Factors Contributing to Poor Health Among the Pre-School Children in Lamu District of Kenya - Wanjohi, Anthony M. (Social Science Research Network, 2007)
The issue of child health has been a subject of concern among scholars. In developing countries, poor health has become a problem due to lack of standardized diet, hence making the children to suffer from various ailments. There are a number of known and perceived factors that influence child health. The main purpose of this study was to examine the major factors contributing to poor health among pre-school children in Lamu District. The study sought to find out how poverty, immunization, cultural beliefs, and parents’ educational level contributed to poor health of pre-school children in ECD Centres in Mokowe Zone of Hindi Division of Lamu District. The study used probability and non-probability sampling techniques to select a sample of the pre-school teachers (8), nurses (6) and health officers (2). The tools used for data collection were questionnaires and interview guide. The collected data were analyzed and presented in frequencies and percentages using tables, pie charts and bar graphs. From the analysis, the study showed that poverty, lack of immunization, cultural beliefs and low parental education were dominant factors that contributed to poor health among the pre-school children Mokowe zone in Lamu District. The study recommended that the government to put right health policies into place with view of empowering people of the marginalized places like Lamu. It should distribute resources equitably and this could help in elevating the low poverty levels in the area and in turn, improve health status of children in the area. The government should also through local administration provide free child health care services. NGOs dealing with child health should also take lead towards educating communities about sound health care practices and providing support services to those who cannot afford. Parents, teachers and health practitioners should also facilitate awareness campaigns organized within and outside school community to sensitize the parents and community at large on the values of health and hygiene among the pre-school going children and its impact in teaching and learning process.
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School violence in Lesotho : the perceptions, experiences and observations of a group of learners - Wet, Corene De (South African Journal of Education, 2007)
School violence is a subject of great public and media interest that has stimulated a comprehensive body of research. Academic consideration of the subject began in the USA and Scandinavia in the mid-1960s and early 1970s but little evidence could be found of publications on the subject in the small landlocked Kingdom of Lesotho. To address this hiatus in school violence literature, I report on an investigation into a group of Lesotho secondary school learners' perceptions, experiences, and observations of school violence. The research instrument was an adapted version of a violence and trauma questionnaire for adolescents. The first important result from this study was to confirm that verbal and physical abuse amongst learners was prevalent in some schools in Lesotho. Secondly, qualitative and quantitative data revealed that learners often suffered verbal and physical humiliation at the hands of their educators. Thirdly, the data indicated that two major violence risk factors, namely, use of drugs and weapon carrying, were relatively common amongst educators and learners in Lesotho. This study also showed that school violence in Lesotho was a manifestation of gender inequality and violence. Some comments and recommendations are made. Keywords : aggression; gender inequality; learners; Lesotho; school violence South African Journal of Education Vol. 27 (4) 2007: pp. 673-690
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The challenges of mother-tongue education in Ethiopia: The case of North Omo area - Woldemariam, Hirut (Language matters (Pretoria), 2007)
Abstract It is a well-known fact that the best medium for teaching a child is his/her mother tongue. Implementing mother-tongue education is not, however, a trouble-free task for a country that is multilingual, multi-ethnic and culturally pluralistic. Mother-tongue education has been practised in Ethiopia since 1992. Before then Amharic, the federal working language, served as the only language of education in a nation where more than 85 languages are spoken. At present, about twenty languages are involved in the school system across Ethiopia. However, multidimensional challenges face the endeavour. These include the scarcity of financial and human resources, multiplicity of languages and dialects, inconsistent strategies employed to handle the situation, sceptical attitudes of the society towards mother-tongue education, and pedagogic problems. The problem is especially complex in regions that comprise an assortment of ethnolinguistic groups. The situation in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional States (SNNPS), particularly the area formerly known as ‘North Omo zone’, which is the main focus in this paper, is an instance of this complexity. This paper discusses the problems and challenges facing mother-tongue education in the sub-region and concludes with some suggested ways to ameliorate or even to avert them Keywords: AmharicEthiopiaethnolinguisticsGamomultilingualismmedium of instructionmother-tongue educationNorth Omo
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Nation Building—One Child at a Time: Early Childhood Music Education in South Africa - Woodward, Sheila C. (Arts Education Policy Review, 2007)
A brief examination of early childhood music education in South Africa, through an investigation of government documents and academic literature, leads to an impression that music is embraced in a broad framework of meeting young children's cultural and artistic needs. There is an overriding consciousness of the value of providing children with connections to their cultural heritage and instilling in them appreciation for one another's cultures and respect for diversity. More specific policy for each age level of early childhood in several governmental departments is needed to protect children's voices and to ensure not only that their musical heritage and artistic creativity are nourished and fostered but also that we listen to what they say through their music.
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[Protective effect of adeno-associated virus-mediated neurotrophin-3 on the cochlea of guinea pigs with gentamicin-induced hearing loss] - Yao, Xiaobao; Li, Shengli; Zhu, Hongliang; Wang, Xiaoxia; Liu, Hui; Yan, Liying (Journal of Southern Medical University, 2007)
Objective To study the protective effect of local gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on the function and morphology of the cochlea of guinea pigs with gentamicin-induced hearing loss. Methods Hearing loss was induced with gentamicin (80 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) injected intramuscularly) in 18 pigmented guinea pigs 4 days prior to gene transfer. The guinea pigs were then divided into groups A, B, and C for AAV-mediated NT-3 gene transfer (n=7), AAV infection (n=7) or no particular intervention (n=4), respectively. Mini-Osmotic pump were implanted in either side of the ears in groups A and B, and the guinea pigs were injected with gentamicin (80 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) intramuscularly since the operation day for 10 consecutive days. In group C, only gentamicin was administrated. Before and 14 days after gentamicin administration, auditory brainstem response audiometry (ABR) and distort-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were recorded, and the animals sacrificed to observe the morphological changes of the cochlear microscopically. Results Compared with groups B and C, the animals in group A showed better auditory ability (ABR and DPOAE) and significantly higher surviving rate of the outer hair cells (P Conclusion AAV-mediated NT-3 gene transfer may protect and repair the cochlear hair cells and auditory function damaged by aminoglycoside ototoxicity in guinea pigs, and aseptic procedure is of vital importance in cochlear local gene therapy.
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Factors influencing research productivity among lectures in teachers' colleges in Zimbabwe - Kusure, LP; Mutanda, L; Mawere, Daniel; Dhliwayo, L (Southern Africa journal of education, science and technology, 2007)
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Corporate governance practices at higher education institutions in South Africa - Marx, Ben (Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 2007)
South Africa boasts a vibrant higher education sector, with more than a million students enrolled in its higher education institutions. These institutions constitute highly complex organisations, with many and varied stakeholders and with budgets running into hundreds of millions of rands. Sound management and strict adherence to corporate governance principles and practices are essential to the success of these institutions. This will include the establishment of a well-balanced, independent and diligent council, as well as properly constituted and effective sub-committees of council. Of these sub-committees, the audit and finance committees are sure to play a pivotal part in ensuring financial discipline and adherence to sound corporate governance principles and practices. The principal aim of this paper will be to focus on the basic governance-regulatory requirements of higher education institutions in South Africa, and to benchmark these requirements against the corporate governance principles and practices required by King II.
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Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by primary school pupils in a University Staff School, Zaria, Nigeria - Olonitola, O. S.; Inabo, Helen Ileigo; Olayinka, B. O.; Bugo, I D (International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2007)
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the anterior nares of healthy pupils and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined. 116 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (100%) were biochemically characterized as coagulase positive S. aureus. Susceptibility profile of the isolates revealed that 15(14.85%) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 84(83.16%) methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were recovered. Lower percentages of resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus to mupirocin (11.88%) and ciprofloxacin (0.99%) were observed. Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) (2.97%) with MIC values between 8-16 µg/ml were recorded. The public health significance of community-acquired methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSA) in healthy human subjects is highlighted. International Journal of Biological & Chemical Sciences Vol. 1 (1) 2007: pp. 71-75
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Short Communication: Production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases of urinary isolates of Escherichia coli and Klesiella pneumoniae in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. - Olonitola, O. S.; Olayinka, AT; Inabo, Helen Ileigo; Shaibo, A M (International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2007)
Multidrug resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli constitute a problem in many hospitals. The antibiotic susceptibility profile and the Production of Extended Spetrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) of the strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were assessed by the Kirby-Bauer technique and the modified disc diffusion technique respectively. Out of a total of 65 urinary specimens submitted to the Medical Microbiology laboratory at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria, 50 isolates consisting of 33 (66%) Escherichia coli and 17 (34%) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were recovered from patients suspected to have Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). Of these 50 isolates, 15(30%) were ESBL producers, made up of 6/17 (35.3%) ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and 9/33 (27.3%) ESBL-positive E. coli isolates. The susceptibility of the ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and amikacin were 64.7%, 82.4% and 82.4% respectively, while the susceptibility of the ESBL-positive E. coli isolates were: ciprofloxacin (57.6%), ofloxacin (48.5%) and amikacin (84.8%). All (100%) of the ESBL-positive E. coli isolates and 3/6 (50%) of the ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates had Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of greater than 0.3 which is an indication that they originated from an environment where antibiotics are frequently used. It is important to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of ESBL-producing clinical isolates as a guide to clinicians for the chemotherapy and there should be effective infection control policies to curb their spread in the hospital setting.International Journal of Biological & Chemical Sciences Vol. 1 (2) 2007: pp. 181-185
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Food safety evaluation in boarding schools in Zaria, Nigeria, using the HACCP system - Oranusi, S. U.; Galadima, Musa; Umoh, V. J.; Nwanze, P. I. (Scientific Research and Essays, 2007)
A systematic evaluation of food safety was carried out in five boarding schools in Zaria, Kaduna State. The analysis consisted of investigating hazards associated with microbial contamination and critical control points (CCPs) in the preparation and handling of foods in the schools. Food and water samples as well as swabs of food contact surfaces were collected in addition to animal droppings found in or near the food preparation areas and transported to the laboratory for further investigations. Enterotoxin production by Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli strains was performed on New Zealand white rabbits using the ileal loop technique. All the foods (akamu, eba, tuwo and vegetable soup) attained cooking temperatures of 60 ‐ 100 o C capable of destroying vegetative forms of food borne pathogens. However, a concentration of 3 - 5log10 cells of B. cereus, 2 - 3log10 cells Staphylococcus aureus and 12log10 coliforms were isolated per 100 g/ml of some of the cooked foods. The water samples for drinking, cooking and washing dishes were contaminated with coliforms below 2 log10 cells/ml. The food and water samples were found to have counts within acceptable limits but the isolation of enterotoxigenic strains of B. cereus and Escherichia coli, hazards such as inadequate (5 - 10 min) time/temperature exposure of foods (akamu, tuwo, eba), high level initial contamination associated with raw foods, food ingredients, food contact surfaces, food handlers and inadequate cleaning of food utensils call for concern. Critical control points are frying and steaming of akara and moimoi respectively, manipulation of foods after cooking, and holding of cooked foods. The improvement of the personal hygiene of the handlers and the environment using hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) could help in ensuring safety of foods served in the boarding schools.
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The practice of community education in Nigeria - Ak (Educational Research Review, 2007)
This article focuses on the problems and prospects of Community Education in Nigeria. It examines the concept of non-formal community education as vital to individual and community development. It posits that, the formal provision of education cannot solve the problems of a rapidly changing society. Hence, education has to be redefined in the context of community to make it responsive to the yearning for better living conditions in the community. The work takes a rear-view mirror of the indigenous community education as a recipe for development and submits that if integrated with formal education indigenous community education can facilitate group and community betterment. Against this premise, suggests some measures that can foster community education for all-round development in Nigeria. Key words: Community education; community development; non-formal education; poverty reduction; participation
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Can the internet in tertiary education in Africa contribute to social and economic development - Bon, Anna (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2007)
ICT is considered one of the key factors behind sustainable development, not only as a means for automation of work processes, as a tool for education and scientific collaboration, and a platform for technological innovation, but also for communication and access to information. It thus contributes to democratic empowerment and poverty reduction. Poverty, poor access to education and lack of public investment capital are commonly believed to be the main causes of the digital divide, however, other causes may be of influence. A basic understanding of the mechanisms of the implementation and the role of ICT in society is necessary to reduce this digital divide, bearing in mind the local circumstances, differences and cultural contexts. This paper focuses on Africa, the most underserved continent in terms of ICT.
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6 - Credentials and Mobility: An Analysis of the Profile of Students Studying at Registered Private Higher Education Institutions in South Africa - Kruss, Glenda (Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2007)
Analysing the private higher education sector in relation to the public sector is not helpful, nor is aggregating student data to explain trends in private provision across a national system. This claim is illustrated by analysing the student target group identified by institutions, the profile of students enrolled and the perceptions of students of their motivation for studying at private institutions in South Africa. In South Africa, there are two distinct private sub-sectors, which target and attract a specific student base. Providers that claim to meet a demand for ‘mobility’ cater primarily for an historically privileged and newly privileged constituency, while those that claim to meet a demand for specialised ‘credentials’ cater primarily for non-traditional students. A superficial reading of race and gender, of historical ad- vantage and disadvantage, can obfuscate more than it illuminates, because age, socio-economic status, education background and citizenship interact in complex ways. Understanding the patterns of enrolment in distinct forms of provision pro- vides a useful way of understanding what private providers promise to offer, and why students are attracted to them.
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An investigation into attitudes and motivation of Botswana secondary school students towards English, Setswana and indigenous languages - Magogwe, Joel M. (English World-wide, 2007)
This study explores attitudes of Botswana students towards the functions of English and Setswana and to find out whether the students are instrumentally or integratively motivated to learn these languages. It also explores whether indigenous languages should be taught in schools. Data was collected using a questionnaire adapted from Gardner’s (1985) Attitude and Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). The results of this study show that Botswana students have a positive attitude towards English and Setswana. Despite Botswana students’ loyalty to Setswana, they think that Setswana should not become the medium of instruction, but it should continue to be taught as a subject. Botswana students seem to favour bilingualism or multilingualism because they suggest that indigenous languages should also be taught in schools.
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Introducing educational computer programmes through evaluation: A case in South African disadvantaged schools - Muwanga-Zake, Johnnie Wycliffe Frank (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2007)
I report on benefits from teacher-participant evaluation and mode of introducing educational computer programmes (ECPs) in disadvantaged schools in South Africa. 26 teachers from 23 schools participated in evaluating a biology computer game designed to motivate and ease conceptual understanding. The evaluation comprised teachers training, which simultaneously provided a platform for introducing the ECP into the schools. The paper recommends that an evaluation of ECPs that includes the value system of end-users (through social dialogue); curriculum issues (learning theories in the ECP and those the education authorities recommend, as well as ECP-curriculum integration); the concepts which the ECP presents; and the compatibility of the ECP with school computers, can provide useful methods of introducing ECPs into curricula of disadvantaged schools.
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Access to basic education in Kenya: inherent concerns - Odebero, Stephen O.; Maiyo, Julius K.; Mualuko, Ndiku J. (Educational Research Review, 2007)
Basic education being the minimum education that every Kenyan must have for progressive existence in society is a crucial factor. That is why Kenya subscribes to the international protocol that established Education for All (EFA) in Jomtien, Thailand 1990 and the world education forum in Dakar, Senegal, 2000. Since then, the Kenya Government in her Education Sector Strategic Plan and Sessional paper No. 1 of 2005 has articulated how to attain goals for education. For instance early childhood education which tries to ensure development of the whole personality of the child’s physical, mental, and socio-emotional attributes faces challenges such as lack of access to early childhood education mostly caused by poverty, regional and gender disparities, policy framework, and HIV/AIDS among others. At primary school level where children stay longest in the schooling years and they develop more motor skill, further cognitive skills along with higher socialization than the early childhood education level, has children failing to access education due to poverty, gender imbalances, regional imbalances among other concerns. Secondary education which creates a human resource base higher than the primary education along with training youth for further education and the world of work registers restriction to many children due to concerns of poverty, gender imbalances, insecurity regional disparity among others. This article articulates in detail the above concerns discussing their manifestations in Kenya. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations made on how to improve access to basic education in Kenya. Among the recommendations are: To make basic education free and compulsory, improve provision of health services, intensify fight against demeaning cultures, give special attention to children with disabilities, avail employment opportunities to the youth, assure security to all in conflict prone zones and tighten bursary disbursement procedures. Key words: Basic education, access.
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Impact of parent‐child relationship on the career development process of high school students in Ibadan, Nigeria - Salami, Samuel O.; Aremu, A. Oyesoji (Career Development International, 2007)
Purpose The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationships of parental attachment and psychological separation to the career development process of secondary school adolescents. Design/methodology/approach An ex post facto survey research design was adopted. The sample comprised 242 (males=121, females=121) senior secondary school II students randomly selected. Parental attachment, psychological separation, and career development scales were administered on the students. The data collected were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis treating parental attachment and psychological separation as predictors and career development as a criterion variable. Parental attachment and psychological separation (mother scales) separately and significantly predicted career information‐seeking behaviour of participants. However, combined attachment and separation (father scale) could not significantly predict any of the career development variables. Research limitations/implications The study utilised cross‐sectional and self‐report measures. Practical implications The cultural environment and type of family in which the study was carried out should be considered. Counsellors in Nigeria should assess views of students' parents and peers on career development. Originality/value Most previous studies have linked familial factors like parental educational, financial and modelling opportunities with career development. This study reported the relationship of parental attachment and psychological separation with the career development process. Results from this study may enlighten career counsellors, parents and students on the need to assess the relationship between the students and their parents when dealing with their career development problems.
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Education Innovation in Veterinary Training: E-learning Options in Southern Africa - C, Hem Pransanth K; Mostert, E-M (The Kenya Veterinarian, 2007)
Changing needs in education call for innovative ideas in veterinary education. The University of Pretoria has adopted a policy of flexible learning that makes provision for flexible learning opportunities as well as flexible delivery systems. The preferred mode(s) of instruction to be used by a lecturer will be determined by the content of a specific subject as well as the target student population. E-learning components such as web-based training and multimedia could be incorporated with the traditional modes of instruction. The implementation of e-learning has changed the roles and responsibilities of the lecturer as well as the student. The development of e-learning material is a dynamic process and guidelines applicable to the procedures as well as the compilation of a project team, will be discussed. The Kenya Veterinarian Vol. 27 2004: pp. 103-105
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African American Female Social Work Educators in Predominantly White Schools of Social Work: Strategies for Thriving - Edwards, Janice Berry; Bryant, Shirley; Clark, Trenette T. (Journal of African American studies (New Brunswick, N.J.), 2007)
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Psychiatric manifestations from mid-adolescence to early adulthood: the experience of a Nigerian teaching hospital - Abiona, Titilayo C.; Fatoye, F O; Okwerekwu, R O (Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry, 2007)
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Convergence and Divergence of Influences on Career Choice: A Comparative Analysis of Influences on Career Choices of MBA Students in China, Ghana, Greece, Israel, Korea, North Cyprus, Turkey and the UK - Dexter, Barbara; Forson, Cynthia; İnal, Gözde; Karataş‐Özkan, Mine; Küskü, Fatma; Özbilgin, Mustafa F.; Malach‐Pines, Ayala; Tanova, Cem; Yoon, Jeongkoo (2007)
"Chapter 1: Convergence and Divergence of Influences on Career Choice: A Comparative Analysis of Influences on Career Choices of MBA Students in China, Ghana, Greece, Israel, Korea, North Cyprus, Turkey and the UK" published on 26 Oct 2007 by Edward Elgar Publishing.
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The emergence of marketing and communications strategy in South African further education and training colleges - McGrath, Simon; Akoojee, Salim (Education, Knowledge and Economy, 2007)
South African further education and training (FET) colleges have been enjoined to become more responsive to their external environment, in keeping with international trends in public vocational education and training (VET) reform. One mechanism for achieving this goal is to market colleges and communicate more effectively to future students, future employers and the communities in which colleges are located. This article reports on key findings of the first case studies of marketing practices in four colleges, noting very considerable variations in strategies and practices across their marketing functions. Nonetheless, we identify a common tendency to prioritise external over internal and interactive marketing. We argue that the limited understanding by marketing staff and college leaders about the state of the art of marketing practice is the product of the broader challenges of the unfinished college transformation process. We note the inevitability that the new South African colleges will gradually adopt marketing approaches as part of their wider process of evolution, but propose that there are unlikely to be simple solutions to a number of key tensions that are both internal and external to the marketing function.
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Prevalence of stuttering in primary school children in Nsukka, Nigeria - Onyeizugbu, E U (Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry, 2007)
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Understanding Urban and Rural Kenyan Students' Out-of-School Mathematics Practice - Masingila, Joanna O.; Kimani, Patrick (2007)
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Investigating African American Students Identity and Agency in a Mathematics and Graphing Calculator Environment at a Low-SES School - Nzuki, Francis; Masingila, Joanna O. (2007)
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Occurrence of violence between Junior and Senior Secondary school children in Oyo State, Nigeria - Ajayi, Daniel E.; Ingwu, Emmanuel U. (Global journal of educational research. (Crossriver), 2007)
The involvement rates of Junior and Senior secondary school students in various forms of violent crimes within Ibadan metropolis were studied and compared. Multistage sampling technique was used to select five schools for the study. Two research questions were answered and two hypotheses tested. The Survey design involved 500 respondents. Chi-square statistics was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that stealing and examination malpractices were particularly common among Students of Secondary schools. Junior and senior students committed these crimes at the same rate.Global Journal of Educational Research Vol. 5 (1&2) 2006: pp. 35-38
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Assessment of the depth of knowledge of HIV/AIDS by secondary school students in southern Cross River State, Nigeria - Joshua, Akon M.; Joshua, Monday T. (Global Journal of Educational Research, 2007)
The major purpose of this study was to determine the perception (depth of knowledge) of secondary school students in Southern Cross River State concerning HIV/AIDS, in terms of meaning and group at risk, routes of transmission, and prevention strategies. To accomplish the research purpose, one research question and one research hypothesis were formulated. The Research design adopted for this study was survey inferential. The sample consisted of 600 senior secondary school students drawn from a population of 17,587 senior secondary school students (as at the time of research). The instrument used was questionnaire. Population t-test and simple percentages for individual items were used in the analyses of data collected. The findings showed that the general perceptions of the secondary school students on HIV/AIDS are high. It was recommended, among others, that more health educators and guidance counsellors knowledgeable in HIV/AIDS issues should be employed in every secondary school. Global Journal of Educational Research Vol. 5 (1&2) 2006: pp. 23-28
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Heavy metals pollution in a sewage treatment oxidation pond and the receiving stream of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria - Ogunfowokan, A. O.; Adenuga, Adeniyi Abiodun; Torto, Nelson; ., E.K. Okoh (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007)
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The Benefits, Challenges, and Strategies of African American Faculty Teaching at Predominantly White Institutions - Alexander, Rudolph; Moore, Samuel K. (Journal of African American Studies, 2007)
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Analysis of New Zambian High School Physics Syllabus and Practical Examinations for Levels of Inquiry and Inquiry Skills - Mumba, Frackson; Chabalengula, Vivien Mweene; Wise, Kevin C.; Hunter, William J. (Eurasia journal of mathematics science and technology education, 2007)
The purpose of this study was to analyze the new Zambian high school physics syllabus and practical examinations for levels of inquiry and inquiry skills. Several inquiry skills are explicitly emphasized in the introduction, aims, content objectives and assessment sections in the national high school physics syllabus. However, the syllabus is less explicit on levels of inquiry. The syllabus has no suggested inquiry activities and guidelines for inquiry-based teaching. As such, teachers are expected to create inquiry activities for their physics lessons to address the content and inquiry skills outlined in the syllabus. The experiments in the practical examinations were restricted to structured and confirmation/verification inquiry levels. The inquiry skills emphasized in the practical examinations were the same as those outlined in the physics syllabus. Implications for science teaching, learning, and curriculum design have been stated.
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Solar flare effects and storm sudden commencement even in Geomagnetic H, Y and Z fields at Euro-African observatories - Okeke, Fransisca; Okpala, Kingsley Chukwudi (Nigerian Journal of Physics, 2007)
Variations in the three components of geomagnetic field were observed at the twenty-two geomagnetic Euro-African Observatories during the solar flare that occurred on the 6 May, 1998 at 0080UT and storm sudden commencement that took place on May 8, 1998 at 15.00 UT. The geomagnetic field on 6 May, 1998 was quiet. Strong correlation exists between the solar flare amplitude of the Z component (dZsfe) and the monthly mean of the Sq variation. Strong responses of Z and Y fields to solar activity were noted. From the estimation of the contributions of D and E-layers to the geomagnetic SFE, it was inferred that both of these layers contribute to geomagnetic SFE almost equally with ratio of D-layer current to E-layer current being approximately 1.21. Keywords: Solar flare, Storm sudden commencement, Variation, Sq current, correlation. Nigerian Journal of Physics Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 59-66
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International Education Issues: A perspective on the practice of neurology in northern Kenya - Porter, Alyx (Neurology, 2007)
While in residency, both my husband (a physical medicine and rehabilitation resident) and I were able to experience an international elective which has enhanced our clinical training and perspective. This elective was organized with resources from the international health program at our institution as well as World Medical Mission (WMM)/Samaritan’s Purse, a nonprofit organization that places physicians in areas of need around the world. After months of preparation and endless communications with the staff of WMM, we worked at the Maua Methodist Hospital (MMH), in northern Kenya, for 1 month. MMH is a medical center 6 hours north of Nairobi that serves the needs of approximately 600,000 people in the surrounding villages where the prevailing languages are English, Kiswahili, and Kimeru. Of the many patients encountered, approximately 1/3 had neurologic manifestations of their disease, most often unrecognized by the local physicians. MMH was started by British missionaries approximately 80 years ago. The hospital has grown in size and currently has approximately 300 inpatient beds which are divided into three wards (one pediatric, one medical, and one surgical). There is also an outpatient complex that serves hundreds of patients on a daily basis. The most common admitting diagnoses included HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. By my estimation, nearly one in four hospitalized patients was HIV-positive. The hospital fees are nominal, however, most people in Maua …
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Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat: implications for Africa - Brown, Oli; Hammill, Anne; McLeman, Robert (International Affairs, 2007)
Once it was an environmental issue, then an energy problem, now climate change is being recast as a security threat. So far, the debate has focused on creating a security ‘hook’, illustrated by anecdote, to invest climate negotiations with a greater sense of urgency. Political momentum behind the idea of climate change as a security threat has progressed quickly, even reaching the United Nations Security Council. This article reviews the linkages between climate change and security in Africa and analyses the role of climate change adaptation policies in future conflict prevention. Africa, with its history of ethnic, resource and interstate conflict, is seen by many as particularly vulnerable to this new type of security threat, despite being the continent least responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions. Projected climatic changes for Africa suggest a future of increasingly scarce water, collapsing agricultural yields, encroaching desert and damaged coastal infrastructure. Such impacts, should they occur, would undermine the ‘carrying capacity’ of large parts of Africa, causing destabilizing population movements and raising tensions over dwindling strategic resources. In such cases, climate change could be a factor that tips fragile states into socio-economic and political collapse. Climate change is only one of many security, environmental and developmental challenges facing Africa. Its impacts will be magnified or moderated by underlying conditions of governance, poverty and resource management, as well as the nature of climate change impacts at local and regional levels. Adaptation policies and programmes, if implemented quickly and at multiple scales, could help avert climate change and other environmental stresses becoming triggers for conflict. But, adaptation must take into account existing social, political and economic tensions and avoid exacerbating them.
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Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat: implications for Africa - Brown, Oli; Hammill, Anne; McLeman, Robert (International Affairs, 2007)
Once it was an environmental issue, then an energy problem, now climate change is being recast as a security threat. So far, the debate has focused on creating a security ‘hook’, illustrated by anecdote, to invest climate negotiations with a greater sense of urgency. Political momentum behind the idea of climate change as a security threat has progressed quickly, even reaching the United Nations Security Council. This article reviews the linkages between climate change and security in Africa and analyses the role of climate change adaptation policies in future conflict prevention. Africa, with its history of ethnic, resource and interstate conflict, is seen by many as particularly vulnerable to this new type of security threat, despite being the continent least responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions. Projected climatic changes for Africa suggest a future of increasingly scarce water, collapsing agricultural yields, encroaching desert and damaged coastal infrastructure. Such impacts, should they occur, would undermine the ‘carrying capacity’ of large parts of Africa, causing destabilizing population movements and raising tensions over dwindling strategic resources. In such cases, climate change could be a factor that tips fragile states into socio-economic and political collapse. Climate change is only one of many security, environmental and developmental challenges facing Africa. Its impacts will be magnified or moderated by underlying conditions of governance, poverty and resource management, as well as the nature of climate change impacts at local and regional levels. Adaptation policies and programmes, if implemented quickly and at multiple scales, could help avert climate change and other environmental stresses becoming triggers for conflict. But, adaptation must take into account existing social, political and economic tensions and avoid exacerbating them.
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Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat: implications for Africa - Brown, Oli; Hammill, Anne; McLeman, Robert (International Affairs, 2007)
Once it was an environmental issue, then an energy problem, now climate change is being recast as a security threat. So far, the debate has focused on creating a security ‘hook’, illustrated by anecdote, to invest climate negotiations with a greater sense of urgency. Political momentum behind the idea of climate change as a security threat has progressed quickly, even reaching the United Nations Security Council. This article reviews the linkages between climate change and security in Africa and analyses the role of climate change adaptation policies in future conflict prevention. Africa, with its history of ethnic, resource and interstate conflict, is seen by many as particularly vulnerable to this new type of security threat, despite being the continent least responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions. Projected climatic changes for Africa suggest a future of increasingly scarce water, collapsing agricultural yields, encroaching desert and damaged coastal infrastructure. Such impacts, should they occur, would undermine the ‘carrying capacity’ of large parts of Africa, causing destabilizing population movements and raising tensions over dwindling strategic resources. In such cases, climate change could be a factor that tips fragile states into socio-economic and political collapse. Climate change is only one of many security, environmental and developmental challenges facing Africa. Its impacts will be magnified or moderated by underlying conditions of governance, poverty and resource management, as well as the nature of climate change impacts at local and regional levels. Adaptation policies and programmes, if implemented quickly and at multiple scales, could help avert climate change and other environmental stresses becoming triggers for conflict. But, adaptation must take into account existing social, political and economic tensions and avoid exacerbating them.
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Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat: implications for Africa - Brown, Oli; Hammill, Anne; McLeman, Robert (International Affairs, 2007)
Once it was an environmental issue, then an energy problem, now climate change is being recast as a security threat. So far, the debate has focused on creating a security ‘hook’, illustrated by anecdote, to invest climate negotiations with a greater sense of urgency. Political momentum behind the idea of climate change as a security threat has progressed quickly, even reaching the United Nations Security Council. This article reviews the linkages between climate change and security in Africa and analyses the role of climate change adaptation policies in future conflict prevention. Africa, with its history of ethnic, resource and interstate conflict, is seen by many as particularly vulnerable to this new type of security threat, despite being the continent least responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions. Projected climatic changes for Africa suggest a future of increasingly scarce water, collapsing agricultural yields, encroaching desert and damaged coastal infrastructure. Such impacts, should they occur, would undermine the ‘carrying capacity’ of large parts of Africa, causing destabilizing population movements and raising tensions over dwindling strategic resources. In such cases, climate change could be a factor that tips fragile states into socio-economic and political collapse. Climate change is only one of many security, environmental and developmental challenges facing Africa. Its impacts will be magnified or moderated by underlying conditions of governance, poverty and resource management, as well as the nature of climate change impacts at local and regional levels. Adaptation policies and programmes, if implemented quickly and at multiple scales, could help avert climate change and other environmental stresses becoming triggers for conflict. But, adaptation must take into account existing social, political and economic tensions and avoid exacerbating them.
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Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat: implications for Africa - Brown, Oli; Hammill, Anne; McLeman, Robert (International Affairs, 2007)
Once it was an environmental issue, then an energy problem, now climate change is being recast as a security threat. So far, the debate has focused on creating a security ‘hook’, illustrated by anecdote, to invest climate negotiations with a greater sense of urgency. Political momentum behind the idea of climate change as a security threat has progressed quickly, even reaching the United Nations Security Council. This article reviews the linkages between climate change and security in Africa and analyses the role of climate change adaptation policies in future conflict prevention. Africa, with its history of ethnic, resource and interstate conflict, is seen by many as particularly vulnerable to this new type of security threat, despite being the continent least responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions. Projected climatic changes for Africa suggest a future of increasingly scarce water, collapsing agricultural yields, encroaching desert and damaged coastal infrastructure. Such impacts, should they occur, would undermine the ‘carrying capacity’ of large parts of Africa, causing destabilizing population movements and raising tensions over dwindling strategic resources. In such cases, climate change could be a factor that tips fragile states into socio-economic and political collapse. Climate change is only one of many security, environmental and developmental challenges facing Africa. Its impacts will be magnified or moderated by underlying conditions of governance, poverty and resource management, as well as the nature of climate change impacts at local and regional levels. Adaptation policies and programmes, if implemented quickly and at multiple scales, could help avert climate change and other environmental stresses becoming triggers for conflict. But, adaptation must take into account existing social, political and economic tensions and avoid exacerbating them.
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Efficacy of triclosan soap against superficial dermatomycoses: a double‐blind clinical trial in 224 primary school‐children in Kilombero District, Morogoro Region, Tanzania - Dinkela, Almuth; Ferié, Julia; Mbata, Marco; Schmid-Grendelmeier, Marco; Hatz, Christoph (International Journal of Dermatology, 2007)
Superficial dermatomycoses are a common problem in tropical regions. Due to limited resources, specific antimycotic therapy is often not available. The present study was performed to assess the clinical efficacy of the antimicrobial agent Triclosan in bar soap in comparison with regular soap against selected superficial dermatomycoses in Tanzanian schoolchildren.820 primary school children were examined for skin disorders and 224 of these were included in the soap trial. The clinical presentation of dermatomycoses was recorded using a symptom score. Samples were taken for microscopic examination and mycological culture. The study participants received either bar soap containing Triclosan or a placebo for 2 months. They were re-examined at the end of this period.The benefit achieved by the addition of Triclosan was not statistically significant. Overall cure rates for Triclosan and placebo groups taken together were 21.8% for tinea versicolor, 58.3% for tinea capitis, 55.5% for tinea corporis and 68.8% for tinea pedis. This was confirmed microscopically. For the majority of the children the dermatomycoses improved significantly.The results strongly argue for regular soap use against common dermatomycoses as a low-cost and effective treatment. This promising finding should be considered in settings where dermatophyte infections represent a public health problem and where access to appropriate treatment and financial resources are limited.
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Evaluating a school-based trachoma curriculum in Tanzania - Lewallen, Susan; Massae, Patrick; Tharaney, Manisha; Somba, Margareth; Geneau, Robert; MacArthur, Chad; Courtright, Paul (Health Education Research, 2007)
Trachoma remains a public health problem in a number of sub-Saharan Africa countries; behavioral change and environmental improvements are cornerstones of prevention efforts. Evidence of successful health education are few in Africa. Health education efforts through primary schools have recently been developed and adopted in Tanzania. We evaluated changes from 2004 to 2005 in knowledge and reported behavioral change as well as nasal and ocular discharge and clean faces in selected schools in central Tanzania. This was a mixed-methods study involving both schoolchildren and schoolteachers. We found a significant reduction in nasal discharge (from 4.5% to 0.5%) and dirty faces (from 3.6% to 0.9%) and improvements in some knowledge- and behavior-related indices by primary schoolchildren in the intervention villages. The teachers viewed the trachoma curriculum positively but reported that the lack of water at the schools limited application of the health education messages. The disparity between health education messages and environmental capacities for implementing these messages (no wells at the schools and minimal latrine facilities at the schools and homes) limited usefulness of the curriculum.
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An investigation of the impact of employee training on job satisfaction and retention : a case study of Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Mulwa, Redempta Serah (2007)
The study focused on assessing the impact of employee training on their job satisfaction and retention at the Kenya Medical Research Institute. The target population was the employees who had completed training in the past 4 years. The study was carried out within three KEMRI collaborating centres namely; Walter Reed Project, Centre for Disease Control and KEMRI-Kenya Department of Defense. These collaborating centres operate entirely under KEMRI policies and mandate. The study sought to find out why despite the fact that training of employees is expected to yield to increased job satisfaction and retention, the rate of staff turnover after acquiring the required training is still high within the centres. The study sought to unearth the reasons behind the staff leaving and therefore identify what the institute is currently not fulfilling within the expectations of the staff after the training compelling them to exit. To effectively address the issue, the researcher came up with the following objectives: - 1. To determine how training relates to employee job satisfaction and retention 2. To establish the factors contributing to staff retention or turnover after acquiring training in KEMRI 3. To explore the possible solutions that KEMRI could adopt to minimize or eradicate employee exit after training. The researcher administered questionnaires with both open-ended and closed-ended questions as an avenue of data collection. After data collection analysis was done using frequency distribution tables, charts and graphs.
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Perceptions of undergraduate students not participating in HIV/AIDS prevention activities in Botswana - Sabone, Motshedisi; Ntsayagae, Esther; Brown, Marie Scott; Seboni, Naomi; Mogobe, Keitshokile Dintle; Sebego, Miriam (International Nursing Review, 2007)
Background: Botswana is one of the countries hardest hit by HIV/AIDS. Prevalence rates of 22.8% and 38.6% have been reported for age groups 15–19 and 20–24 years respectively. The government has solicited a concerted effort of all individuals and agencies in both the public and private sector in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Purpose: This report is part of the findings of a study conducted at a university to evaluate students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of two HIV/AIDS initiatives put in place and aimed at changing the students’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. Methods: The study utilized the Rapid Assessment Process (RAP). Four teams interviewed: students who had taken the course; students who had used the centre; students who had taken the course and used the centre; and students who have neither taken the course nor used the centre. Initial steps in data analysis involved coding and theme derivation. Findings reported here were from participants who neither participated in the course nor used the centre. Findings: Participants reported the following problems, which were hindering the success of the programmes: problems in the ABC message; permissive campus environment; lack of entertainment; and students’ perceptions about HIV/AIDS and their own vulnerability. Participants came up with suggestions for improving the initiatives. The authors discuss implications of the study findings for the university’s initiatives.
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Healthwise South Africa: cultural adaptation of a school-based risk prevention programme - Wegner, Lisa; Flisher, Alan J.; Caldwell, Linda L.; Vergnani, Tania; Smith, Edward A. (Health education research, 2007)
There is a need for effective prevention programmes aimed at reducing risk behaviour among South African adolescents. HealthWise South Africa is a school-based programme designed to reduce sexual and substance use risk behaviour, and promote positive use of leisure time among high-school learners (students). Based on successful programmes in the United States of America, HealthWise was developed for use in South Africa and pilot tested in four South African high schools. We carried out a process evaluation to establish the fidelity of implementation and make sure HealthWise was culturally relevant. Data sources comprised focus groups with educators and learners, lesson evaluations and observations, and interviews with school principals. Qualitative analysis of data highlighted pertinent cultural and contextual factors and identified areas for modifying HealthWise in order to promote better programme-consumer fit. These areas centred on time, language, and leisure. We noted a dynamic tension between the educators' desire to adhere to plan, and to make adaptations in accordance with learners' needs and the context. Ultimately, researchers need to find a balance between fidelity of implementation and programme adaptation to obtain effective programmes that are culturally acceptable to local consumers.
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Development of Education during the period of Federation of Eritrea with Ethiopia (1952–1962) - Kidane, Resoum (2007)
The mission of EHREA is to increase public awareness of injustices carried out in Eritrea and elsewhere by the PFDJ and to serve as a platform to hasten the introduction of justice and democracy in Eritrea. It collects information, eye witness testimony and links to online resources about human rights abuses since 1991. The archive also provides documentation on atrocities committed against Eritrean civilians by the Ethiopian government between 1954-1991 and during the 1998 border war. Documents on the demise of Asmara University, forced conscription and PFDJ atrocities against youth which caused the flight abroad of thousands of Eritrean youth, are also covered. There are articles, timelines of events, full text documents and a useful collection of links to websites of key human rights organisations operating in Eritrea.
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Further education and training (FET) college teachers in South Africa and England: A knowledge-based profession of the future? - Young, Michael (2007)
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The knowledge question and the future of education in South Africa - Young, Michael (2007)
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“'Excavating original African-American ‘pulp fiction’: W.W. Norton’s ‘Old School Books’” - Cottenet, Cécile (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2007)
In 1996 the mainstream American publisher W.W. Norton launched Old School Books, a series of African American pulp novels, all authored by African American men, that had formerly been published individually between the 1950s and the early 1970s. Judging from Norton’s reputation and catalogue, the endeavour may have seemed bold; in effect the series must be considered alongside other contemporary ‘re-visionary’ series of the times that aimed at recovering writings — often by women or by ethnic minorities — that had previously been excluded from the classics reprint series.
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The Place And Role Of Em-learning In Multi-mode Delivery Of Educator Training In South Africa - Steyn, Hennie; Potgieter, Ferdinand J.; Basson, R.; Roeloffse, J.; Steyn, Petrus S.; Steyn, Nichelle (2007)
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Academic freedom and the development of higher education in Ethiopia: the case of Addis Ababa University 1950-2005 synopsis of a PhD dissertation - Asgedom, Amare (Ethiopian journal of the social sciences and humanities, 2007)
No Abstract. Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 3 (2) 2005: pp. 77-80
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Learning experiences on farmers field school on intergrated nutrient management: evidence from Wolaita in Southern Ethiopia: A research report - Ergano, Kebebe; Beyene, Sheleme; Wallelu, Wondimu (Ethiopian journal of the social sciences and humanities, 2007)
No Abstract. Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 3 (2) 2005: pp. 81-94
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Devolution rhetoric and practice of curriculum policymaking in Ethiopian primary education - Eshete, Akalewold (Ethiopian journal of the social sciences and humanities, 2007)
This paper sketches the rhetoric and practices of curricular devolution since the publication of education and training policy. By exploring curriculum, management guidelines and other relevant policy documents, this paper argues that within a decentralized federal system of governance primary curriculum provisions still suffer from a centralized control. The Ministry dominates curriculum policy decision environment in the name of ‘setting & maintaining of standards', ‘provisions of assistance' and ‘ensures whether the curriculum developed at all levels was free from gender, cultural and political bias'. Capitalizing these discretions, the Ministry goes beyond its jurisdiction in developing primary curriculum. As a result, this paper recommends that regional states balance the power struggle over primary curriculum decision environment, untie themselves to some extent, exercise their policy right and play effectively as genuine stakeholders in the provisions of meaningful and localized curriculum for the only forms of education available to the majority of their constituencies. Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 3 (1) 2005: pp. 1-20
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Twin delivery in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria: A one-year prospective study - Mutuhir, J T; Pam, VC (Journal of Medicine in the Tropics, 2007)
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Abstract 3710: Stanford GEMS (Girls health Enrichment Multisite Studies): Long-Term Efficacy of After-School Dance and Screen Time Reduction in Low-Income African-American Girls - Robinson, Thomas N.; Matheson, Donna; Kraemer, Helena C.; Obarzanek, Eva; Wilson, Darrell M.; Haskell, William L.; Pruitt, Leslie A.; Thompson, Nikko S.; Haydel, K. Farish; Fujimoto, Michelle; Varady, Ann; Killen, Joel D. (Circulation, 2007)
Objective: To test the efficacy of a 2-year, community- & family-based intervention to reduce weight gain in low-income, preadolescent African-American girls Design: 2 arm, parallel group, randomized controlled trial Setting: Low-income areas of Oakland, CA Participants: 8 –10 year old African-American girls Interventions: Girls were randomized to a 2 year, culturally-tailored after school dance program and a home/family-based intervention to reduce screen media use (dance/TV) versus an information-based community health education (HE) active-placebo comparison intervention Primary Outcome: Change in body mass index measured up to 5 times over the course of the study Results: 261 girls were randomized (134 dance/TV, 127 HE) and 225 (86.2%) completed 1 or more follow-up measures (118 dance/TV, 107 HE; mean ± SD follow-up = 25.7 ± 8.5 mos and 25.2 ± 9.6 mos, respectively). Intent-to-treat analysis found no statistically significant differences between groups in BMI change (mean difference in changes= .04 kg/m2 per year, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] =−.19 to .27; P=.72). Similar results were found for waist circumference and triceps skinfold. Compared to girls in HE, girls in the dance/TV group significantly reduced fasting total cholesterol levels (difference in changes = −3.49 mg/dl per year, 95% CI −5.28 to −1.70; P<.001), fasting LDL-cholesterol (−3.02, 95% CI −4.74 to −1.31; P<.001) and depressive symptoms (P<.05). Changes between groups were not statistically significant for HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin, resting blood pressure and heart rate, dietary energy and fat, accelerometer-measured physical activity, and screen time. Moderator analysis indicated the dance/TV reduction intervention was significantly more effective than HE in reducing BMI gain for girls with single parent families, more screen time and more depressive symptoms at baseline. Conclusions: A culturally-tailored after school dance and screen time reduction intervention did not slow BMI increases more than a health education intervention in low-income African-American girls. The dance/TV intervention resulted in greater reductions in fasting total and LDL-cholesterol and depressive symptoms, but not in other cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents in Kafue, Zambia - Siziya, Seter; Rudatsikira, Emmanuel; Muula, Adamson S (Malawi medical journal, 2007)
Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Interest in developing countries smoking prevalence has been growing since 1999.To estimate the prevalence of current cigarette smoking and associated factors among school-age adolescents in Kafue, Zambia.A cross sectional study was conducted using standard Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) methodology. Frequencies and odds ratios were obtained to assess the association between selected factors and current cigarette smoking.Data on current smoking were available for 1872 adolescents, of whom 891 (47.6%) were males and 981 females. Overall 154 (8.2%) adolescents were current cigarette smokers, while 93 (10.4%) males and 61 (6.2%) females were current smokers (p <0.001). The majority of the smokers usually smoked at their own home or at a friend's house. Having some pocket money, having friends or parents who are smokers, and being exposed to pro-tobacco advertisements at social gatherings were associated with being a current cigarette smoker.The traditional factors associated with smoking among adolescents elsewhere are also associated with smoking among adolescents in Kafue, Zambia. Public health interventions aimed to reduce adolescent smoking should be designed with these identified associations in mind.
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A qualitative study of medical student socialization in Malawi\'s College of Medicine: Clincal crisis and beyond - Wendland, Claire; Bandawe, Chiwoza (Malawi medical journal, 2007)
In a previous report we addressed the socialization of Malawian medical students during the years of basic science training. Here we turn to the heavily clinical training of the final three years of medical school.
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A qualitative study of medical student socialization in Malawi\'s College of Medicine: Preclinical training and identity - Wendland, Claire; Bandawe, Chiwoza (Malawi medical journal, 2007)
In a previous report we addressed the socialization of Malawian medical students during the years of basic science training. Here we turn to the heavily clinical training of the final three years of medical school. Malawi Medical Journal Biology Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 68-70
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‘Awareness Campaign’: A Necessity for the Adoption of E-Learning at a HEI in South Africa - Stoltenkamp, Juliet; Kies, Carolynne; Smit, Karin (E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, 2007)
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Clinging to the Managerial Approach in Implementing Teacher Education "Reform" Tasks in Ethiopia. - Tessema, Kedir Assefa (The International Journal of Progressive Education, 2007)
In this paper, the author argues that the pre-service secondary teacher education ‘paradigm shift’ or ‘system overhaul’ that has been implemented during the 2003-2005 time period in Ethiopia reflects the pursuit of pathways which the author refers to as a managerial approach. Grounded mainly on personal narratives of a key self-narrator and views of other faculty reform performers, the author brings to surface the ideology upheld by central reform planners and administrators. The author identifies four reform tasks to demonstrate the consistency in the paths pursued to effect policies of central priorities. These reform tasks which mainly concern changes in curriculum and instruction were planned and have been effected in managerial spaces and tools. The author further argues that, in effect, if not in intent, the managerial approach has had a sidelining effect because the larger practitioners, professional associations, communities, student teachers, and private popular media have been given little or no opportunities for participation. According to the author, the approach has also reduced pedagogical concerns and values to an adjunct or secondary position.
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An investigation into the mathematics performance of Grade 6 learners in South Africa - Kotzé, G.S.; Strauss, J. P. (Pythagoras, 2007)
The aim of this article is to investigate mathematics performance of intermediate phase learners. The quality of learners’ scholastic achievement in mathematics are analysed based on the empirical evidence obtained from an international survey. The method of inquiry is based on an analysis of existing statistic-al data concerning present-oriented problems. The effects of particular variables on mathematics learn-ing are explored, such as male and female learners and those from less advantaged social backgrounds. Overall performance and competence levels are analysed. Although there are no outstanding contributing factors that influence mathematics achievement of grade 6 learners in South Africa conclusions are drawn that may influence school system organisation and also the quality of mathematics teaching.
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Focus on the statistical education of prospective engineers in South Africa - Zewotir, Temesgen; North, Delia (Pythagoras, 2007)
The paper deals with the teaching of statistics to engineering students at tertiary level in South Africa. A number of suggestions are made in order to improve the statistical education of engineering students, thus potentially enabling future prospective engineers to optimise the power of statistics in their profession. Though the focus here is on suggesting ways to improve the statistical education of engineers at tertiary level, current changes in the school curriculum are eluded to, as this adds another dimension to early statistical education of future engineers.
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The challenge of financing higher education and the role of student loans scheme: an analysis of the student loan trust fund (SLTF) in Ghana - Atuahene, Francis (Higher Education, 2007)
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Gene action controlling grain yield and secondary traits in southern African maize hybrids under drought and non-drought environments - Derera, John; Tongoona, Pangirayi; Vivek, B.; Laing, Mark (Euphytica, 2007)
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Professional Development through Action Research: Case Examples in South African Higher Education - Fletcher, Margaret; Zuber‐Skerritt, Ortrun (Systemic Practice and Action Research, 2007)
This paper identifies the quality characteristics of a professional development (PD) program on action research (AR) and presents the results of a second-order evaluation of such a program. Three case examples in South African higher education demonstrate how AR methodology has been applied to design, conduct and evaluate the PD program and to identify new ways of learning and improving professional practice in higher education. From data analysis, we distinguish six factors significant in contributing to the quality of the PD program in all three universities: facilitator expertise, adaptive planning, responsive evaluation, critical events, application, and self-efficacy. On the basis of the evaluation results, we present five models: (1) the AR workshop cycles; (2) characteristics of a quality PD program; (3) a PD program on and through AR; (4) three levels of reflection on AR; and (5) meta-action research.
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Economic impact of climate change on major South African field crops : a Ricardian approach - Gbetibouo, Glwadys Aymone (2007)
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Geographic evaluation of conservation status of African forest squirrels (Sciuridae) considering land use change and climate change: the importance of point data - Peterson, A. Townsend; Martínez‐Meyer, Enrique (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007)
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The impacts of climate change on Africa - Hulme, Mike; Conway, Declan; Kelly, P. M.; Subak, Susan; Downing, TE (2007)
Many scientists, economists, and policymakers agree that the world is facing a threat from climate warming (IPCC, 2001a). The degree of the impact and its distribution is still debated. The current evidence suggests that countries in temperate and polar locations may benefit from small economic advantages because additional warming will benefit their agricultural sectors (Mendelsohn et al., 2000; Mendelsohn and Williams, 2004). Many countries in tropical and subtropical regions are expected to be more vulnerable because additional warming will affect their marginal water balance and harm their agricultural sectors (IPCC, 2001b; Tol, 2002; Mendelsohn and Williams, 2004). However, little empirical research has been done on tropical countries, so that little is known about the extent of these damages. The problem is expected to be most severe in Africa, and especially sub-Saharan Africa, where the people are poor, temperatures are high, precipitation is low, technological change has been slow, and agriculture dominates domestic economies. African farmers have adapted to their current climates, but climate change may well force large regions of marginal agriculture out of production in Africa.
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The Contribution of the Competency-based Approach to Education for all in Cameroon - Bipoupout, J. C. (PROSPECTS, 2007)
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Professional ignorance and unprofessional experts: experiences of how small-scale vanilla farmers in Uganda learn to produce for export - Kibwika, Paul (2007)
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Drought Hazard and Land Management in the Drylands of Southern Africa - Zeidler, Juliane; Chunga, Reagan (2007)
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Michelin training tackles tyre safety in Africa (Industrial and Commercial Training, 2007)
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Satellite-based geologic mapping of the central Tibesti volcanic province, Chad - Chandra, Lilly; Robert, L. Nusbaum (Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 2007)
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Learning from 10 Years of Climate Outlook Forums in Africa - Patt, Anthony; Ogallo, Laban; Hellmuth, Molly (Science, 2007)
As new projects and programs are proposed to promote climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction in Africa, it is important to learn from the successes and failures of the Climate Outlook Forums.
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Developing university-level introductory ICT education in Tanzania : a contextualized approach - Vesisenaho, Mikko (2007)
The main aim of our research is to design and develop ICT education that would serve the needs of developing countries. Most of the present ICT tools are based on Western culture and logic and do not necessarily correspond to the ways of thinking in other cultures. We developed Intelligent Building Blocks (I-BLOCKS) to support learning by construction and, more specifically, to support “programming by building”. By attaching a number of basic building blocks (each containing a microprocessor and communication channels) together, the user constructs an artifact which can perceive input, process it, and produce output. We had two “programming by building workshops” in Tanzania in October 2003 and April 2004 at Pommern secondary school and Tumaini University, Iringa University College. The students programmed with LEGO DUPLO covered I-BLOCKS. We evaluated their learning process and analyzed their concept maps, figures and written feedback.
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The superior influence of Darwin Sea level pressure anomalies over ENSO as a simple drought predictor for Southern Africa - Manatsa, Desmond; Chingombe, Wisemen; Matsikwa, H.; Matarira, C. H. (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2007)
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Government environmental education programmes and campaigns (EEPCs) in Mozambique : the role of indigenous knowledge and practices - Conceição, da; Wamir, Ana Maria Romao (2007)
Dissertation (MEd (Curriculum and Instructional Design and Development))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
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174 Morphological and physical fitness characteristics of pre-adolescents in a ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ school in South Africa (Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2007)
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Interpersonal Factors as Correlates of Alcohol Use among Secondary School Adolescents in Oyo State, Nigeria - Adeyemo, D. A. (The Anthropologist, 2007)
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between interpersonal factors and adolescents drinking. The study’s participants were five hundred senior secondary school students randomly drawn from twenty secondary schools in Oyo State, Nigeria. Two validated instruments were used to collect data from the students. Multiple regression analysis was employed to determine the joint and relative contributions of the independent variables to the prediction of the dependent variable. The results indicated that the three independent variables both jointly and relatively contributed significantly to the prediction of the criterion measure. on the basis of the finding of the study, it is recommended that adolescents should be exposed to counselling intervention programmes that would enable them withstand peer, neighbourhood and parental pressures that predisposed them to alcohol consumption.
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The relevance of violence-prevention interventions in South African Schools - Aitken, Lisa; Seedat, Soraya (Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 2007)
(2007). The relevance of violence-prevention interventions in South African Schools. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. vii-ix.
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Where has all the education gone in sub-Saharan Africa? employment and other outcomes among secondary school and university leavers - Al-Samarrai, Samer; Bennell, Paul (Journal of Development Studies, 2007)
Abstract Anecdotal evidence and generalisations abound concerning the employment outcomes of secondary school and university leavers, but there is very little solid, accurate information on what these groups in African countries do after they have completed their education. Using tracer surveys, this paper presents comprehensive time-series information on the activity profiles of representative samples of secondary school leavers and university graduates in Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The paper shows that much of the anecdotal evidence surrounding the labour market outcomes of these groups is spurious. While employment outcomes are generally much better than expected, the tracer surveys highlight the enormous challenges of educating and subsequently utilising secondary school leavers and university graduates in an efficient and effective manner in low-income African countries. In particular, given the paucity of new employment opportunities in the formal sector, much more needs to be done in order to ensure that both these groups are better prepared for productive self-employment, especially in high growth and higher skill activities.
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Elements of Classroom Interaction in English as Viewed by Secondary Students (Tawjeehi) in the City of Nablus / Palestine - Aqel, Fawaz (Maǧallaẗ ǧāmiʿaẗ al-naǧāḥ al-abḥāṭ. Al-ʿul-um al-insāniyyaẗ, 2007)
This study investigated the degree of availability of the elements of classroom interaction in English as viewed by Tawjeehi students in Nablus city, Palestine. Moreover, it also sought attempting to find out the statistical differences in classroom interaction due to the variables of Grade Point Average (GPA), gender and number of students in each class. The population of the study was 2.10 male and female tawjeehi students during the scholastic year 2006-2007. The sample of the study, randomly selected, consisted of 623 students (29.7%). The researcher developed a questionnaire for the purpose of data collection. The results of the study showed that eight items, reflecting participation and encouragement to ask questions, obtained a high score. It was also found that there were statistical differences amongst subjects due to GPA and number of students in each class. In the light of the results of the study, the researcher recommended reducing the number of students in each class, training teachers on how to utilize classroom interaction through holding workshops and seminars, and finally increasing the number of extracurricular activities that may be instrumental in helping students to interact inside and outside the classroom. Finally, the researcher recommended that more studies, be conducted on the use of observation and field visits for the sake of getting direct information about classroom interaction.
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Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the teacher's role in sexuality education in public schools in Nigeria - Asekun-Olarinmoye, E. O.; Fawole, Olufunmilayo I; Dairo, Magbagbeola David; Amusan, O. A. (International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 2007)
The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, attitude, and perception of teachers of their role in the sexuality education of secondary school students with a viewto suggesting strategies for improvement.The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Information was collected from 305 secondary school teachers selected by multi-stage random sampling method from Osun state, Nigeria using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire.Median age of respondents was 36 +/- 8.18 years. Male/female ratio was 1:1.2. Knowledge about key reproductive issues was poor and inadequate. Knowledge of more than one contraceptive method was low (39.0%), Condom was the most frequently mentioned (59.3%). The teachers exhibited poor perception of their role in sexuality education of their students. 52.8% placed the sole responsibility for sexuality education on parents and only 20.7% found that it should start before age 10 years. Mean menarcheal age was 13.1 +/- 1.7 y. A statistically significant association was found between respondents' gender and knowledge of menarcheal age (p = .03); and between class taught and knowledge of menarcheal age (p = .003). 86.90% had positive attitude towards inclusion of sexuality education in the school curriculum; however, 43.6% felt that contraceptive methods should not be part of the course content.An urgent need exists for education and re-orientation of teachers through seminars and workshops, in-service training education program to equip them properly for the task. Policy makers need to formulate a definite, explicit, and workable sexuality education policy.
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Determination of urinary iodine excretion to assess iodine deficiency level and iodine intake in primary school children, Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia. - Bezabih, Belay; Assefa, Yihun; Yismaw, Gizachew; Mulu, Andargachew (Ethiopian Medical Journal, 2007)
Background Iodine deficiency is a major public health problem all over the world, particularly among preschool children and pregnant women in low-income countries like Ethiopia and it is known to be the most common cause of preventable brain damage. Objectives to determine urinary iodine concentration and to assess the level of iodine deficiency disorders. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 386 randomly selected primary school children to determine urinary iodine concentrations as to assess level of iodine deficiency and iodine in take in Bahir Dar town. Results Median urinary iodine excretion was 58.8 mg/L (12.89 mg/L to 564.5 mg/L) which indicated the presence of mild iodine deficiency. Eighty seven percent of the children had urinary iodine excretion of below 100 mg/L and the intake of iodine was below 150 mg/day. Conclusions Mild iodine deficiency disorder was found in Bahir Dar primary school children, Iodine intake was also found insufficient. Therefore, use of salt ionization should be advocated and strengthened.
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A critical analysis of the right to education for refugee children in Great Lakes : the case study of Burundi - Bizimana, Syldie (2007)
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Abrupt change in tropical African climate linked to the bipolar seesaw over the past 55,000 years - Brown, Erik T.; Johnson, Thomas C.; Scholz, Christopher A.; Cohen, Andrew S.; King, John W. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2007)
The tropics play a major role in global climate dynamics, and are vulnerable to future climate change. We present a record of East African climate since 55 ka, preserved in Lake Malawi sediments, that indicates rapid shifts between discrete climate modes related to abrupt warming (D‐O) events observed in Greenland. Although the timing of the Malawi events cannot be determined exactly, our age model implies that they occur prior to their Greenland counterparts, consistent with southward excursions of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during Greenland stadials. The magnitude of each of the events recorded in Malawi sediments corresponds to the scale of the subsequent Greenland warming. This suggests that a tropical component of climate sets a template for abrupt high northern latitude climate fluctuations associated with the bipolar seesaw.
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Nosocomial Infections among Burns Patients at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia - Chanda, DO (Medical journal of Zambia, 2007)
Nosocomial infections among burns patients a source of concern for the University Teaching Hospital, Zambia.
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Regional differences in low SES African-American children's speech in the school setting - Charity, Anne H. (Language Variation and Change, 2007)
Abstract Comprehensive investigations of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) have demonstrated that most features of AAVE reported in the sociolinguistic literature are consistently seen in nearly every African-American speech community in which vernacular speech has been documented. This article highlights quantitative regional differences in the speech produced by African-American children from three U.S. cities in an academic setting. In this analysis, 157 5- to 8-year-old African-American children in New Orleans, LA, Washington, DC, and Cleveland, OH imitated the sentences of a story presented in Standard American English (SAE) by teachers. The 15 sentences included many items that were possible mismatches between the child's vernacular and SAE. Afterwards, the children retold the story in their own words. Children's use of SAE and AAVE features in both tasks was analyzed. Higher rates of AAVE feature use occurred in New Orleans than in Cleveland or Washington, DC.
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Industry and Academia Perceptions of Construction Management Education: the Case of South Africa - Chileshe, Nicholas; Haupt, Theo C. (Higher Education Pedagogies, 2007)
Studies on the identification of necessary skills and attributes for construction management graduates present mixed findings, with industry (employers) representatives suggesting that education and training offered at universities of technology do not always address the needs of industry, whereas academia contends that construction management graduates are adequately prepared for industry. This paper reports on the findings of research which investigated the perceptions of industry and academia regarding the calibre of construction management graduates. Using a data triangulation and a KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions) approach, information was collected from a survey of 30 academics and 60 industry respondents. The findings indicate that “Trust and Honesty” was reported by both academia and industry as the most important skill and attribute for construction management graduates. “Acceptance of Responsibility” and “Problem Solving Skills” were second and third in importance for industry, whereas academia rated “Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Construction Operations and Activities” and “Numeracy”. Least important were “Ability to Conduct Research” and “Marketing Skills”. The findings suggest that there are significant differences between what industry and academia perceive as relevant and important regarding skills and desirable attributes. In order to narrow the gap, a meeting of the minds and inclusion of the experiential learning component of the co-operative education programmes is required.
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Education and reading ability in relation to differences in cognitive screening between African American and Caucasian older adults - Crowe, Michael; Clay, Olivio J.; Sawyer, Patricia; Crowther, Martha R.; Allman, Richard M. (International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2007)
International Journal of Geriatric PsychiatryVolume 23, Issue 2 p. 222-223 Research Letter Education and reading ability in relation to differences in cognitive screening between African American and Caucasian older adults Michael Crowe, Corresponding Author Michael Crowe mgcrowe@uab.edu Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamCenter for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave. S., CH19 Room 218P, Birmingham, AL 35294-2041, USA.Search for more papers by this authorOlivio J. Clay, Olivio J. Clay Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at BirminghamSearch for more papers by this authorPatricia Sawyer, Patricia Sawyer Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamSearch for more papers by this authorMartha R. Crowther, Martha R. Crowther Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, TuscaloosaSearch for more papers by this authorRichard M. Allman, Richard M. Allman Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham/Atlanta, VA, GRECCSearch for more papers by this author Michael Crowe, Corresponding Author Michael Crowe mgcrowe@uab.edu Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamCenter for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave. S., CH19 Room 218P, Birmingham, AL 35294-2041, USA.Search for more papers by this authorOlivio J. Clay, Olivio J. Clay Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at BirminghamSearch for more papers by this authorPatricia Sawyer, Patricia Sawyer Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamSearch for more papers by this authorMartha R. Crowther, Martha R. Crowther Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, TuscaloosaSearch for more papers by this authorRichard M. Allman, Richard M. Allman Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham/Atlanta, VA, GRECCSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2007 https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1902Citations: 15AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume23, Issue2February 2008Pages 222-223 RelatedInformation
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South/South French language training course: malaria workshop organized by Institut Pasteur de Madagascar - Domarle, Olivier; Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona; Duchemin, Jean-Bernard; Robert, Vincent; Ariey, Frédéric; Hommel, M. (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2007)
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[French language training course: malaria workshop organized by Institut Pasteur de Madagascar] - Domarle, Olivier; Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona; Jb, Duchemin; Thomas, Robert; Ariey, Frédéric; Hommel, M. (Médecine tropicale : revue du Corps de santé colonial, 2007)
The Malaria Workshop organized by Institut Pasteur de Madagascar is an original course that applies innovative concepts to training of health professionals involved in malaria control in endemic countries. Course objectives are to enhance the skills needed to fight malaria (transversal competencies, critical approach, and position statement), to reinforce project cycle management proficiency, and to demonstrate how the Internet can be used as a source of documentation to compensate for geographical isolation. The Malaria Workshop is a six-consecutive-week full-day course that has been presented once a year since 2003. Seventy-six researchers, physicians or health ministry officials have already benefited from this training. Teaching methods emphasize andragogy that facilitates a learner/mentor relationship promoting exchange rather than transmission of knowledge and problem-based learning that engages learners to take an active part in gathering information. These methods in combination with the diverse backgrounds and experience of course participants foster a positive dynamic environment for learning that is monitored by weekly progress evaluation. Follow-up surveys have confirmed the positive effect of this training on the professional performance of former participants who become more involved in program development and fund-raising efforts. A professional network is growing and learners are starting to their experience. In this report workshop organizers describe the course's origins and concepts and present the conclusions drawn based on the first five yearly sessions.
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Reconciliation pedagogy, identity and community funds of knowledge: borderwork in South African classrooms - Ferreira, Ana; Janks, Hilary (English Academy Review, 2007)
This article is based on a South African research project in which teachers and educational researchers pool their resources to explore ways of teaching reconciliation in desegregated English and Art classrooms, ten years after independence. One of the significant findings of this research was that positioning students as agentive researchers of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission served as a catalyst for their engagement with their histories. There is evidence that for some of the students their investigations of their varied communities' funds of knowledge had effects on their own identity locations in relation to those of their classmates. Bringing their different knowledges into the classroom created spaces for borderwork (G. Anzaldúa, 1999 Anzaldúa, G. 1999. Borderlands/La Frontera: The new mestiza , 2nd, San Francisco, , USA: Aunt Lute Books. [Google Scholar]. Borderlands/La Frontera: The newmestiza) and the remapping of their identities in relation to one another.
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School-based control of urinary schistosomiasis on Zanzibar, Tanzania: Monitoring micro-haematuria with reagent strips as a rapid urological assessment - French, Michael; Rollinson, David; Basáñez, María‐Gloria; Mgeni, A. F.; Khamis, I. Simba; Stothard, J. Russell (Journal of pediatric urology (Print), 2007)
To evaluate micro-haematuria, detected by Haemastix reagent strips, for diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis during a 3-year period of school-based control on Zanzibar.A sub-set of school children, from a total of 135,000 who were receiving treatment for urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, were monitored by parasitological and questionnaire methods for Schistosoma haematobium infections: at treatment baseline in 2004 (n=2002), follow up with re-treatment in 2005 (n=3278) and further follow up with re-treatment in 2006 (n=3993). Standard diagnostic scores for micro-haematuria were calculated against parasitological assessment.Diagnostic scores of Haemastix remained strong throughout the 3-year period. In 2006, scores were: sensitivity (SS)=0.86 (95% CI: 0.86-0.88), specificity (SP)=0.99 (0.98-1.00), positive predictive value (PPV)=0.90 (0.88-0.91), negative predictive value (NPV)=0.98 (0.98-0.99) in boys; and SS=0.84 (0.82-0.86), SP=0.98 (0.98-0.99), PPV=0.77 (0.75-0.79) and NPV=0.99 (0.99-1.00) in girls. By comparison, reported blood in urine and pain upon urination were much lower and not as informative.At a cost of approximately pound sterling 0.20/test, further use of reagent strips for monitoring of urinary schistosomiasis during ongoing control programmes should be advocated as a rapid, cost-effective and informative disease surveillance tool.
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Teach my child, too: African immigrant parents and multicultural educators sharing culturally responsive teaching tips - Ghong, Mary Njang; Saah, Lychene; Larke, Patricia J.; Webb-Johnson, Gwendolyn (Praxis, 2007)
A demographic shift has initiated many changes in school districts in the United States.Schools are trying to address the needs of a school-age population that is culturally, linguistically, ethnically, and economically diverse (CLEED).However, there is one group that continues to be "invisible" in our schools, and that group is students of new African immigrants.These children come from a continent of great diversity that includes many countries (Speer, 1995).They come from the North to south of the Sahara and have a phenotype that ranges from White Africans to Black Africans.They come from Anglophone-to Francophone-speaking countries and from various socioeconomic levels, from radical to moderate countries.New African immigrants come to America, like many other immigrants, to seek a new life and to get away from the social, political, and economic turmoil that plagues their country.Their plight is very similar to most immigrants; yet, they seem to be forgotten in the schools.While the phenotype has caused many teachers to identify new African immigrants as African Americans, many parents believe that their children's multilingual abilities and cognitive abilities often go unnoticed.Many parents of African immigrant children are frustrated and, in response, find themselves providing teachers with strategies to assist in educating them about their children.Thus, the purpose of this article is to: (1) discuss African migration to the U.S., and (2) provide culturally responsive teaching tips that can assist ________________
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The Effects of Sorority and Fraternity Membership on Class Participation and African American Student Engagement in Predominantly White Classroom Environments. - Harper, Shaun R. (The College Student Affairs Journal, 2007)
The relationship between Black Greek-letter organization membership and African American student engagement in almost exclusively White college classrooms was explored in this study. Data were collected through interviews with 131 members from seven undergraduate chapters at a large, predominantly White university in the Midwest. This study resulted in an explanatory model that shows how underrepresentation, voluntary race representation, and collective responsibility positively affect active participation, while Forced Representation has a negative effect. Findings also reveal that faculty teaching styles both positively and negatively affect engagement among African American sorority and fraternity members in their classes. The implications of these findings are discussed at the end of the article. The tide of Kimbrough's (2005) article, Should Black Fraternities and Sororities Abolish Undergraduate Chapters? captures the essence of an ongoing debate among students, various stakeholders on college and university campuses across the country, and leaders of the nine national Black Greekletter organizations (BGLOs). Instead of offering a balanced description of risks and educational benefits associated with membership, Kimbrough instead chose to focus almost exclusively on the persistent problem of physical and psychological hazing within undergraduate chapters. Despite being outlawed by the nine national organizations in 1990, hazing continues to occur in BGLOs on many campuses and has resulted in lawsuits, student deaths, and blatant contradictions to espoused purposes and ideals (DeSousa, Gordon, & Kimbrough, 2004; Harper & Harris, 2006; Kimbrough, 1997, 2003). In response to his own question, Kimbrough (2005) suggests that undergraduate BGLO chapters should be eliminated unless the national organizations collectively rethink new member intake processes and initiate bold approaches to hold undergraduates fully accountable for adhering to hazing policies. Despite the known presence of hazing, students on the more than 60 campuses Kimbrough visited offered several justifications for why undergraduate chapters should continue to exist - none of which pertained to the role of BGLOs in advancing the academic missions of the institutions or enhancing academic outcomes among members. Similarly, the academic contributions and limitations accrued through BGLO membership have been understudied and limited academic-related evidence has been furnished in the student affairs literature. Put another way, most explorations of the BGLO experience have focused on matters other than academics. all Black fraternities [and sororities] identify academic excellence as a core value, claims that membership improves academic performance may be overstated (Harper & Harris, 2006, p. 146). Consequently, those who attempt to justify the continued existence of undergraduate BGLO chapters must rely on anecdotal accounts and literature that focuses primarily on non-academic outcomes and experiences. As an alternative to the popular and defensible focus on hazing in previous literature, a different behavioral manifestation of BGLO membership was explored in the present study. Specifically, while several researchers have examined hazing as a behavioral by-product of membership (e.g., DeSousa et al., 2004; Kimbrough, 1997, 2003, 2005; Jones, 2004; Sutton, Letzring, Terrell, & Poats, 2000; Williams, 1992), emphasis in the present study is placed on exploring classroom behaviors and academic engagement tendencies among undergraduate BGLO members. Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted on the experiences of African American students at predominantly White institutions (PWIs), the outcomes associated with out-ofclass engagement, and hazing within BGLO chapters, published studies regarding the in-class behaviors of African American sorority and fraternity members are non-existent. Likewise, existing literature on BGLOs focuses disproportionately on socially-produced outcomes and the non-academic experiences of members, thus furnishing a one-sided rationale for their continued existence. …
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Factors and Actors in Climate Change Mitigation: A Tale of Two South African Cities - Holgate, Claudia Joanne (Local Environment, 2007)
Abstract South Africa, being a developing nation, is faced with many challenges, including poverty and one of the world's highest HIV/AIDS infection rates. It is within this context that this paper presents an overview of the role played by major stakeholders in climate change mitigation policies, with the focus on two South African cities, namely Cape Town and Johannesburg. This paper aims to identify the internal and external factors that act as barriers to, or promote, climate change mitigation policy development and implementation in South African cities. These may take the form of the city's internal structures, political interventions and support, and external factors including partnerships with outside organizations, including all tiers of government, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions. The media and an energy crisis in the Cape prove to play an unexpected role in assisting Cape Town to implement climate change mitigation measures.
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Factors and Actors in Climate Change Mitigation: A Tale of Two South African Cities - Holgate, Claudia Joanne (Local Environment, 2007)
Abstract South Africa, being a developing nation, is faced with many challenges, including poverty and one of the world's highest HIV/AIDS infection rates. It is within this context that this paper presents an overview of the role played by major stakeholders in climate change mitigation policies, with the focus on two South African cities, namely Cape Town and Johannesburg. This paper aims to identify the internal and external factors that act as barriers to, or promote, climate change mitigation policy development and implementation in South African cities. These may take the form of the city's internal structures, political interventions and support, and external factors including partnerships with outside organizations, including all tiers of government, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions. The media and an energy crisis in the Cape prove to play an unexpected role in assisting Cape Town to implement climate change mitigation measures.
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Factors and Actors in Climate Change Mitigation: A Tale of Two South African Cities - Holgate, Claudia Joanne (Local Environment, 2007)
Abstract South Africa, being a developing nation, is faced with many challenges, including poverty and one of the world's highest HIV/AIDS infection rates. It is within this context that this paper presents an overview of the role played by major stakeholders in climate change mitigation policies, with the focus on two South African cities, namely Cape Town and Johannesburg. This paper aims to identify the internal and external factors that act as barriers to, or promote, climate change mitigation policy development and implementation in South African cities. These may take the form of the city's internal structures, political interventions and support, and external factors including partnerships with outside organizations, including all tiers of government, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions. The media and an energy crisis in the Cape prove to play an unexpected role in assisting Cape Town to implement climate change mitigation measures.
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Factors and Actors in Climate Change Mitigation: A Tale of Two South African Cities - Holgate, Claudia Joanne (Local Environment, 2007)
Abstract South Africa, being a developing nation, is faced with many challenges, including poverty and one of the world's highest HIV/AIDS infection rates. It is within this context that this paper presents an overview of the role played by major stakeholders in climate change mitigation policies, with the focus on two South African cities, namely Cape Town and Johannesburg. This paper aims to identify the internal and external factors that act as barriers to, or promote, climate change mitigation policy development and implementation in South African cities. These may take the form of the city's internal structures, political interventions and support, and external factors including partnerships with outside organizations, including all tiers of government, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions. The media and an energy crisis in the Cape prove to play an unexpected role in assisting Cape Town to implement climate change mitigation measures.
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Factors and Actors in Climate Change Mitigation: A Tale of Two South African Cities - Holgate, Claudia Joanne (Local Environment, 2007)
Abstract South Africa, being a developing nation, is faced with many challenges, including poverty and one of the world's highest HIV/AIDS infection rates. It is within this context that this paper presents an overview of the role played by major stakeholders in climate change mitigation policies, with the focus on two South African cities, namely Cape Town and Johannesburg. This paper aims to identify the internal and external factors that act as barriers to, or promote, climate change mitigation policy development and implementation in South African cities. These may take the form of the city's internal structures, political interventions and support, and external factors including partnerships with outside organizations, including all tiers of government, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions. The media and an energy crisis in the Cape prove to play an unexpected role in assisting Cape Town to implement climate change mitigation measures.
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Factors and Actors in Climate Change Mitigation: A Tale of Two South African Cities - Holgate, Claudia Joanne (Local Environment, 2007)
Abstract South Africa, being a developing nation, is faced with many challenges, including poverty and one of the world's highest HIV/AIDS infection rates. It is within this context that this paper presents an overview of the role played by major stakeholders in climate change mitigation policies, with the focus on two South African cities, namely Cape Town and Johannesburg. This paper aims to identify the internal and external factors that act as barriers to, or promote, climate change mitigation policy development and implementation in South African cities. These may take the form of the city's internal structures, political interventions and support, and external factors including partnerships with outside organizations, including all tiers of government, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions. The media and an energy crisis in the Cape prove to play an unexpected role in assisting Cape Town to implement climate change mitigation measures.
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The School of Oriental and African Soul - Howard, Keith (2007)
Music at SOAS, its beginnings and current form, concentrating on performances and teaching performance both soft and loud.
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Perception of Self-Directed Cooperative Learning Among Undergraduate Students in Selected Nigerian Universities - Iyamu, Ede O. S.; Ukadike, Joseph O. (International journal of information and communication technology education (Online), 2007)
The current emphasis in the promotion of school learning is on the active involvement of the learners in the learning process. Helping students to develop interest in self-directed cooperative learning is considered to be one of the ways to enhance active learning. This study sought to investigate the views of selected undergraduate education students on the value and constraints of cooperative learning. A 20-item questionnaire was administered to a sample of 600 students from six Nigerian Universities. The results show that students agree to the potency of this learning mode to promote teamwork and communication skills, active learning and achievement among others. The students also agree to the constraints of this learning mode and said they would not wish to engage in it. The recommendations made included the need for teacher educators to give greater attention to the teaching of issues related to this learning mode and students to attend to their classes and reading assignments to make them prepared for gainful cooperative learning.
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Perceptions on the effectiveness of guidance and counselling programme in enhancing students’ academic, career and personal competencies: A case of secondary schools in Koibatek District, Kenya - Kabutiei, Josphat Kibii (2007)
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A Large Cluster of Imported Plasmodium falciparum Malaria among Nigerian Expatriate Students - Kang, Mei Ling; Hsu, Li-Yang; Kurup, Asok (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2007)
Singapore reported the elimination of malaria in 1982, but this country remains vulnerable to imported malaria. We describe a large cluster of 16 cases of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria in visiting Nigerian students. More than half were asymptomatic and diagnosed only on screening. Although early diagnosis and treatment of patients averted local transmission of disease, our report illustrates the vulnerability of malaria-free countries to the introduction of malaria in this age of increasing globalization and ease of travel.
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Stressors faced by university students and their coping strategies: A case study of midlands state university students in Zimbabwe - Kasayira, Joseph M.; Chipandambira, Kudzai S.; Hungwe, Chipo (Proceedings - Frontiers in Education Conference, 2007)
The study examined coping strategies used by students at a medium size developing country university. Participants constituted two hundred and eighty one Social Sciences students at the Midlands State University in Zimbabwe [49% female, 51% male]. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The results showed that the seven most common clusters of stressors were Finance, Library resources and study material, Accommodation, Food, Transport, Inadequate infrastructure and Lecturer related problems respectively. These stressors were rated as most common and most difficult by both sexes as well as by resident, non-resident students and students in different academic years. The students mentioned thirty-four coping strategies, which were divided into various categories. Strategies categorised under Direct positive coping strategies were considered to be the most effective while those categorised under Ad hoc coping strategies were considered least effective. Sex, residence status and academic year differences were evaluated using Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis - rank order analysis of variance. There were no significant differences in the generic categories of coping strategies applied with respect to the three demographic variables. The findings of the study have implications on institutionalisation and strengthening of the student support system at state universities in Zimbabwe.
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HIV and intestinal parasites in adult TB patients in a teaching hospital in Northwest Ethiopia - Kassu, Afework; Mengistu, Getahun; Ayele, Belete Achamyelew; Diro, Ermias; Mekonnen, Firew; Ketema, Dereje; Moges, Feleke; Mesfin, Tsehay; Assefa, Getachew; Ergicho, Bahiru; Eliáš, Daniel; Wondmikun, Yared; et al. (Tropical Doctor, 2007)
The level of HIV infection and intestinal parasitoses among TB patients was assessed in a hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 257 patients in Gondar, Ethiopia. In TB patients, our study reported co-infection with HIV (52.1%) and intestinal parasites (40.9%) The high prevalence of HIV and intestinal parasites indicates an increased morbidity inTB patients and emphasized the importance of continued HIV sero-surveillance, stool analysis and treatment.
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Nutritional status, socio-economic status, heart rate, and blood pressure in African school children and adolescents - Longo-Mbenza, Benjamin; Luila, Evelyne Lukoki; M’Buyamba-Kabangu, Jean-René (International journal of cardiology (print), 2007)
To determine the impact of gender, nutritional anomalies, puberty and socio-economic status on the levels of blood pressure, fat distribution and heat rate in African school children and adolescents. This study also identified the risk factors of arterial hypertension in African adolescents.A cross-sectional study carried out between April and July 1996.Randomly selected schools of the semi-urban area of Kinshasa Province, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo.1535 school children and adolescents.Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumferences, blood pressure and heart rate were measured. Body mass index, and waist-hip ratio, and Z-scores of NCHS/WHO for different levels of malnutrition were calculated for gender and age.High rates of malnutrition forms and overweight/obesity coexisted. Boys with chronic malnutrition had significant higher blood pressure levels. Children with pooled types of malnutrition had higher waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and heart rate values. Children from the low socio-economic status had higher blood pressure and heart rate levels than those from high socio-economic status. Overweight/obesity was more (p<0.05) prevalent among female adolescents (68.5%) than male adolescents (24%). Obese male adolescents had higher blood pressure and heart rate levels than their non-obese male counterparts. 39% of variations of systolic blood pressure of male adolescents were explained only by body mass index, whereas 56% of variations of diastolic blood pressure of male adolescents were explained only by age. Only low socio-economic status was identified as a significant risk factor of arterial hypertension among these African adolescents (OR=1.2; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3; p<0.01).Intervention strategies to combat poverty and high cardiometabolic risk may need to be developed for these African school children and adolescents.
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Language discourses and identity construction in a multilingual South African primary school - Makoe, Pinky (English Academy Review, 2007)
This article offers a critical analysis of institutional discourse(s) about English, analysing what discourses dominate, how and why particular discourses come to dominate, and the extent to which these discourses remain endorsed. Furthermore, the paper considers the relationship between language, identity and power relations, specifically how learners are socialised into different identity positions. Discourse is understood as a ‘general mode of semiosis’ (Blommaert 2005, 2) and conceptualised as a socially situated construct. In this paper the view that discourse is reflective of and constitutes a particular social context and social practices, is considered to be critical. Institutional discourses suggest that ‘good’ proficiency in English is privileged above all else. The value attached to linguistic competence in English renders some learners ‘successful’ and others ‘unsuccessful’.This means that competence in English as the Language of Learning and Teaching is seen to be equivalent to a more favourable position of identity. Those who possess this kind of competence are privileged and engender more authority in relation to other learners.
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Beyond Missionaries or Cannibals: Who Should Teach Mathematics to African American Children? - Martin, Danny Bernard (The High School Journal, 2007)
Guided by a general critique that asks, Highly qualified for whom?, I problematize recent characterizations of highly qualified mathematics teachers by focusing on the question, Who should teach mathematics to African American children? I discuss how responses to this question in mainstream mathematics education research and policy contexts have drawn on discursive frames that support color-blind racism, that focus only on achievement outcomes, and that propose "missionaries" and "cannibals" as the kinds of teachers most appropriate for African American children. I propose a refocusing of mathematics education research and policy that gives meaningful attention to the ways that African American children experience mathematics in schools and life as African Americans.
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‘If I speak English, does it make me less black anyway?’‘Race’ and English in South African desegregated schools - McKinney, Carolyn (English Academy Review, 2007)
This article focuses on the role language plays in constructing youth identities that are in flux in desegregated suburban schools in South Africa. Interview and participant observation data were collected in three racially mixed schools in Johannesburg. My analysis of the data is set against a discussion of the problematic concept of race and of the historical classification of South African English according to ‘race’ as well as the position of English in South Africa at present. The article presents an analysis of the ways in which learners recognize and characterize the different kinds of English used around them, attaching prestige to varieties perceived as white. The tension between learners' valuing of what is perceived as white English and their labelling of black learners who ‘speak like a white person’ or who no longer speak African languages (either through lack of proficiency or choice) as ‘coconuts’ is explored. The article attempts to open up a debate on race and language use among youth in South Africa, and on race and varieties of English in particular.
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Teaching with Images: Lincoln and African Americans - McMichael, Matthew (OAH Magazine of History, 2007)
This lesson plan promotes skills through an examination of Lincoln's legacy on race. The exercise incorporates images from the Indiana Historical Society's Jack Smith Collection. By race this lesson plan refers to issues of racial slavery and control. It asks the question: What does one really see when viewing an image of Lincoln and African Americans in a celebratory print about Emancipation? Is it Lincoln the Great Emancipator? Or is it the formerly enslaved taking their freedom? By asking students to dissect the perceptions and myths surrounding these seeming contradictions, teachers can provide students with an opportunity to participate in historical thinking. While teachers and historians vigorously debate these interpretations, that is the point. It is crucial to give students a glimpse at this difficulty in our history (i). While developing visual literacy tools, students will examine Lincoln's policy of emancipation and examine their own attitudes about history, race, and Abraham Lincoln. In this activity, students will gain new skills in examining and analyzing visual items. As technology grows, and with it the possibility of image manipulation, students need to develop skills that allow them to question they see, formulate inquiries into visual thinking, and bring contextual thinking and background to an image. Instead of what you see is you get, students will learn that a picture can mean many different things. Visual literacy refers to a set of skills that enhances history education, as well as other humanities disciplines. Traditionally, historians have used images, primarily political cartoons and photographs, to discover meaning or context. This lesson emphasizes that these skills are applicable across the curriculum and in every day situations. The visual exercises incorporated in this lesson plan will:
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Beyond the Big House: African American Educators on Teacher Education - Michael, Temika M. (Journal of Negro Education, 2007)
Beyond the House: African American Educators on Teacher Education, by Gloria LadsonBillings. New York: Teacher's College Press, 2005, 156 pp., $21.95, paperback. Beyond the provides a metaphorical analysis of the continued struggle of African American teacher educators with racism and marginalization in the academy. In this text the author, Gloria Ladson-Billings, likens the experiences of African American faculty of teacher education to that of the house slave of a pre-emancipated America where [working] in the might provide more creature comforts, but one remained a servant just the same, noting that scholars struggle with being in the academy without being of the academy (p. 1). The experiences of seven notable African American scholars are presented in the book through the author's use of storytelling and portraiture. These methods highlight the scholars' learned distinction between membership versus acceptance in the academy and the imposed responsibilities that accompany them. In this work, Ladson-Billings raises several key questions. For example, responsibilities do those who have access to the 'Big House' (or academy, boardroom, or corporate offices) have to those who are left in the fields? What, if anything, can field-workers expect from workers? How do workers make an impact on the such that the is not a goal in and of itself? How can the House, so long a symbol of what is wrong in the society, be transformed to better serve those whom society has long ignored? (p. 2). By initiating a discussion about Big House assumptions and responsibilities and highlighting the particular experiences of African American teacher educators within the academy, the purpose of the book appears three-fold: (a) to explore the hostile nuances which exist in the academy for faculty of color; (b) to highlight the history, character, and experiences of African American teacher educators who-despite the nuances-persist in the academy; and, (c) to initiate further discussion of how those nuances, however subtle, impact and influence the next generation of educators. Gloria Ladson-Billings is Kellner Family Professor of Urban Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2005-2006 president of the American Educational Research Association; and author of numerous journal articles, books, and book chapters. She draws upon more than 20 years of research and experience in the academy to compile a qualitative study designed to reveal, in intimate detail, the complex stories of several noted teacher educators of African descent and how their stories of diligence and perseverance in the academy unfold. Through the use of portraiture, Ladson-Billings hopes to further reveal the hypocrisies that exist in the academy for African American scholars while highlighting and providing insight into the continued resiliencies of people of color through the living, breathing testimonies of the project's participants. In Chapters 1 and 2, Ladson-Billings introduces the Big House metaphor, the purpose and scope of the work, and the predominating point of view of the text. It is here where the Big House begins to embody the meaning and intent of the book, and the selection of portraiture as a method of inquiry is explained. Portraiture, a qualitative research approach first introduced in Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot's The Good High School (1983), infuses the aesthetics of storytelling and the first-hand experiences of empiricists to yield a form of scholarship that seeks to capture a central story within the complexities of diverse peoples, settings, and contexts. In revealing the lives and perspectives of the storytellers, portraiture also reveals the researcher who interprets the subjects' actions, negotiations relationships among subjects, and highlights emergent themes. In LadsonBillings' use of portraiture, the reader learns as much about her own journey as an educator of color as is revealed of her esteemed subjects-seven notable African American scholars who all share in experiencing both the perks and challenges of the academy (i. …
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Envisioning a U.S. Government That Isn't 84% M: What the United States can Learn from Sweden, Rwanda, Burundi, and Other Nations - Millar, Nancy E. (Social Science Research Network, 2007)
This paper explores solutions to American women’s low representation in elected political office based on strategies that have increased women’s representation in other countries. The list of nations above is an intentionally disparate sampling — these countries have different histories, governments, ethnic/religious/political make-ups, and standards of living, but they share one important characteristic: They have all made increasing women’s representation in politics a priority through passage of quotas at the political-party or subnational levels, constitutional amendments, or national election laws. How long until the United States catches up?
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Education and Nutritional Status of Orphans and Children of Hiv–Infected Parents in Kenya - Mishra, Vinod; Arnold, Fred; Otieno, Fredrick; Cross, Anne R.; Hong, Rathavuth (Aids Education and Prevention, 2007)
We examined whether orphaned and fostered children and children of HIV–infected parents are disadvantaged in schooling, nutrition, and health care. We analyzed data on 2,756 children aged 0–4 years and 4,172 children aged 6–14 years included in the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, with linked anonymous HIV testing, using multivariate logistic regression. Results indicate that orphans, fostered children, and children of HIV–infected parents are significantly less likely to attend school than non–orphaned/non-fostered children of HIV–negative parents. Children of HIV–infected parents are more likely to be underweight and wasted, and less likely to receive medical care for ARI and diarrhea. Children of HIV–negative single mothers are also disadvantaged on most indicators. The findings highlight the need to expand child welfare programs to include not only orphans but also fostered children, children of single mothers, and children of HIV–infected parents, who tend to be equally, if not more, disadvantaged.
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The 24th September 2007 ash eruption of the carbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania: mineralogy of the ash and implications for formation of a new hybrid magma type - Mitchell, Roger H.; Dawson, J. B. (Mineralogical Magazine, 2007)
Abstract The September 2007 ash eruption at Oldoinyo Lengai terminated a period of >30 y of relatively quiet extrusion of natrocarbonatite lavas. Ash erupted on the 24 th September comprised nuclei of ijolitic phases, surrounded by finer peralkaline, silica-undersaturated material. The mantling material, as well as that forming nucleus-free particles, is dominated by nepheline, Ti-andradite, Na-melilite, combeite and a Na-Ca-phosphate-carbonate with minor amounts of K-Fe-sulphide and Mn-magnetite in a sparse matrix of alkali carbonate. The absence of clinopyroxene precludes this material from being termed either nephelinite or melilitite. We propose that the material represented by the mantles is an extremely undersaturated, peralkaline hybrid magma resulting from interaction between natrocarbonatite and nephelinite.
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The Role of African American Mentor Teachers in Preparing White Preservice Teachers for African American Student Populations - Moule, Jean; Higgins, Karen M. (Journal of Negro Education, 2007)
Published version can be found at School of Education, Howard University: http://www.journalnegroed.org/.
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Rehabilitation in Seven Sub-Saharan African Countries: Personnel Education and Training - Mpofu, Elias; Jelsma, Jennifer; Maart, Soraya; Levers, Lisa López; Montsi, Mercy M. R.; Tlabiwe, Pinkie; Mupawose, Anniah; Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S.; Ngoma, Mary Shilalukey; Tchombe, Therese Mungah Shalo (Rehabilitation Education, 2007)
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LEARNING FROM LOCAL KNOWLEDGE: MODELING THE PASTORAL‐NOMADIC RANGE MANAGEMENT OF THE HIMBA, NAMIBIA - Müller, Birgit; Linstädter, Anja; Frank, Karin; Bollig, Michael; Wissel, Christian (Ecological applications, 2007)
It is widely accepted that successful grazing management strategies in semiarid ecosystems need to be adapted to the highly temporal and spatially heterogeneous forage production. Nevertheless, a full understanding of the key factors and processes for sustainable adaptive management has yet to be reached. The investigation of existing, successful range management systems by simulation models may help to derive general understanding and basic principles. The semi-nomadic Himba in northern Namibia applied a sophisticated management system until the mid-1990s which combined season-dependent pasture use (resulting in rainy-season pastures and dry-season pastures), preservation of reserves for drought and sanctions for rule breaking. A stochastic ecological simulation model has been developed here which represents the main aspects of this management system. With this model we analyze (1) which components of the traditional Himba strategy are essential for sustainability and (2) what happens to the state of the rangeland system under socioeconomic changes. This study shows that temporally and spatially heterogeneous pasture use yields higher productivity and quality of a pasture area than the pressure of homogeneous permanent grazing. Two aspects are of importance: (1) intra-annual heterogeneous use (resting of the dry-season pastures during the rainy season) and (2) interannual heterogeneous use (spatial extension of grazing in years of drought). This management system leads to an effective build-up and use of a buffer in the system: the reserve biomass (the non-photosynthetic reserve organs of the plants), an indicator for grazing and management history. Analyzing purchase as one form of socioeconomic change, we demonstrate that easier market access to purchase livestock may lead to a decline in vegetation quality. However, cattle production increases as long as rest periods on parts of the pasture during the rainy season are granted. Methodologically, we emphasize that simulation models offer an excellent framework for analyzing and depicting basic principles in sustainable range management derived from local knowledge. They provide the opportunity of testing whether these basic principles are also valid under different ecological and socioeconomic settings.
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Education and gender in revolutionary societies: insights from Vietnam, Nicaragua, and Eritrea - Müller, Tanja R. (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2007)
Based on the work of Bourdieu, this paper analyses how far formal education within a revolutionary setting can act as a ‘strategy‐generating’ institution in terms of enabling women to aspire to and achieve goals they would not even have envisaged pre‐revolution. In making its case, it draws on the examples of three revolutionary societies: Vietnam (since 1976), Nicaragua (1979–1990) and Eritrea (since 1991). It is argued that even though not eliminating gender as a discriminatory marker, education indeed creates room for personal emancipation. While this could equally be achieved by openings within a neo‐liberal setting, a strong focus on fostering social cohesion makes educational policies in revolutionary societies different. The paper ends by arguing that revolutionary states can offer valuable lessons for education as a source of social equity. It advocates to newly consider what type of state supports what kind of education system and for what purpose.
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The Relationship between Teacher Educators’ Beliefs about Knowledge and Pedagogy and Higher Education Reform in the New South Africa - Muofhe, Lillian T. (International Journal of Educational Reform, 2007)
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[Chronic osteomyelitis at the Ouagadougou teaching hospital (Burkina Faso). A retrospective study of 102 cases (1996-2000)]. - Nacoulma, S I; Ouedraogo, Dieu‐Donné; Nacoulma, E. W. C.; Korsaga, Alexandre Stanislas; Drabo, Joseph (Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique, 2007)
This is a retrospective study carried out in the orthopaedic and trauma department of the Yalgado-Ouedraogo teaching hospital. All the patients hospitalized in the service with a chronic osteomyelitis (COM) from March 1, 1996 to March 28, 2000 were included. The frequency of COM was 5.3%. The patients' average age was 17.7 with extremes of 2 and 60 years old. 63.9% were male; 80.7% had fistulized COM. A pathological fracture was observed in 16.9% of the patients. Lower limbs were affected most frequently (65%). Thirty patients (36.1%) had haemoglobin S, among them 22 had a major sickle cell disease. Staphylococcus aureus was present in the majority of the cases (more than 50%). Salmonella were observed among patients carrying haemoglobin S. One case of ceftriaxone-resistance salmonella osteomyelitis was reported. The medico-surgical and orthopaedic treatment was statistically more favourable than a medical or medico-surgical treatment without immobilization.
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Traumatic experiences of Kenyan secondary school students - Ndetei, David M.; Ongecha-Owuor, Francisca; Khasakhala, Lincoln; Mutiso, Victoria; Odhiambo, Gideon; Kokonya, Donald (Journal of child and adolescent mental health (Print), 2007)
There is no information on the socio-demographic variations and determinants of Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Kenyan adolescents.To describe the traumatic experiences of Kenyan high school students and to determine the levels of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among them, and in relation to sociodemographic variables.A cross-sectional study of 1 110 students (629 males and 481 females), aged 12 to 26 years, using self-administered questionnaires.The students completed questionnaires on sociodemographic data followed by the Trauma Checklist and the Child PTSD Checklist.Being confronted with bad news was the most common type of trauma encountered in 66.7% of the subjects, followed by witnessing a violent crime and domestic violence; 23.2% and 16.5% of the subjects reported physical abuse and sexual abuse respectively. PTSD symptoms were common; avoidance and re-experiencing occurred in 75% of the students and hyperarousal was reported by over 50%. The number of traumatic events was positively correlated with the occurrence of PTSD. The prevalence of full PTSD was 50.5%, while partial PTSD was 34.8%. Male and female subjects were equally affected but the boarders were more affected (p < 0.05) and the differences between the schools were statistically significant (p = 0.000).Kenyan secondary school students commonly experience traumatic events and have high rates of PTSD. Further studies are needed to determine the implications of these findings for their health and performance in school. The coping mechanisms need to be delineated and interventions put in place. Long-term studies are required to determine the role of such events in the causation of mental illness.
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Digital divide: a study among university students and academics in UK and Zambia - Njobvu, Benson (2007)
Digital divide created by the unequal access to, and use of, information and communication technologies is creating a major barrier to the use of information resources and services, especially in developing countries. Based on a questionnaire survey, this study shows the digital divide among the students and academics of the United Kingdom (UK) and Zambia measured in terms of access to the Internet and electronic information.
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‘Mina 'ngumZulu phaqa’1 Language and identity among multilingual Grade 9 learners at a private desegregated high school in South Africa - Nongogo, Nomakhalipha Margaret (English Academy Review, 2007)
This article presents data from a study that focuses on how multilingual Grade 9 learners at a formerly white, private school use language to position themselves and others, and thus use it as an identity-building resource. Data was collected using ethnographic and participatory research methods. The article engages with the concern that African learners attending English medium, multiracial schools are losing their proficiency in African languages. In contrast, the analysis demonstrates that some learners in fact retain African languages and use these as a primary marker of ethnic identities and ideas of ethnic purity. This purity is, in turn, not constructed in a staidly ‘traditional’ manner, but is negotiated through joking and satire. Notions of ethnic purity are also often discursively constructed through the use of English, illustrating the contradictory nature of identities.
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Prevalence and intensity of Paragonimus uterobilateralis infection among school children in Oban village, South Eastern, Nigeria - Ochigbo, Sunday O.; Ekanem, Emmanuel; Udo, JJ (Tropical Doctor, 2007)
A Survey of Paragonimus infection among primary school children aged 6-10 years in Oban village, Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, was conducted. A total of 198 children were examined:112 (56.6%) were boys while 86 (43.4%) were girls. Eleven of the subjects were sputum positive for paragonimus eggs, giving an overall prevalence rate of 5.5%. The findings show that paragonimiasis is a significant health problem in South Eastern Nigeria; the risk of infection could be minimized by the proper cooking of fresh water crabs and crayfish before consumption.
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Africa’s Education Enigma? The Nigerian Story - Oyelere, Ruth Uwaifo (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
In the last two decades, the social and economic benefits of formal education in Sub-Saharan Africa have been debated. Anecdotal evidence points to low returns to education in Africa. Unfortunately, there is limited econometric evidence to support these claims at the micro level. In this study, I focus on Nigeria a country that holds 1/5 of Africa’s population. I use instruments based on the exogenous timing of the implementation and withdrawal of free primary education across regions in this country to consistently estimate the returns to education in the late 1990s. The results show the average returns to education are particularly low in the 90s, in contrast to conventional wisdom for developing countries (2.8% for every extra year of schooling between 1997 and 1999). Surprisingly, I find no significant differences between OLS and IV estimates of returns to education when necessary controls are included in the wage equation. The low returns to education results shed new light on both the changes in demand for education in Nigeria and the increased emigration rates from African countries that characterized the 90s.
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Africa’s Education Enigma? The Nigerian Story - Oyelere, Ruth Uwaifo (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2007)
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Western Universities E-Learning : a new challenge for Morocco Universities ? - Pecquet, Pascal (2007)
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Transition into Adulthood: The Experience of a Rite-of-Passage Program at an African Centered High School. - Piert, Joyce (The Negro educational review, 2007)
Abstract A rite-of-pass age program as a course of action for successfully transitioning Black young people into adulthood and fostering positive outcomes in their lives is the focus of this study. The program draws upon African traditional culture to impart values, improve self-concept, and develop cultural awareness. Utilizing data from a larger study, the author conducted a qualitative study which examined the perceptions of former students who had experienced a program while attending an African centered high school. Major themes that emerged included the structure of the program, readiness for the program, adulthood and adult responsibilities, and community importance. The findings suggest that the participants perceived the as a community endeavor that facilitated their transition into adulthood. Introduction Ask Americans to describe the purpose of education and the responses would vary widely. Historically, Americans have maintained several fundamental beliefs about education. Most Americans believe that public education should (a) provide students with the opportunity for intellectual acquisition of knowledge, (b) transmit the social and moral values for the perpetuation of American society, and (c) prepare a labor force for that society (Ballantine, 1997; Mulkey, 1993; Ornstein & Levine, 2006). That is, Americans perceive schools as mediums for social and cultural development, and utilize these institutions for the perpetuation of the American ethos. Within the last 20 years, a reflection of this ideology has become increasingly evident within the Black community; however Blacks have ventured to take it one step further. In response to concerns afflicting the fabric of the Black community, a culturally specific rite-of-passage has emerged within Black communities around the nation. That program is employed by school and community members primarily, to assist young people in transitioning into adulthood. Stakeholders incorporate this program as a method to inculcate social, cultural, and political values that will ensure the positive development of Black young adults within the Black community as well as the American society (Warfield-Coppock, 1992). Blacks have been marginalized by Whites. This marginalization is well documented from the enslavement of Black people for free labor (as cited in Sawh & Scales, 2006), through the Jim Crow period of the early 1900s, until Black protests encompassed in the Civil Rights and Black Power movements of the 1960s (Asante, 1995; Boyd, 2000; Frederickson, 1971). Despite the enormous constraints, Blacks have made major societal, economic, and political gains. There is a higher percentage of Blacks with high school diplomas. In fact, by 1995, Black adults' (18 to 24 year olds) high school completion rates had increased 12%, from 64.8% in 1975 to 76.9% (Garibaldi, 1997). In 1999, the median family income for Blacks was $33,255, while in 2003, it had increased to $34,369 (Voydanoff, 2007). Also, in their study of Blacks who run for Governor and the U.S. Senate, Jeffries and Jones (2006) showed that Edward Brook, Carol Moseley Braun, and Barack Obama were elected to U.S. Senate seats and that Douglas Wilder and Deval Patrick were elected as governors. These are clear indicators that many members of the Black community, despite a history of struggle in this nation, have made positive steps towards the actualization of the American dream secured by the 14th Amendment in the U.S. Constitution (Amendment 14 - Citizenship Rights, 1868). However, despite this assessment of the societal, economic, and political gains, Blacks continue to be plagued with ongoing social ills within their communities. According to the most recent national data, Black students' educational achievement levels are lower then expected (National Center for Education Statistics, 2002a). The high school drop-out rate for Black males is 17. …
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Prevalence and Correlates of Substance Use Among High School Students in South Africa and the United States - Reddy, Priscilla; Resnicow, Kenneth; Omardien, Riyadh G.; Kambaran, Nilen S. (American Journal of Public Health, 2007)
Objectives. We compared prevalence rates and correlates of substance use among high school students in South Africa and the United States. Methods. We used weighted data from 2 nationally representative surveys of high school students. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses and examined between-country differences in rates and correlates of substance use were examined. Results. Rates of past-month alcohol and marijuana use were lower among South African students than among US students, but rates of illicit hard drug use were higher. Correlates of use in the 2 countries differed. For example, female gender was protective against tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use in South Africa, whereas in the United States it was protective only against marijuana use. Black race/ethnicity was associated with lower rates of past-month cigarette and alcohol use in both countries, but the protective effect for alcohol use was stronger in South Africa. Conclusions. Crosscultural studies can elucidate common and culturally unique pathways to drug use. Our results can inform future research, policies, and behavioral interventions in South Africa.
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Climate change and carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration: an African perspective - Sengul, Mahmut; Pillay, A. E.; Francis, C; Elkadi, Mirella (International journal of environmental studies, 2007)
Abstract Since 1990 carbon dioxide emissions in Africa have increased by about 50%. The total carbon dioxide emissions of the entire African continent are not, however, anywhere near those of countries such as India or China. Yet certain African countries have per capita emissions comparable to some European countries. What is the outlook for Africa? How should African countries respond as it becomes increasingly likely that climate change is occurring? Increased industrial growth and more foreign investment in Africa, especially in countries that are politically and economically stable, have led to huge commercial developments such as the In Salah gas project in Algeria, which releases more than a million tons of carbon dioxide annually; and synthetic fuel plants and power stations in South Africa that generate more than 350 million tons per year. In this perspective should some African countries be required to limit greenhouse gas emissions or should they be immune to ‘environmental taxation’? This paper critically reviews the carbon dioxide problem in some parts of Africa and its role in climate change. Keywords: Global warmingCarbon managementKyoto ProtocolSouth AfricaAlgeria
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Critical Analysis of Problems Encountered in Incorporating Indigenous Knowledge in Science Teaching by Primary School Teachers in Zimbabwe - Shizha, Edward (Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 2007)
In Zimbabwe the need to incorporate indigenous knowledge in science education to reflect local cultural settings cannot be overemphasized. Current policies on science are situated in Western cultural definitions, thus marginalizing indigenous knowledge, which is misconceived as irrational and illogical. This study used qualitative research methods. Ten teachers were purposively selected and interviewed to gain their insights into problems faced in incorporating indigenous knowledge into science teaching. The study found that the problems were attitudinal, institutional, and systemic. Teachers were found to be conservative “gatekeepers” who exhibited negative attitudes toward indigenous science and supported maintaining the teaching of Western science. The study suggests reforming and transforming science curriculum, policymaking, and teacher education to promote cross-cultural science in Zimbabwean primary schools.
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South African students’ perceptions of the usefulness of an audit simulation - Steenkamp, L.P.; Rudman, R (Meditari : Research Journal of the School of Accounting Sciences, 2007)
The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the International Federation of Accountants require Information Technology (IT) to be integrated with the professional subjects, including Auditing, qualified chartered accountants need. Internationally, people want changes to Auditing teaching. The Accounting Department of Stellenbosch University developed an audit simulation of the whole audit process from client acceptance to completion. Students must prepare working papers, using substantive procedures focusing on stock and a database large enough for students to use IT. The simulation’s learning objectives are integrating auditing with IT, and exposing students to as authentic an audit as possible. A questionnaire tested students’ perceptions on the simulation. Responses were favourable. Respondents felt that the simulation helped them to understand auditing and showed them the practical application of IT functionalities. However, respondents complained that the simulation took too long. The principles and findings apply to simulations and the use of case studies in any environment.
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Sonographic Measurement of Normal Thyroid Gland Volume in School Children in Kano, Nigeria. - Suwaid, Mohammad Abba; Tabari, AM; Isyaku, Kabiru; Idris, SK; Saleh, M.; Abdulkair, A.Y. (2007)
Data on thyroid dimension that determines prevalence of goitre in children is vital for public health consideration. The wide variations in the values of thyroid dimensions from different populations as a consequence of geographic, racial and nutritional differences have prompted the World Health Organisation recommendation that normal values for each region be estimated separately because the presence of goitre in children effectively reflects the status. of iodine deficiency in general population.This index study in Northern Nigeria is to establish thyroid baseline sonographic normogram with which references can be made. Sonographic measurement of the thyroid glands of school children within the age range of 6years-13years was done with each lobe measured in the transverse and longitudinal planes. The thyroid volume was calculated using the ellipsoid algorithm. Height and weight were also measured using standard anthropometric technique and the significance of sex and age on thyroid gland dimensions were determined. The mean thyroid volume for males was 5.32cm3 ± 2.50 and that of females is 4.79cm3 ± 2.38 wlth a P value of 0.03. The mean right lobe and left lobes volumes were 2.68cm3 ± 1.29 and 2.65cm3 ± 1.23 for males, and 2.42cm3 ± 1.23 and 2.37cm3 ±1.16 for females respectively. There is positive correlation between age, weight and height with PvalueofO.OOO. The volume obtained in this study is slightly lower than those reported from previous studies among Caucasians confirming the need for the WHO recommendation of normal values for each region.
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Petrology and geochemistry of monogenetic volcanoes of the Barombi Koto volcanic field (Kumba graben, Cameroon volcanic line): Implications for mantle source characteristics - Tamen, Jules; Nkoumbou, Charles; Mouafo, Lucas; Reusser, Éric; Tchoua, Félix M. (Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2007)
The Barombi Koto volcanic field (BKVF) is located northeast of Mount Cameroon and constitutes a portion of the Kumba graben, one of the monogenetic volcanic fields of the Cameroon volcanic line (CVL). Tortonian fissural eruptions yielded picritic flows reworked by subsequent explosive eruptions, which generated two maars and ten cinder cones. The lavas comprise picrobasalts, basanites, alkali basalts, and hawaiites. Some clinopyroxene crystals exhibit a Cr-reverse zoning (0.15 to 0.58 wt%) that we attribute to a subsequent magma Cr-enrichment. Lavas are alkaline and range from primitive to moderately evolved. They are similar to volcanics of the other monogenetic volcanic fields of the CVL (e.g., Tombel, Nyos), but contain less incompatible elements than polygenetic volcanics. The absence of correlations on bivariate plots of most of the incompatible elements, the wide variability of Zr/Nb and Ba/La ratios (4.41–6.04 and 6.87–11.14, respectively) and the values of Dy/Yb, La/Yb, Nb/Y and Zr/Y ratios suggest that the different volcanic centres correspond to independent plumbing systems, resulting from low degrees of melting (2.12–6.85 wt%) of a heterogeneous asthenospheric mantle source characterized by a HIMU prevailing component. Située au nord-est du mont Cameroun, la région de Barombi Koto constitue une portion du graben de Kumba, un des champs de volcans monogéniques de la ligne volcanique du Cameroun (LVC). Des éruptions fissurales tortoniennes de picrobasaltes ont été suppléées par des éruptions phréatomagmatiques (deux maars) et stromboliennes (dix cônes). Les laves comprennent des picrobasaltes, des basanites, des basaltes alcalins et des hawaiites. Certains cristaux de clinopyroxène montrent une zonation inverse en chrome (0,15 à 0,58 Cr2O3 en pourcentage massique), que nous attribuons à un enrichissement en Cr postérieur à la genèse des magmas hôtes. Les laves sont primaires, sous-saturées (2,07 à 9,68 % de néphéline normative), alcalines sodiques (1,27 < Na2O/K2O < 2,91) et enrichies en terres rares légères par rapport aux terres rares lourdes. Elles sont semblables aux laves basaltiques des autres volcans monogéniques de la LVC (par exemple, Tombel, Nyos). L’absence de corrélation entre de nombreux éléments incompatibles et les indices de différenciation, la grande variabilité des rapports Zr/Nb et Ba/La (4,41–6,04 et 6,87–11,14, respectivement) et les rapports Dy/Yb, La/Yb, Nb/Y et Zr/Y permettent de suggérer que chaque volcan est indépendant et proviendrait d’un faible taux de fusion d’un manteau asthénosphérique hétérogène fortement influencé par le pôle HIMU.
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THE ‘CONSTITUTIONALISATION’ OF SOUTH AFRICAN PRIVATE LAW: TEACHING CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS. THE EXPERIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA - Toit, François Du (Journal of Commonwealth Law and Legal Education, 2007)
The South African Constitution has a determining effect on South African private law in that all private law legislation is testable against the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution’s Bill of Rights, and South African courts have an essential development task in respect of the common law principles of South African private law. In consequence, South African private law has undergone significant change under the influence of constitutional imperatives, which change will continue in future. I call this the ‘constitutionalisation’ of South African private law. In this article I examine some of the principal teaching challenges faced by South African private law academics in consequence of the constitutionalisation of private law, as well as a number of solutions to these challenges. To this end, I share the experience of private law colleagues at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
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The nature and timing of Palaeoproterozoic sedimentation at the southeastern margin of the Congo Craton; zircon U–Pb geochronology of plutonic, volcanic and clastic units in northern Zambia - Waele, Bert De; Fitzsimons, I. C. W. (Precambrian Research, 2007)
This study is focused on the determination of the age and provenance of Proterozoic (meta-)sedimentary units on the southern margin of the Congo Craton, collectively known as the Muva Supergroup. Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP dating of crystalline basement units (granite and volcanic tuffs) that form the basement to the Muva Supergroup have yielded crystallisation ages of between 1868 ± 7 and 1860 ± 13 Ma. Discrete volcaniclastic units within the deformed portions of the Muva Supergroup in the Irumide Belt have yielded crystallisation ages of between 1879 ± 13 and 1856 ± 4 Ma. Detrital zircon studies in three samples of quartzite and one conglomerate from the various components of the Muva Supergroup, the Mporokoso Group on the Bangweulu Block and the Kanona and Manshya River groups in the Irumide Orogen on the southeastern margin of the Bangweulu Block, have yielded populations of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic zircons in which the youngest detrital grains have an age of ca. 1800 Ma. These data indicate that the Muva Supergroup is a Palaeoproterozoic succession deposited at ca. 1800 Ma and that the Mporokoso, Kanona and Manshya River groups are all temporally equivalent and are likely parts of a single widespread succession. In contrast, the youngest detrital zircon in the Kasama Formation, a discrete succession of mature fluvial quartzite on the Bangweulu Block, has yielded an age of 1434 ± 14 Ma, indicating that it is a younger Mesoproterozoic succession. A striking similarity between the detrital zircon populations in the Kasama Formation and those in the Mporokoso Group support previous sedimentological interpretations that it is a second-cycle sediment derived from the Mporokoso Group.
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In Search of Remedy to Secondary School Dropout Pandemic in Kenya: Role of the Principal. - Achoka, J. S. K. (Educational Research Review, 2007)
As a nation, Kenya hopes to achieve Education for All (EFA) by the year 2015. This is an uphill task given the various challenges in the education sector. The year 2015 is also significant globally because it is the target year for the fulfillment of the eight-millennium goals. Kenya looks forward to have her people achieve the millennium goals together with other people worldwide. The pivotal hinge for these important target goals is education levels of the people involved and look forward to benefit from the fruits of EFA, millennium goals and industrialization. For such matters therefore, Kenya is trying her best to have her people educated. The secondary school segment in the education cycle of a Kenyan is important for three major reasons: a) It de-links one from elementary (primary) learning. b) It provides a chance for one to complete the cycle for basic education. c) It anchors as the springboard to either tertiary or higher learning. However, pandemic secondary school dropout in Kenya is alarming. For instance, in a period of ten years, 1992 - 2002, every secondary school cohort suffered not less than ten percent school dropout e.g. the highest dropout rate for the girls was fifty percent in the 1997/2000 cohort. The average dropout and completion rates for girls in the period under consideration were twenty percent and eighty percent respectively. For the boys they were fourteen percent and eightyseven percent respectively. Some of the reasons that lead to the pandemic secondary school dropouts have been elucidated in this paper. They include poverty, early pregnancies/marriages, HIV/AIDS, drugabuse and low-self esteem. Importantly, every secondary school dropout in Kenya signifies unfulfilled objective, goal, and aim for the individual as well as for the community at large. Emerging from this fact is perhaps a crucial question, where do the individuals who dropout of the learning cycle without basic education go? Alternatively, what do these persons do wherever they go? The most critical issue in this conundrum is perhaps the role of secondary school principals. In their endeavor to check dropout rates and concurrently enhance retention rates, they ought to change their managerial approaches to suit this twenty-first century that is apparently full of challenges to secondary school retention of students. In this article, the author discusses some of the approaches secondary school principals (managers) may use to alleviate dropout rates in Kenya. There is hope. Keywords: Pandemic, Retention, Dropout, Remedy and Role
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The State of Disability in Israel/Palestine: An Introduction - Ben‐Moshe, Liat; Colligan, Sumi (Disability Studies Quarterly, 2007)
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Recruitment And Retention Strategies Utilized By 1890 Land Grant Institutions In Relation To African American Students - Westbrook, Johnnie; Alston, Antoine J. (Journal of agricultural education, 2007)
The purpose of this study was to examine the strategies employed by 1890 land grant universities in recruiting and retaining African Americans in agricultural science.Recruitment strategies such as African American agricultural role models, secondary agricultural education, summer enrichment programs, and prior agricultural life experiences were found to be effective.The findings from this study indicate that the following retention strategies were successful in retaining African American students in agricultural science: funding for scholarships and employment, quality advisement, and a network system with mentors.
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Unnecessary and Unjustified: African-American Parental Perceptions of Special Education - Williams, Ereka R. (The Educational Forum, 2007)
Abstract The disproportionate representation of students of color in special education programs has been an issue in the field for decades. However, the literature on the topic tends to ignore the perceptions held by the families of these children. This paper shares the results of a qualitative study which explored the perceptions of one group of African-American parents that challenged their local school system on the placement and quality of services delivered to African-American children in special education.
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Application of Needs Analysis Theory to the Medical English Teaching for Medical Corps Assigned to Papua New Guinea - 田俊英 (Res Med Edu, 2007)
目的:研究需求分析理论在中国援巴布亚新几内亚医疗队出国前英语培训教学中的应用.方法:对11位同学进行了问卷调查,根据问卷调查结果安排教学内容.采用互动式教学法,以学习者为中心进行医学英语教学.结果:学习者经过半年的学习,医学英语综合能力有了明显的提高.结论:需求分析在专业英语教学中必不可少。
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Detection of Water and Sediments Pollution of An Arid Saltern (Sfax, Tunisia) by Coupling the Distribution of Microorganisms With Hydrocarbons - Elloumi, Jannet; Guermazi, Wassim; Ayadi, Habib; Bouaïn, Abderrahmen; Aleya, Lotfi (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2007)
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How is climate change perceived in relation to other socioeconomic and environmental threats in Nairobi, Kenya? - Shisanya, C.A.; Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck (Climatic Change, 2007)
This article examines the perception of climate change, in relation to 21 other socioeconomic and environmental problems, on the part of 132 respondents to a survey conducted in the city of Nairobi, Kenya. Factor analysis, used to condense these interrelated problems into a few dimensions, identified two overriding threats: the first being to socioeconomic security, and the second to the physical environment. Threats to socioeconomic security explained 76.6% of the variance in the rating of environmental and socioeconomic problems facing Nairobi, with very high factor loadings from corruption, unemployment, crime, street children, garbage, transport, poverty, pollution of Nairobi River, HIV/AIDS and immorality/promiscuity. Threats to the physical and living environment explained 22.2% of the variance in the rating of environmental and socioeconomic problems facing Nairobi. We were led to conclude that the respondents did not perceive climate change as being a significant problem in Nairobi. The global concern about climate change appeared like a mere drop in the oceanic context pervaded by problems of poverty, unemployment, crime and corruption, etc. which Nairobi faces, as does Kenya as a whole. Our conclusion is partially reflected in the priorities of the Kenyan government, which focus on poverty alleviation, the fight against crime and graft, improved access to education, and on addressing health problems; it also poses a challenge to the climate change community to find ways to making interventions relevant to local socioeconomic reality facing a developing country city like Nairobi. There may be a need to reconsider ‘whose reality counts’ (borrowing from Robert Chambers, Whose reality counts? Putting the first last, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, p 122, 1997) in addressing climate change: should protracted Kyoto protocol negotiations be given priority or should a long lasting solution be sought to socioeconomic problems facing developing world cities such as Nairobi? We recommend that the ongoing efforts at integrating climate risk management, as components of climate-sensitive sustainable development, be studied in many settings, with a focus on the developing world which is the most vulnerable, in order to inform decision-making and development of intervention measures.
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Knowledge of sexual abuse amongst female students in Malawi - Dzimadzi, R.; Klopper, HB (Curationis, 2007)
Sexual abuse is an increasing problem in Malawi amongst female students, and is associated with physical and mental health problems. This study aimed to determine existing knowledge of sexual abuse amongst female students in tertiary education institutions in Malawi. A descriptive, comparative, quantitative and contextual research design was used. Participants (n=219) were selected through systematic random sampling from a population of female students aged 18 to 21, at fifteen (n= 15) tertiary education institutions in Malawi. Sexually abusive behaviours demonstrated by a lover and friend were interpreted as not being abusive. There were no significant differences in knowledge of sexual abuse between the abused and non-abused respondent groups (p > 0.05). The overall prevalence rate of sexual abuse was 41%. Common forms of sexual abuse experienced were touching of breasts (54.4%) and attempted sexual intercourse (47.8%). Completed sexual intercourse was experienced by 18.9% of the respondents. The majority reported that they were sexually abused by men (98.9%). Twenty one percent experienced more than one sexually abusive incident and some respondents were abused by friends (30%). The abusers mostly used physical threats. Only 55.6% reported their sexual victimisation to others. Female students aged 18 to 21 in tertiary education institutions in Malawi had some knowledge of sexual abuse, but there were deficits in the interpretation of sexually abusive behaviours. The majority of abusers were male adolescents and young adults. Respondents should know what the Malawi law stipulates and what can be done to control and prevent sexual abuse. The information obtained from the study was used to develop guidelines for sexual abuse prevention programmes.
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The development of a Biotic Pollution Index for the River Nile in Egypt - Fishar, Mohamed R.; Williams, W. P. (Hydrobiologia, 2007)
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University students' level of agreement regarding public knowledge of environmental education in Swaziland - Dube, Mma; Masuku, BB (UNISWA research journal of agriculture, science and technology, 2007)
No Abstract. Uniswa Research Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology Vol. 9 (1) 2006: pp. 17-23
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Causes of childhood visual impairment and unmet low-vision care in blind school students in Ghana - Ntim-Amponsah, C T; Amoaku, Winfried (International Ophthalmology, 2007)
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Determinants of propensity of tertiary agricultural students in Ghana to enter agribusiness as a self-employment venture - Okorley, Ernest Laryea; Kwarteng, J. A.; Owens, Michelle (Ghana journal of agricultural science, 2007)
The study aimed to identify factors that affect the decision of tertiary agricultural students in Ghana to enter agribusiness as a self-employment venture after graduation.The results showed that tertiary agricultural students in Ghana were predominantly males with little or no farming background.They had a rather moderate propensity to enter self-employed agribusiness.The propensity was based on the perception that agribusiness was beneficial, sustainable, and had a bright future.A significant and positive relationship was found between the propensity to enter self-employed agribusiness and availability of inputs, training received by students and supportive policies.However, a significant and negative relationship was found between students' propensity to enter self-employed agribusiness and the desire for other competing enterprises as well as risks and constraints in agribusiness.The most important determinants of the decision of tertiary level agricultural students to enter into agribusiness were found to be attraction to other businesses such as NGOs, nonagricultural manufacturing industries and banks; training received; perceived constraints; and needs for selfemployment in agribusiness.The results indicate that the propensity of agricultural graduates to enter self-employed agribusiness may be increased by (1) making agribusiness attractive by increasing its competitiveness with respect to other enterprises, ( 2) modifying the curricula to make agricultural training at the tertiary level more practical, (3) making it easier to acquire production inputs for agribusiness, and (4) improving the policy environment with supportive policies to minimize risk and constraints in agribusiness.
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Neonatal mortality in a teaching hospital, North Western Ethiopia. - Td, Woldehanna; Et, Idejene (PubMed, 2007)
To generate base-line data on neonatal mortality in Gondar College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital before the establishment of a neonatal unit in order to assess its impact in reducing neonatal mortality.A retrospective record review was conducted in the Paediatrics Ward of the Gondar College of Medical Sciences. The review included all records of neonates admitted to the Pediatrics Ward from 1 September 1994 to 31 August 1999.Paediatrics Ward of the Gondar College of Medical Sciences Hospital.A total of 330 neonates were admitted during the given period.Data was analyzed for 304 neonates whose records were complete. Out of these 141 (44.4%) were discharged having improved; 126 (41.4%) died and the rest, 37 (12.2%), were discharged against medical advice or disappeared. Sepsis was diagnosed clinically in 228 (75%) neonates, while pneumonia was the diagnosis in 84 (28%) of the neonates. The highest case related mortality was seen in hyaline membrane disease where 10 out of 11 (91%) neonates died. The next highest case related mortality was seen in very low birth weight as 24 out of 30 (80%) neonates died.The neonatal mortality seen in this study is unacceptably high. In this regard, it has drawn the attention of the college and hospital management of the need to open a neonatal care unit to improve the quality of neonatal care. Another study has to be done after about five years to assess the impact of the new Neonatal Care unit in reducing neonatal mortality in the Gondar College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital. The result of this study, though facility based, would give an important indication of the magnitude of the problem of neonatal mortality in the country. The global community is committed to addressing the health of the newborn together with maternal and child health by merging the global Safe Motherhood and Healthy Newborn, Saving Newborn Lives and Child Survival Partnerships into one Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Partnership (MNCHP).
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A study on birth weight in a teaching-referral hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia. - Teshome, Destaw Fetene; Telahun, T; Solomon, David; Abdulhamid, Ibrahim (PubMed, 2007)
To determine the pattern of birth weight of neonates in a teaching-referral hospital and to identify some epidemiological parameters associated with them.A prospective descriptive study, using a pre-prepared Questionnaire, on all deliveries in the maternity ward during one year.The Gondar College of Medical Sciences Hospital, Gondar, north western Ethiopia.810 consecutive hospital births were recorded. The mean birth weight of 373 full term singleton neonates was 3 003g (SD600). The incidence of low birth weight (birth weight < 2 500 g) and very low birth weight (birth weight < 1 500 g) was 15.4% and 2.6% respectively. The mean birth weight and percentage of low birth weight were significantly different in both sexes (p < 0.0001). The birth weight increases as parity and length of gestation increase. As maternal age and maternal height increase, so do the birth weights of their neonates in this study. Total house hold income, maternal education and antenatal care use were not found to influence the mean birth weight in this study.The mean birth weight and prevalence of low birth weight are similar to other reports from Ethiopia. It was observed that as maternal age, maternal height, parity and length of gestation increase, the mean birth weight increase in this study.
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Collaboration amongst LIS schools in South Africa - Bothma, Theo J.D.; Britz, Johannes (2007)
Presented at the World Library and Information Congress (WLIC): 73rd IFLA General Conference and Council, 22 August 2007. Education and Training Section, University of Kwazulu-Natal Library. URL: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla73/index.htm
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Mechanical heterogeneity of the Pretorius fault zone with applications to an m2.2 earthquake within this fault zone, Tautona mine, South Africa (NELSAM project) - Heesakkers, V.; Lockner, D. A.; Reches, Z. (2007)
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AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS' COLLEGE TRANSITION TRAJECTORY: AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF HIGH SCHOOL COMPOSITION AND EXPECTATIONS ON DEGREE ATTAINMENT - Tevis, Tenisha L. (2007)
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Black History Month and African Caribbean Student Learning in Art - Dash, Paul (International Journal of Art and Design Education, 2007)
Abstract This article looks at the concept of Black History Month and its implications for teaching and learning in art and design education. It argues that the concept of Black History Month should be discarded because it tends to promote a separatist notion of culture and that it deflects from an understanding of culture as a plural and intermeshing process. The paper interrogates history as a discourse, problematising our use of the word. The article then looks through the eyes of two groups of African Caribbean young people at Black History Month, as a curriculum initiative. The first group was interviewed at a south London gallery and the second at a conference for African Caribbean learners in Oxford. Two art and design educationalists who participated in the research project that included the south London young people make a significant contribution to the paper. It concludes with a personal interpretation of movements in art and the practice of a contemporary artist whose work endorse the key philosophical position posited in the text that culture is always a process on interweaving.
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Do South African and Dutch biology students have different views on nature? - Eijsackers, H.J.P. (South African Journal of Science and Technology, 2007)
Lecturing on nature conservancy at Amsterdam and Stellenbosch offered the possibility to investigate if biology students in different countries and cultures have different views on nature and nature conservation. The results of a short questionnaire show a similar broad attitude towards nature and nature conservation in both university student groups. They all want action with respect to global problems (global warming/climate change). But next to that there are also typical national problems like Dutch fisheries discussions and South African eradication of alien species and more attention for water and soil pollution. Moreover, there was a shared interest in more social aspects of nature conservation (education, awareness/consciousness, population growth). A major bias is that the answers express the views of well educated, white people. Extension to young people of other cultural background is needed. So feel free to ask for the questionnaire.
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Guest Editorial: Rethinking the Place of African Worldviews and Ways of Knowing in Education - Wright, Handel Kashope; Nashon, Samson Madera; Anderson, David R. (2007)
The essays in this special issue of Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education (DIME) are selections from presentations made at a 1-day symposium on African Education: Worldviews, Ways of Knowing...
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History of the School Effectiveness and Improvement Movement in Africa - Fleisch, Brahm (2007)
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Cost and Financing of Education and Its Impact on Coverage and Quality of Services and Efficiency and Equity in Sub-Saharan African Countries - Mingat, Alain (2007)
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Oral health behavior and prevalence of dental caries among 12-year-old school-children in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania - Mwakatobe, A.J; Mumghamba, E G (Tanzania Dental Journal, 2007)
Aim: To study Oral health behavior and prevalence of dental caries, among 12-year-old pupils in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study that involved 310 pupils of 12-year-old (males -43.5% and females -56.5%).Oral health related behavior and knowledge on causes and prevention of dental caries were investigated using a structured questionnaire.Caries experience was assessed using WHO methods.Results: Tooth brushing at least once/day was reported by 92.1% of the children and 71.9 % used toothpaste.Children reported to consume sugary snacks/drinks more often at home (64.5%) than in school (35.5%).Most of the pupils (76.1%) had never visited a dentist.Most children (71.9%) indicated sugary snacks as the main cause of dental caries, and for prevention, they recommended avoiding sweets/sugary foods (53.5%), and tooth brushing (40.3%).The mean Decay-Missing-Filled-Teeth (DMFT) was 0.76 ± 1.17 (SD), was significantly higher among girls (0.84) than boys (0.64), (P = 0.02).A total of 58.4% of the participants were caries free.Higher caries experience was related to lower brushing frequency, irregular use of toothpaste and high frequency of sugary snack consumption (P < 0.05).Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries among 12-year-olds was lower than the WHO global goal, knowledge on the causes and prevention of dental caries were reasonably good, and consumption of sugary food stuffs was done more at home than in schools.Most of the children had never visited a dentist.
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Oral health behavior and prevalence of dental caries among 12-year-old school-children in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania - Mwakatobe, A.J; Mumghamba, E G (Tanzania Dental Journal, 2007)
Aim: To study Oral health behavior and prevalence of dental caries, among 12-year-old pupils in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study that involved 310 pupils of 12-year-old (males -43.5% and females -56.5%).Oral health related behavior and knowledge on causes and prevention of dental caries were investigated using a structured questionnaire.Caries experience was assessed using WHO methods.Results: Tooth brushing at least once/day was reported by 92.1% of the children and 71.9 % used toothpaste.Children reported to consume sugary snacks/drinks more often at home (64.5%) than in school (35.5%).Most of the pupils (76.1%) had never visited a dentist.Most children (71.9%) indicated sugary snacks as the main cause of dental caries, and for prevention, they recommended avoiding sweets/sugary foods (53.5%), and tooth brushing (40.3%).The mean Decay-Missing-Filled-Teeth (DMFT) was 0.76 ± 1.17 (SD), was significantly higher among girls (0.84) than boys (0.64), (P = 0.02).A total of 58.4% of the participants were caries free.Higher caries experience was related to lower brushing frequency, irregular use of toothpaste and high frequency of sugary snack consumption (P < 0.05).Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries among 12-year-olds was lower than the WHO global goal, knowledge on the causes and prevention of dental caries were reasonably good, and consumption of sugary food stuffs was done more at home than in schools.Most of the children had never visited a dentist.
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Equity, Efficiency and the Development of South African Schools - Taylor, Nick (2007)
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Oral health knowledge, perceptions and behaviour among nursing students in a Nigerian tertiary hospital - Udoye, C I; Aguwa, Emmanuel N. (Tanzania Dental Journal, 2007)
Aim:The purpose of the study was to investigate oral health knowledge, perceptions and behaviour amongst nursing students in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.Materials and methods: The study was conducted at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital on 244 respondents aged 17 to 40 years, using self administered structured questionnaire.Result: Respondents showed high level of oral health knowledge.Most of them (68.3%), had never visited a dentist with females accounting for 144 (67.7%) (P > 0.05).About 58.0% of the respondents brushed once a day.Majority, 155 (70.5%), of females perceived their oral health as good as against 14 (58.3%)males. Conclusion:The respondents had good oral health knowledge, but poor oral health behaviour.Importance of regular dental visit, frequent tooth brushing, should be stressed.
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The role of the education system in promoting unity and reconciliation in polarized Rwanda: A human rights perspective - Kapindu, Redson Edward (East African journal of peace and human rights, 2007)
This article discusses the ethnic conflict in Rwanda between the Hutu and the Tutsi, examines its origins and speculates future developments. Rwanda has witnessed small-scale genocides since 1959 that culminated in the 1994 grand genocide where one million people were killed. The article dwells on the role of Human Rights education to fight genocide as provided for in Art. 13(1) of the ICESCR (1966). The author argues that the externally-imposed colonial education that misrepresented the history of Rwanda by championing the ethnic divide, largely contributed to the genocide. The Rwandan Commission for Human Rights (HRC), NURC, and the Ministry of Education are working in collaboration to draw a more acceptable History syllabus that will promote national unity and reconciliation without distorting the truth. The government has also introduced civic and political education in primary and secondary schools respectively. The author argues though that objectivity is lacking in the content of these new subjects and this may compromise tolerance and reconciliation. This is aggravated by lack of textbooks that gives teachers room to propagate biased ideas. Education has also been used for the re-integration of the genociders in society. Parallel to formal education is the informal education organized at the community level which is the mandate of NURC. The author concludes by lauding the role of education to promote unity and reconciliation in Rwanda but cautions against re-writing history for sectarian interests. East African Journal of Peace and Human rights Vol. 12 (1) 2006: pp. 120-132
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The representation of women academics in higher education in South Africa: Progress in the pipeline? - Boshoff, Nelius (South African journal of higher education, 2007)
This article is devoted to a discussion of women academics (more specifically instructional/research staff) in higher education in South Africa. It disaggregates the sex-specific data by sector, race, age, rank, qualification and scientific field. The proportion of female instructional/research staff substantially increased from 30 per cent in 1992 to about 40 per cent in 2001, with a small but continued increase in their share of senior positions. Women, however, are still under-represented at the upper ranks. Should the increase continue, one would eventually expect equal representation of the sexes in the most senior ranks. This argument, known as women's progress `being in the pipeline', does not appear too unrealistic for South Africa, given that no differences were found in either rank or employment status (full-time/part-time) for women and men younger than 30 years (i.e. young academics). Various factors, however, may prevent women's progress into higher ranks or more stable positions. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 19 (2) 2006: pp.359-377
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The Physics of Family Medicine as Basis for Training of Family Physicians in West Africa - Inem, AV; Ayankogbe, O O (The Nigerian medical practitioner, 2007)
The biopsychosocial model is a philosophy of clinical care and a practical clinical guide. Philosophically, it is a way of understanding how suffering, disease, and illness are affected by multiple levels of organization, from the social to the subatomic particle using the General System Theory. The aim of this paper was to bring to the attention of doctors the thinking that underpins the unique training of family physicians as specialist in West Africa. A review of relevant literature was done using internet search engines on the subject. Qualitative analysis methods included collation, theme identification and triangulation. Result revealed a major hindrance in the advancement of Family practice in West Africa as a discipline is the insistence on describing it in the terminology of traditional biomedical medicine. The traditional biomedical medicine, the doctor fits the patient's illness into a precise class linking the symptoms and signs with organic pathology and identifying single external causes. He explains the patient's illness in terms of his own worldview during the consultative process by taking a domineering stance on the assumption that he, the doctor has sufficient knowledge and skills about the positive health outcome of the individual patient. On the other hand, Family Medicine interprets symptoms in terms of its own method and objectives. Interpretation of the patient (patient-centered method) rather than the symptoms (disease-centered method) is the crux of clinical competence in family practice. This method is consistent with Einsteinian physics rather than Newtonian physics which are the basis of traditional biomedical medicine. In conclusion, the value of the biosychosocial model is not the discovery of a new scientific law, but the application of medical knowledge to the needs of each patient for which the family physician is adequately trained. This forms the basic science background for the training of family physician in West Africa as envisaged by the founding fathers in the 1980s.. Keywords: Biopsychosocial model, Dualism, Reductionism, Clinical practice, Training, family medicine. The Nigerian Medical Practitioner Vol. 51 (6) 2007: pp. 119-122
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The 12‐month prevalence of DSM‐IV anxiety disorders among Nigerian secondary school adolescents aged 13–18 years - Adewuya, Abiodun O.; Ola, Bolanle; Adewumi, Tomi A. (Journal of Adolescence, 2007)
Abstract Aims To estimate the 12‐month prevalence of DSM‐IV‐specific anxiety disorders among Nigerian secondary school adolescents aged 13–18 years. Method A representative sample of adolescents ( n =1090) from senior secondary schools in a semi‐urban town in Nigeria was assessed for the 12‐month prevalence of DSM‐IV‐specific anxiety. Results The 12‐month prevalence for all anxiety disorders was 15.0% (females=19.6%; males=11.4%). There were significant gender differences in the prevalence for all anxiety disorders ( P <0.001; OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.35–2.65) and social anxiety disorder ( P =0.035; OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.03–3.19) and significant age difference in the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder ( P =0.045; OR 2.43, 95% CI 0.99–5.96). Conclusion The prevalence of anxiety disorders in Nigerian secondary school adolescents was comparable to the rates found in the western world. Health policies must integrate adolescents’ anxiety as a disorder of public health significance. Further studies are needed to evaluate the factors associated with anxiety disorders amongst adolescents in this region.
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Biko, the South African Students' Organisation and the Black Consciousness legacy - Badat, Saleem (2007)
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Diagnosing the 2005 Drought in Equatorial East Africa - Hastenrath, Stefan; Polzin, Dierk; Mutai, Charles (Journal of Climate, 2007)
Abstract Equatorial East Africa suffered severe drought during its 2005 “short rains,” centered on October–November. The circulation mechanisms of such precipitation anomalies are examined, using long-term upper-air and surface datasets, and based on diagnostic findings from earlier empirical investigations. The steep eastward pressure gradient is conducive to fast westerlies over the central-equatorial Indian Ocean, surface manifestation of a powerful zonal circulation cell with subsidence over East Africa, and ascending motion over Indonesia. With fast westerlies, rainfall in East Africa is deficient and they tend to be accompanied by anomalously cold waters in the northwestern and warm anomalies in the southeastern extremity of the equatorial Indian Ocean Basin, without any seesaw between these domains. In October–November 2005, pressure in the west was anomalously high, entailing a steep eastward pressure gradient along the equator, conducive to fast westerlies and, further symptomatic of the zonal circulation cell, subsidence in the west and ascending motion in the east were enhanced. Overall, the chain of causalities can be traced to anomalously high pressure in the west.
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Learning Experiences of Farmers Field School on Integrated Nutrient Management: Evidence from Wolaita in Southern Ethiopia - Kebebe, E.G.; Sheleme, B.; Wondimu, Wondosen (Journal of Agronomy, 2007)
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Exploring The Teaching Of Nigerian University Undergraduates In Large Classes: The Perceived Effectiveness Of Closed-Circuit Television - Singh, Vinita (I-Manager's Journal of Education Technology, 2007)
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Effects of health education intervention on knowledge, attitude and practice of youths concerning HIV/AIDS in rural Nigerian community - Ajewole, IC; Osagbemi, GK (African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2007)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been a major public Health issue affecting millions of individuals around the World. No continent is spared. HIV/AIDS is the most deadly of all the sexually transmitted infections. HIV/AIDS epidemic could has incalculable implications for Agriculture, Business and Socio-Economic development of a country. This intervention study was carried out between June and October 2006 with the aim of assessing the impact of health education on the Knowledge Attitude and Practice of youths concerning HIV/AIDS. Preliminary KAP was assessed among study and control groups with the aid of a structured questionnaire designed by the researchers. This was followed by the intervention stage with health education given to the youths in the study group and subsequent evaluation of the impact using the same instrument used at the preliminary stage. The study took place in Ikerre Ekiti, a rural community in Ekiti state, Nigeria. The results showed increase in the level of knowledge among the intervention group on STI & HIV/AIDS from 70.7% to 100%. The attitude and practice of the study group were also statistically different from the control group after intervention. It was concluded that infection rate can be reduced by public health initiatives such as health education. To reduce the rate of spread of HIV infection, it is recommended that HIV/AIDS education be vigorously pursued amongst adolescents. African Journal of Clinical Experimental Microbiology Vol. 8 (2) 2007: pp.89-93
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Language of instruction and student performance: new insights from research in Tanzania and South Africa - Brock‐Utne, Birgit (International Review of Education, 2007)
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Obstetric fistula admissions at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana - Danso, Kwabena A.; Opare‐Addo, Henry S.; Turpin, Cornelius Archer (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2007)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 99, Issue S1 p. S69-S70 Issues in clinical management Obstetric fistula admissions at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana K.A. Danso, Corresponding Author K.A. Danso [email protected] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, GhanaCorresponding author. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana. Tel.: +233 5122308, +233 208183408, +233 243047264; fax: +233 5122308.Search for more papers by this authorH.S. Opare-Addo, H.S. Opare-Addo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, GhanaSearch for more papers by this authorC.A. Turpin, C.A. Turpin Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, GhanaSearch for more papers by this author K.A. Danso, Corresponding Author K.A. Danso [email protected] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, GhanaCorresponding author. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana. Tel.: +233 5122308, +233 208183408, +233 243047264; fax: +233 5122308.Search for more papers by this authorH.S. Opare-Addo, H.S. Opare-Addo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, GhanaSearch for more papers by this authorC.A. Turpin, C.A. Turpin Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, GhanaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 September 2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.06.029Citations: 8Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References [1]Waaldijk K., Armiya'u Y.D. The obstetric fistula: a major health problem still unresolved. Int Urogynecol J. 4: 1993; 126– 128 [2]Danso K.A., Martey J.O., Wall L.L., Elkins T.E. The epidemiology of genitourinary fistulae in Kumasi, Ghana. Int Urogynecol J. 7: 1996; 117– 120 [3]Briggs N. Illiteracy and maternal health: educate or die. Lancet. 1: 1993; 1063– 1064 Citing Literature Volume99, IssueS1Prevention and Treatment of Obstetric Fistula: Identifying Research Needs and Public Health PrioritiesNovember 2007Pages S69-S70 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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Internet Cafés in Asia and Africa Venues for Education and Learning? - Furuholt, Bjørn; Kristiansen, Stein (The journal of community informatics, 2007)
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the use of Internet cafés in two developing countries; Indonesia and Tanzania. The research is based on surveys of about 500 respondents in the two countries, supported by in-depth interviews. The findings show that Internet cafés are used for competence development today, and that they have the potential to be suitable arenas for human resource development for a wide range of users. For the users, access speed and price are important obstacles to increased use. More research is needed to see how Internet cafés can attract new user-groups to help reduce the digital divide within a developing country.
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Into the Forest: The Evolution of a Conservation Education Program at Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda - Kuhar, Christopher W.; Bettinger, Tamara L.; Lehnhardt, Kathy; Townsend, Stephanie; Cox, D. (Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 2007)
While there are many conservation programs in east Africa, relatively little is invested in environmental education or capacity building within the community. With this in mind, the National Forest Authority of Uganda, the Ugandan Ministry of Education and Sports, Disney's Animal Kingdom™, and the Jane Goodall Institute—Uganda entered into a partnership to produce an environmental education curriculum for the Kalinzu Forest Reserve. This program was designed with outside educators/researchers as consultants with content driven by the local stakeholders. Here we describe how evaluation at multiple levels within the program has impacted the evolution of this program. We also include lessons that were learned and changes that were made in the content as well as the administration of the program.
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Mentorship for students on teaching practice in Zimbabwe: Are student teachers getting a raw deal? - Maphosa, Cosmas; Shumba, Jenny; Shumba, Almon (South African journal of higher education, 2007)
Teaching practice is a very important component of any teacher-training programme. A student teacher is given the opportunity to try the art of teaching and face the real world of work before joining the profession. This study makes a closer scrutiny of mentorship, an approach currently in use by most teacher training colleges in Zimbabwe, where student teachers on teaching practice are attached to qualified and experienced teachers who work as their mentors. The study sought to : (a) find out the student teachers views on the effectiveness of the role played by their mentors in developing them to be experts in teaching; (b) determine the mentors' level of preparedness for their role of assisting and guiding students under their care to professionally grow, and (c) assess the implications for teacher education in Zimbabwe. This study used 222 student teachers who had been on a teaching practice stint and teachers who worked as mentors in 31 Zimbabwean primary schools. The study revealed that in the majority of cases student teachers showed that they had not benefited very much from mentorship. The mentors themselves appeared not to be aware of their role in mentoring student teachers attached to them. There is no doubt that experienced and qualified teachers in schools require constant and thorough workshopping to enable them to help student teachers professionally grow.
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Democratizing higher education policy: Constraints of reform in post-apartheid South Africa, by Molathlegi Trevor Chika Sehoole - Nkomo, Mokubung (South African journal of higher education, 2007)
It is slightly over a decade since the historic event struck South Africa in ways that are both profound and as yet inconclusive. Democracy's birth in 1994 was prickly and delicate. The profundity of the event lies entombed in the intricacies of the nature of the birth and the attendant midwives eyeing each other's moves as that was the only way, it seemed, to assure the safe delivery of a baby that would safeguard the self interest of those witnessing this epochal spectacle: the delivery of the Constitution. It has turned out, arguably, that the self interest has transformed itself into an uneasy but pragmatic collective interest.
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Speaking of Internationalisation: An Analysis Policy of Discourses on Internationalisation of Higher Education in Post-Apartheid South Africa - McLellan, Carlton E. (Journal of Studies in International Education, 2007)
This article explores the policy implications of internationalisation of higher education in post-apartheid South Africa. It uses several of the country's policy documents and analyses what they infer about the process of internationalisation and its role in the transformation of South African higher education and society. The particular policy documents used as points of analysis have been chosen because they are crucial policy documents in South Africa that continue to guide higher education in that country and have particular relevance for the process of internationalisation. Two key interrelated arguments are made in this article. One argument is that internationalisation, as it is defined herein, is a policy issue that has failed to gain significant recognition in higher education policy circles in South Africa; the second is that its policy importance is evidenced implicitly in at least three of the country's transformational policy priorities.
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Commercial advertisement and cigarette smoking: A qualitative analysis of perceptions of students in selected Nigerian University - Oladele, P.O.; Asaolu, T.O.; Toriola, A.L.; Elumilade, D.O.; Moselakgomo, V.K. (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2007)
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Climate change and the genus Rhipicephalus (Acari : Ixodidae) in Africa - Olwoch, Jane Mukarugwiza; Jaarsveld, A. S. van; Scholtz, Clarke H.; Horak, Ivan G. (Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2007)
The suitability of present and future climates for 30 Rhipicephalus species in Africa are predicted using a simple climate envelope model as well as a Division of Atmospheric Research Limited-Area Model (DARLAM). DARLAM's predictions are compared with the mean outcome from two global circulation models. East Africa and South Africa are considered the most vulnerable regions on the continent to climate-induced changes in tick distributions and tick-borne diseases. More than 50% of the species examined show potential range expansion and more than 70% of this range expansion is found in economically important tick species. More than 20% of the species experienced range shifts of between 50 and 100%. There is also an increase in tick species richness in the south-western regions of the sub-continent. Actual range alterations due to climate change may be even greater since factors like land degradation and human population increase have not been included in this modelling process. However, these predictions are also subject to the effect that climate change may have on the hosts of the ticks, particularly those that favour a restricted range of hosts. Where possible, the anticipated biological implications of the predicted changes are explored.
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Gendered experiences of teaching in poor rural areas of Ghana - Casely-Hayford, Leslie (8, 2007)
The low presence of female teachers serving in schools in deprived rural areas is one of the main constraints militating against girls' access and achievement in basic education in Ghana. Studies suggest that low self-esteem among girls is a key factor preventing them from attaining higher levels of education, which can be enhanced through more gender sensitive teaching methods, and the presence of female teachers as role models. This paper investigates the reasons why the majority of Ghanaian teachers avoid –if they can - postings to rural deprived areas and why girls, in particular, are not entering the teaching profession. The study adopts a predominantly qualitative approach, exploring the perceptions of primary stakeholders involved in basic education, including female teachers living in deprived rural areas, girls at upper primary and secondary levels of education and community members. Districts with the lowest percentage of female teachers were selected for the study – where, also, the lowest percentage of girls enter and remain in the basic school system. The paper suggests reasons why Ghanaian girls continue to miss the opportunity to be taught by female role models and why they do not opt to become teachers themselves.
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Use of complementary and alternative medicine by cancer patients at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria - Ezeome, Emmanuel; Anarado, Agnes N. (BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007)
The use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) by cancer patients is very common and varies between populations. The referenced English literature has no local study from Africa on this subject. This study was conducted to define the prevalence, pattern of use, and factors influencing the use of CAM by cancer patients at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu (UNTH-E), Nigeria Face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaire were used to determine the use of CAM by cancer patients. All consenting cancer patients were interviewed as they presented at the core surgical units of the UNTH- E, from June 2003 to September 2005. 160 patients were interviewed; 68 (42.5%) were males and 94 (57.5%) were females. Ages ranged from 13–86 years. Breast, urogenital system, gastrointestinal system, and soft tissue cancers predominated. One hundred and four patients (65.0%) have used CAM at some time during their current cancer illness; 56 (35.0%) patients have not used any form of CAM. There were more females than males among the non-CAM users. The use of CAM was not affected by age, marital status, level of education, religious affiliation, or socioeconomic status. The most frequently used CAMs were herbs (51.9%), faith/prayer healing (49.4%), aloe vera (23.1%), Forever Living Products (16.3%), medicinal tea (14.4%), and Blackstone (12.5%). Over 23% of those who used CAM were satisfied, but 68.3% were disappointed. Most users (67.3%) did not see any benefit from the CAM, but 25% could describe some specific benefits. More than 21% of users reported various unwanted effects. While 86.5% of CAM users will use orthodox medicine instead of CAM in the future, 9.6% will use the two together to help each other. Most users (79.8%) will not repeat CAM or recommend its use for cancer. The majority of patients (55.8%) did not mention their use of CAM to their doctors – mostly because the doctor did not ask. CAM use is common among cancer patients in Nigeria. Most users do not obtain the expected benefits, and adverse events are not uncommon. Every clinician in the field of oncology should ask his/her patients about the use of CAM; this knowledge will enable them to better counsel the patients.
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Bacteriology of Osteomyelitis at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Ikeh, EI; Oyawolo, O M; Nwadiaro, CH (Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 2007)
This bacteriological study of osteomyelitis in our hospital was done with a view to reducing the morbidity rates associated with this disease. Clinical specimens were collected from 60 clinically diagnosed patients. The wound swabs and pus samples were inoculated onto blood agar, chocolate agar and MacConkey agar plates, while blood cultures were set up using Brain heart infusion and Thioglycollate broths. Direct Gram-stained smears were examined microscopically. The bacterial isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests using the disc diffusion method. The prevalence of the culture-positive osteomyelitis was 70%, with the 11 – 20 year age group having the highest prevalence of 42.9%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence in relation to gender. All the blood cultures remained sterile after 7 days incubation. Overall, 76.2% of the positive cultures were from wound swabs, followed by pus samples with 23.8%. Among the isolates, Staphylococcus aureus recorded the highest prevalence of 73.8%, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 11.9%. Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli recorded 7.1%, 4.8% and 2.4% respectively. Most of the isolates showed multiple resistance to the commonly prescribed antibiotics, except for ofloxacin that recorded 100% activity against all the isolates. Our results showed a very high rate of culture-positive osteomyelitis. Efforts should be made to start the treatment early based on culture-guided antibiotic therapy. In the absence of culture facilities, ofloxacin could be used for the empiric treatment of osteomyelitis in our community. Keywords: Osteomyelitis, Bacteriology, Antibiotics, resistance Journal of Medical Laboratory Science Vol. 13 (2) 2004: pp. 19-23
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CONCLUSION: THE POWER OF PLANNING, AND THE LIMITS TO ITS POWER: LEARNING FROM THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE - Watson, Vanessa (2007)
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Training selected Tanzanian students (Aircraft engineering, 2007)
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Promoting environmental protection in Nigeria through environmental education: the role of women - Agbogidi, O. M.; Ofuoku, Albert Ukaro (Journal of Environmental Extension, 2007)
This paper examined the various roles women play in environmental education to promote environmental protection in Nigeria. The paper maintained that Nigeria like most countries in Africa face serious environmental challenges on several fronts including poverty, pollution, land degradation, water security, forest fires, deforestation, climate change and urbanisation due mainly to population pressure. The importance of environmental education has been strongly emphasized not just through schools and colleges but also through training in business and industry, through community activities and through raising public awareness of the environment. It is stressed here that women, being the first teachers of our children, have the capacity to influence others like husbands, house-helps and neighbours and their closeness to the environment supports the need for environmental education right from home for environmental consciousness. The challenges facing women in a bid to carry out this all-important task as highlighted in this paper include inadequate trained personnel, lack of government commitment to funding, lack of flow of information to decision makers, cultural/religious factors, social and economic factors, lack of time and other domestic duties at home. The paper established that the environment, a common heritage of humanity needs to be sustainably managed to fight against poverty, food shortage as well as homelessness which can be some of the serious consequences of environmental degradation. Keywords: Environmental protection, environmental education, promotion, women Journal of Environmental Extension Vol. 6 2007: pp. 17-24
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Distance Education to Prepare Nursing Faculty in Eritrea: Diffusion of an Innovative Model of Midwifery Education - Johnson, Peter; Ghebreyohanes, Ghidey; Cunningham, Vivian; Kutenplon, Deborah; Bouey, Ora (Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 2007)
The World Health Organization has identified 56 countries with critical health care provider shortages. This article describes an innovative collaboration between Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, and the University of Asmara, Eritrea, aimed at increasing the number of qualified nursing faculty in Eritrea. Eritrean graduate nursing students used distance education technologies and in-country clinical support to complete a program of study that prepared them for an advanced practice nursing and faculty role. The 10 students were all highly successful and graduated in 4 semesters. These students and the Stony Brook faculty who supported them from the United States provided feedback and recommendations for future programming. The article provides key recommendations to other universities considering distance education collaboration to help build nursing capacity in developing countries. First, ensure bilateral understanding of the differences between the health care and educational systems in the partner countries. Second, select appropriate educational technology considering both technical and human factors. Third, ensure that students and faculty are sufficiently prepared for success. Fourth, maintain a strong focus on clinical education. Finally, remain flexible through program implementation, working together with students to adjust the program to address local needs and challenges.
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Energy baseline for monitoring vulnerability of the energy sector to the impacts of climate change: Rwanda case study - Lujara, N; Kaunde, O (Journal of Environmental Extension, 2007)
Electricity generation capacity from Ntaruka and Mukungwa hydropower plants in Rwanda, a tiny country in the Central Africa has been declining due to the fall in water levels of lake Burera and Ruhondo. Climate change is thought to be one of the factors causing the decline in water levels in the lakes. A study to establish an energy baseline that will save as a reference for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of measures being implemented to reduce vulnerability of the Rwanda's hydro dams due to the impacts of climate change has been undertaken. The study indicates that hydropower plants of Mukungwa and Ntaruka operate at less than 40% efficiency. Over the past 5 years water level in the lakes has fallen by up to 2 metres. Long term data for temperature shows that temperature exceeding 30oC are becoming more frequent in recent years from 1992 to 2005, while annual rainfall trends shows that the total annual rainfall has declined progressively over the years, since 1961 whereby the value was 1,000 mm/annum to 800mm / annum in 2004. Among the mitigation measures being implemented include sensitisation and training of the communities on environment and climate change coupled with reforestation, afforestation, and improved land use systems that will ensure soil erosion control. Keywords: Rwanda, Energy baseline, Burera, Ntaruka, Ruhondo, Mukungwa, Journal of Environmental Extension Vol. 6 2007: pp. 10-16
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Vulnerability of the hydro-electric power plants to the impacts of climate change in Rwanda: Community baseline - Lujara, N; Kuande, O (Journal of Environmental Extension, 2007)
The on-going decline in water levels in the rivers powering Rwanda's Hydro-power stations has confirmed the vulnerability of the energy sector to the impacts of climate change in Rwanda – a small country in Central Africa. At the community level, the field level intervention being implemented aims at improving management of the watersheds supporting the power stations and would eventually contribute to supporting the communities in poverty alleviation. A community vulnerability baseline survey was conducted aimed at providing a basis upon which to monitor and evaluate the success of mitigation measures being implemented. The watershed area around Mukungwa and Ntaruka hydropower stations was used as a case study. The survey confirmed that communities in the watershed area are poverty stricken mainly because of limited means of production and due to shortage of land that has resulted to poor land management and therefore getting very little yields. The survey also revealed heavy dependency on fuel wood and kerosene for energy and this entail continuous cutting of trees and thus degrading the environment. The mitigation measures being implemented include supporting the communities in the watershed area in better land management techniques specifically training the communities in better soil erosion control practices and tree planting. Keywords: Rwanda, Community vulnerability, Energy sector, Mukungwa, Ntaruka. Journal of Environmental Extension Vol. 6 2007: pp. 51-56
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Gender and age differences in computer and attitudes among student of University of Maiduguri, Nigeria - Amkpa, SA (Information Technologist (The), 2007)
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The teaching of reading in Botswana Government Primary Shcools - Biakolo, Margaret (Marang: Journal of Language and Literature, 2007)
This study investigated how reading is taught in Botswana Government schools. The findings indicate that inadequate reading instruction by teachers, their inability to model and provide students with research-based proven strategies, lack of reading specialists/coaches in the primary schools, the use of only basal series as the primary texts for reading, were responsible for the presence of many struggling readers and non-readers in the Botswana Government Primary Schools. The study is important in that it will reacquaint teachers with some aspects of the reading process, adequate reading instruction and ability to model reading strategies in their classes. In this regard the Ministry of Education may have to employ reading couches in the primary schools. The paper also recommends, among other things, raising the status of reading by making it a school subject in its right so that it can be examined just like any other school subject. Keywords: primary, reading, instruction, model, strategies, specialists MARANG: Journal of Language and Literature Vol. 17 2007: pp. 13-28
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[Special section on volcanic glass] THE CONTRIBUTION OF USE-WEAR/RESIDUE STUDIES OF OBSIDIAN ARTEFACTS FOR UNDERSTANDING CHANGES IN SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS IN WEST NEW BRITAIN, PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Kononenko, Nina (Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 2007)
This paper considers how patterns in use-wear/residues relate to debates about the nature of the day-to-day lives of the people who created the Lapita Cultural Complex. Changes in subsistence and settlement patterns have often been proposed as being the result of the introduction of new kinds of agriculture to the Bismarck Archipelago by people using Lapita pottery (Green 2002:95-120; Kirch 1997:45-52; Spriggs 1997:67-106). In contrast, several recent use-wear/residue studies of stone tools in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea have reconstructed a complex pattern with a much longer term trend toward the intensification of resource exploitation and a decrease in mobility (Fullagar 1992:135-43; Torrence 1992:11126; Torrence et al. 2000:225-44). To further examine the impact of Lapita on subsistence and settlement patterns, a use-wear/residue study was made of a large number of obsidian artefacts excavated from two test pits at the FAO site on Garua Island. The sample included artefacts dating from both before and during the time of Lapita pottery. My preliminary analyses indicate there were no differences between these periods in terms of the kinds of tool use or the nature of the activities apparent at the site.
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The relationship between proficiency and self-efficacy beliefs of the University of Botswana students learning ELS - Magogwe, Joel M. (Marang: Journal of Language and Literature, 2007)
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3. FENCED INTO CYCLES OF DEPRIVATION: ORPHANS, THEIR FEMALE CARERS AND EDUCATION IN MALAWI - McBride, Rob (2007)
Over the past decade, and coinciding with the rise in HIV/AIDS incidence, there has been a spectacular increase in the number of orphans in Malawi. Few orphans eat as many as two poor meals a day; most have few clothes, no shoes, bedding or soap. Hungry, poorly clothed children do not go to school or if they go, do not stay. Without completing at least primary school, job prospects are low. Without education or work orphans remain poor and become involve in casual sexual relationships. Orphans give birth to orphans. Those who are HIV positive give birth to those who are susceptible to HIV. Cycles of poverty, orphanhood and HIV/AIDS continue.
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Phonological sensitivity of selected NTA newscasters to sound-spelling discrepancy in English and its implications for Oral English Teaching in Nigeria - Soneye, Taiwo (Marang: Journal of Language and Literature, 2007)
This study examined the Phonological Sensitivity of newscasters in the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) to sound-spelling discrepancies in English. This is an often ignored but essential variable in English studies, hence its need. Thirty newscasters from one zonal and one non-zonal station provided the data. Respondents were examined based on the framework of Orthographic Complexity which employs rhyme-matching, alliteration-oddity detection, elision and phoneme counting tasks. Epi-info (version 6) was employed for data entry and STATA for the computer analysis. The results indicated that only 36.67% of respondents recognized phonological redundancies in the elision task of supposedly common English words. The probability of the occurrence of spelling pronunciation across phoneme, rhyme and alliteration tasks was 0.032, 0.193 and 1.000 respectively. Respondents were sensitive to spellings with phonemic tendencies as 80% passed in American sound-spelling compliant words and 45% when otherwise. The study concluded that the orthographic complexity of the English language is an important precursor of processing abilities and that the preponderancy of research in mother tongue interference as the major reason for Nigerians' poor pronunciation is half the truth. It decried as obsolete the pedagogic practice of gauging speakers' performances against natives' and recommends the teaching of dialectal variations in Nigeria. Keywords: English, phonology, sensitivity, orthography, newscasters, Nigeria MARANG: Journal of Language and Literature Vol. 17 2007: pp. 29-42
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Higher education quality assurance in South Africa widens democracy or not? Response to Anneke Venter - Berkhout, Sarie J. (South African journal of higher education, 2007)
In this response I argue that the notion of quality is embedded in the tension between powerful patterns of inherited epistemic and symbolic understanding and the dynamic of the creative, imaginative moments of understanding and design. This would take the idea of co-producer / creator of knowledge beyond the boundaries of (re)packaging commodities for the knowledge market as it would also be located in the disciplinary patterns of knowledge domains.
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Organisational barriers to creativity in South African higher education institutions - Garnett, A.; Pelser, Theuns (South African journal of higher education, 2007)
It is critical for higher education institutions to examine their performance measures (such as throughput and research output rates) to improve their competitive advantage. The article proposes that creativity is the key to obtaining that competitive advantage. However, there may be certain barriers to creativity within the organisational climate which might inhibit this. The article documents findings regarding the empirically derived barriers to creativity within selected higher education institutions in South Africa. These were correlated with the institutional performance measures to ascertain whether there were any significant observable relationships between the barriers to creativity and performance output measures of the institutions. The findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between a high prevalence of barriers and lower performance outputs. Finally, the article outlines a model that could be implemented within higher education institutions to eliminate the barriers to creativity identified by the research.
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Dealing with sexual harassment at institutions of higher learning: Policy implementation at a South African university - Gouws, Andries; Kritzinger, Alta M. (South African journal of higher education, 2007)
In the past two decades universities in South Africa have started to develop and implement sexual harassment policies to protect their staff and students against this type of harassment. The article first looks at the negative impact of sexual harassment on students from a health, psychological and academic perspective.The focus then shifts to policy implementation. While policy development has been relatively successful it is unclear if the implementation of sexual harassment policies is succeeding. It is also unclear what successful policy implementation around sexual harassment looks like. A gap often exists between policy-making and policy implementation. This is a multi-dimensional problem varying from the way the policy was formulated to issues of perceptions of the policy and a lack of institutional support. The article explores notions of what policy impact may mean and then report on the findings of a case study of policy implementation at a tertiary institution in South Africa, as one of three case studies done on the implementation of sexual harassment in tertiary education institutions. The study uses quantitative and qualitative methodology such as a small survey as well as focus groups. The findings show that policy implementation is problematic with the biggest problem being a lack of co-ordination between the major stakeholders where cases can be reported. One of the consequences of this lack of co-ordination is that the university's management has no clear understanding of the nature and extent of sexual harassment on the campus, leading them to think that sexual harassment does not occur, while those whom the policy is supposed to protect lose faith in the policy and grievance procedure. To conclude recommendations are made to deal with some of the existing problems.
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Editorial: Higher education quality assurance in South Africa: Accreditation in perspective - Gouws, Andries; Waghid, Yusef (2007)
This editorial attempts to capture some of the most salient deliberations which transpired at a symposium on higher education quality assurance (QA) in South Africa. It also raises the question of whether the discourse can potentially widen democracy or not. We contend that, on the basis of our analyses of the various disparate contributions, the QA can potentially extend the boundaries of democratic engagement on condition that notions of freedom, autonomy, accountability, citizenship and social justice are framed according to constitutive aspects of deliberative democracy. In other words, on the basis of deliberation and contestation amongst the different people involved in QA, the promise of widening democracy can be realised.
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Teacher education in South Africa: Social change, quality assurance, and democracy - Harley, Ken; Parker, Ben (South African journal of higher education, 2007)
Against a background of Durkheim's theory on changing forms of social solidarity, it is argued that social change and lack of trust have made quality assurance, as part of regulatory architecture, a seeming inevitability. There are powerful pressures for regulatory frameworks, level descriptors and specified standards that are, above all else, transparent. Implications for democracy are considered. Theory from education and political science suggests that the 'enhancement' of students - their right to the means of critical understanding and to new possibilities - is a necessary precondition for democracy. It is concluded that one viable possibility for promoting 'enhancement' lies in the involvement of teacher educators in standards setting for variants of professional qualifications they offer. In so doing, teacher educators need to maintain a distinction between the unintended homogenising consequences of outcomes in professional level descriptors, and their academic role as scholars and teachers in higher education.
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