The Circle of Courage: Restorative Approaches in South African Schools. - Coetzee, Charles (Reclaiming Children and Youth: The Journal of Strength-based Interventions, 2005)
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African Americans in Schools: Tiptoeing around Racism - Rozansky-Lloyd, Carol (Western journal of black studies, 2005)
Introduction If you look for African American students achieving low, you may see But maybe you're expecting them to achieve low, too. It's like writing a detention or referral beforehand. You're just assuming that kid is going to be bad that period or day. You can't do that. (Middle school math teacher) An African American high school student explained that when her cousin received an A on a test, the teacher accused her of cheating. teacher was kind of racist. (S-10-07-F) These are quotes from informants participating in a funded project designed to increase the achievement of African American students in mathematics and science and reduce the significant achievement gap between them and all other groups of students. Though there were positive changes over the duration of the project, these changes were small and did not seem to permeate the entire district. Informal conversations with participants suggested that tensions related to the project's goals existed. Theoretical Perspective When particular groups of students are disenfranchised by a school system, integrating them into an existing system is inadequate (Lloyd, 2003). Likewise, merely applying teaching methods emanating from scientifically based research as outlined in No Child Left Behind (U.S. Department of Education, N.D.) is a naive solution to the economic and educational disparities present in this and other school districts across the United States. Freire (1993) explains, solution is not to 'integrate' them into the structure of oppression, but to transform that structure so that they can become 'beings for themselves' (p. 55). First, however, we must know what that structure is. To exist humanly, is to name the world, to change it. Once named, the world in its turn reappears to the namers as a problem and requires of them a new naming (p. 69). In this paper, I name educational attitudes, beliefs, and practices that have contributed to the disenfranchisement of African American children in a Midwestern school district. The name that identifies these attitudes, beliefs and practices is educational racism. The focus of this paper is on some of the obstacles to the success of African American students by exploring this educational racism. Specifically, I examine teachers' beliefs related to African American students' mathematics and science achievement through their descriptions of themselves and colleagues, through their students' eyes, and through the perspectives of others involved in the project. This is essential because teachers' beliefs about the subject matter, about teaching, and about student have a profound effect on their instructional practices and thus their students' achievement (Thompson, 1992; Tobin, 2001). Beliefs about struggling students and related educational practices that result in such gaps in opportunities and therefore achievement are indicative of a deficit ideology, the notion that when students do not demonstrate the same types of achievement as the norm, they must have some deficiency which requires remediation (Ladson-Billings, 1995). It ignores inner-city African American children's learning in order to survive the cruel and stark reality of their community (Macedo, 1994, p. 141) and the rich and abundant funds of knowledge in their families and communities (Moll, 1993). An aside ... Macedo and Bartolome (1999) make the point that identifying gender, race or ethnicity as monolithic identities obfuscates the dominant white ideology that results in asymmetrical distributions of power and privilege among different ethnic and racial (p. 5) and socioeconomic groups. My focus on African Americans as an entity reflects the focus of the project. However, the project administrators believed and tried to convey the message that if educators altered their beliefs about children and teaching in the ways the project was designed to accomplish, then all children, regardless of race, ethnicity or socioeconomic status, would be positively affected. …
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Malik Goes to School: Examining the Language Skills of African American Students From Preschool-5th Grade - Craig, Holly K.; Washington, Julie A. (2005)
Contents: W. Wolfram, Foreword. Preface. Who Is Malik? An Overview of Research on Child AAE. Our School-Based Participants and Sampling Procedures. Features of Child AAE. Distributional Properties of AAE in the Early Grades. Nondialectal Expressive and Receptive Language Skills. Evaluating Language at School Entry. African American Children in Academic Distress. Relationships Among Language and Literacy Skills for African American Students. Summary and Final Thoughts. Appendices.
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Medical audit of maternal deaths in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Daramola, A O; Elesha, S O; Banjo, A A F (East African medical journal, 2005)
Objectives: To determine the rate of autopsy certification of maternal deaths; evaluate concordance and discordance rates between autopsy and clinical diagnoses of maternal deaths, and to compare these with findings from other parts of the world. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: The Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Nigeria between January 1989 and December 1998. Subjects: Women who died from pregnancy-related complications having been on admission in or having presented as emergencies to LUTH. Results: In the study period, 445 maternal deaths were registered in the LUTH mortuary. Autopsies were performed on 371 of these, giving an autopsy rate of 83.37%. Only 230 cases were found suitable for evaluation of concordance and discordance. Two hundred and six of these (89.57%) had related clinical and autopsy diagnoses (concordance) while 24(10.43%) had completely unrelated diagnoses (discordance). Conclusion: Adequate investigation of cause of death using the autopsy will assist in accurately determining the sequence of events that result in death and hence provide required statistics for the planning of appropriate interventions. East African Medical Journal Vol.82(6) 2005: 285-289
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Africa University assists Hurricane Katrina survivors - Stevens, Andra (2005)
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Mozambique - Technical and Vocational Education and Training Project : environmental assessment - Faye, Mbaye Mbengue (2005)
The Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Project in Mozambique aims to transform the TVET system to respond more effectively, equitably, and in a timely, articulated manner to labor market needs, while sensitive to gender and HIV/AIDS issues. Notwithstanding, it is envisaged the project may have negative environmental impact, namely due to construction works, and it is to this end, this environmental and social management framework (ESMF) provide the guidelines for the different stages of the environmental and social screening process, which will determine whether no environmental work will be required; or the implementation of simple mitigation measures will suffice; or, if a separate environmental impact assessment (EIA) will be required. The report stresses the need for capacity building for environmental management and monitoring, required both at the national and provincial levels, to apply the screening process as outlined herewith. As necessary, members of the Technical Review Committee will receive training regarding environmental aspects, who will then make effective recommendations for approval/disapproval of construction and rehabilitation activities. The report further lists the institutions responsible for implementing, and monitoring the mitigation measures.
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Financing of Education in Eritrea - A Case Study of Zoba Maekel - Rena, Ravinder (Social Science Research Network, 2005)
Educational investment is an engine of economic development in Eritrea and thus financing education is like a blood to human body; while this is widely accepted, little empirical research has been conducted on the topic. This paper analyses patterns of educational finances in secondary education in Eritrea particularly in the zoba -Maekel. It presents data on selected secondary schools in zoba and other related data tables with the results observed. It also provides the pattern of financing both from public and other related non-governmental organistions. The paper consists of four parts; the first part deals with the introduction, second part explains the cost and financing of education and training in Eritrea, third section provides education expenditure norms and procedures and the final section summarizes the results and concludes.
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Trends in dental treatment of children at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Nigeria (1988-1998) - Sote, E O (Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2005)
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Assesment of one-year follow up of patients with Ecce-pciol surgery at University of Ilorin teaching hospital, Kwara State, Nigeria - Adepoju, FG; Owoeye, Jfa; Ademola-Popoola, D.S. (Nigerian Journal of Ophthalmology (Mumbai), 2005)
Objectives: 1. To assess the visual outcome and complications during a one-year follow-up period of all patients who had extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with posterior chamber intraocular lens PCIOL implant. 2. To assess the average intraocular lens (IOL) power required to achieve emmetropia before the availability of the keratometer and A-Scan ultrasound machine in our centre. Materials and methods: All cases of ECCE-PCIOL done at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, over a period of eighteen months (Jan 2001-July 2002) were included in the study. Visual acuity, ocular status and complications for each patient were assessed before the surgery and also at regular periods during the one-year follow-up. Results: A total of 105 patients (116 eyes) were operated. Eleven patients (9.4%) had bilateral surgery. The patients age range was 7-89 years with a mean of 64 years and a male to female ratio of 1:1.2. Sixty-six (57%) patients had right eye (RE) surgery, while 50 (43%) had left eye (LE) surgery; 98% of them had a preoperative visual acuity of
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Obstacles and Chances to Cut Pollution Load Discharges from the Urban Palestine - Al‐Sa'ed, Rashed (Social Science Research Network, 2005)
This paper presents the results of a descriptive study on assessment of pollution loads discharged from three areas in Palestine. The difficulties and chances to reduce pollution loads of combined municipal sewage and urban stormwater discharges are discussed. Major obstacles behind a poor sewage infrastructure in Palestine were identified as the followings: insensitive Israeli environmental policy now and during the past period of occupation, lack of financial and technical human resources, and insufficient maintenance of sewage facilities, poor environmental awareness, and commitment. The result is a severe negative environmental impact on the aquatic environment and public health. Through personal contacts, actual data on the sewage infrastructure facilities of three representative large cities in the West Bank (Jenin, Albireh, and Hebron) are presented and discussed. By 2005, about 255,000 inhabitants will be living in the three selected Palestinian large cities (Jenin, Albireh, and Hebron). The total annual organic (BOD) and inorganic (NH4-N) pollution loads from Albireh and Jenin cities are 3,500 t and 850 t per year. This annual pollution is exacerbated through the Israeli settlements, which has been estimated to reach a pollution load of about 400,000 population equivalents (PE). The estimated load emissions in BOD and nitrogen from Albireh sewage works are 3 and 35 percent of the initial pollution loads, respectively. A summary of the urgent research priorities to minimize the pollution loads and measures to abate the negative impacts on the aquatic environment and public health is provided.
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Myocardial Infarction at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Northeastern Nigeria: A Long-term Review - Anjorin, Charles Oladele; Buba, Faruk; Ene, Amalia (Journal of medical sciences, 2005)
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In search of deep change : a study of the implementation of assessment policy in South African schools - Hariparsad, Shamrita Devi (2005)
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The efficacy of the Rorschach among black learners in South Africa - Moletsane, Mokgadi (2005)
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Language Ideologies and Schooled Education in Rural Tanzania: The Case of Karagwe - Wedin, Åsa (International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2005)
In this paper I argue that language policies for education have effects on pupils' educational possibilities. With the case of the Karagwe district in Tanzania the research suggests that the policy of ‘Swahili only’ in primary school education favours the small minority of the children that live in a context where Swahili is used. This appears to lead to inequality in pupils' chances in education and to a low level of achievement of academic content in schools. This also promotes the development and use of safety strategies among teachers and pupils that hide failure and prevent pupils' learning.
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Study of Human Gastro-Intestinal Parasites Among Primary School Children in Ibule Soro Community of Ifedore Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria - Dada, E. O.; Erinle, BA (Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 2005)
This study on the prevalence of human gastro-intestinal parasites among 350 primary school children in Ibule Soro village of Ifedore Local Government Area of Ondo State was carried out between January and March 2003. Age, sex and other relevant epidemiological information were recorded on numbered data sheets. Stool samples were collected into wide-mouthed specimen bottles and preserved in 10% formal saline. They were examined using the direct smear technique and the formol ether concentration method. The results suggest a very high prevalence of intestinal parasitosis (40.9%) among the pupils. Four different intestinal parasites were encountered. The respective infection rates of each parasite were; Ascaris lumbricoides (14.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (13.7%), Trichuris trichiura (6.9%) and hookworms (5.4%). Infections cut across the different age groups and sexes. Infection in males (40.6%) was comparable to that in females (41.3%). Cases of multiple infections showed that Ascaris lumbricoides occurred frequently in double infections with hookworms or Trichuris trichiura. In triple infections, only the triad of A. lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura was found. The parasitological significance of these observations was highlighted by this study. Key words: gastro-intestinal, parasitosis, prevalence, school children Journal of Medical Laboratory Science Vol.13(1) 2004: 62 - 65
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Enhancing Secondary Education in Ghana: The Case of Entrepreneurship. - Fredua-Kwarteng, Eric (2005)
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Sirocco climatology and its impact on atmospheric pollution in Sfax (South Eastern Tunisia). - Khlaifi, Anis; Dahech, Salem; Ionescu, Anda; Beltrando, Gérard; Candau, Yves (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2005)
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Basic school dropout in Ghana: a case study of the Amansie West district - Braimah, Imoro; Oduro-Ofori, Eric (Journal of the University of Science and Technology, 2005)
In view of the increasing cost of education the persistent phenomenon of school dropout has become a constant worry to all stakeholders. The focus of this paper was to assess the trend of basic school dropout in Amansie West, a predominantly rural district in Ghana and to further determine the main causes and policy implications of the phenomenon in the district. Analysis of the data revealed a downward trend in the dropout rates. At the primary school level, the dropout rate reduced from 5.4 percent in 1998/99 to 4.5 percent in the year 2000/01. At the Junior Secondary School (JSS) level, the dropout rate also reduced from 9.7 percent in 1998/99 to 6.7 percent in 2000/01. This trend was attributed to the diversification of the income sources of parents, which enabled them to earn more income to take care of their wards in school. Further analysis of data gathered revealed that about 45.4% of the parents of school dropouts in the district were extremely poor with annual incomes less than ¢600,000. The views of all stakeholders of education in the district confirmed that the causes of basic school dropout were mainly poverty related. In view of the strong inverse relationship between rates of school dropout and income levels it is recommended that pro-poor programmes be initiated and implemented in order to increase enrolment and retention of children in school for the ultimate benefits of public investment in education to be derived. Keywords: basic education, dropout, poverty, enrolment, retention Journal Of Science And Technology Vol. 25 (1) 2005: 67-76
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Assessment of the factors affecting the standard of education in junior secondary schools in the Kassena-Nankana district in the upper east region of Ghana - Nsiah-Peprah, Y.; Kyiiliyang-Viiru, L (Journal of the University of Science and Technology, 2005)
Positive relationships have been found to exist between factors like family size, parents\' educational levels, parents\' occupational statuses, ability of parents to pay school fees, and the concern parents show in their children\'s education and academic performance. This research tried to find out whether the above findings hold good in the Kassena-Nankana district by examining the relationship between the above named factors and pupils\' performance in Junior Secondary Schools (JSS). Personal interviews using questionnaires was the main research instrument. A total sample size of 14 Junior Secondary Schools, around 140 households and some officials of the district education directorate was used. The selection was done through random sampling.The study revealed that in the district, positive relationships exist between the above named factors and pupil\'s academic performance. There is therefore the need for the government and all other interested parties to take pragmatic steps to put mechanisms in place in order to remove all the problems relating to the above factors in the district. It is hoped that this will help raise the academic performance of pupils vis-à-vis the standard of education in the district and the country as a whole. Keywords: district, standard, education, academic performance Journal Of Science And Technology Vol. 25 (1) 2005: 43-57
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Benefits Of Indigenous Language In The Teaching And Learning Of Adult Farmers In Delta State, Nigeria - Ugboh, O (Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 2005)
The importance of indigenous language in disseminating local information to the local people cannot be overemphasized. This paper is focused on the perceived benefits of indigenous language in the teaching and learning of adult farmers in Delta State. Data was collected from 400 randomly selected farmers in the study area and information was collected with the aid of structured questionnaire and interview schedule. Data analysis was by the use of frequency, percentage, and mean. The importance of indigenous language use in the teaching and learning process was confirmed by farmers in the study area. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research Vol. 4 (2) 2004: 54-60
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Sowing the seeds for improved Pharmacy education in Nigeria: development of ICT at university of Benin Faculty of Pharmacy - Erah, Patrick O; Okhamafe, Augustine O. (Nigerian Journal of Phamaceutical Research, 2005)
For today\'s pharmacy graduates to function effectively in an ever increasing technological world, pharmacy students must be trained to use computer facilities as they will always encounter the application of computerized information resources throughout their educational and professional lives. Similarly, pharmacy teachers need to be adequately proficient in computer usage in order to be able to apply computers in instructions and research. The purpose of this article is to describe the impact of the application of information technology (IT) on the training of pharmacy students in University of Benin Faculty of Pharmacy as well as explore the willingness of pharmacy instructors to embrace IT. A computer teaching laboratory, equipped with 20 computers, a server, printers, scanners, Laptop, and computer-aided learning (CAL) packages was developed. Internet access was provided through a local area network. Staff (n=30) and students (n=115) were trained to use the facilities. Self-administered questionnaires directed at both the staff and students trained were used to evaluate the success of the project. The level of computer literacy of academic staff increased from 60.8% (prior to the training) to 98.04%. There was a remarkable improvement in their computer skills. The staff agreed that the training greatly improved their abilities to teach and carry out research. All the students agreed that the computer education was beneficial in improving learning, professional competence, team work, problem-solving ability and self-confidence, as well as acquiring new knowledge and opening opportunity for life-long learning. The enthusiasm of staff and students in the Faculty has been overwhelming. Computer facilities for the teaching of pharmacy students have been successfully developed and applied to improve computer literacy for both staff and students in University of Benin Faculty of Pharmacy. These have opened opportunities for improvement in research, teaching and learning. Nig. J. Pharm. Res. 3(1) 2004: 35-41
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Effective transition from high school to university in Kenya from the students' perspectives - Afulo, Joseph Oduor (2005)
EFFECIVE TRANSITION FROM HIGH SCHOOL TO UNIVERSITY IN KENYA FROM THE STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVE This research carried out in Kenyatta University and Maseno University. The objective of the research was to establish challenges that students encountered during their transition from high school to university and how they overcame them. Research data were obtained through stratified cluster random sampling with male students (N=773) and female (N=510) participants. The data for this mixed-model research were obtained through self-administered survey questionnaire in face-to-face administration followed by in-depth interviews. The complementary nature mixed-model helped clarify issues that otherwise would have been overlooked in a mono-method. The survey and interviews data were analyzed separately. The results were integrated with quantitative priority in a thematic sequence of: student aspirations, motivation to go to the university, students’ self-perception, experiences in high school, institutional climate and interpersonal relations in high school, evaluating students’ preparations (academic and social) for going to the university, accessing information, admission process and orientation programs, experiences in the university, satisfaction and adjustment during the transition process. The research revealed factors that affect effective transition process. These included: student personal development, institutional issues, political issues, and ethical issues. The factors related to personal development included self-perception, dynamics of student aspirations, and dynamics of student motivations, autonomy and freedom. The institutional issues included the resources, personnel and communication. Pedagogical issues included adaptation to varied teaching styles, inadequate instructional material and quality of personnel. Considering political issues involved a focus on policies that affected the transition process, disparities among high schools, financing education, and interruptions of the university programs. Ethical issues concerned behaviors and interpersonal relations that affected the transition process and teaching and learning environment. From the research, it may be concluded that effective transition from high school to university in Kenya requires students’ personal initiative, support from their high school teachers and administration, and cooperation of the university admissions personnel. Providing detailed and updated information concerning the admission criteria, subject cluster combinations criteria for specific programs, and constant communication between the high schools and universities stand to improve the conditions. Upon taking up their admission, hospitable reception, continued effective orientation especially in the first semester through the cooperation of the university administration personnel and the lecturers, and involvement of the senior students stand to facilitate the transition process among the new students. The students recognized great inadequacies in information and preparations in the university.
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Providing Increased Access to English L2 Students of Computer Science at a South African University - Dalvitt, Lorenzo; Murray, Sarah; Terzoli, Alfredo; Zhao, Xiaogeng; Mini, Buyiswa M. (2005)
In our paper we describe an intervention aimed at providing increased chances of success in the study of Computer Science (CS) to members of South Africa's historically disadvantaged communities. Research has shown that many African students perform poorly in CS, possibly because of language problems. We have developed a web-based application that integrates classroom practice in first year. In our research we explore the relationship between English and the students' mother tongues in constructing technical meanings with a particular focus on the integration of new terminology into existing knowledge structures. We hope that this new approach and an early intervention will provide better access to the study of CS to more African students and contribute to overcome the inequalities of Apartheid.
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Female labour force participation in Ghana: the effects of education - Sackey, Harry A. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
To participate in the labour market or not to participate appears to be an issue of survival for women in the Ghanaian economy. Parallel to the rising trend in female participation rates, there has been a tendency towards a decline in fertility. At the core of these patterns has been the schooling factor. This study uses data from the Ghana living standards surveys with demographically enriched information to estimate female labour force participation and fertility models. We find that female schooling matters in both urban and rural localities; both primary and post-primary schooling levels exert significant positive impact on women’s labour market participation, and have an opposite effect on fertility. We conclude that although the gender gap in education has become narrower over the years, it is important for government policy to ensure the sustainability of the female educational gains obtained. Arguably, this is the key mechanism for enhancing female human capital and productive employment with favourable impacts on perceptions of ideal family size and fertility preferences.
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Educating Cataloger in The Electronic Environment : A Study For Education ad Training Programs in Egypt - A.Hady, Mohamed Fathy (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2005)
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A Teaching Safari: A Study of American Teachers in East Africa - Aa, Oni (Contemporary Sociology, 2005)
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Democratic Development and the Role of Citizenship Education in Sub-Saharan Africa with a Case Focus on Zambia. - Abdi, Ali A.; Ellis, Lee M.; Shizha, Edward (International education journal, 2005)
In addressing issues related to problems of democratisation in Africa, this paper attempts to relate the issue to the need for citizenship education and the role that can play in social development. Citizenship should be central to the formation of viable civil societies that claim a tangible stake in national public spaces in post-Cold War Africa. These and related topics are discussed relative to new possibilities that could lead to the full realisation of the concept as well as the practice of enfranchised citizenship and inclusive social development in aspiring democracies in the Sub Saharan African context. The complexity of the development ‘problematique’ that SubSaharan Africa is facing is unique in that it is multi-dimensional, but above all else, politically located. It is, therefore, central to our discussions here that to correct the continent’s current schemes of underdevelopment, pragmatic schemes of governance must be achieved. To do that, we are suggesting, new possibilities of citizenship education should be formulated for the general African scene in general, and for democratising but still both institutionally and economically weakened Zambia. Citizenship education, democratisation, structural adjustment programs, civil society, sub-Saharan Africa, Zambia
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Impact of segregation and inclusive education at the basic education level on children with low vision in Ghana - Agbeke, Wilson Kofi (International Congress Series, 2005)
This study was carried out to determine the impact that both segregation and inclusive education at the Basic Level have on children with low vision in Ghana. In all, 54 participants were involved in the study. The instruments used in the collection of data for this study were a semi-structured interview schedule and a questionnaire. Both interview and questionnaire items were based on, academic performance, orientation and mobility, activities of daily living, social interaction and the challenges and prospects of the two programmes. The results showed that visually impaired children from both programmes have problems with movement initially but overcome it after a year. Socially, children from inclusive programmes better participated in family and community activities than their counterparts in the special school. There was no significant difference in the academic performance of children from the two programmes. The two programmes have challenges but the prospects of inclusive education looks brighter. There is a balance in terms of academic performance and socialization.
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African American Women, Metabolic Syndrome, and National Cholesterol Education Program Criteria - Appel, Susan J.; Floyd, Natalie A.; Giger, Joyce Newman; Weaver, Michael T.; Luo, Huabin; Hannah, Tiffany; Ovalle, Fernando (Nursing Research, 2005)
Background: The association between elevated levels of triglycerides and insulin may be weaker in African American women (AAW) than in women of other groups, leading to under diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in AAW when using the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria, as those criteria do not include a marker of insulin resistance, using elevated triglycerides to provide an indirect indication of insulin resistance. Objectives: To determine the degree of agreement between two definitions for the MetS, that described by the NCEP and the NCEP criteria with the addition of a marker of insulin resistance in a sample of AAW. Method: This non experimental pilot study took place in the General Clinical Research Center of a major medical center. Thirty-three AAW 19-45 years of age were screened using the NCEP criteria for MetS, additional markers of insulin resistance, and a 2-hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Findings: Six (18%) women were classified as having the MetS using the NCEP criteria. When one of three markers for insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia, acanthosis nigricans, or Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance) was added to the criteria, 15 (45.5%) to 19 (59.5%) of the women were then identified as having MetS. Discussion: As identified in the literature, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk in AAW may be underestimated based on the sole use of the NCEP criteria. Further, because there is some evidence that insulin resistance develops before many other indicators, the addition of a marker of insulin resistance may assist in earlier identification of AAW at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Training special educators for low vision children in Nigerian regular schools - Aromolaran, Emanuel (International Congress Series, 2005)
The presence of low vision Children in the regular Schools system is identified. However, deliberate efforts have not been made to educate them appropriately. This paper presents alternative training approaches as a programme content guide for training the special educators to work in early childhood and low vision programmes in Nigeria. The paper also identifies the problems affecting the integration of low vision children with strategies for effective training of special educators in Nigeria.
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Professional Dignity and Reforming Teachers’ Practice: A Case Study of a Distance Learning Network in Egypt - Banks, Frank; Gouda, Amal (2005)
This research is a case study of teacher continuous professional development in Egypt. It aims to investigate the views of teachers, inspectors and training experts about the impact of training programmes using a distance leaning network on developing teachers’ knowledge. Some issues have been addressed in relation to reforming teachers’ practice inside classrooms. For example, this study reveals that “Professional Dignity”, which teachers exhibit as part of their identity as classroom practitioners, has an impact on developing teachers’ practical knowledge. In describing this case study, this paper first provides an overview of the National Network for Distance Training (NNDT). Second, it discusses the main findings of the study in relation to professional dignity and the acquisition of teacher knowledge
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Professional Dignity and Reforming Teachers’ Practice: A Case Study of a Distance Learning Network in Egypt - Banks, Frank; Gouda, Amal (2005)
This research is a case study of teacher continuous professional development in Egypt. It aims to investigate the views of teachers, inspectors and training experts about the impact of training programmes using a distance leaning network on developing teachers’ knowledge. Some issues have been addressed in relation to reforming teachers’ practice inside classrooms. For example, this study reveals that “Professional Dignity”, which teachers exhibit as part of their identity as classroom practitioners, has an impact on developing teachers’ practical knowledge. In describing this case study, this paper first provides an overview of the National Network for Distance Training (NNDT). Second, it discusses the main findings of the study in relation to professional dignity and the acquisition of teacher knowledge
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Teaching public relations in the information age: A case study at an Egyptian university - Barry, Wail Ismail A. (Public Relations Review, 2005)
Abstract This study identifies new pedagogical techniques used in teaching public relations. A case study method was carried out among three groups of the mass communication-graduating seniors at Ain Shams University School of Women. The research findings showed that students look for more practical course work rather than theoretical knowledge. Furthermore, it was found that the most suitable technique for teaching public relations is the use of workshops and internships programs at media corporations. Evidently, public relations education is much more affected with gaining computer skills and good command of the English language.
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Assessing vulnerability of low-income communities to indoor air pollution in South Africa: towards the development of a vulnerability index - Binedell, Michelle (WIT Transactions on Biomedicine and Health, 2005)
Health Risk Assessment (HRA) is a valuable tool for determining the potential human health risk associated with environmental exposures to hazards.HRAs are, however, limited in that they do not allow an assessment of other factors which may render people more vulnerable.Low-income (and often marginalised) communities are subjected to multiple environmental exposures and often lack the coping mechanisms that enable them to resist, cope with and manage their exposure to hazards.This paper presents the components of a proposed vulnerability index that could be used to assess levels of vulnerability of lowincome communities that are exposed to indoor air pollution.A number of social, biophysical and service-related factors which are particularly relevant to the South African context have been considered and are discussed further.
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The Career Experiences of African American Women Faculty: Implications for Counselor Education Programs. - Bradley, Carla (College student journal, 2005)
Despite three decades of affirmative action efforts, counseling programs continue to struggle with the challenge of recruiting and retaining African American women faculty. This article focuses on the occupational experiences and unique challenges that confront African American women professors. Strategies for supporting, mentoring and retaining African American women counseling faculty will also be presented. ********** In this new millennium, despite three decades of anti-discrimination legislation and affirmative action, the of the African American counselor educator has remained relatively tenebrous. Although the counseling literature has recently begun to address the career experiences of White American women faculty (Fouad & Carter, 1992; Roland & Fontanesi-Seime, 1996; Skinner & Walker, 2001) and faculty of color (Atkinson, 1983; Atkinson, Morten, & Sur, 1989; Bradley & Holcomb-McCoy, 2004; Brinson, & Kottler, 1993, Lee & Arrendondo (2001), a dearth of information is available on the distinct career development paths and encounters of African American women faculty. Several writers (Gregory, 1995; Smith, 1999; Turner, 2002) have attributed the absence of the African American female academician perspective in counseling disquisitions to her dual identity as a member of a racially oppressed group and as a woman. For example, although all women have benefited from affirmative action, White American women have been the major beneficiaries in the areas of employment, particularly in higher education institutions (Bell & Nkomo, 2001; Ladson-Billings, 2000). Consequently, attention to the woman question among counselor educators has primarily focused on salary, child care duties, and promotion and tenure differences between White female and male faculty, frequently leaving the viewpoints of African American female faculty out of the discourse (Fouad & Carter, 1992; Roland & Fontanesi-Seime 1996; Skinner & Walker, 2001). Similarly, when studies have focused on ethnic minority counseling faculty (Dinsmore & England, 1996; Young, Chamley & Withers, 1990) investigators have treated them as one monolithic group, highlighting the special issues ethnic minorities face in general, often ignoring gender and racial differences. This is a critical time for African American faculty in general, and African American female faculty in particular. Recent literature has revealed that fewer tenured positions have been filled after retirement, and many have been eliminated (Aguirre, 2000; Gregory, 1997; Turner, 2002). Although women and ethnic minority faculty are overrepresented at the assistant professor level, Alfred (2001) and Singh, Robinson & Green (1995) found African American women faculty to be far more disadvantaged at universities than White women and other racial minority groups. Specifically, African American female faculty members are promoted and tenured at a lower rate than either African American men and White American women. Further, Alfred (2001) and Turner (2002) revealed that African American women faculty receive fewer opportunities for collaborative research than their female counterparts. Moreover, several studies (Benjamin, 1997; Smith, 1999) affirmed that the academic environment is often chilly, hostile and indifferent toward African American women faculty and administrators. The American Counseling Association is at the emergent stage in addressing this salient issue. Panel discussions and committees have been assembled to dialogue about the presence of ethnic minority counselor educators. However, the presence and career needs of African American female counselor educators continue to remain unnoticed. This suppression of the African American female faculty voice may leave senior faculty and promotion and tenure committees in counseling departments to draw their own conclusions regarding the career experiences and challenges of their African American women faculty. …
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Education in the Sudan: the privileging of an Islamic discourse - Breidlid, Anders (Compare (Print), 2005)
This article examines the educational discourse in the part of the Sudan administered by the Government of the Sudan. It first analyses the value system upon which the Sudanese education is based by focusing on the nature of Islamism. Such a discussion is necessary because the dominant discourse is a discourse where power and Islamic theocracy legitimise each other and spill over into the educational discourse. Given the ethnic and religious complexity in the Sudan the imposition of a fundamentalist Islamic discourse is fiercely contested. The second part of the article, therefore, discusses the educational discourse of the government and relates it to the oppositional discourses in the country. It pays particular attention to the homogenising efforts of the dominant discourse to eradicate difference as a constituting factor in the Sudanese education system. The attempts to recognise difference have not led to a fundamental negotiation of the consequences of Islamism in the official school system.
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Rehabilitation services for visually impaired persons in West Africa, the challenges of integration - Bush, Simon R.; Botwey, David N. (International Congress Series, 2005)
The World Health Organisation estimates that not more than 2% of the disabled people have access to any form of rehabilitation services in the developing world. The emergence of community-based rehabilitation (CBR) as a community development strategy for increasing coverage of rehabilitation services to disabled people generally with the involvement of communities and families in the delivery processes seem to be catching on fast with many donors and implementing agencies in almost every country in West Africa. Target beneficiaries in our CBR programmes are predominantly irreversibly visually impaired persons, their families and the local communities as primary stakeholders. Low vision services for both adults and children are yet to go beyond the provision of affordable glasses. Programmes are managed within a comprehensive eye service set up. Local governments and mainstream service providers currently participate in the rehabilitation process as secondary stakeholders. The main frontline personnel are trained and resourced volunteers, while core technical staff co-ordinate service delivery that range from psychological, social and economic services. In response to key recommendations of a recent evaluation of the CBR projects in the Gambia and Ghana, Sight Savers is embarking on a review process that will shift greater participatory roles to visually impaired people, their organisations and local governments as key stakeholders in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of CBR from a programme structure and perspective.
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An Analysis of Cross-Cultural Differences in Perceptual Modality Preferences of Fashion Design and Merchandising Students from South Korea, Swaziland, and the United States - Caldwell, Lark F.; Workman, Jane E.; Lee, Seung‐Hee; Khoza, Lombuso (Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 2005)
The purpose of this study was to examine perceptual modality preferences of students from South Korea, Swaziland, and the United States who were enrolled in fashion design and merchandising classes. For each individual learning style, there are seven perceptual modality elements: Print, Interactive, Visual, Haptic, Kinesthetic, Olfactory, and Aural. Perceptual modality preferences are the preferred means by which information is obtained through the senses. Research indicates that perceptual modality preferences are influenced by cultural differences in family socialization, language, educational experiences, traditions, values, and beliefs. Students from South Korea (n = 151), Swaziland (n = 116) and the United States (n = 184) completed the Perceptual Modality Preferences Survey (PMPS). The PMPS measured students' perceived strengths and weaknesses for the seven perceptual modalities. ANOVA revealed that Korean, Swazi, and U.S. students differed significantly in six of the seven perceptual modality preferences: Print, Interactive, Visual, Haptic, Kinesthetic, and Olfactory but not Aural. Swazi students indicated the strongest preference for the Print modality. Korean and U.S. students shared common preferences for Interactive, Visual, and Kinesthetic modalities. Results of this study support the need for educators to recognize cultural differences in learning styles.
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Sammy: The Classroom Guinea Pig (review) - Card, Timnah (The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, 2005)
Reviewed by: Sammy: The Classroom Guinea Pig Timnah Card Berenzy, Alix Sammy: The Classroom Guinea Pig; written and illus. by Alix Berenzy. Holt, 200532p ISBN 0-8050-4024-2$16.95 R 5-7 yrs Sammy the guinea pig has a good life as a class pet—fresh food, a safe box to sleep in or on, lots of children to play with. The teacher, Ms. B, has conscientiously taught the children how to care for Sammy, so when he interrupts their Monday morning lesson with cries of "WHEEP!" and some energetic scrambling around his cage, the whole class gathers to find out together what is the matter. After verifying his physical and emotional well-being and observing the guinea pig's happy interaction with the students, one girl realizes that Sammy just wants some attention after the lonely weekend. Though the set-up is a little contrived, that simple narrative framework incorporates nearly everything a child needs to know about guinea-pig care into realistic dialogue, crisp descriptions, and vigorous sound effects from Sammy, all of which collaborate to make this an inviting animal-care book. Pastel and colored-pencil drawings up the awwwww factor, highlighting Sammy's pudgy little face and rosy paws as he munches contentedly on greenery and cheerfully investigates the faces of the children who love him (though the images of the children themselves are a bit stiff and saccharine). This appealing and informative book will work equally well as a readaloud for younger readers or a readalone for those in higher grades to prepare children for their own class pet or simply to celebrate the joys of guinea-pig ownership; King-Smith's I Love Guinea Pigs (BCCB 4/95) is a perfect potential partner. A short list of guinea-pig facts graces the last page; no sources are given. Copyright © 2005 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois
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Citizenship education and political engagement: voices of Kenyan youth from Nyeri and Nairobi - Chege, Fatuma N.; Wawire, Violet; Arnot, Madeleine; Wainaina, Paul K. (2005)
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Background and classroom correlates of child achievement, cognitive, and behavioural outcomes in rural Kenyan schoolchildren - Daley, Tamara C.; Whaley, Shannon E.; Sigman, Marian; Guthrie, Donald; Neumann, Charlotte G.; Bwibo, Nimrod O. (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2005)
In the current study, background data (sex, age, and SES) and classroom factors were examined as predictors of scholastic achievement and child cognitive and behavioural outcomes in a group of rural Kenyan schoolchildren during their first year of formal schooling. Previous research in this area has provided mixed results regarding the characteristics of children and school environments that best predict optimal outcomes for children. This study extended previous research through the use of multiple culturally grounded predictor and outcome variables; in addition to using observational techniques to assess the classroom environment, this study examined cognitive, academic, and behavioural measures. Results suggested that while background factors such as child age and SES are important predictors of child outcomes, inclusion of classroom factors significantly improved prediction for all types of child outcomes, and the addition of behaviour as a predictor shows an even greater effect. The largest effect was seen for the outcome variables most closely tied to classroom activities.
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ODL and ICTs for Teacher Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Experience of the Commonwealth of Learning - Daniel, John; Menon, Mohan (2005)
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Elusive Equity: Education Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa - Davis, Rufus (International Journal of African Historical Studies, 2005)
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A Profile of African-American Medical School Attendees - Dawson, George (Journal of The National Medical Association, 2005)
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Geomorphic evolution of a storm-dominated carbonate ramp (c. 549 Ma), Nama Group, Namibia - DiBenedetto, Steven P.; Grotzinger, J. P. (Geological Magazine, 2005)
The well-exposed Hoogland Member ( c. 549 Ma) of the northern Nama Group (Kuibis Subgroup), Namibia, represents a storm-dominated carbonate ramp developed in a foreland basin of terminal Proterozoic age. The ramp displays facies gradients involving updip grainstones which pass downdip into broad, spatially extensive tracts of microbial laminites and finely laminated mudstones deposited above and below storm wave base. Trough cross-bedded, coarse grainstones are shown to transit downdip into finer-grained calcarenites, irregular microbial laminites and mottled laminites. Siliciclastic siltstones and shales were deposited further downdip. Platform growth was terminated through smothering by orogen-derived siliciclastic deposits. Ramp morphology was controlled by several different processes which acted across many orders of magnitude (millimetres to kilometres), including in situ growth of mats and reefs, scouring by wave-produced currents, and transport and infilling of coarse-grained carbonates and fine-grained carbonates and clastics. At the smallest scale, ‘roughening’ of the sea-floor through heterogeneous trapping and binding by microbial mats was balanced by smoothing of the sea-floor through accumulation of loose sediment to fill the topographic lows within the upward-propagating mat. At the next scale up, parasequence development involved roughening of the sea-floor through shoal growth and grainstone progradation, balanced by sea-floor smoothing through shale infilling of resulting downdip accommodation, as well as the metre-scale topographic depressions within the mosaic of shoal-water facies. At even larger (sequence/platform) scales, roughening of the sea-floor occurred through aggradation and progradation of thick carbonates, balanced by infilling of the foreland basin with orogen-derived siliciclastic sediments. At all scales a net balance was achieved between sea-floor roughening and sea-floor smoothing to maintain a more or less constant ramp profile.
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“The Cost of Poverty”: Transaction Costs and the Struggle to Make Aid Work in the Education Sector in Tanzania - Dyer, Kate (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
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[Training the trainers seminar and analysis of the Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in central Africa from 2001 to 2004. (Brazzaville, Républic of Congo, April 6-8, 2004]. - Formenty, Pierre; Epelboïn, Alain; Allarangar, Y; Libama, F; Boumandouki, P.; Koné, L; Molamou, A; Gami, NK; Jv, Mombouli; Mg, Martinez; Ngampo, S (PubMed, 2005)
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Africa's present and future needs in toxicology education: Southern African perspective - Gulumian, Mary; Ginsburg, Carren; Stewart, Michael J. (Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2005)
Degrees and diplomas as well as certificates that are granted by universities and technikons in South Africa in scientific disciplines, such as forensic medicine, pharmacology, marine and veterinary sciences, environmental health, and occupational hygiene, include toxicology as one of the subjects in their overall syllabus. However, aspects of toxicology included in each of these courses are biased towards that particular subdiscipline and basic level of toxicology may be taught. Educational needs in toxicology in South Africa can be summarized as follows: (a) recognition of toxicology as a discipline in its own right at these tertiary education institutions and (b) creation of opportunities to study and obtain higher degrees in one or more of the many subdisciplines of toxicology. The results from a survey conducted on the toxicology syllabi offered at these tertiary education institutions are used to substantiate these needs.
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Prejudice and Social Contact in South Africa: A Study of Integrated Schools Ten Years after Apartheid - Holtman, Zelda; Louw, Johann; Tredoux, Colin; Carney, Tara (South African Journal of Psychology, 2005)
In this article the relationship between intergroup contact and racial prejudice in formerly segregated schools in Cape Town, South Africa, is investigated. A total of 1 119 black African, coloured, Afrikaans-speaking and English-speaking white learners were surveyed, using three measures of intergroup prejudice, a self-report intergroup contact measure and a racial identification scale. In general, quality of contact with individuals of other race groups and an increase in contact both in and outside of the school improved learners' race attitudes. Higher levels of demographic integration within schools were also positively related to race attitudes, but a high degree of identification with one's own race led in several instances to less positive attitudes towards other race groups. Intergroup contact seemed to be the single most important predictor of attitudes for all four groups in this study.
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School-Based Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation for Adolescent Girls: Findings from Manica Province, Mozambique - Horjus, Peter; Aguayo, Víctor M.; Roley, Julie A.; Pene, Maurício C.; Meershoek, Stephan (Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2005)
Background The 1997 Demographic and Health Survey in Mozambique shows that 47% of girls 15 to 19 years old living in Manica province (west-central Mozambique) are pregnant or have already had a child. A recent survey also shows that 45% of girls 10 to 18 years old attending school are anemic. Strategies are needed to build iron stores before pregnancy and to control seasonal and chronic iron deficiency and anemia in school-aged girls. Objective To assess the program effectiveness of two school-based weekly iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation regimes (5-month supplementation vs. 8-month supplementation) in girls 10 to 18 years old attending school in Manica province. Methods Twelve schools were included in the study. Schools were ordered by descending mean hemoglobin concentration, and assigned alternately to study group 5 (six schools; 5-month supplementation) or study group 8 (six schools; 8-month supplementation). In both study groups, the weekly supplement contained 60 mg of elemental iron and 400 μg of folic acid. All girls received a single dose of mebendazol (500 mg) twice—once at the beginning of the study (T0) and once six months later (T6). Supplementation was implemented and supervised by the teachers of the schools included in the study. Between T0 and T3, girls in study group 8 received IFA supplements weekly whereas girls in study group 5 did not. Between T3 and T8, all girls in both groups received weekly IFA supplements. Results At T0, mean hemoglobin concentration and anemia prevalence were comparable in study groups 8 and 5 (125.3 ± 12.6 g/L vs. 123.8 ± 12.8 g/L; 28% vs. 29%, respectively). At T3, the mean hemoglobin concentration in study group 8 was significantly higher (126.3 ± 14.3 g/L vs. 121.5 g/dL ± 11.9 g/L p < .001) and the prevalence of anemia was lower (28% vs. 35%, p = .076) than in study group 5. At T8, after an additional 5-month supplementation period in both study groups, mean hemoglobin concentration and anemia prevalence in study groups 8 and 5 were not significantly different (126.5 ± 12.6 g/L vs. 124.9 ± 12.3 g/L; 23% vs. 27%, respectively). Conclusion In Manica Province, school-based weekly IFA supplementation is a feasible and effective intervention to prevent seasonal drops in hemoglobin concentration and increases in anemia prevalence. Short supplementation periods can have an important impact on girls' hematological status. However, the size of girls' hematological response in this study was significantly lower that that observed in studies with similar population groups, initial anemia prevalence, supplement dosing, and/or supplementation regime.
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Postgraduate training in urogynaecology in South Africa. - Hs, Cronjé (PubMed, 2005)
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Prevalence and risk factors of asthma among wad medani basic school children, gezira state, Sudan. - Hussein, Salwa E; Ahmed, Mohammed (PubMed, 2005)
Childhood asthma is said to be under-estimated and under-diagnosed in tropical countries including Sudan. The prevalence of asthma worldwide is increasing. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and the trigger factors of asthma among Wad Medani basic school children.A cross-sectional study was conducted during school year 2000-2001. The study group was selected by stratified proportional random sampling according to their age, sex and localities.Data was collected utilizing a pre-tested questionnaire addressing the history of asthma and its trigger factors (sample-2, 2002).The results revealed that asthma is the ninth of the most common diseases among the school children, having a prevalence of 9.2% (sample 1) and 17.9% (sample 2), the main trigger factors of which are dust, cold bats, exercise and smoke respectively.Asthma among school children is a common problem that should be considered when planning preventive school health programmes.
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Islam, Education, Trust, and Ethnic Politics: The Case of Senegal - Jelen, Ted G.; Kuenzi, Michele (2005)
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School management practices and candidates' performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examinations in Thika District - Kariuki, Jane M (2005)
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Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder among school children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. - Kashala, Espérance; Tylleskär, Thorkild; Elgen, Irene Bircow; Kt, Kayembe; Sommerfelt, Kristian (PubMed, 2005)
To estimate the prevalence and determinants of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among school children in Kinshasa, an African urban setting.The 18-items of the Disruptive Behaviour Disorder rating scale (DBD), which is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for mental disorders 4(th) edition (DSM-IV), were used to investigate the presence of ADHD symptoms. Parents interviews, using a questionnaire specially designed for the study, were performed to identify socio-demographic characteristics. All children were subject to a clinical examination.The estimated prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD symptoms was 6%. Those with family health problems, younger age at start of primary school, good nutritional status and poor school performance more often had DSM-IV ADHD symptoms.ADHD symptoms are as common among school children in Kinshasa as elsewhere. The socio-demographic factors described as risk factors for ADHD in high-income countries were not identified in this study.
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World Wide Web (WWW) Among Secondary School students in Kenya - Kwanya, Tom (2005)
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Francis Musango: his contribution to art and art education in Uganda - Kyeyune, George (International Journal of Education Through Art, 2005)
This short biography traces the artist and educator Francis Musango's artistic development in his role as an art educator in pre- and post-independence Uganda. Analysing his work over the last 50 years helps us to understand the way in which developments in Ugandan art practice, of which Musango has been an integral part, have reflected the ideological positions of certain mentors.
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Impact of training on assessment of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection at government health facilities in Egypt. - Längsten, Ray; El‐Mougi, M.; Black, Robert E. (PubMed, 2005)
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Climate change and ecology in Africa - Lovett, Jon C.; Midgley, Guy F.; Barnard, Phoebe (African Journal of Ecology, 2005)
African Journal of EcologyVolume 43, Issue 3 p. 167-169 Climate change and ecology in Africa Jon C. Lovett, Jon C. Lovett Centre for Ecology, Law and Policy, Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UKSearch for more papers by this authorGuy F. Midgley, Guy F. Midgley Global Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorPhoebe Barnard, Phoebe Barnard Global Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this author Jon C. Lovett, Jon C. Lovett Centre for Ecology, Law and Policy, Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UKSearch for more papers by this authorGuy F. Midgley, Guy F. Midgley Global Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorPhoebe Barnard, Phoebe Barnard Global Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00598.xCitations: 23Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume43, Issue3September 2005Pages 167-169 RelatedInformation
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AIDS, drought, and child malnutrition in southern Africa - Mason, John; Bailes, Adam; Mason, Karen; Yambi, Olivia; Jonsson, Urban; Hudspeth, Claudia; Hailey, Peter; Kendle, Andrea; Brunet, D.; Martel, P. (Public Health Nutrition, 2005)
Abstract Objective To investigate trends in child malnutrition in six countries in southern Africa, in relation to the HIV epidemic and drought in crop years 2001/2 and 2002/3. Design Epidemiological analysis of sub-national and national surveys with related data. Setting Data from Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe, compiled and analysed under UNICEF auspices. Subjects Secondary data: children 0–5 years for weight-for-age; HIV prevalence data from various sources especially antenatal clinic surveillance. Results Child nutritional status as measured by prevalence of underweight deteriorated from 2001 onwards in all countries except Lesotho, with very substantial increases in some provinces/districts (e.g. from 5 to 20% in Maputo (Mozambique, 1997–2002), 17 to 32% in Copperbelt (Zambia, 1999–2001/2) and 11 to 26% in Midlands province (Zimbabwe, 1999–2002)). Greater deterioration in underweight occurred in better-off areas. Areas with higher HIV/AIDS prevalences had (so far) lower malnutrition rates (and infant mortality rates), presumably because more modern areas – with greater reliance on trade and wage employment – have more HIV/AIDS. Areas with higher HIV/AIDS showed more deterioration in child nutrition. A significant area-level interaction was found of HIV/AIDS with the drought period, associated with particularly rapid deterioration in nutritional status. Conclusions First, the most vulnerable may be households in more modern areas, nearer towns, to whom resources need to be directed. Second, the causes of this vulnerability need to be investigated. Third, HIV/AIDS amplifies the effect of drought on nutrition, so rapid and effective response will be crucial if drought strikes again. Fourth, expanded nutritional surveillance is now needed to monitor and respond to deteriorating trends. Finally, with or without drought, new means are needed of bringing help, comfort and assistance to the child population.
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The Monitor Hypothesis and English Teachers in Botswana: Problems, Varieties and Implications for Language Teacher Education - McDonald, Ria; Kasule, Daniel (Language, Culture and Curriculum, 2005)
This paper reports the results of a brief investigation into what non-native English-speaking teachers (non-NESTs) perceive to be their difficulties with the English language. It was hypothesised that the confidence of such teachers, which affects the effectiveness with which they teach, would be low. Results from 15 randomly selected interviewees confirmed this hypothesis. The monitor hypothesis was utilised in the investigation as it explains how adults perceive their L2 competence. It was deduced that because of the negative impact of teachers' feelings of inadequacy on their teaching, they should be required to participate in in-service programmes in order to empower them in their teaching.
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A cotyledonary agglutinin from Luetzelburgia auriculata inhibits the fungal growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus niger and impairs glucose-stimulated acidification of the incubation medium by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells - Melo, Vânia Maria Maciel; Vasconcelos, Ilka M.; Gomes, Valdirene Moreira; Cunha, Maura Da; Soares, Arlete A.; Oliveira, José T.A. (Plant science (Limerick), 2005)
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of the involvement of the cotyledonary Lutzelburgia auriculata agglutinin (LAA) in the plant defense against fungi. It was observed that LAA is localized at the periphery of the cotyledon and that it is released to the surrounding medium during seed germination when the plantlet is most vulnerable to phytopathogens. When LAA was included in the culture medium it inhibited the fungal growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus niger compared to the same fungi cultured in the absence of LAA. To better understand the mechanism of action of LAA on fungal growth, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model. LAA reversibly bound to the yeast cells, inhibited its growth and promoted a 60% inhibition of the glucose-stimulated acidification of the incubation medium by S. cerevisiae suggesting its interference on the transport of intracellular protons to the external medium. In conclusion, the data indicate that LAA is possibly involved in the plant defense mechanisms against phytopathogen fungi.
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Factors Influencing Enrolment and Completion Rates in Public Secondary Schools in Meru North District, Kenya - Michubu, Wilson Mutuma (Social Science Research Network, 2005)
This study was carried out to investigate the factors influencing enrollment and completion rates in public secondary schools in Meru North District. To address the question of education efficiently studies of this nature are very vital since they will show whether the inputs (students) put into education reflect the outputs expected. Evidence from the ground indicated cases of non-enrollment of students in form one and non-completion in form four. This therefore translates into some degree of education inefficiency. the study targeted 34 public secondary schools in the district whose headteachers and form four students participated. Twenty schools were used and stratified. Random sampling was used to determine the categories of schools that constituted the sample. In total 20 headteachers and 300 form four students participated in the study. The study also elicited responses from parents who were randomly selected from three households neighboring the selected schools. a total of 60 parents participated. Data was collected through administration of questionnaires to the headteachers, students and parents. Analysis of data revealed several factors that contribute to non-enrollment and non-completion of students in form one and form four respectively. They included; inability to pay school fees, opportunity costs, poverty levels, gender issues, initiation ceremonies and traditions, indiscipline, overloaded curriculum, early marriages, drugs, policies and politics within education sector and parental interest in education. the study also aimed at investigating the roles that can be played by headteachers and parents in promoting rates of enrollment and completion. they included; sensitizing the community on need for education, designing a market strategy to popularize their schools through effective implementation of curriculum, proper guidance and counseling to the children, mobilizing the community to assist needy students among others. Finally the study sought to come up with recommendations and strategies which if adopted could promote enrollment and completion rates. the recommendations were; intervention of government in scrutinizing the fees charged by public secondary schools, increment and proper allocation of bursary funds, setting up community based programmes to address educational matters, allowing students who drop out back to school so long as they are willing, increasing the number of secondary schools and most importantly day schools which are relatively cheaper and finally introduction of free secondary education.
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Designing Open and Distance Learning for Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A toolkit for educators and planners - Moon, Bob; Leach, Jenny; Stevens, Mary-Priscilla (2005)
In Sub-Saharan Africa millions of school-age children have no access to schooling; in a small number of countries, fewer than one in four are in school. Giving all children of the appropriate age access to school implies that large numbers of additional teachers must be recruited and trained. However, getting children into school is not sufficient to meet the MDG; children need help to persevere and complete their primary education. One of the main sources of this help is likely to be committed and qualified teachers. Therefore, working teachers need support, unqualified teachers need to be trained, and trained teachers will need career-long professional development and updating. Yet recruiting, and then providing education and training for these teachers, is a significant strategic challenge in many countries. Teaching as a career option has to compete with new sorts of jobs in the growing knowledge economies. HIV/AIDS is impacting on the demographic profile of the teaching force. In this context the need to provide new qualification routes into teaching, the importance of upgrading the millions of unqualified teachers, and the ongoing professional support required by all teachers represents a significant challenge of scale and logistics.
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The Implementation of Progressivism in Nigerian Education: An Assessment - Musa, Joseph Maina (2005)
A Thesis in the Department of ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION, Faculty of Education. Submitted to the School of Post Graduate Studies, University of Jos in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the
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An investigation of the perceived impact of ICT on the self-directed professional development of Zimbabwean A-level science and mathematics teachers - Mushayikwa, Emmanuel (2005)
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AIDS, unemployment and disability in South Africa : the case for welfare reform - Nattrass, Nicoli (Southern African Journal of Hiv Medicine, 2005)
Extracted from text ... SEPTEMBER 2005 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE 30 PLENARY: ECONOMICS AIDS, Unemployment and Disability in South Africa: The Case for Welfare Reform Nicoli Nattrass AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town South Africa is facing a dual crisis of AIDS and unemployment.1 According to the ASSA2002 demographic model, by 2005 19% of adults (and 11% of all South Africans) were HIV-positive. This amounts to a socioeconomic crisis of significant proportions. AIDS undermines the economic security of households by reducing the productivity of (and eventually killing) mainly prime-age adults while simultaneously ..
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Effective Leadership for Change in Township and Rural schools in South Africa - Ngcobo, Thandi; Tikly, LP (2005)
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An Exploratory Investigation of Structured Writing Strategy Training for African-American College Students with Learning Disabilities - Nicholas, Karen; Menchetti, Bruce M.; Nettles, Stephen M. (Journal of College Reading and Learning, 2005)
This exploratory study investigated the effects of a structured writing strategy on the quality of expository compositions produced by 36 African-American college undergraduates with learning disabilities. The strategy was structured to assist students in developing a topic sentence and main ideas into body paragraphs, and in using transition words throughout the composition. The strategy effects were compared for a group that received the specific, structured writing strategy training and a control group that received general strategy instruction. Students in the strategy instruction group significantly improved their use of supporting details in producing an expository essay. Although mean writing self-efficacy scores for both groups increased at the end of training, there were no significant differences between groups on a measure of writing self-efficacy.
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Adult Education in Nigeria: The Consequence of Neglect and Agenda for Action. - Nnazor, Reginald (International education journal, 2005)
In spite of the rich variety of natural resources in Nigeria, the country is still very much underdeveloped. Within and outside Nigeria, analysts are of the view that the country clearly has the potential to be prosperous. As Nigeria attempts without much success to pull itself out of the quagmire of underdevelopment, the inevitably persistent question has been: given the resources at its disposal, why has the country remained mired in poverty? This paper attempts to provide a partial answer by arguing that Nigeria’s inadequate commitment, over the years, to pursue the development of adult education as a strategic objective, as well as an instrument for national development has been one of the major drawbacks to the country’s efforts to pull itself out of poverty. Underscoring the role of education in contemporary society, the paper proposes an adult education agenda for Nigeria. Adult education, adult learning, development education, Nigerian education, entrepreneurship education
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The determinants of cognitive achievements in primary schools in Kenya - Nthenge, Samuel R (2005)
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Screening for early childhood hearing loss in Nigeria - Olusanya, Bolajoko O.; Luxon, LM; Wirz, Sheila (Journal of Medical Screening, 2005)
Newborn hearing screening has been recognized as an essential component of public health care in early childhood in developed countries. However, such screening is yet to be widely embraced in the developing world. The new national health policy in Nigeria seeks, for the first time, to reduce the impact of permanent hearing loss on early childhood development through early detection and timely intervention services. The aim of this paper is to ascertain if newborn hearing screening satisfies the conventional criteria for a screening programme as an early detection strategy in this developing country. A review of the available literature shows that permanent childhood hearing loss is a significant health condition and its detection through screening with oto-acoustic emissions and/or auditory brainstem response is feasible in the target population. Amplification with hearing aids is an effective and preferred option for early intervention by parents. The risk of maternal anxiety from potential false-positives or the psychological cost of false assurance from false-negatives is unlikely to outweigh the benefit of screening. Newborn hearing screening is therefore a potential early detection strategy for permanent childhood hearing loss in Nigeria.
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An Evaluation of a Vesico Vaginal Fistula Risk Assessment Workshop in Nigeria: Training the Trainers - Onolemhemhen, Durrenda Nash (Social work education, 2005)
This paper evaluates a program designed to train Nigerian state government social workers and other human service practitioners to use a recently developed risk assessment instrument. The screening device is for the identification of pregnant women at risk of vesico vaginal fistula (VVF). VVF is a severe and socially stigmatizing gynecological condition found in many contemporary African societies. Social workers, nurses, and community health workers were given a one day workshop by the author that consisted of lectures on the sociomedical aspects of VVF. They were also trained to administer the Onolemhemhen Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI). A pre‐test of the participants found that their level of information about VVF was moderate. However, the post‐test found a substantial increase in knowledge regarding this condition. An evaluation of the workshop by the participants indicated that the strengths of the workshop were the information disseminated through lectures and the instructional materials. Some participants exhibited a desire for a longer workshop of two–three days for more discussion and information about women's health issues.
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Instructional functions in large, under-resourced science classes : perspectives of South African teachers - Onwu, Gilbert O.M.; Stoffels, Newton Trevor (Perspectives in Education, 2005)
Following the implementation of the new outcomes-based Curriculum 2005, teacher competence in teaching reform-based science in large classes is one of the challenges in the continuing reform of South Africa's education system. Most school teachers have little experience, meagre training and are operating in large and poorly resourced science classrooms. As part of the understanding of the teaching and learning that takes place in such contexts, this study focuses on science teachers' perspectives on their current classroom practices. Data collected through surveys and questionnaires to participating science teachers revealed their perspectives of the reality of teaching large under-resourced science classes and the typical patterns of classroom teaching. The essential components of their instructional functions are identified together with the implications these have for teacher education.
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The Right to Learn: The Continuing Education Opportunities for Workers in Industries in Nigeria - Osuji, Sydney Nwanakponna (Journal of Social Sciences, 2005)
This paper examined the Industrial Training Fund, which was established to provide skill-oriented continuing education opportunities for industrial workers in Nigeria. Based on the critical examination of the provisions of the decree and the activities of the Fund, suggestions are given towards the improvement of the policy and implementation. These include: mandatory provision of supervised on-the-job and off-the-job training opportunities by employers in order to enable employees have right to training, and this should be reflected in the contractual agreements; a law should be enacted to make it a duty of employers to train and retrain their employees; contributions to the fund should by done by the Government, employers and employees; training opportunities should be spread to all categories of employees; and, the Fund should carry out researches into the training needs of employers.
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Enterobiasis and its relationship with anal itching and enuresis among school-age children in Calabar, Nigeria - Otu-Bassey, Iquo Bassey; Gc, Ejezie; Epoke, J; Useh, MF (Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 2005)
AbstractThe prevalence of enterobiasis and its relationship with anal itching and enuresis were investigated among 799, randomly selected children aged 5–14 years, who lived, either in an area of high population density or one with a much lower population density, in Calabar, Nigeria. The eggs of Enterobius vermicularis were found in anal swabs (collected with transparent adhesive tape) from 60 (7.5%) of the subjects tested, with the prevalence of infection appearing markedly higher in the 403 children from the area with a high population density than in the 396 from the less densely populated area (11.7% v. 3.3%; P<0.05). Questionnaire-based interviews were used to determine which of the children suffered from anal itching, enuresis or both. Compared with the egg-negative subjects, the 60 children who were egg-positive for Enterobius were found to be much more likely to be suffering from anal itching (78.3% v. 28.3%; P<0.05) or enuresis (53.3% v. 36.4%; P<0.05). Enterobiasis is therefore not a problem that is restricted to the temperate regions of the world, and may be a cause of enuresis or at least a contributory factor in the development of this complaint.
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Indigenous Knowledge - Cross - Regional Distance Learning Course (India, Sri Lanka, Uganda and Tanzania) - Prakash, Siddhartha (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
Indigenous knowledge (IK) is usually shared among local communities and transferred from one generation to the next, through oral traditions and story-telling. The IK distance learning course was an effort to facilitate this process across four countries and two continents. Information communications technology (ICTs) enabled the bridging of the geographical and perceptional distance between the 102 participants, through the videoconference facilities of the global development learning network. The course effectively demonstrated how leveraging traditional and modern knowledge systems can help address development challenges.
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Indigenous Knowledge - Cross - Regional Distance Learning Course (India, Sri Lanka, Uganda and Tanzania) - Prakash, Siddhartha (World Bank Other Operational Studies, 2005)
Indigenous knowledge (IK) is usually shared among local communities and transferred from one generation to the next, through oral traditions and story-telling. The IK distance learning course was an effort to facilitate this process across four countries and two continents. Information communications technology (ICTs) enabled the bridging of the geographical and perceptional distance between the 102 participants, through the videoconference facilities of the global development learning network. The course effectively demonstrated how leveraging traditional and modern knowledge systems can help address development challenges.
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Identifying priority areas for bioclimatic representation under climate change: a case study for Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa - Pyke, Christopher R.; Andelman, Sandy J.; Midgley, Guy F. (Biological Conservation, 2005)
Biological reserves are established to protect natural resources and represent the diversity of environments found within a region. Unfortunately, many systems of protected areas do not proportionally capture the range of environmental conditions occupied by species and communities. Combinations of habitat loss and climate change may exacerbate these representational biases, and result in future distributions of environmental conditions that bare little resemblance to historic patterns. New protected areas need to be established to correct existing biases, and create conservation networks that remain representative despite climate change, habitat loss, and changes in species distributions. We demonstrate a new method to identify and prioritize habitat based on its value for improving bioclimatic representation. We assessed representation provided by existing protected areas for 301 Proteaceae species under historic and projected 2050 climate across the Cape Floristic Region in South Africa. The existing reserve system has relatively modest biases with respect to current species distributions and climate. However, if the system is not supplemented, protected areas in 2050 will capture an increasingly skewed sample of climatic conditions occupied by Proteaceae. These biases can be repaired through the systematic establishment of new protected areas, and many of the most valuable areas coincide with high priority ecosystem components and irreplaceable elements identified in the Cape Action for People and the Environmental conservation plan. Protecting these areas achieves nearly the best possible improvement in climatic representation while also meeting biodiversity representation goals.
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Paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of Yemeni Oligocene volcanics: Implications for timing and duration of Afro-Arabian traps and geometry of the Oligocene paleomagnetic field - Riisager, Peter; Knight, Kim B.; Baker, Joel A.; Ukstins, Ingrid; Al-Kadasi, Mohamed; Al-Subbary, Abdulkarim; Renne, Paul R. (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005)
A combined paleomagnetic and 40Ar / 39Ar study was carried out along eight stratigraphically overlapping sections in the Oligocene Afro-Arabian flood volcanic province in Yemen (73 sites). The composite section covers the entire volcanic stratigraphy in the sampling region and represents five polarity zones that are correlated to the geomagnetic polarity time scale based on 40Ar / 39Ar ages from this and previous studies. The resulting magnetostratigraphy is similar to that of the conjugate margin in Ethiopia. The earliest basaltic volcanism took place in a reverse polarity chron that appears to correspond to C11r, while the massive rhyolitic ignimbrite eruptions correlated to ash layers in Oligocene Indian Ocean sediment 2700 km away from the Afro-Arabian traps, appear to have taken place during magnetochron C11n. The youngest ignimbrite was emplaced during magnetochron C9n. Both 40Ar / 39Ar and paleomagnetic data suggest rapid < 1 Ma eruption of the basal basalt units and punctuated eruption of the upper silicic units over a duration potentially as long as 3 Ma with interspersed eruptive hiatuses. Eruption of the basal basalts may have preceded the Oi2 cooling event. The paleomagnetic pole λ = 74.2°N, φ = 249.1°E (A95 = 3.6°; N = 48) is supported by a positive reversal test. Paleosecular variation, estimated as the angular standard deviation of the VGP distribution 14.2° + 2.3° / − 1.7°, is close to expected, suggesting that the paleomagnetic pole represents a time-averaged field. The pole is in excellent accord with the paleomagnetic poles obtained from the Ethiopian part of the Afro-Arabian province, after closure of the Red Sea. By analyzing Afro-Arabian paleomagnetic data in conjunction with contemporaneous paleomagnetic poles available from different latitudes we argue that the Oligocene paleomagnetic field was dominated by the axial dipole with insignificant non-dipole field contributions.
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Late Holocene climate change in the North Atlantic and equatorial Africa: Millennial‐scale ITCZ migration - Russell, James M.; Johnson, Thomas C. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2005)
Climate proxy data and numerical models suggest that latitudinal displacements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) occur during millennial‐scale cold events in the North Atlantic region, but the potential effects of these ITCZ movements on the climate of equatorial regions are unclear. Here we present a 5400‐year geochemical record of rainfall and drought from Lake Edward in equatorial Africa. We observe a non‐linear correlation in which drought in equatorial Africa occurs during both cold and warm extremes in the North Atlantic's 1500‐year quasi‐cycle. We propose that this relationship occurs due to northward/southward displacement of the ITCZ from its equatorial mean position during warm/cold events. Our results show that millennial‐scale high‐latitude climate events are linked to changes in equatorial terrestrial climate even during the late Holocene and suggest important constraints on the mechanisms linking tropical and extratropical climate variability.
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The Prevalence and Intensity of Urinary Schistoso-miasis Among School Children Living along the Bakalori Dam, Nigeria. - Saeed, Umar; Db, Parakoyi (PubMed, 2005)
Children are known to be the major reservior of urinary schistosomiasis in endemic communities. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among school children living along the Bakalori dam.The study was a cross sectional assessment using a pre-tested standardised structured questionnaire interviews. A total of 240 pupils were recruited through a multistage sampling technique. Urine samples from the pupils were examined for the presence of ova of schistosoma haematobium.A total of 125(52.1%) of respondents were 11-12 years old with a mean age of 11.7 +/- 1.4 years. The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among school children was found to be 42.1%. The highest age and sex specific prevalence rate was recorded among the 13-14 years age group for both males (43.1%) and females (50.0%). The age, sex, level of school attainment, occupation of respondents' father/guardian and source of water for domestic use were found to have a significant statistical association with the risk of being infected (P<0.05).It is concluded that the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis is high. To reverse the situation requires mass chemotherapy, community mobilisation and provision of portable water. Key words: schistosomiasis, prevalence, intensity, school children, dams.
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AIDS: Perceptions and Misperceptions among Students of a Nigerian University. - Saeed, Umar; Mt, Ibrahim; Ka, Mannan; Umar, Usman (2005)
INTRODUCTION The AIDS pandemic has led to the global clamouring for its control. This work was aimed at assessing the level and factors that determine the awareness of undergraduate Students of Usmanu Dandfodiyo University, Sokoto. METHODOLOGY In a descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 450 students were recruited by means of multistage and simple random sampling techniques. RESULTS Overall, there is a knowledge gap on aetiology, mode of transmission and preventive measures with only 40.2% and 38.5% of the respondents having adequate knowledge and indicated their willingness to learn more about AIDs respectively. Age (P<0.05), Sex (P<0.005) and number of years spent in the University (P<0.025) are important determinants of level of AIDS knowledge. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This finding could be as a result of strong interactions between the social environment and human sexuality. Hence, student bodies should be involved in reproductive health programmes. Key words: awareness, university students, AIDS.
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Stratigraphic and chemical correlation of volcanic ash beds in the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia - Saylor, Beverly Z.; Poling, Janice M.; Huff, Warren D. (Geological Magazine, 2005)
At least twenty silicified volcanic ash beds have been identified in the Kuibis and Schwarzrand subgroups of the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group of Namibia. Nineteen of the Nama ash beds are in the Schwarzrand Subgroup in the Witputs subbasin. Two of these are in the siliciclastic-dominated lower part of the subgroup, which consists of the Nudaus Formation and Nasep Member of the Urusis Formation and comprises two depositional sequences. Identification and correlation of these ash beds are very well known based on stratigraphic position. Sixteen ash beds are contained within the carbonate-dominated strata of the Huns, Feldschuhhorn and Spitskop members of the Urusis Formation. These strata comprise four large-scale sequences and eighteen medium-scale sequences. Ash beds have been found in three of the large-scale sequences and seven of the medium-scale sequences. Correlations are proposed for these ash beds that extend over large changes in facies and stratal thickness and across transitions between the seaward margin, depocentre and landward margin of the Huns-Spitskop carbonate shelf. A study of whole rock and in situ phenocryst compositions was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of independently testing sequence stratigraphic correlations by geochemically identifying individual ash beds. Whole rock abundances of Al, Fe, Mg, K and Ti vary inversely with Si, reflecting variations in phenocryst concentration due to air fall and hydrodynamic sorting. These sorting processes did not substantially fractionate whole rock rare earth element abundances (REE), which vary more widely with Si. REE abundances are higher in samples of the Nudaus ash bed than in samples of the Nasep ash bed, independent of position in bed, phenocryst abundance, or grainsize, providing a geochemical means for discriminating between the two beds. Variations in the position of chondrite-normalized whole rock REE plots similarly support suspected correlations of ash beds between widely separated sections of the Spitskop Member. Abundances of Fe, Mg and Mn in apatite plot in distinct clusters for Spitskop ash beds that are known to be different and in clusters that overlap for ash beds suspected of correlating between sections. Abundances of REE in monazites differ for the Nudaus, Nasep and Spitskop ash beds in which these phenocrysts were identified. Multivariate statistical analysis provided a quantitative analysis of the discriminating power of different elements and found that whole rock abundances of Ge, Nb, Cs, Ba and La discriminate among the whole rock compositions of the Nudaus and Nasep ash beds and the Spitskop ash beds that are thought to correlate between sections. Each of the above geochemical signatures, by itself, is not definitive because the differences between beds are comparable to the variability within beds and because some signatures are shared by beds known to be different. Taken together, however, weight-of-evidence arguments based on multiple components and phases can successfully discriminate among Nama ash beds. Results from this study support sequence stratigraphic correlations of Spitskop ash beds that document stratal truncations and gaps in the record related to onlap and erosion.
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Better Myself: Motivation of African Americans to Participate in Correctional Education. - Schlesinger, Raphael (Journal of correctional education, 2005)
This study interviewed 15 incarcerated African American males about their participation in correctional education. The data was considered in light of various motivation theories with particular emphasis on a sociocultural theory of motivation. The largest amount of data described non-educational reasons subjects participate in correctional education. These motives derived from the situated context of incarceration. A comparison of stated reasons African Americans participated in correctional education and their learning orientations demonstrated a congruency with Houle's typology of adult learners. All subjects described their lack of education as a deficit and strongly felt that correctional and adult education was necessary for a successful reintegration into the community.
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The Impact of Increased School Enrollment on Economic Growth in Tanzania - Seebens, Holger; Wobst, Peter (African Development Review, 2005)
Abstract: Two different positions prevail in the recent discussion on the impact of education on economic growth: those who support a positive correlation between schooling and economic growth rates and those who claim that the impact of schooling on growth has been overstated. What is intriguing about this discussion is that both positions are based on theory and the results from empirical studies. We examine the long-term effects of increased school enrollment (and effective attendance) on economic growth in Tanzania using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model. We find that an increase in human capital formation in the long run leads only to a moderate increase of economic growth rates but to a substantial improvement of factor incomes to low-education households, while overall income effects are Pareto efficient.
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A Decade after South Africa's First Democratic Election: Prospects for Indigent African Learners in Durban - Singh, Anand (Childhood Education, 2005)
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From impact assessment to effective management plans: learning from the Great Brak Estuary in South Africa - Slinger, Jill H.; Huizinga, P.; Taljaard, Susan; Niekerk, Lara Van; Enserink, Bert (Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2005)
In 1990, the environmental impacts of an upstream dam on the Great Brak town and estuary were assessed and a management plan and monitoring programme were devised. In a recent review of the monitoring results, planned water releases and interventions in the form of timely mouth breaching were found to have ensured that, although the estuary's abiotic functioning has altered, its biotic health has not deteriorated over the last ten years. The lessons learned are captured in the revised management plan of 2004, which exhibits a clear shift to explicit communication plans and operational procedures, indicating that the initial environmental impact assessment (EIA) products were rudimentary. We argue that learning-through-doing and active public participation in the Great Brak case are essential ingredients in the adaptive management that is fundamental to successful EIA follow-up.
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BUSINESS MANAGEMENT DISTANCE EDUCATION RESEARCH ON YEAR MARK ASSESSMENT POLICY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA - Smith, Marolee Beaumont (AAOU Journal, 2005)
The current tuition policy of the Department of Business Management at the University of South Africa encourages, but does not compel students to submit assignments under the semester system. A relatively small percentage of students submit the voluntary assignment, thereby forfeiting the benefit of the learning experience and assessment feedback from the respective lecturers. The Department of Business Management is concerned that this voluntary assignment assessment policy impacts negatively on the standard of learning and assessment within the Department. It hence decided to implement, on a trial basis for 2003 and 2004, a year-mark option assignment policy for two of its undergraduate semester courses. The aim was to assess whether such an option contributed towards the improvement of examination results and the enhancement of the learning experience of students registered for the relevant courses. This paper reports on the findings of the year-mark option assignment policy for the second year degree course MNX202-J (marketing management) and the third year degree course MNF301-5 (financial management) for the trial period 2003 to 2004. The findings are in the form of (1) statistics on the percentage number of students who submitted assignments, average marks obtained and examination results statistics during the trial period: (2) the results of an opinion survey questionnaire sent to students to obtain their feedback on the value of compulsory year-mark option assignments; and (3) feedback and comments from facilitators involved in the year-mark option exercise. Finally recommendations are made on the way forward for future assessment in the Department of Business Management.
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Analysing and evaluating the taxpayer's demand for merit goods: the case of public sector education and health in Mauritius - Sobhee, Sanjeev K. (Development Southern Africa, 2005)
This paper analyses the average taxpayer's demand for merit goods, namely, education and health, in Mauritius, a small developing island state. To study these development-related goods, a fresh methodology is employed that captures the characteristics of the Mauritian economy. The empirical evidence relates to the post-independence period of more than three decades, 1973 to 1999 and beyond. The respective demand elasticities for each merit good are analysed and evaluated. The findings indicate that, contrary to the conventional theory of demand, beneficiaries tend to demand more of such goods when their prices are increased, and less when they are decreased. The rationale for this behaviour is that people, in general, and taxpayers, in particular, being quality conscious, increase their demand when they are asked to pay more, expecting in return an improvement in the quality of services. However, there is evidence that over these three decades users' preferences have shifted, particularly in the case of education, towards private provision, indicating less reliance on public sector provision, and that during the years of structural adjustments the demand for these services was severely suppressed.
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What can we learn by comparing countries? A study of teacher quality and student achievement in five African countries - Spreen, Carol Anne; Fancsali, Cheri (2005)
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[Awareness, attitudes, and practices of secondary school students in relation to HIV/AIDS in Abidjan, Ivory Coast]. - Toure, B.; Koffi, K. G.; Kouassi-Gohou; Kokoun, E.; Angbo-Effi, Odile; Nm, Koffi; Aj, Diarra-Nam (Médecine tropicale : revue du Corps de santé colonial, 2005)
In May 2001, we conducted a descriptive transversal survey with a single data collection phase in 13 schools in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the awareness, attitudes, and practices of teenagers with regard to HIV/AIDS. Most respondents (66.5%) were female. Mean age was 16.32 years (range, 13 to 19 years). Most respondents stated that they had heard about AIDS and demonstrated good factual knowledge. The most frequently mentioned method of prevention was condom use (89.2%). A total of 338 (56.1%) had already experienced sexual intercourse. However most sexually active respondents stated that they did no always use condoms.
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Need for interceptive intervention for malocclusion in handicapped children in Lagos, Nigeria. - Utomi, I L (PubMed, 2005)
Orthodontic care for handicapped children in Nigeria has generally been neglected. There is a need for baseline data for effective planning of orthodontic services for this population group. The purpose of this study was to determine the need for interceptive orthodontic intervention in handicapped children in Lagos, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 106 handicapped children, 60 boys and 46 girls who were 7-10 years old, selected from 5 special schools in Lagos. Overall, forty-nine (46.2%) of the children had a need for interceptive orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic intervention was needed in 20.7% of the children due to crossbite of the anterior and lateral segments. Extraction was indicated in 4.7% of the children with retained primary teeth and in 1.9% of children with erupted supernumerary teeth. Orthodontic treatment or education was needed in 16.1% of the children due to oral habits. Three(2.8%) of the children presented with proclination of the maxillary anterior teeth with moderate spacing. In 10.4% of the children, there was a need for further inspection in order to follow-up the development of the occlusion. This study has revealed a significant need for interceptive orthodontic treatment among handicapped children in Lagos, Nigeria. Appropriate policy action and strategies to improve oral health education and provide publicly funded programmes will be required.
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Against All Odds: The Legacy of Students of African Descent at Harvard Medical School before Affirmative Action, 1850-1968 - Vieweg, W. Victor R. (Journal of The National Medical Association, 2005)
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What Mathematics Learners Say About the New South African Curriculum Reform. - Vithal, Renuka; Gopal, Nirmala (Perspectives in Education, 2005)
In this article we report on what Grade 8 learners say about the new curriculum reforms in South Africa – Outcomes-based Education (OBE) and Curriculum 2005 (C2005) – that were introduced into their mathematics classrooms. The article begins by addressing what is argued to be a gap in reform research in mathematics education. It draws primarily on focus group interviews conducted with learners after having observed a series of consecutive lessons in three different previously racially segregated schools in the Durban region from the international study on mathematics learners' perspectives. The analysis is organised in five broad themes that emerged from the data, some of which resonate with the design features of the curriculum reforms: a strong focus on group work; the attempt to forge relations between mathematics and context; changes in the use of learning-teaching materials such as worksheets; issues of assessment; and learners' take-up of the discourse of the new curriculum approach. Learners' views seem to be linked to their teachers' explicit (non)engagement with the new curriculum, and they appear to be aware of the tensions and trade-offs for themselves in the enactment of the new curriculum.
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Improving community hygiene and sanitation practices through schools: a case study of the Personal Hygiene and Sanitation Education (PHASE) project in Kenya - Wamalwa, David (Promotion & Education, 2005)
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Resilience and refusal: African‐Caribbean young men’s agency, school exclusions, and school‐based mentoring programmes - Warren, Simon (Race, ethnicity and education, 2005)
In this paper I attempt to do three things. Firstly, I explore the concept of resistance in the sociology of youth and education. I raise questions about the power of this concept to provide a descriptive language for understanding the way young people generally, and in this paper, young African‐Caribbean men in London schools, deal with the contexts of institutional racism. I then go on to suggest the concepts of ‘resilience’ and ‘refusal’ as providing a more appropriate descriptive language. Drawing on the narratives provided by 15 African‐Caribbean young men in three London schools, I explore the power of this descriptive language to capture the sense of youthful agency, but also the ambiguity of that agency. Thirdly, in light of the concepts of ‘resilience’ and ‘refusal’, I ask the question as to whether the school‐based mentoring programmes these young men participated in can be regarded as emergent counter‐hegemonic projects.
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AIR POLLUTION EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SOUTH AFRICA: NEED FOR FRESHENING UP - Wichmann, Janine; Voyi, Kuku (Epidemiology, 2005)
ISEE-16 Introduction/Aim: Epidemiological study results (e.g. exposure-response curves for air pollutants) obtained in developed countries cannot be extrapolated with complete confidence to developing countries. South Africa has a fragile society that might be more susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution. The review focused exclusively on the chemical component of air pollution, thereby excluding the biological component. The objectives of this review were to examine the evidence from studies conducted in South Africa for associations between air pollution and adverse health as well as to critically review these studies for methodological limitations. Possible reasons for the lack of air pollution epidemiological studies in the country were addressed. Finally recommendations were made in this regard. Methods: The literature search strategy and selection criteria involved a MEDLINE search for key words “air pollution” or “respiratory” and “South Africa”. The search revealed 317 journal articles in total. Sixteen studies were found which focused on air pollution related epidemiology. Results: Overall the body of research conducted in South Africa on the effects of air pollution indicators on human health provides important evidence of associations with a range of serious and common health problems. None of the studies established exposure-response curves for the criteria pollutants. It is therefore impossible to use the results of the studies in risk assessment studies. The studies were fraught with systematic and random errors. This limits their validity and precision. There is a strong case for acknowledging the large public health risk arising from air pollution exposure in South Africa. Conclusion: It is recommended to conduct a quantitative intervention study with an analytical study design in all major cities in the country, where people are still using wood and other biomass fuels for cooking, lighting and space heating. Ideally this should include a comprehensive exposure assessment with indoor and personal measurements for SO2, NO2, O3 and PM2.5 and a detailed health assessment.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, SOCIAL SUPPORT AND STUNTING IN PRE-SCHOOL YEARS IN AN URBAN SOUTH AFRICAN SAMPLE FROM 1990 - Willey, Barbara; Griffiths, Paula; Cameron, Natalie A; Norris, Allie; Pettifor, John M. (Epidemiology, 2005)
ISEE-400 Aim: To investigate which aspects of household SES and social support are associated with stunting ages 1, 2 and 5 years in an urban South African sample from 1990. Sample: The “Birth to Twenty” birth cohort study provides the main data source. The members are urban children, of varying ethnicities, born in Johannesburg and Soweto in 1990. The study provides household socio-economic status and social support data as well as anthropometric growth data for a few thousand children. Methods: The association between the many measures of SES and social support and stunting at each of the three time points is investigated using logistic regression. In the case where significant SES risk factors are also highly and significantly correlated with one another, principal component analysis is used to create composite indices of SES for inclusion in logistic regression models. Other independent risk factors of stunting, for which data is available in the cohort study, are also included in multivariate analysis. Results: Results indicate that an index combining cooking fuel used, ownership of a washing machine, toilet facility and water source was associated with stunting, where children from households in the mid or high tertile were at lower likelihood of stunting at 1 year. Additional risk factors for stunting at 1 year of age were male sex and being born pre-term (37 weeks). A protective association between family emotional and financial readiness for the pregnancy and stunting at 2 years of age was seen. Children of a partner receiving a monthly income were also at reduced likelihood of stunting. However, children whose mother reported still being at school when she realised she was pregnant were at increased likelihood. Two SES variables collected at birth describing the house conditions, namely if the home had broken doors and if it was troubled by pests, had a significant association (negative) with stunting 5 years. Infants born small for gestational age were also at increased likelihood of stunting at this age. Discussion: Results indicate that a number of birth SES and social support measures remain significantly associated with stunting, despite the inclusion of more proximate risk factors. The variety of SES risk factors at different time points illustrates the changing nature of the infant and child's interaction with their environment. The value of collecting and using a wide variety of SES measures, as opposed to simple indicators, for conducting risk factor analysis in environmental epidemiology is emphasised.
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Socio-Moralist Vocationalism and Public Aspirations: Secondary Education Policies in Colonial and Present-Day Ghana - Yamada, Shoko (Africa Today, 2005)
This paper examines the socio-moralistic justification of vocational education in colonial and contemporary Ghana. In the international arena vocational education has been justified in various ways (mostly in economic terms) but in Ghana the primary reason for introducing vocational education has always been the development of socially appropriate character as a means of halting social problems such as urban migration and unemployment. The consistent sociomoralism of vocational education has been met with persistent public aspirations for academic and longer education. The government has attempted to solve social problems by curricular change but the causes of the problems are in labor structure and the incentive mechanism of schooling. (authors)
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The knowledge question and the future of education in South Africa: a reply to Michelson’s ‘On trust, desire and the sacred: a response to Johan Muller’s Reclaiming Knowledge’ - Young, Michael (2005)
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Three decades of rural development projects in Asia, Latin America, and Africa: Learning from successes and failures - Zoomers, Annelies (International Development Planning Review, 2005)
For many years, rural development has been one of the priority goals of Dutch development co-operation. Rural development projects were seen as important drivers of development, as they provided the inputs for industrial development and increased export earnings, and contributed to food security. Stagnating agricultural production, environmental degradation and the concentration of poverty in the countryside were considered obstacles to further national development. Consequently, large investments were made in agricultural research and extension services, water management, natural resource management and integrated rural development.
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THE NATURE OF THE SCIENCE SYLLABUS IN BASIC SCHOOLS IN GHANA(What does Japanese science education can suggest to developing countries? -Research based approach in international cooperation in science education-) - Beccles, Chris (年会論文集, 2005)
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Current trends in caesarean section in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar-Nigeria - Iklaki, CU; Ekabua, JE; Agan, TU; Ekanem, Ekpenyong E.; Asuquo, Eej (Mary Slessor Journal of Medicine, 2005)
The rising caesarean section rate is becoming a cause for concern among many obstetricians all over the world more so in developing countries where there is strong aversion to caesarean section. A five year study was conducted between 1998 to 2002 to evaluate incidence of caesarean section in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital and factors that influence the rising trend in caesarean section rate in our environment and also to find out the case fatality rate associated with this surgical operation. Caesarean section accounted for 19.8% of the total deliveries while spontaneous vaginal delivery accounted for 75.6%. Other modes of deliveries included assisted breech delivery (2.8%), vacuum (1.5%), forceps – (0.5%), destructive operations (0.14%). The caesarean section rate increased progressively from 17.9% in 1998 to 21.9% in 2002. Emergency caesarean sections (80.0%) were more frequently performed than elective cases (20.0%). Majority of the patients (82.9%) were booked while only 17.1% were unbooked. The commonest indication for emergency caesarean section was obstructed labour due to cephalopelvic disproportion (25%), followed closely by fetal distress (13.9%). The case fatality from caesarean section was calculated as 1.29%. It is obvious that there is increase in the caesarean section rate in our environment, which is in line with what is happening in the developed countries where the operation is more liberally used. In consonance with finding in other Teaching Hospitals, caesarean section appears to be on the increase in Nigeria. Although it has been suggested that increased rates of caesarean section would reduce the unusually high perinatal mortality in this area, this has not been subjected to objective scientific analysis. Keywords: caesarean section, cephalopelvic disproportion, obstructed labour Mary Slessor Journal of Medicine Vol. 5(1), 2005: 41-45
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Creating Educational Foundations in Developing Countries: Knowledge Challenges for the Tertiary Education of Secondary School Teachers in Malawi - Maluwa-Banda, Dixie; MacJessie-Mbewe, Samson (Higher Education Policy, 2005)
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Education and Training in Nephrology in Africa - Naicker, Saraladevi; Barsoum, Rashad S. (2005)
The core syllabus includes anatomy, physiology, and embryology of the kidney as well as fluid and electrolyte disorders, acid–base disorders, urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal disease in the tropics, diabetes and the kidney, hypertension, acute and chronic renal failure, and prevention of progression of renal disease. An additional problem for Africa has been its medical emigration or “brain drain” to the more developed countries of the world, resulting in a severe loss of medical expertise from countries that cannot afford to lose their medical personnel. The questionnaire filled in by colleagues in different countries reveals that preventive nephrology is an important component of nephrology education at all levels, undergraduate and postgraduate, and is a priority for the International Society of Nephrology fellowship training program. This is very promising and, in time, should impact on the large burden of renal disease in Africa and other developing countries.
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Recruitment and retention initiatives for African American and Hispanic teachers in selected school districts in Texas - Perry, Anita Jane (2005)
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Use of the Rorschach as a personality assessment tool with African American students - Velox, Andrea (2005)
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Supporting higher education through electronic meeting support in Tanzania - Vreede, Gert Jan de; Mgaya, R.J.S. (2005)
To learn, a person has to be able to communicate effectively with others about the knowledge to be learned. Communication processes in classrooms can be supported by group support systems (GSS) that enable students to communicate anonymously and in parallel. GSS experiences suggest that the technology increases observed learning, self-reported learning, on-task participation, and satisfaction with the learning experience. This paper discusses case studies from higher education in Tanzania. The particular benefit of GSS in this environment was threefold: first, it encouraged meaningful interaction among students and between students and teachers. Local culture normally hinders this. Second, it allowed all participants to freely discuss sensitive topics. Finally, it exposed students to collaborative technologies that are expected to play a pivotal role in (global) collaborative development activities.
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Distance Education: What Is Its Relevance To Africa And Zambia? - Daniel, John (2005)
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Secondary Education – A ‘Tool' for National Development in Ghana. A Critical Appraisal of the Post-Colonial Context - Quist, Hubert O. (Africa Development, 2005)
No Abstract Available Africa Development/Afrique et developpement Vol.XXVIII, Nos 3&4, 2003: 186-210
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Requirements for integrated assessment modelling at the regional and national levels in Africa to address climate change - Desanker, Paul V.; Justice, Christopher O.; Munthali, Gray; Masamvu, Kennedy (2005)
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The role of indigenous plants in household adaptation to climate change: the Kenyan experience - Eriksen, Siri (2005)
Climate variability; drought; coping mechanisms/strategies; biodiversity; indigenous plants; adaptation policies; farmer households; drylands; Kitui; Kenya
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Global warming and African climate change: a reassessment - Hulme, Mike; Doherty, Ruth M.; Ngara, Todd; New, Mark (2005)
Understanding and predicting temporal variations in African climate has become the major challenge facing African and African-specialist climate scientists in recent years. Whilst seasonal climate forecasts have taken great strides forward, we remain unsure of the ultimate causes of the lower frequency decadal and multi-decadal rainfall variability that affects some African climate regimes, especially in the Sahel region. This work examining the variability of African climate, especially rainfall, is set in the wider context of our emerging understanding of human influences on the larger, global-scale climate. Africa will be no exception to experiencing these human-induced changes in climate, although much work remains to be done in trying to isolate those aspects of African climate variability that are ‘natural’ from those that are related to human influences. African climate scientists face a further challenge in that it is in this continent that the role of land-cover changes in modifying regional climates is perhaps most marked. It is for these reasons – large internal climate variability and the confounding role of land-cover change – that climate change ‘predictions’ (or scenarios) for Africa based on greenhouse gas warming remain at a low level of confidence. Nevertheless, it is of considerable interest to try and scope the magnitude of the problem that the enhanced greenhouse effect may pose for African climate and for African resource managers.
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Climate change in sub-Saharan Africa: assumptions, realities and future investments - Justice, Christopher O.; Wilkie, David; Putz, Francis E.; Brunner, Jake (2005)
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Climate Change and Africa - Low, Pak Sum (2005)
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, no environmental issue is of such truly global magnitude as the issue of climate change. The poorer, developing countries are the least equipped to adapt to the potential effects of climate change, although most of them have played an insignificant role in causing it. African countries are amongst the poorest of the developing countries. This book presents the issues of most relevance to Africa, such as past and present climate, desertification, biomass burning and its implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate, energy generation, sea-level rise, ENSO-induced drought and flood, adaptation, disaster risk reduction, the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol (especially the Clean Development Mechanism), capacity-building, and sustainable development. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of these and many other issues, with chapters by the leading experts from a range of disciplines. Climate Change and Africa will prove to be an invaluable reference for all researchers and policy makers with an interest in climate change and Africa.
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Climate change mitigation analysis in southern African countries: capacity enhancement in Botswana, Tanzania and Zambia - Mackenzie, Gordon A. (2005)
Climate change mitigation; greenhouse gas abatement; energy; forestry; capacity-building; institutional arrangements; Botswana; Tanzania; Zambia
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Capacity-building initiatives to implement the climate change convention in Africa - Manful, George A. (2005)
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Regional approaches to global climate change policy in sub-Saharan Africa - Rowlands, Ian H. (2005)
Global climate change policy; global climate change response strategies; regional cooperation; regional organizations; sub-Saharan Africa
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SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND WATER POLLUTION IN NIGERIA: PROBLEMS, MANAGEMENT AND POLICY OPTIONS - Adenuga, Adeniyi; Ogujiuba, Kanayo O.; Ohuche, Friday (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
Severe environmental degradation appears to be threatening the long-term development prospects of countries all over the world, particularly the developing ones such as Nigeria. The paper reviews relevant literature and examines the process of environmental degradation via water pollution in Nigeria. While it notes that a careful management of water as a resource is essential for meeting a major demand created by accelerated urbanisation, industrialization and agricultural development, it highlights loss of revenue and declining health-care as some of the economic implications. The paper explores the possibility of applying economic instruments to mitigate environmental degradation, with particular reference to water pollution in Nigeria with a view to incorporating environmental costs in the decision-making process of producers and consumers. The paper posits that water pollution control need to be supported by coordinated policy, adequate legal and institutional framework which are essential tools for sustainable development.
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VALIDATION OF THE ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS IDENTIFICATION TEST (AUDIT) AS A SCREENING TOOL FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS AMONG NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS - Adewuya, Abiodun O. (Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2005)
To investigate the screening properties of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in the detection of alcohol-related problems among Nigerian university students.Eight hundred and ten students completed the AUDIT. A percentage of them were assessed for alcohol-related diagnosis with structured clinical interview.The AUDIT at cut-off of 5 and above could clearly identify participants with alcohol-related problems with sensitivity of 0.935 and specificity of 0.915.The AUDIT is a valid instrument for screening for alcohol-related problems in Nigerian university students.
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Vocationalisation of Secondary Education in Ghana - Akyeampong, Kwame (2005)
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Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Mozambique: Better than Its Reputation - Billetoft, Jørgen; Projectos, Austral Consultoria e (2005)
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Vocationalisation of Secondary Education: Kenya Case Study - Mwiria, Kilemi (2005)
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Pre-vocational Secondary Education in Botswana - Weeks, Sheldon G. (2005)
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Language policies and language education in Francophone Africa: a critique and a call to action - Alidou, Hassana (2005)
The purpose of this chapter is to critically assess language education policies and practices in Francophone Africa, using Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger as case studies. The sociolinguistic character of Francophone Africa has undergone fundamental change since the demise of colonialism. Thus, there is a crucial need to revisit current language policies and pedagogical practices in the so-called “French-speaking” countries and to develop new language education systems and instructional strategies to address the plague of illiteracy and non-education that continues to haunt these nations. The critique presented here calls into question the established philosophical paradigm of “mother tongue” medium of instruction. At the same time, this critique challenges the postcolonial advocacy of “French-only” medium of instruction. Given the diversity of sociocultural, economic-and linguistic-conditions throughout Francophone Africa, there is a need to develop forms of education to accommodate this diversity. It is no longer the case (if it ever was) that one size fits all. A serious reevaluation of the status and roles of African languages and the French language as well is long overdue. My position is grounded in fifteen years of involvement in international development and in my experience as a first-language speaker of Hausa and Zarma-Songhay, two main languages spoken as national languages in Niger. My work and research in international development involved professional development training for language teachers, extensive observations of primary school classrooms, and policy formulation for governmental institutions and international donors.
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US and South African teachers’ developing perspectives on language and literacy: changing domestic and international roles of linguistic gate-keepers - Ball, Arnetha F. (2005)
Globalization, technological advances, and the increasing numbers of students in classrooms worldwide who speak a first language other than a “standard” English make multicultural and multilingual education an imperative in the twenty-first century. US demographers predict that by 2020, 46 percent of the US school population will be students of color. In South Africa, students of color comprise well over 50 percent of the school population. Reports on educational achievement in both countries confirm that a large number of these students attend schools in poor, underresourced areas and that many of them are failing to achieve at their full potential. Clearly, an important goal of multicultural and multilingual education globally must be to prepare teachers to work effectively with students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. The research reported here was designed to explore the application of language studies to this educational context.
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“Whassup, homeboy?” Joining the African Diaspora: Black English as a symbolic site of identification and language learning - Ibrahim, Awad (2005)
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The Multiliteracies Project: South African Teachers Respond - Newfield, Denise; Stein, Pippa (2005)
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Volcanic sequences, lithostratigraphy and geochemistry of altered rocks at the Jbel Malek deposit : clues for the origins of a Neoproterozoic deposit, High Atlas, Morocco - Pelleter, Ewan; Cheilletz, Alain; Mouttaqi, Abdellah; Hakour, Abdelkhalek El; Gasquet, Dominique (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2005)
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African-American Teachers in Buffalo: The First One Hundred Years - Chase, Phyllis McGruder (2005)
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Teaching physical education to African-American children : Understanding responsibility, privileges, and positions of power - Mowling, Claire M. (2005)
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Open and Distance Education for Africans and by Africans - Daniel, John; Naidoo, Vis (2005)
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Anencephaly at birth in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos - Nigeria - Mutihir, JT; Ujah, I. A. O.; Pam, VC (Journal of Medicine in the Tropics, 2005)
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Serum lead levels of mentally handicapped children in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria - Okoronkwo, MO; Kowa, SJ Dadin (Journal of medicine in the Tropics, 2005)
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Complainants with learning disabilities in sexual abuse cases: a 10-year review of a psycho-legal project in Cape Town, South Africa - Dickman, Beverley Jo; Roux, Amanda Jane (British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2005)
Summary We describe a project established in 1990 to assist complainants with learning disabilities in sexual assault cases in Cape Town, South Africa. Complainants are prepared for court and psychologists advise investigating officers and prosecutors, and provide expert testimony. There has been an enormous increase in the utilization of the project by justice personnel. This paper examines 100 cases seen over a 10‐year period. We describe the demographics and sexual abuse history of the cohort as well as documenting speed of investigation and outcome of the trials. Almost all charges were of rape and most complainants had learning disabilities in the mild or moderate categories. No men with learning disabilities were among the accused. We raise questions about which cases are perceived as evidentially strong. The conviction rate of 28% was almost identical to the best conviction rate in such cases in the general population in South Africa. In contrast to recent research into conviction rates in South Africa, these cases appear to have been vigorously pursued.
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Undescended Testis at Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria - A Ten Year Audit - Osuigwe, AN; Nwose, PC; Ndukwu, CU; Dilibe, UC (2005)
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Gender and Mathematics Education in Papua New Guinea (2005)
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The Consequences of the Introduction and Spread of Modern Education: Education and National Integration in Egypt (2005)
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The Contribution of Girls-Only Schools to Mathematics and Science Education in Malawi (2005)
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The First Egyptian Student Mission to France under Muhammad Ali (2005)
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The management of aerial particulate pollution : the case of Platinum Industry Smelters in the Rustenburg region of North West Province, South Africa - Steyn, Sunette (2005)
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[Implementation and assessment of an HIV treatment training program (2000-2001) for patients in Casablanca (Morocco)]. - Marchand, Claire; Himmich, Hakima; Maaroufi, Abderahmane; Sohier, Nathalie; Chambon, J.; Gagnayre, Rémi (PubMed, 2005)
An educational program to improve the management of HIV patients was introduced in the department of infectious diseases of Ibn Rochd hospital, Casablanca, Morocco in January 2000. The project, funded by the GlaxoSmithKline Foundation, began by training ward physicians as well as volunteers from the ALLOCS (Association de lutte contre le sida) in pedagogy and patient education techniques (four-day course). Other sessions reviewed HIV management and treatment. Treatment training sessions were offered to all patients receiving antiretroviral treatment when the program began. All had been taking medication for at least two months and gave their informed consent to participation in the project. Each patient's sessions took place just after his or her medical consultation, in a room set aside for this purpose in the hospital. During the first session the educator established an educational diagnosis and defined educational objectives according to the individual patient's needs. Objectives were related to patients' knowledge about HIV transmission prevention and treatment management (including problem-solving for mild adverse events, delays, forgetting, vacations etc.). Trainers used several educational tools, including therapeutic planning (planning card with self-adhesive stickers showing the treatment medication); a folder of drawings depicting HIV transmission, prevention, and natural history, as well as the aims of antiretroviral therapy; decks of cards illustrating symptoms and psycho-sociological problems. Each patient had to attend at least 3 educational sessions. The program was evaluated at the end of one year. Patients' attendance, treatment adherence, laboratory test results (CD4 count, viral load), satisfaction about patient-staff relationships and knowledge about HIV disease and treatment were assessed on an on-going basis with various questionnaires and data collection systems. In all, 96 patients attended classes, with a mean of 14 sessions per patient per year. After 6 and 12 months of training, patients' CD4 cell counts increased, and the proportion with viral loads below the detection level rose, as did adherence scores. Patients' knowledge appeared to have improved at 6 months but regressed somewhat at 12 months. This may be explained by program timing: most educational sessions take place during the first 6 months of patient enrolment in the program. Patient satisfaction about the program and their care reveals that they acquired autonomy in managing their disease and treatment. Their satisfaction at 12 months, however, was lower than it was at 6 months. One explanation may be that more educated patients are more demanding, but another is the staff turnover in the program. New staff may have required more support and training than was then available. This pilot program allowed us to draft guidelines for setting up educational programs for HIV patients in relatively poor countries.
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The management of educator appraisal in South African schools within the changing environment - Mthethwa, Joel Mpikayipheli (2005)
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The Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program: An experiment in mainstreaming institutional learning and change - Acosta, Anne Starks; Jones, M. P.; Kaufmann, Ralph von (2005)
The Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program (SSA CP) shows how the principles of institutional learning and change (ILAC) can be applied. This Brief outlines the basic components of the SSA CP and highlights various ILAC features of the Program. These include an innovation systems orientation; an approach to 'thinking globally and acting locally'; the location of research within a broader context of policy, market and institutional change; and an emphasis on collabora- tion and learning among program participants and with other agencies involved in agricultural research and develop- ment in Africa.
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The Bill of Rights: implications for South African schools ten years into democracy - Alston, Ken; Staden, J. Van; Pretorius, Loots (Acta Academica, 2005)
Die Handves van Menseregte : implikasies vir Suid-Afrikaanse skole na tien jaar van demokrasie Regsverslae voor 1993 dui daarop dat skoolbevoegdhede, de jure , nie onbeperk was nie. Skole wat in gebreke gebly het om te voldoen aan die neergelegde prosedures het hulself dikwels midde in regsgedinge en hofuitsprake bevind en uitsprake is dikwels teen sulke skole gelewer. Die toepassing van die Handves van Menseregte, met 'n oorgang vanaf parlementere soewereiniteit na konstitusionele demokrasie in 1996, het dit noodsaaklik gemaak vir Suid-Afrikaners om hierdie fundamentele verandering te begryp en te aanvaar aangesien die implikasies hiervan hulself in 'n verskeidenheid situasies, insluitende die skoolomgewing, openbaar. Ten spyte van tien jaar van demokrasie blyk daar steeds 'n gebrek aan begrip te wees rakende die Handves van Menseregte in die konteks van Suid-Afrikaanse skole. Die toepassing van die Handves van Menseregte, teenstrydige regsaansprake en die konflik tussen die Grondwet en die meerderheidsiening is steeds sake wat probleme meebring. Law reports prior to 1993 indicate that, de jure, school powers were not unlimited. The failure of schools to follow established procedures would result in occasional legal challenges and judgements against such schools. The imposition of the Bill of Rights in 1996, with its shift from parliamentary sovereignty to a constitutional democracy, made it crucial for South Africans to comprehend and accept this fundamental change, whose implications are currently playing themselves out in a variety of situations, including schools. Despite ten years of democracy there appears to be considerable lack of understanding of the Bill of Rights in the context of South African schools. The Bill's application, conflicts among various rights, and differences between the constitution and majority views remain problematic issues.
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The Importance of Learning for Changing Sexual Practices in Response to the HIV/AIDS Crisis in Ghana - Amenyah, Augustine M.; Courtenay, Bradley C. (2005)
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Perceived images of disability: The reflections of two undergraduate medical students in a university in South Africa on life in a wheelchair - Amosun, Seyi Ladele; Volmink, Lauren; Rosin, Rainer (Disability and Rehabilitation, 2005)
AbstractPurpose. The purpose of this manuscript is to document the experiences of two undergraduate medical students at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, who registered for a 4-week special study module titled “Images of Disability”, as part of the medical training programme. The objective of the module was to foster the development of positive attitudes toward persons with physical disability through role-playing.Method. The special study module required that the students assumed they had mobility impairments and were physically confined to wheelchairs. The students were required to document their personal experiences of life in a wheelchair for five consecutive working days.Results. The students had to deal with their perceptions of the attitudes of individuals they interacted with, which resulted in feeling of inferiority and lowered self-esteem. The students also identified obstacles in the environment which hindered integration.Conclusions. The students reported significant positive changes in their attitudes towards persons with disabilities.
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3D multi-step travel time tomography: Imaging the local, deep velocity structure of Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea - Bai, Chao‐ying; Greenhalgh, Stewart (Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 2005)
In this paper, we put forward an alternative approach to combine the travel times from regional events with local earthquakes (including explosions) to reconstruct the deep velocity structure, but still on a local crustal scale. A synthetic example is first used to explain the multi-step seismic tomographic procedure before progressing to recover the 3D velocity structure beneath Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea, down to a depth 20 km. The main velocity structures at shallow depth range are similar to those reported previously [Finlayson, D.M, Gudmunsson, O., Itikarai, I., Nishimura, S., Shimamura, H., 2003. Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea: Seismic tomographic imaging of an active caldera. J. Volc. Geotherm. Res. 124, 153–171] based on both wide-angle seismic profiling using explosion data and 3D tomography using only local earthquake information (including the explosions). But we have found the bottom boundary of the interpreted shallow magma chamber (under Rabaul caldera complex) to be 4 km depth, and not 6 km depth as previously reported. The other difference in this shallow depth range is that an additional low velocity zone was delineated beneath Tavui—another caldera near Rabaul volcano. In the medium depth range, we obtained a similar V-shaped low velocity zone under Rabaul volcano to that found by Finlayson et al. (Finlayson, D.M, Gudmunsson, O., Itikarai, I., Nishimura, S., Shimamura, H., 2003. Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea: Seismic tomographic imaging of an active caldera. J. Volc. Geotherm. Res. 124, 153–171), but this extends to 12 km depth in our study compared to the previous determination of 9 km depth. In the deeper range, below 10 km, the dominant seismic structure is a cylindrical-shaped low velocity zone in the depth range (from 12 to18 km) beneath Rabaul volcano. This deep, low velocity zone appears to be linked to the shallow interpreted magma chamber by a low velocity funnel feature, which suggests the possible existence of deep magma storage.
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Accelerating the education sector response to HIV/AIDS in Africa : a review of World Bank assistance - Bakilana, Anne Margreth; Brown, Jonathan C.; Bundy, Donald; Fredriksen, Birger (2005)
This report examines World Bank financing for the Education Sector HIV/AIDS Response in Sub-Saharan Africa, up to mid-2004. The review was undertaken in response to a consultation with African countries, which identified a need for information on how the Bank education sector was responding to the epidemic through its sectoral assistance programs, and through its participation in the Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program (MAP). Documents and data were reviewed, and key informants interviewed. There are four key findings of the review. 1) There is a need to increase significantly Bank assistance for the education sector response to HIV/AIDS, from both the MAP and education sector sources. 2) The perception that MAP funding is substituting for education sector funding of the HIV/AIDS response is not supported by the evidence. 3) Successful MAP disbursement to education followed the development of a strong education sector response which was associated with national commitment, motivated and knowledgeable task team leaders, and specialized technical assistance for program preparation. 4) Lack of strong National HIV/AIDS Commission (NAC) involvement in the education sector is still a major challenge to the successful implementation of education sector activities through the MAP processes. The review offers recommendations for countries and donors, and specifically for the Bank.
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Dust Transport Application forecasting of Middle Eastern, African and Asian Dust Storms - Barnum, B. H. (34th Conference on Broadcast Meteorology/21st Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting/17th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, 2005)
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Does training benefit those who do not get any? Elasticities of complementarity and factor price in South Africa - Behar, Alberto (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
Commentators claim that a shortage of skills in South Africa is constraining output and that a rise in skill supply would benefit less skilled occupations. This assumes or implies skilled and unskilled labour are complements. Hicks Elasticities of Complementarity and elasticities of factor price are estimated between capital and five occupations. The results show that skilled/artisanal and unskilled labour are complements while semi-skilled and unskilled labour are substitutes. These results allow for imperfectly elastic product demand, rigid wages and inference on highly non-linear elasticities. Aggregated estimates suggest More skilled labour complements Less skilled labour.
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AIDS epidemic and the psychological well-being and school participation of Ethiopian orphans - Bhargava, Alok (Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2005)
This paper modeled the proximate determinants of the scores on 60 items from Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI) and of school participation of approximately 1,000 children who had lost their mothers due to AIDS and from other causes using the data from a survey in Ethiopia. The scores on MMPI items reflecting emotional and social adjustment, and school participation before and after maternal deaths were modeled in a multi-disciplinary framework incorporating the time sequence of events. The main findings were that while AIDS orphans scored lower on MMPI items, variables such as presence of the father, household income, feeding and clothing conditions, and attitude of the fostering family were significant predictors of children's scores. Secondly, girls were at a disadvantage in terms of the scores on MMPI items. Third, variables such as income and good feeding and clothing conditions were significant predictors of school participation. Fourth, school participation before maternal death was an important predictor of subsequent school participation probabilities. An ordinal regression model was estimated to address certain methodological problems. Overall, the results indicated that economic subsidies to fostering households would enhance child welfare in Ethiopia.
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Computers in Reception Schools—A Case of Gaborone, Botswana - Bose, Kabita (Early Childhood Education Journal, 2005)
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The education of nomadic peoples in East Africa. Synthesis report - Carr‐Hill, Roy (2005)
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The education of nomadic people in East Africa: Review of Relevant literature - Carr‐Hill, Roy; Peart, Edwina (2005)
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Control of human fascioliasis by selective chemotherapy: Design, cost and effect of the first public health, school-based intervention implemented in endemic areas of the Nile Delta, Egypt - Curtale, Filippo; Hassanein, Yehia Abd El Wahab; Savioli, Lorenzo (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2005)
Human fascioliasis is becoming a serious public health problem with a number of endemic areas identified in different countries. The viability of humans as definitive hosts has been experimentally demonstrated, and there is now a need to control the human infection along with the veterinary infection. In 1998, following reports on high prevalence among children in the Nile Delta, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population launched the first public health, school-based intervention to control human fascioliasis. An innovative selective treatment approach, with chemotherapy targeted to specific high risk age groups and villages, was adopted. First, high prevalence districts were identified by a regional baseline survey, then screening and selective treatment of all schoolchildren took place in high prevalence villages within those districts. From 1998 to 2002 the programme screened almost 36000 schoolchildren, in six districts, treating 1280 cases of human fascioliasis. Prevalence in the endemic area was reduced from 5.6 to 1.2%. The control intervention is described in detail, including data on cost. The targeted, selective chemotherapy approach was appropriate in addressing low prevalence infection, effective in reducing prevalence rates and transmission of the disease, and in the present situation, more cost-effective than mass distribution.
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Knowledge and behaviour related to oral health among secondary school students in Khartoum Province, Sudan - Darout, Ismail A.; Åstrøm, Anne Nordrehaug; Skaug, Nils (International Dental Journal, 2005)
This study explores secondary school students in the Khartoum Province, Sudan, with respect to frequency and quality of use and the socio-demographic distribution of oral health knowledge and behaviour.Six secondary schools were selected at random and 10% of the students enrolled in each class (3 grades) were randomly selected to participate. A total of 400 students (207 boys) (mean age 15.3 years) were selected, of which 396 completed questionnaires at school.44.3% boys and 42.5% girls scored highly on knowledge of caries. The corresponding rates regarding knowledge of gingivitis were 39.2% and 47.0%, respectively. Tooth brushing and use of miswak > or = 2 times a day was confirmed by 67.2% boys and 75.5% girls and by 64.3% boys and 52% girls, respectively. Living in a town, having received oral health information and having a mother of medium education were associated with higher odds for being knowledgeable about tooth decay.There is gender equality in knowledge and practise of oral hygiene among secondary school students in Khartoum Province. Awareness of oral health issues is high, but specific misconceptions exist. Mother's education might be used as a social marker in oral health risk group evaluations.
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The challenge of inclusive schooling in Africa: a Ghanaian case study - Dei, George J. Sefa (Comparative Education, 2005)
This paper explores how African learners and educators work with difference and diversity in schooling populations. Using a Ghanaian case study the paper offers lessons on/about how local discourses relating to ‘inclusivity and nation building’, ‘minority’ and ‘difference’ can inform debates about educational change and guide broad policy initiatives in pluralistic settings. While difference is affirmed, in some circles it can be said Ghanaian educators have not necessarily been responsive. It is contended that Ghanaian, and for that matter, African education, since historical times, has been approached in terms of its fundamental contribution to national development. In emphasizing the goal of post‐independence national integration, ‘postcolonial’ education in Africa has denied heterogeneity in local populations as if difference itself was a problem. With this orientation education has undoubtedly helped create and maintain the glaring disparities and inequities; structured along lines of ethnicity, culture, language, religion, gender and class, which persist and grow. By pointing to how local subjects (educators, learners and policy‐makers) link identity, schooling and knowledge production this paper implicates the search for genuine educational options or alternatives for Africa.
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High levels of circulating cardiac proteins indicate cardiac impairment in African children with severe malaria - Ehrhardt, Stephan; Mockenhaupt, Frank P.; Anemana, Sylvester D.; Otchwemah, Rowland N.; Wichmann, Dominic; Cramer, Jakob P.; Bienzle, Ulrich; Burchard, Gerd; Brattig, Norbert W. (Microbes and infection, 2005)
A role of the heart in the pathophysiology of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria has recently been suggested. The objective of the present study was to substantiate this finding in a large group of African children and to correlate results with metabolic conditions in these children. Furthermore, the impact of a potential cardiac impairment on outcome in severe cases was assessed. Results may have important implications on the currently ongoing debate on fluid management in severe malaria patients. Plasma levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), myoglobin and creatine kinase muscle-brain (CK-MB) were compared in 400 African children with severe and mild falciparum malaria. Plasma levels of these markers were correlated with lactate and glucose blood levels, indicators for hypovolemia, and with clinical outcome. Children suffering from severe malaria and children who died (n = 22) exhibited high to very high levels of cardiac markers, respectively. Cardiac factors themselves were not predictive of fatal outcome, while, in multivariate analysis, lactic acidosis was the most important biochemical predictor of death in the severe malaria group. Lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia, however, result in cardiac impairment as defined by elevated levels of circulating cardiac proteins. Our results point to hypovolemia as a major underlying cause of lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia in African children with severe falciparum malaria. These deleterious metabolic conditions contribute to myocardial affection which was evident but not predictive per se of fatal outcome.
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Finding a curriculum that works under trees: Literacy and health education for adolescent girls in rural Malawi - Hogg, Angela; Makwiza, Berlina; Mlanga, Stella; Broadhead, Robin L.; Brabin, Loretta (Development in Practice, 2005)
Non-formal education often represents a last chance for adolescent girls who do not attend school to receive some education to improve their health before they become mothers. This paper describes the development of a literacy and health education curriculum for adolescent girls in southern Malawi who will never enter formal schooling. The curriculum was redefined in the light of participants' feedback and providers' observations. The health messages could effect change but would have had limited impact on girls' health practices without the participation of the wider community. The curriculum's innate visibility ‘under the trees’ was a key factor in facilitating villagers' involvement and exponential learning.
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Measuring Welfare for Small but Vulnerable Groups: Poverty and Disability in Uganda - Hoogeveen, Johannes G. (Journal of African Economies, 2005)
When vulnerable population groups are numerically small — as is often the case — obtaining representative welfare estimates from non-purposive sample surveys becomes an issue. Building on a method developed by Elbers et al., it is shown how, for census years, estimates of consumption poverty for small vulnerable populations can be derived by combining sample survey and population census information. The approach is illustrated for Uganda, for which poverty amongst households with disabled heads is determined.
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Measuring Welfare for Small but Vulnerable Groups: Poverty and Disability in Uganda - Hoogeveen, Johannes G. (Journal of African Economies, 2005)
When vulnerable population groups are numerically small — as is often the case — obtaining representative welfare estimates from non-purposive sample surveys becomes an issue. Building on a method developed by Elbers et al., it is shown how, for census years, estimates of consumption poverty for small vulnerable populations can be derived by combining sample survey and population census information. The approach is illustrated for Uganda, for which poverty amongst households with disabled heads is determined.
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Measuring Welfare for Small but Vulnerable Groups: Poverty and Disability in Uganda - Hoogeveen, Johannes G. (Journal of African Economies, 2005)
When vulnerable population groups are numerically small — as is often the case — obtaining representative welfare estimates from non-purposive sample surveys becomes an issue. Building on a method developed by Elbers et al., it is shown how, for census years, estimates of consumption poverty for small vulnerable populations can be derived by combining sample survey and population census information. The approach is illustrated for Uganda, for which poverty amongst households with disabled heads is determined.
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Measuring Welfare for Small but Vulnerable Groups: Poverty and Disability in Uganda - Hoogeveen, Johannes G. (Journal of African Economies, 2005)
When vulnerable population groups are numerically small — as is often the case — obtaining representative welfare estimates from non-purposive sample surveys becomes an issue. Building on a method developed by Elbers et al., it is shown how, for census years, estimates of consumption poverty for small vulnerable populations can be derived by combining sample survey and population census information. The approach is illustrated for Uganda, for which poverty amongst households with disabled heads is determined.
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Menarchial Age of Secondary School Girls in Urban and Rural Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria - Ikechukwu, Ikaraoha Chidiebere; Chigaekwu, Mbadiwe Ikaraoha; Uzoma, Igwe Chidi; O, Allagua Dennis; Okoye, M.M; To, Iwo Golden; Peace, O O Nngeri (2005)
The menarchial age of 859 secondary school girls consisting of 508 from urban and 351 from rural area of Rivers State, Nigeria were determined, using questionnaires and interview method. Data collation revealed that 69.2% (243) of the rural population were menstruating, while 70.1% (356) of the urban population were menstruating. Mean ages of menarche were 13.19±1.32 years and 14.22±1.47 years for urban and rural areas respectively .A statistically significant lower mean menarchial age was observed in urban area girls, compared to their rural counterparts. Girls from families of high socio-economic class has significantly lower mean menarchial age in both urban and rural area. The mean age of menarche was significantly higher in girls involved in vigorous sporting activity in rural areas compared to their non-sporting counterparts. Urban school girls attain menarche earlier than those in rural area. High socio-economic class and vigorous sporting activity can be predisposing factors to low and high age of menarche respectively. There is need for redefinition of high socio-economic class in Nigeria.
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Eliminating Gender-Based Violence: Learning from the Widowhood Practices Elimination Initiative of a Women Organisation in Ozubulu, Anambra State of Nigeria - Ilika, A; Ilika, Uche Rose (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2005)
Gender-based violence has received increased international focus since after the International Conference on Population and Devlopment in Cairo 1994 and the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. This paper reports the activities and outcome of a Christian women group initiative to eliminate dehumanising widowhood practices, a prevalent type of gender-based violence among the Igbos in Eastern Nigeria. Through in-depth interviews, group discussions, participant observations and membership records, information was elicited on the processes and outcome of the women group initiative. Evaluation was done using the community action cycle framework model for community mobilisation. The women group was able to identify and eliminate major dehumanising widowhood practices. Though women were the victims of violence, they were surprisingly also the perpetrators and astute enforcers of the practice, as well as those who vehemently opposed any form of change. Superstitious beliefs and associated fears were major reasons for opposition to change. Women can play key and effective roles in eliminating gender-based violence and in initiating and implementing programmes that guarantee their reproductive and human rights. They should, therefore, be strengthened and encouraged to champion issues that affect their well-being.
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Dieting Behaviors of African American College Students - Jmes, D.C.S.; Bond, Justin M. (Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 2005)
1. To describe obesity status and body satisfaction among African Americans college students; 2. To identify weight loss strategies used by African Americans college students.
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Existing subtitler training programmes and challenges for South Africa as a developing country - Kruger, Helena Catharina; Kruger, Jan‐Louis (Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2005)
This article (part of a series of articles on the training of subtitlers in South Africa) investigates existing subtitler training programmes in developed countries as a point of departure in attempting to determine the challenges that face South Africa as a developing country in this regard. In order to position subtitler training meaningfully in terms of outcomes, existing courses are plotted on a continuum with vocational training at one extreme and academic-theoretical education at the other. To focus the discussion further, existing courses are investigated in terms of the national context of subtitling, the demographics of the country, legislation and policies that have a bearing on subtitling, training aims, academic level, course duration, course content, subtitling equipment or software used, practical training, entry levels, ideal candidates, assessment and the use of scripts in training. The article concludes that any South African course in subtitling should be rooted firmly in the domestic subtitling context, also in terms of the needs of the country. It also finds that a South African course will require a strong academic-theoretical foundation balanced by considerable emphasis on vocational training in order to establish subtitling within the field of language practice.
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The provision of teaching / learning materials in Swaziland high schools - Magagula, Cisco M. (Acta Academica, 2005)
Die voorsiening van handboeke / leermateriaal aan hoerskole in Swaziland Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel of daar enigsins 'n regeringsbeleid bestaan vir die voorsiening van handboeke en skryfbehoeftes aan hoerskoolleerlinge in Swaziland; om te bepaal wie verantwoordelik is vir die voorsiening van handboeke en skryfbehoeftes aan hoerskoolleerlinge in Swaziland en om te bepaal watter stelsel deur hoerskole gebruik word om leerlinge toegang tot handboeke en skryfbehoeftes te gee. Uit die studie is die volgende bevindings gemaak: daar bestaan geen regeringsbeleid ten opsigte van die regulering en voorsiening van handboeke en skryfbehoeftes aan leerlinge in hoerskole nie; ouers is ten volle verantwoordelik vir die voorsiening van handboeke en skryfbehoeftes aan leerlinge en die meeste hoerskole maak gebruik van die boekleenstelsel om leerlinge toegang tot handboeke en skryfbehoeftes te verleen. Die boekleenstelsel het voor- en nadele wat verder ondersoek en verfyn moet word. This study set out to establish whether there was any government policy regarding the provision of textbooks and stationery to high school learners in Swaziland; to determine whose responsibility it was to provide learners with these materials, and to assess the system used by high schools to give learners access to them. The study found that there was no government policy regulating the provision of textbooks and stationery to learners in high schools; that parents were solely responsible for providing such materials, and that most high schools used the book loan system (which has its advantages and disadvantages, and should be refined) to give learners access to the requisite materials.
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Exploring Change: The creation of a hypermedia ethnography for the presentation and 're-presentation' of research on distance education in Swaziland - Marshall, Stewart (2005)
This thesis addresses the role that hypermedia can play in an ethnographic study of the introduction of distance education in Swaziland. The thesis itself comprises a mixed-genre hypermedia ethnography. It is a re-presentation of a portion of the world populated with many voices and stories speaking to us about the introduction of distance education at the University of Swaziland (UNISWA) during 1996 to 1998. It re-presents the multitude of inter-connected lived realities during this period of change in Swaziland. As the original problem for my PhD, I set out to create a rich description of an action research project that aimed to develop a post-industrial, post-colonial system of distance education suited to local knowledge, learning, and culture of Swaziland. Whilst undertaking this action research project, it became clear to me that its success or failure depended not just on the endeavours of the participants, but also on many factors and people external to the project. I also became aware of the many different perceptions of the project and of the reality surrounding the project. So my “rich description” needed to capture the multiple perceptions and the dense interconnectedness of the people and events in and around the action research project. My original intention was to use hypertext/hypermedia as the medium for and re-presentation of the Swaziland project as a website. However, I actually used hypertext/hypermedia throughout all phases of the research. Very early in the research process, I captured my data in web pages. Using hyperlinks to reveal the interconnectedness of the data made exploration of the data simpler and encouraged re-exploration as new hypotheses emerged. In revisiting and re-exploring the web pages, I often made additional hyperlinks between events, and those events then took on new and additional aspects. Some of the data I collected in Swaziland was audio-recorded, photographed or video-recorded. Using hypermedia enabled me to include and hyperlink to documents in audio, graphical, and video formats. In this way, new aspects were created by viewing events through different media. Thus, the use of hypermedia became an essential part of the analysis and process - enabling me to know the data in new and complex ways. Hypertext allows both the writer and the reader to create diverse and non-linear pathways through the text. There are some fairly well-defined paths through my thesis, which I present as “stories”. Each story has an internal logic that is well established and constitutive of the particular genre to which the story belongs. The navigation aids reveal the logic of the story and enable the reader to follow it. The “stories” overlap, each story being a particular interpretation and representation of the complex issues and events faced everyday by the IDE and UNISWA communities. When these “stories” use and refer to data found elsewhere in the thesis, the reader can click on hyperlinks to see those data. As a bricoleur theorist, I used hypermedia as the with which to explore, cobble and assemble a mixed genre ethnographic bricolage. I called this the Swazi Econet - in which polyvocality and the multiple perceptions of the project reality are re-presented in a complex web with data (voices) hyperlinked to the various interpretations (stories). The voices and stories are presented in various genres and media. Thus, the Swazi Econet is an interactive, hypermedia, multi-vocal, multimedia, mixed genre ethnography. From the action research part of the project, I conclude that in order to understand the problems faced by the introduction of distance education in UNISWA, we must take into account the broader economic, political, social and technological changes. There is recognition by many that African institutions of higher education also need to transform in response to these broader world changes, but more particularly that they need to change to be in line with the continent's new political and socio-economic environment. In the case of the UNISWA, the necessary transformation is not helped by the political situation in Swaziland. From the hypermedia part of the project, I conclude that the use of hypermedia enables the researcher/writer to explore and know the data in new ways from different perspectives, through various genres and in a variety of media. The use of hypermedia facilitates the inclusion of visual, sonic and textual devices to present perspectives, and to re-present and evoke aspects of life in Swaziland. In a hypermedia ethnography, one is able to use photographs, images and video-recordings as a form of hypotyposis so as to locate the reader in the setting. The visual, sonic and textual devices are evocative and through a process of dialogic experience, seek to assist the reader to obtain an understanding of the particular perspective being re-presented. This hypermedia ethnography challenges the dominance of printed textual forms in the culture of the academy by using hypermedia as an analytical writing tool to facilitate multiple understandings by the researcher, and as a presentation tool in the creation of an interactive performance of the research study as an alternative mode of presenting research.
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DO YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU ARE READING? The Bible in African homes, schools and churches - Mbiti, John (Missionalia : Southern African Journal of Mission Studies, 2005)
The article discusses the influence of the Bible in Africa, with special reference to homes, schools and churches. The author finds strong biblical influences in African literature, referring specifically to Ngugi wa Thiong'o. The Bible has deeply influenced many cultures and peoples in Africa. Bible reading in Africa can be called a mass movement The Bible functions in Africa also as a motivation for personal and national well-being, to the extent that it gave rise to creative approaches to reading and understanding the Bible. Mbiti concludes that Africa indeed understands what she is reading. The availability of the Bible or Bible portions in indigenous African languages, as well as in the dominant colonial languages, contributes to this. Specific factors, some unique to Africa, benefit a growing indigenous interpretation of the Bible. African biblical scholars, however, often still read and interpret the Bible through Western eyes. Mbiti calls for an exodus in Bible interpretation to take place in Africa.
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Voluntary associations and the African American college student experience - McClure, Stephanie M. (2005)
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Agricultural Engineering Education in Nigeria - Mijinyawa, Y. (Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal, 2005)
Early agricultural engineering services required on Nigerian farms were provided by civil engineers and agronomists some of who later retrained to form the first crops of Nigerian agricultural engineers. Agricultural engineering training was substantially done overseas until about the early 1960s when local opportunities started to be available. Agricultural engineering education started with training in farm mechanization laying emphasis on tractorization in the colleges of agriculture and polytechnics, and later expanded to cover all aspects of agricultural engineering. Agricultural engineering education in Nigeria is offered by the universities, polytechnics and colleges of agriculture. Ownership and funding of tertiary institutions include the federal and state governments, private individuals and religious organizations. Quality assurance is achieved through setting of minimum academic standards and occasional programme accreditations by the Nigerian universities commission, the national board for technical education and the council for the regulation of engineering in Nigeria. Agricultural engineers are engaged in virtually all sectors of the economy. This paper discuses the historical development of agricultural engineering education in Nigeria highlighting the entry requirements, training and regulations, professional bodies and the sectors where the products are making their contributions towards the national development. It concludes by calling on all stake holders to understand and appreciate the role of the profession in national development and give it the desired support.
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Prevalence of intestinal parasites among school children in Moyo district, Uganda. - Mote, K. E.; Makanga, B.; Kisakye, John Joseph M. (2005)
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An Investigation of Guidance and Counselling Needs of Secondary School Students in Kasikeu Division, Makueni District, Kenya - Mwanthi, Andrew Ndaisi (2005)
A Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Education, Kenyatta University,August 2005.
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Teacher appraisal: the experiences of Kenyan secondary school teachers - Odhiambo, George (Journal of Educational Administration, 2005)
Purpose This paper seeks to report the findings of a study focusing on the state of teacher appraisal in Kenyan secondary schools and to argue for an improved (facilitating) model of teacher appraisal. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a qualitatively‐oriented case study using multiple cases and drawing on multiple methods of data collection. Findings The findings indicate that teacher appraisal policies and practices in Kenyan secondary schools exhibit weaknesses, which need to be urgently addressed if teacher appraisal is to be used to improve the quality of teaching and education in Kenya. Research limitations/implications Of the eight administrative regions in Kenya, only one region was selected for data gathering. The reason for restricting the scope of the study related to availability of time in the first instance and the need for in‐depth investigation. The research was also limited to a study of six secondary schools. While including more schools in the sample would have widened the focus of the study, limited time and funding made such a wider study prohibitive. Moreover, the six schools, consisting of two private schools, and four public schools of various sizes, provided the opportunity to study Kenyan secondary schools in a variety of contexts. Originality/value There is a dearth of research‐based information on teacher appraisal in third world countries – especially Kenya – and this paper will therefore in itself be beneficial to education policy makers. This paper offers a more sophisticated conceptualisation of teacher appraisal, thereby laying a foundation for subsequent investigations. Such a conceptualisation should serve as a basis, not only for evaluating the existing teacher appraisal system in Kenya, but also for offering guidance for future practice and policy.
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Influence of Religion on Adolescent Sexual Attitudes and Behaviour among Nigerian University Students: Affiliation or Commitment? - Odimegwu, Clifford (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2005)
Religion plays a significant role in the life of individuals in any society. Its role as a moral builder has been variously acknowledged. This study examines the role of religion in adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviour in Nigeria. The study was conducted in two national universities in Nigeria with student population of more than 40,000. The institutions are located in the eastern and western parts of the country. Data for the study were collected from a representative sample of students resident in the universities. A total of 1,870 students were successfully interviewed but because of the age restriction for adolescents, information from 1,153 campus-based adolescents aged 10-24 years was analysed. Logistic regression model was used to do the analysis both at the adjusted and unadjusted levels. Findings are consistent with existing literature. There is a strong relationship between religiosity and adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviour, although religious commitment is more important than religious affiliation in affecting adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviours. This paper calls for further investigation to be able to disentangle the relationship between religiosity and adolescent sexuality, especially with the use of longitudinal data. Since religion affects the sexual lifestyles of adolescents, religious leaders can do a lot by mobilising their members towards supporting HIV/AIDS prevention initiatives in the country.
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LABOUR MARKET NEEDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL ANDVOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN ERITREA - Rena, Ravinder; Kahsu, Biniam (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
The imported models of technical and vocational education, which were developed in a context of economic growth, proved incapable of supplying skilled labour that met the highly varied requirements of Eritrean production systems. The TVET policies followed by the independent Eritrea are aimed at providing the managers and skilled labour, which Eritrea need to support the growth of the modern economy. The government of Eritrea has realized the shortcomings of education and decided to make Rapid transformation of the Education System and thus issued a concept paper in 2003 as part of its educational reforms in the country. TVET system in Eritrea is however facing some challenges to prepare a sufficient number of people with the right skills to meet labour market demands. In this context, an attempt is made in this paper to bring out the development trends in Eritrean TVET and the reconstruction of TVET system.
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Management of distance learning mode program at Kenya Methodist University: a case study - Rono, Kimutai (2005)
Project submitted to the School of Business in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Masters in Business Administration (MBA)
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Intensity and spatial extent of droughts in southern Africa - Rouault, Mathieu; Richard, Yves (Geophysical Research Letters, 2005)
The standardized precipitation index allows for monitoring the intensity and spatial extent of droughts at different time scales. We used it to do a retrospective analysis of the spatial extent of droughts in Southern Africa (South of 10°S), from 1901 to 1999. Accordingly, the 8 most severe droughts at the 6‐month scale (October–April) for the summer rainfall region of Southern Africa ended in 1916, 1924, 1933, 1949, 1970, 1983, 1992 and 1995. At the 2‐year scale, they ended in 1906, 1933, 1983, 1984, 1992, 1993, 1995 and 1996. Areas affected by those droughts ranged from 3.4 to 2 10 6 km 2 . Eight of those 12 years are El Niño years. Preliminary data indicates that 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 experienced severe droughts at a number of scales. This confirms the increase in the spatial extent of drought in Southern Africa since the 1970's due to stronger ENSO Southern African rainfall relationship
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Traveling the road to success: A discourse on persistence throughout the science pipeline with African American students at a predominantly white institution - Russell, Melody L.; Atwater, Mary M. (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2005)
This study focuses on 11 African American undergraduate seniors in a biology degree program at a predominantly white research institution in the southeastern United States. These 11 respondents shared their journeys throughout the high school and college science pipeline. Participants described similar precollege factors and experiences that contributed to their academic success and persistence at a predominantly white institution. One of the most critical factors in their academic persistence was participation in advanced science and mathematics courses as part of their high school college preparatory program. Additional factors that had a significant impact on their persistence and academic success were family support, teacher encouragement, intrinsic motivation, and perseverance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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A Comparative Study of Country Laws on Private Higher Education: Possible Lessons for Ethiopia - Tamrat, Wondwosen (2005)
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Quality Audit in Higher Education in Ethiopia: Lesson Learned From Piloting Work in a Public University. - Teshom, Tesfaye; Rayner, Philip (2005)
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Gender and the tobacco–depression relationship: A sample of African American college students at a Historically Black College or University (HBCU) - Yan, Wang; Browne, Dorothy C.; Storr, Carla L.; Wagner, Fernando A. (Addictive Behaviors, 2005)
This study examined the relationship between tobacco use and depression and its possible variation by gender among African American young adults. A paper-and-pencil survey was administered to African American college students graduating in 2003 from a Historically Black College or University (HBCU). Tobacco use measures included lifetime involvement. Depression symptoms were assessed using a revised version of the CES-D. Male smokers were found to be four times more likely to be depressed than male non-smokers (OR=4.4; 95% CI, 1.4, 14.3; p=0.012). However, female smokers were not more likely to be depressed than female non-smokers (OR=1.0; 95% CI, 0.5, 2.1). Findings from this study suggest the need of gender-specific tobacco or depression interventions among HBCU students.
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Eating disorders among adolescents in South African public schools – a biblical perspective - Schoeman, Sonja; Vogel, Hans (Koers, 2005)
Society’s obsession with thinness and body image is part of every school’s hidden curriculum. The ideal to be skinny and thin resulted in an escalation in eating disorders among adolescents in South Africa. Some of the learners are only in the senior phase (Grades 7 to 9) of the general education and training band. It is therefore timely to review the problem of eating disorders, especially among adolescents in South African public schools. The purpose of this article is firstly to provide policy-makers, curriculum developers, educational ad-ministrators and educators with knowledge of the biblical view of health and to illustrate the pedagogical potential of such a view. Secondly the purpose is to assist Christian educators in teaching learners in public schools the necessary knowledge, skills, values and attitudes to counteract eating disorders by using, among other things, biblical truths.
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Online debating to encourage student participation in online learning environments: A qualitative case study at a South African university - Hodgkinson-Williams, Cheryl; Mostert, Markus (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2005)
The use of computer-mediated communication in higher education presents opportunities for students to be part of an online learning community irrespective of their geographical location. However, students do not always avail themselves of this opportunity and pedagogic strategies for encouraging participation are therefore constantly being explored. One potential strategy to encourage participation is the use of the structured format of online debating. This paper proposes an underlying epistemological perspective on and an informing learning theory of online debating and its potential as a pedagogic strategy to encourage participation in online learning environments. The paper reports on student and staff perceptions of an online debate used during a BEd (Hons) course at a South African university. The findings underline the importance of providing explicit procedures to pave the way for student participation and highlight the potential value of an online debate as a pedagogic strategy to support the development of argumentation and to encourage reflexivity.
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Changing the landscape of learning: The impact of institutional mergers on blended learning provision in South African higher education - Paterson, Andrew (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2005)
This article analyses the implications of institutional mergers for information systems development and in particular for the provision of blended and collaborative learning in the South African higher education system. The analysis is undertaken with particular reference to the new institutional shape as envisaged in the higher education merger plan, and with reference to the characteristics of current higher education information systems. This article will draw attention to the key decisions and challenges that can influence the outcome of information systems integration in higher education mergers. Particular emphasis is given to the access, equity, competition and cost outcomes of planning, and implementing online blended and collaborative curriculum modalities in the context of institutional mergers.
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Editorial: ICT for education and development in Southern Africa - Taylor, Wal (2005)
Welcome to this very special second issue of the International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT).
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A study of in-service education and training (INSET) of university lecturers in South Africa - Mofokeng, Lenka Elias (2005)
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An Analysis of the Effect of Recent National Policy Changes on Values and Education in South Africa (2005)
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Contribution of university farms to teaching and learning of agricultural science in Ghana - Lawson, Innocent Yao Dotse; Brew, Christine (Ghana Journal of Development, 2005)
The study was carried out to assess the extent to which university farms contribute to the teaching and learning of agricultural science in the five state universities of Ghana. The universities are the University of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, University of Cope Coast, University of Education and University of Development Studies. In the process, the study examined causes or reasons for graduate low interest in pursuing farming careers. Semi-structured questionnaires were prepared for undergraduates and lecturers. Snowball and random sampling techniques were used in this study. The study revealed that agricultural science is best learnt at both farm and lecture room. The study also indicated that university farms help in acquiring practical skills and it is necessary for teaching the principles of the course. However, the study revealed that a large number of undergraduates are not equipped with the needed practical skills and the confidence to go into farming on leaving the university. The main factors identified for this gap were the lack of supervision, lack of basic and modern facilities on the farms, lack of motivation, inadequate funds, and inadequate time allotted for practical on the farms. It is therefore recommended that university authorities should link with private and state farms that have modern and basic facilities/equipment so that these farms can serve as alternative sources for imparting practical skills to students. The universities could introduce income generating venture to assist in the purchases of some facilities. It is also recommended that the time for practical work be increase and supervised practical work possibly instituted. This should enable lecturers to spend more time on the supervision of students' practical work on the university farms. Finally, well-trained farm staff should be employed to support fieldwork. Ghana Journal of Development Studies Vol.1(1) 2004: 110-126
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SADAT AND THE STUDENTS: EGYPTIANISM, PEACE, ASSASSINATION (2005)
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Students and University in 20th Century Egyptian Politics - Erlich, Haggai (2005)
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The Nigeria Union of Teachers: 1930–65 - Onwuka, Uga (2005)
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Noise-Induced Hearing Impairment As An Occupational Risk Factor Among Nigerian Traders - Ighoroje, A. D. A.; Marchie, C.; Nwobodo, Ed (Nigerian journal of physiological sciences : official publication of the Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2005)
Noise pollution in workplaces poses serious health risks including that of cardiovascular disturbances and impairment of hearing. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of occupational noise on hearing among selected industrial workers in Benin City, Nigeria. Male and female workers (n=150) in sawmills, Food Processing industries and Marketers of recorded music who had been exposed to high levels of occupational noise for between 1-14years were evaluated. We determined the ambient noise levels in their workplaces to be over 90dB. We analyzed the air and bone conduction defects for both their left and right ears. The results showed that noise-induced hearing impairment was present in 100% of the workers exposed for a period of 14 years. By 4-8 years, 100% of sawmill workers had developed hearing impairment. In addition, air-conduction pathway in the right ear was affected more than the left ear. In general, male workers were more susceptible to noise induced hearing impairment. In a situation of low level of awareness and dearth of enforced noise control laws in many developing countries, noise pollution can pose severe hearing impairment and other health risks. Key words: Occupational noise, hearing, impairment, Nigerians. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences Vol.19(1&2) 2004: 14-19
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Effects of Students\' Cults on Nigeria\'s Education System - Babarinde, Kola; Adesoji, Oni A. (Africa insight, 2005)
Higher education in developing countries is facing a series of challenges. In Nigeria these challenges are multifaceted but one dimension that has attracted some attention is the phenomenon of secret cultism. While there are several commentaries few of these are either systematic nor scholarly. This paper is an attempt to rise to this challenge by attempting a systematic analysis based on an appropriate theoretical basis that can lead us to developing appropriate theoretical insight into this phenomenon. This is with a view to developing an empirical approach that will further add to scholarly understanding and much desired recommendations for solutions. This is therefore the first part of a two-phased study of an emergent sociological problem in Nigerian higher education. (authors)
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Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa - Bomhard, Bastian; Richardson, David M.; Donaldson, John S.; Hughes, Greg; Midgley, Guy F.; Raimondo, D.; Rebelo, Anthony G.; Rouget, Mathieu; Thuiller, Wilfried (Global change biology (Print), 2005)
Abstract Using spatial predictions of future threats to biodiversity, we assessed for the first time the relative potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the threat status of plant species. We thus estimated how many taxa could be affected by future threats that are usually not included in current IUCN Red List assessments. Here, we computed the Red List status including future threats of 227 Proteaceae taxa endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and compared this with their Red List status excluding future threats. We developed eight different land use and climate change scenarios for the year 2020, providing a range of best‐ to worst‐case scenarios. Four scenarios include only the effects of future land use change, while the other four also include the impacts of projected anthropogenic climate change (HadCM2 IS92a GGa), using niche‐based models. Up to a third of the 227 Proteaceae taxa are uplisted (become more threatened) by up to three threat categories if future threats as predicted for 2020 are included, and the proportion of threatened Proteaceae taxa rises on average by 9% (range 2–16%), depending on the scenario. With increasing severity of the scenarios, the proportion of Critically Endangered taxa increases from about 1% to 7% and almost 2% of the 227 Proteaceae taxa become Extinct because of climate change. Overall, climate change has the most severe effects on the Proteaceae, but land use change also severely affects some taxa. Most of the threatened taxa occur in low‐lying coastal areas, but the proportion of threatened taxa changes considerably in inland mountain areas if future threats are included. Our approach gives important insights into how, where and when future threats could affect species persistence and can in a sense be seen as a test of the value of planned interventions for conservation.
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Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa - Bomhard, Bastian; Richardson, David M.; Donaldson, John S.; Hughes, Greg; Midgley, Guy F.; Raimondo, D.; Rebelo, Anthony G.; Rouget, Mathieu; Thuiller, Wilfried (Global change biology (Print), 2005)
Abstract Using spatial predictions of future threats to biodiversity, we assessed for the first time the relative potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the threat status of plant species. We thus estimated how many taxa could be affected by future threats that are usually not included in current IUCN Red List assessments. Here, we computed the Red List status including future threats of 227 Proteaceae taxa endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and compared this with their Red List status excluding future threats. We developed eight different land use and climate change scenarios for the year 2020, providing a range of best‐ to worst‐case scenarios. Four scenarios include only the effects of future land use change, while the other four also include the impacts of projected anthropogenic climate change (HadCM2 IS92a GGa), using niche‐based models. Up to a third of the 227 Proteaceae taxa are uplisted (become more threatened) by up to three threat categories if future threats as predicted for 2020 are included, and the proportion of threatened Proteaceae taxa rises on average by 9% (range 2–16%), depending on the scenario. With increasing severity of the scenarios, the proportion of Critically Endangered taxa increases from about 1% to 7% and almost 2% of the 227 Proteaceae taxa become Extinct because of climate change. Overall, climate change has the most severe effects on the Proteaceae, but land use change also severely affects some taxa. Most of the threatened taxa occur in low‐lying coastal areas, but the proportion of threatened taxa changes considerably in inland mountain areas if future threats are included. Our approach gives important insights into how, where and when future threats could affect species persistence and can in a sense be seen as a test of the value of planned interventions for conservation.
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Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa - Bomhard, Bastian; Richardson, David M.; Donaldson, John S.; Hughes, Greg; Midgley, Guy F.; Raimondo, D.; Rebelo, Anthony G.; Rouget, Mathieu; Thuiller, Wilfried (Global change biology (Print), 2005)
Abstract Using spatial predictions of future threats to biodiversity, we assessed for the first time the relative potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the threat status of plant species. We thus estimated how many taxa could be affected by future threats that are usually not included in current IUCN Red List assessments. Here, we computed the Red List status including future threats of 227 Proteaceae taxa endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and compared this with their Red List status excluding future threats. We developed eight different land use and climate change scenarios for the year 2020, providing a range of best‐ to worst‐case scenarios. Four scenarios include only the effects of future land use change, while the other four also include the impacts of projected anthropogenic climate change (HadCM2 IS92a GGa), using niche‐based models. Up to a third of the 227 Proteaceae taxa are uplisted (become more threatened) by up to three threat categories if future threats as predicted for 2020 are included, and the proportion of threatened Proteaceae taxa rises on average by 9% (range 2–16%), depending on the scenario. With increasing severity of the scenarios, the proportion of Critically Endangered taxa increases from about 1% to 7% and almost 2% of the 227 Proteaceae taxa become Extinct because of climate change. Overall, climate change has the most severe effects on the Proteaceae, but land use change also severely affects some taxa. Most of the threatened taxa occur in low‐lying coastal areas, but the proportion of threatened taxa changes considerably in inland mountain areas if future threats are included. Our approach gives important insights into how, where and when future threats could affect species persistence and can in a sense be seen as a test of the value of planned interventions for conservation.
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