The prospects and problems of African social studies teachers as action researchers: a spotlight on ghana - Asimeng‐Boahene, Lewis (Educational Action Research, 2004)
Abstract Several accounts concerning the systematic use of action research by eminent educators in the process of identifying and solving an educational problem(s) have appeared in professional journals. Thus, action research is gaining recognition by policy makers and educators as a tool for change However, this growing concept has not yet caught up in Ghanaian classrooms. This inaction needs to be addressed if education in Ghana is to be twenty-first century compliant. Thus, in attempting to shore up efforts to address the dearth of knowledge about action research as a tool for change, this article addresses the telling problems and the gains of undertaking action research in various educational systems in Africa, using Ghana as a case study. This article concludes with strategies about how to counteract the obstacles for the promotion of action research in Ghana.
Keywords: openalex:import

The June 27, 2001 landslide on volcanic cones in Limbe, Mount Cameroon, West Africa - Ayonghe, Samuel N.; Ntasin, EB; Samalang, P.; Suh, Cheo Emmanuel (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2004)
On 27 June 2001, between 12:00 and 14:00 hours GMT, the worst ever recorded landslides and floods in the history of Cameroon occurred on volcanic cones in Limbe, killing 24 people. This brisk event, which from eyewitness reports, lasted for about 30 min, produced more than 43 landslide scars, several tension cracks, destroyed 120 houses and rendered over 2800 people homeless. Field studies indicated the alignment of the landslide scars along a northwest–southeast zone antithetic to the Mabeta fault previously identified by a linear pattern of earthquake epicentres along its length, although volcanic rocks cover this fault. The landslides occurred on slopes with dips ranging from 35° to 80°. The regolith from the slide surfaces destroyed trees and houses, and blocked gutters producing floods along the low-lying coastal parts of Limbe. The mechanism of sliding ranged from planar sliding or mud flows on impermeable surfaces of basaltic flows and/or compacted clayey volcanic tuff, to rotational sliding, or toppling failure on the steeper slopes. Intensive rainfall which preceded the event for two days as well as human intervention on slopes in the form of farming and terracing to build houses, were important contributory factors. On the basis of these findings, measures aimed at reducing the impact of future landslides on the population in the area are proposed.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary depocentre of Tazekka Massif (Middle-Atlas, Morocco): new observations and geodynamic implications - Bennouna, Azzeddine; Abbou, Mohamed Ben; Hoepffner, Christian; Kharbouch, Fatima; Youbi, Nasrrddine (Journal of African earth sciences (1994), 2004)
The integrated analysis of thrust structures and facies allows us to interpret the Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary complex of Tazekka massif as a compressive sub-basin controlled mainly by the Hajra Sbaa–Merja Caï’d northwest-verging thrust-propagation fold. The tectono-sedimentary sequence (conglomerates, greywacke and shale) is associated with an extrusive magmatism comprising basalts, andesites and rhyolites, under effusive and volcanoclastic facies (or rhyolites with exotic blocks), of orogenic calk-alkaline nature, which is consistent with a context of continental subduction. These results, and the comparison of regional contraction ages in the Moroccan Meseta, integrate the Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary depocentre of Tazekka massif in the wedgetop depozone of a foreland basin system generated by two north-west thrusted piggy-back sequences (aged from Fameno-Tournaisian to upper Visean-lower Westphalian) from the eastern Meseta to the western Meseta of Morocco.
Keywords: openalex:import

Surgical training in east Africa - Beveridge, Massey (The Lancet, 2004)
Injury, like HIV infection, is a growing epidemic in east Africa, and large numbers of injured people are at risk of death or lifelong disability because of a lack of basic surgical care. WHO has recently said that without improved surgical services, up to 10% of the population will die from injury and 5% of pregnancies will result in maternal death. 1 Surgical and emergency obstetrical care at first referral level. http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/12682.pdf Google Scholar Surgical services in the region are inadequate, and recruitment to surgical training programmes is dropping as medical school graduates see better salaries and lifestyles elsewhere. There are relatively few trained surgeons (the Association of Surgeons of East Africa has 400 members, and the College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa [COSECSA] has 300 Foundation Fellows) to care for more than 200 million people in the eight-country region.
Keywords: openalex:import

Why Children Aren't Attending School: The Case of Northwestern Tanzania - Burke, K. (Journal of African Economies, 2004)
Policies designed to increase education in low-income settings require an understanding of why children do not attend school. Drawing on longitudinal data of primary-school age children in Tanzania, our analysis evaluates the role various dimensions in determining children’s attendance. Our results indicate that policies directed towards increasing a child’s attendance need to be focused on the demand for schooling within the context of the household. Policies that affect demand for child labour within the household, especially those that promote substitutes for child labour, should be considered. Furthermore, programmes aimed at secondary schools (including improving access) can have an indirect affect on hours of primary-school attendance, particularly for girls.
Keywords: openalex:import

Why Children Aren't Attending School: The Case of Northwestern Tanzania - Burke, Kathleen A.; Beegle, Kathleen (Journal of African Economies, 2004)
Policies designed to increase education in low-income settings require an understanding of why children do not attend school. Drawing on longitudinal data of primary-school age children in Tanzania, our analysis evaluates the role various dimensions in determining children’s attendance. Our results indicate that policies directed towards increasing a child’s attendance need to be focused on the demand for schooling within the context of the household. Policies that affect demand for child labour within the household, especially those that promote substitutes for child labour, should be considered. Furthermore, programmes aimed at secondary schools (including improving access) can have an indirect affect on hours of primary-school attendance, particularly for girls.
Keywords: openalex:import

Storms and tsunamis: evidence of event sedimentation in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Beds of southeastern Tanzania - Bussert, Robert; Aberhan, Martin (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2004)
In Late Jurassic shallow marine siliciclastic sediments of the dinosaur-bearing Tendaguru Beds from the Mandawa Basin of southeastern Tanzania we identified several event deposits. Based on an analysis of their sedimentological and palaeontological features, a storm-induced origin can be assumed for the majority of these deposits. This interpretation is in agreement with the regional palaeogeography and palaeoclimatological data, and is further supported by the widespread evidence of Late Jurassic storm-controlled sedimentation in adjacent basins along the East African margin. A particularly striking feature is a laterally extensive, conglomeratic bed with gravel components up to 30 cm in diameter, and megaripples indicating southward transport directions. The troughs between ripples are filled by cross-bedded fine-grained sandstones and siltsones with inferred transport directions to the north. Giant bedforms, a mixture of clasts of marine and continental origin, and evidence of opposite current directions suggest that this chaotically deposited sediment may have formed from a tsunami. Within the available time resolution this event is synchronous with the Morokweng impact structure in South Africa. However, because of the considerable distance of Morokweng from the Jurassic sea, direct links between both events cannot be established. Alternative mechanisms such as a landslide-generated tsunami are plausible, but not yet supported by geophysical data.
Keywords: openalex:import

Institutionalising campus diversity in South African higher education: Review of diversity scholarship and diversity education - Cross, Michael (Higher Education, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Influence of Preadmission (Matriculation) Scores on the Progress of and Years taken to Graduate by Pharmacy Students at the University of the North, South Africa - Dambisya, Yoswa M.; Modipa, Sehlapelo I. (Pharmacy Education, 2004)
Admission to the University of the North (UNIN) pharmacy programme is largely based on performance in the matriculation examinations, with a few students admitted through the UNIN foundation year (UNIFY) programme. We examined the relationship between matriculation scores and student’s performance at first year and the time taken to graduate. High matriculation scores were predictive of good performance in the first year. The English scores had no influence on first year performance. Students with mathematics at higher grade (HG) fared better than those with standard grade (SG) mathematics. However, the same did not apply to biology and physical science. The matriculation scores did not influence the time taken to graduate. Students from the UNIFY programme had higher four year graduation rates than those admitted directly from high school (52.5% against 26%, P 5 0.012). These findings will influence the ongoing review of our selection procedures.
Keywords: openalex:import

The learnership model of workplace training and its effective management: lessons learnt from a Southern African case study - Davies, Theresa‐Anne; Farquharson, Fiona (Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 2004)
Abstract Since 1998, the ‘Learnership’ model of workplace training has been promoted in South Africa as a creative vehicle for addressing high unemployment rates and a serious skills shortage. This is achieved through fast-tracking the acquisition of skills and increasing a learner's chances of employment. However, because learnerships are a recent innovation, the body of applied knowledge is small. This article aims to contribute to what is known through examining a series of pilot projects, implemented between 1997 and 2001 in KwaZulu-Natal. A key finding concerns how learnerships are managed: the effective delivery of a learnership programme and of its outcomes requires the involvement of key stakeholders from the outset, role clarity and a carefully structured and monitored process of implementation. Using a case study approach, this article situates learnerships within the context of workplace training; explores four key lessons learnt and presents a proposed model of effective learnership management.
Keywords: openalex:import

Book Review: Spirituality, Philosophy and Education, Africa-Centered Pedagogy: Developing Schools of Achievement for African-American Children, Critical Theory and the Human Condition - Davis, Robert A.; Bown, Lalage; Noone, Lynne; Davidson, Christina (Policy Futures in Education, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Observations and Reflections of the Higher Education Teachers on the Quality of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education in Ethiopia - Desta, Daniel (2004)
Higher education in Ethiopia, like it is the case elsewhere, is expected to seek, explain and disseminate knowledge. Beyond this, it is expected to play an active role in the socio-economic and cultural transformation of the society. More specifically, the higher education institutions are expected to produce graduates capable of bringing about change and improvement in the society. There has been serious concern about the quality of teaching and learning that takes place in these institutions. The gap between the societal expectations and the actual performance of the higher education institutions in Ethiopia became a serious concern among many people. The management and teachers of the higher education institutions in the country carried out series of observations and deliberations on the quality of teaching and learning at this level. This paper attempts to examine and explain the reaction of the Ethiopian Higher education Institutions to this situation. In particular, the paper examines the way teaching and learning experiences are organized; the approaches that are adopted; the institutional support made available for the teachers and learners and related issues in the higher education in Ethiopia. Observations and reflections of teachers in selected higher education institutions, statistical reports and related documents are used as the source of data. Observations and reflections of the higher education teachers depict the overall situation of quality of teaching and learning in higher education particularly in government higher education institutions. The participants of pedagogical training programs organized by the National Pedagogical Training for the higher education teachers were requested to write their observations concerning quality of teaching and learning in their respective institutions. The higher education teachers identified several problems that affect quality of teaching and learning in higher education institutions. Dominance of the lecture method, Poor Guidance and Counseling services, Lack of Pedagogical training. Lack of experience and qualification of teachers, Attitude towards education course and teaching, evaluation mechanisms and limitations in the area of research as well as shortage of facilities were identified as problems across most higher education institutions. The paper suggests some actionable alternatives to the problems.
Keywords: openalex:import

Reform of Secondary Education in Morocco: Challenges and Prospects - Diyen, Hayat (PROSPECTS, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Status of Research Undertaking in the Ethiopian Higher Institutions of Learning with Special Emphasis on AAU - Dufera, Derebssa (2004)
One of the primary objectives of universities is the search for truth, advancement and refinement of knowledge by conducting both basic and applied research. Currently, research has been considered as one of the key tasks of institutions of higher learning not only as a matter of formality but for teaching effectively. Research should keep abreast with teaching and should help to raise the quality of teaching. Thus, research has been recognized as twin broad functions of higher education. Strengthening research and analytic capacity in higher education is an essential requirement for the improvement of development. Policies and practices, and the decisions taken regarding them, must be informed by the results of systematic, well-conceived research. Considerable progress has been so far achieved by the Addis Ababa University in this regard. However, much more needs to be done because of factors that are affecting the research environment. The challenges which tend to make conducting research in the Addis Ababa University difficult are factors within and outside the university. These can be a function of the material, human and financial organization of the University as well as the level of research culture among persons who are supposed to carry out and utilize research. The contribution of researches undertaken by the university is also hindered by its limited applicability to societal needs. Thus, attention must be paid to (a) improving the funding of both basic and applied research, (b) furthering work on advanced technologies of critical social and economic need of the country, (c) improving the preparation of researchers, (d) setting up adequate structures for the coordination, dissemination and publication of research results, (e) working to make research activities an integral part of university’s public service functions, and (f) reducing duplication through inter-institutional cooperation involving both researchers and facilities.
Keywords: openalex:import

Bulimic Pathology in Black Students in South Africa: Some Unexpected Findings - Edwards, David; Moldan, Samantha (South African Journal of Psychology, 2004)
A high frequency of behaviours and attitudes associated with bulimia nervosa among black respondents, including males, has recently been reported in South Africa. The aims of the present study were to replicate these findings using a sampling procedure which would yield few refusals or dropouts, and to interview black males with bulimic symptoms to gain an understanding of their behaviour and motivation. In total, 40 black females, 39 black males, 40 white females and 42 white males who were students in residence at Rhodes University completed the Bulimia Test (BULIT). The criterion for marked bulimic pathology was exceeded by 25% of white females, 10% of black females and 5% of black males. The mean BULIT score for white females was significantly greater than that of the other groups and the other three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. Interviews revealed marked variability in understanding technical terms related to eating disordered behaviour, particularly among black males. When respondents who answered inconsistently were identified and removed from the analysis, the main conclusions from the analysis of variance were unaltered although the mean BULIT for black males was reduced by 3.7 and only one (2.5%) black male remained above the cut-off. It is concluded that subgroups of educated blacks may show relatively little bulimic pathology, and that the previous finding of significant bulimic pathology among black males might be artifactual and needs to be replicated under carefully controlled conditions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Biostratinomy and facies analysis of the upper Cretaceous oyster storm shell beds of the Duwi formation, Qusseir District, Red Sea Region, Egypt - El-Ayyat, Abdalla M.; Kassab, Ahmed (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2004)
The Maastrichtian oyster Lopha villei (Coquand) occurs abundantly in the upper part of the Duwi Formation in the Red Sea region, Egypt. It forms thin undulating sharp-based shell beds that comprise both reclining and encrusting morphotypes of Lopha villei. Bed-by-bed biostratinomic and facies analyses of these shell beds confirm their shallow marine origin and formation by storm events. A tempestite model, explaining the mode of formation and the idealized sequence of events of such storm shell beds, has been inferred.
Keywords: openalex:import

An out line of a major classification within child psychiatry and some view on the role of the Algerian teacher in the treatment of child's psychiatric disorders - El-Kolli, Larbi (Revue Des Sciences Humaines, 2004)
L'enseignant peut jouer un role primordial dans l'allegement des troubles psychiatriques de l'enfant a l'ecole. Quel est donc ce role ? Est-il capable d'aider l'eleve efficacement a suivre des strategies qui lui permettent de comprendre la lecon en classe malgre ses handicaps mentaux ? Dans cet article, nous essayons d'examiner ce role.
Keywords: openalex:import

Towards supporting tutoring in a semi-distance environmental education course: a Namibian case study - Frohlich, Georgina (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Revisiting the Relation Between Teacher Immediacy and Student Learning in African American College Classrooms - Gendrin, Dominique M.; Rucker, Mary L. (Atlantic Journal of Communication, 2004)
This article represents an early, successful, partial replication and extension of Neuliep's (1995) immediacy study in the African American college classroom. Results show that African American students perceive their African American instructors to be more immediate than their European American instructors. Significant positive correlations between immediacy and cognitive and affective learning measures were found in classes taught by both African American and European American instructors, but the correlations between immediacy and affective learning were significantly greater for the African American instructor sample than for the European American instructor sample.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sustainable hope: [Education programs in Kenya are restoring hope for AIDS victims.] - Gierck, Michele M. (Eureka street, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Retrospective vs. prospective analyses of school inputs: the case of flip charts in Kenya - Glewwe, Paul; Kremer, Michael; Moulin, Sylvie; Zitzewitz, Eric (Journal of Development Economics, 2004)
This paper compares retrospective and prospective analyses of the effect of flip charts on test scores in rural Kenyan schools. Retrospective estimates suggest that flip charts raise test scores by up to 20% of a standard deviation. Yet prospective estimators based on a randomized trial provide no evidence that flip charts increase test scores. One interpretation is that the retrospective results suffered from omitted variable bias. If the direction of this bias were similar in other retrospective analyses of educational inputs in developing countries, the effects of inputs may be more modest than retrospective studies suggest. A difference-in-differences retrospective estimator seems to reduce bias, but it requires additional assumptions and is feasible for only some educational inputs.
Keywords: openalex:import

Notes on the impact of the HIPC initiative on public expenditures in education and health in African countries - Hinchliffe, Keith (2004)
This Note is a partial stocktaking of the impact of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative on the education and health sectors. A complete examination would focus on three areas; first, changes in sectoral expenditures, second the nature of the system-wide reforms which are integral to the Initiative and which aim to improve the efficiency and equity of total expenditures, and third the impact of these additional expenditures and reforms. As a first step, the focus of this Note is on changes in sectoral expenditures, though some consideration is given to the specific role of the HIPC process on improving the efficiency and equity of existing expenditures. For consistency, all of the country specific data on education and health expenditures are taken from a variety of IMF publications and from a new expenditure database being constructed by the World Bank.
Keywords: openalex:import

Pollution status of swimming pools in south-south zone of south-eastern Nigeria using microbiological and physicochemical indices. - Itah, Alfred Young; Ekpombok, Mandu-Uwen M (PubMed, 2004)
Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of swimming pools in South Eastern states of Nigeria (Akwa Ibom and Cross River) were investigated. The bacterial isolates included Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Others were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus epidermidis, while fungal isolates were Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, Aspergillus versicolor Fusarium sp, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Mucor sp, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Absidia sp. The total viable count of microorganims in Ibeno (B) and Uyo (E) swimming pools were 6 x 10(6) cfu/ml and for Calabar (H) swimming pool, 3.3 x 10(7) cfu/ml. The total coliform counts were 10(6) cfu/100 ml for Calabar (G) swimming pools and 2 x 10(7) cfu/100 ml for Calabar (H) swimming pools while the fungal count ranged from 5 x 10(6) cfu/ml to 3 x 10(7) cfu/ml. Physical and chemical parameters known to be hazardous to health were also identified. The presence of high levels of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria (E. coli) revelaed that the swimming pools have not met the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for recreational waters. The swimming pools constitute a serious public health hazard.
Keywords: openalex:import

A substantive learning experience : the school education programme at the Gold of Africa Museum : Session 5 : new approaches to education - Johannessen, B. Gloria Guzmán (South African Museums Association Bulletin, 2004)
Since the Gold of Africa Museum opened in 2001, we have had hundreds of learners, from Grades 1 to 12, participate in our educational programme. The history of Africa is embarrassingly new to most South African learners and educators. We offer highly interactive tours, which last up to two hours, in which participants are engaged in reading, writing, thinking, questioning and discussing some of the rich heritage of our continent. We hope that our programme will motivate teaching and learning about Africa with more enthusiasm, positive insight and confidence.
Keywords: openalex:import

Predictors of Self-Reported Physical Symptoms in Low-Income, Inner-City African American Women: The Role of Optimism, Depressive Symptoms, and Chronic Illness - Jones, Deborah J.; O’Connell, Cara; Gound, Mary; Heller, Laurie; Forehand, Rex (Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2004)
In this study we examined the association of optimism and depressive symptoms with self-reported physical symptoms in 241 low-income, inner-city African American women with or without a chronic illness (HIV). Although optimism was not a unique predictor of self-reported physical symptoms over and above depressive symptoms, optimism interacted with depressive symptoms and health status. In the community sample, but not the chronically ill sample, optimism buffered the association between depressive symptoms and self-reported physical symptoms. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

THE IMPAIRMENT OF EMPATHY IN GOODWILL WHITES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS - Jones, Janine (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Response of maize varieties to drought stress at different phenological stages in Ethiopia - Kefale, Demelash; Ranamukhaarachchi, S. L. (Tropical Science, 2004)
Abstract Moisture deficit throughout growth significantly reduced the vegetative growth and increased the time to tasseling of three varieties, without much effect on the days to silking. A water deficit one week before tasseling delayed silking but not tasseling. The grain yield was significantly affected by all water deficits, especially before tasseling. Variety Katumani endured drought stress by maintaining its vegetative growth at the expense of grain yield, whereas ACV‐6 significantly reduced its vegetative growth and sustained its grain yield. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Keywords: openalex:import

Redressing School Inequalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa - Lemon, Anthony (Journal of Southern African Studies, 2004)
Abstract Education is a critical element in post-apartheid restructuring. In 1994 the ANC-led government inherited a racially divided and discriminatory education system to which the National Party had, in its early 1990s reforms, added elements of a market-driven system. National policies since 1994 have been rich in the political symbolism of equity and redress, but in practice were characterised by acceptance of commodification and choice and very limited implementation of change on the ground. This article explores these themes using fieldwork carried out in the Eastern Cape. Provincial information is based on documentation and data supplied by the Provincial Education Department and the Examinations Centre, supplemented by interviews. Detailed research was carried out in and around Grahamstown, visiting fifteen schools ranging from exclusive private schools to those in townships, informal settlements and rural areas. Desegregation and redistribution are explored in relation to parental incomes, fees and school feeder areas; parental choice of schools and involvement in governing bodies; learner:teacher ratios and teacher redeployment; resource constraints, buildings and facilities, books and materials; relationships between schools and provincial authorities; examination results; and relations between resource-rich and resource-poor schools. Provincial funding levels cover little beyond the salaries of approved numbers of teachers, leaving most other expenditure dependent on fee income and funds raised by other means. Class rather than race is now the main determinant of educational opportunity. For the poor majority, the system offers neither equality of opportunity nor significant redress to compensate for the injustices of apartheid education. Some directions for changing policy and practice are suggested.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Experiences of African American Ph.D. Students at a Predominately White Carnegie I-Research Institution. - Lewis, Chance W.; Ginsberg, Rick; Davies, Timothy Gray; Smith, Kent J. (College student journal, 2004)
This research study examined the experiences of African American Ph.D. students at a predominately White Carnegie I Research institution in the Mid-West Region of the United States. Given the current statistics in higher education, fewer African Americans are receiving terminal degrees from the nation's top universities. In order to understand this trend, African Americans that were currently enrolled in a Ph.D. program and recent graduates from this Ph.D. program were interviewed to examine their experiences in matriculating through their program and also dealing with the other intangibles of being an African American at a predominately White Carnegie I institution. This study used a qualitative research design with retrospective interviews (Reiff, Gerber & Ginsberg, 1997). Key themes that emerged from this study were 1) Feelings of Isolation, 2) We Stand Out, 3) Relationships with Peers, and 4) Negotiating the System. Key recommendations were made based on the data from this study to improve the Ph.D. training of African American students at predominately White universities. ********** African-American undergraduate students' experiences on predominantly White campuses have been the focus of many research studies primarily highlighting these students' academic difficulties (Fleming, 1984; Nettles, 1998; Mow & Nettles, 1990; Allen, 1992). Major findings reveal that African-American undergraduate students experience higher attrition rates, lower cumulative grade point averages, and less persistence to graduation than do majority students (Nettles, 1998; Mow & Nettles, 1990; Allen, 1992). Weak academic preparation, limited campus role models, feelings of isolation and helplessness, and unsure how to negotiate their campus' academic and social systems have these students experiencing their undergraduate environment as though they were uninvited guests in a strange land (Parker & Scott, 1985, p. 67; Brown, 1986). The research is clear that neither persistence nor progress toward identified goals have yet to occur at satisfactory levels for African-American undergraduate students. According to Brown (1986) the factors that lead to high attrition rates for undergraduates hold true for African-American doctoral students as well. Previous research on retention for African-American undergraduates has focused mainly on identifying factors that aid these students to stay in school. While many non-academic variables appear to be most significant (Tracey & Sedlacek, 1984, 1985; Hinton, 1988), the research is clear that neither persistence nor progress toward identified goals is occurring at satisfactory levels for African-American students. Other retention research on African-American undergraduates identified significant factors that aid these students to stay in school. While non-academic variables appear to be most significant (Tracey & Sedlacek, 1984, 1985; Hinton, 1988), the research is clear that neither persistence nor progress toward identified goals have yet to occur at satisfactory levels for African-American students. According to Brown (1986), the factors that lead to high attrition rates for undergraduates also holds true for African-American students at the doctoral level. Researchers have applied student success models that illustrate the interaction between doctoral students' background characteristics and institutional social support and their combined effects on measures of doctoral students' success (Girves & Wemmerus, 1988; Nora, Cabrera, & Shinville, 1992; Hurtado & Carter, 1994). Taking these factors into consideration, the researchers have focused on the previous life experiences of these students as possible success factors at the doctoral level. These models focus on academic and social integration, peer interaction, and students' background characteristics including goals and commitments as direct moderators of graduate students' success. …
Keywords: openalex:import

ICT in Distance Education in Ghana - Martey, A.K. (Library Hi Tech News, 2004)
This article describes the ICT scene in Ghana from 1996 to 2004. The emphasis is on the benefits that distance learners in Ghana will derive from an ICT‐enhanced distance education. The article also draws attention to the efforts made by various governments of Ghana and some agencies to solve the major problems facing ICT‐driven distance education in Ghana. The attention of Distance education providers are made aware of the minor but disruptive operational hindrances to the use of ICT. Some suggestions are made as to how academic libraries in Ghana can assist distance learners now.
Keywords: openalex:import

The changing pattern of student flows between Lesotho and South Africa: some policy implications - Mashinini, Anna; Mashinini, Vusi (Africa insight, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

O0059 STUNTED GROWTH AND ZINC IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN EGYPT - Matter, Michel; Samy, Maysa A.; Shehab, D. I. H.; Khairy, S. A.; Hassan, H. A. (Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2004)
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionVolume 39, Issue S1 p. S30-S30 ABSTRACTS: Oral Presentation Abstracts O0059 STUNTED GROWTH AND ZINC IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN EGYPT M. K. Matter, M. K. Matter Growth and Requirements, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Samy, M. A. Samy Growth and Requirements, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorD. I. H. Shehab, D. I. H. Shehab Clinical Nutrition, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorS. A. Khairy, S. A. Khairy Growth and Requirements, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorH. A. Hassan, H. A. Hassan Growth and Requirements, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this author M. K. Matter, M. K. Matter Growth and Requirements, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Samy, M. A. Samy Growth and Requirements, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorD. I. H. Shehab, D. I. H. Shehab Clinical Nutrition, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorS. A. Khairy, S. A. Khairy Growth and Requirements, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorH. A. Hassan, H. A. Hassan Growth and Requirements, The National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 2004 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2004.tb12367.x Submitted by: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Reference(S): Siklar Z, Tuna C, Dallar Y, and Tanyer G 2003: Zinc deficiency is a contributing factor of short stature in growth hormone deficient children. J.Trop Pediatr; Jun; 49 (3): 187–8. 10.1093/tropej/49.3.187 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume39, IssueS1June 2004Pages S30-S30 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

O0059 STUNTED GROWTH AND ZINC IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN EGYPT - Matter, Michel; Samy, Maysa A.; Shehab, D. I. H.; Khairy, Saher A.; Hassan, H. A. (Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2004)
Introduction: Zinc deficiency causes growth retardation and its frequency is high in developing countries (Siklar et al. 2003).The study was done as a part of national survey to assess the nutritional status of Egyptian school children. A total 750 primary school children were randomly selected to estimate the prevalence of zinc deficiency in urban versus rural areas & to assess its effect on their growth. Methods: Blood sampling was taken to determine the serum zinc level. Weight-for-age, height-fro-age and weight-for-height were calculated. Results: The results revealed that children having low serum zinc level were more in rural (19.7% for boys and 18% for girls) than in urban areas (10.7% for boys and 13.2% for girls). There was a statistical significant difference between stunted versus the normal and tall children as regards serum zinc in both urban and rural areas where 100% and 92.6% of stunted compared to 1.6% and 0.9% of normal stature had low serum zinc in urban and rural and respectively. The results also showed that mineral intake especially zinc was greatly affected in both sexes. Conclusion: It was concluded that zinc deficiency is a health problem in primary school children. This necessitates an intervention programme through appropriate nutrition education and a proper school feeding program for supplementation.
Keywords: openalex:import

Connecting Rural African American and Hispanic Women to Cancer Education and Screening: The Avon Health Connector Project - Mayo, Rachel; Sherrill, Windsor Westbrook; Crew, Linda; Watt, Paula J.; Mayo, William W. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Strain rate and bimodal volcanism in the continental rift: Debre Zeyt volcanic field, northern MER, Ethiopia - Mazzarini, Francesco; Corti, Giacomo; Manetti, Piero; Innocenti, Fabrizio (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2004)
Bimodal volcanism, which is typical of the continental rift, is supposed to be mainly dependent on strain-rate setting. High strain rates enhance the coupling between brittle and ductile crust and create a high density of the fractures used by basaltic magmas to erupt. Decoupling of brittle and ductile layers is generated by low strain rates with low fracture density, whereby the magma can be emplaced in the middle and upper crusts and can successively differentiate to produce evolved products. Analogue experiments have been performed to simulate the extension of continental crusts with underplated magmas at different strain rates. The spatial distribution of the faults is examined for high and low strain rates. A high strain rate is characterised by high fracture density (about 2.25 faults/cm) and low fracture spacing (about 0.4 cm), whereas low strain rate has a low fracture density (about 1 fault/cm) and high fracture spacing (about 0.9 cm). The model was tested in the Debre Zeyt area, where a sequence of alternating basaltic and silicic products has been erupted since the late Miocene. In particular, the spatial distribution and self-similar clustering of the Pliocene silicic domes and Quaternary-Recent basaltic cones and maars were investigated. The cones are more anti-clustered (Df:1.54) than the domes (Df:1.35), implying a denser fracture distribution for basalts. The more homogeneous distribution for cones (basalt) than for domes (silicic) is interpreted as being linked primarily to different strain rates, as suggested by the results of the analogue experiments. The data obtained for the Debre Zeyt area corroborate the hypothesis that bimodality of magnetism is primarily dependent on strain rate.
Keywords: openalex:import

Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya - Mbugua, Tata (Childhood Education, 2004)
(2004). Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya. Childhood Education: Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 191-197.
Keywords: openalex:import

Social Learning and the Maintenance of Cultural Variation: An Evolutionary Model and Data from East Africa - McElreath, Richard (American Anthropologist, 2004)
ABSTRACT Human societies maintain between‐group variation despite mixing of people and ideas. In order for variation to remain, migrants or their children must preferentially adopt local norms, customs, and beliefs. Yet the details of how cultural variation is maintained, despite mixing, remain unknown. This article addresses this problem by using a simple model of the evolution of cultural learning to interpret the results of a study of cultural variation in a small region of East Africa. I argue that the manner in which migrants of two diverse regions adapt to local beliefs and behavior depends on the costs and accuracy of learning in each domain. Observational studies are never definitive tests of any hypothesis, but these results suggest that conclusions about the significance of cultural learning for understanding individual attitudes and behavior depend strongly upon the domain of investigation.
Keywords: openalex:import

What can South Africa learn from Skills Development for Enterprise Development Experiences in the rest of Africa? - McGrath, Simon (Africa insight, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Education and Licensing Attorneys in South Africa - Mhlungu, Thuli (Georgia State University law review, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Globalisation, Enterprise and Knowledge: education, training and development in Africa - Moletsane, Relebohile (Journal of in-service education, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Social competence in Zimbabwean multicultural schools: Effects of ethnic and gender differences - Mpofu, Elias; Thomas, Kenneth R.; Chan, Fong (International Journal of Psychology, 2004)
S tudents' social competence was investigated in relation to race/ethnicity and gender for a sample of 371 Zimbabwean students attending racially/ethnically integrated schools. About 42% of the students were black, and 58% white (mean age 12 years; SD =9 months). Peer and teacher sociometric ratings of children's social behaviour, social responsibility, and friendliness comprised the social competence measures. Tests of empirical independence among these social competence measures supported their uniqueness in reliably assessing components of the general construct of social competence among Zimbabwean students. Multiple analysis of variance procedures were used to examine the relationship between social competence statuses and group membership (i.e., race/ethnicity, gender) while controlling for aggregate scores and classroom racial proportions. Superior academic achievement and racial/ehnic propinquity are social status levelling factors in multiracial school settings. Teachers rated white students higher on social responsibility and social behaviour. Students rated white students higher on social responsibility only. Comparisons of social competence by ethnicity and gender revealed that white and female students were rated significantly higher on social behaviour and social responsibility than their black and male classmates. Female students were perceived as more socially competent or better adjusted to school than males. Reliable differences in social competence in race/ethnicity and gender groups were concentrated in peer ratings of social responsibility and in teacher ratings of social behaviour and social responsibility. In postcolonial settings or settings with a history of race/ethnicity and gender‐based privilege, minorities from a dominant culture may have higher social status than peers from a majority culture. Superior social competence in females is a resource for school adaptation and social climate. Students have perceptions of social competence in peers that only partially overlap with those of teachers and contribute uniquely to their experience of school. Social competence in students is multifaceted, gendered, and differently perceived by teachers and peers.
Keywords: openalex:import

‘Now I am free’—education and human resource development in Eritrea: contradictions in the lives of Eritrean women in higher education - Müller, Tanja R. (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2004)
Human resource development as an objective of education policy in developing countries is increasingly narrowed down to its human capital component. In Eritrea, the objective of a highly centralized human resource development strategy is to produce human capital for the advancement of the nation. This instrumentalist view ignores the fact that education is not only related to one's position in a given society, but equally to the development of personal identity and new forms of agency on an individual level—thus potentially encompassing contradictions between the individual and the common good. This paper—based on the personal histories of a sample of female students at Asmara University—discusses these contradictions in terms of these women's acceptance of and resistance to the government's plan for them. It further argues that an education system geared predominantly towards the creation of human capital is bound to do so at the expense of social solidarity.
Keywords: openalex:import

Delivering Services to the Visually Impaired Through Public Libraries: The Kenyan Experience - Ng’ang’a, Stanley Karanja (Information Development, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Pyroclastic deposits of the Bambouto volcano (Cameroon Line, Central Africa): evidence of an initial strombolian phase - Nono, Alexandre; Njonfang, Emmanuel; Dongmo, Armand Kagou; Nkouathio, D. G.; Tchoua, Félix M. (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2004)
The Bambouto Mountains, resting on a large Pan-African metamorphic horst of the Cameroon Line, lie between 9°57′ and 10°15′E and 5°27′ and 5°48′N in Western Cameroon. Two imbricated calderas (13 × 8 km) are located at its summit area. This volcanic region is made up of a complex sequence of basalt, trachyte and phonolite lava flows and ignimbrites. New field investigations show that the ignimbrites, formerly considered as the first products of volcanic activity, have incorporated xenoliths of basaltic scoriae in the southern flank of the massif and of trachyte within the calderas. These observations are consistent with the occurrence of early volcanic phases: strombolian and pre-ignimbritic in the south, trachytic and penecontemporaneous with the ignimbrites within the calderas.
Keywords: openalex:import

An Epidemiological Survey on the Presence of Toxic Chemicals in Soaps and Cosmetics Used by Adolescent Female Students from a Nigerian University - Obuekwe, Ifeyinwa Flossy; Ochei, Uche Mabel (Journal of international women's studies, 2004)
Abstract An epidemiological survey was conducted into the presence of toxic chemicals in soaps and cosmetics used by 200 adolescent female students between 17 and 26 years of age from a Nigerian university, The University of Benin, Benin City. Most of these cosmetics, which included creams, lotions and soaps, were imported from Europe. 20% of these young girls had used cosmetics to lighten their skin for between two months to two years and claimed that they had some irritations. Another 40% used a mixture of cosmetics and soaps in combination and their skins were burnt during the period. Over 66% used medicated soaps which they claimed were very good on their skin, but 17% of these cosmetics contain hydroquinone while 14% and 35% of the soaps contain potassium mercuric iodide. The presence of these chemicals, (hydroquinone and mercuric iodide), which had already been banned worldwide in cosmetics and soaps must be viewed with serious concern, especially when most of the users claimed that they were ignorant of the health implications involved. Government agencies controlling the regulations and importation of these pharmaceutical products should ensure that Nigeria does not become a dumping ground for such undesirable products, which can become carcinogenic on the skin after long-term use. Follow-up action on educating these young girls on the health implications involved in the use of these pharmaceutical products is highly recommended. Key Words: toxic chemicals, soaps and cosmetics, adolescent female students, Nigeria. Introduction In Nigeria today, the cosmetic use of bleaching agents by women is widespread. Hydroquinone, a common bleacher, is a white crystalline powder which darkens upon exposure to light and air. It may cause transient erythema and a mild burning sensation as well as undesirable pigmentation changes (1). Occasionally, hypersensitivity occurs and so some sources recommend skin testing before use. Hydroquinone also may have caused conjunctiva changes so contact with the eyes must be avoided. A report of patchy de-pigmentation of the palm, forefinger and base of the neck in a West Indian woman after using a cosmetic containing hydroquinone was documented (2). An epidemiological survey on the use of bleaching agents by the women of Bamako (Mali) has been studied, ((3). It was observed from the study of 210 subjects, that 21% of the cosmetics used were hydroquinone-containing products and 11% mercuric derivatives. The study also observed some dermatological effects, which did not hinder the use of these agents, and that bleaching was particularly frequent in unmarried women. Localized exogenous ochronosis (blue-black hyper pigmentation) of the face developed in a fifty year-old black woman who had used a proprietary bleaching cream containing 2% hydroquinone up to six times daily for about two and half years. Eighteen months after discontinuing the use of the cream, the hyper pigmentation cleared, except for some residual changes in the periorbital areas (4). Brown discoloration of the nails developed in two women after the use of hydroquinone-containing cosmetic skin-lightening creams for actinic lentingines of the hands (5). Hydroquinone increases melanin excretion from melanocytes and may also prevent its production. It is topically used as a de-pigmenting agent for the skin, which should be protected from sunlight to reduce re-pigmentation. It is also used as an antioxidant from ether. In the United Kingdom, law to 2% limits the maximum concentration of hydroquinone in hair dyes and cosmetic products for localized skin lightening. Analysis of forty-one skin-lightening creams available over the counter in the UK revealed that 8 contained more than 2% hydroquinone (6). An analytical study of the cosmetic products used and artificial de-pigmentation practice of the skin in women of Dakar, Senegal were evaluated (7). They established that those products were essentially corticoids and hydroquinone-base products and could induce serious dermatological trouble to users and suggested emergency actions to be taken for eradication. …
Keywords: openalex:import

Unblocking the Blockages: Challanges for Nigerian Education - Ogunsanya, Mobolaji; Thomas, Harold (Journal of Developing Societies, 2004)
This article reports on the findings from a EU funded programming study of the education sector in Nigeria. Following a brief overview of the education sector, the article comments on the management of the sector and outlines some of the challenges for educational development. Blockages in the system are identified and areas for reform are explored. It is argued that if current blockages are to be unblocked, an holistic approach to reform will need to be adopted with a focus on legislative, structural, funding, managerial, academic and staff development issues. It is argued, however, that reforms within the education sector will be insufficient to convert vision into reality unless they are supported by a willingness to address wider economic and societal issues.
Keywords: openalex:import

KNOWLEDGE OF AGING AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA - Okoye, Uzoma O. (Educational Gerontology, 2004)
The study reported in this paper attempted to determine what secondary school students in Nigeria know about the elderly. One hundred twenty students completed a questionnaire about aging. The mean age of the respondents was 15 years. The questionnaire was a modification of Palmore's (1977) Palmore, E. B. 1977. The Facts on Aging: A short quiz. The Gerontologist, 17(4): 315–320. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] Facts on Aging Quiz. The results revealed that the youths possess aging stereotypes. The implications of the findings are discussed and further areas of research suggested.
Keywords: openalex:import

Screening audiometry in a private primary school in Ilorin, Nigeria - Ologe, Foluwasayo E.; Ernest, SK (Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2004)
"Screening audiometry in a private primary school in Ilorin, Nigeria." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 24(2), pp. 195–196
Keywords: openalex:import

Health status of working and non-working school children in Ibadan, Nigeria - Omokhodion, Folashade O.; Omokhodion, Samuel (Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2004)
AbstractChild labour continues to pose a challenge to national and international agencies. This study compares the health status of working and non-working school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Altogether, 223 working and 230 non-working children were interviewed. Their ages ranged between 8 and 15 years. Fifty-nine (13%) reported fever, 36 (8%) visual problems, 28 (6%) skin lesions, 17 (4%) muscular and joint pains and 5 (1%) diarrhoea. Schistosoma ova were observed in 25 (6%) children. There was no difference in the occurrence of diseases between working and non-working children. Twenty-seven per cent of the children were underweight and 30% were stunted. Malnutrition was more prevalent among working children as 74 (33%) were underweight (p =0.001) and 76 (34%) were stunted. Public enlightenment about the effect of child labour might discourage parents from engaging their school-age children in work. Governments should address the socio-economic factors that promote child labour.
Keywords: openalex:import

Nigerian women's reproductive aspirations in relation to their knowledge of the obstetric risks associated with grandmultiparity as seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. - Onah, HE (PubMed, 2004)
To determine if Nigerian women's knowledge of the risks of grandmultiparity has any correlation with their reproductive aspirations.A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire survey of booked antenatal mothers seen over a 13-month period at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.One thousand, four hundred and thirteen (1413) women were interviewed from 1st July 2000 to 30th July 2001. Eighty-one (5.7% ) of the respondents felt that bearing 'too many' children was harmless while the remaining 1332 (94.5% ) felt it was harmful to their health. For these 1332 respondents, their definition of 'too many' ranged from 3 to 12 with a mean of 6.3 +/- 1.7. Over 60% of the 1332 respondents knew the common complications associated with grandmultiparity. Their mean desired family size was 5.0 +/- 1.4 (range: 3-10). At the beginning of their reproductive career, 38.9% of the respondents desired to be multiparous while the remaining 61.1% desired to be grandmultiparous. There was a significant positive correlation between the respondents' definitions of grandmultiparity and their desired family sizes (r = 0.5, p = 0.000). The respondents were categorized into: (a) those likely to become grandmultiparous,based on a desired family size = 5 and (b) those unlikely to, based on a desired family size < 5. Twelve of 33 variables tested as predictors of grandmultiparity were statistically significant on univariate logistic regression (p = 0.05). Apart from the respondents' definition of grandmultiparity, most of the other significant variables were socio-cultural factors; e.g., lack of post-secondary education (OR = 2.0); need to compensate for the small size of husband's family (OR = 2.3) and need for children who will take care of the respondents in old age (OR = 1.8). Knowledge of the specific obstetric risks associated with grandmultiparity was one of the 21 variables that were not statistically significant. On multivariate logistic regression, the respondents' definition of grandmultiparity was the only significant predictor of grandmultiparity (B = 0.6, OR = 1.8, p = 0.003).The higher the number of pregnancies a Nigerian woman perceives as being harmful, the more likely is she to become grandmultiparous. However,. there is no significant correlation between her knowledge of specific obstetric risks associated with grandmultiparity and her likelihood of becoming grandmultiparous. The implications of the results are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Changing concepts of health and illness among children of primary school age in Western Kenya - Onyango-Ouma, Washington; Aagaard‐Hansen, Jens; Jensen, Bjarne Bruun (Health Education Research, 2004)
This paper examines changes in children’s concepts of health and illness following an action‐oriented health education intervention in Bondo district of Western Kenya. The study is a feasibility study exploring a specific educational approach, and it combines elements of health education research and anthropological research. Forty primary schoolchildren aged 10–15 years of age underwent a 2‐month intervention and were thereafter enrolled as health communicators in a longitudinal study for an additional period of 12 months. Data were collected before, during and after the intervention using in‐depth interviews and the draw‐and‐write technique. Students’ actions and their active participation were key elements in the intervention. Although the intervention from the beginning focused on two specific diseases (malaria and diarrhea), the students were involved in developing their own ideas and visions about which changes to make, which actions to carry out and which target groups to approach. Data showed that children had acquired new concepts of health, some of which incorporated elements of the old ones. More action‐oriented health concepts were identified and a general change from an external locus of control towards an internal locus of control was found. The study concludes that students can modify and broaden their concepts of health and illness through action‐oriented health education. Key factors are the development of students’ ownership through active and participatory teaching and learning approaches.
Keywords: openalex:import

Impaired Insulin Sensitivity, Insulin Secretion, and Glucose Effectiveness Predict Future Development of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Type 2 Diabetes in Pre-Diabetic African Americans - Osei, Kwame; Rhinesmith, Scott; Gaillard, Trudy; Schuster, Dara (Diabetes Care, 2004)
We examined the determinants of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes in first-degree relatives of African-American type 2 diabetic patients over 5-8 years (median 6).A total of 81 healthy subjects (age 41.5 +/- 4.8 years; BMI 31.3 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2)) participated in the study. Each subject underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test at baseline. Insulin sensitivity index (S(i)) and glucose effectiveness index (S(g)) were determined by the minimal model method. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was used to estimate insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-%B). A total of 18 subjects progressed to either IGT or type 2 diabetes (progressors), whereas 19 subjects maintained normal glucose tolerance (nonprogressors).Comparing the progressors and nonprogressors, mean fasting serum glucose levels (95 +/- 8 vs. 80 +/- 14 mg/dl, P < 0.01) and 2-h serum glucose levels (149 +/- 27 vs. 100 +/- 60 mg/dl, P < 0.01) as well as 2-h serum insulin levels (117 +/- 81 vs. 72 +/- 87 microU/ml, P < 0.01) during OGTT were higher at baseline. Mean acute first-phase insulin secretion (205 +/- 217 vs. 305 +/- 230 microU/ml), HOMA-%B (148 +/- 60 vs. 346 +/- 372, P < 01), S(i) (1.61 +/- 1.13 vs. 2.48 +/- 1.25 x 10(-4). min(-1) [microU/ml](-1)), and S(g) (1.48 +/- 0.61 vs. 2.30 +/- 0.97 x 10(-2). min(-1)) were lower in the progressors than in the nonprogressors at baseline. Mean HOMA-IR (3.31 +/- 1.64 vs. 2.36 +/- 1.64) was significantly greater in the progressors than the nonprogressors. At the time of diagnosis of glucose intolerance (IGT + diabetes), HOMA-%B (101 +/- 48 vs. 148 +/- 60, P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (5.44 +/- 2.55 vs. 3.31 +/- 1.64, P < 0.003) deteriorated in the progressors versus baseline.We conclude that nondiabetic, first-degree relatives of African-American type 2 diabetic patients who progressed to IGT and type 2 diabetes manifest triple defects (decreased insulin secretion, insulin action, and glucose effectiveness) that antecede the disease.
Keywords: openalex:import

Inicidence of Speech Defects in Selected Secondary Schools of Oyo State, Nigeria - Oyebola, Moji; Elemukan, Isaiah; Ajamu, E.O. (International Journal of Emotional Psychology and Sport Ethics, 2004)
The study investigated the incidence of speech defects in some randomly selected secondary schools in Oyo state. The importance of speech to man warranted the need to survey the incidence of speech defects among schools in Oyo state. 2522 students were sampled out of which about 607 (24.1%) students had various speech defects. Questionnaire is the major instrument, while personal interview were also used to assess the distribution of various speech defects in five selected schools in Oyo states. The findings revealed that Speech disorders are common in the schools selected, but in various degrees. Articulatory defects are more common in the schools, followed by delayed speech, voice disorder and hearing loss, stuttering has the least occurrence. More males are affected than females in ratio 52 to 47. On the whole 24.1% of the population used have speech defects. However, the incidence of speech defects in schools warranted the need to have speech therapists in schools, as well as proper classification and accurate diagnosis, for appropriate remediation to be put in place in schools. The study recommended that there is a need for early identification and treatments for all public schools pupils in the state. Adequate preparation of personnels for the school services should be ensured, through training and re-training of the professional and teachers in schools. International Journal of Emotional Psychology and Sport Ethics Vol. 6, 2004: 96-101
Keywords: openalex:import

Meaningful Learning with African American Families: The Freedom Quilt FunPacks - Powell-Mikle, Angiline; Patton, Mary Martin (Childhood Education, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Providence-St. Mel School: How a School That Works for African American Students Works. - Pressley, Michael; Raphael, Lisa M.; Gallagher, J. David; DiBella, Jeanette (Journal of Educational Psychology, 2004)
A portrait, using grounded theory qualitative methodologies, was constructed of a K–12 school serving urban, African American students, one producing high achievement. The primary data were observations complemented by questionnaire responses and document analyses. Consistent with conclusions in the effective schooling literature, this school has strong leadership, accountability, academic focus, and orderliness. Other aspects of schooling seemed also to support achievement, many consistent with aspects of teaching and learning emphasized in the educational psychology literature. The theory emerging from this study is that the high achievement in this school is caused by multiple factors, including decidedly psychological ones. This article is a portrait of a school, one serving urban, African American students, one with graduates who achieve at high levels. The portrait was composed by researchers steeped in educational psychology and its perspectives, working with the school’s administration to do so. One motivation for this study was to begin to fill a gap that was highlighted by Hilliard and Amankwatia (2003). Their major conclusion was that African American students can excel, with the key ingredient being good teaching. Hilliard and Amankwatia also observed, however, that little is known about the schooling that positively affects African Americans. They called for qualitative studies to document just what goes on in classrooms and schools that are very effective with students who do poorly in traditional classrooms and schools. Such work could be the basis for a theory of effective teaching and schooling that subsequently might be tested in quantitative designs. Thus, in this study, we constructed a case study—intending to produce a theory grounded in data
Keywords: openalex:import

What's inside the box? Children's Early Encounters with Literacy in South African Classrooms. - Prinsloo, Mastin; Stein, Pippa (Perspectives in Education, 2004)
Research on children's early literacy learning has predominantly focused on a 'child attribute improvement methodology' (Bloome & Katz, 2003) in which the child is conceptualised as having a series of attributes which are potentially affected by particular sets of treatments or events. These 'input-output' studies, also described as 'black box' studies, set up one kind of literacy pedagogy against another, where early literacy is seen as a neutral, cognitive, perceptual and individualised activity or set of skills to be acquired centred on sound-symbol relationships. The theoretical orientation in this article draws on work in emergent literacy (Clay, 1972; Ferreiro & Teberosky, 1982; Goodman, 1986), new literacy studies and social semiotics( Heath, 1983; Street, 1984; Dyson, 1993; Barton, 1994; Gee, 1996; Prinsloo & Breier, 1996; Kress, 1997) to analyse the ways in which reading and writing and other communicative modalities are taught and learnt as forms of socially situated activities, with boundaries, prohibitions and procedures set by different theories of reading and different sets of institutional practices. Through an exploration of data collected in early literacy classrooms in the Western Cape and Gauteng as part of the ethnographically based Children's Early Literacy Learning (CELL) project, the writers examine the nature of young children's early encounters with literacy and the implications of these encounters for their later development as readers and writers in schools. The writers suggest that rather than being viewed as 'black boxes', the sites of early literacy practices should be investigated as complex multi-semiotic communicative environments in which the differences in the environments result from how the teachers in each site invent their activities around literacy differently, despite following the same broad curriculum. It is at the level of 'local culture' within classrooms and institutions that a wide variety of differences around early literacy practices can be detected.
Keywords: openalex:import

Health status attributes of older African-American adults with hearing loss. - Pugh, Kenneth C. (PubMed, 2004)
This article describes a study that examined hearing loss and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) attributes of 71 African-American older adults ranging in age from 60 to 89 years. Demographic profiles were used to obtain pertinent case histories, audiometric testing was used to obtain estimates of peripheral hearing sensitivity, and middle-ear integrity was assessed via tympanometry. The health status (i.e., HRQoL) attributes were determined via self-report scores on the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results from bivariate analyses determined statistically significant correlations between hearing loss and lower SF-36 scores across subscales. Multivariate regression models revealed a statistically significant impact between hearing loss and lower SF-36 scores across subscales, even after controlling for experimental confounds. These findings suggest that hearing loss is capable of contributing to HRQoL deficits in African-American older adults. The importance of these data in terms of pre-existing attitudes of African-American older adults towards hearing healthcare services and long-term effects of untreated hearing loss are considered.
Keywords: openalex:import

Emergency contraception: knowledge and practices of tertiary students in Durban, South Africa - Roberts, Candice; Moodley, Jennifer; Esterhuizen, Tonya (Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2004)
The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, use and attitude to the use of emergency contraception among tertiary students in Durban, South Africa through the use of a self-administered confidential questionnaire. A scoring system was developed to analyse the response of each student. A total of 436 students (56.5%) had heard of emergency contraception. Few knew the specific methods of emergency contraception and only 11.8% knew the correct time limit in which it must be used. Only 60 students (7.8%) knew how effective emergency contraception was in preventing pregnancy. Ninety-one students (11.8%) had used emergency contraception and 50% responded that if they had to, they would use it or recommend it to a friend. A logistic regression model showed that the predictors for a high knowledge score were: University of Natal students, having heard of emergency contraception, having used it before and having received formal sex education. Overall, knowledge and use of emergency contraception by tertiary students is limited. There is a need for carefully designed education programmes and promotion of emergency contraception on campuses.
Keywords: openalex:import

Experiences of Discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino Adolescents in an Urban High School - Rosenbloom, Susan Rakosi; Way, Niobe (Youth & Society, 2004)
Interviews and participant observation are used to describe how ethnic minority students in an urban high school experience discrimination. The findings suggest critical variations among students that contributed to a hostile school environment. Asian American students discussed physical and verbal harassment by peers, while Black and Latino students reported discrimination by adults, such as teachers, police, and shopkeepers. Findings suggested a circular process whereby teachers preferred the Asian American students, often basing their preference on model minority beliefs, and the African American and Latino adolescents resented that teacher bias and thus harassed the Asian American students. Asian American and Latino students also expressed intraracial tensions around issues of language, immigration, and assimilation. Findings underscore the importance of exploring adolescents’ subjective experiences of discrimination.
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning from the implementation of environmental public policy instruments after the first ten years of democracy in South Africa - Rossouw, Nigel; Wiseman, Keith (Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2004)
Unprecedented policy development during the past decade in South Africa characterised new systems of governance. This paper examines examples of both national and local environmental policy and concludes that the shift from the centralised, technocratic approach of the apartheid era is not yet complete. Whilst environmental policy and legislation embody sound democratic principles, implementation, compliance and enforcement are lagging. The lack of a strategic national framework for sustainable development confuses the responsibilities of national, provincial and local government. Established environmental assessment tools are compromised by conflicts over the integration of social, economic and environmental issues.
Keywords: openalex:import

Relationship Between Psychopathology and Vocational Interests Among School-Going Adolescents in Nigeria - Salami, Samuel O. (International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

The volcano-sedimentary Boukaïs inlier (south-western Algeria): evidence for lithospheric thinning during the Late Neoproterozoic - Seddiki, Abdelmadjid; Remaci-Bénaouda, Nacéra; Cottin, Jean-Yves; Moine, Bertrand; Ménot, René Pierre; Perrache, Chantal (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2004)
The Boukaïs inlier consists of a 2500 m thick series of sedimentary rocks intercalated with lavas of basic to intermediate composition, crosscut by late dolerite dykes and dacitic intrusions. This volcano-sedimentary sequence forms part of a Late Neoproterozoic inlier located towards the northern boundary of the West African Craton in Western Algeria. In contrast to the NW Hoggar, further South and towards the Anti-Atlas chain further West, there is an obvious lack of field evidence for Pan-African events i.e.; (i) deformation, (ii) high to medium pressure metamorphism and (iii) subduction-related magmatism. This suggests that the Boukaïs sequence evolved after the main phase of Pan-African orogenesis (∼600 Ma). Geochemical discrimination diagrams associated with detailed chemical analyses of the intercalated lavas and subsequent intrusions in the Boukaïs inlier, together with sedimentary features, suggest that this volcano-sedimentary sequence evolved during crustal thinning along the southern High Atlas Fault zone (HAF) during the late Neoproterozoic.
Keywords: openalex:import

Perceptions of work environment in Ethiopian higher learning institutions: a search for antecedents of organizational commitment and turnover among Debub University instructors - Semela, Tesfaye (2004)
The aim of this study is to examine the level of instructors‟ fairness perceptions in the workplace i.e. the quality of leader-subordinate relationship, procedural and distributive justices of the existing organizational practice. In addition, it uncovers the extent to which the work environment within the university is instrumental in boosting organizational commitment and increases the likelihood of staying in the system. The sample included 103 instructors (93 males and 10 females) representing different levels of qualification and academic rank. Data were obtained using self-report measures. The instruments were developed and partly adapted. The major variables include workplace variables (i.e. Instructors fairness perception of distributive and procedural justice, and leaders‟ behavior [Leader-Member – Exchange (LMX)], affective organizational commitment, overall job satisfaction, and intent or non-intent to quit. To examine the role of the major variables of interest, descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistics are used. The results indicate that work environment variables have significantly predicted instructors‟ commitment to their university and intent to stay or leave. Implications of the findings in terms of bolstering the quality of university teaching in Ethiopia are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

The illusion of universal free primary education in Kenya - Sifuna, Daniel N. (Wajibu, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Perceived Career Barriers among South African High School Learners - Stead, Graham B.; Els, Catherine; Fouad, Nadya A. (South African Journal of Psychology, 2004)
The perception of career barriers has the potential to influence individuals' career choice processes and facilitate or detract from their realising their career goals. Grade 12 black ( n = 90) and Grades 11 ( n = 140) and 12 ( n = 118) white high school learners completed a semi-structured questionnaire asking whether gender discrimination, racial or ethnic discrimination, personal characteristics or other factors were perceived as barriers to progressing in the career they would like to enter. The majority of learners did not perceive gender discrimination or personal characteristics as possible career barriers. Racial or ethnic discrimination as perceived career barriers were most problematic for Grade 11 white learners (56%), but also of concern to the other two samples (40% to 44%).
Keywords: openalex:import

A need for effective health education programme for diabetic patients in Mauritius - Subratty, A.H.; Cheekoory, R.; Fakira‐Jhurry, A. (Nutrition & Food Science, 2004)
This paper focuses on the assessment of educational need of diabetic in‐patients in medical wards in a regional hospital in Mauritius. Based on a questionnaire survey among 50 diabetic patients admitted to medical wards in a hospital, the present findings showed that the majority of the patients did not know what constitutes a fibre rich diet and were not even aware of their weight or recommended weight. Only half of the study population confirmed that they exercised regularly. Moreover cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were also found to be common among male patients. It was evident from the findings that despite the fact that the patients were aware of the nature of their disease they did not have adequate knowledge regarding the disease state and complications and risks associated with diabetes mellitus. Finally, the present study supports the need for a structured health education programme for in‐patients suffering from diabetes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Getting Schools Working in South Africa: A Valuable Addition to the SESI Field - Teddlie, Charles (School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching methods in agricultural colleges and universities in Ethiopia: the case of Ambo College of Agriculture - Terefe, T. (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

WHAT CAN SUICIDE RESEARCHERS LEARN FROM AFRICAN AMERICANS? - Thompson, Richard (American Journal of Public Health, 2004)
Knox and colleagues1 recently issued a timely call for public health researchers to take a more complex approach to understanding and preventing suicide. As they note, there has been a dearth of intervention and prevention research, and many important methodological limitations. An important point made by Knox et al. is that “there is substantial worldwide variation in population patterns of suicide, violence, and depression. . . . A comprehensive understanding of this variability . . . could be critical for developing prevention programs.”1 They give as examples of such variations the elevated rates of suicide among Chinese women, members of native and aboriginal communities, and residents of the former Soviet Union, and lower than expected rates among African Americans. In particular, the low rates of suicide among African Americans raises important questions about suicide prevention efforts, especially when these low rates are more closely examined. As the authors note, one possible explanation for the lower rate of suicide among African Americans is that the effects are being “masked” by elevated homicide rates. This is certainly possible, but it cannot explain the whole difference in suicide rates between African Americans and White Americans. African Americans differ from Whites not only in the overall rate but in the age distribution of suicide rates. Specifically, for White American men, suicide risk is higher in old age than in adolescence and young adulthood, whereas the reverse is true for African American men.2 As well, the gap in suicide rates between African American and White men aged 15 to 24 years has shrunk dramatically in recent years, primarily as a result of an increase in the suicide rates for young African American men.3,4 If, as Knox et al. conclude, reducing marginalization and lowering barriers to seeking mental health help is the key to reducing suicide, how does this map onto the age distribution and population change rates of suicide in African Americans? Why are elderly African American men uniquely protected from suicide? Are they less marginalized than elderly White men or young African American men, or are they more likely to seek mental health care? It is unlikely that the answer to any of these questions could be yes. Why, when nearly every group is experiencing a decline in suicide rates, are rates rising among African American youths? The authors are correct in calling for more sophistication in understanding suicidality. One possible means of acquiring such sophistication may be a closer examination of populations with unique patterns of risk, such as African Americans.
Keywords: openalex:import

Soils and their distribution on Bambouto volcanic mountain, West Cameroon highland, Central Africa - Tixier, Paul; Kengni, Lucas; Bitom, Dieudonné; Hodson, Mark E.; Fopoussi, J.C.; Leumbe, O.; Mpakam, H.G.; Tsozué, Désiré (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2004)
Morphological, physical and chemical studies were carried out on soils of Mount Bambouto, a volcanic mountain of the West Cameroon highland. These studies show that the soils of this region can be divided into seven groups according to Soils Taxonomy USA [Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soils surveys: USDA Agriculture Handbook 436: Washington, DC, US Government Pronting Office, 1975, 754]: lithic dystrandept soils, typical dystrandept soils, oxic dystrandept soils, typical haplohumox soils, typical kandiudox soils, tropopsamment soils and umbriaquox soils. A soils map of this region at scale 1:50,000 has been drawn up, using the seven soils groups above as soil cartography units. These soils are organised into of three main categories: soils with andic characteristics in the upper region of the mountain (lithic dystrandept soils, typical dystrandept soils and oxic dystrandept soils); ferrallitic soils in the lower part of the mountain (typical haplohumox soils and typical kandiudox soils) and imperfectly developed soils (tropopsamment soils and umbraquox soils).
Keywords: openalex:import

The Relationship Between Gorgonian Coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) Diseases and African Dust Storms - Weir-Brush, J.R.; Garrison, Virginia H.; Smith, Garriet W.; Shinn, Eugene A. (Aerobiologia, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Gender and regional disparities in opportunities to higher education in Ethiopia: challenges for the promotion of social justice - Wondimu, Habtamu (2004)
Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic, traditional and one of the least developed countries in the world. The participation rate in early childhood education was 2.0%; in primary and secondary education was 64.4% and 19.3%,respectively in 2002/03 (MOE, 2003). The participation rate in higher education is about 1%. Except in the KG’s, the participation rate of girls is lower than boys at all education levels. It was 25.2% in higher education enrollment and 16.3% among 2002/03 graduates. Primary and secondary enrollment ratios for girls are 13.8% and 5.1% respectively in Afar Region; the ratios are 15.1% and 3.3% respectively in Somali Region. While the primary participation rate for Addis Ababa, Harari and Gambella are about 100%, the Secondary enrollment ratios are above 50% for Addis Ababa, Harar and Dire Dawa. According to MOE statistics, the number of ratio of students who sat for and scored above 2.6% in the EGSECE min 2003 are significantly higher in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and Tigray regions than many others (e.g, Afar, Somali). When figures of the regional population, total enrollments students who sat for the 10th and 12th national examinations, and students who were admitted to higher education institutions are compared, large disparities exist between regions and genders. The development of an inclusive and democratic society requires that equality of opportunity needs to exist and the disadvantaged social groups need some support to catch up with the others. Exclusion, particularly those of regions or ethnic groups, tends to be a threat to democracy and national integration in the long run. Furthermore, higher education is highly related to better standard of living and easier participation in societal matters. Hence, the regions in the peripheries and the females need much better access to higher education. The Ethiopian constitution and various policies address issues of affirmative action, support to disadvantaged and diverse groups, and notions of equality. The provisions are not put into practice and perhaps more detailed policies, guidelines and interventions might be in order to improve the situation in higher education admission and retention.
Keywords: openalex:import

The status and challenges of Ethiopian higher education system and its contribution to development - Yizengaw, Teshome (2004)
The importance of educating people to ensure a country’s continuous competitiveness and sustainable development is unquestionable. Expanding and reforming higher education and research in Ethiopia will contribute to significantly alleviating problems of suffering from relatively slow social and political progress, and becoming increasingly marginalized in the world economy. It will put the country in a sustainable path to development and improvement of the livelihood of the population. Higher education is no longer a luxury but essential for survival in the global knowledge–based era. Several studies and reports from many parts of the world show that there exists a positive correlation between increasing higher education access and economic growth, as expressed by increasing per capita income and/or human development index (HDI). Investment in human resource development improves technology-driven productivity gains, thereby having a contribution to improving the currently low HDI which stands around 0.359 in 2004. Ethiopian higher education is relatively young. With its gross enrolment ratio of about 1.5% and student population of 125-150 per 100,000 inhabitants, its contribution to the development and competitiveness of the country is limited. It needs to (re)focus on four central missions in order to be relevant and be active participant in the country’s socio-economic development efforts. Expansion and reform to meet the demand of the growing economy is stipulated in the several policies and strategies of the country and the higher education capacity building program of the country. This provides an opportunity and increasingly requires higher education institutions to sustain and further the emerging responsive and proactive stance towards addressing the needs of the country and the people by producing competent graduates and undertaking relevant research and studies.
Keywords: openalex:import

O0044 EFFECTIVENESS AND LIMITATION OF NUTRITION EDUCATION ACTION: EXAMPLE OF MADAGASCAR - Zo, J. Rambeloson (Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2004)
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionVolume 39, Issue S1 p. S24-S24 ABSTRACTS: Oral Presentation Abstracts O0044 EFFECTIVENESS AND LIMITATION OF NUTRITION EDUCATION ACTION: EXAMPLE OF MADAGASCAR J. Rambeloson Zo, J. Rambeloson Zo NUTRITION, INSTITUT SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE LA NUTRITION ET DE L’ALIMENTATION, PARIS, FranceSearch for more papers by this author J. Rambeloson Zo, J. Rambeloson Zo NUTRITION, INSTITUT SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE LA NUTRITION ET DE L’ALIMENTATION, PARIS, FranceSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 2004 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2004.tb12352.x Submitted by: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume39, IssueS1June 2004Pages S24-S24 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

O0044 EFFECTIVENESS AND LIMITATION OF NUTRITION EDUCATION ACTION: EXAMPLE OF MADAGASCAR - Zo, J. Rambeloson (Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2004)
Introduction: The promotion of improved nutrition for young children and women through educational and training activities are the principal goals of LINKAGES/Madagascar project, which has been operational in Madagascar since 1999. LINKAGES trains health workers and community volunteers. Community volunteers carry out most of the activities through their work as liaisons between health centers and communities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the project, particularly regarding breastfeeding practices. Methods: Rapid assessment procedures, developed by UNICEF and WHO that incorporated both quantitative and qualitative measurements were adopted. For the quantitative portion of the study, the sampling frame was based on commune, village, and household units. Each commune was purposefully chosen, where there was evidence that the approach had been embraced. The selection of villages and households within each commune were done using the proportional-population cluster sampling method. Interview questions focused on key messages as well as breastfeeding and maternal nutrition practices. The study was conducted in 9 health districts, where LINKAGES had been assisting the Ministry of health and in one control health district. The program and control districts were well matched of demographic, economic, health, and cultural characteristics. However, intensive promotion of breastfeeding and appropriate feeding of young child has not occurred in the control district.The qualitative portion of the study consisted of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with the health workers, volunteers and mothers. Results: After three intensive years, our evaluation showed that: 76% of infants were breastfed within the first hour after birth in the program districts compared to 35% in the control district, 75% of infants were exclusively breastfed in the intervention districts as opposed to 40% in the control district, 85% of infants were breastfed 10 or more times a day in the intervention districts compared to 65% in the control district. However, there were no differences between program and control districts regarding maternal nutrition. Conclusion: Breastfeeding practices were greatly improved during the intervention period. But there is a need to reinforce maternal nutrition by promoting iron and vitamin A supplementation, as well as the use of enriched foods like iodised salt. Community volunteers are the cornerstones of the community approach in a behavior change strategy, because they provide mothers with more nutrition information than they received before from the health centers alone. The improved breastfeeding practices would suggest that this shift in information source has had a positive effect.
Keywords: openalex:import

CHALLENGE OF ENROLMENT IN TECHNICAL SUBJECTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS (CASE OF HOMESCIENCE IN LIMURU DIVISION, KIAMBU DISTRICT, KENYA) - Ndiga, Beatrice (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Emerging Models of Teacher Training: The Case of South Africa - Wilmot, Di (International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

CAREER MOTIVATION AND SPECIALTY CHOICE OF VETERINARY MEDICAL STUDENTS AT USMANU DANFODIYO UNIVERSITY, SOKOTO, NIGERIA - Edemeka, D. B. U.; Ajagbonna, O. P. (Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2004)
Analysis of the responses of 90 clinical veterinary students of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, on career motivation and specialization preference showed that 38% of the students choose veterinary medicine as a profession because of their love for animals. High income accounted for 32.3%, high status 22.2%, while only 11.1% choose the course because of their family tradition. Animal Production and Public Health are most favoured fields of specialization followed by Medicine and Surgery, then Microbiology. The basic veterinary sciences like Anatomy and Physiology scored zero percent, as none of the students sampled wanted to specialize in these areas. KEY WORDS: Students, Veterinary Medicine, Career Motivation, Specialty Choice, Sokoto. Global Jnl Pure & Applied Sciences Vol.10(1) 2004: 43-45
Keywords: openalex:import

Some Trends in the Engineering Education in Nigeria: A Case Study of the University of Benin - Aniekwu, Anny Nathaniel; Osedeme, Akpe Walter (Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Practice, 2004)
Education is the key to creating, adapting and spreading knowledge upon which the wealth of any nation is based. The proportion of students majoring in mathematics, science, and engineering, has been found to be positively associated with subsequent growth rates, suggesting higher returns to education investments in these fields. Investment in Tertiary education enables developing countries to sustain their new industries, sustain their strategy of technology adoption and provide the basis for their later growth. The training of manpower in Engineering and allied professions in Nigeria has suffered a consistent decay over the years thereby undermining the country's ability to develop technologically. This paper looks at some key educational trends at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin. Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Practice Vol.1(1) 2004: 63-73
Keywords: openalex:import

Poverty and patient abandonment in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Nigeria - Charles, Joseph O.; Charles, AO (Global Journal of Medical Sciences, 2004)
This paper assesses the relationship between poverty and patient abandonment and its effect on health care services in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. A survey design was adopted, data were collected through questionnaires and interviews, including secondary data from the hospital records. A total of 100 respondents which were stratified into hospital workers and patients were used for the research. Field data confirmed that cultural interpretation and perception of poverty bordered on economic and welfare dimensions and that there is a significant relationship between poverty and patient abandonment. Patient's abandonment was generally condemned and described variously as a demonstration of wickedness, wretchedness and ungodliness by respondents. Such behaviour deleteriously affected health care services as stringent measures are often evolved by hospital management which further frustrates admission of indigent patients into the wards for treatment. Although the public generally believes that government should subsidize or offer free medical treatment to Nigerians, the research finding has confirmed that such perception has no relationship with patient abandonment. KEY WORDS: Poverty, Patient Abandonment , Health care, Culture, Illness. Global Jnl Medical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2003: 161-170
Keywords: openalex:import

Cataract Extraction With Intraocular Lens Implant: Early Experience In University Of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (U.N.T.H.), Enugu, South-Eastern Nigeria - Chuka-Okosa, CM; Eze, Boniface Ikenna; Ezepue, UF (Orient Journal of Medicine, 2004)
Objectives: To audit our early experience of cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant, in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (U.N.T.H.), Enugu. Methods: In a retrospective, non-comparative case-series study, the records of all patients who had cataract extraction with intraocular lens implant between January 2001 and October 2002 and were followed up for at least eight weeks were analyzed. Information on age, sex, type of cataract, co-existing ocular and systemic disease, pre- and postoperative visual acuity and postoperative complications was collected. Results: Forty four eyes of 40 patients were studied; mean age of the patients was 52.2 years (range: 8-87 years). Thirty seven eyes had age-related (senile) cataract; 2 post-uveitis cataract and 5 traumatic cataract. Associated systemic diseases were diabetes mellitus (4); hypertension (4); asthma (1); rheumatism (1) and diabetes and hypertension (1). Preoperative visual acuity was /=6/18. With refraction those with visual acuity of >/= 6/18 increased to 14 out of the 18 who had refraction (77.8%). Cause of persistent poor visual acuity was ascertained in only 1 eye and was endophthalmitis. Postoperative complications included corneal oedema/striae (91%); astigmatism (18.2%); poor wound apposition (18.2%) and endophthalmitis (2.3%). Conclusion: The final visual outcome in 77.8% of patients who had refraction post-surgery was good (>/= 6/18.) confirming that Cataract surgery with IOL implant is safe and effective in restoring vision to the cataract blind in this part of the world. Most of the cases of postoperative astigmatism were corrected with refraction. Key Words: cataract extraction; intraocular lens implant Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(3&4) 2003: 31-38
Keywords: openalex:import

CD4+ T-Lymphocytes and HIV-I Patients in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria - Eni, R. N.; Ogheochie, Poa (Sahel Medical Journal, 2004)
A novel investigation was undertaken to determine CD4 T-lymphocyte profile of newly diagnosed HIV-I patients in Kaduna centre. There were (80) Eighty patients and (20) twenty controls. The studied HIV-I patients were males (38) and females (42). Female more than males P
Keywords: openalex:import

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, 17 June 1994 - Sands, Philippe; Galizzi, Paolo (2004)
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (UNCCD) aims to ‘to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa, through effective action at all levels, supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements, in the framework of an integrated approach which is consistent with Agenda 21, with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in affected areas’ (Article 2).
Keywords: openalex:import

衛星画像を利用した地震被害調査 : アルジェリア・ブーメルデス地震におけるケーススタディ, Beverley Adams, Charles K.Huyck, Ron Eguchi, Fumio Yamazaki, and Migiuel Estrada: Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance using Satellite Imagery: Boumerdes Case Study: The Boumerdes, Algeria, Earthquake of May 21, 2003[EERI Learning from Earthquakes Reconnaissance Report, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oct. 2003, Supplement](構造,文献抄録) - 真田, 靖士 (建築雑誌, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Nature of Cuturally Responsive Pedagogy in Two Urban African American Middle School Science Classrooms - Bondima, Michelle Harris (2004)
Title of Dissertation THE NATURE OF CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE PEDAGOGY IN TWO URBAN AFRICAN AMERICAN MIDDLE SCHOOL SCIENCE CLASSROOMS Michelle Harris Bondima, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by Professor J. Randy McGinnis Department of Curriculum & Instruction This ethnographic in nature study explores how two middle school science teachers who have classes populated by urban African Americans teach their students and how their students perceive their teaching. Since urban African American students continue to perform lower than desired on measures of science achievement, there is an urgent need to understand what pedagogical methodologies assist and hinder urban African American students in achieving higher levels of success in science. A pedagogical methodology that theorists posit assists subordinated school populations is culturally responsive pedagogy. Culturally responsive pedagogy is defined as a teaching methodology concerned with preparing students to question inequality, racism, and injustice. Teachers who use culturally responsive pedagogy respect the culture students bring to the class, and require that the teachers willingly do whatever is necessary to educate students (Nieto, 2000). The teacher participants were two female African Americans who were identified by their school supervisors as being highly effective with urban African American students. The researcher presented the teachers in separate case studies conducted over a data collection period of nine months. Data were collected by participant observation, interviews, and artifact collection. Data were analyzed by application of grounded theory techniques. Findings of the teachers’ (and the students’) beliefs about pedagogy that both assisted and hindered the students’ performance in science were reported in a rich and nuanced storytelling manner based on multiple perspectives (teachers’; students’, and the researcher’s). Pedagogical methodologies that the teachers used that assisted their students were the use of cultural metaphors and images in science and applications of motivational techniques that encouraged a nurturing relationship between the teacher and her students. Pedagogical methodologies that hindered students varied by teacher. Metaphorically, the teachers differed vividly. One was a nurturing mother, sister, and friend who assisted her students to cross the cultural line between the science classroom and their home and community. The other was a stern disciplinarian who painted a picture of order and hard work as keys for her students’ success in school science. The researcher, who promotes a social justice ideology, made implications and recommendations for science teacher education and public policy. THE NATURE OF CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE PEDAGOGY IN TWO URBAN AFRICAN AMERICAN MIDDLE SCHOOL SCIENCE CLASSROOMS
Keywords: openalex:import

Managing livestock in drought-prone areas of the Middle East and North Africa: Policy issues - Hazell, Peter; Oram, Peter; Chaherli, Nabil M. (2004)
Drought is a severe problem in the MENA region and most governments intervene to assist their farmers. Once institutionalized, drought assistance changes the way farmers manage resources, often with increased productivity and improved livelihoods. But when assistance is heavily subsidized, farmers may adopt excessively risky farming practices, with increased losses and a greater dependence on government in drought years. The feed subsidy and credit programs in the MENA region help farmers in drought years, but they have also contributed to over-grazing and crop expansion into drought-prone areas. Better alternatives could be area-based rainfall insurance and the development of drought forecasting information systems.
Keywords: openalex:import

Pattern Of Refractive Errors At Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria - Adegbehingbe, BO; Majekodunmi, AA; Akinsola, F B; Soetan, EO (Nigerian journal of ophthalmology, 2004)
Objective: The objective of this paper is to determine the prevalence and pattern of cases of refractive error reported at the eye clinic of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife (OAUTH). Methodology: All consecutive new patients seen at the eye clinic of the OAU Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, between October 1997 and September 1998 were examined. Those patients who complained of difficulty in seeing near or far objects, whose vision improved with the pinhole or those who had difficulty doing close work like reading or threading needles were refracted by the author. Results: Out of the 1,550 new patients seen within the period of study, eight- hundred and sixty eight (54.9%) had refractive errors. Refractive errors were twice as common among the females than the males in this study. Myopia was the commonest spherical error (22.7%). The highest degree was -12.0DS. Presbyopia was present in 31.8% of the patients. The youngest age of presentation for presbyopia was 36 years. Astigmatism occurred in 55.8% of the patients seen. Most of the patients (68.3%) had myopic astigmatism. One of the two patients who had anisometropia had developed amblyopia in the more hypermetropic eye. Conclusion: Since refractive errors were found to be very common in this study increased health education and provision of adequate, affordable and modern facilities for correction of refractive errors are highly recommended. Nigerian Journal of Ophthalmology Vol. 11(2) 2003: 76-79
Keywords: openalex:import

Perceptions and Performance of African American Male Student-Athletes at a Historically Black University and a Predominantly White University - Brown, Jennifer Marie (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Medical Education in Nigeria: Training in Humanistic Qualities - Nwose, Ezekiel Uba (Orient Journal of Medicine, 2004)
Since the 1980's, there has been a prolific growth of medical schools and teaching hospitals in Nigeria. Along with this growth and progress, there have been incessant strikes by health care workers protesting poor remunerations and lack of necessary infrastructures and drugs. This has greatly affected the quality of our medical graduates and the health care services offered in hospitals across the country. Being a patient in a hospital has a potential for being more frightening, lonelier, more confusing and in many ways, more dehumanizing than ever before. The challenge to the medical education today is not only the acquisition of knowledge and skills required for prescribed professional roles but also the training of humane doctors. The doctors have to alleviate the patients' suffering by providing emotional, social, spiritual and physical support in a holistic care setting. The Doctors can clearly convey caring and support for patients and their families in a meaningful, genuine and sincere way by treating them as human persons primarily who does not loose their humanness by being ill. Key Words: Medical education, illness, human person, humanistic training Orient Journal of Medicine Vol.15(1&2) 2003: 13-17
Keywords: openalex:import

Micro-geographical variation in exposure to Schistosoma mansoni and malaria, and exacerbation of splenomegaly in Kenyan school-aged children - Booth, Mark; Vennervald, Birgitte J.; Kenty, LeeCarol; Butterworth, Anthony E.; Kariuki, H. Curtis; Kadzo, Hilda; Ireri, Edmund; Amaganga, Clifford; Kimani, Gachuhi; Mwatha, Joseph K.; Otedo, Amos; Ouma, John H.; et al. (BMC Infectious Diseases, 2004)
Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium falciparum are common infections of school aged children in Kenya. They both cause enlargement of the spleen, but their relative contribution to the condition of splenomegaly remains unknown in areas where both infections are endemic. Here, we have investigated whether relatively high exposure to both infections has a clinically measurable effect on this condition.96 children aged 6-16 years living along a ten kilometre stretch and within 4 km south of a river that is a source of both S. mansoni and malaria infections were examined clinically for splenomegaly along the mid clavicular line (MCL) and mid axillary line (MAL). The survey was conducted outside the malaria transmission season. The consistency of the organ was recorded as soft, firm or hard. Mapping of the locations of houses and the course of the river was undertaken. Egg counts were mapped at the household level, as were IgG3 responses to Plasmodium falciparum schizont antigen (anti-Pfs IgG3), in order to identify areas with relatively high exposure to both infections, either infection or neither infection. ANOVA was used to test for differences in egg counts, IgG3 levels and the magnitude of spleen enlargement between these areas.4 contiguous sectors were identified, one where anti-Pfs IgG3 responses and S. mansoni egg counts were both high, one where only anti-Pfs IgG3 responses were high, one where only egg counts were high, and one where both anti-Pfs IgG3 responses and egg counts were low. Spleen MAL and MCL values were significantly higher amongst children from the sector with highest IgG3 levels and highest egg counts but similar amongst children from elsewhere. Both egg counts and anti-Pfs IgG3 responses were significantly higher in children with MAL values > or =4 cm. Hardening of spleens was associated with proximity of domicile to the river.Micro-geographical variation in exposure to S. mansoni and malaria infections can be exploited to investigate the chronic impact of these two infections. These results provide firm evidence that relatively high exposure to both infections exacerbates splenomegaly even outside the malaria transmission season. Major implications include assessing the burden of infection in school age-children.
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence of Anaemia in Pregnant Women Attending the Antenatal Clinic in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital - Ma, Lei; Sorunmu, TO (The Nigerian medical practitioner, 2004)
Two thousand, six hundred and fifty pregnant Nigerian women attending the antenatal booking clinic of the Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH), Sagamu between January 1996 and December 2000 were studied. Of these, 1,464 were anaemic (PCV = 33%), Hb = 11gm/dl) thus making the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy in Sagamu, Nigeria 55.3%. Majority (88.9%) of these anaemic patients were mildly anaemic while 10.4% and 0.7% were moderately and severely anaemic respectively. Anaemia occurred in the second trimester in 69% of the anaemic patients. About three-quarters (72%) of these anaemic pregnant patients fall into the low socioeconomic class. The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy decreased as the parity increased. The high prevalence rate of anaemia in pregnancy of 55.3% highlights the fact that anaemia is still a major problem in our pregnant women and further studies should be carried out to determine the causes so that more effective strategies can be designed to combat this menace. Key Words: Anaemia, pregnancy, prevalence, Sagamu. Nig. Medical Practitioner Vol. 44(2) 2003: 39-42
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence of skin diseases among students with disabilities in Mansoura, Egypt - Fathy, H.; El-Mongy, Shaymaa; Ni, Baker; Abdel-Azim, Z; El‐Gilany, Abdel‐Hady (Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2004)
Children with disabilities may be particularly susceptible to skin disorders, therefore the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of skin disease among such children in Mansoura, Egypt. A total of 636 students with disabilities [76 blind, 446 deaf-mute and 114 mentally retarded] and 720 sex and age matched students [control] who did not have these disabilities were given a thorough dermatological examination. We found 89.5% of blind students, 99.3% of deaf students and 100% of mentally retarded students had 1 or more skin diseases [both infectious and non-infectious] in comparison to 24.2% of the control group. Strict hygienic measures, periodic skin examination and health education of persons caring for students with disabilities are recommended
Keywords: openalex:import

Oral habits among 7-10 year-old school children in Ibadan, Nigeria - Onyeaso, Chukwudi Ochi (East African Medical Journal, 2004)
Objective: To assess the prevalence of oral habits among 7-10 year-old children in Ibadan, Nigeria.Design: An epidemiological survey of randomly selected school children.Criteria for social class was based on registrar general's social class.Setting: Primary schools from different parts of Ibadan city, Nigeria.Subjects: 493 school children aged 7-10 years consisting of 237(48.1%)boys and 256 (51.9%) girls.Main outcome measures: Only children still actively involved in oral habits were coded positive.Results: In all, 49 (9.9%) of the children were involved in one type of oral habit or the other with digit sucking being most prevalent 40(8.1%).Lip sucking was observed in 6(1.2%) while 1(0.2%) had an unusual sucking habit -sucking of left forearm with resultant severe anterior open bite (10 mm).The relationship between the oral habits anterior open-bite and increased overjets were very significant statistically (p<0.01).No significant associations were noted between the habits and social class as well as Angle's classification of molar relations.None of the children examined had gone for routine dental check-ups before except for the 62(12.6%)who had previous dental consultations due to toothaches.Conclusion: Oral habits especially digit sucking needing management was revealed by this study and none of them had been to a dentist for help.This suggests that there is need to intensify oral health education in our environment, targeted at both parents and school children to enable them benefit from interceptive orthodontic care which has numerous advantages.Do you need up-to-date peer reviewed medical literature?Kenya Medical Association, in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline, is pleased to introduce KMA/GSK RESOURCE CENTREA new state-of-the-art facility for frontline health workers, researchers and policy makers in Kenya to acess
Keywords: openalex:import

Editorial: Impact of HIV/AIDS on education in the sub-saharan Africa - Oyoo, George O (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Hair zinc status and its correlation with height indicator in pre-school and school children from a mixed income, low density (mild) community in southern Ghana - Takyi, Etor E. K. (East African Medical Journal, 2004)
Objectives: To determine and assess the chronic zinc nutritional status of pre-school and school children living in a mixed-income, low-density (mild) community in southern Ghana and determine if zinc deficiency was implicated in growth stunting of the children.Design: Prospective/comparative study.Setting: A cluster of schools, made up of a nursery, two primary schools and two Junior Secondary School pupils living in Kwabenya, a village recently transformed into an urban community.Subjects: Three hundred and fourty four pupils, aged two and half to eighteen years.Main outcome measures: Levels of hair zinc were determined in three hundred and fourty four pupils, aged two and half to eighteen years, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Age was assessed from birth baptismal certificates while height was determined using stainless steel stadiometer.The socio-economic status of the children was also assessed using pretested, weighted and structured questionnaires.Results: The chronic zinc nutritional status was generally good.Out of 344 pupils, 72% (248/344) had adequate status, while 11% were zinc deficient and 9.5% marginally deficient.Excess zinc status was found in 7.5% (26/344) of the children.It appears that growth stunting was not associated with zinc deficiency neither was zinc status affected by the socio-economic status of the children's families.Conclusion: Nutritional education should be mounted to families of children with deficient, marginally-deficient and excess zinc status and to encourage those with adequate status to maintain their zinc status.
Keywords: openalex:import

Dietary selenium and copper intake by resident undergraduate students of the University of Ghana - Takyi, Etor E. K.; Amankwa, P (East African Medical Journal, 2004)
To determine and evaluate dietary intake of selenium and copper by resident undergraduate students of the University of Ghana.Prospective/comparative study.The university of Ghana, Legon, Accra.One hundred and fifty undergraduate resident students in five out of seven halls of residence of the University of Ghana.Pre-tested structure questionnaires were administered to informed students to obtain personal data, intake of selenium, copper and/or multimineral supplements and foods consumed as well as frequency of consumption. A twenty four hour food intake on two non-consecutive days, were used to determine food intake. Selenium and copper levels in the foods identified were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and compared to the respective RDAs to assess intake adequacy/inadequacy.None of the students interviewed took in selenium or copper supplements, although 2% took in multi-mineral supplements, which contained insignificant levels of selenium and/or copper. In the case of copper, 7.3% (11/150) met 75-100% of the RDA, while 1.3% (2/150) met the RDA in the case of selenium. As many as 15.3% (23/150; in the case of copper) and 83% (123/150; in the case of selenium) did not meet the required intakes. However, 77% (116/150) had excess intake of copper while 15.7% (25/150) took excess selenium.Due to the importance of these micronutrients and in the face of poor nutritional status, as judged by the few that met the required RDAs as well as excess, there is a need to carry out blood analyses to determine whether the dietary pattern has been translated systemically. If indicated, the University authorities must consider mounting nutritional education to ensure that those deficient take in the required levels while those consuming excess are made to cut down on their intakes, since both deficient and excess status have physiological consequences.
Keywords: openalex:import

Plasma magnesium and adult asthematics at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Oladipo, Olajumoke; Chukwu, C; Ajala, M O; Adewole, T A; Afonja, O A (East African Medical Journal, 2004)
Objective: To determine the plasma magnesium levels in adult asthmatics.Design: Case control study.Setting: Lagos University Teaching Hospital,
Keywords: openalex:import

The medium and long term effects of an expansion of education on poverty in Côte d'Ivoire. A dynamic microsimulation study - Grimm, Michael (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004)
I use a dynamic microsimulation model to analyse the distributional effects of an expansion of education in Cote d'Ivoire in the medium and long term (1998-2015). The simulations are performed in order to replicate several policies in force or subject to debate in this country. Various hypotheses concerning the evolution of returns to education and labour demand are tested. The direct effects between education and income as well as the different transmission channels, such as occupational choices, fertility, and household composition, are analysed. The effects of the educational expansion on the growth of household incomes, their distribution and poverty depend very crucially on the hypothesis made on the evolution of returns to education and labour demand. If returns to education remain constant and the labour market segmented, the effects will be very modest. _________________________________ J’utilise un modele de micro-simulation dynamique pour analyser les effets distributifs d'une expansion de l'education en Cote d'Ivoire a moyen et long terme (1998-2015). Les simulations sont effectuees, selon plusieurs politiques actuellement en place ou en discussion dans ce pays. Des hypotheses variees concernant l'evolution du rendement de l'education et de la demande de travail sont examinees. Les effets directs entre education et revenu comme les differents canaux de transmission, tels que les choix d'activite, la fecondite et la composition des menages sont analyses. Les effets de l'expansion de l'education sur la croissance des revenus des menages, la distribution du revenu et la pauvrete dependent de maniere cruciale de l'hypothese faite concernant l'evolution du rendement de l'education et de la demande de travail. Si le rendement de l'education reste constant et le marche du travail segmente, les effets seront relativement moderes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Theorizing, Restructuring and Rethinking Nonformal Education in East and West African Communities. - Clemons, Andrea; Vogt, Christina (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Whose Theory of Participation? School Governance Policy and Practice in South Africa. - Lewis, Suzanne Grant; Naidoo, Jordan (Current Issues in Comparative Education, 2004)
This article analyzes South Africa's efforts to promote broader participation in educational decision-making through local school governance structures in which parents serve as majority members. We utilize the theory of action framework to understand both government policy and school-level actors' meanings of two dimensions of governance: participation and representation. The analysis considers policy statements, government efforts to monitor implementation, and extensive data from parents, principals, teaches and learners in six diverse schools in two provinces. The theory-in-use among most of the school-level actors reflects the policy signals and dominates governance discourse. School governance and participation is being defined in very narrow terms that emphasize participation for efficiency reasons, rather than for democratic purposes. Parents' participation is framed by what principals view as appropriate within the boundaries of supporting the efficient running of the school. Truly re-defining roles of school level actors will require addressing power structures and conventions if it is to allow for the authentic participation of communities in the governance of schools.
Keywords: openalex:import

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and participatory development in basic education in Malawi - Makuwira, Jonathan (Current Issues in Comparative Education, 2004)
This article critically examines the extent to which one emerging NGO facilitates the participation of its beneficiaries and other stakeholders in the decision-making processes at the identification, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of basic education programmes in Malawi. The author argues that despite the comparative advantage of this NGO[1], the participation of their stakeholders, including local community members, is tokenistic as decisions are largely top-down. The author recommends that NGOs learn to relinquish their grip on power and develop confidence in their beneficiaries as well as other stakeholders.
Keywords: openalex:import

Puerperal complications of episiotomies at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria - Sule, ST; Shittu, S. O. (East African Medical Journal, 2004)
To establish the epidemiological variables associated with episiotomies and their puerperal complications at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, in order to institute appropriate management including preventive measures.A prospective cohort study.Ahmadu cello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.A cohort of all consecutive patients that underwent vaginal deliveries during a 12-week period were followed up for six weeks in order to determine the distribution and determinants of episiotomy and its complications.The episiotomy rate was 35.6% of all vaginal deliveries. Episiotomies were significantly associated with primigravidity being performed in 88.5% of all primigravidae. The mean delivery-repair interval was 60.5 minutes. The most common puerperal complication of episiotomies was perineal pain that lasted an average of 5.5 days. Other complications included asymmetry (32.9%), infection (23.7%), partial dehiscence (14.5%), skin tags (7.9%), haemorrhage (5.3%) and extension of the incision (1.3%). The complications were not significantly associated with any potential risk factor.In view of the very high episiotomy rate among primigravidae, it is recommended that the episiotomy rate among primigravidae be reduced by re-acquainting accoucheurs with the indications for episiotomy. Attention needs to be given to adequate pain relief for all women who have had an episiotomy and the delivery-repair interval in this unit should be reduced by provision of materials for episiotomy repair in the delivery suite.
Keywords: openalex:import

Puerperal complications of episiotomies at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria - Sule, ST; Shittu, S. O. (East African Medical Journal, 2004)
To establish the epidemiological variables associated with episiotomies and their puerperal complications at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, in order to institute appropriate management including preventive measures.A prospective cohort study.Ahmadu cello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.A cohort of all consecutive patients that underwent vaginal deliveries during a 12-week period were followed up for six weeks in order to determine the distribution and determinants of episiotomy and its complications.The episiotomy rate was 35.6% of all vaginal deliveries. Episiotomies were significantly associated with primigravidity being performed in 88.5% of all primigravidae. The mean delivery-repair interval was 60.5 minutes. The most common puerperal complication of episiotomies was perineal pain that lasted an average of 5.5 days. Other complications included asymmetry (32.9%), infection (23.7%), partial dehiscence (14.5%), skin tags (7.9%), haemorrhage (5.3%) and extension of the incision (1.3%). The complications were not significantly associated with any potential risk factor.In view of the very high episiotomy rate among primigravidae, it is recommended that the episiotomy rate among primigravidae be reduced by re-acquainting accoucheurs with the indications for episiotomy. Attention needs to be given to adequate pain relief for all women who have had an episiotomy and the delivery-repair interval in this unit should be reduced by provision of materials for episiotomy repair in the delivery suite.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teachers of African-American Students SIG (Foreign Language Annals, 2004)
Foreign Language AnnalsVolume 37, Issue 2 p. 329-329 Teachers of African-American Students SIG First published: 31 December 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2004.tb02215.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume37, Issue2May 2004Pages 329-329 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Impact of a school-based peer sexual health intervention on normative beliefs, risk perceptions, and sexual behavior of Zambian adolescents - Agha, Sohail; Rossem, Ronan Van (Journal of Adolescent Health, 2004)
Purpose To determine whether adolescents' normative beliefs about abstinence and condoms, their personal risk perception, and safer sex practices changed after the implementation of a peer sexual health education intervention implemented in Zambian secondary schools. Methods The peer intervention was implemented during the first week of September 2000 in Lusaka, Zambia. A quasi-experimental, longitudinal panel design was used to evaluate its impact. Three schools were randomly assigned to the intervention condition and two to the control condition. Three rounds of data from male and female adolescents in grades 10 and 11 were collected at baseline in July 2000, at first follow-up in the second half of September 2000, and at second follow-up in early April 2001. A total of 416 respondents aged 14–23 (at baseline) were interviewed in all three survey rounds. A mixed-effects logistic regression growth curve analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios to compare intervention and control groups on the outcome variables. Results Student self-reports showed positive changes in normative beliefs about abstinence immediately after the intervention, and these improvements were largely sustained until 6 months after the intervention. Students became more likely to approve of condom use and to intend using condoms immediately after the intervention, but these positive outcomes could not be sustained during the 6 months that followed the intervention. Normative beliefs regarding condom use took longer to develop: these were only observed at 6 months follow-up. Students reported reductions in multiple regular partnerships. There was no change in condom use. Conclusions A single session school-based peer sexual health intervention resulted in the development of normative beliefs about abstinence that were sustained over a 6-month period. Normative beliefs about condoms took longer to develop. More regular efforts may be required to sustain the approval of, and the intention to use, condoms. The intervention was successful in reducing multiple regular partnerships.
Keywords: openalex:import

Impact of a school-based peer sexual health intervention on normative beliefs, risk perceptions, and sexual behavior of Zambian adolescents - Agha, Sohail; VANROSSEM, R (Journal of Adolescent Health, 2004)
Purpose To determine whether adolescents' normative beliefs about abstinence and condoms, their personal risk perception, and safer sex practices changed after the implementation of a peer sexual health education intervention implemented in Zambian secondary schools. Methods The peer intervention was implemented during the first week of September 2000 in Lusaka, Zambia. A quasi-experimental, longitudinal panel design was used to evaluate its impact. Three schools were randomly assigned to the intervention condition and two to the control condition. Three rounds of data from male and female adolescents in grades 10 and 11 were collected at baseline in July 2000, at first follow-up in the second half of September 2000, and at second follow-up in early April 2001. A total of 416 respondents aged 14–23 (at baseline) were interviewed in all three survey rounds. A mixed-effects logistic regression growth curve analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios to compare intervention and control groups on the outcome variables. Results Student self-reports showed positive changes in normative beliefs about abstinence immediately after the intervention, and these improvements were largely sustained until 6 months after the intervention. Students became more likely to approve of condom use and to intend using condoms immediately after the intervention, but these positive outcomes could not be sustained during the 6 months that followed the intervention. Normative beliefs regarding condom use took longer to develop: these were only observed at 6 months follow-up. Students reported reductions in multiple regular partnerships. There was no change in condom use. Conclusions A single session school-based peer sexual health intervention resulted in the development of normative beliefs about abstinence that were sustained over a 6-month period. Normative beliefs about condoms took longer to develop. More regular efforts may be required to sustain the approval of, and the intention to use, condoms. The intervention was successful in reducing multiple regular partnerships.
Keywords: openalex:import

Rigid ureteroscopy for treating ureteric stones, Yemen experience -- Al Thawra Teaching Hospital, Sana'a University. - Al-Ba’adani, Tawfiq H.; Alnono, Ibrahim Hussen; Ghilan, Abdull-Elah M.; Alwan, Mohammed; Al-Alimi, Gamil M.; Al-Shullali, Mohammed F. (PubMed, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION A Study of Leadership Approaches to Quality Improvement in University Management - Nigerian and Finnish Cases - Anyamele, Stephen Chukwunenye (2004)
This study is a theoretical and methodological investigation into quality in university management. It is also an inductive policy analysis of university histories and organizational structures in Finland and Nigeria. The study is guided by survey interviews, observations and document analysis. The research studied university leadership’s approaches in quality improvement in the university. In addition, the study sought answers from university leaders concerning how leadership builds up infrastructure in improving the quality of university management. The problems and design of the study were based on the ‘enablers’ criteria of the European Foundation For Quality management (EFQM) Excellence Model developed in 1988 by fourteen leading European businesses, with a mission to be the Driving Force for Sustainable Excellence in Europe and a Vision of a world in which European organizations excel. One of the overall purposes of the study was to analyze the theories of leadership and management in the university, and to test the theories in Nigeria and Finland. Also the study was an attempt to analyze theoretically the essential roles of university leadership that demonstrates what actually happens in practice in the real world of university management. In addition to these other purposes, the study further attempted to check out whether market principles or private sector practices could be applied in the university. The design of the questionnaire was based on qualitative data. The data used in the study were collected from university leaders in Nigeria and Finland (N=30) between 2001 and 2002 using open-ended, unstructured questionnaires. The theoretical data were based on extensive literature review. The findings of the study were analyzed by use of benchmarking methodology, which entails a comparison of Nigeria and Finland in order to identify ‘best practices’ in university management. The findings give information on different ways of managing the university in time of austerity when universities are expected to ‘do more with less’ resources. The findings suggest that market-like policies or industrial applications of quality to educational setting are essential for survival of the present-day universities. The results also reveal some similarities and differences between Nigeria and Finland in quality improvement in the university. The results further show that there is no one-way approach to managing a university institution, and that Nigeria and Finnish university leaders view quality from different perspectives. The study further offers new dimensions to the discussions about quality in higher education and quality improvement in university management. One of the conclusions reached in the study is that in view of the present investigation, cooperation between Nigeria and Finland ought to be supported in the future, so that institutions in the two countries will benefit from the opportunity of learning from each other. In the final conclusion of the study, a model of ‘best practices’ in quality improvement in the university was developed to offer university leaders, especially in developing countries, the opportunities for improved management in the university. One of the overall conclusions is that Finnish responses to specific global trends, and the leadership styles of Finnish universities, may serve as inspiration for Nigerian Universities, especially with regard to quality control and leadership style. The Finnish system, for example, is well regarded as offering consistently high level of curriculum and scholarship. The significant productivity of researchers, innovative instructional practices, successful placement of students into professional occupations, and carefully laid out national plans are among the noteworthy and unique features of the Finnish university system. On the other hand, an analysis of the best practices of Nigerian universities may offer insights into why some universities succeed while others fail during a time of limited sources in an emerging technological culture. When the immediate goal of a university, such as those in Nigeria, is survival, it is important to understand what steps are taken to ensure that essential aspects of the university mission are preserved. It is assumed that societal improvement and economic competitiveness is linked to successful university programming through research, professional training, and preparation of a qualified technical workforce.
Keywords: openalex:import

The role of education on the adoption of chemical fertiliser under different socioeconomic environments in Ethiopia - ASFAW, A (Agricultural Economics, 2004)
Studies on input adoption consider education as one of the most important factors that affect adoption decisions. However, very little is known about the spill-over effect of intra-household education on the adoption process and about the impact of education on adoption decisions under different socioeconomic conditions. We investigate these two issues using a discrete choice model. The results indicate that the decision making process is a decentralised one in which educated adult members of the household actively participate in the decision making process. This casts doubt on the traditional assumption that the household head is the sole decision maker. The results reveal that there is a substantial and statistically significant intra-household spill-over effect of education on the adoption decision of households. The results of the study also show that the coefficient of the education and the environment interaction variable is negative and statistically significant. This demonstrates that education and socioeconomic environments could be substitutes in modern environments and complementary in traditional ones. This implies that the expansion of education in traditional areas may be more attractive than in modern areas since education is usually the only means to enhance the ability of farmers to acquire, synthesise and respond to innovations such as chemical fertiliser.
Keywords: openalex:import

The role of education on the adoption of chemical fertiliser under different socioeconomic environments in Ethiopia - ASFAW, A (Agricultural Economics, 2004)
Studies on input adoption consider education as one of the most important factors that affect adoption decisions. However, very little is known about the spill-over effect of intra-household education on the adoption process and about the impact of education on adoption decisions under different socioeconomic conditions. We investigate these two issues using a discrete choice model. The results indicate that the decision making process is a decentralised one in which educated adult members of the household actively participate in the decision making process. This casts doubt on the traditional assumption that the household head is the sole decision maker. The results reveal that there is a substantial and statistically significant intra-household spill-over effect of education on the adoption decision of households. The results of the study also show that the coefficient of the education and the environment interaction variable is negative and statistically significant. This demonstrates that education and socioeconomic environments could be substitutes in modern environments and complementary in traditional ones. This implies that the expansion of education in traditional areas may be more attractive than in modern areas since education is usually the only means to enhance the ability of farmers to acquire, synthesise and respond to innovations such as chemical fertiliser.
Keywords: openalex:import

The role of education on the adoption of chemical fertiliser under different socioeconomic environments in Ethiopia - Asfaw, Abay; Admassie, Assefa (Agricultural Economics, 2004)
Abstract Studies on input adoption consider education as one of the most important factors that affect adoption decisions. However, very little is known about the spill‐over effect of intra‐household education on the adoption process and about the impact of education on adoption decisions under different socioeconomic conditions. We investigate these two issues using a discrete choice model. The results indicate that the decision making process is a decentralised one in which educated adult members of the household actively participate in the decision making process. This casts doubt on the traditional assumption that the household head is the sole decision maker. The results reveal that there is a substantial and statistically significant intra‐household spill‐over effect of education on the adoption decision of households. The results of the study also show that the coefficient of the education and the environment interaction variable is negative and statistically significant. This demonstrates that education and socioeconomic environments could be substitutes in modern environments and complementary in traditional ones. This implies that the expansion of education in traditional areas may be more attractive than in modern areas since education is usually the only means to enhance the ability of farmers to acquire, synthesise and respond to innovations such as chemical fertiliser.
Keywords: openalex:import

Reply to Comment on the paper ``Earthquake Hazard Assessment in the Oran Region (Northwest Algeria)'' by José A. Pelaez Montilla and Mohamed Hamdache - Bouhadad, Youcef; Laouami, Nasser (Natural Hazards, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

A Historical Analysis of the Daniell Cell and Electrochemistry Teaching in French and Tunisian Textbooks - Boulabiar, Ahlem; Bouraoui, Kamel; Chastrette, M.; Abderrabba, Manef (Journal of Chemical Education, 2004)
French textbooks from 1840 to the last reform and three recent Tunisian textbooks were studied to analyze how electrochemistry, and particularly the Daniell cell, was presented to students in secondary school. The technical and historical importance of the Daniell cell induced curriculum designers to introduce it very early in the chemistry sequence. However, due to progress in the understanding of redox reactions, emphasis was finally put on half reactions involving only one redox couple. As a consequence, a teaching model of the Daniell cell consisting of two half-cells separated by a salt bridge, different from any Daniell cell ever built in history, invaded French and Tunisian textbooks. Analysis of several important studies on students' misconceptions in electrochemistry shows that students have trouble in understanding ionic conduction and the structure of solutions. In this context, the separation between the two solutions and the presence of the salt bridge, although useful for presenting redox reactions, tends to reinforce misconceptions. Taking into account classical misconceptions and the remedial teaching proposed by researchers, our critical analysis of the teaching model of the Daniell cell led us to propose a new approach for teaching the electrochemistry of cells, which we present here.
Keywords: openalex:import

Parent and Teacher Agreement on Child Behavior Checklist Items in a Sample of Preschoolers From Low-Income and Predominantly African American Families - Cai, Xinsheng; Kaiser, Ann P.; Hancock, Terry B. (Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 2004)
In this study we examined parent and teacher agreement at the item level of the newly revised Child Behavior Checklist/1 1/2-5 (CBCL/1 1/2-5) and Caregiver-Teacher Report Form/1 1/2-5 (CTRF/1 1/2-5) in 505 preschool children from low-income and predominantly African American families. Parents generally rated more children as having problem behaviors than did teachers. Lack of agreement between parents and teachers at the item level was indicated by low correlation coefficients, kappa values, and co-identification of children with specific behavior problems. High levels of parent-teacher agreement were obtained only when rank orders of problem behaviors were compared. No significant sex effect was found on parent and teacher agreement at the item level. Problem behaviors most often indicated by parents and teachers reflected the roles and responsibilities of parents and teachers in the home and school settings. Our findings suggest informant and setting specificity of parent- and teacher-identified problem behaviors in young children.
Keywords: openalex:import

Combination of cassava flour cyanide and urinary thiocyanate measurements of school children in Mozambique - Cardoso, A.Paula; Ernesto, Mario; Nicala, Domingos; Mirione, Estevão; Chavane, Leonardo; Nzwalo, Hipólito; Chikumba, Sergio; Cliff, Julie; Mabota, A Paulo; Haque, M. Rezaul; Bradbury, J. H. (International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2004)
AbstractThe maximum daily cassava flour intake of children may be calculated from determination of the total cyanide content of cassava flour and urinary thiocyanate levels of school children in samples collected at the same time and place. Four sites, two with and two without recent konzo cases, were chosen for study. In two sites with recent konzo cases, 84% and 93% of school children consumed cassava the previous day, and the calculated maximum daily consumption of cassava was over 700 g. In two sites without recent konzo cases, about 50% of school children consumed cassava the previous day and the calculated daily consumption of cassava flour was less than 150 g. By measurements of cyanide in flour and urinary thiocyanate we are therefore able to distinguish between communities whose diet is almost totally reliant on cassava, and who are therefore susceptible to konzo, and those who have a broader diet and are free from konzo. In another calculation it is shown that 4–23% of the essential S-containing amino acids in the cassava flour consumed by children is used up to detoxify and flour cyanide to thiocyanate. This depletion of methionine and cystine may leads to protein deficiency and may contribute to onset of konzo.
Keywords: openalex:import

Literacy/numeracy and vocational training among rural women in Nigeria for a good livelihood and empowerment - Chuks, Okeke Ben (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 2004)
Women play a very vital role in national development. The role relates to a complete range of socio‐economic activities. Rural women are not only users of basic services, bearers and socialisers of children and keepers of the home, they also represent a product potential, which is not being fully tapped. Records have shown that women form more than half the population of Nigeria therefore the development of Nigeria cannot be realized if half of the people are left illiterate with no serious skills and vocational training. Thus it is imperative to investigate the literacy/numeracy and vocational training of Nigerian rural women in recent times.
Keywords: openalex:import

The significance of supportive structure in improving student achievement in knowledge of the history of the Christian church in a Kenyan Bible college. - Duncan, David D. (2004)
The problem of this study was to determine whether Kenyan Bible college students who receive instruction using a modified (highly structured) mastery learning model will demonstrate greater achievement in knowledge of Christian Church history as compared to Kenyan Bible college students who receive instruction using a traditional (minimally structured) non-mastery learning model. The subjects were 17 second-year Kenyan Bible college students enrolled in a course on Christian Church history, and they were randomly assigned to the two treatment conditions. The researcher served as instructor for both groups. The experimental group used a textbook, detailed syllabus, 200 page study guide (featuring an advance organizer to provide an ideational scaffolding), and a lesson-development feature (providing an enabling objective, congruent questions, and informative feedback for each lesson segment). The control group used a textbook and a less-detailed syllabus. Both groups shared the same classroom lectures, class discussions, required assignments, examinations, and review of examination items. Five tests of Christian church history were administered, including a pretest, three unit tests, and a comprehensive course examination. Test data were analyzed using a 2 x 5 (treatment x testing occasion) repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA). The percentage of students performing at mastery level (80% correct) on each test was also calculated. Results indicated that, from the second unit test to the comprehensive examination, the modified mastery learning group achieved slightly but consistently higher mean percentage correct scores than the traditional group, but there was no significant main effect for treatment. In contrast, the main effect for testing occasion did reach statistical significance. Across the five test occasions, 8% to 51% more students in the modified mastery learning group attained mastery level as compared to the traditional learning group.
Keywords: openalex:import

Factors Associated with Student Mobility in Nigerian Secondary Schools - Ejieh, Michael U. C. (Research in Education, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

A report of pilot study on provisions of guidance counselling services in secondary schools : a comparative study between norway and ethiopia - Endrerud, Terje; Tekle, Chernet (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS IN HEALTH PROFESSIONS TOWARD CARING FOR OLDER PEOPLE: NEEDED CURRICULA REVISIONS IN NIGERIA - Fajemilehin, Boluwaji Reuben (Educational Gerontology, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS IN HEALTH PROFESSIONS TOWARD CARING FOR OLDER PEOPLE: NEEDED CURRICULA REVISIONS IN NIGERIA - Fajemilehin, Boluwaji Reuben (Educational Gerontology, 2004)
This descriptive study examined the conceptions and misconceptions students in health professions have regarding older people. The research was conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The findings revealed that students in health professions, as a whole, demonstrated a high degree of stereotypic misconceptions and poor knowledge about aging and older people. The study also revealed a significant difference in conceptions and misconceptions about older people between students in the Bachelor of Nursing Science degree program and medical degree students. Finally, the study revealed reluctance among students in health professions to specialize in any area related to geriatrics or gerontology.
Keywords: openalex:import

Retaining African-American Students in Higher Education: An Integrative Review - Flowers, Lamont A. (Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 2004)
The primary objective of this article is to examine and synthesize the research literature conducted on the factors that influence African-American students' retention in higher education. Recommendations for future research were discussed. Programmatic implications of this integrative review for higher education personnel and student affairs professionals were also provided.
Keywords: openalex:import

Wrong drug administration errors amongst anaesthetists in a South African teaching hospital - Gordon, P C (South African journal of anaesthesia and analgesia, 2004)
A confidential, self-reporting survey was sent out to all 65 anaesthetists (25 specialists and 40 registrars) in the Department of Anaesthesia at the University of Cape Town with the aim of determining the incidence and possible causes of “wrong drug” administrations. The response rate was 95%. 93.5 % of respondents admitted to having administered the wrong drug at some stage of their anaesthetic career. 19/62 (30.6%) have injected the wrong drug or the correct drug into the wrong site on at least three occasions. 56.9 % of incidents involved muscle relaxants with suxamethonium chloride administered instead of fentanyl accounting for nearly a third of cases. 17.6 % of reported incidents were classified as being dangerous, with the potential to cause either severe haemodynamic instability and/or neurological damage or seizures.
Keywords: openalex:import

Immigrating to Opportunity: Estimating the Effect of School Quality Using a Natural Experiment on Ethiopians in Israel - Gould, Eric D.; Lavy, Victor; Paserman, M. Daniele (The Quarterly journal of economics, 2004)
Journal Article Immigrating to Opportunity: Estimating the Effect of School Quality Using a Natural Experiment on Ethiopians in Israel Get access Eric D. Gould, Eric D. Gould Hebrew University and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Victor Lavy, Victor Lavy Hebrew University and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Daniele Paserman M. Daniele Paserman Hebrew University and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 119, Issue 2, May 2004, Pages 489–526, https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553041382193 Published: 01 May 2004
Keywords: openalex:import

The Algiers, Algeria Earthquake (Mw 6. 8) of 21 May 2003: Preliminary Report - Hamdache, Mohamed; Peláez, José A.; Yelles-Chauche, A. Karim (Seismological Research Letters, 2004)
Research Article| May 01, 2004 The Algiers, Algeria Earthquake (Mw 6. 8) of 21 May 2003: Preliminary Report Mohamed Hamdache; Mohamed Hamdache Département Études et Surveillance Sismique Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et de Géophysique B.P. 63-Bouzardah 16340 Algiers Algeria (M.H.) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar José A. Peláez; José A. Peláez Departamento de Física Universidad de Jaén C/Virgen de la Cabeza, 2 23071Jaén Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. Karim Yelles-Chauche A. Karim Yelles-Chauche Département Études et Surveillance Sismique Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et de Géophysique B.P. 63-Bouzardah 16340 Algiers Algeria (A.K.Y.-C.) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Mohamed Hamdache Département Études et Surveillance Sismique Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et de Géophysique B.P. 63-Bouzardah 16340 Algiers Algeria (M.H.) José A. Peláez Departamento de Física Universidad de Jaén C/Virgen de la Cabeza, 2 23071Jaén Spain japelaez@ujaen.es (J.A.P.) A. Karim Yelles-Chauche Département Études et Surveillance Sismique Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et de Géophysique B.P. 63-Bouzardah 16340 Algiers Algeria (A.K.Y.-C.) Publisher: Seismological Society of America First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1938-2057 Print ISSN: 0895-0695 © 2004 by the Seismological Society of America Seismological Research Letters (2004) 75 (3): 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.75.3.360 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Mohamed Hamdache, José A. Peláez, A. Karim Yelles-Chauche; The Algiers, Algeria Earthquake (Mw 6. 8) of 21 May 2003: Preliminary Report. Seismological Research Letters 2004;; 75 (3): 360–367. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.75.3.360 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySeismological Research Letters Search Advanced Search On 21 May 2003, at 18:44 UTC (19:44 local time), a strong shallow earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.8 (Ms 6.9) struck Algiers, the capital of Algeria, causing extensive damage in different wilayas (provinces) in the north-central part of Algeria. The epicenter was located offshore at 3.58°E 36.91°N 7 km to the north of Zemmouri in the province of Boumerdes, about 50 km northeast of Algiers (Yelles-Chauche et al., 2003). This earthquake took place where we have no evidence of previous significant earthquakes, either instrumental or historical. It is the largest and the most destructive to... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Keywords: openalex:import

Gender Differences in Student Engagement Among African American Undergraduates at Historically Black Colleges and Universities - Harper, Shaun R.; Carini, Robert M.; Bridges, Brian K.; Hayek, John C. (Journal of College Student Development, 2004)
Differences in student engagement between women and men at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are examined in this study. Data were collected from 1,167 African American undergraduate students at 12 four-year HBCUs that participated in the National Survey of Student Engagement. Controlling for several factors that might obscure gender differences, the results counter previous research regarding gender gaps on HBCU campuses by illustrating that African American women enjoy an equally engaging experience as their same-race male counterparts.
Keywords: openalex:import

African Americans and Multicultural Education - Harris, Jennifer; Brown, Elinor L.; Ford, Donna Y.; Richardson, Jeanita W. (Education and Urban Society, 2004)
This article examines the root causes for the overrepresentation of African American students in special education classes and their under representation in gifted and talented programs in America’s public schools. The article (a) provides a historic overview of the legal struggles for educational equity, (b) examines key issues surrounding the academic status of African American students, (c) discusses multicultural education as a remedy, and (d) recommends an appropriate course of action for educators and policy makers.
Keywords: openalex:import

From Guinea Pig to Computer Mouse: Alternative Methods for a Progressive, Humane Education, 2nd Edition N Jukes and M Chiuia (2003). Published by the International Network for Humane Education (InterNICHE), 19 Brookhouse Avenue, Leicester LE2 0JE, UK; http://www.interniche.org. 520pp. Paperback (ISBN I 904422 00 4). Price £8.00. - Hart, Lynette A. (Animal Welfare, 2004)
From Guinea Pig to Computer Mouse: Alternative Methods for a Progressive, Humane Education, 2nd Edition N Jukes and M Chiuia (2003). Published by the International Network for Humane Education (InterNICHE), 19 Brookhouse Avenue, Leicester LE2 0JE, UK; http://www.interniche.org. 520pp. Paperback (ISBN I 904422 00 4). Price £8.00. - Volume 13 Issue 2
Keywords: openalex:import

Stroke disability in South Africa matches more affluent nations - Hayward, Peter (The Lancet Neurology, 2004)
The prevalence of disability after stroke is similar in South Africa to that in more affluent countries, despite the prevalence of stroke itself being two or three times lower than in high-income countries.
Keywords: openalex:import

South–South collaboration: Cuban teachers in Jamaica and Namibia - Hickling‐Hudson, Anne (Comparative Education, 2004)
Cuba has concentrated more than most developing countries on building a sound educational system, and as a result, it has been able to collaborate with other countries in their efforts to improve educational planning and practice. Based on recent research in the field, this paper examines the work of Cuban teachers in schools and sports programmes in Jamaica and Namibia. It carries out a qualitative analysis, from a postcolonial perspective, of the significance of this programme which is viewed as an example of South–South collaboration. Participant decolonizing countries benefit from Cuba's contribution to building their teaching capacity, and Cuba in turn benefits from developing the linguistic and professional expertise of its educators through this internationalist work. The article contributes to a multi‐level style of comparative education analysis based on micro‐level qualitative fieldwork within a framework that compares cross‐cultural issues and national policies.
Keywords: openalex:import

Early childhood care and education in a changing world: building on village life in Papua New Guinea - Ikupu, Andrew; Glover, Anne (Early Child Development and Care, 2004)
In Papua New Guinea, the early childhood care and education of young children is largely a parental and community responsibility. Like many other village‐based societies, including those found throughout Africa, Asia and the South Pacific, more than 80% of Papua New Guinean children grow up in subsistence farming and fishing tribal villages. In these settings, children participate in work and village activities and gradually develop the skills and knowledge they need to become competent adult members of their community. In providing a snapshot of the lives of two young Papua New Guinean children, this paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion about effective early childhood care and education (ECCE) programmes in developing nations. The story of Taita and Oini is used to illustrate how the events and settings that are part of children’s daily lives need to be considered and understood before ECCE interventions are attempted or policy developed.
Keywords: openalex:import

An Appraisal of the Adult and Non-Formal Vocational Education Programmes in Kano: Implications for Northern Nigeria - Indabawa, Sabo A. (Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 2004)
This paper examines vocational adult education concepts, issues and problems in the context of Kano State, Nigeria. It has been pointed out by a number of commentators that vocational education practices and problems have some relatively universal commonalities across Europe, the USA and developing countries such as Nigeria. State-sponsored vocational adult education programmes in Kano State, Nigeria can open up opportunities for the current generation of local skilled technicians who can consequently earn more and contribute to the overall effort towards poverty reduction in society. Similar trends in the values, prospects and difficulties faced in Kano's vocational adult education programmes are found in the other 18 northern states of Nigeria. Therefore, the possible solutions recommended for Kano can have wider implications and relevance for all the northern states of Nigeria.
Keywords: openalex:import

What Difference Does a Major Make? The Influence of College Major Field on Persistence by African American and White Students - John, Edward P. St.; Hu, Shouping; Simmons, Ada B.; Carter, Deborah Faye; Weber, Jeff (Research in Higher Education, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Girls' education in Africa : What do we know about strategies that work? - Kane, Eileen (2004)
The purpose of this study is to assist countries to develop effective girls' education strategies by providing a comprehensive review of what we know and do not know about successful strategies. One of the study's main conclusions is that getting girls into school and keeping them there, providing them with good learning conditions and relating the school experience to local economic and cultural conditions, requires a two-prong approach that supports both measures targeting girls and system- wide interventions. This does not at all suggest neglecting programs targeted specifically at girls; school access and survival clearly has an important gender dimension. But it does mean recognizing that such programs alone seldom can compensate for factors such as weak political priority for education, overall weaknesses in the education system, and neglect of the many factors outside the education system that impinge on whether or not a child can attend school.
Keywords: openalex:import

Views on the philosophy of science among undergraduate science students and their tutors at the University of Papua New Guinea: origins, progression, enculturation and destinations - Kichawen, Pongie; Swain, Julian; Monk, Martin (Research in Science & Technological Education, 2004)
Using a schedule originated by Nott and Wellington to explore science teachers’ views on the philosophy of science, data were gathered at the University of Papua New Guinea. Similarities in response were established for successive first year intakes of science undergraduates (1999–2000). Students with experience in national high schools or Australian high schools responded more positively than their provincial secondary school trained peers to items indicating that the findings of scientific enquiry were universally true. A cross‐sectional analysis showed the undergraduates in the third and fourth years to be more process orientated than the first or second years. Both the first and second years were different in their views compared with their tutors in the relativism–positivism scale, where they were more positivist, the contextualism–decontextualism scale, where they were less decontextualist, and the process–content scale where they were considerably less process orientated. Those with a preferred career destination of medicine were slightly more decontextualist in outlook while being marginally realist, those with a preferred physical science career being very weakly instrumentalist. The results can be interpreted in terms of respondents’ experiences in secondary schooling and on programmes at the University of Papua New Guinea.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cross-sectional study of specific antibodies to a polymorphic Plasmodium falciparum antigen and of parasite antigen genotypes in school children on the slope of Mount Cameroon - Kimbi, Helen Kuokuo; Tetteh, Kevin K. A.; Polley, Spencer D.; Conway, David J. (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2004)
To investigate relationships between Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia, parasite genotypes, and specific anti-parasite antibodies, 244 school children (aged 4 to 16 years) were studied in April/May 2002, the peak malaria transmission season in Buea, Cameroon. Antibody reactivities were analysed by ELISA using an array of recombinant antigens representing different sequences from the polymorphic block 2 region of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), and the blood samples that were slide-positive for P. falciparum were genotyped for msp1 block 2 alleles. The prevalence of antibodies to the specific MSP1 block 2 antigens was significantly higher in children at one particular school (situated at the lowest altitude) compared to the others, although the prevalence of infection or particular parasite genotypes did not differ. Thus, at a population level, the prevalence of these antibodies does not simply reflect prevalence of parasites, but rather may be due to differences in the incidence of past infections. However, there were weak positive associations between specific antibody reactivity and the presence of the corresponding allele in the blood of individuals (statistically significant for the MAD20-type allele of block 2), indicating that antibody specificities are to some extent determined by current parasite infections.
Keywords: openalex:import

The prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment and the barriers to the up-take of eye surgery in Borno State, Nigeria - Kyari, Fatima; Dineen, Brendan (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Microfinance from the point of view of women with disabilities: lessons from Zambia and Zimbabwe - Lewis, Cindy (Gender and Development, 2004)
Women with disabilities continue to face significant obstacles to equal participation in economic development initiatives. Microfinance services have been rightly criticised for their failure to deliver poverty alleviation and women's empowerment. Yet, despite their limitations, these schemes currently dominate the development scene. Disabled women need and want access to credit and associated services, and to the ongoing debate on the strengths and weaknesses of microfinance as an approach. In this article, the multiple barriers facing women with disabilities who wish to obtain microfinance are outlined. Research from Zambia and Zimbabwe highlights key issues facing disabled businesswomen, and recommendations are made that would enable development organisations to mainstream the experience and analysis of disabled women into their programmes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi and Uganda: Universal Primary Education and Poverty Reduction - Liang, Xiaoyan; Avenstrup, Roger; Nellemann, Søren (2004)
In Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, and Uganda, free primary education (FPE) was viewed as a step toward achieving universal basic education and as part of scaling up poverty reduction. The removal of school fees contributed to poverty reduction by ensuring universal access to basic education, which in turn could help break the cycle of poverty. It is a significant intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is lagging behind in achieving universal primary education (UPE). The four countries represent different stages of the process over time, using different scales, and different approaches under different political, social, and economical contexts. Universal basic education is largely understood as universal primary schooling. Only after the Jomtien conference on Education for All (EFA) in 1990 was it understood that by making primary education free would it include children from poor families and thereby perhaps become universal. Schooling costs for families are a major constraint to achieving UPE. Direct costs can include general fees, examination fees, salary top-ups, textbooks, materials, uniform, feeding, transportation, sports and culture. Indirect costs are the opportunity cost of labor at home or work. By eliminating direct costs of schooling, families could send their children to primary school, thus increasing demand. On the supply side, very few school systems in Africa were keyed to education for all from the outset, and a strategy combining the elimination of fees together with the reform of the EFA system is needed.
Keywords: openalex:import

AIDS as chronic illness: epidemiological transition and health care in south-eastern Botswana - Livingston, Julie (African Journal of AIDS Research, 2004)
This paper suggests that people in south-eastern Botswana experience the AIDS epidemic as part of a recent epidemiological transition in which rates of chronic debilitating illness have risen, even as the degree of acute infectious disease has fallen (HIV/AIDS aside). Whereas international health programmes and practitioners focus on AIDS as an acute, lethal, infectious disease, patients and care-givers experience AIDS as a set of chronic, degenerative (and deadly) conditions. This is true whether or not patients know or acknowledge their HIV status. Neither the national health system nor the Tswana medical sector (bongaka) cope well with the particular issues that chronic illnesses present. Thus, the epidemiological context of the AIDS epidemic in Botswana is critical to understanding uneven patient confidence in a comparatively robust health system.
Keywords: openalex:import

Book ReviewBuilding a People’s University in South Africa: Race, Compensatory Education, and the Limits of Democratic Reform by Gregory M. Anderson. New York: Peter Lang, 2002. 244 pp. $29.95 (paper). ISBN 0‐8204‐4954‐7. - Mabokela, Reitumetse Obakeng (Comparative Education Review, 2004)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook Review Building a People’s University in South Africa: Race, Compensatory Education, and the Limits of Democratic Reform by Gregory M. Anderson. New York: Peter Lang, 2002. 244 pp. $29.95 (paper). ISBN 0‐8204‐4954‐7.Reitumetse Obakeng MabokelaReitumetse Obakeng MabokelaMichigan State University Search for more articles by this author Michigan State UniversityPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 48, Number 2May 2004 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/421568 Views: 11Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Permission to reprint a book review printed in this section may be obtained only from the author.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Reitumetse Obakeng Mabokela, Yeukai Angela Mlambo “The older women are men:” navigating the academic terrain, perspectives from Ghana, Higher Education 69, no.55 (Sep 2014): 759–778.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9804-3
Keywords: openalex:import

Malawi - Education Section Support Project : resettlement policy framework - Malawi (2004)
This is a resettlement policy framework for the Malawi Education Sector support Project, which improves educational quality by increasing the quantity and quality of teachers and strengthening government capacity to manage the system and financial resources. Social impacts are likely to occur during the construction and rehabilitation of educational facilities. When rehabilitating community day secondary schools, the Polytechnic Institute, and the Chancellor College, take care during the screening process to identify all possible land uses, for example, crop production or grazing at these facilities to ensure compensation. No social impacts are likely when Mzuzu University is rehabilitated. When building the Teacher Training College, social impacts may occur with land use changes along with the need to acquire land to accommodate building power distribution lines to connect the campus to the grid. Regarding the development and use of borrow pits as sources of construction materials, potential impacts include loss of access to economic activities and loss of livelihoods due to the need for land acquisition to develop new borrow pits. This report outlines the conditions which will determine whether a full or abbreviated resettlement action plan is needed, the applicable laws, the methods of valuing affected assets, the policy for compensation for property and crops, the organizational procedures for delivering entitlements, the grievance redress mechanisms, budget and funding arrangements, methods for community consultation, and monitoring arrangements.
Keywords: openalex:import

A study of the difference between creative potential in African-American students with and without disabilities from lower socioeconomic environments - Mirto, Jody Elizabeth (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Urban soil pollution in Damascus, Syria: concentrations and patterns of heavy metals in the soils of the Damascus Ghouta - Möller, Andreas (Geoderma, 2004)
The objective of the study was to assess the extent and severity of heavy metal contamination of arable soils of the Damascus Ghouta, an area with intensive agricultural production. We examined the present degree and spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in 51 soil profiles and in 22 topsoil samples in the Damascus Ghouta. The soils were digested with aqua regia for heavy metal analysis. Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations in the topsoils exhibited anthropogenic increased values. The major sources for the heavy metal contamination in Damascus city are most possibly emissions from vehicles. These emissions transported by air and sewage water together with household and industrial sewage effluents have been considered to be responsible for the increased heavy metal concentrations found in the soils of the central Barada area. However, the values were in most cases below tolerable values of soil for agricultural use. Cr concentrations up to 1800 mg kg−1 were found near a tannery industrial estate. Concerning the health risk of the population bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals seems to be of minor importance, based on the soil properties found in the study area. However, direct ingestion of soil, e.g., by children and inhalation of dust may contribute largely to the accumulation of heavy metal in human and livestock.
Keywords: openalex:import

Comment on the paper ``Earthquake Hazard Assessment in the Oran Region (Northwest Algeria)'' by Youcef Bouhadad and Nasser Laouami - Montilla, José A. Peléez; Hamdache, Mohamed (Natural Hazards, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

An Overview of Metal Pollution in the Western Harbour of Alexandria, Egypt - Mostafa, Alaa R.; Barakat, Assem O.; Qian, Yongchang; Wade, Terry L.; Yuan, Dongxing (Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2004)
Limited data are available on the concentration of metals in sediments in the Western Harbour of Alexandria. The most comprehensive record is from a survey conducted more than a decade ago. Industrial and human activities in and around this area have increased dramatically in the last 20 years. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in surfacial bottom sediments of the harbor, to assess their potential biological effects and to identify their possible sources. Sediment samples from 21 stations throughout the harbor were analyzed for grain size, total organic carbon content (TOC), and metals (Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, V, and Zn) to assess the extent of contamination in the area. The results indicated that concentrations of metals in the sediments varied widely depending on the location. High levels of metals were observed in the Arsenal Basin and the outfall area of El Mahmoudiya Canal in the inner harbor. The concentrations of metals were found to be higher than those recorded in the previous study. However, with some exceptions, most of the changes in the metal concentrations could be accounted for by the variations in aluminum, which represents the variations in mineralogy and grain size, indicating that the majority of the metals were of “natural” origin. The present data were also compared with results from other areas.
Keywords: openalex:import

Academic staff performance appraisal system for higher education in Lesotho - Mpooa, Ts'ebetso Margaret 'M'amokheseng (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Education for all: a framework for addressing the persisting illusion for the Kenyan context - Mukudi, Edith (International Journal of Educational Development, 2004)
The economic and sociopolitical context for implementing education for all (EFA) policy in Kenya is examined. The policy absolving households from the responsibility of paying user fees for primary education leads to a focus on the capacity of the government to fully fund universal primary education. Funding constraints are identified as the primary limitation to the realization of universal access. A proposal on projection for funding level required for the realization of universal access based on current enrolment and existing infrastructure is offered. International comparison in funding levels provide context for assumptions made regarding differentials in educational access and quality. It is apparent that even without improvement in quality of educational infrastructure, realization of universal access will remain an illusion unless the Kenyan economy is able to support her education system.
Keywords: openalex:import

Managing public-private partnership: lessons from literacy education in Senegal - Nordtveit, Bjorn Harald (2004)
This study describes a model for public-private partnership used in a women's literacy project, or Projet d'Alphabetisation Priorite Femme (PAPF), in Senegal. The focus is on practical experience, and lessons learned with regard to outsourcing literacy courses to the private sector. The government's literacy department, the Departement d'Alphabetisation et de l'Education de Base (DAEB), maintained responsibility for policy formulation, monitoring and evaluation; and private providers received financing from the government to implement local literacy courses. The providers consisted mainly of local community-based organizations (CBOs).
Keywords: openalex:import

ATTITUDES TOWARD RETIREMENT AND PRERETIREMENT EDUCATION AMONG NIGERIAN BANK WORKERS - Ogunbameru, Olakunle A.; Bamiwuye, Samson Olusina (Educational Gerontology, 2004)
Retirement is viewed as a passage that can result in psychological, physiological, and economic problems among some retirees. Adequate preparation for retirement through preretirement education, as practiced in the Western-European societies, has been found to ease transition into retirement and adjustment in retirement. Preretirement education is a relatively new practice in some organizations in Nigeria; hence, little investigation has been conducted to examine the attitudes of Nigerians toward it. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the attitudes of Nigerian bankers toward retirement in general and preretirement education in particular. Respondents included senior members (n = 48) and middle-level workers (n = 60). There were more males (79.6%) than females (20.4%). More than half were over 40 years of age. A summary of data based on questionnaire administration reveal that retirement on its own is not as traumatic as generally thought. Respondents looked favorably toward retirement, and identified potential advantages of preretirement education. Therefore, it is recommended that employers consider preretirement education as the rule rather than the exception as currently being practiced in Nigeria.
Keywords: openalex:import

The effect of female education on childhood malnutrition in Africa - Packman, Pamela Jeannette (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Deformation associated with the January 17, 2002, eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of the Congo, from radar interferometry - Poland, Michael P.; Lü, Zhong (AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Correlates of School Counsellor Effectiveness in South Western Nigeria - Popoola, Bayode Isaiah (Journal of Social Sciences, 2004)
(2004). Correlates of School Counsellor Effectiveness in South Western Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 237-243.
Keywords: openalex:import

Conservation during times of change: correlations between birds, climate and people in South Africa - Rensburg, Berndt J. van; Erasmus, Barend; Jaarsveld, A. S. van; Gaston, Kevin J.; Chown, Steven L. (South African Journal of Science, 2004)
Few studies have investigated the ability of national conservation networks to adapt to changes in underlying environmental drivers (such as precipitation) and their consequences for factors such as human density and species richness patterns. In this article, the South African avifauna is used as the basis for such analysis to ascertain the likely extent of current, and future, anthropogenic impacts on priority conservation areas. We show that human population pressure is high in or around most of these priority areas and is likely to increase, given the magnitude of post-climate change estimated from predicted changes in precipitation and relationships between species richness, human densities, and rainfall. Although additional conservation areas, such as the Important Bird Area (IBA) network, are likely to introduce valuable flexibility to conservation management, only limited options are available for such expansions, and the conservation value of these areas is likely to be compromised by changing climate. Ultimately, a more integrated conservation approach is needed for effective conservation policies. Such an approach should confer adequate protection on current reserves and emphasize sustainable utilization of non-reserve areas.
Keywords: openalex:import

Increasing girls' school enrollment in the Arab Republic of Egypt - Riad, Nagwa; Iabal, Farrukh (2004)
Egypt's education system is the largest in the Middle East and North Africa and among the largest in the world, with about 16 million students enrolled for the 1999.2000 school year. More than 90 percent of students, from primary through tertiary levels, are in public institutions. The government has declared the development of Egypt's human resources a top national priority, part of a national effort to improve competitiveness and achieve greater integration with the global economy. Egypt's overriding goal has been to provide universal access to basic education, and over the past decade the government has shifted expenditures away from higher education to basic and secondary education.
Keywords: openalex:import

Mentoring in the Careers of African American Women in Social Work Education - Simon, Cassandra E.; Bowles, Dorcas D.; King, Shirley Wesley; Roff, Lucinda Lee (Affilia, 2004)
This article reports the findings of a study that examined the role of mentoring in thecareers of African American women in the administration of social work education.A focus of the study was the ways in which race and gender influence mentoringexperiences. The findings suggest that although the participants were successful intheir careers, mentoring opportunities were not a part of their early careerexperiences. They also indicate that race and gender play important roles in the type ofmentoring experienced by African American women in social work academia.
Keywords: openalex:import

The effect of single dose ivermectin alone or in combination with albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in primary school children in Tanzania - SIMONSEN, P (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2004)
Examination of 1829 children from 6 primary schools in coastal Tanzania revealed overall Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria (mf) and circulating filarial antigen (CFA) prevalences of 17.3% and 43.7%, respectively. A randomized double-blind field trial with a single dose of ivermectin (150–200 μg/kg body weight) alone or in combination with albendazole (400 mg) was subsequently carried out among these children. Both treatment regimens resulted in a considerable decrease in mean mf intensities, with overall reductions being slightly but statistically significantly higher for the combination than for ivermectin alone. The difference in effect between the two treatment regimens was most pronounced at 6 months, whereas it was minor at 12 months after treatment. The relative effect of treatment on mean CFA units was less pronounced than on mf. For both treatment regimens, reductions in CFA intensity appeared to be higher in children who were both CFA and mf positive before treatment, which may suggest that treatment mainly affected the survival and/or production of mf, rather than the survival of adult worms. New cases of infection appeared after treatment with both regimens among the pre-treatment mf and CFA negative children. Adverse reactions were few and mild in both groups, and mainly reported from pre-treatment mf and CFA positive children. The alarmingly high prevalence of W. bancrofti infection in primary school children highlights the importance of also determining the reversibility of already acquired early lesions, and the development of new measures and strategies to specifically protect children from later developing clinical disease.
Keywords: openalex:import

Writing and teaching the History of Land and the Environment in Africa in the twenty-first century : centenary of the UCT History Department - Sittert, Lance van (South African Historical Journal, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Mixed picture for changes in stable malaria distribution with future climate in Africa - Thomas, Christopher; Davies, Gemma; Dunn, Christine E. (Trends in Parasitology, 2004)
Our models indicate that in the next 30–40 years, the effects of climate change on stable falciparum malaria zones in Africa are probably complex and spatially heterogeneous, and that range contractions are more likely than expansions. Notably, we did not find evidence that the highlands are particularly vulnerable to change in this period. It is only by the second half of this century that increases in the potential for stable transmission in the highlands due to climate change were projected to be strong and, even here, the response was patchy. While not denying the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reduce long-term adverse impact, we suggest that climate change is unlikely to lead to widespread expansion in the distribution of stable malaria in Africa during the next few decades.
Keywords: openalex:import

Syrian Golden hamster - A model forExamining Metabolic Effects of Volitional Training. - Tobolski, Agnes E.; Riddell, Michael C. (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2004)
1747 The Syrian Golden hamster is commonly used as a model of dietary induced insulin resistance. Fat metabolism in hamsters closely resembles that in humans and this animal is known to exercise voluntarily. PURPOSE: To explore the metabolic effects of volitional training on young, healthy Syrian hamsters. METHODS: Male, 24- day old, hamsters with initial weight of 46.6 ± 0.83g (mean ± SEM), were randomly divided into sedentary (n = 8) and trained (n = 8) groups. The training group had 24-hour access to running wheels over 4 weeks of study. Food consumption, body weight and running distance were recorded daily and blood glucose was measured once per week. Non-fasted animals were euthanized by decapitation under CO2 anaesthesia and blood and tissues were collected for analysis. Plasma leptin, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon and amylin concentrations were measured in 10ul of serum using a Rat/Mouse Endocrine Panel (Linco Research, Inc.). RESULTS: The distance ran increased during the training period from 12.8 ± 1.11km/day at week 1 to 20.3 ± 0.82km/day at week 4. By the second week, food consumption was significantly higher (p<0.01) in trained (9.6 ± 0.2g/day) than in sedentary (6.48 ± 0.13g/day) animals. Although both groups gained weight, there was no difference in body mass between groups at any time point. Right visceral fat pad was larger (p<0.001) in sedentary (0.72 ± 0.04g) than in trained (0.24 ± 0.02g) animals. There was no difference in the blood glucose over the duration of the study between the trained and sedentary controls (4.6 ± 0.08mM/L vs 4.8 ± 0.1mM/L respectively). Leptin levels in sedentary hamsters were higher (p<0.05) than in trained hamsters (92.2 ± 15.7pM vs 35.5 ± 6.17pM, respectively). No significant difference was seen between the trained and sedentary animals in plasma insulin (284 ± 50.6pM vs 291.6 ± 49.7pM) nor GLP-1 (14.57 ± 3.9pM vs 10.93 ± 1.4pM) levels. Plasma glucagon and amylin were not detectible in sufficient animals to allow for comparison between groups. CONCLUSION: Our observations reveal that the extremely high volume of exercise exhibited by the animals, as well as their metabolic profile, may make this animal model particularly useful for the study of physiological effects of heavy endurance type training on metabolism.
Keywords: openalex:import

Syrian Golden hamster - A model forExamining Metabolic Effects of Volitional Training. - Tobolski, Agnes E.; Riddell, Michael C. (Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2004)
1747 The Syrian Golden hamster is commonly used as a model of dietary induced insulin resistance. Fat metabolism in hamsters closely resembles that in humans and this animal is known to exercise voluntarily. PURPOSE: To explore the metabolic effects of volitional training on young, healthy Syrian hamsters. METHODS: Male, 24- day old, hamsters with initial weight of 46.6 ± 0.83g (mean ± SEM), were randomly divided into sedentary (n = 8) and trained (n = 8) groups. The training group had 24-hour access to running wheels over 4 weeks of study. Food consumption, body weight and running distance were recorded daily and blood glucose was measured once per week. Non-fasted animals were euthanized by decapitation under CO2 anaesthesia and blood and tissues were collected for analysis. Plasma leptin, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon and amylin concentrations were measured in 10ul of serum using a Rat/Mouse Endocrine Panel (Linco Research, Inc.). RESULTS: The distance ran increased during the training period from 12.8 ± 1.11km/day at week 1 to 20.3 ± 0.82km/day at week 4. By the second week, food consumption was significantly higher (p<0.01) in trained (9.6 ± 0.2g/day) than in sedentary (6.48 ± 0.13g/day) animals. Although both groups gained weight, there was no difference in body mass between groups at any time point. Right visceral fat pad was larger (p<0.001) in sedentary (0.72 ± 0.04g) than in trained (0.24 ± 0.02g) animals. There was no difference in the blood glucose over the duration of the study between the trained and sedentary controls (4.6 ± 0.08mM/L vs 4.8 ± 0.1mM/L respectively). Leptin levels in sedentary hamsters were higher (p<0.05) than in trained hamsters (92.2 ± 15.7pM vs 35.5 ± 6.17pM, respectively). No significant difference was seen between the trained and sedentary animals in plasma insulin (284 ± 50.6pM vs 291.6 ± 49.7pM) nor GLP-1 (14.57 ± 3.9pM vs 10.93 ± 1.4pM) levels. Plasma glucagon and amylin were not detectible in sufficient animals to allow for comparison between groups. CONCLUSION: Our observations reveal that the extremely high volume of exercise exhibited by the animals, as well as their metabolic profile, may make this animal model particularly useful for the study of physiological effects of heavy endurance type training on metabolism.
Keywords: openalex:import

The challenges in developing a mathematics curriculum for training elementary teachers in Papua New Guinea - Vagi, Oneau; Green, Rosemary (Early Child Development and Care, 2004)
As Papua New Guinea undergoes a period of major education reform that includes the establishment of an elementary education programme, the development of an elementary teacher education curriculum is proving to be a challenging task. As a background this paper provides contextual information about the elementary education programme and highlights some of the challenges facing those who are developing and implementing elementary mathematics curricula, including teacher trainers and trainee teachers.
Keywords: openalex:import

African American Students' Ratings of Caucasian and African American Counselors Varying in Racial Consciousness. - Want, Valerie; Parham, Thomas A.; Baker, Richard C.; Sherman, Mark (Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2004)
African American college students (63 female, 30 male) rated vignettes of counselors varying in racial consciousness (high vs. low) and race (African American vs. Caucasian). Participants then completed a counselor rating scale and the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Short Form; T. A. Parham & J. E. Helms, 1981). African American counselors were rated more favorably than White counselors, and high racially conscious counselors were rated more favorably than low racially conscious counselors. The African American counselor with high racial consciousness was rated the most favorably. Several significant correlations were found between participants' racial identity attitudes and their ratings of counselors. Implications for the training of both African American and White counselors are considered.
Keywords: openalex:import

Air pollution-derived trichloroacetic acid contributes to degradation of vegetation in South Africa - Weißflog, L.; Kruger, Gert J.; Kellner, Klaus; Pienaar, Jacobus J.; Lange, Christian; Strauss, R. W.; Pfennigsdorff, Andrea; Ondruschka, Bernd (South African Journal of Science, 2004)
During the past five decades, the expansion of deserts has accelerated in many regions of the earth including sub-Saharan Africa. Both climatic changes and the over-exploitation of natural resources in these regions have been considered to be responsible for this phenomenon. Recent data, however, revealed an additional factor that may contribute to desertification through degradation of the vegetation in the areas concerned. This factor is the organic compound trichloroacetic acid (TCA; CCl 3 COOH), that has its origin in an enhanced presence of several C 2 -chlorohydrocarbons (C 2 -CHCs) in the atmosphere. In the present study the burden on the vegetation resulting from C 2 -CHCs pollutants was assessed by sampling the concentration of TCA in pine needles along a 600-km air pollution gradient, ranging from highly industrialized areas in Gauteng to rural areas in the eastern part of South Africa. Parallel measurement of the TCA content of pine needles and their vitality over an air pollution gradient ranging from Potchefstroom eastwards towards Sasolburg and further south in the direction of Heilbron, revealed a decline in the TCA content of the needles with increasing distance from Sasolburg in the Vaal Triangle, a 'hot spot' of anthropogenic air pollution in South Africa. An inverse correlation was found between TCA content and the photosynthetic functioning of the pine needles. Studies in South Africa and Russia have shown that large vegetation fires lead to a substantial increase in the C 2 -chlorohydrocarbon content of needles of pine trees growing in the lee of the fire zone.We also discuss the distinctive air transport patterns over southern Africa of pollutants such as perchlorethene and their phytotoxic decomposition product TCA, and their possible role as an additional stress factor in the degradation of vegetation, so enhancing desertification.
Keywords: openalex:import

Violence as an impediment to a culture of teaching and learning in some South African schools - Zulu, Bongani; Urbani, Giuliano; Merwe, Amelia van der; Walt, J.L. Van der (South African Journal of Education, 2004)
School violence in South Africa has a long history. Despite the introduction of a new democratic political dispensation in 1994, it appears that violence in schools has not abated. School violence unfortunately impacts negatively on a culture of learning and teaching. In this project, the nature and extent of violence in schools among a sample of learners was investigated. It was found inter alia that school violence has indeed remained a serious problem among these learners and has impacted deleteriously on the culture of teaching and learning in their schools. Two solutions for the eradication of the problem are suggested. South African Journal of Education Vol.24(2) 2004: 170-175
Keywords: openalex:import

Violence as an impediment to a culture of teaching and learning in some South African schools - Zulu, Bongani; Urbani, Giuliano; Merwe, Amelia van der; Walt, J.L. Van der (South African Journal of Education, 2004)
School violence in South Africa has a long history. Despite the introduction of a new democratic political dispensation in 1994, it appears that violence in schools has not abated. School violence unfortunately impacts negatively on a culture of learning and teaching. In this project, the nature and extent of violence in schools among a sample of learners was investigated. It was found inter alia that school violence has indeed remained a serious problem among these learners and has impacted deleteriously on the culture of teaching and learning in their schools. Two solutions for the eradication of the problem are suggested. South African Journal of Education Vol.24(2) 2004: 170-175
Keywords: openalex:import

Violence as an impediment to a culture of teaching and learning in some South African schools - Zulu, Bongani; Urbani, Giuliano; Merwe, Amelia van der; Walt, J.L. Van der (South African Journal of Education, 2004)
School violence in South Africa has a long history. Despite the introduction of a new democratic political dispensation in 1994, it appears that violence in schools has not abated. School violence unfortunately impacts negatively on a culture of learning and teaching. In this project, the nature and extent of violence in schools among a sample of learners was investigated. It was found inter alia that school violence has indeed remained a serious problem among these learners and has impacted deleteriously on the culture of teaching and learning in their schools. Two solutions for the eradication of the problem are suggested. South African Journal of Education Vol.24(2) 2004: 170-175
Keywords: openalex:import

Violence as an impediment to a culture of teaching and learning in some South African schools - Zulu, Bongani; Urbani, Giuliano; Merwe, Amelia van der; Walt, J.L. Van der (South African Journal of Education, 2004)
School violence in South Africa has a long history. Despite the introduction of a new democratic political dispensation in 1994, it appears that violence in schools has not abated. School violence unfortunately impacts negatively on a culture of learning and teaching. In this project, the nature and extent of violence in schools among a sample of learners was investigated. It was found inter alia that school violence has indeed remained a serious problem among these learners and has impacted deleteriously on the culture of teaching and learning in their schools. Two solutions for the eradication of the problem are suggested. South African Journal of Education Vol.24(2) 2004: 170-175
Keywords: openalex:import

Three Key Challenges for the Education System under "Education for All" Movement in Tanzania and Feasible Policy Recommendations - 岡本, 正彦 (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Aid for Self-Help Effort? : A Sustainable Alternative Route to Basic Education in Northern Ghana - Akyeampong, Kwame (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2004)
Northern Ghana presents an interesting case of the limitations of the conventional school system in reaching underserved and deprived populations with basic education. Due to the peculiar nature of its demographic characteristics and the socio-economic challenges that confront this area of Ghana, conventional school systems are unable to thrive and make an impact in remote areas. Many of these communities are sparsely populated and scattered making distance a hindrance to school. attendance. A major barrier to access and participation is also the cost. In poor deprived communities whether or not children attend school usually depends on the direct or indirect costs to families. Direct costs arises from schooling accessories such as uniforms, books and writing materials whilst the indirect costs are largely in the form of income lost from the child’s potential employment or contribution to household income through direct labor. Yet another obstacle is the official school calendar which usually conflicts with families’ economic activities to which the child is a crucial contributor. A growing number of NGOs and civil society organizations are introducing basic education initiatives that have been adjusted to reflect these demographic and socio-economic realities. Many of the NGOs try to promote the spirit of self-help efforts among poor rural people using strategies that encourage community participation and ownership of the basic education initiative. This paper describes and analyses the effort of one such NGO education programme known as the “School for Life” (SFL) in Northern Ghana. The paper examines the extent to which the activities of this organization are actually promoting self-help efforts in sustaining an aid initiated basic education programme. The acid test for aid effectiveness is what happens when it phases out - in that case is the initiative sustainable? The paper argues that for true sustainability to be achieved there is the need for a concerted working relationship between the aid programme provider and local government institutions because of the potential benefits that this relationship can bring in sustaining the programme once external support ends. Finally, using the SFL programme as an example, it argues that the key to promoting greater participation and commitment among rural communities towards basic education, is by showing that it can actually open up access to higher levels of education without conflicting with the socio-cultural and economic activities of the society.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sustaining Home-Grown Innovations in Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Critical Reflection - Assié-Lumumba, N’Drı Thérèse (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2004)
In the early post-colonial period, African leaders articulated in unison the necessity for promoting substantive change in their inherited systems through reforms. Paradoxically, during the same period they built new higher education institutions, especially universities, modeled after those in the former colonizing colonial powers. As the majority of these reforms were not satisfactorily implemented, since the beginning of this first decade of the twenty-first century, there has been greater interest in innovations as a more focused and promising strategy for change to improve the performance of the universities. This paper is basically a reflective essay that conceptualizes innovative strategy as a necessary and permanent corrective tool to redress and prevent institutional deficiencies. After presenting some of the African experiences in recent innovations, it examines the conditions for rooting and sustaining home-grown innovations. Given the powerful dependency framework and the external control over the financial resources, national policies are in effect set by external powers. The latter determine priorities in Africa including the type of innovations that may be considered worth being supported. It is argued that the most effective way to sustain innovations in African higher education for social progress is to create the conditions in the learning system to foster innovative minds.
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning Organizations a case study of Kenya Tea Development Agency - Karioki, Cyrus S (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Could Japan Be a Good Math & Science Teacher for Africa? - Nagao, Masafumi (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2004)
This paper presents an ‘experience-sharing’ model of technical cooperation as a way to explain the increasing Japanese technical assistance to African countries for their math and science education development over the last several years. The distinguishing features of this model are the symmetric relationship between the technology supplier and recipient, the centrality of learning function and the importance of managing the cultural factor. The model contrasts with the usual technology transfer model of technical cooperation based on the supposed technological superiority of the supplying country, and takes account of the possible advantages offered by the Japanese assistance in math and science education as well as the revealed weaknesses associated with it. An illustration of the model is provided by Japan’s technical assistance to a secondary math and science teacher retraining project in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Public Expenditure on Education and Resource Management : Case of Zambia - Ogawa, Keiichi (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2004)
In many developing countries, one of the major challenges facing public institutions is the efficient and equitable reallocation of public resources. This paper addresses the issue of how public resources are employed efficiently and equitably in Zambia as a case study. First of all, the study examines the extent to which public resources for education are used efficiently, particularly as a linkage with educational outputs, in comparison to other sub-Saharan African countries. Secondly, because teachers’ salaries constitute a large share of public spending on education and teacher themselves are very important inputs in the delivery of education services, the study investigates the degree to which public resources are disturbed efficiently and equitably by evaluating teacher allocation.
Keywords: openalex:import

Transforming tertiary institutions for mass higher education through distance and open learning approaches in Africa: a telescopic view - Braimoh, Dele (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
The recent global occurrences are in one way or another affecting many individuals, institutions and even governmental structures, particularly in the developing countries of the world. Those who are hard hit within the premise of our article, include the Universities on the continent of Africa, where their hitherto status quo as "ivory towers" is being challenged by private competitors while this situation has been aggravated by the fast dwindling financial support from their varying governments. In addition, the process of democratization of education has inevitably led to the explosive demands by the citizens of the different African countries for open admission into the tertiary institutions as full time students but the universities have no absorptive capacity to meet the demands due to some perennial factors. Against this background, this article therefore, analyses the current spate of "transformation process" which is going on in most of the Southern African Universities. This is done using the telescopic view to assess the rationale, with a view to synthesizing the positive dividends which may accrue from the adoption of distance and open learning approaches in order to achieve greater accessibility and the massification of educational products. This is especially pertinent during this era of technology driven educational innovation, so as to make universities' programmes not only accessible but also relevant to the needs and aspirations of the teeming African population. (South African Journal of Higher Education: 2003 17 (3):13-25)
Keywords: openalex:import

Perceptions of entrepreneurship as a career option in South Africa: An exploratory study among grade 12 learners - Burger, Lydia Lynnette; Mahadea, Darma; O’Neill, Conor (Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomiese en bestuurswetenskappe (Print), 2004)
Job creation and poverty alleviation are two pressing challenges facing South Africa today. South Africa’s capacity to address the high unemployment and poverty levels are partly hampered by a poorly developed entrepreneurial culture. An entrepreneurial culture that enhances the supply of effective entrepreneurs at all age and population groups could contribute to economic growth and address both unemployment and poverty. This article investigates the perceptions of entrepreneurship as career option by Grade 12 learners in a specific region in South Africa, as the youth could be viewed as the logical group from which new entrepreneurs should emerge in future. The majority of the surveyed learners seem to have a positive disposition towards small business entrepreneurship as an eventual career, although considerable differences exist in terms of self-image, locality and ethnic backgrounds.
Keywords: openalex:import

Reconstruction from the ruins: higher education policy and the cultivation of citizenship in the new South Africa - Kissack, Mike; Enslin, Penny (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
Since 1994 national higher education policy has demanded radical reconstruction of the higher education sector in South Africa. But as well as addressing their divided and unequal past and the globalisation of higher education, our universities also face a global crisis in higher education, which Bill Readings (1996) has dubbed "the university in ruins". This article raises some critical concerns about current conceptions of the South African university. Our central focus is on the notion of citizenship education as an aim of tertiary education. We begin with an account of the ruination of our universities under apartheid. This is followed by a discussion of Gerard Delanty's (2001) analysis of the evolution of the contemporary university and the impact of the democratic cultural model on its work. Following Delanty, we explore the implications of the imperative to complement social citizenship with technological and cultural citizenship. Philosophical pragmatism, we argue, points the way to filling in some of the silences in current approaches to these issues, suggesting a radical reformulation of university curricula. (South African Journal of Higher Education: 2003 17 (3): 36-48)
Keywords: openalex:import

A monitoring and evaluation system for South African higher education: conceptual, methodological and practical concerns - Lange, Lis; Luescher, TM (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
This article is based on research done at the Council on Higher Education to produce a framework for the monitoring and evaluation of the achievement of higher education policy objectives in South Africa. The article situates monitoring and evaluation systems within the context of the rise of the evaluative state and argues that for monitoring and evaluation to have a function beyond mere accountability and resource allocation they have to transcend the generation of baseline data and venture into the more complicated and contested terrain of explanation. For this to happen, monitoring and evaluation systems need to be deeply embedded in the socio-political dynamics of the societies in which they operate both at the conceptual and the design level. (South African Journal of Higher Education: 2003 17 (3): 82-89)
Keywords: openalex:import

Equity development programmes for academic staff at South African higher education institutions: progress and promise - Mkhwanazi, V; Baijnath, Narend (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
The current academic staff profile in South African Higher Education reflects much of the skewdness of the past. The central dilemma faced by these institutions is how to achieve an equitable ratio in the short and medium terms. In response to government concerns expressed through the National Plan on Higher Education, several institutions of higher learning are now embarking upon strategies to develop, retain and attract staff from designated groups. The issues discussed in this article arise from a baseline survey conducted by the researchers to investigate Equity Development Programmes (EDPs) for academic staff within the South African higher education sector. Quantitative data from telephone interviews and a questionnaire survey across all public higher education institutions are drawn upon as the basis of analysis for these programmes. Indications are that there are few meaningful, successful EDPs in existence at SA higher education institutions. Those institutions that have development programmes have limited and inadequate resources. The major aim of this article is to analyse how these programmes are structured and focussed, how they are funded, and their overall impact, with a view to identifying policy, planning and development imperatives for public higher education institutions. (South African Journal of Higher Education: 2003 17 (3): 106-113)
Keywords: openalex:import

Mentored academic writing for higher education in South Africa - Naidoo, NA; Tshivhase, A.C. (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
Writing has been described as the generation of consensual symbols containing agreed-upon conventions. In Higher Education (HE), these conventions are affected by personal symbols such as cultural and institutional factors that may impact negatively on post-graduate learners. Although the primary function of a post-graduate promoter is to support candidates' content knowledge, seldom is attention given to discourse knowledge and to novice researchers' writing ability. A programme of mentored academic writing, where junior promoters are trained to support novice researchers, could provide the scaffolding needed to support novice researchers' social and cultural contexts of writing. Such a training programme could coax writers' prior knowledge thereby encouraging intra-personal dialogue resulting in powerful and measurable capacity building. Continuous reflection could lead to novice learners becoming mentors themselves. This article examines possibilities of such mentorship against the backdrop of HE learners who are non-native speakers of English, often in a non-supportive learning environment. (South African Journal of Higher Education: 2003 17 (3): 226-238)
Keywords: openalex:import

Quality enhancement in higher education in South Africa: why a paradigm shift is necessary - Pretorius, Rialette (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
This article analyses the concept of quality in the context of South African higher education. The focus is on the new system of quality assurance for higher education soon to be implemented by the Higher Education Quality Committee (HEQC). The new quality system is subjected to analysis, and compared with not only the theory and practice of quality management, but also the systems used in this regard by higher education in other countries. An important finding is that the new system for South Africa tends to be bureaucratic and emphasises accountability, which limits its potential for transformation. Real enhancement of quality is an internally driven process and will be difficult, if not impossible, to achieve through external quality assurance. The current perspective on quality assurance in higher education in South Africa requires a paradigm shift which will turn it into a process in support of a culture of continuous improvement, and which engages institutions in totality and in an integrated manner. (South African Journal of Higher Education: 2003 17 (3): 129-136)
Keywords: openalex:import

Transforming education in South Africa: paradigm shift or change? - Ramose, MB (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
The transformation of the content of the educational curriculum in South Africa is an imperative of historical justice. Though the final constitution of South Africa represents a substantive improvement on the rights condition of many South Africans, it is at the same time an impediment to transformation. This is because it is not vested with credentials that make it a truly homegrown South African constitution. At the same time bounded reasoning in its aspect of impermeable boundaries renders the quest for transformation impossible. It is therefore urged that dialogue from within the permeable boundaries of all those involved is the optimal way to pursue the transformation of the content of the educational curriculum. (South African Journal of Higher Education: 2003 17 (3):137-143)
Keywords: openalex:import

Studies on Industrial Pollution in Nigeria: The effect of Textile effluents on the quality of Groundwater in some parts of Lagos - Olayinka, Kehinde O.; Alo, Babajide I. (Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2004)
The textile industry is one of the industries in Nigeria that pollute the environment by the indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluents. Until recently little attention was given to groundwater pollution studies in the industrial estates. We report herein, the effect of the effluents discharged from two textile industries on the well waters from around the Estates investigated. The results showed that the effluents had high values of BOD5 (100–390 mg/l), COD (204–2000 mg/l), pH and were highly coloured. These values were higher than the efffluent limits stipulated by the Federal Ministry of Environment for textile industries. The effect of depth and distance of well from the point of effluent discharge on the quality of well water was also investigated and the results showed that of the fifteen tube wells around Company A, the well that was closest to point of discharge (a shallow well) showed the highest BOD5 (107 mg/l) and total dissolved solids (TDS) while all the other wells together with those around Company B showed acceptable results. KEYWORDS: Textile effluents, groundwater, pollution. Nig. Jnl Health & Biomed. Sciences Vol.3(1) 2004: 44-50
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection in Patients Undergoing Pelvic Radiotherapy at a Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria - Oduyebo, OO; Daso, MA; Uti, RA; Ketiku, K K (Journal of the Nigerian Infection Control Association, 2004)
Background: Radiation therapy is known to induce the breakdown of certain body defence factors. In the patient who has carcinoma of the cervix, pelvic radiotherapy increases the risk of infection with both opportunistic and pathogenic agents,. Objectives: This study was done to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infections in patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) Idi-araba, and to isolate and identify the causative agents, and determine their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns. Methods: Between January and September 2001, mid-stream urine samples were collected from all patients on pelvic radiotherapy for Carcinoma of the cervix and other categories of persons who served as controls. These were immunosuppressed patients like Diabetes mellitus patients, HIV/AIDS patients, and healthy volunteers. Microscopy, culture and sensitivity of their urine samples were performed by standard laboratory methods. Result: Sixty-four women with age range 30-59 years underwent pelvic radiotherapy during the period of study. The prevalence rate for urinary tract infection was found to be 20.3%. The predominant isolates were Escherichia.coli (23.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.1%). Many of the gram-positive isolates were sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid 62.5%) and gentamicin (55%), but showed reduced sensitivity to ampicillin (0%), chloramphenicol (22.22%) and co-trimoxazole (25%). The Gram negative bacilli were completely resistant to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid(0%), ampicillin (0%) and showed low susceptibility to cotrimoxazole (12.5%). Susceptibility rate to nitrofurantoin was 41.02%) and to nalidixic acid was 45%. Susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were 50% and 71.87% and to gentamicin and tobramicin were 50% and 40% respectively. Conclusion: Antimicrobial therapy for urinary tract infection in this patient population should be based on the results of culture and sensitivity. There is need for antibiotic surveillance of urinary pathogens so that therapy can be based on judicious use of antibiotics and antibiotic policies. Jnl of Nigerian Infection Control Association Vol.4(1) 2001:6-10
Keywords: openalex:import

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based mapping of volcanic flows: Manam Island, Papua New Guinea - Weissel, Jeffrey K.; Czuchlewski, Kristina Rodriguez; Kim, Y. (Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2004)
Abstract. We present new radar-based techniques for efficient identification of surface changes generated by lava and pyroclastic flows, and apply these to the 1996 eruption of Manam Volcano, Papua New Guinea. Polarimetric L- and P-band airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, along with a C-band DEM, were acquired over the volcano on 17 November 1996 during a major eruption sequence. The L-band data are analyzed for dominant scattering mechanisms on a per pixel basis using radar target decomposition techniques. A classification method is presented, and when applied to the L-band polarimetry, it readily distinguishes bare surfaces from forest cover over Manam volcano. In particular, the classification scheme identifies a post-1992 lava flow in NE Valley of Manam Island as a mainly bare surface and the underlying 1992 flow units as mainly vegetated surfaces. The Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Network reports allow us to speculate whether the bare surface is a flow dating from October or November in the early part of the late-1996 eruption sequence. This work shows that fully polarimetric SAR is sensitive to scattering mechanism changes caused by volcanic resurfacing processes such as lava and pyroclastic flows. By extension, this technique should also prove useful in mapping debris flows, ash deposits and volcanic landslides associated with major eruptions.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Transmission of Learning in Islamic Africa - Reese, Scott S. (2004)
In a series of essays this collected volume challenges much of the conventional wisdom regarding the intellectual history of Muslim Africa. Ranging from the libraries of Early Modern Mauritania and Timbuktu to mosque lectures in contemporary Mombasa the contributors to this collection overturn many commonly accepted assumptions about Africa's Muslim learned classes. Rather than isolated, backward and out of touch, the essays in this volume reveal Muslim intellectuals as not only well aware of the intellectual currents of the wider Islamic world but also caring deeply about the issues facing their communities.
Keywords: openalex:import

Music education in Malawi - Chanunkha, Robert (Journal of humanities (Zomba), 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Development of frequency models for predicting design storms in Lake Baringo drainage basin in Kenya - Onyando, JO; Chemelil, M. C.; Awer, M.; Kisoyan, P. (Botswana Journal of Technology, 2004)
Frequency models for estimating design storms for catchment management were developed in the present study using Extreme Value Type I (EVI) frequency distribution. The area chosen for the study was Lake Baringo drainage basin in Kenya. This basin is located in five different agro-climatic zones. Representative stations with at least 30 year data records were used in the study. Frequency models were developed for each station and design storms predicted for 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25-year, 50-year and 100-year return periods. The results revealed that semi-arid areas have higher design storms than humid areas although they receive less annual rainfall. A comparison was made between these design storms and those derived from Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. Discrepancies were observed between these two methods. This shows that although the use of IDF curves gave reasonable results, however better results can be achieved from models developed using historical data. Therefore, in areas where historical data are available, models should be preferred to IDF curves in estimating design storms. Keywords: Frequency models, lake Baringo, Kenya, design storm Botswana Journal of Technology Vol.13(1) 2004: 1-6
Keywords: openalex:import

Traditional Cultural Practices of Imparting Sex Education and the Fight against HIV/AIDS: The Case of Initiation Ceremonies for Girls in Zambia - Kapungwe, Augustus (African sociological review, 2004)
The Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have become a major health problem in Zambia. Because of the threat HIV/AIDS poses to the nation, the government of Zambia embarked on a public health campaign aimed at combating the scourge. However, so far this campaign has predominantly been conducted through modern channels of information communication. The overall objective of this study was to explore the role one particular traditional channel of sex information communication, the initiation ceremony of girls, could play in disseminating information to combat HIV/AIDS. Data were collected from five residential areas using systematic random sampling. Overall, the study concludes that although there is no evidence to directly link initiation ceremonies with HIV/AIDS, indirectly today’s initiation ceremonies enhance the spread of HIV/AIDS. But it is encouraging to point out that, given the demonstrated willingness of the majority of initiators to learn more about HIV/AIDS, the identified inadequacies in initiation ceremonies can be removed so thatthis channel is used effectively in the fight against the disease.
Keywords: openalex:import

Open-Distance Education as a Mechanism for Sustainable Development: Reflections on the Nigerian Experience - Aderinoye, Rashid; Ojokheta, K. O. (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2004)
This article examines open-distance learning in Nigeria and the role it plays in personal, community, and national development. Following consultation with existing literature, a qualitative survey was conducted using questionnaires, interviews, and participatory experience. Although particular emphasis was paid to the Nigerian context, the findings in this article may be regarded as reflective distance education experiences elsewhere in Africa. Clearly, education is the key to human development and progress. It is essential to bring about changes in attitudes, values, and behaviour. Used ethically, distance education may enable people to make informed choices about their present life and future. Moreover, these assertions have been credited to many scholars and institutions at one time or the other. The question here, however, is: To what extent are these assertions true of education, and more especially of those individuals benefiting from open and distance learning in Nigeria? This and more incisive issues constitute the substance of this article.
Keywords: openalex:import

Negotiating a Teaching Identity: An African American Teacher's Struggle to Teach in Test-Driven Contexts - Agee, Jane (Teachers College Record, 2004)
This case study examines the experiences of a young African American English teacher over 3 years as she tried to teach multicultural literature. The study began in her senior year of college when she was enrolled in a progressive undergraduate preservice program in English education and continued through her first 2 years as a high school English teacher. In the university program, she expressed a desire to teach multicultural literature, to use constructivist approaches to teaching that built on students’ personal experiences, and to broaden students’ understanding of racial and cultural differences. Yet in her preservice teaching as well as in her first 2 years as a teacher, she found her goals difficult to implement. Her envisioned identity as a teacher who would help students to understand and celebrate racial diversity began to unravel as she struggled with the demands of school policies, mandated assessments, and racial bias. Teacher identity, as described here, is a discursive space where an imagined role is negotiated among possible roles. In this case, a young African American teacher found her imagined teacher identity thwarted by state mandates, mainstream constructions of a teacher role, and ideologies of curriculum and assessment. Her story speaks to the gap between progressive teacher education programs and the demands of mandated, high-stakes tests on schools and teachers. One result of mandated tests is their tendency to silence diverse points of view, a factor that may further contribute to the lack of teachers of color in American schools.
Keywords: openalex:import

Negotiating a Teaching Identity: An African American Teacher's Struggle to Teach in Test-Driven Contexts - Agee, Jane (Teachers College Record, 2004)
This case study examines the experiences of a young African American English teacher over 3 years as she tried to teach multicultural literature. The study began in her senior year of college when she was enrolled in a progressive undergraduate preservice program in English education and continued through her first 2 years as a high school English teacher. In the university program, she expressed a desire to teach multicultural literature, to use constructivist approaches to teaching that built on students’ personal experiences, and to broaden students’ understanding of racial and cultural differences. Yet in her preservice teaching as well as in her first 2 years as a teacher, she found her goals difficult to implement. Her envisioned identity as a teacher who would help students to understand and celebrate racial diversity began to unravel as she struggled with the demands of school policies, mandated assessments, and racial bias. Teacher identity, as described here, is a discursive space where an imagined role is negotiated among possible roles. In this case, a young African American teacher found her imagined teacher identity thwarted by state mandates, mainstream constructions of a teacher role, and ideologies of curriculum and assessment. Her story speaks to the gap between progressive teacher education programs and the demands of mandated, high-stakes tests on schools and teachers. One result of mandated tests is their tendency to silence diverse points of view, a factor that may further contribute to the lack of teachers of color in American schools.
Keywords: openalex:import

Aid for Self-Help Effort? A Sustainable Alternative Route to Basic Education in Northern Ghana (SPECIAL ISSUE: International Education Cooperation: Towards Greater Autonomy or Dependency in Sub-Saharan Africa?) - Akyeampong, Kwame (国際教育協力論集, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Utilization of Hearing Aids by the Hearing-Impaired in Ghana - Amedofu, Goffrey K; Awuah, P.; Ocansey, Grace; Antwi, Babara; Brobby, G W (Tropical Doctor, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Road Safety Practices among Commercial Motorcyclists in a Rural Town in Nigeria: Implications for Health Education - Amoran, OE; Eme, Owoaje; Giwa, O. A.; Gbolahan, OlalereOmoyosola (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 2004)
This cross-sectional, community-based study was carried out among commercial motorcyclists in Igboora. All the commercial motor parks in Igboora were visited and all the commercial motorcyclists who consented to participate in the study were interviewed. Information on the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics, and the practice of road safety measures was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. A total of 299 motorcyclists were interviewed. All (100%) of them were males. The mean age of the respondents was 27.4 +/- 7.4 years. One hundred eighty-two (60.7%) of the motorcyclists had the correct knowledge of the purpose of Highway Code. Only 70 (23.3%) could recognize more than half of the currently used road safety codes and 47 (15.7%) obey these road safety codes more than half of the time they see it. Only 183 (61.2%) of them had a driving license and 72 (24.1%) were able to produce these licenses on demand. All (100%) of the respondents did not use any protective helmet. Those who have longer years of working experience, higher level of education and higher knowledge of the safety codes practice it more regularly (r = 0.198, p = 0.001, chi2= 9.31, p = 0.025, and r = 0.28, p = 0.001 respectively). One hundred thirty-six (45.5%) have been involved in at least one accident in the preceding year. The overall incidence of road traffic accident was 2.16 per 1,000. There was however on statistically significant association between the practice of road safety codes and the occurrence of road traffic accidents (chi2= 0.176, p = 0.916). The study shows that the practice of road safety measures was low in this rural Nigerian community and was not associated with the incidence of road traffic accidents. Introducing road safety education particularly targeted at educating the motorcyclists on the importance and practice of road safety measures would lead to an increase in the practice of the safety measures and hopefully a reduction in the incidence of road traffic accidents.
Keywords: openalex:import

The African Nutrition Graduate Students Network: a new initiative for nutrition in Africa - Ayoya, Mohamed Ag; Mandimika, Tafadzwa; Mbuya, Mduduzi N N; Mbuya, Nkosinathi Vusizihlobo; Mensah-Homiah, Joseph; Garza, Cutberto (Public health nutrition (Wallingford), 2004)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Keywords: openalex:import

Towards a re-conceptualization of African languages teaching in U.S. colleges and universities - Bokamba, Eyamba G (2004)
Keywords: openalex:import

Improving tertiary education in Sub-Saharan Africa: things that work - Bollag, Burton (2004)
This document reports on a regional training conference entitled Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things That Work! Which was held in Accra, Ghana on September 23-25, 2003 in the effort to support and share these innovation experiences. Based on 33 case studies of how specific institutional innovations were introduced and implemented, the conference engaged the following themes: the political economy of change; management efficiency; sustainable financing; access and lifelong learning; educational quality; access to electronic information, HIV/AIDS, women's participation, regional cooperation, brain drain, and new variations on the African Development University.
Keywords: openalex:import

Modelling climate change in West African Sahel rainfall (1931–90) as an artifact of changing station locations - Chappell, Adrian; Agnew, Clive (International Journal of Climatology, 2004)
Abstract Since the major droughts in the West African Sahel during the 1970s, it has been widely asserted that mean annual summer rainfall has declined since the late 1960s. Explanation of this persistent regional drying trend was important for famine early‐warning and global climate models. However, the network of rainfall stations changed considerably during that recent period of desiccation. Furthermore, it was difficult to reconcile the calculation of a simple mean value for a region known to have a complex spatial and temporal rainfall pattern. A simple model separated the Sahel into ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ regions. This model was inverted against mean annual summer rainfall for the Sahel between 1931 and 1990. Model predictions were found to be insensitive to initial starting conditions. The optimized parameters explained 87% of the variation in observed mean annual summer rainfall. The model predicted the mean annual rainfall in the wet ‘coastal’ and dry ‘continental’ regions of the Sahel to be 973 mm and 142 mm respectively. Consequently, the predicted long‐term mean annual summer rainfall was 558 mm, 15% greater than that of the observed long‐term mean (417 mm). The mean annual summer rainfall for the region was corrected by removing the influence of changing station locations over the study period. No persistent decline was found in mean annual summer rainfall, which suggested that the perceived drying trend was an artifact of the crude statistical aggregation of the data and historical changes in the climate station networks. The absence of a decline in rainfall questioned the validity of the hypotheses and speculations for the causes of the drying trend in the region and its effects on global climate change. It also increased the likelihood that changes over time in other regional and global climate station networks have influenced the performance and interpretation of global climate models. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Keywords: openalex:import

Impaired Na+,K+-ATPase activity as a mechanism of reactive nitrogen species-induced cytotoxicity in guinea pig liver exposed to lipopolysaccharides - Çimen, Behzat; Türközkan, Nurten; Seven, Ilgım; Ünlü, Ali; Karasu, Çi̇men (Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 2004)
Keywords: openalex:import