Learning through fieldwork: undergraduate research and teacher education in South Africa - Osman, Ruksana; Casella, Ronnie (Education As Change, 2007)
In this paper we offer fieldwork as an opportunity to move away from the more procedural and routine tasks of the teaching practicum to the more desirable focus on teaching as research and an inquiry-oriented practice (Hussein, 2006; Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1999; Zeichner & Teitelbaum, 1982). Moore (200331) points out that fieldwork “holds great potential for ... reflective practice”, and we feel that it offers prospective teachers opportunities to think about learning, about how learners learn, and about what is most useful to them. Through empirical research practices of fieldwork, prospective teachers can construct their own understandings about teaclzing in complex contexts. They can also develop their competencies towards becoming 'scholars, researchers and lifelong learners. Fieldwork has a long history as a form of social science research. At a very basic level, it involves long-term observations of an area of study, interviews with people involved, and narrative data collection in the form of field notes and interview transcripts. Fieldwork as a qualitative methodology has influenced sociology, anthropology, history, economics, documentary film-making photography, and many other areas of study. It can also be a powerful research tool for those entering the teaching profession.
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Bacteriology of wound infections in the surgical wards of a teaching hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. - Ozumba, UC (African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2007)
During a 24-month period, January 2001 - December 2002, 404 wound swabs from 390 patients made up of 280 from surgical wounds, 92 from ulcers and 32 from other wounds like lacerations and discharging sinuses were studied. The prevalence of bacterial organisms and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was analyzed, using standard bacteriologic techniques. Two hundred and sixty four organisms (69.8%) were isolated from surgical wounds, 82 (21.7%) from ulcers and 32 (8.5%) from other wounds. Coliforms were the most predominant organisms in surgical wounds (63.5%), while puste in ulcers, proteus species were the most prevalent (37.2%). Multiple microbial infections were common (22.7% and 24.6%) in surgical wounds and ulcers respectively. Antibiotic resistance by the isolates to commonly used antibiotics like Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole was high. The isolates were most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin. Restriction of the use of broadspectrum antibiotics in the treatment of wound infections should be enforced, while better collaboration between the clinical microbiologist and surgeon should be practiced especially with respect to infective preventive measures.
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Student identities, and researching these, in a newly ‘racially’ merged university in South Africa - Pattman, Rob (Race Ethnicity and Education, 2007)
The paper reports on research conducted by third‐year sociology students into student identities at the University of KwaZulu‐Natal in Durban, South Africa. This university was formed as a result of a merger between two formerly ‘racially’ defined universities. The research, comprising interviews and observation and taking place at the University’s Howard College (the formerly white University of Natal), was envisaged as a way of enabling the students to apply practically theories of identity, and as a means of generating local resources. In spite of the recent merger, ‘race’ emerged as a major influence on student identifications, affecting associations on campus, what people did, where they went to in their break times and their attitudes to others. The paper investigates racialised groupings and identities on campus, how they are forged in relation to each other and students’ emotional investments in them. It draws, also, on the researchers’ own experiences, as black, white and Indian male and female students, of engaging in this research, and the issues and problems they encountered, and reflects on some of the methodological implications of students researching students and ‘race.’
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Grassroot Soccer resiliency pilot program: Building resiliency through sport‐based education in Zambia and South Africa - Peacock-Villada, Paola; DeCelles, Jeff; Banda, Peter S. (New Directions for Youth Development, 2007)
Abstract Grassroot Soccer designed a curriculum and sport‐based teaching model to build resiliency, targeting boys and girls in Lusaka, Zambia, and Johannesburg, South Africa, where most children are reminded daily of the devastation caused by AIDS and where many face chronic and acute hardship. The activities that were created were designed to resonate with youths' interests in sport while teaching boys and girls between ten and eighteen years of age skills to build resiliency and prevent infection of HIV.
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Pluralistic modelling approaches to simulating climate-land change interactions in East Africa - Pijanowski, Bryan C.; Washington-Ottombre, Camille; Campbell, David; Olson, J.; Moore, Nathan; Alexandridis, Kostas (2007)
We summarize the use of several different modelling approaches we are employing to understand how climate change impacts changes in land use in East Africa. A role playing game model has been employed that helps to elucidate the behavioural drivers of land use change and how these factors are integrated with other biophysical (e.g. climate) and socioeconomic drivers. Outcomes from the game include a qualitative list and integrative understanding of these drivers over spatial and temporal scales and a series of decision maps produced by game participants. A second method includes the use of expert systems or knowledge acquisition approaches that attempt to synthesize expert opinion on how societies may adapt to changes in climate. Outcomes of these knowledge acquisition activities include expert maps and systems diagrams both of which are used to construct and validate models. These two qualitative approaches were used to construct three different sets of models: those that use multi-criteria evaluation techniques integrating a variety of spatial data layers using a geographic information system; a machine learning based model employing artificial neural networks that learn from patterns in data, and a behavioural model using Bayesian Belief Networks that simulates individual behaviour in the context of social interactions. We show how these diverse methods are used together to aid in our understanding of the drivers and impacts of climate change on land use systems in East Africa. In particular, we are interested in the impacts climate change might have on pastoralist, cropping, and urban systems over the next 10-50 years. These methods are being used along with process based models of regional climate change and crop production models to understand the coupling of climate and land systems in this geographically diverse area of the world. In our discussion we compare and contrast these very different, but complementary, modelling approaches to understand climate change at local to regional scales.
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Computer-based learning for the enhancement of breastfeeding training for South African undergraduate dietetic students - Plessis, Lisanne Du (2007)
Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
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Numeracy Strategies for African American Students Successful Partnerships - Powell, Angiline; Anderson, Celia Rousseau (Childhood Education, 2007)
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Some Thoughts on the Search for Just and Democratic Schools in South Africa. - Pretorius, Gertie (Perspectives in Education, 2007)
This article posits an intervention in the education system which integrates the theories of justice as fairness and deliberative democracy. The aim is to honour every child's right to learn in freedom, and to ensure that every child becomes a responsible and democratic South African citizen. The education system and the schools in that system are described as a workplace where adults and children can work together as educators and learners towards achieving the goal of justice by practising the principles of democracy. This includes the author's conception of the constructs of ubuntu, solidarity, and an existential awareness of interrelationships. In addition the author explicates her conceptions of justice and democracy and argues that a circular relationship between these concepts exists that is relevant to the South Africa context. Secondly, the author attempts to search for justice and democracy in South African schools. This goal is achieved through portraying the unjust and undemocratic current scenario in South African schools. In response to this scenario, the intervention provides a vision of hope for just and democratic schools in South Africa.
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Enhancing Diversity in the Geosciences through Providing HBCU Science Majors Training in Natural History Interpretation and Teaching Experiences in Predominantly African-American Communities - Pride, Carol; Olsen, Margaret M. (Journal of Geoscience Education, 2007)
A model deployed at Savannah State University (SSU) for enhancing diversity in the geosciences provides much needed African-American role models in the sciences for school aged children in the surrounding community. The most common and effective means of getting children excited about nature and science is to immerse them in the natural environment. Our aim is to inspire more young Americans to continue in the geosciences by increasing the number of African Americans teaching in informal educational centers and increasing the number of trained geoscientists teaching in the schools. This program model depends on strong partnership between a university and science educators from formal and informal education settings. In two iterations, this program trained 19 science majors from a historically black university in natural history interpretation and provided outdoor marine science camp experiences to children of a barrier island community. It also provided classroom teaching experience to more than 30 marine science majors who delivered geoscience lessons to nearly 300 school children in one academic year. Twelve percent more marine science graduates have pursued teaching positions in the past two years compared to our long term average.
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HIV voluntary counselling and testing for African communities in London: learning from experiences in Kenya - Prost, Audrey; Sseruma, W Ssanyu; Fakoya, Ibidun; Arthur, Gilly; Taegtmeyer, Miriam; Njeri, Annrita; Fakoya, Ade; Imrie, John (Sexually transmitted infections (Print), 2007)
To explore the feasibility and acceptability of translating a successful voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) service model from Kenya to African communities in London.Qualitative study with focus group discussions and a structured workshop with key informants. Five focus group discussions were conducted in London with 42 participants from 14 African countries between August 2006 and January 2007. A workshop was held with 28 key informants. Transcripts from the group discussions and workshop were analysed for recurrent themes.Participants indicated that a community-based HIV VCT service would be acceptable to African communities in London, but also identified barriers to uptake: HIV-related stigma, concerns about confidentiality, and doubts about the ability of community-based services to maintain professional standards of care. Workshop participants highlighted three key requirements to ensure feasibility: (a) efficient referrals to sexual health services for the newly diagnosed; (b) a locally appropriate testing algorithm and quality assurance scheme; (c) a training programme for VCT counsellors.Offering community-based VCT with rapid HIV tests appears feasible within a UK context and acceptable to African communities in London, provided that clients' confidentiality is ensured and appropriate support is given to the newly diagnosed. However, the persistence of concerns related to HIV-related stigma among African communities suggests that routine opt-out testing in healthcare settings may also constitute an effective approach to reducing the proportion of late diagnoses in this group. HIV service models and programmes from Africa constitute a valuable knowledge base for innovative interventions in other settings, including developed countries.
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A statistical study of volcano-tectonic, low frequency and hybrid earthquakes from Ethiopia - Quillen, Alice C.; Ebinger, C. J.; Campbell, Elizabeth; Keir, Derek; Ayele, Atalay (AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2007)
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Estimating climate model systematic errors in a climate change impact study of the Okavango River basin, southwestern Africa using a mesoscale model - Raghavan, Srivatsan V.; Todd, MC (AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2007)
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Labour market transitions in South Africa: What can we learn from matched Labour Force Survey data? - Ranchhod, Vimal; Dinkelman, Taryn (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
We generate a longitudinal dataset using the rotating panel component of the nationally representative Labour Force Surveys from 2001 to 2003. We then estimate the transition probabilities across different labour market states over a six month period. We find that unemployed searchers are more likely to find employment than the non-searching unemployed. Informal sector workers are more likely to find formal sector employment than the searching unemployed. Whites are more likely to find and remain in formal sector jobs. However, some part of the Black-White unemployment gap arises from unemployed Whites leaving the labour force at a higher rate.
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The Determinants of School Attendance and Attainment in Ghana: A Gender Perspective - Sackey, Harry A. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
This study examines the determinants of school attendance and attainment in Ghana with a view to deriving implications for policy direction. Using micro-level data from the Ghana living standards surveys, our gender disaggregated probit models on current schoolattendance and attainment show that parental education and household resources are significant determinants of schooling. The effect of household resources on current schoolattendance is higher for daughters than it is for sons. It appears that for male and female children the impact of household resources on school attendance has reduced, statistically speaking. Father’s schooling effects on the education of female children decreased between 1992 and 1999. Mother’s schooling effects on school attendance of daughtersin 1992 were not significantly different from those realized in 1999. However, the effects of mother’s schooling levels on school attendance of male children appear to have reduced. Other significant determinants of children’s schooling are the age of children, school infrastructure, religion and urban residency. The paper concludes that education matters and has an intergenerational impact. Arguably, sustainable poverty reduction approaches cannot ignore the role of education and implications for employment, earnings and social development. Hence, gender sensitive policies to ensure educational equity are vital.
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Higher Education in Africa: Between Perspectives Opened by the Bologna Process and the Commodification of Education - Sall, Hamidou Nacuzon; Ndjaye, Baye Daraw (European Education, 2007)
(2007). Higher Education in Africa: Between Perspectives Opened by the Bologna Process and the Commodification of Education. European Education: Vol. 39, The Implications of Competition for the Future of European Higher Education (I), pp. 43-57.
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A three-year review of mortality patterns in the medical wards of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. - Sani, MU; Az, Mohammed; Bapp, A; Borodo, MM (PubMed, 2007)
The pattern of morbidity and mortality reflects the burden of disease in a particular community. This pattern shows geographic variations between communities and countries. The knowledge of the pattern of diseases and their contribution to mortality in a given country is very important in evaluating its health care delivery system. Such knowledge is important for health planning and for improving the healthcare services in that particular nation. We set out to study the mortality pattern in our medical wards.This is a retrospective study that reviewed the causes of death in the medical wards of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) Kano between January 2001 and December 2003 (three years). The data were obtained from the admission and discharge/death register, patients' case records, the weekly as well as quarterly mortality reviews. The SPSS version 10 was used to analyse the data.A total of 3369 patients were admitted over the 3 year study period. Of these 2518 (74.7%) were discharged or referred and 851 patients died, giving an overall mortality rate of 25.3%. The male to female admission ratio was 1.6:1. Majority of deaths, 714 (83.9%) occurred after 24 hours of admission. The most important causes of death were infectious diseases other than HIV/AIDS (17.9%), cerebrovascular disease (17%), HIV/AIDS (13.6%), chronic renal failure (12.5%) and diseases of the circulatory system (11.9%).Mortality in the medical wards reflects the emerging trend of mixed disease spectrum burden comprising communicable and non communicable diseases. Public health education, raising the socio-economic status of our people as well as improving the standards of our health care facilities and personnel would prevent a large proportion of deaths from medical wards.
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Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity Structure of the Cameroon Volcanic Line Region - Shore, P.; Euler, G. G.; Tibi, Rigobert; Wiens, Douglas A.; Larson, A. M.; Nyblade, A. A.; Tokam, A.; Tabod, Charles T.; Nnange, J. M.; Ateba, Bekoa (AGUFM, 2007)
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Anomalous Earthquakes Associated With Nyiragongo Volcano (D.R. Congo) - Shuler, A. E.; Ekström, Göran (AGUFM, 2007)
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Establishing enabling structures and measures for people with disabilities in the South African Public Service - Sing, D.; Govender, V. (Journal of Public Administration, 2007)
Immediately after the 1994 elections the post-apartheid Government intervened and embarked, by means of legislative and institutional measures, upon on strategies to integrate and enable people with disabilities to fully participate in the mainstream labour market as well as in Public Service employment (the Public Service is the largest employer in the country) which aimed to include 2% of people with disabilities by 2005. This target has still not been achieved and in July 2006 the overall average figure stood at 0,15% nationally and provincially. In October 2006 the target date was shifted to March 2009. The challenges for all role-players and stakeholders are to expeditiously and effectively take advantage of the enabling environment provided by legislative and institutional measures. This requires focused and determined political will in the legislative and public administration domains together with civil society formations.
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The asymmetries of contact: an assessment of 30 years of school integration in South Africa - Soudien, Crain (Race Ethnicity and Education, 2007)
The essential argument made in this paper is that contact in the South African school is structured around fundamentally asymmetric relations of ‘knowing’ between groups. Three distinct periods are delineated, the first of which (1976–1990) contained the most substantial ideas and contributions to debates and actual steps taken with respect to social difference. The subsequent two periods (1990–1994 and 1994–present) failed to draw on the experience acquired during the first period. The impact of these developments has been to draw politically and culturally weaker groups into the world of the dominant, but in a consistently subordinate position. Significantly, however, distinct repertoires of ‘knowing’, shaped by the political and social conjuncture, developed at different times. The discussion draws attention to problems with the appropriation of hegemonic forms of multiculturalism—assimilation—for explaining how contact and ‘knowing’ are managed in the South African school.
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Causes and pattern of fracture of acrylic dentures among patients seen in a Nigerian teaching hospital. - Tj, Ogunrinde; Dm, Ajayi; Dosumu, O O (PubMed, 2007)
There is little information on the causes and pattern of fracture of acrylic dentures in Nigerian patients despite being the most frequently employed design in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the average life span of acrylic dentures before fracture, the causes and pattern of fracture of acrylic dentures in a Nigerian population. All consecutive patients that presented with fractured acrylic dentures at the Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan between January and July 2006 and were willing to participate were recruited into the study. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to record data from the patients. The questionnaire focused on patients' demographic data, age of acrylic denture as at the time of fracture, causes and pattern of fractures. The data were analysed using SPSS Version 11. A total of sixty-two patients were included in the study. They presented with sixty-nine fractured dentures. Five were complete dentures while 64 were partial dentures. The average life span was 7.4 years +/- 6.6 (SD) years. Early fracture was seen in 9 (13.4%), intermediate fracture in 29 (42%), and late fracture in 31 (44.9%) cases. The commonest cause of fracture was mastication as seen in 30.4% of the cases while the least cause was fight (4.3%). The commonest site of fracture (34.8%) was the palatal plate around the crest of the edentulous ridge while fracture of wrought metal clasps was the least, occurring in 1.4% of cases. We recommend proper design with balanced articulation and more emphasis on compliance to post insertion instructions by patients to prevent early fracture of acrylic dentures. Also, reinforcing the acrylic denture base especially in stress bearing area may prolong the life span of these prostheses.
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The Effects of a Social Skills Strategy on Disruptive and Problem Behaviors in African American Students in an Urban Elementary School: A Pilot Study - Utley, Cheryl A.; Greenwood, Charles R.; Douglas, Katherine (Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 2007)
This pilot study examines the effects of the implementation of the Cool Tool, a social skills strategy, on the disruptive and problem behaviors of third-grade (n=4) and fourth-grade (n =6) African American students in an urban elementary school. Following the completion of the social skills intervention in both classrooms, the findings of pre- and post-classroom observations revealed that (a) the on-task performance and socially appropriate behaviors of African American students increased and (b) teachers increased their level of praises of students' behaviors. Future research efforts should be directed toward implementing a social skills intervention to minimize problem behaviors in African American students and facilitate positive teacher-student interactions.This article is dedicated to the late Dr. Asa Grant Hilliard, III, Fuller E. Calloway Professor of Urban Education at Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, where he held joint appointments in the Departments of Educational Policy Studies, Edu...
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The Effects of a Social Skills Strategy on Disruptive and Problem Behaviors in African American Students in an Urban Elementary School: A Pilot Study - Utley, Cheryl A.; Greenwood, Charles R.; Douglas, Kathy (Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 2007)
This pilot study examines the effects of the implementation of the Cool Tool, a social skills strategy, on the disruptive and problem behaviors of third-grade (n=4) and fourth-grade (n =6) African American students in an urban elementary school. Following the completion of the social skills intervention in both classrooms, the findings of pre- and post-classroom observations revealed that (a) the on-task performance and socially appropriate behaviors of African American students increased and (b) teachers increased their level of praises of students' behaviors. Future research efforts should be directed toward implementing a social skills intervention to minimize problem behaviors in African American students and facilitate positive teacher-student interactions. This article is dedicated to the late Dr. Asa Grant Hilliard, III, Fuller E. Calloway Professor of Urban Education at Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, where he held joint appointments in the Departments of Educational Policy Studies, Educational Psychology, and Special Education.
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Physical and Radiative Properties of Aerosol Particles in the Caribbean: Influence of African Dust and Soufriere Volcanic Ash - Villanueva-Birriel, C. M.; Mayol-Bracero, O. L.; Sheridan, P. J.; Ogren, J. A. (AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2007)
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Appropriate Technical Education, Entrepreneurship AndSkill Training/Acquisition For Tanzania - Wara, S.T.; Ilaboya, I.R.; Hymore, F. K. (2007)
This paper considered the development of enterprising people: especially youths in order to inculcate an attitude of self - reliance using appropriate learning processes, entrepreneurship education and training programme that are aimed directly at stimulating entrepreneurship which may be defined as independent small business ownership or the development of opportunity- seeking managers within companies. The paper considered national growth and poverty reduction by encouraging training that will lead to the developmerlt of enterprises small and medirmz scale industries and entrepreneurs amongst the teaming youths around the world and Tanzania in particular. The central focus was human capacity building for national growth and poverty reduction, ,appropriate teclmica/ education with a view to incorporating entrepreneurship studies and skill acquisition as vital component aimed at empowering the youtlzs with ddequate knowledge and entrepreneurial skills that would prepare them for the world of work.
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The Mozambique Earthquake Sequence of 2006: High-Angle Normal Faulting in Southern Africa - Yang, Zhongrong; Chen, W. (AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2007)
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The Internationalization of Doctoral Social Work Education: Learning from a Partnership in Ethiopia - Butterfield, Alice K. (Advances in social work, 2007)
What does it mean to internationalize doctoral education by working abroad? What does it mean to internationalize doctoral education in one’s home country? This article offers a perspective based on the Social Work Education in Ethiopia Partnership, which established Ethiopia’s first-ever master’s degree in social work in 2004. To ensure sustainability of the MSW program, a doctoral program in Social Work and Social Development was launched in 2006. This article describes the development and research base of the doctoral program. Beginning in the first semester, teams of doctoral students join with poor communities in action research.Overall, these efforts lead to an emerging model of university-based development. Through engaged action research, faculty and students use human capital resources and the educational process to function as “development actors.” Some ideas for internationalizing doctoral education are offered. Deans and directors in the United States and Canada are challenged to expand doctoral education within a developing country and to prepare doctoral students to include international perspectives in their teaching and research.
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Decentralisation and Privatisation of Education in Africa: Which one for Nigeria? - Geo‐JaJa, Macleans A. (2007)
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An investigation into democratic practices in Botswana primary schools - Moswela, Bernard (2007)
This paper reports the findings of a research study conducted among 64 undergraduate inservice teachers at primary schools in Botswana. It uses the qualitative research method to examine and discuss the different leadership approaches used by principals of primary schools. The study concludes that the majority of the principals adequately involve teachers in the decision-making processes of schools. The analysis of the data shows that by and large, qualification is not a significant issue that affects the management style practiced by primary school principals. Rather, the democratic practices that prevail in schools are mainly the result of the existing school improvement initiatives introduced in schools in the 1990s.
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Constructing Ambiguous Identities: Negotiating Race, Respect and Social Change in 'Coloured' Schools in Cape Town, South Africa - Hammett, Daniel (2007)
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Distance learning and higher education in west francophone Africa: an university shaped from outside or renewed from inside ? - Loiret, PJ (2007)
Nowadays, in most papers on education in Africa, distance learning is adorned with all the virtues and then, would be able to modernize the educational systems, to open university to new public, to reduce the costs of education, to bring up to standard the teachers, to increase the access to higher education. Distance learning spreads in French-speaking western Africa, but how and why ? Distance learning mix opposite notions : interests and ideals, values and commercial objectives, economy of education and educational methods, deep impact and “fashion”  effect, individual initiatives and institutional wills.  Projects with continental vocation, as African virtual university of the World Bank, are next to more geographically and culturally targeted devices, as french-speaking digital campuses and more modest initiatives, locally supported by individuals more than by institutions. Our opening coarse interrogation is doubtless “ what is the use of distance learning in Africa ?”. And then reveals another one, more delicate : “ which ambitions does distance learning serve ?”. Our main research hypothesis is that distance teaching can serve both to shape the university from outside that to renew it from inside.
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A constructivist learning event using computers at the Instituto Superior de Ciências de Educação (ISCED) - Angola - Kussumua, IIda Tavita Jurda Tomas (2007)
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The Quest for“Book Learning”: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom - Span, Christopher M.; Anderson, James D. (2007)
This chapter contains sections titled: A Review of the Historiography of African American Education before and after the Civil War
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Impact of school lunch programmes on nutritional status of children in Vihiga District, Western Kenya - Musamali, Betty; Walingo, Mary Khakoni; Mbagaya, Grace M. (African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 2007)
Malnutrition exists in some form in every country.Protein Energy malnutrition is the commonest and the most devastating form of malnutrition among children under five years of age and school children.This suggests that interventions in the school aged children can help reduce levels of malnutrition and its related effects on childrens' health and education.School feeding Programmes (SFP), which have been initiated in many countries including Kenya, have been shown to improve academic performance and nutritional status in developing and industrialized countries.However, the effects of School Lunch programmes (SLP) in Vihiga District have not been evaluated.The purpose of this study was to determine the role of SLP in improving the nutritional status of school children in Emuhaya Division of Vihiga district, Kenya.The objectives of the study were: to compare the nutritional status of participants (children who participate in the school lunch) and non-participants (children who do not participate in the school lunch) and to assess the diet quality of the school and home lunch.It was hypothesized that the nutritional status of participants was better than that of the nonparticipants.Three hundred and twenty pupils (index children) and their parents were randomly selected for the purpose of the study.Anthropometric measurements, 24-hour recall, interview schedules and observed weighed technique were the instruments used in data collection.Using Statistics, frequencies, means, correlations and multiple regressions were generated and used to analyze socio-economic data and effect of SLP on nutritional status.Food composition tables and Epi Info version 6 were also employed to analyze the diet quality of the school and home lunch and anthropometric data respectively.The results indicated a positive association between the school lunch and nutritional status.The diet quality of the school lunch and nutritional status of participants were significantly higher than that of the non-participants.SLP had a positive significant effect on the nutritional status of participating children.More schools and parents in similar environments should therefore be encouraged to venture into the SLP because of their positive outcome on nutritional status as well as the diet quality of participating children.
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Emerging from the Pipeline: African American Students, Socioeconomic Status, and College Experiences and Outcomes - Walpole, MaryBeth (Research in Higher Education, 2007)
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Pattern of ECG abnormalities in Nigerian hypertensive patients seen in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital - Agomuoh, D I; Odia, O J (Port Harcourt Medical Journal, 2007)
Objective: The aim of the study was to document the pattern of EGG abnormalities in the hypertensive patients in Port Harcourt and to compare their prevalence with what obtains in the apparently normal population as documented in previous studies. Methods: The electrocardiographic profile of one hundred and thirty two consecutive hypertensive patients seen at the consultant medical clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital were studied prospectively. All patients were above 15 years of age with blood pressures above 140/90 mmHg taken at more than two visits. As part of their investigations, twelve lead surface electrocardiograms were recorded. They were interpreted by either of the authors and data were analyzed by simple statistical methods. P value was taken as significant if up to or below 0.5. Results: The abnormalities identified were left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH)in37.1%, left axis deviation(LAD) in 30.3%, sinus tachycardia 25.0%,left atrial enlargement(LAE) in 21.2%, atrial fibrillation(AF) in 3.8%, right bundle branch block (RBBB) in 1.5% and left anterior hemi block (LAH) in 0.8%. There were no cases of myocardial infarction nor pathological Q waves. Conclusion: The study concluded that ECG abnormalities are prevalent in our hypertensive patients and given their prognostic significance, the surface ECG remains relevant as one of the first line investigations in these patients. Keywords: Nigerians, Hypertension, ECG abnormalities, Prevalence, Port-Harcourt Port Harcourt Medical Journal Vol. 2 (1) 2007: pp. 22-26
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Rural South African Teachers “Move Home” in an Online Ecology - Henning, Elizabeth (2007)
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Water Resources Management Strategies for Adaptation to Climate-Induced Impacts in South Africa - Mukheibir, Pierre (Water Resources Management, 2007)
This paper focuses on the development of a framework for strategy considerations for water resources management in South Africa to meet the development goals in the municipal and agricultural sectors. The north western part of South Africa experiences severe periods of drought and according to the climate change projections, will be most vulnerable to future climate induced water supply stress. A framework for selecting appropriate strategies is presented. A series of potential adaptation strategies most suitable for long term adaptation are discussed. These include both supply and demand side strategies. Barriers and obstacles to implementing these strategies include human and financial resource deficiencies at local municipal and community levels.
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Suicidal ideation and associated factors among school-going adolescents in rural Uganda - Rudatsikira, Emmanuel; Muula, Adamson S; Siziya, Seter; Twa-Twa, Jeremiahs (BMC Psychiatry, 2007)
Mental health is a neglected area of health research and practice in most of sub-Saharan African countries where the largest burden of morbidity is from infectious diseases. This even occurs despite the fact that some mental health problems may arise from infectious diseases.We conducted secondary analysis of the Uganda Global School-Based Health Survey-2003 to obtain the prevalence of, and assess factors that may be associated with suicidal ideation among school-going adolescents in rural Uganda. Assessment of association was conducted through both bi-variate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Altogether 21.6% of the study participants, 21.3% males and 23.5% females had seriously considered committing suicide within the past 12 months. Loneliness, worry were positively associated with suicide ideation after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, drinking, and experience of having been bullied (OR = 1.59; 95% CI [1.12, 2.26] and OR = 1.19; 95% CI [1.12, 2.25]) respectively. Males were less likely to seriously consider committing suicide than females (OR = 0.70; 95% CI [0.50, 0.98]).Adolescent suicidal ideation is a major public health issue in rural Uganda. Measures aimed to prevent adolescent suicides in Uganda should incorporate our understanding of factors that are associated with suicide in rural Uganda such the gender disparity and the association observed with substance use.
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Suicidal ideation and associated factors among school-going adolescents in rural Uganda - Rudatsikira, Emmanuel; Muula, Adamson S; Siziya, Seter; Twa-Twa, Jeremiahs (Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), 2007)
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Use of search engines for research by postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria - Salako, Omolola; Tiamiyu, Mutawakilu A. (African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2007)
No Abstract. African Journal of Library Archives and Information Science Vol. 17 (2) 2007: pp. 103-117
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Prevalence and correlates of truancy among adolescents in Swaziland: findings from the Global School-Based Health Survey - Siziya, Seter; Muula, Adamson S; Rudatsikira, Emmanuel (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2007)
Abstract Background Educational attainment is an important determinant of diverse health outcomes. Truancy among adolescents jeopardizes chances of achieving their educational goals. Truant behaviors are also associated with various psychosocial problems. There is however limited data on the prevalence and factors associated with truancy among adolescents in Africa. Methods We used data from the Swaziland Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in 2003 to estimate the prevalence of self-reported truancy within the last 30 days among adolescents. We also assessed the association between self-reported truancy and a selected list of independent variables using logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 7341 students participated in the study. In analysis of available data, 2526 (36.2%) and 4470 (63.8%) were males and females respectively. The overall prevalence of truancy within the last 30 days preceding the study was 21.6%. Prevalence of truancy was 27.4% (605) and 17.9% (723) in males and females respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, being a male, having been bullied, lower school grades, and alcohol use were positively associated with truancy. Adolescents who perceived themselves as having parental support were less likely to have reported being truant. Conclusion Truancy among adolescents in Swaziland should be regarded as an important social problem as it is relatively prevalent. The design and implementation of intervention programs aimed to reduce truant behaviours should incorporate our knowledge of the factors identified as associated with bullying.
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Prevalence and correlates of truancy among adolescents in Swaziland: findings from the Global School-Based Health Survey - Siziya, Seter; Muula, Adamson S; Rudatsikira, Emmanuel (Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), 2007)
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Feasibility of abstinence as a preventive strategy for HIV/AIDS control in the University student community in Kumasi, Ghana. - Enuameh, Yeetey; Browne, Erica N.; Owusu‐Dabo, Ellis; Otupiri, Easmon; Edusei, Anthony Kwaku (Journal of the University of Science and Technology, 2007)
HIV is spreading and the youth bear the brunt of its onslaught.Though abstinence until marriage is thought to be the most effective method of HIV prevention for the youth, others think it is ineffective.This study assessed the feasibility of abstinence in preventing HIV/AIDS spread among tertiary students of the KNUST.Study type was non-interventional, descriptive and design current cross-sectional.Study participants were selected by stratified sampling, followed by systematic sampling.A total of 300 participants were sampled.Seventy nine (79%) (95% CI, 73.9-83.8) said STIs could be avoided by abstaining from sex.Ninety six (96%) (95% CI, 93.5-98.3%) said HIV could be acquired via sex.Ninety six (96%) (95% CI, 93.8-98.5%) of those who said HIV could be avoided said it could be done by abstaining from sex.Seventy two (72%) were of the view that sex should start only after marriage.Sixty nine 69% (95% CI, 63.3-74.4%) said they would wait till after marriage to involve in sex.Sixty seven (67%) (95% CI, 60.7-72.1%)were encouraged by peers to abstain from sex, Seventy four (74%) (95% CI, 68.5-79.1%)thought colleagues their age had premarital sex and 28% (95% CI, 22.5-33.4%) said they were pressured to have sex.Thirty one (31%) (95% CI, 25.6-36.7%) of respondents were sexually experienced.There is the general view that HIV/AIDS spread among the youth can be reduced by abstaining from sex until marriage and that abstinence could and should be encouraged as a preventive strategy for HIV/AIDS.
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Gender differences in aerobic fitness of pre-adolescent school children in Makurdi, Nigeria - Goon, D.T.; Toriola, A.L.; Shaw, BS (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2007)
No Abstract. South African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance Vol. 12(4) 2006: pp. 356-368
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Perceived constraints to physical activity among students at paramedical institutions in Uganda - Nizeyimana, Eugene; Phillips, Julie (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2007)
No Abstract. South African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance Vol. 12(4) 2006: pp. 394-402
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Sexual risk behaviour among adolescent school girls in a local community in the Western Cape, South Africa - Phillips, Julie; Malcom, Christine M. (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2007)
No Abstract. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance Vol. 12 (4) 2006: pp. 426-437
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Thinking and Responding to Difference: Pedagogical Challenges for African Education (2007)
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Haile Selassie, Western Education and Political Revolution in Ethiopia - Bassett, Carolyn (Canadian Journal of Political Science, 2007)
Haile Selassie, Western Education and Political Revolution in Ethiopia, Paulos Milkias, Youngstown NY: Cambria Press, 2006, pp. xxii, 364.Paulos Milkias explores Ethiopia's 1974 revolution, focusing on the role of ideas in driving political change. The core of the book explains the political forces that led to the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie I, ending Ethiopia's 3,000-year-old hereditary feudal order and the installation of a military government led by a committee known as the Derg (or Dergue), headed by Mengistu Haile Mariam. The final sections of the book cover the complex and bloody consolidation of the Derg's rule and that government's demise seventeen years later, overthrown by a coalition of revolutionary movements seeking autonomy from Ethiopia's centralized, authoritarian government.
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The monitoring of seismic activity at Nyiragongo volcano through telemetered seismic network Goma Volcano Observatory (Democratic Republic of the Congo) - Pagliuca, Nicola Mauro; Badiali, L.; Cattaneo, M.; Ciraba, H.; Demartin, M.; Durieux, Jacques; Lukaya, F.; Lisi, Arianna; Marzocchi, Warner; Mavonga, Georges; García, Alicia García; Sgroi, Tiziana; et al. (2007)
EUROPEAN CENTER FOR GEODYNAMICS AND SEISMOLOGY Royal Museum for Central Africa, B National Museum of Nat. History, L
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The Mount Cameroon volcano and its sedimentary basement - Tsafack, J. P. F.; Wandji, Pierre; Bardintzeff, Jacques-Marie (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2007)
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Volcanology and petrochemical aspects of Mount Manengouba volcano, Cameroon - Wandji, Pierre; Tagheu, P.J. Chakam; Bardintzeff, Jacques-Marie; Bellón, Hervé (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2007)
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Access to higher education for disabled students in South Africa: a contradictory conjuncture of benevolence, rights and the social model of disability - Matshedisho, Rajohane (Disability & Society, 2007)
The structures of support services for disabled students in the South African higher education system find themselves in a contradictory conjuncture of rights, benevolence and the social model of disability. To elucidate this argument, this paper (a) outlines the status of support provisions for disabled students in South Africa; (b) compares the state of these support provisions with those of the UK and the USA; (c) compares the different paths taken by South Africa and the developed countries in general towards disability rights. It concludes that South Africa seems to be moving along a contradictory path and that it should make a commitment to prioritize equal access to higher education for disabled students.
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Access to higher education for disabled students in South Africa: a contradictory conjuncture of benevolence, rights and the social model of disability - Matshedisho, Rajohane (Disability & Society, 2007)
The structures of support services for disabled students in the South African higher education system find themselves in a contradictory conjuncture of rights, benevolence and the social model of disability. To elucidate this argument, this paper (a) outlines the status of support provisions for disabled students in South Africa; (b) compares the state of these support provisions with those of the UK and the USA; (c) compares the different paths taken by South Africa and the developed countries in general towards disability rights. It concludes that South Africa seems to be moving along a contradictory path and that it should make a commitment to prioritize equal access to higher education for disabled students.
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Access to higher education for disabled students in South Africa: a contradictory conjuncture of benevolence, rights and the social model of disability - Matshedisho, Rajohane (Disability & Society, 2007)
The structures of support services for disabled students in the South African higher education system find themselves in a contradictory conjuncture of rights, benevolence and the social model of disability. To elucidate this argument, this paper (a) outlines the status of support provisions for disabled students in South Africa; (b) compares the state of these support provisions with those of the UK and the USA; (c) compares the different paths taken by South Africa and the developed countries in general towards disability rights. It concludes that South Africa seems to be moving along a contradictory path and that it should make a commitment to prioritize equal access to higher education for disabled students.
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Access to higher education for disabled students in South Africa: a contradictory conjuncture of benevolence, rights and the social model of disability - Matshedisho, Rajohane (Disability & Society, 2007)
The structures of support services for disabled students in the South African higher education system find themselves in a contradictory conjuncture of rights, benevolence and the social model of disability. To elucidate this argument, this paper (a) outlines the status of support provisions for disabled students in South Africa; (b) compares the state of these support provisions with those of the UK and the USA; (c) compares the different paths taken by South Africa and the developed countries in general towards disability rights. It concludes that South Africa seems to be moving along a contradictory path and that it should make a commitment to prioritize equal access to higher education for disabled students.
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Medical Students' Views on the White Coat: A South African Perspective on Ethical Issues - McLean, Michelle; Naidoo, Soornarain S (Ethics & Behavior, 2007)
There is a debate regarding the use of the white coat, a traditional symbol of the medical profession, by students. In a study evaluating final-year South African medical students' perceptions, the white coat was associated with traditional symbolic values (e.g., trust) and had practical uses (e.g., identification). The coat was generally perceived to evoke positive emotions in patients, but some recognized that it may cause anxiety or mistrust. Donning a white coat generally implied a responsibility to the profession. For a few, without the coat, patients would not cooperate, resulting in some perceiving no need to be distinguished from qualified practitioners. There was thus some evidence of entitled (vs. earned) respect. In the light of the underresourced health care setting in which these students learn clinical medicine, we recommend that students be able to recognize the potential for unprofessional or unethical behavior. Students should also be able to identify role models.
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Access Authorization and Monitoring for Web Based Resources for e-Learning System for Secondary Schools in Tanzania - Mwinyiwiwa, Bakari M. M.; Mkocha, K.; Kissaka, M. M. (2007)
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A survey of South African provincial netball coaches\' opinions, abilities and limitations regarding mental skills training - Grobbelaar, Heinrich W. (South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation, 2007)
The purpose of the study was to determine the current situation regarding the implementation of mental skills training (MST) programmes by netball coaches. A total of 265 South African provincial netball players from 28 teams and their respective coaches (n=28) participated in the study. Despite the fact that 89.90% of the coaches regard MST as very important, only 46.43% implemented MST programmes themselves or made use of sport psychologists. In addition to this just more than half (55.56%) of the players are psychologically well prepared for competitions (according to their coaches), with the rest (44.44%) showing average or below average preparation. Among the coaches who implemented MST programmes goal-setting, self-confidence and concentration skills were the most frequently implemented skills. Financial limitations, unavailability of sport psychologists and a lack of knowledge were reported as the most prolific reasons for not implementing MST programmes. An evaluation by the players of their coaches ability to implement certain mental skills as part of MST programmes revealed the coaches' ability to foster team cohesion, enhance self-confidence and commitment, set goals and conduct post-match performance analysis as their best attributes. The opinions, abilities and limitations regarding MST, necessitate further coach education regarding MST programmes and the implementation thereof. Keywords: Coaches; Mental Skills Training; Netball. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation Vol. 29 (2) 2007: pp. 27-40
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4 - Implications of Social Media on Student Activism: The South African Experience in a Digital Age - Ntuli, Mthokozisi Emmanuel; Teferra, Damtew (Métropole (Rabat), 2007)
While the phenomenon of student protest in South Africa is not new, what characterizes the current wave is the successful use of social media to communicate and galvanize students to participate in protests across the country. Recent studies on the use of social media have noted that this form of communication greatly enhances the strength of student movements. However, some scholars have argued that the resulting leadership vacuum, undermines the achievement of their demands and makes it more difficult for the government and higher education authorities to effectively respond to such action. Through the lens of the learning community theory, this article reviews the current literature on social media and student activism in order to establish the effectiveness of its use and the shortcomings thereof. It argues that higher education institutions and the government need to become more conversant with the implications of digital infrastructure. It further suggests that these institutions should create an environment that supports and encourages effective use of social media through provision of the necessary infrastructure. The article provides a deeper understanding of the role that social media can play to galvanize students to advance their causes.
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4 - Implications of Social Media on Student Activism: The South African Experience in a Digital Age - Ntuli, Mthokozisi Emmanuel; Teferra, Damtew (Métropole (Rabat), 2007)
While the phenomenon of student protest in South Africa is not new, what characterizes the current wave is the successful use of social media to communicate and galvanize students to participate in protests across the country. Recent studies on the use of social media have noted that this form of communication greatly enhances the strength of student movements. However, some scholars have argued that the resulting leadership vacuum, undermines the achievement of their demands and makes it more difficult for the government and higher education authorities to effectively respond to such action. Through the lens of the learning community theory, this article reviews the current literature on social media and student activism in order to establish the effectiveness of its use and the shortcomings thereof. It argues that higher education institutions and the government need to become more conversant with the implications of digital infrastructure. It further suggests that these institutions should create an environment that supports and encourages effective use of social media through provision of the necessary infrastructure. The article provides a deeper understanding of the role that social media can play to galvanize students to advance their causes.
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Preliminary results from seismic monitoring at Nyiragongo Volcano through telemetered seismic network, Goma Volcano Observatory (Gvo, Democratic Republic Of Congo). - Pagliuca, Nicola Mauro; Badiali, L.; Cattaneo, M.; Delladio, A.; Demartin, M.; Lukaya, F.; Lisi, Arianna; Marzocchi, Warner; Monachesi, A.; Marchetti, Alessandro; Mavonga, Georges; García, Alicia García; et al. (2007)
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Leisure boredom and high school dropout in Cape Town, South Africa - Wegner, Lisa; Flisher, Alan J.; Chikobvu, Perpetual; Lombard, Carl; King, Gary (Journal of Adolescence, 2007)
This prospective cohort study investigated whether leisure boredom predicts high school dropout. Leisure boredom is the perception that leisure experiences do not satisfy the need for optimal arousal. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire which included the Leisure Boredom Scale. The original cohort of grade 8 students (n=303) was followed up twice at 2-yearly intervals. Of the 281 students at the second follow-up, 149 (53.0%) students had dropped out of school. The effect of leisure boredom on dropout was investigated using logistic regression taking into account the clustering effect of the schools in the sampling strategy, and adjusting for age, gender and racially classified social group. Leisure boredom was a significant predictor of dropout (OR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15) in students 14 years and older, but not so in younger students (OR=1.0; 95% CI: 0.95-1.05). The study has shown that measuring leisure boredom in grade 8 students can help identify students who are more likely to dropout of school. Further research is needed to investigate the longitudinal association between leisure boredom and school dropout.
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School Migration: A Major Concern in Historically Disadvantaged Schools in South Africa (2007)
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Searching the World: Following Three Graduating Classes of a Nigerian Medical School (2007)
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Social and Cultural Capital at School: The Case of a Somali Teenage Girl - Bigelow, Martha (Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2007)
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Social and Cultural Capital at School: The Case of a Somali Teenage Girl - Bigelow, Martha (Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2007)
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Cost and cost-effectiveness of nationwide school-based helminth control in Uganda: intra-country variation and effects of scaling-up - Brooker, Simon; Kabatereine, Narcis B.; Fleming, Fiona; Devlin, Nancy (Health Policy and Planning, 2007)
Estimates of cost and cost-effectiveness are typically based on a limited number of small-scale studies with no investigation of the existence of economies to scale or intra-country variation in cost and cost-effectiveness. This information gap hinders the efficient allocation of health care resources and the ability to generalize estimates to other settings. The current study investigates the intra-country variation in the cost and cost-effectiveness of nationwide school-based treatment of helminth (worm) infection in Uganda. Programme cost data were collected through semi-structured interviews with district officials and from accounting records in six of the 23 intervention districts. Both financial and economic costs were assessed. Costs were estimated on the basis of cost in US$ per schoolchild treated, and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (cost in US$ per case of anaemia averted) was used to evaluate programme cost-effectiveness. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of discount rate and drug price. The overall economic cost per child treated in the six districts was US$0.54 and the cost-effectiveness was US$3.19 per case of anaemia averted. Analysis indicated that estimates of both cost and cost-effectiveness differ markedly with the total number of children who received treatment, indicating economies of scale. There was also substantial variation between districts in the cost per individual treated (US$0.41–0.91) and cost per anaemia case averted (US$1.70–9.51). Independent variables were shown to be statistically associated with both sets of estimates. This study highlights the potential bias in transferring data across settings without understanding the nature of observed variations.
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Effectiveness of training supervisors to improve reproductive health quality of care: a cluster-randomized trial in Kenya - Reynolds, Heidi W.; Toroitich‐Ruto, Cathy; Nasution, Marlina D.; Beaston-Blaakman, Aaron; Janowitz, Barbara (Health Policy and Planning, 2007)
Health facility supervisors are in a position to increase motivation, manage resources, facilitate communication, increase accountability and conduct outreach. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a training intervention for on-site, in-charge reproductive health supervisors in Kenya using an experimental design with pre- and post-test measures in 60 health facilities. Cost information and data from supervisors, providers, clients and facilities were collected. Regression models with the generalized estimating equation approach were used to test differences between study groups and over time, accounting for clustering and matching. Total accounting costs per person trained were calculated. The intervention resulted in significant improvements in quality of care at the supervisor, provider and client–provider interaction levels. Indicators of improvements in the facility environment and client satisfaction were not apparent. The costs of delivering the supervision training intervention totalled US$2113 per supervisor trained. In making decisions about whether to expand the intervention, the costs of this intervention should be compared with other interventions designed to improve quality.
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Brief communication: Low prevalence of HIV infection, and knowledge, attitude and practice on HIV/AIDS among high school students in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia - Andargie, Gashaw; Kassu, Afework; Moges, Feleke; Kebede, Yenew; Gedefaw, Molla; Wale, Fisseha; Alem, Adugnaw Zeleke; Andualem, Berhanu; Adungna, S (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2007)
HIV/AIDS is a major public health problem in Ethiopia.Therefore, a school based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar; Northwest Ethiopia to determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection and to assess Knowledge, attitude and practice related to HIV/AIDS.A total of 565 students were included in the study.The seroprevalence of HIV infection was 1.1%.Sexual contact with commercial sex worker or non-regular partner was reported by 16.7% of the students.Only 58.5% of those who practice sex used condoms.History of sexually transmitted diseases was reported by 10.7% of the sexually active students.The majority (96.6%) reported unprotected sex, unsafe blood transfusion, contaminated needles and mother to child transmissions as common ways of HIV transmission.Abstinence, faithfulness to one's partner and use of condom as means to prevent transmission of HIV was responded by 84.1%, 60.4% and 41.8% of the students, respectively.Over 82% demanded screening for HIV as a precondition for marriage and 97.2% agreed to have a VCT service.The findings of the study indicate that the prevalence of HIV infection is low among high school students in Gondar.The students had adequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS and VCT despite the risky practices.Continued health education is needed to bring behavioral changes.[
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Recommendations for Working with African American Parents of Primary School Children in Low-Resourced Schools. - Mehta, Sejal; West-Olatunji, Cirecie; Sanders, Tiffany D.; Goodman, Rachael D. (2007)
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Equity in the distribution of bursary to secondary school students in Busia district, Kenya - Odebero, Stephen O.; Sang, Anthony K.; Bosire, Joseph; Othuon, Lucas (Educational Research Review, 2007)
This study sought to find out the opinion of the head teachers on equity of the established criteria in bursary support for the needy. It was done in the District’s 27 secondary schools with the total student enrolment of 5780. All the 190 students (3.3% of the total enrolment) who had received bursaries from 1999 - 2002 in the district were included in the study. Another saturated sample of 27 head teachers was included in the study. Data was collected using questionnaires, in-depth interview schedules and document analysis. The study used Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients to measure equity in bursary distribution. Findings show that bursary allocations in the district were inequitably distributed for all the years studied. It further reveals that the bursary award criteria were largely not effective in identifying and benefiting the most needy students. It recommended that there is need to review the criteria for the selection of the students with financial need. The study further recommends mounting of workshops and seminars for stakeholders to educate those in charge of disbursements on key items within the disbursement process so as to eliminate ambiguities in the criteria. Key words: Access to secondary school education, equity, bursary, Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient.
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Knowledge, attitude, and practice on emergency contraceptives among female university students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Tamire, Wegene; Enqueselassie, Fikre (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2007)
Background: Unwanted pregnancy followed by unsafe abortion can be avoided by using different contraceptive methods, including emergency contraceptives.Information on knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraceptives among women is particularly important because of high rates of teenage and unwanted pregnancies as well as soaring STI and HIV/AIDS rates.Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraceptives among young females.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 774 female students at Addis Ababa University and Unity University College from January to September 2005.Results: About 43.5% (95% CI 40.0 -47.0%) of the students said that they have heard about emergency contraceptives.When asked about specific types of emergency contraceptives, among those who have ever heard of emergency contraceptives, 279 (82.8%) mentioned pills and 115 (34.1%) mentioned intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs).About 53% (95% CI 49.1-56.1%) of the students had positive attitude towards emergency contraceptives and only 4.9% (95% CI 3.4-6.4%)respondents reported that they had used emergency contraceptive methods previously. Conclusion:The study has shown that there is low level of knowledge and practice of emergency contraceptives among female university students.[
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Trans-cultural nursing: exploring the experiences of international students visiting Namibia - Pretorius, Louise; Small, LF (Health Sa Gesondheid, 2007)
In a rapidly changing world, where people from diverse cultures move about more readily, nurses may find themselves faced with patients and clients with a totally different world perspective and health belief system.

ABSTRAK
In ‘n wêreld wat vinnig verander vind ons dat persone van uiteenlopende kulture meer migreer. Verpleegkundiges bevind hulle midde in die proses en kom gevolglik in kontak met pasiënte en kliënte met ’n ander wêreld- en gesondheidsbeskouing.
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Disability as a Metaphor for Cultural Production in African films - Devlieger, Patrick; Coster, Jori De (2007)
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The Economic Impact Of Climate Change On Agriculture In Cameroon, Volume 1of 1 - Molua, Ernest L.; Lambi, Cornelius Mbifung (2007)
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Measuring The Economic Impact Of Climate Change On Ethiopian Agriculture : Ricardian Approach - Deressa, Temesgen (2007)
This study uses the Ricardian approach to analyze the impact of climate change on Ethiopian agriculture and to describe farmer adaptations to varying environmental factors. The study analyzes data from 11 of the country's 18 agro-ecological zones, representing more than 74 percent of the country, and survey of 1,000 farmers from 50 districts. Regressing of net revenue on climate, household, and soil variables show that these variables have a significant impact on the farmers' net revenue per hectare.The study carries out a marginal impact analysis of increasing temperature and changing precipitation across the four seasons. In addition, it examines the impact of uniform climate scenarios on farmers' net revenue per hectare. Additionally, it analyzes the net revenue impact of predicted climate scenarios from three models for the years 2050 and 2100. In general, the results indicate that increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation are both damaging to Ethiopian agriculture. Although the analysis did not incorporate the carbon fertilization effect, the role of technology, or the change in prices for the future, significant information for policy-making can be extracted.
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Measuring The Economic Impact Of Climate Change On Ethiopian Agriculture : Ricardian Approach - Deressa, Temesgen (2007)
This study uses the Ricardian approach to analyze the impact of climate change on Ethiopian agriculture and to describe farmer adaptations to varying environmental factors. The study analyzes data from 11 of the country's 18 agro-ecological zones, representing more than 74 percent of the country, and survey of 1,000 farmers from 50 districts. Regressing of net revenue on climate, household, and soil variables show that these variables have a significant impact on the farmers' net revenue per hectare.The study carries out a marginal impact analysis of increasing temperature and changing precipitation across the four seasons. In addition, it examines the impact of uniform climate scenarios on farmers' net revenue per hectare. Additionally, it analyzes the net revenue impact of predicted climate scenarios from three models for the years 2050 and 2100. In general, the results indicate that increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation are both damaging to Ethiopian agriculture. Although the analysis did not incorporate the carbon fertilization effect, the role of technology, or the change in prices for the future, significant information for policy-making can be extracted.
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Measuring The Economic Impact Of Climate Change On Ethiopian Agriculture : Ricardian Approach - Deressa, Temesgen (2007)
This study uses the Ricardian approach to analyze the impact of climate change on Ethiopian agriculture and to describe farmer adaptations to varying environmental factors. The study analyzes data from 11 of the country's 18 agro-ecological zones, representing more than 74 percent of the country, and survey of 1,000 farmers from 50 districts. Regressing of net revenue on climate, household, and soil variables show that these variables have a significant impact on the farmers' net revenue per hectare.The study carries out a marginal impact analysis of increasing temperature and changing precipitation across the four seasons. In addition, it examines the impact of uniform climate scenarios on farmers' net revenue per hectare. Additionally, it analyzes the net revenue impact of predicted climate scenarios from three models for the years 2050 and 2100. In general, the results indicate that increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation are both damaging to Ethiopian agriculture. Although the analysis did not incorporate the carbon fertilization effect, the role of technology, or the change in prices for the future, significant information for policy-making can be extracted.
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Measuring The Economic Impact Of Climate Change On Ethiopian Agriculture : Ricardian Approach - Deressa, Temesgen (2007)
This study uses the Ricardian approach to analyze the impact of climate change on Ethiopian agriculture and to describe farmer adaptations to varying environmental factors. The study analyzes data from 11 of the country's 18 agro-ecological zones, representing more than 74 percent of the country, and survey of 1,000 farmers from 50 districts. Regressing of net revenue on climate, household, and soil variables show that these variables have a significant impact on the farmers' net revenue per hectare.The study carries out a marginal impact analysis of increasing temperature and changing precipitation across the four seasons. In addition, it examines the impact of uniform climate scenarios on farmers' net revenue per hectare. Additionally, it analyzes the net revenue impact of predicted climate scenarios from three models for the years 2050 and 2100. In general, the results indicate that increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation are both damaging to Ethiopian agriculture. Although the analysis did not incorporate the carbon fertilization effect, the role of technology, or the change in prices for the future, significant information for policy-making can be extracted.
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The Economic Impact Of Climate Change On Kenyan Crop Agriculture : A Ricardian Approach - Kabubo-Mariara, Jane; Karanja, Fredrick K (2007)
This paper measures the economic impact of climate on crops in Kenya. The analysis is based on cross-sectional climate, hydrological, soil, and household level data for a sample of 816 households, and uses a seasonal Ricardian model. Estimated marginal impacts of climate variables suggest that global warming is harmful for agricultural productivity and that changes in temperature are much more important than changes in precipitation. This result is confirmed by the predicted impact of various climate change scenarios on agriculture. The results further confirm that the temperature component of global warming is much more important than precipitation. The authors analyze farmers'perceptions of climate variations and their adaptation to these, and also constraints on adaptation mechanisms. The results suggest that farmers in Kenya are aware of short-term climate change, that most of them have noticed an increase in temperatures, and that some have taken adaptive measures.
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The Perception Of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa - Maddison, David (2007)
The objective of this paper is to determine the ability of farmers in Africa to detect climate change, and to ascertain how they have adapted to whatever climate change they believe has occurred. The paper also asks farmers whether they perceive any barriers to adaptation and attempts to determine the characteristics of those farmers who, despite claiming to have witnessed climate change, have not yet responded to it. The study is based on a large-scale survey of agriculturalists in 11 African countries. The survey reveals that significant numbers of farmers believe that temperatures have already increased and that precipitation has declined. Those with the greatest experience of farming are more likely to notice climate change. Further, neighboring farmers tell a consistent story. There are important differences in the propensity of farmers living in different locations to adapt and there may be institutional impediments to adaptation in some countries. Although large numbers of farmers perceive no barriers to adaptation, those that do perceive them tend to cite their poverty and inability to borrow. Few if any farmers mentioned lack of appropriate seed, security of tenure, or market accessibility as problems. Those farmers who perceive climate change but fail to respond may require particular incentives or assistance to do what is ultimately in their own best interests. Although experienced farmers are more likely to perceive climate change, it is educated farmers who are more likely to respond by making at least one adaptation.
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The Perception Of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa - Maddison, David (2007)
The objective of this paper is to determine the ability of farmers in Africa to detect climate change, and to ascertain how they have adapted to whatever climate change they believe has occurred. The paper also asks farmers whether they perceive any barriers to adaptation and attempts to determine the characteristics of those farmers who, despite claiming to have witnessed climate change, have not yet responded to it. The study is based on a large-scale survey of agriculturalists in 11 African countries. The survey reveals that significant numbers of farmers believe that temperatures have already increased and that precipitation has declined. Those with the greatest experience of farming are more likely to notice climate change. Further, neighboring farmers tell a consistent story. There are important differences in the propensity of farmers living in different locations to adapt and there may be institutional impediments to adaptation in some countries. Although large numbers of farmers perceive no barriers to adaptation, those that do perceive them tend to cite their poverty and inability to borrow. Few if any farmers mentioned lack of appropriate seed, security of tenure, or market accessibility as problems. Those farmers who perceive climate change but fail to respond may require particular incentives or assistance to do what is ultimately in their own best interests. Although experienced farmers are more likely to perceive climate change, it is educated farmers who are more likely to respond by making at least one adaptation.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Perception Of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa - Maddison, David (2007)
The objective of this paper is to determine the ability of farmers in Africa to detect climate change, and to ascertain how they have adapted to whatever climate change they believe has occurred. The paper also asks farmers whether they perceive any barriers to adaptation and attempts to determine the characteristics of those farmers who, despite claiming to have witnessed climate change, have not yet responded to it. The study is based on a large-scale survey of agriculturalists in 11 African countries. The survey reveals that significant numbers of farmers believe that temperatures have already increased and that precipitation has declined. Those with the greatest experience of farming are more likely to notice climate change. Further, neighboring farmers tell a consistent story. There are important differences in the propensity of farmers living in different locations to adapt and there may be institutional impediments to adaptation in some countries. Although large numbers of farmers perceive no barriers to adaptation, those that do perceive them tend to cite their poverty and inability to borrow. Few if any farmers mentioned lack of appropriate seed, security of tenure, or market accessibility as problems. Those farmers who perceive climate change but fail to respond may require particular incentives or assistance to do what is ultimately in their own best interests. Although experienced farmers are more likely to perceive climate change, it is educated farmers who are more likely to respond by making at least one adaptation.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Perception Of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa - Maddison, David (2007)
The objective of this paper is to determine the ability of farmers in Africa to detect climate change, and to ascertain how they have adapted to whatever climate change they believe has occurred. The paper also asks farmers whether they perceive any barriers to adaptation and attempts to determine the characteristics of those farmers who, despite claiming to have witnessed climate change, have not yet responded to it. The study is based on a large-scale survey of agriculturalists in 11 African countries. The survey reveals that significant numbers of farmers believe that temperatures have already increased and that precipitation has declined. Those with the greatest experience of farming are more likely to notice climate change. Further, neighboring farmers tell a consistent story. There are important differences in the propensity of farmers living in different locations to adapt and there may be institutional impediments to adaptation in some countries. Although large numbers of farmers perceive no barriers to adaptation, those that do perceive them tend to cite their poverty and inability to borrow. Few if any farmers mentioned lack of appropriate seed, security of tenure, or market accessibility as problems. Those farmers who perceive climate change but fail to respond may require particular incentives or assistance to do what is ultimately in their own best interests. Although experienced farmers are more likely to perceive climate change, it is educated farmers who are more likely to respond by making at least one adaptation.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

The Perception Of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa - Maddison, David (2007)
The objective of this paper is to determine the ability of farmers in Africa to detect climate change, and to ascertain how they have adapted to whatever climate change they believe has occurred. The paper also asks farmers whether they perceive any barriers to adaptation and attempts to determine the characteristics of those farmers who, despite claiming to have witnessed climate change, have not yet responded to it. The study is based on a large-scale survey of agriculturalists in 11 African countries. The survey reveals that significant numbers of farmers believe that temperatures have already increased and that precipitation has declined. Those with the greatest experience of farming are more likely to notice climate change. Further, neighboring farmers tell a consistent story. There are important differences in the propensity of farmers living in different locations to adapt and there may be institutional impediments to adaptation in some countries. Although large numbers of farmers perceive no barriers to adaptation, those that do perceive them tend to cite their poverty and inability to borrow. Few if any farmers mentioned lack of appropriate seed, security of tenure, or market accessibility as problems. Those farmers who perceive climate change but fail to respond may require particular incentives or assistance to do what is ultimately in their own best interests. Although experienced farmers are more likely to perceive climate change, it is educated farmers who are more likely to respond by making at least one adaptation.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

The Perception Of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa - Maddison, David (2007)
The objective of this paper is to determine the ability of farmers in Africa to detect climate change, and to ascertain how they have adapted to whatever climate change they believe has occurred. The paper also asks farmers whether they perceive any barriers to adaptation and attempts to determine the characteristics of those farmers who, despite claiming to have witnessed climate change, have not yet responded to it. The study is based on a large-scale survey of agriculturalists in 11 African countries. The survey reveals that significant numbers of farmers believe that temperatures have already increased and that precipitation has declined. Those with the greatest experience of farming are more likely to notice climate change. Further, neighboring farmers tell a consistent story. There are important differences in the propensity of farmers living in different locations to adapt and there may be institutional impediments to adaptation in some countries. Although large numbers of farmers perceive no barriers to adaptation, those that do perceive them tend to cite their poverty and inability to borrow. Few if any farmers mentioned lack of appropriate seed, security of tenure, or market accessibility as problems. Those farmers who perceive climate change but fail to respond may require particular incentives or assistance to do what is ultimately in their own best interests. Although experienced farmers are more likely to perceive climate change, it is educated farmers who are more likely to respond by making at least one adaptation.
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The Impact Of Climate Change On African Agriculture : A Ricardian Approach - Maddison, David; Manley, Marita; Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep (2007)
This paper uses the Ricardian approach to examine how farmers in 11 countries in Africa have adapted to existing climatic conditions. It then estimates the effects of predicted changes in climate while accounting for whatever farmer adaptation might occur. This study differs from earlier ones by using farmers' own perceptions of the value of their land. Previous research, by contrast, has relied on either observed sale prices or net revenues, sometimes aggregated over geographically large tracts of terrain. The study also makes use of high resolution data describing soil quality and runoff. Furthermore, it tackles the challenges involved in modeling the effect of climate on agriculture in a study that includes countries in the northern and southern hemispheres, as well as the tropics. The study confirms that African agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Even with perfect adaptation, regional climate change by 2050 is predicted to entail production losses of 19.9 percent for Burkina Faso and 30.5 percent for Niger. By contrast, countries such as Ethiopia and South Africa are hardly affected at all, suffering productivity losses of only 1.3 percent and 3 percent, respectively. The study also confirms the importance of water supplies as measured by runoff, which, being affected by both temperature and precipitation, may itself be highly sensitive to climate change.
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Cross-cultural Perceptual Differences- Among African American, Caucasian, and Greek-Cypriot College Students - Argyrides, Marios (2007)
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Lack of education plagues Mozambique economy - Butler, John E. (2007)
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A Ricardian Analysis Of The Impact Of Climate Change On African Cropland - Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep; Mendelsohn, Robert (2007)
This study examines the impact of climate change on cropland in Africa. It is based on a survey of more than 9,000 farmers in 11 countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The study uses a Ricardian cross-sectional approach in which net revenue is regressed on climate, water flow, soil, and economic variables. The results show that net revenues fall as precipitation falls or as temperatures warm across all the surveyed farms. In addition to examining all farms together, the study examined dryland and irrigated farms separately. Dryland farms are especially climate sensitive. Irrigated farms have a positive immediate response to warming because they are located in relatively cool parts of Africa. The study also examined some simple climate scenarios to see how Africa would respond to climate change. These uniform scenarios assume that only one aspect of climate changes and the change is uniform across all of Africa. In addition, the study examined three climate change scenarios from Atmospheric Oceanic General Circulation Models. These scenarios predicted changes in climate in each country over time. Not all countries are equally vulnerable to climate change. First, the climate scenarios predict different temperature and precipitation changes in each country. Second, it is also important whether a country is already hot and dry. Third, the extent to which farms are irrigated is also important.
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A Ricardian Analysis Of The Impact Of Climate Change On African Cropland - Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep; Mendelsohn, Robert (2007)
This study examines the impact of climate change on cropland in Africa. It is based on a survey of more than 9,000 farmers in 11 countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The study uses a Ricardian cross-sectional approach in which net revenue is regressed on climate, water flow, soil, and economic variables. The results show that net revenues fall as precipitation falls or as temperatures warm across all the surveyed farms. In addition to examining all farms together, the study examined dryland and irrigated farms separately. Dryland farms are especially climate sensitive. Irrigated farms have a positive immediate response to warming because they are located in relatively cool parts of Africa. The study also examined some simple climate scenarios to see how Africa would respond to climate change. These uniform scenarios assume that only one aspect of climate changes and the change is uniform across all of Africa. In addition, the study examined three climate change scenarios from Atmospheric Oceanic General Circulation Models. These scenarios predicted changes in climate in each country over time. Not all countries are equally vulnerable to climate change. First, the climate scenarios predict different temperature and precipitation changes in each country. Second, it is also important whether a country is already hot and dry. Third, the extent to which farms are irrigated is also important.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Ricardian Analysis Of The Impact Of Climate Change On African Cropland - Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep; Mendelsohn, Robert (2007)
This study examines the impact of climate change on cropland in Africa. It is based on a survey of more than 9,000 farmers in 11 countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The study uses a Ricardian cross-sectional approach in which net revenue is regressed on climate, water flow, soil, and economic variables. The results show that net revenues fall as precipitation falls or as temperatures warm across all the surveyed farms. In addition to examining all farms together, the study examined dryland and irrigated farms separately. Dryland farms are especially climate sensitive. Irrigated farms have a positive immediate response to warming because they are located in relatively cool parts of Africa. The study also examined some simple climate scenarios to see how Africa would respond to climate change. These uniform scenarios assume that only one aspect of climate changes and the change is uniform across all of Africa. In addition, the study examined three climate change scenarios from Atmospheric Oceanic General Circulation Models. These scenarios predicted changes in climate in each country over time. Not all countries are equally vulnerable to climate change. First, the climate scenarios predict different temperature and precipitation changes in each country. Second, it is also important whether a country is already hot and dry. Third, the extent to which farms are irrigated is also important.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Ricardian Analysis Of The Impact Of Climate Change On African Cropland - Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep; Mendelsohn, Robert (2007)
This study examines the impact of climate change on cropland in Africa. It is based on a survey of more than 9,000 farmers in 11 countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The study uses a Ricardian cross-sectional approach in which net revenue is regressed on climate, water flow, soil, and economic variables. The results show that net revenues fall as precipitation falls or as temperatures warm across all the surveyed farms. In addition to examining all farms together, the study examined dryland and irrigated farms separately. Dryland farms are especially climate sensitive. Irrigated farms have a positive immediate response to warming because they are located in relatively cool parts of Africa. The study also examined some simple climate scenarios to see how Africa would respond to climate change. These uniform scenarios assume that only one aspect of climate changes and the change is uniform across all of Africa. In addition, the study examined three climate change scenarios from Atmospheric Oceanic General Circulation Models. These scenarios predicted changes in climate in each country over time. Not all countries are equally vulnerable to climate change. First, the climate scenarios predict different temperature and precipitation changes in each country. Second, it is also important whether a country is already hot and dry. Third, the extent to which farms are irrigated is also important.
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Education is key to wiping out malaria in Mozambique - Butler, Joey (2007)
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Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and respiratory symptoms of women and children in a Zimbabwean village - Rumchev, Krassi; Spickett, Jeffery; Brown, Helen; Mkhweli, B. (Indoor Air, 2007)
Indoor AirVolume 17, Issue 6 p. 468-474 Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and respiratory symptoms of women and children in a Zimbabwean village K. Rumchev, K. Rumchev Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health, Perth, WA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. T. Spickett, J. T. Spickett Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health, Perth, WA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author H. L. Brown, H. L. Brown Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health, Perth, WA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorB. Mkhweli, B. Mkhweli Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health, Perth, WA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author K. Rumchev, K. Rumchev Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health, Perth, WA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. T. Spickett, J. T. Spickett Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health, Perth, WA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author H. L. Brown, H. L. Brown Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health, Perth, WA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorB. Mkhweli, B. Mkhweli Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health, Perth, WA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 November 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00494.xCitations: 10 K. RumchevSchool of Public HealthCurtin University of TechnologyGPO Box U1987PerthWA 6845AustraliaTel.: 61 8 9266 4342Fax: 61 8 9266 2958e-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References American Thoracic Society (1978) Recommended adult questionnaire for respiratory symptoms, ATS-DLD-78, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 118, 10– 23. Armstrong, J.R. and Campbell, H. (1991) Indoor air pollution exposure and lower respiratory symptoms in young Gambian children, Int. J. Epidemiol., 20, 424– 429. Boleij, J.S.M., Ruigewaard, P. and Hoek, F. (1989) Domestic air pollution from biomass burning in Kenya, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1677– 1681. Bruce, N., Neufeld, L., Boy, E. and West C. (1998) Indoor biofuel air pollution and respiratory health: the role of confounding factors among women in highland Guatemala, Int. J. Epidemiol., 27, 454– 458. Bruce, N., Perez-Badila, R. and Albalak, R. (2000) Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge, Bull. World Health Organ., 78, 1078– 1092. Collings, D.A., Sithole, S.D. and Martin, K.S. (1990) Indoor wood smoke pollution causing lower respiratory disease in children, Trop. Doct., 20, 151– 155. Desai, M.A., Mehta, S. and Smith, K.R. (2004) Indoor Smoke from Solid Fuels: Assessing the Environmental Burden of Disease at National and Local Levels. WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 4., Geneva, World Health Organization. Ellegard, A. (1996) Cooking fuel smoke and respiratory symptoms among women in low income areas of Maputo, Environ. Health. Perspect., 104, 980– 985. Engel, P., Hurtado, E. and Ruel, M. (1998) Smoke exposure of women and young children in highland Guatemala: predictions and recall accuracy, Hum. Organ., 54, 522– 542 Ezzati, M. (2005) Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries, Lancet, 366, 104– 106. Ezzati, M. and Kammen, D.M. (2001) Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion as a risk factor for acute respiratory infections in Kenya: an exposure response study, Lancet, 358, 619– 624. Kossove, D. (1982) Smoke filled rooms and lower respiratory disease in infants, S. Afr. Med. J., 61, 622– 624. Mandal, A. and Mandal, S. (2002) Impact of indoor air pollutants on health of women: a case study. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, California, Construction Research Communications Ltd., 618– 622. Mishra, V. (2003) Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory illness in preschool age children in Zimbabwe, Int. J. Epidemiol., 32, 847– 853. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (1998) Annual Report: Air pollution Control Unit, Harare, MOHCW. Smith, K., Samet, J., Romieu, I. and Bruce, N. (2000) Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute respiratory infections in children, Thorax, 55, 518– 532. Standards Australia (1987) Workplace Atmospheres – Method for Sampling and Gravimetric Determination of Respirable Dust. (AS 2985–1987), Canberra, Standards Australia. UNEP (2005) The Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development and some considerations for Governments and Civil Society, Third Draft. United Nations Environment Programme. URL http://www.unep.org/civil_society/PDF_docs/background_doc_energy_southern.pdf [accessed on 26 October 2007]. US EPA (1997) National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. Federal Register Environmental Documents, Vol. 62, No. 138, Washington, D.C., United States Environmental Protection Agency. WHO (2000) Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. European, Series, No. 91, 2nd edn, Copenhagen, Denmark, World Health Organization Regional Publications. WHO (2005) Air Quality Guidelines Global Update. Copenhagen, Denmark, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHOLIS Number E87950. WHO (2006). Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health, Switzerland, World Health Organization Press. Zimbabwe Government (1996). Housing and Building Act: Model Building By-Laws, Harare, Government Printers. Citing Literature Volume17, Issue6December 2007Pages 468-474 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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Learning from others within the landscape of “transitional economies” and the challenge in ICT development for African countries - Odamtten, Thomas; Millard, Jeremy (AI & SOCIETY, 2007)
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Options for the development of the education and professional qualification of South African actuaries - Slattery, P G; Kemp, H J (South African Actuarial Journal, 2007)
This paper investigates the various education and qualification systems available around the world for actuaries, and analyses which actuarial associations rely on their own examinations, those of other bodies, or those of universities. Particular attention is given to the Australian system, which in several ways parallels the South African situation. The paper outlines the pros and possible cons of a local education and qualification system for the actuarial profession in South Africa. Various options currently available to the Actuarial Society of South Africa relating to a local education and qualification system are discussed. Following the withdrawal of the localised final examinations by the Faculty and Institute of Actuaries at the end of 2006, themaintenance of the current system is not an option. Key issues that will need to be addressed if changes are to be made to the South African actuarial education system are highlighted. Keywords: Education; professional qualification; professional designation; actuaries; South Africa South African Acturial Journal Vol. 7 2007: pp. 1-47
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Cameroon: International Training Centre (Africa research bulletin. Political, social and cultural series (Print), 2007)
Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural SeriesVolume 44, Issue 10 p. 17283A-17283A Cameroon: International Training Centre First published: 19 November 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2007.01337.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume44, Issue10November 2007Pages 17283A-17283A RelatedInformation
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Edinburgh vet school helps tackle sleeping sickness in Uganda (Veterinary Record, 2007)
Veterinary RecordVolume 161, Issue 20 p. 671-671 News & Report Edinburgh vet school helps tackle sleeping sickness in Uganda First published: 17 November 2007 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.20.671Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume161, Issue20November 2007Pages 671-671 RelatedInformation
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Haile Selassie, western education and political revolution in Ethiopia (Choice Reviews Online, 2007)
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How newly qualified primary teachers develop: A case study in rural Eritrea - Abraham, Belay; Ghebreab, Freweini; Ghebremichael, Tewolde; Ghebreselassie, Asmerom; Holmes, John; White, Goodith (International Journal of Educational Development, 2007)
This paper reports on the professional development of a small group of newly qualified teachers (NQTs) who began their careers in four rural schools in Eritrea. These teachers were monitored over a period of four years from 2001 to 2004. Their development as primary practitioners was recorded by videoing and observing their classes and by interviews and informal discussions held over the period. The ways in which they developed and the factors involved in this development are analysed and discussed. It is hoped that this research offers an insight into the challenges faced by newly qualified teachers in small rural communities, often very much dependant on their own resources and those of the local community. This indicates ways in which the current programme and on-going in-service provision may be targeted in future. An important point is made that in spite of the unusual circumstances of education in Eritrea this research provides insights that are relevant to other sociocultural contexts.
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The Predictive Effects of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Teaching Efficacy of Secondary School Teachers in Ibadan, Nigeria - Adeyemo, D. A. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 2007)
The study investigated the capacity of job satisfaction and organizational commitment to predict teaching efficacy of secondary school teachers. Data from a sample of 300 secondary school teachers were obtained, including measurement of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and teacher efficacy. Multiple regression analysis was used as a statistical tool. The results indicated that both job satisfaction and organizational commitment are potent predictors of teacher efficacy. The practical implication of this finding is that educational administrators and policy makers need to map out appropriate strategies for enhancing teachers’ job satisfaction and commitment as pre-requisites for developing teacher efficacy. Key words: Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, teacher efficacy.
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Mathematics Education for Dynamic Economy in Nigeria in the 21st Century - Aguele, Lawrence I.; Usman, Kolawole O. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2007)
KEYWORDS Mathematics education; dynamic economy; science technology; nation building ABSTRACT The Nigeria economy requires Mathematics that can effectively put science and technology in the for- front of nation building. This paper reviewed the role of Mathematics in Science and Technology and the nature of Mathematics that would facilitate the realization of a dynamic economy. The challenges of Mathematics education in the 21st century were highlighted to include: i. Incorporating new developments in Science and Technology into Mathematics, ii. Acceleration of programs for the continued professional development of teachers; and iii. Need for Mathematics educators to find new assessment instruments that reflect the new expectation of mathematics education.
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The Impact of Relationship Management of Peace Education on Labour-management Relations and Workers Welfare in Selected Industries in Nigeria - Ajala, E. M. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2007)
The study examines the impact of relationship management in peace education (independent variable) on labour-management relations and workers’ welfare (dependent variable) in industries. The study further examined the predictive effects of the independent variables on the dependent measure. The study is descriptive survey using 976 respondents randomly selected from eight industrial house unions. The main instrument used to collect data for the study was a set of questionnaire with 0.80 reliable coefficient. Multiple regression analysis was used as tool of analysis. The results indicated that taking the eleven variables that constitute relationship management to predict cordial labour-management relations in industries yielded a coefficient of multiple regression (R) of 0.879 and a multiple regression square ( R2) of 0.772. The result further indicated that all the individual independent variables would predict the dependent variable. In the light of these findings, it is suggested that the use of relationship management will promote a work environment where dialogue and values are explored and violence abhorred. It is further recommended that the introduction of relationship management in workers’ and management education will create a peaceful workplace culture and at the same time assist in reducing tension, strain, and stress thereby promoting workers’ welfare and productivity.
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Stakeholder approach to training program evaluation: a study of Kenya Bureau of Standards - Ambata, Caroline A (2007)
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Sex Differences in the Forms of Aggression among Adolescent Students in Ghana - Amedahe, Francis K.; Owusu-Banahene, Nana Opoku (Research in Education, 2007)
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Early Childhood Music Education in Kenya: Between Broad National Policies and Local Realities - Andang'o, Elizabeth J. A.; Mugo, John Kabutha (Arts Education Policy Review, 2007)
The historical development of early childhood music education (ECE) in Kenya reveals the challenging circumstances under which it has, and continues, to progress. Poverty remains the most formidable hindrance to the success of this area of education. Multiculturalism, the mosaic that defines Kenya's rich heritage, also demands ingenuity from policymakers in formulating sound guiding principles that are inclusive of the diverse cultures inherent in the country. The key to addressing the challenges of ECE lies in strengthening the tripartite relationship between policy makers who are the authors of the current broad policies, the curriculum designers, and the teachers who implement the curriculum. Deliberate networking of their ideas and activities provides a way forward in propelling music education in early childhood.
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Determinants of high vitamin A supplementation coverage among pre-school children in Mali: the National Nutrition Weeks experience - Ayoya, Mohamed Ag; Bendech, Mohamed Ag; Baker, Shawn K.; Ouattara, Fatimata; Diané, Konaké Alima; Mahy, Lina; Nichols, Lisa; Touré, A.T.; Franco, Ciro (Public Health Nutrition, 2007)
To assess vitamin A supplementation (VAS) coverage of children aged 6-59 months and the factors that favour or limit this coverage during the National Nutrition Weeks in Mali.Cross-sectional study. Interviews about demographic factors and children's adherence to the vitamin A capsule distribution programme were conducted. Professionals' knowledge of vitamin A and various aspects related to the supplementation strategy were assessed.Five regions out of the eight regions in the country, in addition to Bamako District. Three rural communes were selected in three regions to represent rural areas.Parents or caregivers of children under 5 years of age, health agents who participated in the weeks, and community and administrative leaders.At least 80% of the children received the supplement. More 'traditional' communication channels (town criers, friends and family members) appeared to be more effective in reaching the target groups than modern methods, i.e. radio and television. Mothers' possession of a radio (Pearson chi2 = 5.03; P = 0.025) and fathers' education (Pearson chi2 = 19.02; P < 0.001), possession of a radio (Pearson chi2 = 8.93; P = 0.003) and listening to it (Pearson chi2 = 7.62; P = 0.006) all appeared to be statistically and significantly associated with children's coverage. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the study site (urban/rural) (P = 0.004), 'traditional channels' (P = 0.02) and fathers' education (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with children's coverage. Knowledge about VAS was high among community and administrative leaders, and health professionals. The planning and implementation of activities at the district level were found to be good in general.National Nutrition Weeks provide a successful example of a periodic VAS strategy with high coverage among children aged 6-59 months in Mali. Campaigns aimed at informing and sensitising populations during the Nutrition Weeks should also target children's fathers.
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National Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Mozambique - Bambaige, Albertina (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
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Service, training and research into infertility in public hospitals in South Africa. - Basu, Jayati Kusari (PubMed, 2007)
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EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON DETERMI - NANTS OF HIGH DESIRED FERTILITY: EVIDENCE FROM UGANDAN VILLAGES - Bauer, Michal; Chytilová, Julie; Streblov, Pavel (The Czech Economic Review, 2007)
High desired fertility is an important factor contr ibuting to the population explosion in sub-Saharan Africa. On a broad sample of 910 respondents from rural areas of Uganda this paper assesses the impact of health risks, economic contr ibutions from children, traditional community institutions and unequal position of women on desir ed fertility levels. The paper further scrutinizes how these determinants are affected by educat ion. The results show that fear of disease and involveme nt in traditional clan institutions increase the desired number of children. Interestingly, thes e effects can be remarkably mitigated through education, which improves individual health prevent ion as well as reduces the influence of clans. The economic incentives for having children seem to be less significant than other factors. In addition, a very significant difference in desired fertility between men and women emerges; nevertheless, education leads to both reduction and convergence of their desired fertility levels. All these findings suggest that education stimulate s a complex change in fertility preferences and underline the importance of education as an efficie nt tool for reducing rapid population growth.
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Ways of Increasing the Pool of Technologists and Engineers, and the Role of the Teacher In-Service Training Program (TISP) in the Field of Technology and Engineering a South African Approach - Beute, N.; Matlala, Moliehi (2007)
A shortage of skilled people and engineers is one of the most critical issues facing South African government today. One of the problems facing South Africa is the old curriculum, which is outdated and could not address some of the developments in engineering and related fields. The country is embarking on a joint effort by the Department of Education (DoE) and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), and the different non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and Zenex in addressing the situation. Due to non-coordination of all the efforts, the Department of Education developed a national strategy on mathematics, science, and technology (NSMST) to create schools of excellence or focused schools, 'Dinaledi' schools with targets to produce more mathematics and science learners. The first white paper of 1995 after the democratically elected government, proposed the development of alternative curricula, the national curriculum statement (NCS) based on principles of access, redress and equity. In this paper, the creation of focus schools known as 'Dinaledi' schools, the role played by engineers in the development of a country, and the support given by industry is addressed.
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Impact of a sea breeze event on air pollution at the Eastern Tunisian Coast - Bouchlaghem, Karim; Mansour, Fethi Ben; Elouragini, Salem (Atmospheric research (Print), 2007)
In this paper, air pollutants concentrations are analyzed during two sea breeze days (18 July 2004 and 17 September 2005) at the Mediterranean sea, just in front of Sousse (35° 48′ N, 10° 38′ E), Tunisia. During these two cases, we found that Sousse and its suburbs have been contaminated by a nearby coastal power plant emissions of pollutants. On 18 July 2004, onshore synoptic wind was uniform (up to 4 m/s) and roughly perpendicular to the coast and made breeze occurrence easier. The observed wind breeze is about 2 m/s. No return flow was recorded, due to the onshore synoptic wind. During this breeze event, wind direction changed by about 30° to be aligned with power plant and Sousse sites. In these conditions O3 and SO2 concentrations were multiplied by a factors 1.5 and 3 respectively. On 17 September 2005, a similar sea breeze wind (2–3 m/s) took place at the region but without significant synoptic wind. Pollutant concentrations are also comparable to those of 18 July 2004. A calm synoptic conditions case (13 July 2004) is also studied and compared with the previous cases.
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Groundwater Quality in Two Arid Areas of Morocco: Impact of Pollution on Biodiversity and Paleogeographic Implications - Boughrous, Ali Ait; Khebiza, Mohamed Yacoubi; Boulanouar, Mohamed; Boutin, Claude; Messana, G. (Environmental Technology, 2007)
The biodiversity and the quality of subterranean waters have been comparatively studied in the Haouz plain near Marrakesh and in the Tafilalet, in south-eastern Morocco. For this purpose, physicochemical and faunistic analyses were carried out on the water of ten wells and springs located in the area of Marrakesh, and in Errachidia area respectively. In the wells of Marrakesh, the average stygobiologic diversity is relatively high in the wells located upstream the dumping from the city where the ground water presents low contents of nitrates and orthophosphates. In contrast, the wells located in the spreading zone of Marrakesh wastewaters are characterized by the scarcity or the absence of stygobitic species; in these latter wells, the water is highly polluted. It is rich in nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, and the conductivity is rather high. In the area of Errachidia the faunistic inventory gathers some ten species, some of which are living in hot springs. The subterranean water is highly mineralised. In the two studied areas, the biodiversity decreases when well water is locally polluted, and the subterranean fauna completely disappears if the degree of contamination is important. This relation between the biodiversity and water quality which had already appeared in surface water, is confirmed within the wells of Marrakech. The groundwater fauna of both two areas presents similarities in relation to their geological history, mainly the various marine cycles of marine transgressions-regressions, which were at the origin of the settlement of the ancestors of the extant species, and the Atlasic orogenesis which separated the common ancestral populations into two separated stocks, involving a different evolution of the ancestors and a resulting speciation by vicariance.
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Teacher migration to Botswana: causes and implications for human resources management in education - Brown, Byron A.; Schulze, Salomé (Africa Education Review, 2007)
Abstract Botswana has been a host country to migrant teachers from various countries and regions of the world for many years. This paper reports on the migration motives that prompted teachers from four countries to move to Botswana to work in junior and senior secondary schools, and their attitudes towards human resource management (HRM) policies and practices in these schools. The teachers completed an 87-item questionnaire which measured four dimensions of migration push-pull factors, and HRM policy and practice issues. Multiple factors were revealed, linked to economic issues, personal circumstances, community and school-related conditions in both the home and host countries. However, the influence of each factor is related to migrants’ gender and countries of origin. As a follow-up to the above, a small, qualitative investigation was conducted. The reactions of five Botswana school managers to the HRM issues raised in the first phase were investigated by means of interviews. The results reveal the unique challenges of a diversified workforce for HRM in these schools.
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HIV/ AIDS and dropout rates of pupils of selected primary schools in Muranga district, Kenya - Bundi, Pius Githinji (2007)
A Research Report Presented to the Continuing-and Distance Studies Kampala International University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Education in Guidance and Counseling (Science)
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Introduction of regular formative assessment to enhance learning for clinical students at Muhimbili University College, Tanzania. - Ca, Mkony; Mbembati, NA; Hamudu, NA; Pallangyo, Kisali (Education and Health, 2007)
Objective: To determine if undertaking regular Formative Assessment (FA) in the setting of our medical school enhanced the students' learning experience. Methods: An FA intervention was designed and implemented with clinical students during their clerkship in the academic year 2003/04. FA was administered as structured verbal comments on daily clinical case presentations. Evaluation of the intervention included pre- and post-surveys exploring the perceptions of students and teachers on the quality of the learning experience. Focus group discussions with students and with teachers were held at the start and conclusion of the intervention to identify strengths and weaknesses of FA. Findings: All participating teachers perceived that students were interested in learning before the intervention. Teachers who perceived that students achieved the set learning objectives increased from 0% before to 28% after the intervention. Most teachers (71%) and students (86%) perceived FA to enrich students' learning experience. Students appreciated the positive change in teachers' attitudes during the FA intervention. Both students and teachers recommended that FA become a regular and routine activity. Conclusions: Students and teachers viewed FA as a positive, feasible intervention. They thought it enriched the learning process and recommended it be a routine learning activity.
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Detecting climate changes of concern in highly variable environments: Quantile regressions reveal that droughts worsen in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe - Chamaillé‐Jammes, Simon; Fritz, Hervé; Murindagomo, Felix (Journal of Arid Environments, 2007)
Rapid climate change is happening worldwide and is affecting ecosystems processes as well as plant and animal abundances and distribution. However, the large climate variability observed in arid and semi-arid regions often impairs the statistical detection of long-term trends using standard statistical methods, especially if one is primarily interested in specific components of the climate changes. Here we highlight how quantile regression overcomes some of the confounding effects of large climate variability in long-term rainfall data. For instance, we show how quantile regressions revealed that droughts worsened in Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe) during the course of the 20th century, a change that would not have been detected using simple linear regression. We briefly discuss the implications of our findings for the management of the park.
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Dermatophyte Infections Among Primary School Children In Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya - Chepchirchir, Angeline (2007)
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The availability, suitability and use of instructional materials in integrated science classrooms in Zimbabwean schools - Dan, Zhou; Botha, M. (Africa Education Review, 2007)
Abstract The study surveyed the availability, suitability and use of instructional materials for “O” Level Integrated Science in the Gweru District of Zimbabwe. Judgmental sampling was used to select a sample of 15 schools in the district, including rural boarding schools, urban boarding schools, urban day schools, rural day schools and private schools. A questionnaire and interviews were used to gather data on the availability of instructional materials. Another questionnaire obtained data to evaluate the suitability of instructional materials and an observation schedule was applied to evaluate the use of instructional materials. The results reveal that the availability and suitability of the materials varied among the different types of schools investigated and that there was much room for improvement. Most teachers have not yet reached higher levels of operation regarding the use of instructional materials. In conclusion a number of recommendations are made to improve the situation.
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Tyranny of the majority: re‐enfranchisement of African‐American teacher educators teaching for democracy - Dixson, Adrienne D.; Dingus, Jeannine E. (International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 2007)
This article examines the tensions related to multicultural pre‐service teacher education for professors of color. Using two tenets of Critical Race Theory, counterstory and Whiteness as property, as their theoretical framework, the authors draw on personal and professional experiences working with pre‐service teachers in predominantly White institutions (PWI) as these relate to preparing them to teach in diverse settings and embracing notions of democratic education.
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Photo Capsules Ncoza C. Dlova, MBChB, FCDerm, Ncoza C. Dlova, MBChB, FCDerm Section Editor Department of Dermatology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa - Dlova, Ncoza C.; Mosam, Anisa (Skinmed, 2007)
SKINmed: Dermatology for the ClinicianVolume 6, Issue 6 p. 294-294 Photo CapsulesNcoza C. Dlova, MBChB, FCDerm, Ncoza C. Dlova, MBChB, FCDerm Section EditorDepartment of Dermatology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa Ncoza C. Dlova MBChB, FCDerm, Ncoza C. Dlova MBChB, FCDermSearch for more papers by this authorAnisa Mosam MBChB, FCDerm, Anisa Mosam MBChB, FCDermSearch for more papers by this author Ncoza C. Dlova MBChB, FCDerm, Ncoza C. Dlova MBChB, FCDermSearch for more papers by this authorAnisa Mosam MBChB, FCDerm, Anisa Mosam MBChB, FCDermSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-9740.2007.06687.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume6, Issue6November/December 2007Pages 294-294 RelatedInformation
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Primary health care in the South African context—medical students' perspectives - Draper, Catherine E.; Louw, Gail (South African Family Practice, 2007)
BackgroundBoth the South African Department of Health and the University of Cape Town (UCT) have committed to the primary health care (PHC) approach, which is best captured in the Declaration of Alma Ata. If medical students are to be trained in the PHC approach, it is important that they not only have a good understanding of this approach, but are also aware of the social, economic and political context that they will be working in when they have qualified, so that they can develop realistic expectations of their careers as doctors. From research that was conducted at UCT, this article covers UCT medical students' views of health care in South Africa, including their perceptions of the applicability and implementation of the PHC approach for South Africa, and their perceptions of how the South African government features in issues of health and the PHC approach.MethodsMixed-methods were used, but this article will focus on the qualitative data gathered. One hundred and seventeen medical students (years one to four) were purposively selected to be involved in focus groups and interviews. These focus groups were conducted between February 2004 and March 2005.ResultsStudents acknowledged that the state of health care in South Africa needs to change and showed an awareness of the role that South Africa's history of apartheid has played in the state of health care in these areas and the existence of inequity. They however did not agree on the applicability of the PHC approach to the South African situation. The PHC approach is seen not to be working in South Africa because of various obstacles to its implementation and success, such as disorganisation within the health system, and a lack of infrastructure, finances and resources. There seemed to be a general understanding amongst the students that they will have been trained in the PHC approach but then will be working within a system that has possibly not undergone similar changes. Students agreed on the important role of government in PHC, some maintaining that the government should be at the forefront of its implementation, but were generally dissatisfied with the role the South African government is currently playing in health care.ConclusionIt is encouraging that students are generally aware of the reality of health care in South Africa and of the fact that more change needs to take place. However, it may be that many students who have a limited understanding of the impact that apartheid had on health care provision in South Africa, and this could then impact on students' perceptions of the applicability of the current PHC approach for South Africa. Students' views that the PHC approach has not been fully implemented in South Africa are a concern, as it is these types of views that are likely to cause students to lose confidence in the PHC approach, and will most likely widen the disjuncture between theory of the approach and the reality of its implementation. Regarding the political dynamics of the PHC approach, students do need to be aware of political factors that can impact on the success of this approach. Discussion around and research into the social, economic and political context of health care and medical education has particular relevance for South Africa, and it is vital that students' views on these issues are acknowledged so that areas for change can be identified and addressed.
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Primary health care in the South African context - medical students' perspectives : open forum - Draper, Catherine E.; Louw, Gail (South African Family Practice, 2007)
Background Both the South African Department of Health and the University of Cape Town (UCT) have committed to the primary health care (PHC) approach, which is best captured in the Declaration of Alma Ata. If medical students are to be trained in the PHC approach, it is important that they not only have a good understanding of this approach, but are also aware of the social, economic and political context that they will be working in when they have qualified, so that they can develop realistic expectations of their careers as doctors. From research that was conducted at UCT, this article covers UCT medical students' views of health care in South Africa, including their perceptions of the applicability and implementation of the PHC approach for South Africa, and their perceptions of how the South African government features in issues of health and the PHC approach. Methods Mixed-methods were used, but this article will focus on the qualitative data gathered. One hundred and seventeen medical students (years one to four) were purposively selected to be involved in focus groups and interviews. These focus groups were conducted between February 2004 and March 2005. Results Students acknowledged that the state of health care in South Africa needs to change and showed an awareness of the role that South Africa's history of apartheid has played in the state of health care in these areas and the existence of inequity. They however did not agree on the applicability of the PHC approach to the South African situation. The PHC approach is seen not to be working in South Africa because of various obstacles to its implementation and success, such as disorganisation within the health system, and a lack of infrastructure, finances and resources. There seemed to be a general understanding amongst the students that they will have been trained in the PHC approach but then will be working within a system that has possibly not undergone similar changes. Students agreed on the important role of government in PHC, some maintaining that the government should be at the forefront of its implementation, but were generally dissatisfied with the role the South African government is currently playing in health care. Conclusion It is encouraging that students are generally aware of the reality of health care in South Africa and of the fact that more change needs to take place. However, it may be that many students who have a limited understanding of the impact that apartheid had on health care provision in South Africa, and this could then impact on students' perceptions of the applicability of the current PHC approach for South Africa. Students' views that the PHC approach has not been fully implemented in South Africa are a concern, as it is these types of views that are likely to cause students to lose confidence in the PHC approach, and will most likely widen the disjuncture between theory of the approach and the reality of its implementation. Regarding the political dynamics of the PHC approach, students do need to be aware of political factors that can impact on the success of this approach. Discussion around and research into the social, economic and political context of health care and medical education has particular relevance for South Africa, and it is vital that students' views on these issues are acknowledged so that areas for change can be identified and addressed.
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Anesthesia training in Rwanda - Enright, Angela (Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie, 2007)
In 2006 a program leading to a Master's degree in Anesthesia (MMed) was established in Rwanda as a joint venture between the National University of Rwanda (NUR), the Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society International Education Fund (CASIEF) and the American Society of Anesthesiologists Overseas Teaching Programme (ASAOTP). A MMed in Anesthesia is similar to a Fellowship in Canada and is common in many African countries. Most training programs are of three years duration. Rwanda has decided on a four-year program.The background, organization and problems of the program are described. Challenges exist in recruiting residents and in developing an academic culture and evaluation system. Inadequate equipment and drug shortages limit the types of anesthesia provided. There is need for improvement in biomedical support. Volunteer Canadian and American anesthesiologists visit Rwanda to teach for a minimum period of one month. They instruct in the operating room and also in the classroom. While the focus of the program is on residents in anesthesia, the volunteers also teach the nurse anesthetists. The program has been in existence for only one year but progress has been made. The CASIEF will devote special attention to improving the management of pain.In time, it is hoped that Rwanda will become self-sufficient in training its own anesthesiologists and in retaining them to provide anesthesia services throughout the country. As anesthesia and surgery evolve, there will be a need for subspecialty training in anesthesia. It is hoped that, with continued assistance from the CASIEF and ASAOTP, the goal of the NUR will be achieved.
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Towards the Enhancement of Population and Family Life Education for Nigerians - Fan, Fan Akpan; Usoro, Sunday Udoh; Edinyang, S. D. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 2007)
The thrust of this paper is to highlight the strong relationship that exists between population/family life education and the quality of life for Nigerians. It observes that Nigeria’s population is increasing exponentially and this has affected several aspects of her national life. Reflecting on the numerous health problems like vesico vaginal fistula, recto vaginal fistula, ante partum and post partum haemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed labour that come with unwanted childhood pregnancies, as well as increased cases of sexually transmitted diseases, and wide spread prostitution, the paper emphasizes that Nigerian students need more information on human sexuality now as future adults of the country. It therefore prescribes specific curricular contents of population and family life education and recommends a cooperative effort by home, school, church and community to provide selected learning experiences and guidance for young people in and outside schools concerning the need, interests, problems and goals that arise out of human psycho-sexual development primarily as related to love, marriage, parenthood and family life. The basic assumption here is that good families make a good society.
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Gender in history teaching resources in South African public schools - Fardon, Jill (2007)
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Overrepresentation of African American Students in Exclusionary Discipline The Role of School Policy - Fenning, Pamela; Rose, Jennifer (Urban Education, 2007)
The overrepresentation of ethnic minority students, particularly African American males, in the exclusionary discipline consequences of suspension and expulsion has been consistently documented during the past three decades. Children of poverty and those with academic problems are also overrepresented in such discipline consequences. Sadly, a direct link between these exclusionary discipline consequences and entrance to prison has been documented and termed the school-to-prison pipeline for these most vulnerable students. In this article, the authors argue that ethnographic and interview data would support teachers' perceptions of loss of classroom control (and accompanying fear) as contributing to who is labeled and removed for discipline reasons (largely poor students of color). Exclusionary discipline consequences are the primary medium used once students are sent from the classroom. The authors recommend substantial revisions to discipline policies consistent with models of positive behavior support.
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Overrepresentation of African American Students in Exclusionary Discipline The Role of School Policy - Fenning, Pamela; Rose, Jennifer (Urban Education, 2007)
The overrepresentation of ethnic minority students, particularly African American males, in the exclusionary discipline consequences of suspension and expulsion has been consistently documented during the past three decades. Children of poverty and those with academic problems are also overrepresented in such discipline consequences. Sadly, a direct link between these exclusionary discipline consequences and entrance to prison has been documented and termed the school-to-prison pipeline for these most vulnerable students. In this article, the authors argue that ethnographic and interview data would support teachers' perceptions of loss of classroom control (and accompanying fear) as contributing to who is labeled and removed for discipline reasons (largely poor students of color). Exclusionary discipline consequences are the primary medium used once students are sent from the classroom. The authors recommend substantial revisions to discipline policies consistent with models of positive behavior support.
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Overrepresentation of African American Students in Exclusionary Discipline The Role of School Policy - Fenning, Pamela; Rose, Jennifer (Urban Education, 2007)
The overrepresentation of ethnic minority students, particularly African American males, in the exclusionary discipline consequences of suspension and expulsion has been consistently documented during the past three decades. Children of poverty and those with academic problems are also overrepresented in such discipline consequences. Sadly, a direct link between these exclusionary discipline consequences and entrance to prison has been documented and termed the school-to-prison pipeline for these most vulnerable students. In this article, the authors argue that ethnographic and interview data would support teachers' perceptions of loss of classroom control (and accompanying fear) as contributing to who is labeled and removed for discipline reasons (largely poor students of color). Exclusionary discipline consequences are the primary medium used once students are sent from the classroom. The authors recommend substantial revisions to discipline policies consistent with models of positive behavior support.
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Overrepresentation of African American Students in Exclusionary Discipline The Role of School Policy - Fenning, Pamela; Rose, Jennifer (Urban Education, 2007)
The overrepresentation of ethnic minority students, particularly African American males, in the exclusionary discipline consequences of suspension and expulsion has been consistently documented during the past three decades. Children of poverty and those with academic problems are also overrepresented in such discipline consequences. Sadly, a direct link between these exclusionary discipline consequences and entrance to prison has been documented and termed the school-to-prison pipeline for these most vulnerable students. In this article, the authors argue that ethnographic and interview data would support teachers' perceptions of loss of classroom control (and accompanying fear) as contributing to who is labeled and removed for discipline reasons (largely poor students of color). Exclusionary discipline consequences are the primary medium used once students are sent from the classroom. The authors recommend substantial revisions to discipline policies consistent with models of positive behavior support.
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Accounting for Lack of Interracial Mixing Amongst South African University Students - Finchilescu, Gillian; Tredoux, Colin; Mynhardt, Johan C.; Pillay, Jace; Muianga, Lucena (South African Journal of Psychology, 2007)
The persistence of informal segregation in post-apartheid South Africa is now well documented. As the articles in this journal issue attest, this segregation is rife in many public spaces, including university campuses. This article explores the reasons to which students attribute the lack of interracial mixing at their institutions. Students from four universities were surveyed using an internet-based questionnaire. The final sample consisted of 1 068 black African and 1 521 white students. Their agreement or disagreement with eight reasons for avoidance of contact was analysed and found to vary as a function of race. The relationship of their responses to levels of prejudice and amount of interracial contact was examined.
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The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in college students at Kenya Medical Training College-Nairobi,Kenya - Gathiru, Charles M; Macharia, Isaac (World Allergy Organization Journal, 2007)
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Hear My Voice: An African American Mother's Experience Raising a Child with a Chronic Illness - Getch, Yvette Q.; Jones, Sharon; Neuharth‐Pritchett, Stacey; Chapmen, Beth (The Journal of Pan-African Studies, 2007)
Abstract African American children are at greater risk of developing asthma and are more likely to die from asthma-related complications than European American children (Centers for Disease Control; Mannino et al. 1-13; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) In addition, African Americans have poorer access to quality healthcare (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Scant research has been conducted regarding the experiences of African American mothers raising children with asthma and navigating the healthcare system. This qualitative study provides rich descriptions of a well-educated African American woman's experience raising a child with asthma, allergies, and eczema. The case illustrates the stressors that may be experienced by many women who have children with chronic illnesses, and voices perhaps unique issues experienced by African-American mothers. Themes that emerged from the data included role strain, marital strain, insurance issues, barriers to quality medical care, impact on career, time management, childcare issues, family support, and the importance of spirituality. The authors describe each theme and provide specific examples to support conclusions derived from the data. Introduction African American children with asthma exhibit earlier disease onset and have higher morbidity and mortality rates than European American children (Centers for Disease Control webpage; Mannino et al. 1-13; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services webpage). Increased morbidity rates cited in the empirical literature suggest that morbidity is influenced by factors that include: 1) lack of medical continuity in asthma care and management; 2) medication regimens that do not follow current National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute (NHBLI) guidelines for asthma management; 3) exposure to indoor allergens; and 4) lack of follow-through with prescribed treatment plans (Kattan et al. 253-262). Children from African American and Latino families are disproportionately affected by chronic illness (Centers for Disease Control webpage; Mannino et al. 1-13; National Center for Health Statistics webpage; Stein 119-124). The higher numbers of African American children with chronic illness coupled with lack of access to quality healthcare create incredible healthcare disparities for the treatment of asthma (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services webpage). Perceptions of health care are culturally based (Ngo-Metzger; Telfair and Sorkin). When medical diagnoses or prescribed management plans conflict with one's cultural beliefs, the likelihood of barriers to care or health care services increases. Factors such as communication anxiety may be present during the social interactions and conversations between individuals in underrepresented cultural groups and individuals holding expert roles, such as physicians. The medical professional's awareness of this imbalance may help to minimize communication difficulties and encourage trust between medical professionals and families (Betancourt; Ngo-Metzger; Telfair and Sorkin). Changing demographics suggest that by the year 2010, individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups will constitute one half of the population in the United States (Sue, Arredondo and McDavis 477-486). Census data indicate that African Americans and Hispanics make up approximately 25% of the population while European Americans make up approximately 70% of the population (U.S. Census Bureau). Despite this imbalance, populations from underrepresented groups continue to grow at rates faster than European Americans. Thus, the United States is experiencing the diversification of America (Sue, Arredondo and McDavis 477-486) where counselors (and other professionals) can no longer fail to serve clients from underrepresented populations (Ponterotto and Casas 430-434). Recent efforts have called for the health care profession to take a more responsible and ethical role in the training of culturally effective healthcare providers (Betancourt March 27, 2007; Ngo-Metzger, Telfair and Sorkin). …
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Link and learn : progress assessment of the approach adopted to promoting the inclusion of women entrepreneurs with disabilities into the WEDGE programme in four African countries - Gilbert, Maureen; Skills, Ilo; Aid, Irish (2007)
Discusses the integration of women with disabilities into the Women’s Entrepreneurship Development and Gender Equality (WEDGE) programme.
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Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom - Hayward, Barbara; Williams, Heather Andrea (Journal of Southern History, 2007)
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Perceived Racism and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African American College Students - Hill, LaBarron K.; Kobayashi, Ihori; Hughes, Joel W. (Journal of Black Psychology, 2007)
Experiences with racial discrimination may contribute to stress-induced blood pressure (BP) elevations among African Americans. It was reported that perceived racism was associated with ambulatory BP (ABP) during waking hours. This study examined perceived racism and ABP among 40 African American college students, who completed an ABP assessment from which daytime and nighttime averages were computed. Perceived frequency of experiences with racism and racial discrimination was measured using the Perceived Racism Scale. Controlling for gender and body mass index, perceived racism in academic settings was associated with higher diastolic BP (DBP) during waking hours and nighttime sleep. Systolic BP (SBP) was unrelated to perceived racism, and perceived racism in the public realm and in statements from Whites was unrelated to ABP. Perceived racism in academic settings predicted ambulatory DBP among college students. Previous laboratory research has found stronger effects of perceived racism for DBP than SBP. The hemodynamic regulation of BP may explain this phenomenon. Future laboratory and ambulatory studies should assess the contributions of vascular resistance and cardiac output to BP elevations associated with perceived racism.
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Experimental estrogen-induced hyperprolactinemia results in bone-related hearing loss in the guinea pig - Horner, Kathleen C.; Cazals, Yves; Guieu, Régis; Lenoir, Marc; Sauze, Nicole (American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism, 2007)
Our group (Horner KC, Guieu R, Magnan J, Chays A, Cazals Y. Neuropsychopharmacology 26: 135–138, 2002) has earlier described hyperprolactinemia in some patients presenting inner ear dysfunction. However, in that study, it was not possible to determine whether hyperprolactinemia was a cause or an effect of the symptoms. To investigate the effect of hyperprolactinemia on inner ear function, we first developed a model of hyperprolactinemia in estrogen-primed Fischer 344 rats and then performed functional studies on pigmented guinea pigs. Hyperprolactinemia induced, after 2 mo, a hearing loss of ∼30–40 dB across all frequencies, as indicated by the compound action potential audiogram. During the 3rd mo, the hearing loss continued to deteriorate. The threshold shifts were more substantial in males than in females. Observations under a dissection microscope revealed bone dysmorphology of the bulla and the cochlea. Light microscopy observations of cryostat sections confirmed bone-related pathology of the bony cochlear bulla and the cochlear wall and revealed morphopathology of the stria vascularis and spiral ligament. Scanning electron microscopy revealed loss of hair cells and stereocilia damage, in particular in the upper three cochlear turns and the two outermost hair cell rows. The data provide the first evidence of otic capsule and hair cell pathology associated with estrogen-induced prolonged hyperprolactinemia and suggest that conditions such as pregnancy, anti-psychotic drug treatment, aging, and/or stress might lead to similar ear dysfunctions.
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A Preliminary Examination of Vocabulary and Word Learning in African American Toddlers From Middle and Low Socioeconomic Status Homes - Horton-Ikard, RaMonda; Weismer, Susan Ellis (American Journal of Speech-language Pathology, 2007)
This study examined the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the early lexical performance of African American children.Thirty African American toddlers (30 to 40 months old) from low-SES (n = 15) and middle-SES (n = 15) backgrounds participated in the study. Their lexical-semantic performance was examined on 2 norm-referenced standardized tests of vocabulary, a measure of lexical diversity (number of different words) derived from language samples, and a fast mapping task that examined novel word learning.Toddlers from low-SES homes performed significantly poorer than those from middle-SES homes on standardized receptive and expressive vocabulary tests and on the number of different words used in spontaneous speech. No significant SES group differences were observed in their ability to learn novel word meanings on a fast mapping task.The influence of socioeconomic background on African American children's lexical semantic tasks varies with the type of measure used.
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Consequences of Learning About Historical Racism Among European American and African American Children - Hughes, Julie Milligan; Bigler, Rebecca S.; Levy, Sheri R. (Child Development, 2007)
Knowledge about racism is a critical component of educational curricula and contemporary race relations. To examine children's responses to learning about racism, European American (Study 1; N= 48) and African American (Study 2; N= 69) elementary-aged children (ages 6-11) received history lessons that included information about racism experienced by African Americans (racism condition), or otherwise identical lessons that omitted this information (control condition). Children's racial attitudes and cognitive and affective responses to the lessons were assessed. Among European American children, racism condition participants showed less biased attitudes toward African Americans than control condition participants. Among African American children, attitudes did not vary by condition. Children in the two conditions showed several different cognitive and affective responses to the lessons.
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The Tanzania Second Social Action Fund (TASAF II) : Knowledge Sharing and Learning for Better Delivery of Results - Ida, Manjalo (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
This report is currently implementing the second phase of the Tanzania Social Action Fund, known as TASAF II. The main objective of TASAF II is to empower communities to access opportunities so that they can request, implement, and monitor sub-projects that contribute to improved livelihoods that are linked to indicator targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as stipulated in the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, popularly known by its Kiswahili acronym MKUKUTA. One major challenge of delivering TASAF II is its expanded mandate and full mainstreaming into local government authorities (LGA) operations. LGAs had to be provided with the opportunity to internalize an objective assessment achievements and challenges observed during the implementation of TASAF I, through the sub-project cycle. This would provide opportunity for the joining LGAs to learn from the experiences of TASAF I, thus create space and environment for efficient and cost-effective delivery of TASAF II.
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Analysis of Stakeholders’ Perceived Strategies for Adequate Funding of University Education in Nigeria. - Igbinewaka, V.O.; Adeyemi, JK (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 2007)
The paper analysed level of adequacy of perceived strategies for funding universities in Nigeria. Two out of the five (5) questions raised to direct investigation were answered while the remaining one (1) question was hypothesized. Data for the study were collected with a questionnaire titled â€œStrategies for Adequate University Funding Questionnaire, SAFUQUEâ€. The questionnaire was administered on 7317 major stakeholders out of which the responses of6227(i.e. 85.10 percent) were found usable for analysis. The findings revealed that five (5) strategies: sponsorship of special academic programmes by employers of labour; payment of realistic tuition fees; payment of reasonable bursary awards; synergic management of available resources and; government allocation of grants based on ZBB were unanimously adopted for university adequate funding. The study also found out that major stakeholders in Nigerian universities do not significantly differ in rating the level of adequacy of university funding strategies. Stakeholders in Nigerian universities are positively disposed towards sharing the cost of university administration. On the basis of this conclusion, it was recommended among others that universities should on a continuous basis ascertain total cost of financing administration and work out appropriate and acceptable sharing formula amongst stakeholders.
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Study Habits of Postgraduate Students in Selected Nigerian Universities - Igun, Stella E.; Adogbeji, Oghenevwogaga Benson (Library Philosophy and Practice, 2007)
The paper discusses study and reading habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universities. Two hundred questionnaires were sent to five Nigerian universities. A total of 156 (78%) were returned. Students were asked about time and duration of study, learning styles and methods, materials used, and motivation. The results showed that the students did not see the library as a primary place to study. Students' purposes for study include personal knowledge and skills, and examination preparation.
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Entrepreneurship education and training at the Further Education and Training (FET) level in South Africa - Isaacs, Eslyn; Visser, Kobus; Friedrich, Christian; Brijlal, Pradeep (South African Journal of Education, 2007)
We assessed the levels of entrepreneurship education and training at the Further Education and Training (FET) level in a South African context. We are of the opinion that entrepreneurship education and training (of necessity) must fulfill a primary role in preparing our youth for their future. Evidence from elsewhere, in particular industrialised countries, indicates that entrepreneurship education and training at school level play important roles in the contribution to economic growth. Experts in the field of entrepreneurship believe that the contribution of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to the growth of our country can be much higher if entrepreneurship education is implemented at school levels. Entrepreneurship is now one of the outcomes of Grades R – 12. However, our research clearly showed that various problems in schools hinder the effective implementation of entrepreneurship education, some of which are poorly trained educators and lack of adequate resources. Better entrepreneurship education could make a significant contribution to job creation and ultimately to poverty alleviation. Keywords : education; entrepreneurship; high schools; training South African Journal of Education Vol. 27 (4) 2007: pp. 613-630
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Entrepreneurship education and training at the Further Education and Training (FET) level in South Africa - Isaacs, Eslyn; Visser, Kobus; Friedrich, Christian; Brijlal, Pradeep (South African Journal of Education, 2007)
We assessed the levels of entrepreneurship education and training at the Further Education and Training (FET) level in a South African context. We are of the opinion that entrepreneurship education and training (of necessity) must fulfill a primary role in preparing our youth for their future. Evidence from elsewhere, in particular industrialised countries, indicates that entrepreneurship education and training at school level play important roles in the contribution to economic growth. Experts in the field of entrepreneurship believe that the contribution of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to the growth of our country can be much higher if entrepreneurship education is implemented at school levels. Entrepreneurship is now one of the outcomes of Grades R – 12. However, our research clearly showed that various problems in schools hinder the effective implementation of entrepreneurship education, some of which are poorly trained educators and lack of adequate resources. Better entrepreneurship education could make a significant contribution to job creation and ultimately to poverty alleviation. Keywords : education; entrepreneurship; high schools; training South African Journal of Education Vol. 27 (4) 2007: pp. 613-630
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Entrepreneurship education and training at the Further Education and Training (FET) level in South Africa - Isaacs, Eslyn; Visser, Kobus; Friedrich, Christian; Brijlal, Pradeep (South African Journal of Education, 2007)
We assessed the levels of entrepreneurship education and training at the Further Education and Training (FET) level in a South African context. We are of the opinion that entrepreneurship education and training (of necessity) must fulfill a primary role in preparing our youth for their future. Evidence from elsewhere, in particular industrialised countries, indicates that entrepreneurship education and training at school level play important roles in the contribution to economic growth. Experts in the field of entrepreneurship believe that the contribution of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to the growth of our country can be much higher if entrepreneurship education is implemented at school levels. Entrepreneurship is now one of the outcomes of Grades R – 12. However, our research clearly showed that various problems in schools hinder the effective implementation of entrepreneurship education, some of which are poorly trained educators and lack of adequate resources. Better entrepreneurship education could make a significant contribution to job creation and ultimately to poverty alleviation. Keywords : education; entrepreneurship; high schools; training South African Journal of Education Vol. 27 (4) 2007: pp. 613-630
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Entrepreneurship education and training at the Further Education and Training (FET) level in South Africa - Isaacs, Eslyn; Visser, Kobus; Friedrich, Christian; Brijlal, Pradeep (South African Journal of Education, 2007)
We assessed the levels of entrepreneurship education and training at the Further Education and Training (FET) level in a South African context. We are of the opinion that entrepreneurship education and training (of necessity) must fulfill a primary role in preparing our youth for their future. Evidence from elsewhere, in particular industrialised countries, indicates that entrepreneurship education and training at school level play important roles in the contribution to economic growth. Experts in the field of entrepreneurship believe that the contribution of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to the growth of our country can be much higher if entrepreneurship education is implemented at school levels. Entrepreneurship is now one of the outcomes of Grades R – 12. However, our research clearly showed that various problems in schools hinder the effective implementation of entrepreneurship education, some of which are poorly trained educators and lack of adequate resources. Better entrepreneurship education could make a significant contribution to job creation and ultimately to poverty alleviation. Keywords : education; entrepreneurship; high schools; training South African Journal of Education Vol. 27 (4) 2007: pp. 613-630
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Communicating curriculum reform to students: Experience from the school of medicine and health sciences, University of Papua New Guinea - Itaki, Rodney Londari (2007)
Positive change is an important indicator in the progress of societies. Following the recommendations of the 1993 World Summit on Medical Education for producing medical doctors to take on the challenges of the 21st century, medical schools around the world have been restructuring and reforming their curriculum. Following international trends in medical education the traditional Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) program at the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) was restructured in 1998 to a problem based learning (PBL) curriculum. The reform was successfully implemented in all the undergraduate years in three years (1999-2001). An important factor that contributed to the successful implementation was the support of the staff and students. The communication of the reform to staff and students played a significant role to ensure this. This paper will discuss how this was achieved among students at UPNG.
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Female genital mutilation and girl child education in selected schools Namanga division, kajiado district, kenya: - Jackline, Nkamalo Koin (2007)
a research proposal submitted to the institute of continuing and distance studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of bachelor of education degree at Kampala international university.
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Awareness of Secondary School Students on Various Gender Perspective Programmes Conducted by the University of Dar Es Salam, Tanzania - Kaale, Eliangiringa; Malele, R. S.; Maganda, Betty A (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 2007)
Gender imbalance is a common phenomenon in many educational institutions especially in developing countries. To overcome this imbalance, The University of Dar Es Salaam (UDSM) through its Gender Dimension Programme Committee (GDPC) has introduced gender-biased programmes with the aim of increasing female students’ enrolment at UDSM'. These programmes include Pre-entry Programme (PEP), Female Undergraduate Sponsorship Programme (FUSP) and Lower cut-off points. A cross section study was conducted in secondary schools in Dar Es Salaam region between August 2004 and July 2005 to investigate student awareness of these programmes. A total of276 students from 13 randomly selected secondary schools participated in the study. Self-administered questionnaires and checklists were used and the data were analysed by statistical software Epi Info 2002. The study showed that the majority of the students were familiar with the concept of ‘gender’ but could not specifically define what it was. They were not even aware that the University of Dar- Es-Salaam (UDSM) had gender intervention educational programmes in place. It is recommended that University gender programmes and general information on gender issues should be disseminated to society as a way of improving gender relations.
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Beyond Creole Nationalism? Language Policies, Education and the Challenge of State Building in Post-conflict Southern Sudan - Kevlihan, Robert (Ethnopolitics, 2007)
Abstract This paper seeks to go beyond a focus on the role of elites in low-capacity states to consider the interaction of language policies and mass responses to these policies in southern Sudan. It reviews processes of elite formation in southern Sudan, the impact of the civil war and the current challenges facing state building there. In common with many post-colonial states, nationalism in Sudan, both north and south, has been elite led and has been characterized by persistent attempts by Khartoum-based governments to impose their conception of the Sudanese state on southern Sudan and resistance to such efforts. Official language policies in southern Sudan have alternated between English and Arabic reflecting this ongoing contestation of identity. This paper considers the impact of the most recent language policy change in favour of English from a local southern Sudanese perspective. It concludes that, while the new language policy has had an impact on people's expectations and, hence, on their professed desire to acquire new language skills, current state capacity in southern Sudan is such that it is unlikely that these policies will have an impact on southern Sudanese identity formation amongst the general population in the short to medium term, although it will continue to reinforce existing processes that contribute to the creation of a southern Sudanese elite identity.
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Beyond Creole Nationalism? Language Policies, Education and the Challenge of State Building in Post-Conflict Southern Sudan - Kevlihan, Robert (Social Science Research Network, 2007)
This paper seeks to go beyond Anderson's focus on the role of elites in low capacity states to consider the interaction of language policies and mass responses to these policies in Southern Sudan. It reviews processes of elite formation in Southern Sudan, the impact of the civil war and the current challenges facing state building there. In common with many post-colonial states, nationalism in Sudan, both north and south, has been elite-led, and has been characterized by persistent attempts by Khartoum based governments to impose their conception of the Sudanese state on Southern Sudan and resistance to such efforts. Official language policies in Southern Sudan have alternated between English and Arabic reflecting this on-going contestation of identity. This paper considers the impact of the most recent language policy change in favour of English from a local Southern Sudanese perspective. It concludes that while the new language policy has had an impact on people's expectations, and hence on their professed desire to acquire new language skills, current state capacity in Southern Sudan is such that it is unlikely that these policies will have an impact on Southern Sudanese identity formation amongst the general population in the short to medium term, although it will continue to reinforce existing processes that contribute to the creation of a Southern Sudanese elite identity.
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Astronomically forced climate change in the Kenyan Rift Valley 2.7–2.55 Ma: implications for the evolution of early hominin ecosystems - Kingston, John D.; Deino, Alan L.; Edgar, Robert K.; Hill, Andrew (Journal of Human Evolution, 2007)
Global climate change, linked to astronomical forcing factors, has been implicated in faunal evolutionary change in equatorial Africa, including the origin and diversification of hominin lineages. Empirical terrestrial data demonstrating that orbital forcing has a significant effect, or is detectable, at early hominin sites in equatorial continental interiors during the Pliocene, however, remain limited. Sedimentation patterns in the Baringo Basin within the Central Kenyan Rift Valley between ca. 2.7 and 2.55 Ma, controlled by climatic factors, provide a detailed paleoenvironmental record spanning 35 fossil vertebrate localities, including three hominin sites. The succession includes a sequence of diatomites that record rhythmic cycling of major freshwater lake systems consistent with ∼23-kyr Milankovitch precessional periodicity. The temporal framework of shifting precipitation patterns, relative to Pliocene insolation curves, implicate African monsoonal climatic control and indicate that climatic fluctuations in Rift Valley ecosystems were paced by global climatic change documented in marine cores. These data provide direct evidence of orbitally mediated environmental change at Pliocene Rift Valley hominin fossil localities, providing a unique opportunity to assess the evolutionary effect of short-term climatic flux on late Pliocene East African terrestrial communities.
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Competing or co-existing? Representations of HIV/AIDS by white women teachers in post-apartheid South Africa - Kock, Lauren de; Wills, Jane (African Journal of AIDS Research, 2007)
This study explores the social representations of HIV and AIDS that circulate among white women teachers in South Africa, a group whose personal risk of the disease is low but who have a major role to play in shaping attitudes to HIV/AIDS among children and young people. The study examines how white women talk about the origin and causes of the spread of HIV in South Africa and their personal and community risk. This was explored through 25 semi-structured interviews and two focus groups with white female teachers in Johannesburg. A thematic analysis of the in-depth interviews revealed a shared private understanding of the disease, wherein the women distanced themselves by anchoring it in the context of racist cultural stereotypes of black sexuality and vulnerability. In contrast, the focus group discussions revealed a type of public talk in which HIV/AIDS is anchored in the contemporary cultural images of the new South Africa and the spirit of ubuntu or togetherness. These contradictory views reflect the racial tensions and social contexts of South Africa and which shape HIV/AIDS discourses. The findings suggest that more needs to be done to create a genuine understanding of HIV and AIDS within contemporary South African contexts.
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Public sector training in South Africa : vehicle towards good governance : fact or fallacy? - Kroukamp, Hendri (Journal of Public Administration, 2007)
We are living in an age of transformation heading towards the knowledge society. Traditional productive factors seem to provide less and less added value, whereas knowledge is perceived to be the main production factor of the future. The increasing importance of knowledge is supported from the economic point of view by the high growth rates of knowledge focused organizations, for example, consulting institutions, software houses and training and research institutions. What was learnt during the past 13 years regarding the South African transformational process confirms global experiences that public sector transformation and change is a complicated process that needs more than just the generation of creative ideas and the formulation of them in policy documents. It requires knowledgeable, skilful and dedicated workforce to put ideas into practice. This, in turn, will depend on the quality and appropriateness of the training provided to ensure good governance practices. It thus become necessary for those involved in training current and future generations of public servants to critically assess the nature of their activities in order to address the changed circumstances. As highly professional individuals at all spheres of public institutions are required to manage these changes, the role of training has, unfortunately, not been taken seriously as a tool to facilitate these changes. The consequences are inter alia the wasting of limited resources and the misuse of such resources. In this paper training in the African context, the training needs of current public servants in South Africa, the provision of training for public servants to adhere to good governance principles and quality assurance provision in the public sector to ensure quality in the training of public servants, will be dealt with.
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State Foresight, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: The Case of Economic Development, E-Learning and Outsourcing Industry in Uganda - Kunstler, Barton Lee; Tita, William Tiga (Journal of Futures Studies, 2007)
Uganda's President Musaveni understood that Uganda's future could only progress via engagement with the global economic system. The success of the first, education-based phase of this initiative, however, produced 800,000 college graduates with few job prospects. An online global education network offered training to these graduates to help Uganda achieve a competitive advantage in attracting outsourced jobs. The convergence of the two visions behind the initiative led to an innovative solution to the challenges of postgraduate education and employment. The science of networks and research into the structures underlying organizational creativity provide guidance for implementing this process in institutional settings.
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Schooling as a Lottery: Racial Differences in School Advancement in Urban South Africa - Lam, David; Ardington, Cally; Leibbrandt, Murray (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
This paper develops a stochastic model of grade repetition to analyze the large racial differences in progress through secondary school in South Africa. The model predicts that a larger stochastic component in the link between learning and measured performance will generate higher enrollment, higher failure rates, and a weaker link between ability and grade progression. Using recently collected longitudinal data we find that progress through secondary school is strongly associated with scores on a baseline literacy and numeracy test. In grades 8-11 the effect of these scores on grade progression is much stronger for white and coloured students than for African students, while there is no racial difference in the impact of the scores on passing the nationally standardized grade 12 matriculation exam. The results provide strong support for our model, suggesting that grade progression in African schools is poorly linked to actual ability and learning. The results point to the importance of considering the stochastic component of grade repetition in analyzing school systems with high failure rates.
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The World the Students Made: Agriculture and Education at American Missions in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1930–1960 - Leedy, Todd H. (History of Education Quarterly, 2007)
In 1930, the same year in which the segregationist Land Apportionment Act was passed, the governor of Rhodesia addressed a meeting of representatives from the various missionary organizations operating in the colony. He proceeded to argue against the sort of education that might create a class of African intellectuals who would eventually challenge white economic and political dominance: The nature of the intellectual advance to be aimed at should be one of which advantage can be taken in the ordinary daily lives of the people, and should be a step forward in a field already familiar to them, rather than a violent transition into fields which belong to a different type of civilization. As the life of African peoples is to a preponderating extent agricultural, education should aim at making them better agriculturalists and better able to appreciate all the natural processes with which agriculture is connected.
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Influence of physical training on the Syrian hamster's melatonin rhythm - López, Beatriz; Urquijo, M. D. Colmenero (Neuroscience Letters, 2007)
Melatonin secretion can be influenced by acute exercise. Using female Syrian hamsters we assessed the influence of physical exercise in the serum melatonin rhythm. Melatonin concentrations were determined by RIA. After a gradually increased training program in which experiments were performed at the end of the light phase of the photoperiod (14-h light:10-h dark; lights on at 21:00) animals were killed immediately after exercise (14 h light) and at different time points including 11h after light and 3, 6, 8 and 9h after dark. No differences in melatonin concentrations immediately after exercise practice between control and trained animals were observed. A slower melatonin nighttime increase in exercised hamsters, with significantly lower levels 6h after dark in comparison with controls was found. The peak value appeared 8h after dark but high melatonin levels were prolonged in exercised hamsters, showing significantly higher melatonin levels 9h after. In conclusion, our results indicate for the first time that Syrian hamsters submitted to a training program of increased activity at the end of the light phase, the rest period, showed an altered melatonin rhythm, resembling the response observed in humans.
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Tectonics, orbital forcing, global climate change, and human evolution in Africa: introduction to the African paleoclimate special volume - Maslin, Mark; Christensen, Beth A (Journal of Human Evolution, 2007)
The late Cenozoic climate of Africa is a critical component for understanding human evolution. African climate is controlled by major tectonic changes, global climate transitions, and local variations in orbital forcing. We introduce the special African Paleoclimate Issue of the Journal of Human Evolution by providing a background for and synthesis of the latest work relating to the environmental context for human evolution. Records presented in this special issue suggest that the regional tectonics, appearance of C(4) plants in East Africa, and late Cenozoic global cooling combined to produce a long-term drying trend in East Africa. Of particular importance is the uplift associated with the East African Rift Valley formation, which altered wind flow patterns from a more zonal to more meridinal direction. Results in this volume suggest a marked difference in the climate history of southern and eastern Africa, though both are clearly influenced by the major global climate thresholds crossed in the last 3 million years. Papers in this volume present lake, speleothem, and marine paleoclimate records showing that the East African long-term drying trend is punctuated by episodes of short, alternating periods of extreme wetness and aridity. These periods of extreme climate variability are characterized by the precession-forced appearance and disappearance of large, deep lakes in the East African Rift Valley and paralleled by low and high wind-driven dust loads reaching the adjacent ocean basins. Dating of these records show that over the last 3 million years such periods only occur at the times of major global climatic transitions, such as the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (2.7-2.5 Ma), intensification of the Walker Circulation (1.9-1.7 Ma), and the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution (1-0.7 Ma). Authors in this volume suggest this onset occurs as high latitude forcing in both Hemispheres compresses the Intertropical Convergence Zone so that East Africa becomes locally sensitive to precessional forcing, resulting in rapid shifts from wet to dry conditions. These periods of extreme climate variability may have provided a catalyst for evolutionary change and driven key speciation and dispersal events amongst mammals and hominins in Africa. In particular, hominin species seem to differentially originate and go extinct during periods of extreme climate variability. Results presented in this volume may represent the basis of a new theory of early human evolution in Africa.
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Active venting at the Isis mud volcano, offshore Egypt: Origin and migration of hydrocarbons - Mastalerz, Vincent; Lange, Gert J. de; Dählmann, Anke; Feseker, Tomas (Chemical Geology, 2007)
The Isis mud volcano is an active camembert-like mud expulsion structure in the eastern Nile deep-sea fan area. It has been investigated during the NAUTINIL (2003) and MIMES (2004) cruises carried out within the MEDIFLUX project. Active, gas-rich fluid venting occurs at the Isis mud volcano as indicated by enhanced gas content in the sediments, having a measured 7.5 mmol of methane per liter of wet sediment in the central area of the mud volcano. In addition, gas bubble expulsions have resulted in the formation of multiple hydrocarbon plumes in the water column, with methane concentrations as high as 1550 nmol/L, compared to ∼ 1 nmol/L for background levels in deep water. In view of the stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of methane (δ13C = − 55.1‰ VPDB, δD = − 203‰ VSMOW) and of higher hydrocarbons (δ13C of − 30.3‰, − 26.1‰, − 28.4‰, and − 25.0‰ VPDB, for ethane, propane, i-butane and n-butane, respectively), their origin is mainly thermogenic. These isotopic data also show that the wet compounds are co-generated with oil and we suggest they predominantly originate from type II kerogen source rocks of potentially variable maturity levels. At the centre of the mud volcano, the distinct kink observed in the pore water isotopic and dissolved species composition and its depth level change between subsequent cruises indicates a high frequency of fluid/gas expulsion. The seawater signature of the pore fluid in the upper part of the sediment column suggests that each expulsion is followed by a downward migration of overlying seawater. Such downward advection of bottom seawater may not only be related to the replacement of the ejected gas but also to the replacement of lower density pore fluid by bottom seawater. This mechanism is thought to be a common feature at mud volcanoes and gas seepage sites. In the peripheral zone, pore fluid is at seawater concentration and isotopic composition, down to a coring depth of 430 cmbsf. We suggest that the deeper downward advection of bottom seawater is related to the less frequent fluid/gas expulsion occurring at these sites compared to the centre sites. In this paper we show that a combination of geochemical tools used for hydrocarbons and pore water geochemistry is a powerful approach to detect sources of ascending fluid and to reveal post-eruptional fluidodynamic processes within mud volcanoes.
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Choice of accounting as a major and opinions about examinations among tertiary students: the Botswana perspective - Mbekomize, K.T.; Kitindi, C. (2007)
In this paper researchers investigate factors that lead to students choosing accountancy as a major field of study. The researchers also explore whether students who have specialised in accounting intend to pursue a career in that field, and their attitudes towards the accountancy profession and its examinations. The data employed were drawn from a survey of students who were studying for an accounting qualification at the three national tertiary institutions located in Gaborone, Botswana. Students investigated were those who had completed the first or earliest stage of the accounting programmes.
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Delayed Disaster interventions: A study of mitigation opportunities in humanitarian response to drought and food insecurity in Kenya A case study of Kenya Food Security Steering Group - Mbusya, Winfred Mueni (2007)
A research submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Arts Degree in Sociology
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Performance of in situ rainwater conservation tillage techniques on dry spell mitigation and erosion control in the drought-prone North Wello zone of the Ethiopian highlands - McHugh, Oloro V.; Steenhuis, Tammo S.; Abebe, Berihun; Fernandes, E. C. M. (Soil and Tillage Research, 2007)
Grain production shortfalls in northern Ethiopia are commonly associated with occurrence of intra-seasonal dry spells or droughts and rapid land degradation which adversely impact crop yields. Suitable practices that use available rainwater more efficiently to mitigate impact of dry spells on crops and that protect soil are needed to stabilize and improve grain yields in the predominately rainfed agriculture. During three cropping seasons on-farm experiments tested conservation tillage techniques implemented with oxen-drawn plows on clay loam soil. Tested tillage techniques are subsoiling, open and tied ridges, no till, and conventional tillage with the local maresha plow (the control). Effectiveness in improving root zone soil moisture, limiting soil erosion, and improving sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grain yield were determined. Results demonstrate that performance of the tillage techniques varied with seasonal rainfall distribution and intensity and land slope gradient. Tied and open ridge increased seasonal root zone soil moisture 15–24%. Subsoiling slightly (3%) increased and no till slightly decreased soil moisture but were not statistically different from conventional tillage. Tied ridge and no till significantly reduced seasonal soil loss by up to 11 Mg ha−1 during seasons with moderate intensity storms, but during a season with high intensity storms tied ridge on over 9% slope gradient increased soil loss (up to 35 Mg ha−1). The increased soil disturbance of subsoiling led to higher soil loss rates (up to 32 Mg ha−1) than conventional tillage during all seasons. Grain yield decreased and runoff and erosion rates increased rapidly with increasing land slope gradient. During a season with moderate intensity rainfall open and tied ridge increased sorghum yield by 67–73% over the control (730 kg ha−1) while no till decreased yield by 25%. During a season when high intensity rainfall events damaged the ridges, subsoiling had the best sorghum yield with 42% increase over the control (1430 kg ha−1). Poor early season rainfall and fungus attacks resulted in low chickpea yields (200–320 kg ha−1) and statistically insignificant differences between tillage methods. Overall results of the study suggest that on slopes below 8% gradient oxen-drawn ridge tillage and subsoiling, to a lesser degree, can effectively improve conditions that mitigate impact of short dry spells especially during seasons with less intense rainfall events.
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Teaching medical ethics to undergraduate students in post-apartheid South Africa, 2003 2006 - Moodley, Keymanthri (Journal of Medical Ethics, 2007)
The apartheid ideology in South Africa had a pervasive influence on all levels of education including medical undergraduate training. The role of the health sector in human rights abuses during the apartheid era was highlighted in 1997 during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings. The Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) subsequently realised the importance of medical ethics education and encouraged the introduction of such teaching in all medical schools in the country. Curricular reform at the University of Stellenbosch in 1999 presented an unparalleled opportunity to formally introduce ethics teaching to undergraduate students. This paper outlines the introduction of a medical ethics programme at the Faculty of Health Sciences from 2003 to 2006, with special emphasis on the challenges encountered. It remains one of the most comprehensive undergraduate medical ethics programmes in South Africa. However, there is scope for expanding the curricular time allocated to medical ethics. Integrating the curriculum both horizontally and vertically is imperative. Implementing a core curriculum for all medical schools in South Africa would significantly enhance the goals of medical education in the country.
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Heavy metal pollution levels in water and oysters, Saccostrea cucullata, from Mzinga Creek and Ras Dege mangrove ecosystems, Tanzania - Mtanga, Augustina; Machiwa, John F. (African Journal of Aquatic Science, 2007)
Heavy metal (cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc) concentrations in mangrove forests were investigated in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and oyster samples from the Mzinga Creek and Ras Dege mangrove stands, Tanzania, using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. With the exception of Zn, the concentrations of dissolved metals were generally less than 1μg l–1 in all samples. Higher concentrations of metals were recorded in SPM in samples from the Mzinga Creek mangrove forest, on ebb tides during the rainy season. Concentrations of Cd in SPM ranged from 33.9–85.5μg g–1 dw and, for Cr, from 23.9–138.1μg g–1 dw. The concentration of Pb ranged from 56.5–114.0μg g–1 dw and the concentration of Zn in SPM from Mzinga Creek was 35 times higher than that of Ras Dege, with concentration ranges between 229.8 and 1 427.3μg g–1 dw. In Ras Dege, concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in SPM were generally lower than those of Mzinga Creek. Metal concentrations in oysters were of an order of magnitude higher in Mzinga Creek than in Ras Dege. These results are indicative of the contributions of heavy metal pollution from several anthropogenic sources, such as industrial and agricultural activities, in the Mtoni Creek catchment. Dar es Salaam seaport is a potential source of heavy metals to the Mzinga Creek mangrove stand. In comparison with the less-impacted Ras Dege mangrove stand, Mzinga Creek's environmental condition calls for urgent management intervention.
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National Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Malawi - Nangoma, Everhart (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
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Short-term effects of a peer group intervention for HIV prevention among trainee teachers in Malawi - Norr, Kathleen F.; Norr, James L.; Kaponda, Chrissie P. N.; Kachingwe, Sitingawawo I.; Mbweza, Ellen (African Journal of AIDS Research, 2007)
This report describes the implementation and short-term results of a peer group intervention for HIV prevention on the HIV-related attitudes, knowledge and behaviours of primary school teachers in Malawi. The intervention, based on the social-cognitive learning model, took place in 2000 at two teacher training colleges with a distance-learning programme. Primary school teachers attending a final six-week training session before certification volunteered to participate. Group leaders were teachers selected by each group, and after training they facilitated the peer group intervention. The teachers completed a pre-test and post-test questionnaire. The 286 trainee teachers whose pre- and post-test samples could be matched, largely reported positive changes in their HIV-prevention-related knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, behaviour change and condom-use intentions. However, at post-test immediately after the intervention they did not show a higher level of perceived-risk, a greater hope that people could change their high-risk sexual behaviour, or greater agreement that persons infected with HIV should be allowed in public places. This research demonstrates the feasibility of an HIV-prevention intervention for primary school teachers during their training. The Malawi Ministry of Education has since made the programme available to over 90 per cent of all trainee teachers through an NGO.
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Unwilling brides: ‘phallic attack’ as a barrier to gender balance in higher education in Nigeria - Nwadigwe, Charles E. (Sex Education:Sexuality, Society and Learning, 2007)
Gender balance in access to quality education is a crucial item on the agenda of the Millennium Development Goals. But this ideal appears beset by a number of barriers, especially at higher education level. This study investigated the problem of sexual harassment in the Nigerian university system as a barrier to the educational advancement of women. Specifically, the research focused on the practice of coercing female students to engage in sexual relations with male lecturers (‘phallic attack’) as a condition for scoring good grades. The research drew its sample from female students selected from 14 faculties in two Nigerian universities. The study finds that there is a relatively high prevalence of sexual harassment in these universities and this affects female students adversely. The ripple effect is that women are not given a learning atmosphere conducive to enjoying academic freedom and optimizing their potential in educational development. This contributes to widening the gaps between men and women in Nigeria. The study also finds that lack of adequate high‐quality sex education in Nigeria increases the vulnerability of younger female students to sexual harassment. It recommends the establishment of an advocacy programme as well as enlightenment campaigns to educate students, staff, authorities and parents about sexuality and sexual harassment; strengthening the penal system in the universities with powers and resources to fight the menace; and the formation of a network by women staff in various universities to work with potential and actual victims in order to expose the culprits, obtain justice and curb the trend.
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The Universal Basic Education Programme and female trafficking in South‐South, Nigeria - Ogonor, Bridget O.; Osunde, A. U. (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 2007)
The study investigated the impact of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme on the phenomenon of female trafficking in South‐South Nigeria. To this end, six research questions were raised. These revolved around: (i) resource situation and adequacy of training provided for repatriated trafficked victims in the service provider centre; (ii) efforts in the formal education sector of the UBE to curb female trafficking; and (iii) parents and female students’ disposition toward female trafficking. The design of the study was descriptive survey. The sample was 420 female students and their parents as well as 100 teachers in the formal segment of the UBE programme and 130 repatriated trafficked victims in a service provider centre. Four sets of instruments were utilised to generate data for the study. The first was quantitative designed to elicit information on the resource situation of the service provider centre and the adequacy of the training given to the repatriated victims for employment purposes. The other instruments were qualitative and they generated information on the other foci of the study. The findings of the study were: available resources at the service provider centre for repatriated victims were inadequate; no aspect of the content of the UBE programme was targeted at the curbing of female trafficking; a majority of the female students and a few parents were well disposed toward female trafficking. The challenges experienced by the management of the trafficking service provider centre were: inadequate funding, and willingness to be re‐trafficked by repatriated trafficked victims as well as pressure from parents on trainees to be re‐trafficked. The conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that the Universal Basic Education progamme has not made significant impact on the community in the issue of female trafficking. The implication of the finding is that female trafficking will continue increasing in South‐South Nigeria unless a concerted effort is made in the UBE programme to address the issue.
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Chief Fela Sowande, Traditional African Culture and the Black Studies Movement: A Student Remembers - Okantah, Mwatabu S. (The Journal of Pan-African Studies, 2007)
African-Americans must ensure each new generation the existence of a sound knowledge base that informs and elucidates the history and experiences of black people.... This is the continuing role of programs as they struggle to exist in an era of advanced technology, with rapidly changing social patterns and limited resources. The promise of ... lies in the ability to provide the foundation that supports and enriches; to nourish the vision and motivation of present and future generations; and to reaffirm the continuity between past, present and future. (1) Introduction In a very real sense, this paper is my way to say thank you, and to acknowledge, in a formal way, my own understanding of the teachings of Nigerian musician and philosopher Chief Fela Sowande; a mentor whose work has been a major influence, not only on my development as an artist and an educator, but also as a human being. Chief Sowande's teachings allow me to appreciate the comments of Delores P. Aldridge and Carlene Young quoted above, which, in light of the crucial theme of the 2007 SIRAS conference, Links and Relationships: Africans and the Americans in the 21st Century, express timely points of view. As a faculty member teaching in a Department of Pan-African Studies, I am confronted by the challenge of making Black Studies relevant in a rapidly changing 21st century. I often find myself frustrated and depressed at each day's end as I am forced to accept the fact that too many students do not know how to process the information we impart to them in our classes. Our students come to us with virtually no knowledge or sense of their history and heritage as Americans of descent; that there might be links and relationships between Africans and African-Americans in the 21st century is not a thought on their personal radar screens. In this paper, I will discuss the teachings and perceptions of Chief Sowande in an effort to assess his recommended approach to teaching or Africana Studies; an approach many now call Afrocentric or Centered. Individual units, be they degree granting departments or academic programs, must necessarily provide curriculum offerings designed to help faculty, staff, students and community stakeholders move from genuine centered theory to practice. Sowande presented the global community with a viable blueprint for action that offers a healthy cultural vision both Africans in Africa and peoples of descent living in the Diaspora can embrace. Given the legacy of colonialism in Africa and racial discrimination in the US, Sowande's work is also instructive because we are now living in an era when being or thinking African is no longer solely a function of one's origin of birth. My travels in West Africa--through Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal--have made it abundantly clear that many Africans in Africa, today, are in need of a fundamental reintroduction to their own Old World traditions. Too many of us have become more British than the British or more French than the French or more American than the Americans. We must finally resolve our collective identity crisis before we can improve the quality of life for our people anywhere we might find ourselves living in today's world. I will focus attention on selected works given to me by Chief Sowande during the 1970s: The Africanization of Studies: From the Circumference to the Center; and the American in 1968; The Way of Life of Peoples of Descent and The Learning Process, Part One. I will use these now seminal writings to explore the philosophical center Sowande established to guide our investigation into what he preferred to call traditional Lifestyle. I will consider Sowande's ideas in relation to those expressed in Molefi Asante's Afrocentricity (1980) and Kemet, Afrocentricity and Knowledge (1990), Malidoma Patrice Some's Ritual: Power, Healing and Community (1993), and Asa Hilliard's Power: Affirming Indigenous Socialization in the Face of the Culture Wars (2002). …
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Pastoral Livelihood Adaptation to Drought and Institutional Interventions in Kenya - Orindi, Victor (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
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A Catalog of Main Moroccan Earthquakes from 1045 to 2005 - Peláez, José A.; Chourak, Mimoun; Tadili, B.; Brahim, L. Aït; Hamdache, Mohamed; Casado, Carlos López; Solares, José Manuel Martínez (Seismological Research Letters, 2007)
Research Article| November 01, 2007 A Catalog of Main Moroccan Earthquakes from 1045 to 2005 José A. Peláez; José A. Peláez Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) 1Department of Physics, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. Chourak; M. Chourak Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) 2Département de Geologie, Université Moulay Ismail, Méknes, Morocco. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. A. Tadili; B. A. Tadili Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) 3Département de Physique du Globe, Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Morocco. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar L. Aït Brahim; L. Aït Brahim Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) 4Département de Sciences de la Terre, University Mohammed V. Rabat, Morocco. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. Hamdache; M. Hamdache Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) 5Département d'Études et Surveillance Sismique, Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Algiers, Algeria. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. López Casado; C. López Casado Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) 6Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. M. Martínez Solares J. M. Martínez Solares Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) 7Section of Geophysics, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Madrid, Spain. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information José A. Peláez 1Department of Physics, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain. Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) M. Chourak 2Département de Geologie, Université Moulay Ismail, Méknes, Morocco. Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) B. A. Tadili 3Département de Physique du Globe, Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Morocco. Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) L. Aït Brahim 4Département de Sciences de la Terre, University Mohammed V. Rabat, Morocco. Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) M. Hamdache 5Département d'Études et Surveillance Sismique, Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Algiers, Algeria. Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) C. López Casado 6Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) J. M. Martínez Solares 7Section of Geophysics, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Madrid, Spain. Department of Physics University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Building A3 23071-Jaén, Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) Publisher: Seismological Society of America First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1938-2057 Print ISSN: 0895-0695 © 2007 by the Seismological Society of America Seismological Research Letters (2007) 78 (6): 614–621. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.6.614 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation José A. Peláez, M. Chourak, B. A. Tadili, L. Aït Brahim, M. Hamdache, C. López Casado, J. M. Martínez Solares; A Catalog of Main Moroccan Earthquakes from 1045 to 2005. Seismological Research Letters 2007;; 78 (6): 614–621. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.6.614 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySeismological Research Letters Search Advanced Search A homogeneous and reliable earthquake catalog is highly desirable in seismic hazard studies. This work, the compilation of as complete and homogeneous a main Moroccan earthquake catalog as possible, has been developed in the context of a project to compute the probabilistic seismic hazard in this region. The result shown here is the outcome of fruitful teamwork among several Spanish, Moroccan, and Algerian institutions. Previous earthquake catalogs that specifically cover this region (e.g.Tadili and Ramdani 1983; Cherkaoui 1986; Benouar 1994), although employed in seismic hazard assessments (Benouar et al. 1996; Jiménez et al.... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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Finding children's voices: a pilot project using performance to discuss attitudes to education among primary school children in two Eritrean villages - Plastow, Jane (Research in drama education (Print), 2007)
Abstract This article deals with a British Academy funded pilot project carried out in December 2005 and January 2006 involving six primary schools in Eritrea. The project was led by the author, Jane Plastow, a Theatre for Development academic and practitioner, and John Holmes, an educationalist. Both partners work at Leeds University and have involvement with Eritrea dating back to soon after its independence in 1991. We worked with five Eritrean colleagues; three from the Asmara Teacher Training Institute, which is responsible for training all primary school teachers, and two from the Bureau of Cultural Affairs Yakim Tesfai and Mesmer Andu. Building on previous work that had identified a lack of child-centred teaching strategies and of creative arts work in the Eritrean education system, the project aimed to run, in parallel, training sessions in child-centred pedagogies for teachers and theatre projects for Year Five (top grade) children where they would explore their attitudes to school and present their work theatrically to teachers and the community. The project worked with two Eritrean language groups; Tigrinya and Bilen. Notes 1. Information on Kenya from Simon Peter Otieno, PhD student at Leeds, currently working on HIV/AIDS work with youth in Kenya. Numerous articles have been published on the health-based work of DramAidE. 2. For information on youth theatre in Africa see Etherton (Citation2007). 3. There are approximately 60,000 Blin speakers out of a total Eritrean population of circa 4 million. There are only 30 primary schools using Blin as the language of instruction, mostly clustered fairly near to the city of Keren. 4. Teachers’ housing is provided by the community and state. In She'eb teachers were lodged in small breezeblock rooms built on to the school, while in Bogu they lived in traditional mud brick huts.
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The power of Akan folk music in teaching adults1about HIV/AIDS in Ghana - Quan-Baffour, Kofi Poku (Muziki, 2007)
ABSTRACT The power of music in communicating important messages and disseminating information cannot be underestimated. Since time immemorial the rhythms of African music and drums not only entertained the masses of the people but also provided them with food for thought regarding social issues in their communities. This article examines Akan folk music popularly dubbed Hi-life in Ghana and how it has been used and continue to be used in collaboration with modern instruments in teaching adults who, on account of illiteracy, cannot access written information about HIV/AIDS. Although many people have written on songs or music they have not emphasised its potency and efficacy in educating adults about HIV/AIDS. The article argues that popular music provides auditory potential to spread the critical awareness on how to deal with the pandemic, especially, among adults who cannot read. It is hoped that adults as grown up people and parents would be able to warn their children about the danger of the pandemic. The article concludes that youths who are entering into adulthood would also benefit tremendously from the teachings of the folk music regarding HIV/AIDS.
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Reflection of hydrocarbon pollution on hepatic EROD activity in the black goby (Gobius niger) - Ramšak, Andreja; Stopar, Katja; Sepčić, Kristina; Berden-Zrimec, Maja; Bajt, Oliver; Malej, Alenka (Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2007)
Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was measured in black gobies (Gobius niger) collected from seven sampling sites along the Slovenian coast during spawning and non-spawning periods. Sediments from the same sites were tested for their toxicity and for total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. EROD activity was significantly higher during the non-spawning period in winter than during the spawning period in spring and generally correlated well with increased total PAH content in sediments and with sediment toxicity. An 11-fold increase of EROD activity was induced 48 h after injecting 10 μg g−1 weight of benzo(a)pyrene into black gobies. On the basis of these results and of its ecological characteristics, the black goby is proposed as a suitable candidate for future biomonitoring programmes.
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Language-in-education policy in South Africa: The challenge of sign language - Reagan, Timothy (Africa Education Review, 2007)
Abstract Although there is an extensive and growing literature that addresses issues related to most aspects of language-in-education policy in South Africa, one area in which the literature remains fairly sparse has been that of the implications of current government policy for South African Sign Language (SASL). This article presents an overview of the complex issues presented by the case of SASL for language-in-education policy, and offers a series of recommendations for how these issues might best be addressed. Given the relatively small research base that currently exists dealing explicitly with SASL, the article makes use of both the South African research literature and the far more substantial international research that addresses issues of sign language, education, and language policy.
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The economic impact of climate change in Namibia. How climate change will affect the contribution of Namibia’s natural resources to its economy - Reid, Hannah; Sahlén, Linda; Stage, Jesper; MacGregor, James (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
The IPCC recognises Africa as a whole to be “one of the most vulnerable continents to climate variability and change because of multiple stresses and low adaptive capacity. Climate change is likely to exacerbate the dry conditions already experienced in southern Africa. And when rainfall does come, it is likely to be more intense, leading to erosion and flood damage. This will affect the poor most, with resulting constraints on employment opportunities and declining wages. But at present these predictions gain little policy traction in southern African countries. The multilateral climate change process is complicated and slow, and policymakers often see serious action on climate change as a domestic ‘vote loser’. One way to raise climate change concerns further up the policymakers’ agenda is to try to put an economic value on the environmental impacts of climate change. Figures that provide a clear message about the expected impact of climate change will be powerful motivators for policymakers in developing countries to start considering climate change as a part of their national development policies. This study is a first attempt to provide some economic indicators of how climate change will affect Namibia – one of the most vulnerable countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Focusing on natural resources, the study aims to assess the likely economic values of some of the most important environmental and socio-economic impacts of climate change in Namibia, and also to capture how some of the most important impacts might affect the overall structure of the economy.
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Identities and Social-Psychological Well-Being among African American College Students - Reitzes, Donald C.; Jaret, Charles (Sociological Focus, 2007)
Abstract This study investigates African American college students to show the impact of role, social, and personal identities on social-psychological well-being, and compares the relationship between identity processes and academic achievement for black and white college students attending a large, urban, predominantly white public university. The findings confirm that student, ethnic, and personal identities influence self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-authenticity, but that relationships vary both in direction and strength. Turning to our comparison of black and white college students, the findings do not support claims that black students' self-esteem is less dependent than whites' on getting good grades or that black students' academic identity is less important to their self-esteem than it is for white students.
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Distance Education and Its Potential for the Red Sea Nation, Eritrea - a Discourse - Rena, Ravinder (Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 2007)
All over the world, distance mode of education is gaining a momentum and becomi ng more popular than conventional education. It is a system in which schools, univers ities and other educational agencies offer instruction wholly or partly by mail. Eri trea, a newly independent country in Africa has been facing many challenges particularly in its education sector. It does not have sufficient educational institutions at ter tiary level, thus, distance learning which is more cost effective, could be an alternative method of higher education for this country. The distance education programme could promote higher education by providing access to large number of urban people and disadvantaged groups in rural and remote areas including working people, fighters, women and other adults. An attempt has been made in this paper to discuss various issues r elated to the establishment and development of distance education. It also provides the distanc e education programmes that so far undertaken in Eritrea and highlights the potent ial for the distance education in the country.
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Problems faced by teachers teaching mentally retarded children in kairaa primary school Abogeta division Meru district Kenya - Riungu, Lucy Kananu (2007)
A research presented to the College of Education open and Distance Learning Kampala International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Education in Special Needs Education
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Predicting organizational commitment from transformational and transactional leadership styles among secondary school teachers in Southwestern Nigeria - Salami, Samuel O. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 2007)
A ZJER study on leadership styles and organizational commitment among Nigerian secondary school teachers.
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Impact of Drought on Plant Cover Dynamics in Two Natural Areas of Southern Tunisia - Salem, Farah Ben; Tarhouni, Mohamed; Belgacem, Azaiez Ouled; Neffati, Mohamed (Journal of Biological Sciences, 2007)
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Enhanced learning from multi‐stakeholder partnerships: Lessons from the Enabling Rural Innovation in Africa programme - Sanginga, Pascal C.; Chitsike, Colletah; Njuki, Jemimah; Kaaria, Susan; Kanzikwera, Rogers (Natural Resources Forum, 2007)
Abstract Despite increasing interest and support for multi‐stakeholder partnerships, empirical applications of participatory evaluation approaches to enhance learning from partnerships are either uncommon or undocumented. This paper draws lessons on the use of participatory self‐reflective approaches that facilitate structured learning on processes and outcomes of partnerships. Such practice is important to building partnerships, because it helps partners understand how they can develop more collaborative and responsive ways of managing partnerships. The paper is based on experience with the Enabling Rural Innovation (ERI) in Africa programme. Results highlight the dynamic process of partnership formation and the key elements that contribute to success. These include: (i) shared vision and complementarity, (ii) consistent support from senior leadership; (iii) evidence of institutional and individual benefits; (iv) investments in human and social capital; (v) joint resources mobilization. However, key challenges require coping with high staff turnover and over‐commitment, conflicting personalities and institutional differences, high transaction costs, and sustaining partnerships with the private business sector. The paper suggests that institutionalizing multi‐stakeholder partnerships requires participatory reflective practices that help structure and enhance learning, and incrementally help in building the capacity of research and development organisations to partner better and ultimately to innovate.
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Cognitive processes in history : learners' explanation of the causes of colonialism in Africa - Schoeman, Sonja (2007)
Despite enormous growth in the study of learners' cognitive processes, relatively little is known about how learners reason about social phenomena and issues involved in disciplines, such as history. Yet, according to scholars the process could hardly be more important, and it demands redress and scientific explanation. To contribute to the understanding of learners' reasoning about historical issues, an empirical research project, on the cognitive processes of learners' while explaining the causes of an historical event, was undertaken. The data obtained showed that difference in age and expertise tended to lead to different types of historical explanation. A model to induce learners' understanding of an historical event is put forward. Keywords : Africa; cognitive; colonialism; history; learners South African Journal of Education Vol. 27 (4) 2007: pp. 709-727
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Stressors in the professional lives of South African secondary school educators - Schulze, Salomé; Steyn, Trudie (South African Journal of Education, 2007)
We identify current stressors in the professional lives of South African secondary school educators. The study was exploratory, using a questionnaire, which listed 19 possible causes of stress and was completed by 987 educators from all racial groups and provinces in the country. South African educators in general currently experience the following as stressors: uninvolved parents, poor learner discipline, lack of learner motivation, learners' negative attitudes towards themselves, numerous changes inside and outside the school, and lack of self-esteem. Male and female educators differed significantly in their perceptions of some stressors. Educators with six to 15 years of experience and who were between 36 and 45 years old differed significantly from others on some issues. Keywords : educator; models; secondary school; South Africa; stressors; stress South African Journal of Education Vol. 27 (4) 2007: pp. 691-708
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BDN programmes and the effect of medical students' interventions to promote child health in Sudan - Sh, Abdelrahman; Im, Albashir; Sa, Hussein; Mashaly, Ahmed; Sm, Alfadil; Mohamed, Nazmeera Noor (Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2007)
Basic development needs (BDN) is an approach to community development that aims at improving quality of life through the full involvement and self-management of communities, supported by intersectoral collaboration. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of BDN implementation in an area of Sudan on aspects of a programme implemented by students from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira. The study revealed that the joint implementation of BDN programmes and students' interventions brought about marked improvement of family and community practices as well as greater reduction in the incidence of all assessed major childhood illnesses (diarrhoea, cough and fever) than when the students' programme was implemented alone. BDN implementation also facilitated the retrieval of good quality community-based data.
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Developing a Nutrition and Health Education Program for Primary Schools in Zambia - Sherman, Jane; Muehlhoff, E. (Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 2007)
School-based health and nutrition interventions in developing countries aim at improving children's nutrition and learning ability. In addition to the food and health inputs, children need access to education that is relevant to their lives, of good quality, and effective in its approach. Based on evidence from the Zambia Nutrition Education in Basic Schools (NEBS) project, this article examines whether and to what extent school-based health and nutrition education can contribute directly to improving the health and nutrition behaviors of school children. Initial results suggest that gains in awareness, knowledge and behavior can be achieved among children and their families with an actively implemented classroom program backed by teacher training and parent involvement, even in the absence of school-based nutrition and health services.
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Doing HIV medicine in southern Africa - what does the epidemic teach us? - Spencer, David (South African Medical Journal, 2007)
Despite education and prevention campaigns, the HIV epidemic in southern Africa continues to spread. What do poverty, lack of leadership, stigma and culture mean in the context of personal choice? What can be done to assist the uninfected to make the right decisions? This article briefly reviews these ethical issues in HIV practice and suggests several solutions.
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Book ReviewTeaching in the New South Africa at Merrydale High School by Everard Weber. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2006. 231 pp. $35.00 (paper). ISBN 978‐0‐7618‐3427‐4. - Spreen, Carol Anne (Comparative education review, 2007)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook Review Teaching in the New South Africa at Merrydale High School by Everard Weber. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2006. 231 pp. $35.00 (paper). ISBN 978‐0‐7618‐3427‐4.Carol Anne SpreenCarol Anne SpreenUniversity of Maryland, College Park Search for more articles by this author University of Maryland, College ParkPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 51, Number 4November 2007 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/523987 Views: 12Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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Multi-hazard risk mapping and assessment on an active volcano: the GRINP project at Mount Cameroon - Thierry, P.; Stieltjes, L.; Kouokam, Emmanuel; Nguéya, Pierre; Salley, Paul M. (Natural Hazards, 2007)
To help improve the safety of its population faced with natural disasters, the Cameroon Government, with the support of the French Government, initiated a programme of geological risk analysis and mapping on Mount Cameroon. This active volcano is subject to a variety of hazards: volcanic eruptions, slope instability and earthquakes. Approximately 450,000 people live or work around this volcano, in an area which includes one of Cameroon’s main economic resources. An original methodology was used for obtaining the information to reply to questions raised by the authorities. It involves several stages: identifying the different geological hazard components, defining each phenomenon’s threat matrix by crossing intensity and frequency indices, mapping the hazards, listing and mapping the exposed elements, analysing their respective values in economic, functional and strategic terms, establishing typologies for the different element-at-risk groups and assessing their vulnerability to the various physical pressures produced by the hazard phenomena, and establishing risk maps for each of the major element-at-risk groups (population, infrastructures, vegetation, atmosphere). At the end of the study we were able (a) to identify the main critical points within the area, and (b) provide quantified orders of magnitude concerning the dimensions of the risk by producing a plausible eruption scenario. The results allowed us to put forward a number of recommendations to the Cameroon Government concerning risk prevention and management. The adopted approach corresponds to a first level of response to the authorities. Later developments should make it possible to refine the quality of the methodology.
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ASU Student Sets Up Microwave Processing Laboratory in South Africa - Thompson, D. C. (Mrs Bulletin, 2007)
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Same but different: head teachers′ perceptions of leadership in Kenya and Sweden - Thylefors, Ingela; Persson, Olle; Thylefors, M; Agak, John; Serem, D.T Kipchirchir (Africa Education Review, 2007)
Abstract This article compares Kenyan and Swedish head teachers’ views on leadership. Data were collected by 20 interviews in each country and analysed to generate descriptive categories, themes and conceptual ideas. In order to support the qualitative analysis, differences between the two groups were tested by Chi2. Kenyan and Swedish head teachers have a lot in common. They describe and analyse their role along the same dimensions. Even though similarities dominate the picture some differences appear. The Kenyan head teachers, for example, emphasise results and a vertical and external dependency in contrast to the Swedes, who stress staff concern, development and a reliance on horizontal relationships. This difference in orientation is reflected in the perception of staff needs. The Kenyan head teachers regard them mostly as a hindrance to goal achievement while the Swedes express them in terms of consideration. Noted differences could be interpreted in terms of situational as well as cultural factors.
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Same but different: head teachers′ perceptions of leadership in Kenya and Sweden - Thylefors, Ingela; Persson, Olle; Thylefors, M; Agak, John; Serem, D.T Kipchirchir (Africa Education Review, 2007)
Abstract This article compares Kenyan and Swedish head teachers’ views on leadership. Data were collected by 20 interviews in each country and analysed to generate descriptive categories, themes and conceptual ideas. In order to support the qualitative analysis, differences between the two groups were tested by Chi2. Kenyan and Swedish head teachers have a lot in common. They describe and analyse their role along the same dimensions. Even though similarities dominate the picture some differences appear. The Kenyan head teachers, for example, emphasise results and a vertical and external dependency in contrast to the Swedes, who stress staff concern, development and a reliance on horizontal relationships. This difference in orientation is reflected in the perception of staff needs. The Kenyan head teachers regard them mostly as a hindrance to goal achievement while the Swedes express them in terms of consideration. Noted differences could be interpreted in terms of situational as well as cultural factors.
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Father figures: the progress at school of orphans in South Africa - Timæus, IM; Boler, Tania (AIDS, 2007)
Objective: To examine the progress in their schooling of maternal and paternal orphans in a province of South Africa with high AIDS mortality and contrast it with that of both children who lived in different households from their parents and children who resided with their parents. Methods: The KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study is a panel of households first interviewed in 1993. The 1998 and 2004 waves of fieldwork collected 5477 reports on children aged 8–20 years. We studied the determinants of the proportion of these children who had completed 2+ grades fewer than expected for their year of birth using both household fixed-effects models and difference-in-difference models fitted to children reported on twice. Results: Co-residence with a well-educated mother benefited children's schooling, but the fixed-effects models provide no evidence that maternal orphanhood or living apart from their mother adversely affected children's schooling. In contrast, both paternal orphanhood and belonging to a different household from one's father resulted in slower progress at school. Although absence of the father was associated with household poverty, this was not why it was associated with falling behind at school. Discussion: Both the substantial benefits of living with their fathers for children's schooling and the limited importance of maternal orphanhood conflict with the results of most studies in this issue, including those of other research in the same part of South Africa. These findings caution against drawing general conclusions about the impact of the AIDS epidemic from a few studies of geographically localized populations.
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Implementing Afrocentricity: Connecting Students of African Descent to Their Cultural Heritage - Traoré, Rosemary (The Journal of Pan-African Studies, 2007)
Abstract Historically, colonialism relied on a false sense of superiority to justify the domination of colonized people. What students of African descent confront today is that same false sense of superiority of European and American worldview and values and a denigration of the African. Akbar (1998) argued that a legacy of competence for students of African descent can liberate them from the shackles of Euro-centric history. For students in American schools, stereotypes, misperceptions and misinformation about Africa abound in the media and in the standard curriculum about Africa. Two studies inform this paper in which I argue for the power of reading to connect students of African descent to their African heritage, whether recently arrived or born in the United States. Students of African descent who are provided with access to materials written by African and African American authors find a direct connection to their history and culture that opens them to shared experiences that incite eagerness to learn more. All students can benefit from reading about Africa and its peoples from those best positioned to tell the stories, African and African American authors. Introduction I am a white, middle class female who was changed forever by my experiences on the African continent. Having been born and raised in the United States, and educated in its parochial schools, I knew only what I was taught about Africa through my reading and my familiarity with media representations about the African continent and its people. My own education took a distinct turn when I became a Peace Corps volunteer in the Central African Republic. Direct experience confirmed for me that when the European historians compiled the story of Africa they told it from their own perspective, filtered through the lens of long-standing colonial domination of the African nations. According to Eze, for example, among the titans of the Eurocentric grand synthesizers of world history, Hegel himself had declared the African sub-human: the African lacked reason and therefore moral and ethical content (Eze 1997: 9). In Enlightenment Britain, David Hume (1985/1777) held similar, but less prominent, notions about the superiority of Europeans. 1 History texts, as recorded by European authors, introduced a distorted version of the African worldview and all that is African. Only through close reading of some hard-to-find works by authors of African descent was I able to discover that for their own economic gain, and for the glorification of their own homelands, the colonizers demeaned and denigrated Africa and Africans in order to exploit the natural and human resources that were originally in abundance in Africa. Rodney, for instance, challenges one of the fallacies of the official Eurocentric version of history when he remarks that it is an act of brazen fraud to weigh the paltry social amenities provided during the colonial epoch against the exploitation, and to arrive at the conclusion that the good outweighed the bad (Rodney 1972: 206). What I came personally to realize was that the Eurocentric lens that was the principal vehicle of my understanding about Africa had long since been clouded over with distortions, misrepresentations, and lies. I began to search for a new way of understanding that would encourage a more positive perspective about the people of Africa whom I had come to know and cherish for their humanity, grace, and endurance in the face of nearly global disregard. As a distinct theoretical perspective, Afrocentricity was a welcome anodyne. Afrocentricity has been evolving way for revisionist theorists to deconstruct the Eurocentric version of the history of African people. For many years, thanks to the work of Akbar (1998a, 1998b); Asante (2007, 1991, 1990, 1988); Dei (1994); Hilliard (1998); Karenga and Carruthers (1986); Keto (2001, 1995, 1994); Madhubuti and Madhubuti (1994); Myers (1998); Nobles (1991); Shujaa (1994); and Tedla, (1995), Afrocentricity has been re-characterizing and re-contextualizing the history of people of African descent. …
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HIV/AIDS prevention through peer education and support in secondary schools in South Africa - Visser, Maretha (Sahara J (Print), 2007)
The implementation and evaluation of a peer education and support programme in secondary schools to prevent and reduce high-risk sexual behaviour amongst adolescents is discussed.The aims of the programme were to provide accurate information about HIV/AIDS, discuss and reconsider peer group norms, and establish support for learners. In the programme that was implemented in 13 secondary schools in Tshwane, South Africa, peer educators were identified, trained and supported to implement the programme in their schools with the assistance of a teacher and postgraduate students as facilitators. Peer educators organised HIV awareness activities, facilitated class discussions on risk behaviour and gender relationships, and supported learners in solving personal problems. Process evaluation included weekly reports and focus group discussions with peer educators and teachers. A quasiexperimental design involving an experimental and control group, as well as pre- and post-assessments, was used to evaluate the impact of the programme on psychological well-being, personal control, school climate and reported high-risk behaviour of learners aged between 13 and 20 years.The results showed that the percentage of learners in the experimental group who were sexually experienced remained unchanged over the time period of 18 months. In contrast, a significantly increased percentage of learners in the control group were sexually experienced after the same time period.The control group also perceived more of their friends to be sexually experienced. No differences were reported in condom use in either of the groups.The findings of this study suggest that peer education can contribute to a delayed onset of sexual activity, and can therefore contribute to the prevention of HIV/AIDS amongst adolescents.
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HIV / AIDS prevention through peer education and support in secondary schools in South Africa : original article - Visser, Maretha (SAHARA : Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS Research Alliance, 2007)
The implementation and evaluation of a peer education and support programme in secondary schools to prevent and reduce high-risk sexual behaviour amongst adolescents is discussed. The aims of the programme were to provide accurate information about HIV / AIDS, discuss and reconsider peer group norms, and establish support for learners. In the programme that was implemented in 13 secondary schools in Tshwane, South Africa, peer educators were identified, trained and supported to implement the programme in their schools with the assistance of a teacher and postgraduate students as facilitators. Peer educators organised HIV awareness activities, facilitated class discussions on risk behaviour and gender relationships, and supported learners in solving personal problems. Process evaluation included weekly reports and focus group discussions with peer educators and teachers. A quasi-experimental design involving an experimental and control group, as well as pre- and post-assessments, was used to evaluate the impact of the programme on psychological well-being, personal control, school climate and reported high-risk behaviour of learners aged between 13 and 20 years. The results showed that the percentage of learners in the experimental group who were sexually experienced remained unchanged over the time period of 18 months. In contrast, a significantly increased percentage of learners in the control group were sexually experienced after the same time period. The control group also perceived more of their friends to be sexually experienced. No differences were reported in condom use in either of the groups. The findings of this study suggest that peer education can contribute to a delayed onset of sexual activity, and can therefore contribute to the prevention of HIV / AIDS amongst adolescents. Cette communication expose une mise en application et une evaluation de l 'education par les pairs et le programme de soutien dans des lycees afin d'eviter et de reduire le comportement sexuel a risque eleve parmi des adolescents. Les objectifs de ce programme etaient les suivants : la mise a disposition de l'information precise portant sur le VIH / SIDA, debattre et revoir les normes de groupes de pairs, et etablir un service de soutien pour des apprenants. Pendant l'execution du programme dans 13 lycees a Tshwane, Afrique du Sud, les pairs educateurs ont ete identifies, formes et soutenus afin d'executer ce programme dans leurs lycees avec l'aide d'un enseignant et des etudiants postuniversitaires comme animateurs. Les pairs educateurs ont organise des activites de prise de conscience du VIH. Ils ont anime des discussions, en classe, sur le comportement a risque et les relations entre garcons et filles, et ils ont enfin soutenu et aide des apprenants a resoudre leurs problemes personnels. L'evaluation de ce processus a aussi inclus des rapports hebdomadaires et des discussions de groupes de foyer avec les pairs educateurs et les enseignants. Un plan quasi experimental, incluant deux groupes : un groupe experimental et un groupe de controle et l'evaluation anterieure et posterieure, a ete utilise afin d'evaluer l'impact du programme sur le bien-etre psychologique, le controle de soi-meme, l'atmosphere au lycee et le comportement a risque eleve des apprenants âges de 13 a 20 ans. Les resultats ont montre que, d'une part, le pourcentage des apprenants sexuellement experimentes du groupe experimental est reste pareil durant la periode de 18 mois. D'autre part, le pourcentage des apprenants sexuellement experimentes du groupe de controle etait plus eleve. Le groupe de controle estime que bien plus de leurs amis ont deja eu des rapports sexuels. Aucune difference n'a ete constatee concernant l'utilisation des preservatifs dans les deux groupes. Les resultats de cette etude suggerent que l'epar les pairs peut contribuer a tarder le tout premier rapport sexuel et peut aussi contribuer a la prevention du VIH / SIDA parmi les adolescents.
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Higher education marketisation and its discontents: the case of quality in Kenya - Wangenge‐Ouma, Gerald (Higher Education, 2007)
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