, attempt was made to see existing mechanisms within Addis Ababa University and challenge to establish system of quality assurance mechanism to the expanding sector.
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Supporting African refugees in Greater Western Sydney: a critical ethnography of after-school homework tutoring centres - Naidoo, Loshini (Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 2008)
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The Role of Education in Addressing Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development of Ethiopia - Wolde, Damtew (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2008)
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Attending School, Reading, Writing and Child Work in Rural Ethiopia - Admassie, Assefa; Bedi, Arjun S. (2008)
This book offers insights into the process of economic reform in developing countries. It is organized around three factors that are critical to the success of any reform. According to Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, these key dimensions are Reach, Range, and Reason. ‘Reach’ refers to the ability of reform to be person-centered and evenhanded, reaching all individuals in society. ‘Range’ considers the institutional reforms and policy changes necessary to implement change and the possible ripple effects on other policies and populations. Finally, ‘Reason’ captures the importance of constantly asking why a particular reform has been selected.
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Declining Primary School Enrollment in Kenya - Bedi, Arjun S.; Kimalu, Paul; Manda, Damiano Kulundu; Nafula, Nancy (2008)
This book offers insights into the process of economic reform in developing countries. It is organized around three factors that are critical to the success of any reform. According to Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, these key dimensions are Reach, Range, and Reason. ‘Reach’ refers to the ability of reform to be person-centered and evenhanded, reaching all individuals in society. ‘Range’ considers the institutional reforms and policy changes necessary to implement change and the possible ripple effects on other policies and populations. Finally, ‘Reason’ captures the importance of constantly asking why a particular reform has been selected.
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Psychosocial Factors Influencing Attitudes Towards Internet Piracy among Nigerian University Students - Ilevbare, Femi M. (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2008)
The study investigated psychosocial factors influencing attitude towards internet piracy among Nigerian University students. The ex-post factor research design was adopted. In all a total of two hundred and fifty participants were drawn through accidental sampling technique for this study. Their age ranged between 19-48 years. Three hypothesis were generated and subsequently tested using appropriated statistical tools. The outcome of the tested hypothesis revealed that sex difference was not found to significantly influence attitude towards internet piracy (t(2,248) = - 3.47, P.05). In the same view, consumers ethnic group was not found to significantly influence attitude towards Internet piracy (F(3,246) = .404, P> .05). Reasons were given why the outcome of this present study negates the outcome of previous study with emphasis on the socio-political situation in Nigeria. Based on this outcome, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made. IFE PsychologIA Vol. 16 (1) 2007: pp. 120-130
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Horrifying disasters in western Kenya; Impact on education and national development - Judith, S K Achoka; Julius, Maiyo K. (Educational Research Review, 2008)
The occurrence of natural disasters has shown a positive trend as annual incidents of disaster events have increased on the continent. Approximately two-thirds of the 3.3 million people in Western Kenya fall below the poverty line, leaving the region stuck in poverty traps that prevent sustainable development. Schools in the region are hampered in their operation when the disaster occurs .In third term 2007, many school were unable to open due to flooding, students were transferred to other schools while others dropout of the system. Access to safe water, sanitation, quality education and HIV/AIDS awareness are desperately needed, along with micro-economic development to bring the population up to a livable standard. This study investigates the horrifying disasters in the region and analyzes their impact on education and national development. Key words: Hazard, disaster, vulnerability, impacts.
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Enhancing National Unity Through Family-Life Education: Implications for Sustainable Peace in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. - Oyebamiji, M. A.; Adekola, G (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2008)
The Family is the most basic social unit in today's society. Despite it's small size, it plays important roles in stabilizing and enhancing the growth of the adult members of the society and provide a context for the growth and development of the children. The changing nature of the role of the family, in recent time, demands for a re-equipping the family with new knowledge capable of repositioning it for the task of peace maintenance and national unity. This paper therefore examines the potentiality of family life education as a useful tool in the repositioning of the family for it's new roles in the society. In doing this, the authors explore the concept of family life education, it's aims and its capability of inculcating in the family, the needed knowledge and skills required to perform the role of bringing about and sustaining peace in the society with special focus on volatile society like the Niger-Delta Region. The paper concluded that there is urgent need for government and non-governmental organizations to redirect their focus and energy to the family through family life education. It is therefore suggested that the Federal Government of Nigeria should establish a national center for family life education for the re-engineering of the family.IFE PsychologIA Vol. 16 (1) 2007: pp. 131-140
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Towards a justification for a philosophy of music education: a quodlibet for South Africa - Reinecke, Barker; Lillian, Marguerite (2008)
reasoning, tolerance of ambiguity, solving complex problems, and consciously asking critical questions are taught in the arts. The act of developing a melodic motif into a melody that can exist as a subject for subtle nuances of tempo and rhythm, into a composition with a design element of cohesion in formal qualities is complex. It requires critical answers to ‘what if’ questions like, Conjecture leads to creative choices and then to the ability to evaluate possible outcomes. The end result can be a formal Sonata (or even a Honda Sonata, or a Mazda Ếtude). The reasoning person sets goals and can envision outcomes. Commerce needs people who act with self-discipline, make decisions, evaluate problems, solve them, and then finish a job. Mechanisation and systemisation need a kind of reasoning that training in the arts encourages. Effective commercial enterprise requires efficient communication. All the art forms are tools with which to communicate. When one denies children access to a major expressive mode such as music, they are deprived of an important tool for communication and meaning making. The arts establish a basic relationship between the individual and the cultural heritage of the human family in that they teach us about ourselves and other people, and thus contribute towards intra-and inter-cultural communication. When the focus in the arts shifts from the artist as ‘star’, one individual needing funding, to the production of artworks, the prospects for the arts are brighter. Artists, set builders, museums, art galleries, and sound engineers are employed for the production of artworks. Schools teach for potential careers in the arts, universities feed in to the career loop by collaborating with schools and the art world. In a supplement to the Mail & Guardian, it is This section has been inspired by Charles Fowler (1990: 159-169).
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Urban effluent pollution from the Mghogha flow of the west, margin of the Mediterranean sea, Morocco - Saiuml, Bouzid; Houda, aloussi; Aboumaria, Khadija; Er-Raioui, Hassan (African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2008)
Tangiers bay, located in the extreme west of the Mediterranean Sea, and in the north west of Morocco, receives various pollutants through the Mghogha canal from urban and industrial rejections of Tangiers city. This survey was focused on physicochemical and geochemical characterization of the more exposed sites situated on Mghogha canal and on the bay coastline. Physicochemical analysis (Temperature (21 - 23°C), pH (6 - 7.5), suspended matters (70 – 300 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (1.15 - 4.5 mg/l), chemical and biochemical demands of oxygen (345 – 975 m/l and 55 – 245 mg/l respectively)) showed an important pollutant load in samples taken from Mghogha canal. This finding has been confirmed by geochemical analysis results (total organic carbon (1.5 - 2.7%), Rock-Evals pyrolysis (S1:0.52 - 2.10 and; S2:3.68 - 18.98 mg/g) and extraction of hydrocarbons (1.55 - 10.45 mg/g and 19mg/l)). The water quality does not meet the hygienic quality classification of the main local beaches allowed for public swim, in accordance with Moroccan norm (NM 03.7.200 for quality surveillance of swimming waters). The high pollution load drained by the primary effluent from Tangiers district have prompted the conclusion of a city’s wastewater treatment project to lower pollutant levels by 50%, which is still insufficient for a fragile ecosystem such as the Mediterranean. Key words: Physicochemical analysis, geochemical analysis, urban rejection, organic load, Mghogha canal, Tangiers bay
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Urban effluent pollution from the Mghogha flow of the west, margin of the Mediterranean sea, Morocco - Saiuml, Bouzid; Houda, aloussi; Aboumaria, Khadija; Er-Raioui, Hassan (African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2008)
Tangiers bay, located in the extreme west of the Mediterranean Sea, and in the north west of Morocco, receives various pollutants through the Mghogha canal from urban and industrial rejections of Tangiers city. This survey was focused on physicochemical and geochemical characterization of the more exposed sites situated on Mghogha canal and on the bay coastline. Physicochemical analysis (Temperature (21 - 23°C), pH (6 - 7.5), suspended matters (70 – 300 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (1.15 - 4.5 mg/l), chemical and biochemical demands of oxygen (345 – 975 m/l and 55 – 245 mg/l respectively)) showed an important pollutant load in samples taken from Mghogha canal. This finding has been confirmed by geochemical analysis results (total organic carbon (1.5 - 2.7%), Rock-Evals pyrolysis (S1:0.52 - 2.10 and; S2:3.68 - 18.98 mg/g) and extraction of hydrocarbons (1.55 - 10.45 mg/g and 19mg/l)). The water quality does not meet the hygienic quality classification of the main local beaches allowed for public swim, in accordance with Moroccan norm (NM 03.7.200 for quality surveillance of swimming waters). The high pollution load drained by the primary effluent from Tangiers district have prompted the conclusion of a city’s wastewater treatment project to lower pollutant levels by 50%, which is still insufficient for a fragile ecosystem such as the Mediterranean. Key words: Physicochemical analysis, geochemical analysis, urban rejection, organic load, Mghogha canal, Tangiers bay
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The World Bank and higher education in the developing world: The cases of Uganda and Thailand - Collins, Christopher S.; Rhoads, Robert A. (2008)
Globalization has become such an all-encompassing concept that it is almost meaningless. However, most scholars recognize that the term conveys in some manner or form a shrinkage of time and space such that events happening in one part of the world have the potential to impact other locales (Giddens, 1999; Held, 1991). Beyond this most basic meaning, it is hard to find any agreement on what the term actually conveys or when in fact the world actually entered a global age (Morrow & Torres, 2000). Given the vagueness of globalization as a concept, the challenge then is to be as clear as possible in discussing various forces related to globalization that may impact a particular phenomenon under study. In the case of this chapter, the phenomenon of interest is university transformation in the developing world.
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Knowledge, attitude and awareness of HIV/AIDS among primary school children in Owerri, Nigeria - Ezem, BU (Global Journal of Medical Sciences, 2008)
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East Africa faces starvation as rising food prices worsen effect of war and drought - Moszynski, Peter (The BMJ, 2008)
Humanitarian agencies are alarmed by rising malnutrition across east Africa, where recent drought has further worsened the effects of displacement, environmental degradation, and conflict related food shortages. Somalia and Ethiopia have been affected by drought and rising insecurity, which makes it increasingly difficult for aid agencies to reach many of those most in need. Furthermore, recent massive rises in food prices have compromised the ability of agencies to deliver aid and have reduced people’s capacity to feed their families. Last week the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations warned: “The humanitarian situation in Somalia is deteriorating quickly, due to soaring food …
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Vacuum Delivery in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. - Mutihir, JT; Pam, VC (Journal of Medicine in the Tropics, 2008)
Obstetric practice continues to change, particularly assisted vaginal delivery. Vacuum delivery is a mode of delivery technique in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) in the maternity unit. The objective of the study was to determine the rate of ventouse delivery, its indications, and maternal and fetal morbidity in our center. This was a retrospective study of all admissions in the maternity unit of JUTH from January 1987 to December 2002. Clinical records of all women that had ventouse extraction were retrieved and information on the patients' age, parity, indication for the vacuum delivery, materno-fetal morbidity, and the fetal outcome were extracted collated and analyzed. Within the period of study, there were 38,576 deliveries. Two hundred and forty five (245) were vacuum deliveries, constituting 0.6%. The mean age of the patients was 25.6 years. The mean parity was 2.4, and primiparous women constituted as much as 44.5% of all the mothers. The main indication for the vacuum delivery was prolonged second stage of labour and was in 46.1%. Shortening of the second stage of labour for maternal disease conditions was done in 38.0%, and fetal distress accounted for 12.2%. The commonest maternal complication was the extension of an episiotomy, while the commonest maternal indication for elective ventouse delivery was hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Fetal complication occurred in about 25% of ventouse deliveries, with the commonest being fetal asphyxia. Ventouse extraction is a mode of assisted vaginal delivery in our facility. The commonest indication was prolonged second stage of labour. Keywords: Instrumental delivery, Vacuum extractor, Ventouse, Malmstrom, Jos – Nigeria Journal of Medicine in the Tropics Vol. 9 (2) 2007 pp. 21-28
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Involvement of teachers, parents and community in life skills and sex education in South African secondary schools - Pengpid, Supa; Peltzer, Karl; Igumbor, Jude (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2008)
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Life Skills Training as Part of Employee Assistance Programs in South Africa - Taute, Florinda (Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 2008)
SUMMARY The reason employees resign from their jobs is not always for better pay and benefits elsewhere. Statistics show that one of the leading hospital groups in South Africa has a staff turnover rate of 23%. Research by Taute (1992) proved that the social functioning of people is hampered by too much frustration, too little satisfaction and insufficient contentment with life. Competence building through Life Skills education may be the single most effective preventative strategy for dealing with social issues and concerns in most communities (Tschohl, 2004). “Developing your interpersonal skills is not only beneficial in helping you satisfy the demands of the employer. It can also greatly reduce work stress, increase your productivity and ultimately enhance your reputation, perhaps your position within the firm” (Messmer, 2001). Life Skills acquisition should thus become an integral part of any proactive training program, and should be endorsed by the employer as part of the process of lifelong learning toward self-actualization.
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Veterinary education in South Africa : the Classes of 1934 & 1935 : short historical communication - Bigalke, R.D. (Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2008)
The Class of 1934 included 2 graduates who created milestones for the veterinary profession in South Africa. Jack Boswell was the first Onderstepoort graduate to start his own private practice without ever joining the government service. George van der Wath has the distinction of being the only South African veterinarian to become Chairman of the prestigious South African Wool Board. Ashton Tarr was President of the South African Veterinary Medical Association from 1966-1969. Concise descriptions are given of the varied life histories of the 14 members of the Classes of 1934 and 1935. All except Boswell initially joined government service, one serving mainly in the Colonial Service before eventually returning to South Africa. Three spent their entire careers in the South African Veterinary (Field) Services, finally occupying very senior positions in that division. One ended his career lecturing at a university. Lambrechts was the first veterinarian to occupy the 'resurrected' post of Director of Veterinary Services reserved for field veterinarians. Only one of the graduates opted for research, but went farming after obtaining a DVSc degree. Three spent the greater part of their careers in private practice, Thiel from as early as 1937. Two went into municipal (public health) service, one becoming director of an abattoir. Only one saw military service in World War II. Two died before they were 50 years old. Unfortunately, virtually nothing is known about Erasmus' career. At 97 Thiel holds the distinction of being the oldest Onderstepoort graduate.
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Linkage of Higher Education with Agricultural Research, Extension and Development in Ethiopia - Kassa, Belay (Higher Education Policy, 2008)
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Valuing Differentiation as a Qualified Good: The Case of South African Higher Education - Singh, Mala (Higher Education Policy, 2008)
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Analysis of the Control Processes Upon Storm Water Dynamics Using ECCRARO Model in Eyong Creek and River Catchments in South-Western Nigeria - Essien, Okon E.; Sangodoyin, A. Y. (Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology, 2008)
ECCRARO model, which registers flood-stage response to rainfall impulse in Enyong/Ikpa rivers' catchments, was applied in conjunction with the analysis of the physical properties of the catchment system to establish how surface runoff/subsurface drainage to the floodplains/rivers and the flood routing through the catchment rivers control flood stages, hence flooding of the catchments. The control of the rising and falling flood stages under rainfall impulse was dominated by the combined processes of runoff production/drainage and flood routing. However, drainage through the floodplain was slower in Enyong Creek catchment than the routing of floodwater through its river system, hence, drainage problem was a priority in upstream Enyong Creek. In Ikpa river catchment, the sluggish flood routing in its river system dominated flooding problem more than the runoff production process, making flood routing a priority problem. The runoff coefficients, generating surface runoff from excess effective rainfall into runoff were twice higher in Enyong Creek than in Ikpa river catchments, while the groundwater flows in Ikpa sub-catchments exceeded those from corresponding sub-catchments in Enyong basin. On the other hand, the Lag between stage accretion and recession rates was wider in Ikpa than Enyong rivers, while the time of concentration of 3.5 to 4.5 hours in Enyong was far greater than the Lag time of 0.5 hour in Ikpa catchments. The lower surface gradient in Ikpa river at its confluence with Cross river retarded its entrance flow rates, causing a higher upstream backwater that exacerbates flooding in Ikpa tributary swamps, while the entrance in the Enyong Creek was smoother at its confluence due to its positive surface gradient at its confluence with Cross river. Drainage of runoff is priority flood control problem in Enyong Creek catchment while flood routing is priority in Ikpa river catchment. Keywords: Control processes, storm water dynamics, drainage, flood routing, ECCRARO Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 6 (1) 2006 pp. 39-47
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ISOTOPIC HYDROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF LAKE MASOKO AND OTHER VOLCANIC LAKES OF THE ACTIVE RUNGWE PROVINCE (South West Tanzania) - Delalande, Manuëlla (2008)
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The Role of Education in Technology Transfer and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria - Jegede, CT (Journal of the University of Science and Technology, 2008)
The global issue of poverty remains one of the major challenges confronting the global village; even at the dawn of the 21st century with the millennium goal setting 2015 as the target year for poverty eradication. The variations in the extent of its severity across countries depend on many economic and social variables prominent among which is the educational structure, which often determine people's vulnerability to poverty. This paper therefore reports on the role of education in technology transfer and highlights strategic options for poverty reduction in Nigeria. The study made use of structured questionnaires. A total of one hundred and fifty-eight questionnaires were distributed to cover the whole population, out of which one hundred and fifty one (95.6%) responded. This population was stratified into four, namely; Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of Education in Nigeria with a view to investigating the impact of government poverty alleviation programmes using educational development strategy. In spite of her abundant resources, poverty problem was acclaimed by the Respondents to exist in Nigeria. Despite the pessimistic stance of some earlier studies, respondents believed that appropriate strategies can be effective in reducing poverty in the country. They suggested the teaching of entrepreneurship education in Nigerian post secondary institutions and strengthening of sub contracting system to promote development of small and medium enterprises. The study concluded by attributing the persistence of economic poverty to low level of literacy, inappropriate economic structures and processes created by non-culturalisation of micro economic strategies such as sub-contracting system in the technological development framework of the state.
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African Cultural Education and the African Youth in Western Australia - Wakholi, Peter Mbago (2008)
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Contribution to the teaching of expository text: The case of Algerian students to study science. - Boudéchiche, Nawal (2008)
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On the (Ir)Relevance of Lutheran Theology: Teaching Lutheran Theology in Tanzania - Vähäkangas, Mika (Dialog-A Journal of Theology, 2008)
Abstract : The Lutheran interpretation of the gospel we have preached and taught in Tanzania finds little resonance. This may be due to our individualistic and guilt‐oriented, narrow reading of Luther. Luther's theology may again become relevant in Tanzania should it find local interpretations. Good news can indeed be glad tidings when the Word meets human need and anguish. The dominating questions of the human condition change between cultures, societies and times. Our context is not 16th century Wittenberg.
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Configural, Metric, and Scalar Invariance of the Modified Achievement Goal Questionnaire Across African American and White University Students - Campbell, Hilary L.; Barry, Carol L.; Joe, Jilliam N.; Finney, Sara J. (Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2008)
There has been growing interest in comparing achievement goal orientations across ethnic groups. Such comparisons, however, cannot be made until validity evidence has been collected to support the use of an achievement goal orientation instrument for that purpose. Therefore, this study investigates the measurement invariance of a particular measure of achievement goal orientation, the modified Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ-M), across African American and White university students. Confirmatory factor analyses support measurement invariance across the two groups. These findings provide additional validity evidence for the newly conceptualized 2 × 2 framework of achievement goal orientation and for the equivalence of functioning of the AGQ-M across these distinct groups. Because this level of invariance is established, researchers can make more valid inferences about differences in the AGQ-M scores across African American and White students.
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Somalis and Disability - Ruffin, Tiece M. (2008)
Revision with unchanged content. There are a limited number of studies relating to African immigrants and refugees in the U.S. and their educational issues. They are unnoticed and less researched; however, they are rapidly increasing in urban U.S. school districts. This lack of research denies schools and policy makers the opportunities to explore educational issues concerning them. An educational issue in particular where there is a dearth of literature is African immigrants and refugees who are limited English proficient (LEP) with concomitant disabilities. The purpose of this study was to identify the educational characteristics of Somali immigrant and refugee students who are identified as LEP students with disabilities in one urban Midwestern school district. Additionally, the study focuses on gaining an understanding of the cultural context of disability from an African immigrant and refugee community's perspective, and understanding community providers’ perspectives on disability and special education on this population as well. Educational policy makers, principals, teachers and community education advocates in areas with high immigrate populations will find this study very helpful.
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User Education For Fresh Students At The Balme Library, University Of Ghana: Overcoming The Challenges - Sam, RB (Ghana Library Journal, 2008)
The Balme Library is the main library of the University of Ghana library system and has, over the years, been organizing a user education programme for fresh students at the start of a new academic year. Unfortunately, a critical examination of the programme has revealed certain difficulties as the university and, indeed, the library undergoes rapid changes. The challenges, no doubt, have the tendency of affecting the library's effort at inculcating in the students skills of independent information search. The article highlights these challenges and comes up with some measures to help in tackling the problems. Keywords: Information literacy, bibliographic instruction, library orientation, university libraries. Ghana Library Journal Vol. 19 (2) 2007 pp. 59-72
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How African American Parents Understand Their and Teachers' Roles in Children's Schooling and What this Means for Preparing Preservice Teachers - Doucet, Fabienne (Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 2008)
Preservice teachers are socialized by their own raced, classed, and gendered experiences to expect “caring parents” to behave and contribute in certain ways to their children's schooling. Preservice teachers who come from widely divergent backgrounds from the communities in which they serve can sometimes be skeptical of parents who are not involved in children's schooling in ways that are familiar from their own upbringing. Moreover, much of the existing scholarship on parent involvement and the transition to school takes a top-down approach that discounts the important knowledge parents bring to the table. This is a study of African American parents of young children who were preparing to transition to kindergarten or first grade that proposes an alternate conversation about what we can learn from parents when we examine their ways of framing and enacting “involvement” in their children's school lives. African American parents and caregivers (N = 25) participated in qualitative interviews. Thematic analyses of the interviews revealed that participants constructed preparation for the transition to school broadly, as preparation for the “real world.” I will discuss the implications of the study for teaching, teacher education, and future research, so that preservice teachers and teacher educators can begin to build a greater imagination for parent involvement.
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Self-reliance and the History of Higher Education: The Botswana University Campus Appeal (BUCA)* - Mokopakgosi, Brian T. (Journal of Southern African Studies, 2008)
Self-reliance features prominently in the development strategies of many post-independence African governments. This article explores the role of rhetorics of self-reliance in the founding of a national university in Botswana, following the unceremonious break-up of a three nations' University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland in 1975 (UBLS). It tells the story of the Botswana University Campus Appeal, which was launched to solicit donations from the public. The story reveals how the political leadership of the day raised significant funds through the appeal, rewarded generous donations with publicity, and carefully moulded the campaign into a broader, coherent strategy of nation building. The article is based on archival research in the Botswana National Archives and interviews with those who were involved in the national appeal. It explores why people from different backgrounds were prepared to make sacrifices to support the university campaign, even though some of the donors did not have the slightest idea what higher education was all about. The campaign is significant for the insights it gives into the nature of Botswana's nationalism in the early days of independence, and the early history of higher education in the country.
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Open and distance education as a strategy for human capital development in Nigeria - Olakulehin, Felix Kayode (Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 2008)
The development of human capital has been identified as the most important component of all the factors employed in production economics. Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has placed great emphasis on training and education for human capital formation. However, the education process as the primary means of developing human resource has failed, in its conventional mode, to fulfil the needs of the country. This paper therefore examines the impact of open and distance learning on the human capital development processes in teacher education and other areas in Nigeria, presenting an overview of human capital development efforts in Nigeria with a focus on the tertiary education system. The study also maps out the potential benefits and logical justifications for the application of distance learning systems in the training and development of professionals for the industrial and corporate sectors of the economy. In conclusion, a proposal is made for the full‐scale adoption of open and distance learning as a fundamental strategy for human resource development in the country.
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The Challenge of Expanding Secondary Education and Training in Madagascar - Ramanantoanina, Patrick Philippe (2008)
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Madagascar carnivores are focus of National Science Foundation-funded student research - Davis, Lynn (2008)
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What’s the 411? Assessing the Feasibility of Providing African American Adolescents with HIV/AIDS Prevention Education in a Faith-Based Setting - Francis, Shelley A.; Lam, Wendy; Cance, Jessica D.; Hogan, Vijaya K. (Journal of Religion & Health, 2008)
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Why Select and Remain in my University: Re-examining Higher Education in South Africa - Jager, Johan de; Gbadamosi, Gbolahan (2008)
Tertiary institutions have a major role in providing relevant education that best meets the needs of the various constituencies served. To meet these needs an assessment of factors that influence their choices becomes imperative. As a result of the governments' policy to transform higher education in South Africa and the challenges brought about by globalisation and internationalisation, tertiary institutions are facing new challenges. Attracting quality students in a highly competitive education environment is crucial as the numbers of students' dropping out especially call attention to wastage in government funding. This paper examines some of the criteria used by South-African students, when choosing or evaluating a tertiary institution. The main findings include a significant positive link among trust in management, satisfaction with transport, perception of readiness for change and overall satisfaction with the university. These variables have indirect relationship with satisfaction with transport and living arrangement of students. Practical implications, limitations and suggestions for future studies were articulated.
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Language and identity: Investigating the language practices of multilingual Grade 9 learners at a private desegregated high school in South Africa - Nongogo, Nomakhalipha Margaret (2008)
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Challenges to Understanding Past and Future Climate in Africa: MARUM Workshop: Response of North African Ecosystems to Abrupt Climate Change; Bremen, Germany, 14–16 November 2007 - Stuut, Jan‐Berend; Mulitza, Stefan; Prange, Matthias (Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2008)
The future response of African ecosystems to global change is highly uncertain. North Africa is one of the regions where many state‐of‐the‐art climate models fail to reproduce major features of the monsoonal precipitation system, and consequently, projections of future changes are not coherent among different models. A 3‐day workshop brought together 50 international experts in atmosphere physics, African paleoclimate, and archaeology. The workshop aimed to explore the role of Africa in global climate change throughout the geological past, the present, and the future. The following principal recommendations resulted from the workshop.
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Refiguring Rhetorical Education: Women Teaching African American, Native American, and Chicano/a Students, 1865-1911 - Enoch, Jessica (2008)
Refiguring Rhetorical Education: Women Teaching African American, Native American, and Chicano/a Students, 1865-1911 examines the work of five female teachers who challenged gendered and cultural expectations to create teaching practices that met the civic and cultural needs of their students.The volume analyzes Lydia Maria Child's The Freedmen's Book, a post-Civil War educational textbook for newly freed slaves; Zitkala Sa's autobiographical essays published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1900 that questioned the work of off-reservation boarding schools for Native American students; and Jovita Idar, Marta Pena, and Leonor Villegas de Magnon's contributions to the Spanish-language news-paper La Cronica in 1910 and 1911 - contributions that offered language and cultural instruction their readers could not receive in Texas public schools.Author Jessica Enoch explores the possibilities and limitations of rhetorical education by focusing on the challenges that Child, Zitkala Sa, Idar, Pena, and Villegas made to dominant educational practices. Each of these teachers revised debilitating educational methods to advance culture-based and politicized teachings that empowered their students to rise above their subjugated positions.Refiguring Rhetorical Education considers how race, culture, power, and language are both implicit and explicit in discussions of rhetorical education for marginalized students.
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Bioremediation of hydrocarbon water pollution by bioaugmentation using Southern African bacterial isolates - Booyjzsen, Claire (2008)
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DROUGHT AND HUNGER IN AFRICA: DENYING FAMINE A FUTURE. Edited by M. H. Glantz - Brangwin, Tim (New Zealand Journal of Geography, 2008)
New Zealand Journal of GeographyVolume 88, Issue 1 p. 22-22 DROUGHT AND HUNGER IN AFRICA: DENYING FAMINE A FUTURE. Edited by M. H. Glantz TIM BRANGWIN, TIM BRANGWINSearch for more papers by this author TIM BRANGWIN, TIM BRANGWINSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1989.tb00816.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume88, Issue1October 1989Pages 22-22 RelatedInformation
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Teaching Africa: Some Practical Considerations for University Entrace Gergraphy - Day, Dian (New Zealand Journal of Geography, 2008)
New Zealand Journal of GeographyVolume 48, Issue 1 p. 21-24 Teaching Africa: Some Practical Considerations for University Entrace Gergraphy D. W. A. Day, D. W. A. Day *Head of Social Studies, Melville High School, Hamilton.Search for more papers by this author D. W. A. Day, D. W. A. Day *Head of Social Studies, Melville High School, Hamilton.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1970 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1970.tb00070.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume48, Issue1May 1970Pages 21-24 RelatedInformation
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AFRICA: A STUDY GEOGRAPHY FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS - Dykes, J. T. (New Zealand Journal of Geography, 2008)
New Zealand Journal of GeographyVolume 50, Issue 1 p. 33-33 AFRICA: A STUDY GEOGRAPHY FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS J. T. Dykes, J. T. Dykes Christchurch Teachers' CollegeSearch for more papers by this author J. T. Dykes, J. T. Dykes Christchurch Teachers' CollegeSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1971 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1971.tb00478.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume50, Issue1May 1971Pages 33-33 RelatedInformation
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AFRICA: A STUDY GEOGRAPHY FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS. By John M. Pritchard. - Hays, Brian (New Zealand Journal of Geography, 2008)
New Zealand Journal of GeographyVolume 69, Issue 1 p. 23-23 AFRICA: A STUDY GEOGRAPHY FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS. By John M. Pritchard. BRIAN HAYS, BRIAN HAYS Burnside High SchoolSearch for more papers by this author BRIAN HAYS, BRIAN HAYS Burnside High SchoolSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1980.tb00136.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume69, Issue1October 1980Pages 23-23 RelatedInformation
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The Transformation Of University Teaching And Learning: An African Philosophical Perspective - Higgs, Philip; Wyk, Berte van (Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2008)
There are historical, institutional and cultural differences that influence teaching and learning in South African universities. There are also different beliefs about how relevance and responsiveness are constituted, and about the pedagogical principles that should apply in transferring knowledge (Council on Higher Education 2004: 101). In recognition of these differences, we argue in this article that an African educational discourse can make a significant contribution to teaching and learning in South African universities. Keywords: Transformation, teaching and learning, philosophical perspective. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 177-187
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The Dominance Of The Spirit Of Neo-Liberal Capitalism In Contemporary Higher Education Practices In Post-Colonial Africa: A Reconstruction Of An African Ethic Of Indigenisation - Murove, Munyaradzi Felix; Mukuka, George Sombe (Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2008)
This paper argues that while there are some academic efforts have been made to fulfil the need to indigenise African universities, these efforts have been greatly overshadowed by the hegemony that neo-liberal capitalistic practices have at our contemporary African universities. The post-colonial African university has become more oriented towards the promotion and dissemination of the values of neo-liberal capitalism. In this orientation, African indigenous values are only appealed to in order to domesticate capitalistic economic practices in Africa. It is also argued that African universities have adopted a Euro-centric approach in their academic orientation at the expense of African indigenous knowledge systems and values. In so doing, the salient presumption is that African indigenous knowledge systems and values have nothing to contribute to the transformation of African societies. Another argument that is advanced in this paper is that the reconstruction of the post-colonial African university is only plausible on the premise that these universities actively appropriate African indigenous knowledge systems and values in theory and practice. Keywords: Neo-liberal capitalism, hegemony, African indigenous knowledge systems. Indilinga Vol. 6 (1) 2007 pp. 14-25
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Learning From Wasukuma Ethnopedology: An Indigenous Well-Established System For Transfer Of Agro-Technology In Tanzania - Ngailo, Jerry A.; Nortcliff, Stephen (Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2008)
This study was initiated by the fact that the language of the largest ethnic group in Tanzania – called Wasukuma, contains a very rich nomenclature which generally describes soils and their properties in relation to management and productivity. (54) randomly selected farmers from three different villages (namely Shishiyu, Mwanhegele and Bukangilija) participated in the study. A questionnaire was designed for the purpose of interviewing farmers. Farmers provided information on major local soils they could identify and describe. According to farmers, transient and permanent characteristics that influence the plough layer were most discriminating. These soil surface characteristics include colour, texture and workability as related to consistence. Another characteristic that farmers used to differentiate soils was the ability of a particular soil to support growth of certain crops. This study underscores the fact that local knowledge can be fully exploited in resourceassessment studies. Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, local soil classification, local soil nomenclature. Indilinga Vol. 6 (1) 2007 pp. 64-75
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Geography in Nigerian High School - Okunrotifa, P. O. (New Zealand Journal of Geography, 2008)
New Zealand Journal of GeographyVolume 55, Issue 1 p. 16-19 Geography in Nigerian High School P. O. Okunrotifa, P. O. Okunrotifa *Lecturer in Curriculum Development, Department of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Search for more papers by this author P. O. Okunrotifa, P. O. Okunrotifa *Lecturer in Curriculum Development, Department of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1973 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1973.tb00574.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume55, Issue1October 1973Pages 16-19 RelatedInformation
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Perception of cigarette smoking and advertisement among senior secondary school students in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria - Omokhodion, Folashade O.; Faseru, Babalola (West African journal of medicine, 2008)
Cigarette smoking among youths is increasingly a public health concern.This study sought to determine the prevalence of smoking among secondary school students and to assess their perception of smoking and cigarette advertisement.A cross sectional study was conducted among 1,223 senior secondary school students in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria.The prevalence of smoking among this population was 41 (3.4%) with 115 (9.4%) reporting that they had ever smoked. Mean age of smoking initiation was 14.2 years. Smoking was greater among males than females and in higher secondary school classes. Only 700 (57%) of students knew that smoking was harmful to their health and 477 (39%) reported that they had been taught about the harmful effects of smoking in the school teaching programme. Twenty-six percent of students had an item with a cigarette brand name on it and 19% had been offered a free cigarette by a cigarette representative. One hundred and twenty-two (10%) of the students indicated that they will smoke when they leave school.Although the prevalence of smoking among students was low, exposure to cigarette advertisements may encourage them to smoke.
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A Social Science Curriculum for High School in Pepua-New Guinea- A Report on Progress - Ritchie, James (New Zealand Journal of Geography, 2008)
New Zealand Journal of GeographyVolume 48, Issue 1 p. 17-21 A Social Science Curriculum for High School in Pepua-New Guinea— A Report on Progress James E. Ritchie, James E. Ritchie *Professor of Psychology, University of Waikato, HamiltonSearch for more papers by this author James E. Ritchie, James E. Ritchie *Professor of Psychology, University of Waikato, HamiltonSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1970 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1970.tb00069.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume48, Issue1May 1970Pages 17-21 RelatedInformation
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NEW DIMENSIONS IN NIGERIAN HIGH SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. Edited by James A. Majasan - Stokes, Evelyn (New Zealand Journal of Geography, 2008)
New Zealand Journal of GeographyVolume 55, Issue 1 p. 39-39 NEW DIMENSIONS IN NIGERIAN HIGH SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. Edited by James A. Majasan Evelyn Stokes, Evelyn Stokes University of Waikato.Search for more papers by this author Evelyn Stokes, Evelyn Stokes University of Waikato.Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1973 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1973.tb00599.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume55, Issue1October 1973Pages 39-39 RelatedInformation
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Evolving A Pragmatic Model For Stemming HIV/AIDS Pandemic: What Some Botswana Secondary School Students Are Saying. - Adume, MA; Montsi, Mercy R. (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2008)
This paper investigated the views of some adolescents in Botswana about how HIV/AIDS can be stemmed The rationale of the study was the fact that observations an-) literature trends tend to support the fact that youths are the at-risk group; Adolescence, in particular has been described as a developmental stage in which libido is most active. Furthermore, apparently, efforts being made to contain the spread of the pandemic, including the popular Batswana ABC acronym for reduction of its spread seems to yield no significant results. Since a lot of efforts so far made were made by adults, there seems an apparent need to involve the youths themselves in evolving a pragmatic model lor stemming this pandemic. Participants of the study emphasised the need for parents to face the challenge of discussing sexuality issues with their children The need to demonstrate trust in their children and prove themselves positive models were also emphasised The Nigerian Journal Of Guidance And Counselling Vol. 7 (1) 2000: pp. 206-213
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Endemicity Of Malaria Among Primary School Children In Ebonyi State, Nigeria - Ani, Ogonna Christiana (Animal Research International, 2008)
A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence o malaria among primary schoolchildren in Ebonyi State. The degree of malaria parasite, infection and species of the parasite isolated were used to determine the level of endemicity of the disease. Out of one thousand and two hundred (1,200) primary schoo children aged between 5 –16 years sampled, the prevalence rate of 40.08 % was recorded. The species of the parasite associated with the disease was Plasmodium falciparum. It was observed that the rate of malaria parasitaemia was higher in younger (aged 5-10 years) than those of older (aged 11-16 years) children. A X2-test conducted on the infection rate according to ages of the pupils showed significant difference between the age groups indicating that infection was age dependent (P < O.O5) . Greater number of males (243) than females (238) were infected but the infection rate according to sex was found not to be significant and therefore not sex dependent (P > 0.05). Among the Local Government Areas, Ivo had the highest prevalence rate. This was followed by Ishielu and Abakaliki local government areas of Ebonyi State. The results showed that malaria is endemic in the state and a major health problem for school children. The possible effect on academic performancewas discussed. Keywords: Malaria, Prevalence, Children, Endemicity, Parasitaemia, Ebonyi State Animal Research International Vol. 1 (3) 2004 pp. 155-159
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Schistosomiasis Infection In Primary Schools In Agulu Town Of Anambra State, Nigeria - Ekwunife, Chinyelu Angela; Okafor, Fabian Chukwuemenam (Animal Research International, 2008)
Investigation was made to reveal the state and level of Schistosomiasis haematobuim infection in the whole of Agulu town in Anaocha local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria where a lake (Agulu lake) is implicated in the transmission of the disease. Urine sample was collected from 3029 children for Schistosoma egg identification. Thiswas used to calculate the level of infection in the different schools Schistosomiasis prevalence was highest (55.2%) in Umuowelle primary school and lowest (4.1%) in Obeagu primary school. Males had higher infection rate than females in the endemic schools. In Umuowelle, Community and Nneogidi primary schools, infection rates in males were 36.4%, 13.3%, 11.3% respectively while infection rates in females were 25.2%, 11.7% and 6.8% respectively. However, the sex differences were not statistically significant at 5% confidence level (t-test = 2.179, df = 12). Infection levels investigated in all the schools revealed that the age group 10-14 years recorded the highest level while 0- 4 years had the lowest. There was also shifts in peaks of infection within the various age groups, for instance, in the 10 - 14 years age group of Ifiteani primary school, infection peak was in 14 years while in Nneogidi primary school it was in 13 yearold pupils. Keywords: Agulu town, Agulu lake, Schistosomiasis, Sex, Age groups Animal Research International Vol. 1 (3) 2004 pp. 203-207
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Health Information Needs of First-Year Students in Nigerian Universities: A Case Study of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife - Nwezeh, Chinwe M. T. (Journal of Hospital Librarianship, 2008)
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to identify the health information needs of fresh students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Three hundred students were randomly selected. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The results of the survey showed that the students' health information needs were on emotional health, personal hygiene, mental health promotion, and reproductive health. Many of the students required information on reproductive health such as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), unwanted pregnancy, abortion, menstruation, and infertility. Their sources of information were hospitals/private clinics, friends, parents, relations, radio, and periodicals. Lack of awareness of current information materials and information communication technology (ICT) facilities in the library were among the constraints to effective information delivery. Suggestions for the improvement of health information services were proffered.
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Health Information Needs of First-Year Students in Nigerian Universities: A Case Study of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife - Nwezeh, Chinwe M. T. (Journal of Hospital Librarianship, 2008)
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to identify the health information needs of fresh students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Three hundred students were randomly selected. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The results of the survey showed that the students' health information needs were on emotional health, personal hygiene, mental health promotion, and reproductive health. Many of the students required information on reproductive health such as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), unwanted pregnancy, abortion, menstruation, and infertility. Their sources of information were hospitals/private clinics, friends, parents, relations, radio, and periodicals. Lack of awareness of current information materials and information communication technology (ICT) facilities in the library were among the constraints to effective information delivery. Suggestions for the improvement of health information services were proffered.
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Health Information Needs of First-Year Students in Nigerian Universities: A Case Study of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife - Nwezeh, Chinwe M. T. (Journal of Hospital Librarianship, 2008)
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to identify the health information needs of fresh students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Three hundred students were randomly selected. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The results of the survey showed that the students' health information needs were on emotional health, personal hygiene, mental health promotion, and reproductive health. Many of the students required information on reproductive health such as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), unwanted pregnancy, abortion, menstruation, and infertility. Their sources of information were hospitals/private clinics, friends, parents, relations, radio, and periodicals. Lack of awareness of current information materials and information communication technology (ICT) facilities in the library were among the constraints to effective information delivery. Suggestions for the improvement of health information services were proffered.
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A Psychological Approach to Sustaining Mental Health and Enhancing Academic Achievement of Students in Nigerian Universities - Olasehinde, Olalekan (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2008)
The prime objective of this paper is to sensitize education psychologists, school counsellors, university administrators, and the government to the stresses university students may face as a direct consequence of the current socio-political and economic problems in this nation. The implications of such problems for students mental health and intellectual functioning are highlighted, and proposals for dealing with such problems are discussed. The Nigerian Journal Of Guidance And Counselling Vol. 7 (1) 2000: pp. 51-59
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Effects of Internal Control Training on the Locus of Control of Some School Going Adolescents in Benin City. - Osamuyi, O (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2008)
This study investigated the effect of internal control training on the locus of control of selected school going adolescents in Benin City. A sample size of 60 was drawn from two of the 27 co-educational schools in Oredo Local government area of Benin City. A table of random number technique was used to select subjects for the study. Three instruments were used in the study. Two were used for the pre-treatment selection, the Rotter (1966} Internal • External locus of control scale was used to determine those who had external control orientation needed for the study. The researcher constructed a socio-economic status classification scale to involve at! the three cadres of socio-economic background subjects in the study. That instrument had the A part constructed for self reported sex. This enabled male and female subjects to participate in the study. The third instrument Rotter (1966) Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Scale was used for pre and post treatment assessment. Three hypotheses were formulated for the study. A 2x2x3 factorial design was employed for Hie study. Data analysis to test the three hypothesis was based on a 3 way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with pre-test IAR scores as covariate. The following results were found. 1. Internal locus of control training had significant effect on subjects locus control (F = 1971.645. df 1/59, P
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Introducing Statistics Education in Secondary Schools in Nigeria - Oyesola, G O (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2008)
There is an uncomfortable gap existing between the general education which a student acquires in leaving secondary school and technical colleges and that acquired in the post-secondary school. There is the lack of statistical education in secondary schools and technical colleges which hinder students from pursuing many careers especially those requiring statistical computations, after secondary education. This paper draws attention to the existing system of general education in secondary schools and technical colleges in Nigeria which is deficient of a sound basis for rational decisions. It therefore postulates that there is the need to orientate the minds of students and the general public to quantitative ways of thinking, through the introduction of elementary statistics as early as at the secondary school level. School Counsellors have significant role to play in assisting students to select relevant subjects for careers requiring statistical computations. The Nigerian Journal Of Guidance And Counselling Vol. 7 (1) 2000: pp. 24-31
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Socio-Demographic Factors Influencing Work-Role Salience Among Nigerian High School Adolescents. - Salami, SO (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2008)
This study sought to find out the influence of socio-demographic factors (age, class level, sex and socio-economic status) on the work-role salience of some selected adolescents in Ibadan. Two hundred and thirty students made up of 123 males and 107 females were randomly selected for the study from five schools in Ibadan. Green ha us\' (1973) Work-Role Salience Scale was used to collect data from the respondents. The findings showed that students from lower socio-economic status homes and those from high socio-economic status homes, and SSI and SS3 students differed significantly in their work-role salience mean scores. However, male and female students and students of ages 14 years and below and students of age 15years and above did not differ significantly in their work-role salience scores. The need to involve the students\' parents in career education programmes and utilise career development activities for each school grade was highlighted. The Nigerian Journal Of Guidance And Counselling Vol. 7 (1) 2000: pp. 142-152
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Teachers in the Implementation of the Nigerian Universal Basic Education (UBE) Mathematics Curricula - Salman, Muhammed (Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2008)
This paper examines the relevance of teachers in the implementation of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) mathematics curricula. It discusses the meaning, objectives and structure of the UBE programme. The mathematics curricula in the Universal Basic Education programme are highlighted. The paper identifies and discusses problems of effective implementation of the Nigerian Universal Basic Education mathematics curricula and suggests that mathematics teacher should undergo regular retraining programmes and employ the use of instructional aids in teaching . Keywords: Teachers, implementation, Universal Basic Education and Mathematics curricula. The Nigerian Journal Of Guidance And Counselling Vol. 12 (1) 2007 pp. 65-76
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The Impact of Globalization on Education Reform: A Case Study of Uganda - Wood, Jane C. Millar (2008)
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Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Sediment from the Jarzouna-Bizerte Coastal Area of Tunisia (Mediterranean Sea) - Zrafi-Nouira, Ines; Khedir-Ghenim, Z.; Zrafi, F.; Bahri, Raouf; Cheraeif, Imed; Rouabhia, Mahmoud; Saidane-Mosbahi, Dalila (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2008)
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The Applications of Phonemic Contrasts and Their Implications for Oral English Teaching in Nigeria - Alo, Moses A. (Marang: Journal of Language and Literature, 2008)
This paper focuses on the applications of phonemic contrasts in the utterances of forty final-year Yoruba-English bilingual University undergraduates and the implications of their applications on pedagogic practices especially in English as a second language (ESL) environment. This subject is rarely studied in Nigeria, yet, it might be significant for shaping the effective teaching of oral English. The respondents, twenty of whom were students of English and the other twenty, students of Yoruba, were tested based on the framework of traditional phonemic theory. The results indicated that only 40% of the students studying Yoruba Linguistics were able to apply phonemic contrasts in the rendition of English words whereas 60% of the students undertaking English Studies did. The study establishes application or otherwise of phonological rules as a vital dimension of investigating phonological variation and proficiencies in ESL and suggests the need to pay more attention to the area in ESL teaching and learning operations, especially for students in other disciplines. Keywords: phonemic contrast, English as a second language, oral English teaching, Nigeria MARANG Vol. 18 2008 pp. 29-36
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Training needs for mid-level managers and immunisation coverage in western Kenya - Ayaya, SO; Liechty, Edward A.; Jh, Conway; Kamau, Thomas Matenjwa; Esamai, Fabian (East African medical journal, 2008)
To determine the current status of immunisation coverage in Western Kenya before intervention, to identify strengths and weaknesses of the existing programme in order to design educational interventions that could improve the services provided and find out the training needs of the mid-level managers of Kenya Expanded Programme of Immunisation.Cross-sectional descriptive study.All thirty nine districts in Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza provinces.Mid-level managers of Kenya Expanded Programme on Immunisation in the 39 districts and the provinces. These included Provincial Logisticians, Provincial Medical Officers of Health, District Medical Officers of Health, District Public Health Nurses, District Records and Health Information Officers, District Disease Surveillance Officers, and District Public Health Officers.Number of staff trained on EPI, coverage rates and perceived training needs of the mid-level managers.A total of eighty eight mid-level managers participated in the interviews. Most of these were District Public Health Nurses (40.9%) and District Health Information and Records Officers (23.9%). Only 49 (25%) of the District Health Management Team members had undergone training at the supervisory level. Eighteen districts (43.6%) had no member of the District Health Management Team that had ever been trained at the supervisory level. Using rates of Pentavalent 1 and measles coverage, Nyanza Province had the highest immunisation dropout rate (Pentavalent 1--measles) whereas Rift Valley Province had the lowest. The annual cumulative coverage for all the provinces by antigen was 80% for Pentavalent 1 and 2 and 60% for measles. The most requested need for inclusion in the training curriculum was maintenance of the cold chain equipment.Most of the members in the study area have not been trained on Expanded Programme on Immunisation and may be ill-equipped to manage the complicated programmes needed to maximise delivery of services. The immunisation coverage in this area is low while the dropout rates are high. We therefore recommend that all the mid-level managers of Expanded Programme on Immunisation in this area be trained comprehensively through the Merck Vaccine Network--Africa programme using the World Health Organisation approved mid-level managers course.
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The Influence of School on the Choice of Language Learning Strategies in Botswana - Magogwe, Joel M. (Marang: Journal of Language and Literature, 2008)
This research seeks to examine the role that context or learning situation plays in strategy choice by comparing the strategy patterns of a private English medium secondary and a government secondary school in Botswana. More specifically, the main objectives of this study are to, firstly, investigate whether the ‘type of school' influences the choice of language learning strategies of its students: secondly, to find out whether private English medium secondary school students use more strategies than government secondary school students in Botswana; and, thirdly, to explore the role played by gender on the choice of language learning strategies. Form four students from one private English medium senior secondary school and one government senior secondary completed the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SIILL). The data was analysed using descriptive statistics to calculate means and standard deviations of strategies and inferential statistics such as ANOVA to establish the relationships between group and individual strategies. The findings of this study showed that the choice of strategies was not greatly influenced by the type of school from which the student came. However, this study found that government school students relied more on the use of dictionaries. On the other hand, private English medium students volunteered to look for conversation partners in order to get practice in speaking English. In relation to gender, the findings of this study confirmed other previous findings that female students use more language learning strategies than do male students. Keywords: language, learning, context, strategies, gender, influence MARANG Vol. 18 2008 pp. 15-28
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Anaesthetic experience in female sterilisation at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Mutihir, JT; Aisien, AO; Ujah, I. A. O. (East African Medical Journal, 2008)
To present the trend of anaesthetics used for interval and post-partum female sterilisation.A retrospective descriptive study.Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria from 1985 to 2004.All cases of female sterilisation in Jos University Teaching Hospital within the study period.Clients were allowed free choice of the method of anaesthesia after appropriate counseling. Written consent by the patient and her husband was obtained.During the period, 4,313 female sterilisations were performed. The mean (+/-SD) age and parity of the clients were 36.8 +/- 4.8 years, and 7.6 +/- 2.4 respectively. Local anaesthesia alone was the most commonly used (75.0%), followed by general anaesthesia (15.8%) and local anaesthesia with sedation (9.2%). The use of local anaesthesia alone for minilaparotomy under local anaesthesia for female sterilisation rose from 0.0% in 1985 to 83.0% in 2004. Majority (79.1%) of the cases were performed as interval procedures, 15.1% performed at Caesarean section and 5.8% as postpartum procedures. There were no serious morbidity and/or mortality associated with the types of anaesthesia used.Minilaparotomy under local anaesthesia for sterilisation has been found to be feasible, and now acceptable in our institution.
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An Evaluation Study of the Young Empowered Sisters (YES!) Program: Promoting Cultural Assets Among African American Adolescent Girls Through a Culturally Relevant School-Based Intervention - Thomas, Oseela; Davidson, William S.; McAdoo, Harriette Pipes (Journal of Black Psychology, 2008)
The present study examines the effects of a culturally relevant school-based intervention in promoting cultural assets (i.e., ethnic identity, collectivist orientation, racism awareness, and libratory youth activism) among a group of African American adolescent girls. The overall goal of the intervention was to promote cultural factors that can protect African American youth from the adverse effects of racism. A total of 74 African American girls participated in the study, of whom 36 were in the intervention group and 38 in the control group. Pre- and posttests were administered to assess intervention effects. Overall findings reveal that the intervention had significant and positive effects on ethnic identity, racism awareness, collectivism, and liberatory youth activism. Implications for risk prevention and promotion of psychosocial functioning among African American youth are discussed.
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Admission of hypertensive patients at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Ukoh, V A (East African Medical Journal, 2008)
There is a suggestion of an identifiable impact of hypertension on all cause mortality in rural Africa. There is however paucity of hard data on the impact of morbidity or modality from this disease.To determine the contribution of hypertension (HT) to adult morbidity and mortality at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) in Benin City, Nigeria.Retrospective study.University of Benin Teaching Hospital.Adult hypertensive admissions (HTA) in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria during the period January 2000 to December 2002.There were a total of 2,852 adult medical admissions during the study period out of which 575 were because of hypertension related morbidity. Only 302 (52.5%) of these were previously diagnosed as hypertensives). The most common hypertensive complication was cerebrovascular accident followed by congestive cardiac failure and chronic renal failure in order of decreasing frequency. The annual adult mortality rate from medical admissions was 5.6%. Mortality due to hypertensive complications constituted 10.5% of overall hospital adult mortality and 16.1% of deaths from medical causes. The annual mortality rate among HTA was 22.1% (252/1000) with a male:female ratio of 2:1.The contribution of systemic hypertension to adult morbidity and mortality is very significant. There is need for more concerted effort to create hypertension awareness, and to achieve good control and prevention of hypertensive complications.
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Education for Learning to Live Together: what can we learn from the South African experience? - Volmink, John (European Journal of Education, 2008)
In 1994, South Africa moved away from its cruel and divided past to a future where its citizens would learn together, work together and grow together. In short we had to learn what it meant to live together by unlearning the ideas introduced by apartheid that permeated every aspect of our society. This required a new Constitution, brave and exemplary leadership by Nelson Mandela and others and a Truth and Reconciliation Commission led by Desmond Tutu. None of these efforts, as important as they may have been, could ever be sufficient to sustain change. Ordinary people who have no positional authority are those who will sustain change. Roughly one quarter of the South African population is at school and these are people who will take the message of reconciliation into the future. In this article we describe attempts to redefine what is good. In particular what kind of teacher, learner and curriculum we will need to form the basis of a transformed and admirable society, one in which we will know how to live together.
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Accidental childhood poisoning in Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital (Ebsuth). Abakalik, South Eastern Nigeria - Ibekwe, Roland Chidi; Amadife, MU; Muoneke, Vivian U; Onyire, BN (Ebonyi Medical Journal, 2008)
This retrospective review of children admitted with accidental poisoning into the children emergency ward of Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital (EBSUTH), Abakaliki was undertaken to determine its pattern, outcome and contributing factors. There were 22 cases of accidental childhood poisoning. Kerosene was the most common agent, accounting for 45.5% of the cases. Other agents were food iterms(27.3%) , alcohol (13.6%) and household chemicals (13.6%). There was an increasing trend of accidental childhood poisoning during the study period, males (68.2%) and toddlers (59.1%) were the most vulnerable group. In view of the predominate contribution of kerosene in accidental childhood poisoning there is a need to educate the public about the hazard of storage of kerosene at home. Keywords: toddlers, kerosene, accident, vulnerable storage Ebonyi Medical Journal Vol. 6 (1) 2007 pp. 26-29
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Education and oppression : inequality in the world of South African children - Itkonen, Suvi T. (2008)
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Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among pregnant women attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria - Luka, Sodangi Abdulkarim; Ibrahim, MB; Iliya, SN (Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 2008)
The sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection study was conducted among pregnant women attending the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State. Of the 120 serum samples screened, 10 (8.3%) were sero-positive. The highest prevalence was recorded among the 30-34 years age-group (18.2%) followed by the 25-29 years age-group (9.1%) with the least in the 20-24 years age-group (6.3%). There were no significant differences between prevalence recorded and agegroups but these were significant associations between risk factors namely tribal marks/tattooing, types of marriages and prevalence of hepatitis infection. The prevalence of hepatitis B antigen among pregnant women suggests that vertical transmission of the virus has public health significance. It is therefore recommended that hepatitis B vaccination should be incorporated in the childhood immunization programme in Nigeria. Keywords: hepatitis B, sero-prevalence, pregnant women, Zaria. Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 29 (1) 2008 pp. 38-41
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The prevalence of headlice infestation among primary school pupils in Bokkos Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria - Malann, Y.D.; James-Rugu, NN; Mafuyai, M H (The Nigerian journal of parasitology, 2008)
The prevalence of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) among 1,060 pupils of two primary schools in Bokkos, Plateau State, Nigeria, was 50.75% . Except for the age, and frequency of baths per week by the pupils, significant differences were indicated for the nature of hair, hair length, water shortage and sharing of combs. The study, further revealed that pupils with long natural hair had higher percentage infestation rate in both schools, Pilot Central School, Bokkos (78.85%) and in Central Primary School, Maikatako (69.57%). It was observed that pupils with inadequate water supplies showed high infestation rate with headlice. Keywords: Infestation, school lice, Pediculus humanus.Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 29 (1) 2008 pp. 1-4
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Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths in school children in Mbaukwu, Anambra State, Nigeria - Obiukwu, MO; Umeanaeto, PU; Eneanya, CI; Nwaorgu, G O (The Nigerian journal of parasitology, 2008)
A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminth parasites among 514 pupils aged 5-16 years in five primary schools in Mbaukwu, Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used to determine the socio-economic factors enhancing the transmission of the parasites. Six helminth parasites were isolated, namely, Hookworm (37.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides (33.6%), Trichuris trichiura (11.7%) Strongyloides stercoralis (8.2%), Taenia spp (6.90/0) and Schistosoma mansoni (2.8%). Multiple parasitism were also encountered. Pupils in the agegroup 9-12 years had the highest infection rate (41.0%) followed by those in age-group 5-9 (40.1%). Infection rate was higher among (p>0.05) females than males though not statistically significant. Infection was higher among those whose parents were farmers and traders than those of civil servants. Infection was also higher among pupils who used nearby bushes for defaecation than those who use pit latrine and water. Sanitation should be encouraged in order to control the disease since the high prevalence was found to be associated with unsanitary habits. There is the need to incorporate the control of intestinal helminthiasis into Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). Keywords: helminth, parasites, prevalence, Mbaukwu.Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 29 (1) 2008 pp. 15-19
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Incidence of Ascaris infection among primary school children in Ogun State, Nigeria: A generalised linear model approach - Sam-Wabo, S O; Mafiana, C. F.; Agwuegbo, S; Adebanji, Atinuke O.; Agbeyangi, O. A.; Idowu, O. A. (Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 2008)
To estimate the effect of community soil (location) on the incidence and prevalence of Ascaris infection in school children, the model assumptions of the Generalised Linear Model (GLM) in a linear relationship between independent (Xis) and dependent variable (Y), where (Yi)=i = &#9461Xi1 + &#9462Xi2, + + &#946pXipwas adopted. Of the 1,519 pupils, 30% (225/759) male and 28% (210/760) female pupils were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides but it was not sex-specific (p>0.05). Male pupils voided higher number of worms (1,090, X = 2.2) than female pupils (879, X = 1.7). Intensity of infection rates was inversely related to body weight of pupils. The model observed a significant probability of Keywords: general linear nodel, ascaris, school children, Ogun State, Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 29 (1) 2008 pp. 32-37
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The Prevalence of Obesity Among Members Staff at Kenya Medical Training College, Nakuru - Kimwetich, Daniel K. (2008)
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Address Forms and the Construction of Multiple Identities among University Students in Ghana - Afful, Joseph Benjamin Archibald (Sociolinguistic Studies, 2008)
In the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest among scholars in the issue of identity in social domains such as academia, politics, religion, home, and workplace. Located in an academic setting, this study examines how university students express their identities through an important verbal behaviour, address forms. To accomplish this task, a two-pronged framework comprising social constructionism and identity theory is drawn upon. An ethnographic approach constitutes the primary research design adopted in this study. The analysis points to three key findings. First, Ghanaian students use three major categories of address forms: personal names, descriptive terms, and titles. Second, the university students’ use of address forms constitutes an isogloss. Third, students use these three modes of address to express their multiple identities. These findings have implications for identity theory, intercultural communication, and future research in address terms.
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Atelier paludisme: an international malaria training course held in Madagascar - Domarle, Olivier; Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona; Duchemin, Jean‐Bernard; Robert, Vincent; Ariey, Frédéric (Malaria journal (Online), 2008)
The Atelier Paludisme (Malaria Workshop) is an international training course organized by the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, which has been held annually for the past five years. The course was designed for both young and experienced researchers, as well as for healthcare professionals, mostly from malaria-endemic countries. Its objective is to provide participants with a broad knowledge of all features of malaria, to improve their skills in project management, to break geographical isolation by using the Internet as a source of documentary information. This six-week course makes use of concepts of andragogy and problem-based learning, i.e. a relationship between participants and tutors, which promotes a process of exchange rather than the simple transmission of knowledge, where participants have to search actively for information. This approach to training, combined with the wide background and experience of those involved, creates positive dynamics and enables participants to acquire new skills, develop their critical and analytical abilities. This paper describes the course and the lessons learned from its evaluation.
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Women and coping strategies for adaptation to climate change using agrobiodiversity resources in the rainfed highlands of Yemen - Hakimi, Al Ameen; Yani, Anhar (2008)
This study aims to enhance the role of the rural woman in facing the negative impacts of climate changes through benefiting from local knowledge, gained experiences by mothers and grandmothers in areas of rainy mountains and heights in Yemen in the management and maintenance of bio-agricultural diversity as well as knowing how to benefit from varied harvest and the benefit of local crops, vegetables, grazing plants, trees, small trees in order to meet requirements of food, health, living of the population and to continue their activity and maintenance of the agricultural and the environment there by mitigating the potential damages of climate changes. Through this consultation proposes which can be followed to achieve the general objective of the study for the role of women in dealing with adjustment strategies to climate changes by benefiting from the bio-agricultural varied sources in the rainy heights of Yemen.
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Vulnerable women : drought and structural inequality among the Maasai in Kenya - case study of Oltepesi community, Kajiado district - Holmström, Anna Maria (2008)
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‘Linguistic inequalities in Nigeria and minority language education’ - Igboanusi, Herbert (Sociolinguistic Studies, 2008)
This paper identifies different forms of linguistic inequalities in Nigeria resulting from natural endowment, socio-political factors and language attitude. In the country, the value placed on linguistic resources varies – English, major languages (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) and minority languages (i.e. all other indigenous languages spoken in Nigeria) – in that (descending) order. While English is the official language of the country used as a medium of instruction from primary to tertiary education levels, Nigeria’s major languages (also recognised as ‘national’ languages) are taught as subjects in the school system and also serve as media of instruction up to the third year of primary education within the geographical zones in which they are used as L1. Most of the minority languages are neither used as media of instruction nor taught as subjects in schools. To address this imbalance, the paper suggests the use of minority languages in formal education based on the strong conviction that education is the best means of raising the value of languages, and consequently reducing linguistic inequality. It also recommends a reform of the education policy in Nigeria, which should aim at achieving high levels of bilingualism or multilingualism for both the minority and majority groups.
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A Retrospective Study Of Atresia Ani Cases At The Ahamdu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria - Remi-Adewunmi, B D; Fale, M S; Usman, Bello; Lawal, Mohammed (Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 2008)
From the medical records, four thousand, nine hundred and eighty-two (4, 982) animals were presented to the Ahmadu Bello University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (ABUVTH), Zaria during the period under study (January 1990 – December 2000). Out of these, 18 cases of atresia ani were reported. 14 cases (77.8%) were males and 4 cases (22.2%) were females. Nine (50%) of the animals were in bovine while in porcine, ovine and caprine 3 (16.7%) cases were recorded in each. Atresia ani was not recorded in canine and feline species. Atresia ani occurred alone (uncomplicated) in 13 cases while it was complicated in 1 case each with either recto-urethral fistula or recto-vaginal fistula, hypospadias, absence of preputial orifice or absence of urogenital organs. Treatment was through surgical correction. Keywords: Retrospective study, Atresia ani, Zaria.Nigerian Veterinary Journal Vol. 28 (1) 2007 pp. 48-53
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Ocular Disorders In Patients Infected With The Human Immunodeficiency Virus At The University Of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria - Osahon, AI; Onunu, A N (2008)
Aims: Ocular diseases occur at all stages of HIV infection. Reports have documented that the prevalence of these diseases vary from region to region. Thus the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of these ocular disorders among people infected with HIV at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria Methods: The study was prospective in design and all patients who tested positive for HIV antibodies over a 5-year period from September 1997 to August 2002 in Dermatology and Ophthalmology Units at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria, were examined for the presence of ocular disease. Results: Twenty-one of the 526 HIV-positive patients had ocular disease, giving a prevalence rate of 4.0%. Their mean age was 39.5 ± 10.5 years. Fourteen patients (2.7%) had Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, four (0.8%) had Squamuos cell carcinoma, two (0.4%) had Kaposi\'s sarcoma while one (0.2%) had Cytomegalovirus retinitis. The signs seen on ocular examination were vesicular rash (66.7%) diminished vision (57.1%) corneal ulcers (38.0%), conjunctival injection (38.0%), and eyelid nodules (28.6%), preauricular lymphadenopathy (28.6%), purulent eye discharge (19.0), conjunctival nodules (9.5%), papilledema (9.5%), ptosis (9.5%), sudden visual loss in both eyes (9.5%), pupillary dilatation (4.8%), chemosis (4.8%), uveitis (4.8%), and retinal hemorrhage (4.8%). Conclusions: In this study the prevalence of ocular disorders was 4.0% in the 526 HIV-positive patients studied. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus was the commonest ocular disease encountered, occurring in 2.7% of the study population. This is in keeping with reports from other parts of the world. We recommend that young patients presenting with Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, conjunctival Squamuos cell carcinoma and sudden onset bilateral blindness should be screened for HIV infection. Keywords : Ocular Disorders, HIV infection, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol. 10 (4) 2007 pp. 283-286
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Access to Education for Women in Nigeria - Boyea, Tonya (2008)
This poster was prepared for the 1st annual Anne Righton Malone Colloquium Telling Our Stories: Gender, Writing, Activism in partial fulfillment of Women and Politics, Politics 332 taught by Dr. Jackie Goodman.
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Malocclusion, psycho-social impacts and treatment need: A cross-sectional study of Tanzanian primary school-children - Mtaya, Matilda; Åstrøm, Anne Nordrehaug; Brudvik, Pongsri (BMC Oral Health, 2008)
Abstract Background studies on the relationship between children's malocclusion and its psycho-social impacts are so far largely unexplored in low-income countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malocclusion, reported dental problems and dissatisfaction with dental appearance among primary school children in Tanzania. The relationship of dissatisfaction with socio-demographic characteristics, clinically defined malocclusion and psychosocial impacts of dental anomalies was investigated. Orthodontic treatment need was estimated using an integrated socio-dental approach. Method One thousand six hundred and one children (mean age 13 yr) attending primary schools in the districts of Kinondoni and Temeke completed face to face interviews and a full mouth clinical examination. The survey instrument was designed to measure a Kiswahili translated and culturally adapted Child Oral Impact on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) frequency score, reported dental problems, dissatisfaction with dental appearance/function and socio-demographic characteristics. Results The prevalence of malocclusion varied from 0.9% (deep bite) to 22.5% (midline shift) with a total of 63.8% having at least one type of anomaly. Moderate proportions of children admitted dental problems; ranging from 7% (space position) to 20% (pain). The odds ratio of having problems with teeth position, spaces, pain and swallowing if having any malocclusion were, respectively 6.7, 3.9, 1.4 and 6.8. A total of 23.3% children were dissatisfied with dental appearance/function. Children dissatisfied with their dental appearance were less likely to be Temeke residents (OR = 0.5) and having parents of higher education (OR = 0.6) and more likely to reporting problem with teeth position (OR = 4.3) and having oral impacts (OR = 2.7). The socio-dental treatment need of 12% was five times lower than the normative need assessment of 63.8%. Conclusion Compared to the high prevalence of malocclusion, psycho social impacts and dissatisfaction with appearance/function was not frequent among Tanzanian schoolchildren. Subjects with malocclusion reported problems most frequently and malocclusion together with other psycho-social impact scores determined children's satisfaction with teeth appearance- and function.
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Professional nurses' opinion on research and research utilization for promoting quality nursing care in selected teaching hospitals in Nigeria - Ofi, Bola Abosede; Sowunmi, Lanre; Edet, Olaide Bamidele; Anarado, Nonye (International Journal of Nursing Practice, 2008)
The study investigated nurses' knowledge base for research conduct, attitudes towards research and perceived barriers to research utilization. Data for this descriptive survey were collected through a 41‐item‐structured questionnaire. The sample consisted of 500 nurses purposively selected from three tertiary hospitals in the Southern part of Nigeria. Results show that 73.4% of the respondents received instruction on research methodology, 48.6% attended research workshop previously, 68.0% have conducted research, and 27.6% have collaborated with others. Educational level has a significant effect on knowledge base ( P < 0.05). Significant difference ( P < 0.05) was found between the hospitals with respect to conducting research and collaboration. Fifty per cent of the respondents held positive attitudes towards research conduct and utilization, and 40.8% reported utilizing findings frequently. Inability to understand research reports and statistics were identified as barriers. Nursing services managers and educators should promote better research education focusing on practitioners' knowledge/experience and attitudes towards research.
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Learning from the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals - Schiff, Benjamin N. (2008)
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Closing the African American Achievement Gap in Higher Education by Rovai, Gallien, Jr., & Stiff-Williams - Matthias, Laurie R. (International Journal of Multicultural Education, 2008)
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Education among orphans and non-orphans in an urban area of Burkina Faso - Pagnier, J.; Kürzinger, M. L.; Kahn, Jim; Koné, Ahoua; Hampshire, Rachel; Dye, Timothy D. (Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 2008)
Abstract Africa has long dealt with issues surrounding orphanhood and the fostering of children whose parents are no longer alive or available. With the increasing impact of HIV reflected demographically throughout the world, the sociodemographic situation of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa has only grown in visibility and importance. This paper compares orphans and non-orphans living in an urban area of Burkina Faso (Bobo-Dioulasso), with a special focus on school enrolment and delay. We found in univariate analysis that orphans and non‐orphans are equally likely to be enrolled in school, but orphans are more likely to be delayed. Once controlling for sociodemographic differences, however, orphans are not delayed significantly in school when compared with non-orphans. Results suggest that, while orphans may be at educational risk due to other concomitant sociodemographic factors, in this urban area orphan status alone does not significantly predict educational enrolment and short-term outcome. Keywords: HIVAIDSorphanseducationBurkina Fasologistic regression Acknowledgement This study was funded by The Abbott Fund.
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It is Still “Double Take”: Mother Tongue Education and Bilingual Classroom Practice in Nigeria - Salami, L. Oladipo (Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 2008)
In this article, I explore language practices in Nigerian primary school classrooms against the backdrop of the policy of mother tongue education. Findings from the study show that there is a classroom bilingual practice that is rather unstructured in terms of curricular application and levels. The study shows that rather than implementing the country's mother tongue education policy, teachers have resorted to evolving a varied “policy” of bilingual instruction. The article also shows that the inherited colonial language – English – is used as early as the first year of the child's primary school education while the mother tongue continues to be used throughout the fourth year, when the transition to English medium should have commenced. Furthermore, the “untidiness” seems compounded by a regular use of code switching (CS) by teachers. The article concludes that there is a need for a pragmatic approach to language-in-education in Nigeria whereby room should be provided for the co-official use of English and mother tongue as well as a “supplementation” with CS where and when necessary.
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Experiential Learning from the Khoi-Khoi (Namibia) and Maori (New Zealand) Communities - April, Wilfred Isak (The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2008)
Fostering a spirit of indigenous entrepreneurship is a courageous idea and envisages a multicultural and post-colonial world. As such, it deserves support from both indigenous and non-indigenous communities. From this perspective, the author considers two aboriginal communities, the Khoi-Khoi and the Maori peoples, arguing that the fostering of an entrepreneurial spirit in such communities may be realized in part through the exchange of ideas between them and a mutual learning of lessons. In particular, the paper focuses on the importance of culture in sustaining social capital and the emotional/social intelligence necessary for entrepreneurial motivation. Fostering a culture of entrepreneurship requires the sustenance of the social capital that culture identifies, whilst maximizing trading opportunities for societies to develop. Much can be learnt from indigenous practices in indigenous communities on how to recover and maintain this vibrancy in diversity. Entrepreneurial activity provides the primal leadership that results in a reorganization of disempowered societies. Moreover, local cultural tradition is a necessary component in establishing the networking and trust that will provide the solidarity required for the emergence of entrepreneurial activity for local self-determining development.
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Trends analysis relating to pollution in Sakumo Lagoon, Ghana - Asmah, Ruby; Dankwa, Hedrick; Biney, CA; Amankwah, CC (African Journal of Aquatic Science, 2008)
Abstract Sakumo Lagoon, situated near Accra, is a Ramsar-listed coastal wetland threatened by urban and agricultural waste, being located in an urban area where access to domestic and waste disposal facilities is a major problem. The aim of this study was to assess the pollution status as well as trends, in terms of pollution laoding, in the lagoon. Nutrients, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, temperature, pH and faecal coliforms were monitored on a quaterly basis from 1997–1998 and 2001–2002, covering both wet and dry seasons. Significant increases in the mean concentrations of suspended solids, ammonia-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand indicated an increase in the level of pollution in the lagoon. Faecal coliform counts were fairly high, exceeding 130 counts 100 ml–1, which is the maximum acceptable count in Ghana for water used for recreation. Results from the study suggested rapid deterioration of the lagoon water quality between 1997 and 2002. Domestic and agricultural discharges into feeder streams were the main sources of pollution, as well as decaying plant material in the lagoon. Keywords: BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERSENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGNUTRIENTSPOLLUTION SOURCESPHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERSWATER QUALITY
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Strategies for post‐primary education in small island developing states (SIDS): Lessons from Cape Verde - Atchoarena, David; Graça, Patricia Dias Da; Márquez, José Manuel (Comparative Education, 2008)
This article addresses the context and challenges of small island developing states, focusing particularly on Cape Verde. After a general discussion of the characteristics of small island developing states, several development challenges such as poverty, unemployment and migratory issues specific to Cape Verde are evoked. Despite a period of relative economic growth since the early 1990s, Cape Verde remains vulnerable to external factors and dependent on international aid and remittances. As is the case for many small island developing states, education plays a key role in reducing this vulnerability. We demonstrate that although considerable progress has been made in access and gender parity in basic education, equity and the provision of post‐primary and tertiary education remain problematic. In an effort to address these concerns in a cost‐effective manner, distance education and ITC modalities have been implemented and may be a useful means of ensuring sustainability of provision in a time where Cape Verde's status will soon change from least‐developed country (LDC) to middle‐income country.
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The response of the diatom flora of St Lucia Lake and estuary, South Africa, to a severe drought - Bate, G. C.; Smailes, PA (African Journal of Aquatic Science, 2008)
Lake St. Lucia, South Africa's largest estuarine system, was isolated from the sea by a beach berm throughout a severe drought from 2002 to 2007, with the lake water level being extremely low over much of its total area. A reverse salinity gradient resulted, with the lowest salinity in the south near the sea and the highest in the northern lakes. Cholnoky (1968), the first to examine the diatoms of St Lucia and the streams flowing into it, identified 159 diatoms, of which 79 taxa were from the freshwater streams and 80 from the saline lakes. A further study between 1973 and 1975 by Johnson (1976) showed the presence of neritic diatoms as the dominant group in the phytoplankton. During the present survey carried out during 2004 and 2006 only a few taxa from the 1965 survey, and no taxa from the 1976 survey, were recorded. Raphid diatoms were found to survive for months in dry lake bed sediments, in salinity up to five times that of seawater. Species richness increased with depth into the dry sediment, leading to the hypothesis that, when the rains return, the diatom flora would regain species richness and diversity within weeks. Species composition was different at the same sites at different times, indicating that water circulation is responsible for distributing species around the lake, especially during shallow-water, hypersaline drought conditions. No centric diatom taxa were found in the water column, suggesting that there was no true phytoplankton community, only resuspended benthic taxa, in St Lucia at the time of the study.
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Communal Rangeland Rest in Arid Area, a Tool for Facing Animal Feed Costs and Drought Mitigation: The Case of Chenini Community, Southern Tunisia - Belgacem, Azaiez Ouled; Salem, H. Ben; Bouaicha, Ali; El-Mourid, M. (Journal of Biological Sciences, 2008)
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Discourses of childhood innocence in primary school HIV/AIDS education in South Africa - Bhana, Deevia (African Journal of AIDS Research, 2008)
This article draws from interview data to examine the meanings that teachers in two race and class-specific contexts in greater Durban, South Africa, may give to children's right to sexual health information as a part of HIV/AIDS education. The article focuses on the regulation and production of childhood innocence by means of the ways the primary school teachers talked about sex in their HIV/AIDS education lessons to grade-four students. I argue that discourses of childhood innocence regulate and limit the possibilities of conversing about sex in such a context. The dominant discourses construct children as 'too young to know' and displace children's right to sexual health information to older children, while stressing anxieties about parent hostility to sex education, which precludes effective coverage of sexual topics in HIV/AIDS education. Showing how race, class and culture are deployed in upholding innocence, I contend that the notion of childhood innocence is embedded within the varying social contexts that make up the South African landscape. But, I suggest that an assumption that primary school teachers will engage with HIV/AIDS education while mediating information about sex in health promotion is simplistic. In conclusion, I propose a need for ongoing theoretical and practical work with teachers and the need to build alliances with parents.
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REVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND THE COMPOSITION CLASSROOM - Brown, David West (American Speech, 2008)
Review Article| May 01 2008 REVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND THE COMPOSITION CLASSROOM: A Teacher's Introduction to African American English: What a Writing Teacher Should Know REVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND THE COMPOSITION CLASSROOM A Teacher's Introduction to African American English: What a Writing Teacher Should Know By Teresa M. Redd and Karen Schuster Webb Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 2007. Pp. xiv + 161. David West Brown David West Brown Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Speech (2008) 83 (2): 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2008-017 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation David West Brown; REVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND THE COMPOSITION CLASSROOM: A Teacher's Introduction to African American English: What a Writing Teacher Should Know. American Speech 1 May 2008; 83 (2): 252–256. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2008-017 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyAmerican Speech Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2008 by the American Dialect Society2008 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
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Examining the Overrepresentation of African-American Males in Special Education. - Bush-Daniels, Shallonda (2008)
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Gender matters, too: The influences of school racial discrimination and racial identity on academic engagement outcomes among African American adolescents. - Chavous, Tabbye M.; Rivas‐Drake, Deborah; Smalls, Ciara; Griffin, Tiffany M.; Cogburn, Courtney D. (Developmental Psychology, 2008)
The authors examined relationships among racial identity, school-based racial discrimination experiences, and academic engagement outcomes for adolescent boys and girls in Grades 8 and 11 (n = 204 boys and n = 206 girls). The authors found gender differences in peer and classroom discrimination and in the impact of earlier and later discrimination experiences on academic outcomes. Racial centrality related positively to school performance and school importance attitudes for boys. Also, centrality moderated the relationship between discrimination and academic outcomes in ways that differed across gender. For boys, higher racial centrality related to diminished risk for lower school importance attitudes and grades from experiencing classroom discrimination relative to boys lower in centrality, and girls with higher centrality were protected against the negative impact of peer discrimination on school importance and academic self-concept. However, among lower race-central girls, peer discrimination related positively to academic self-concept. Finally, socioeconomic background moderated the relationship of discrimination with academic outcomes differently for girls and boys. The authors discuss the need to consider interactions of individual- and contextual-level factors in better understanding African American youths' academic and social development.
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Inconsistencies within attachment teaching practice in Zimbabwe: call for a participatory model - Chikunda, Charles (Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 2008)
This article raises some inconsistencies observed in attachment teaching practice in Zimbabwe. The argument made is that these inconsistencies are caused by the different philosophical approaches informing attachment teaching practice and its delivery, which is largely visible in teaching practice supervision. The discussion shows that while attachment teaching practice is based on social constructivism and socially critical orientations, its delivery still operates under the guise of the neoclassical instrumentalist view of education. The author proposes the participatory attachment teaching practice model as a way of trying to realign the delivery to suit the philosophical base of attachment teaching practice in initial teacher education in Zimbabwe.
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Accessibility Observations of Visually Impaired Users using the South African National Accessibility Portal - Coetzee, Louis; Viviers, Ilse (2008)
Improving the accessibility of Internet web sites and portals is becoming more important as initiatives (such as the South African National Accessibility Portal), which address the marginalisation of persons with disabilities, gather momentum. Improving web site accessibility has proven to be a challenging task with a myriad of standards, accessibility testing tools and few technical guides for implementation. This paper presents the South African National Accessibility Portal (NAP), which is used as a research and test bed for accessibility implementations. It provides an overview of web standards applicable to accessibility, including the WCAG 1.0, the currently accepted web accessibility standard, as well as techniques used in the development of the portal to improve its accessibility. The paper presents some observations with regard to the success of these attempts as gathered from usability evaluations. The combination of technical implementation details and the resultant observations can aid other developers to fast track and improve accessibility for their development.
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Predicting Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Overweight African-American Adolescents - Cowan, Patricia A.; Velasquez-Mieyer, Pedro (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2008)
Childhood obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). However, not all overweight adolescents exhibit these conditions suggesting that additional factors mediate the consequences of adolescent obesity. Typically screening for IGT/T2DM is limited to symptomatic, older and more severely obese adolescents. PURPOSE: We investigated whether fitness level (VO2peak), self-reported physical activity, family history of T2DM, severity of obesity, age, and gender predicted IGT in overweight African-American adolescents (AAA). METHODS: Overweight AAA (n=110, mean age=14.4 yrs, 61% female) had relative body mass index (RBMI) calculated as a measure of obesity severity, and completed an oral glucose tolerance test (1-gm glucose/kg) and a treadmill cardiopulmonary test with measurement of VO2peak. IGT was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥100 and <126 mg/dl or 2-hr post-load glucose ≥140 and <200 mg/dl). A 7-day physical activity recall interview was conducted and family history of T2DM was obtained via parental report. IGT group differences was examined using t-tests and Chi-square. Multivariate logistic regression was done to predict IGT. RESULTS: IGT was present in 23% (n=25). The IGT group was similar in age (14.3 vs. 14.4 yrs, p= 0.56), family history of T2DM (66% vs. 61%, p=0.62), RBMI (193 vs. 183, p=0.36), VO2peak (21.5 vs. 20.9 ml/kg/min, p=0.64) compared to the non-IGT group. No differences in self-reported physical activity were found with both groups engaging in <3 days per week of at least 30 minutes of moderate activity and sitting >10 hr on weekdays. Boys were more likely than girls to have IGT (33% vs. 15%, p=0.02; OR: 2.75; 95th CI: 1.10-6.87, p=0.03). Neither severity of obesity, age, family history of T2DM, VO2peak, nor physical activity predicted IGT in this group of predominantly sedentary, overweight AAA. CONCLUSIONS: IGT is prevalent in overweight, sedentary AA adolescents. While national statistics indicate female AAA have a higher prevalence of obesity, our group of obese male AAA had a greater likelihood of IGT. Because neither age, severity of obesity, or family history of type 2 diabetes predict IGT in overweight AA adolescent, these demographics should not be used to limit screening for IGT in this population.
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Recent distributional changes of seabirds in South Africa: is climate having an impact? - Crawford, R. J. M.; Tree, AJ; Whittington, Philip A.; Visagie, J; Upfold, Leshia; Roxburg, KJ; Martín, Alfonso Velasco; Dyer, Bruce M. (African Journal of Marine Science, 2008)
There have been recent changes in the distributions of several seabirds in South Africa. In the mid-1990s, breeding of Leach's storm petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa was recorded in the Western Cape, the first record for the Southern Hemisphere. There was a large eastward expansion in the breeding range of crowned cormorant Phalacrocorax coronatus sometime between the early 1990s and the early 2000s, and in that of Hartlaub's gull Larus hartlaubii between 1995 and 2000. A smaller eastward expansion in the breeding range of kelp gull Larus dominicanus was noted in 2006. In 2003, a new colony of African penguins Spheniscus demersus formed in the east of the Western Cape, but after 2004 there were large decreases of penguins at colonies in the west of this province. South Africa's northern most penguin colony became extinct in 2006. In the early 2000s, there was a decrease in numbers of Cape gannets Morus capensis breeding in the Western Cape, but a large increase in the Eastern Cape. Numbers of Cape P. capensis and bank P. neglectus cormorants decreased in the north of the Western Cape in the 1990s, but increased at some southern localities in the 2000s. A similar pattern was noted for kelp gulls, except that the decreases in the north took place in the 2000s. The proportion of swift terns Sterna bergii in the Western Cape that bred in the south of this province increased markedly in the mid-2000s. Although local factors may have played a role in the distributional changes, their consistent anticlockwise nature, the broad similarity in their timing and their widespread occurrence suggest the influence of environmental change, perhaps forced by climate. This hypothesis is supported by similar displacements of other South African marine resources and congruent changes in seabird populations in the South-West Indian Ocean.
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Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity Levels of Western Kenyan School Children - Croteau, Karen A.; Towle, George; Schofield, Grant (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2008)
There is a widely held notion that rural Kenyan children are more physically active than those in developed countries, due to more incidental physical activity such as active transport and activities associated with a more traditional daily life. While there are a few studies that have examined objectively measured physical activity levels of children living in non-industrialized societies (Old Order Amish, Old Order Mennonite), there has been no research on objective measurement of physical activity in Kenyan children. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine pedometer-measured physical activity levels and explore gender and age differences in physical activity levels of Kenyan youth. METHODS: The participants in this study were children in Levels 3 and 5 who attended a private primary school. Age, gender, and height and weight measures were collected. Weight status category was determined according to CDC guidelines. Participants wore a sealed Yamax pedometer for 4 days during the measurement period. At the same time each day at school, pedometers were examined and step counts recorded. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA (age x gender). RESULTS: The Level 3 sample (n=39) consisted of 21 girls and 18 boys (average age = 9.0+0.8, range = 8-11 years) and averaged 15325+3501 daily steps. For Level 5 (n=33), there were 22 girls and 11 boys, with an average age of 10.7+0.7 (range = 9-12), and a mean daily step count of 13721+4370. The majority of the sample was classified as being at a healthy weight, with only one at risk for overweight and two overweight children. There was no significant effect for age [F(4,68) = 1.682, p=0.102] nor significant age x gender interaction [F(4,68)=1.956, p=0.117]. There was a significant effect for gender [F(1,68) = 4.791, p=0.033], with boys (16262+4698) significantly more active than girls (13463+3051). Heavy rain occurred during one full day during the assessment for Level 3 and for one and a half days during data collection for Level 5. CONCLUSION: The current findings provide preliminary descriptive data on pedometer-determined physical activity in private primary school children in the western highlands of Kenya. The observed daily steps are higher than those observed in the U.S, similar to samples in other developed countries, but lower than Amish youth.
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Geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks from the southern Ashanti volcanic belt, Ghana: Petrogenetic and tectonic setting implications - Dampare, Samuel B.; Shibata, Tomoyuki; Asiedu, Daniel K.; Osae, S.; Banoeng-Yakubo, Bruce (Precambrian Research, 2008)
Geochemical data are presented for Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks from the southern Ashanti volcanic belt with the aim of inferring their petrogenesis and tectonic setting in which they were formed. The metavolcanic rocks, which are predominantly basalts/basaltic andesites and andesites, have high Cr and Ni contents, indicating that they have not undergone significant fractional crystallization from mantle-derived melts. Two types of basalts/basaltic andesites, Type I and Type II, were identified. The Type I basalts show flat to slightly LREE-depleted patterns with (La/Sm)N = 0.69–1.03, (La/Yb)N = 0.57–0.71 and minor negative and positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.92–1.24). The Type II basalts/basaltic andesites show fractionated REE patterns with (La/Sm)N = 1.34–2.31, (La/Yb)N = 2.08–4.25 and minor positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 1.09–1.13). The andesites also show fractionated REE patterns, (La/Sm)N = 1.97–2.78 and (La/Yb)N = 4.11–8.48 with minor positive to non-existent Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.99–1.15). N-MORB-normalized, trace element patterns show that the Type II basalts/basaltic andesites and the andesites have geochemical patterns characterized by enrichment in LILE relative to HFSE and in LREE relative to HREE. The andesites and the Type II basalts/basaltic andesites exhibit characteristics of subduction zone-related magmas; i.e., the former displays strong Nb and Ti anomalies and relatively high Th/Nb ratios (0.69–95) whereas the latter displays strong negative Nb anomalies but relatively smaller Ti anomalies and lower Th/Nb ratios (0.35–0.37). The Type I basalts/basaltic andesites are generally moderately enriched in LILEs and depleted in HFSEs and HREEs relative to N-MORB. Like the andesites and the Type II basalts/basaltic andesites, the Type I basalts/basaltic andesites display subduction-related trace element characteristics of positive Ba and Sr anomalies together with slightly negative Nb–Ta anomalies. The low Th/Nb ratios of 0.06–0.11 coupled with their MORB-like REE patterns indicate no or negligible amount of sedimentary component in the Type I basalts/basaltic andesites. Crustal contamination may be ruled out as the cause of the negative Th and HFSE anomalies observed in the basaltic and andesitic rocks. Rather the anomalies are interpreted, on the basis of Th–Nb–La–Ce, to reflect a recycled slab-derived lithosphere component. The LREE-depleted tholeiitic Type I basalts/basaltic andesites exhibit back-arc basin geochemical signatures. The calc-alkaline andesites and the Type II basalts/basaltic andesites show intra-oceanic island arc signatures. The high Mg basaltic/andesitic rocks may, however, have evolved in a forearc setting. We, therefore, infer an intra-oceanic island arc-forearc-backarc setting for the Paleoproterozoic Birimian metavolcanic rocks from the southern Ashanti volcanic belt. REE modeling indicates that the magma from which the Type I basalts were formed was generated by about 17–30% partial melting of a depleted mantle (DMM) composed of spinel lherzolite in an extensional marginal basin. The parental magmas of the high Mg calc-alkaline basaltic/andesitic rocks were produced in the forearc by about 20–30% partial melting of the metasomatized mantle, and the Type II basalts/basaltic andesites and the andesites are related by fractional crystallization.
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Major ion hydrochemistry and environmental isotope signatures as a tool in assessing groundwater occurrence and its dynamics in a fractured volcanic aquifer system located within a heavily urbanized catchment, central Ethiopia - Demlie, Molla; Wohnlich, Stefan; Ayenew, Tenalem (Journal of Hydrology, 2008)
Hydrochemical and environmental isotope (2H, 18O and 3H) data were used to characterize the groundwater flow, occurrence and major ion chemistry in a complex fractured volcanic aquifer system located at the edge of the Ethiopian rift. The study has been supported by conventional hydrogeological mapping. The result clearly indicates the presence of two distinct groundwater systems: (1) The shallow groundwater characterized by low ionic concentration and in places isotopically enriched younger waters; and (2) The deep thermal waters with relatively older age showing negative 18O shifts and higher ionic concentration. The deep groundwaters are manifested as thermal springs and deep confined and artisan wells mainly aligned along major regional faults. The first group of groundwater is further divided into four subgroups indicating clear geo-hydrological patterns along the groundwater flow path representing different lithologies, residence time and anthropogenic influences. The classification shows different degrees of rock–water interaction and aquifer composition. There are indications of aquifer recharge from highly evaporated surface waters. This integrated study enabled to conceptualize the groundwater flow system vertically in to three zones: namely shallow fast circulating fresh water; mixed and moderately mineralized groundwaters representing the majority of wells and the deep old and mineralized thermal waters. This study has very important implications on possible location and depth of future boreholes, well head protection and in understanding the spread of pollutants that may originate from urban areas.
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Perspectives of South African school children on HIV/AIDS, and the implications for education programmes - Dyk, Alta C. van (African Journal of AIDS Research, 2008)
The study explores and describes South African school children's perspectives of HIV and AIDS, and links this to their respective cognitive developmental stage. The paper highlights developmental differences in the children's perceptions of HIV or AIDS and makes specific recommendations for improving HIV/AIDS education in school. A questionnaire of mainly open-ended questions was used to survey the HIV/AIDS-related perceptions of 1 904 school-going children aged 6 to 19 years. In-depth content analyses as well as basic statistical analyses were performed on the data. Although the school children had a good basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS and generally positive attitudes towards HIV and AIDS, they believed many misconceptions and myths. The children were mostly very afraid of HIV or AIDS and felt extremely vulnerable to HIV infection. The particular developmental phase was the strongest predictor of a child's understanding of HIV/AIDS. The findings have been used to formulate guidelines for the development or enhancement of age-appropriate HIV/AIDS education programmes or curricula in schools. It is hoped that teachers, educators and youth workers will use these findings to re-evaluate and adjust their HIV/AIDS education programmes and messages to fit the needs of the young people in their care.
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The medical student elective in Africa: advice from the field - Einterz, Ellen M. (Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2008)
F or European or North American medical students, the decision to pursue an elective in Africa will not be taken lightly.Travel is expensive; finding an appropriate hospital may be difficult; health and security risks must be considered, language barriers overcome, and comfort and convenience deferred.Students who surmount these hurdles will find them a fitting warm-up for the rocky road ahead.Visas, vaccinations, malaria prophylaxis, what to pack and not to pack -students returning from an elective, and their schools of medicine, can provide excellent guidance on these issues. 1-7The advice offered here comes from the continent of destination rather than departure, and is based on 25 years of experience teaching and practising clinical medicine and public health in rural west and central Africa.The first step is to choose the right destination.Africa is a a large and diverse continent.As a consequence, there are several different kinds of elective opportunities.One source for electives is collaborative programs between Western universities and hospitals and their counterparts in Africa.These partnerships provide elective opportunities for students interested in working in teaching hospitals or research settings.Additional sources are mission organizations, which tend to be in more rural areas and focus on grassroots care, and nongovernmental organizations that specialize in individual services, such as ophthalmology or rehabilitative plastic surgery, and provide a more targeted elective experience.Communicating frankly with the person in charge and with other students who have completed the elective under consideration is a good way of knowing whether a particular site is a good fit.African hospitality is justly legendary, and even in areas where xenophobia is deeply rooted, hospitality is usually the rule.However, this does not prevent Africans from having preconceived notions about what to expect from foreigners.The newly arrived student may be regarded as an altruistic humanitarian, adventurer, earnest apprentice, full-fledged doctor, profligate gadfly or just a curiosity -much depends on the community's experience with students in the past.
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Building resilience to drought in desertification‐prone savannas in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The water perspective - Falkenmark, Malin; Rockström, Johan (Natural Resources Forum, 2008)
Abstract Securing sustainable livelihood conditions and reducing the risk of outmigration in savanna ecosystems hosted in the tropical semiarid regions is of fundamental importance for the future of humanity in general. Although precipitation in tropical drylands, or savannas, is generally more significant than one might expect, these regions are subject to considerable rainfall variability which causes frequent periods of water deficiency. This paper addresses the twin problems of “drought and desertification” from a water perspective, focusing on the soil moisture (green water) and plant water uptake deficiencies. It makes a clear distinction between long‐term climate change, meteorological drought, and agricultural droughts and dry spells caused by rainfall variability and land degradation. It then formulates recommendations to better cope with and to build resilience to droughts and dry spells. Coping with desertification requires a new conceptual framework based on green‐blue water resources to identify hydrological opportunities in a sea of constraints. This paper proposes an integrated land/water approach to desertification where ecosystem management supports agricultural development to build social‐ecological resilience to droughts and dry spells. This approach is based on the premise that to combat desertification, focus should shift from reducing trends of land degradation in agricultural systems to water resource management in savannas and to landscape‐wide ecosystem management.
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Uptake of voluntary counselling and testing for HIV by pregnant women in a prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission programme at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Galadanci, Hadiza; Iliyasu, Zubairu; Tukur, Jamilu; Muktar-Yola, Mariya; Adeleke, SI (African Journal of AIDS Research, 2008)
Mother-to-child transmission is the main mode of HIV infection among children in developing countries. In 2003, as a result of government policy, a prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) programme was introduced at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) uptake and HIV seroprevalence among pregnant women using the service. VCT has become part of routine antenatal care at the hospital; in addition, antiretroviral prophylaxis/treatment, modification of obstetric practices, and counselling on infant feeding options are provided for HIV-positive pregnant women. Data on clients' socio-demographic characteristics, VCT uptake, and HIV seropositivity for a three-year period (from January 2004 to December 2006) were taken from nationally prepared PMTCT registers kept at the hospital, and prospectively entered into a database. During the period, 6 887 women newly accessed antenatal care (i.e. repeat pregnancies were excluded). All the women were group counselled, and 6 702 (97.3%) agreed to undergo HIV testing. Overall HIV prevalence among these pregnant women for the study period was 5.9% (95% CI 5.2–6.3%). The data have shown a statistically significant trend of rising HIV prevalence in this group: at 4.5%, prevalence was lowest in 2004; rose to 4.9% in 2005; and peaked at 7.6% in 2006 (χ2 trend = 21.9; p < 0.001). Overall HIV seroprevalence was 3.5% among 15- to 19-year-old women, 7% among 25- to 29-year-old women, and 4.5% among women over age 40. There was an inverse relationship between parity (number of children borne) and HIV seroprevalence such that women of low parity had high HIV prevalence, and vice versa (χ2 trend = 13.1; p < 0.01). Respectively, 11.4%, 5.7%, and 5.5% of the pregnant women first using VCT in the first, second, and third trimesters of their pregnancy were found to be HIV-positive. All women testing HIV-positive were informed of their serostatus and the modes of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. There is a relatively high uptake of VCT for PMTCT at this tertiary hospital, while an increasingly higher proportion of HIV-positive pregnant women are being identified and provided with opportunities to prevent HIV transmission to their babies. PMTCT should be universally accessible to women in developing countries.
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Basic extension skills training (BEST): A responsive approach to integrated extension for rural development in Botswana - Gboku, Matthew L. S.; Modise, Oitshepile MmaB (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 2008)
In a rapidly changing society like Botswana, the competition for employment, training and progression on the job has become very high. The development of skills is therefore a crucial and integral part of nation building, which needs a direct link to a training programme to continuously help staff to cope with the different needs they meet in the work place. The Government of Botswana has demonstrated strong commitment over the four decades since independence to upgrade the technical and management skills of extension workers and their ability to relate with residents in rural communities, and to understand the multitude of factors that determine their behaviour, attitudes and aspirations. In recognition of the link between training and rural development, several courses have been mounted by various Government sectors, non‐Governmental organizations and the private sector to close the knowledge gap of public staff, especially those who work in rural areas where the working conditions pose a unique set of challenges for extension work. The aim of this paper is to discuss the unique features of a staff training programme that has impacted positively on the training of extension workers in Botswana. The paper examines the evolution of the Basic Extension Skills Training (BEST) course in the context of integrated rural development and rural extension in Botswana. The authors explore the uniqueness of the BEST course in terms of its adherence to a number of teaching and learning principles, such as its learner centredness, and how it has impacted on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of course participants over a decade since it was first launched in 1997. The paper concludes with implications for delivery, improved performance, future training, institutional linkages, and assessment of training.
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Basic extension skills training (BEST): A responsive approach to integrated extension for rural development in Botswana - Gboku, Matthew L. S.; Modise, Oitshepile MmaB (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 2008)
In a rapidly changing society like Botswana, the competition for employment, training and progression on the job has become very high. The development of skills is therefore a crucial and integral part of nation building, which needs a direct link to a training programme to continuously help staff to cope with the different needs they meet in the work place. The Government of Botswana has demonstrated strong commitment over the four decades since independence to upgrade the technical and management skills of extension workers and their ability to relate with residents in rural communities, and to understand the multitude of factors that determine their behaviour, attitudes and aspirations. In recognition of the link between training and rural development, several courses have been mounted by various Government sectors, non‐Governmental organizations and the private sector to close the knowledge gap of public staff, especially those who work in rural areas where the working conditions pose a unique set of challenges for extension work. The aim of this paper is to discuss the unique features of a staff training programme that has impacted positively on the training of extension workers in Botswana. The paper examines the evolution of the Basic Extension Skills Training (BEST) course in the context of integrated rural development and rural extension in Botswana. The authors explore the uniqueness of the BEST course in terms of its adherence to a number of teaching and learning principles, such as its learner centredness, and how it has impacted on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of course participants over a decade since it was first launched in 1997. The paper concludes with implications for delivery, improved performance, future training, institutional linkages, and assessment of training.
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Depressive Symptoms Among Female College Students Experiencing Gender-Based Violence in Awassa, Ethiopia - Gelaye, Bizu; Arnold, Dodie; Williams, Michelle A.; Goshu, Miruts; Berhane, Yemane (Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2008)
Little epidemiologic research has focused on the mental health effects of gender-based violence among sub-Saharan African women. The objective of this study was to assess risk of depression and depressive symptoms among 1,102 female undergraduate students who were victims of gender-based violence. Students who reported experience of any gender-based violence were nearly twice as likely to be classified as having moderate depression during the academic year (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.39-2.82) as compared with nonabused students. Compared with nonabused students, those who had experienced both physical and sexual abuse were 4 times more likely to report either moderately severe (OR = 4.32, 95% CI = 2.00-9.31) or severe depressive symptoms (OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.01-17.43). Our findings, consistent with previous studies, support the thesis that women's mental health status is adversely affected by exposure to gender-based violence.
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Job satisfaction among urban secondary-school teachers in Namibia - George, Evy; Louw, D.A.; Badenhorst, Gerhard (South African Journal of Education, 2008)
An exploratory study on the role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in determining job satisfaction amongst urban secondary-school teachers in Namibia was undertaken. Biographical variables pertaining to the teachers' gender, age, marital status, school resources, teaching experience, academic qualifications, and rank were investigated to determine whether these had any significant relevance, or made any notable contribution, to the level of job satisfaction experienced. Also, the correlation between burnout and job satisfaction was investigated to determine the extent to which these two factors are related. A sample of 337 secondary-school teachers randomly selected from 17 government schools, in the Windhoek region of Namibia, voluntarily participated in the study. Results showed significant levels of dissatisfaction pertaining to intrinsic factors of work and, more especially, those factors relating to school area and rank. A significant correlation between levels of burnout and job satisfaction was found, particularly in respect of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, which were shown to correlate with low levels of job satisfaction. Limitations and recommendations pertaining to the study are discussed.
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Guinea - Education For All-Fast Track Initiative Program : environmental report - Guinea (2008)
The vision of the Sectoral Program of Education (PSE), in conjunction with the strategy of poverty reduction and the Millennium Goals for development lies in the articulation of the following objectives: 1) Support the education system to promote economic growth, seen as the main driver of the reduction in term of poverty; 2) Target actions to allow gradually correct the disparities related to gender, areas, income and avoid exclusion; and 3) Develop a strategy capable of producing human capital that meets the demands of modern and informal sectors of the economy to provide quality education to all students. The negative impacts that may be incurred in the implementation of the PSE concern: the displacement of populations and the loss of activities, including commercial / merchant, craft, agricultural, and the loss of heritage (canteens, shops, stalls); loss means of production (crops), the loss of sources of income or livelihood. The construction of school infrastructure could induce negative effects on the health of populations, non-use of local labor, waste management site, and so on.
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