FRUITS OF DEMOCRATIC TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION IN A SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY IN 1998: PERSPECTIVES OF STUDENTS IN THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF CAPETOWN - Taylor, Philip (McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill, 2004)
ABSTRACT. This article is based on doctoral study of educational change in the School of Education (SOE) of the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa. It is an exploration of a moment in that bore witness to institutional and human transformation in South African higher education. This transformation involved development from the late nineteenth century colonization by Britain, through the Apartheid era, and finally to the time of the historic democratic election in 1994. The research examines how the post-apartheid era changed the university context and culture, as well as ways in which social relationships and student experience were transformed. This text, the first of three, analyses change from the viewpoint of the student group respondents of the study. Other articles will focus on the teachers and administrators' perspectives. LES FRUITS DE LA TRANSFORMATION DEMOCRATIQUE DE L'EDUCATION DANS UNE UNIVERSITE SUD-AFRICAINE EN 1998 : PERSPECTIVES DES ETUDIANTS DE LA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN RESUME. Cet article se fonde sur une etude de la reforme de l'education la School of Education (SOE) de l'University of Cape Town (UCT), en Afrique du Sud. Il explore un « moment precis» qui temoigne de la transformation institutionnelle et humaine dans le monde de l'education superieure de l'Afrique du Sud. La transformation s'est amorcee la colonisation britannique de la fin du dix-neuvieme siecle, passe par l'ere de l'apartheid pour finir l'epoque de l'historique election democratique de 1994. La recherche examine comment l'ere postapartheid change le contexte et la culture universitaires ainsi que la maniere dont les relations sociales et l'experience des etudiants ont ete transformees. Ce texte, le premier de trois, analyse le changement du point de vue des etudiants qui ont repondu l'etude. D'autres articles se concentreront sur les points de vue des enseignants et des administrateurs.
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SOUTH AFRICA: AN UNKNOWN COUNTRY TO ITS GEOGRAPHY STUDENTS? - Tengbeh, G.T. (South African Geographical Journal, 2004)
ABSTRACT At the University of the North, a formative exercise tested students' familiarity with the relative locations of the provinces of South Africa. The results indicated that these students were indeed strangers in their own country. Students at all levels had an unacceptable level of ignorance of the locations of the provinces of South Africa, with the first years exhibiting the highest level of this ignorance. Students with school geography performed better than those without. It is suggested that instructors consider the introduction of a course on the regional geography of South Africa, and the use of maps, atlases and globes be re-introduced in geography teaching. Although this exercise was conducted at a particular university, the results should serve as a wake-up call to all geography instructors in schools and in universities, which accept students without a geography background, and at which regional geography does not form part of their curriculum. It is useful to ensure, rather than assume without testing, that students know the map locations of places discussed in their classes.
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Technological Innovation and Management Strategies for Higher Education in Africa: Harmonizing Reality and Idealism - Uys, Philip; Nleya, Paul T.; Molelu, G.B. (Educational Media International, 2004)
This paper analyses and suggests possible technological innovation strategies in higher educational institutions in Africa. The paper describes management issues in the implementation of eLearning with particular reference to its usage in higher education abroad and in Africa, and also suggests appropriate approaches for technological innovation of higher education in Africa. The major findings of the paper, which are based on three case studies, suggest that eLearning needs to be implemented within a strategically developed framework based on a clear and unified vision and a central educational rationale. The findings further highlight the importance of using a combination of strategies – top–down, bottom–up and inside–out – during the diffusion process to attain coherence, collegiality and ownership. The process of technological transformation is not a smooth translation process but one of dislocations, dilemmas and uncertainties and it is an art to effect change and sustainable technological transformation since people are central to this transformation process. L'innovation technologique et les stratégies de management pour l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique: L'Harmonisation du réalisme et du l'idéalisme Cet article analyse et suggére des stratégies d'innovation dans des établissements d'enseignement supérieur en Afrique. Il décrit les problèmes de management qui pose l'introduction du e‐Learning avec une référence particulière pour son usage dans l'enseignement supérieur à l'étranger et en Afrique et suggére les approches appropriées pour l'innovation technologique dans l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique. Les résultats principaux exposés dans cet article qui sont fondés sur trois études de cas suggérent que le e‐Learning doit être introduit dans un cadre stratégique fondé sur une vision clariment unifiée et une rationalisation centrale de l'éducation. De plus ces résultats mettent en évidence l'importance de l'utilisation combinée de plusieurs stratégies : stratégies autant en bas, de bas en haut, d'intérieur et d'extérieur pendant le processus de diffusion afin d'aboutir à la cohérence, la collégialité et la possession. Le processus de transformation technologique n'est pas un processus de translation sans à compris mais un de dislocation, de dilemmes, d'incertitudes et c'est un art de procéder au changement et à une transformation technologique soutenue puisque les hommes sont au cœur de ce processus de transformation. Technologische Innovations‐ und Umsetzungsstrategien für höhere Bildung in Afrika: Realität und Idealismus aufeinander abstimmen Dieser Beitrag analysiert technologische Innovationstrategien und stellt Vorschläge für deren Einführung in höhereren Bildungsinstitutionen in Afrika zur Diskussion. Das Papier beschreibt Managementangelegenheiten bei der Umsetzung von eLearning unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Anwendung in der höheren Bildung im Ausland und in Afrika und schlägt auch entsprechende Ansätze für die technologische Innovation im Bereich der höheren Bildung in Afrika vor. Das wesentliche Ergebmiss dieser Arbeit, die auf drei Fallstudien beruht, ist, dass eLearning innerhalb eines strategisch entwickelten Rahmens, basierend auf einer klaren und einheitlichen Sichtweise und einer zentralen bildungslogischen Grundlage eingeführt werden muß. Die Befunde heben weiter die Wichtigkeit hervor, eine Kombination von Strategien zu verwenden: Top‐Down, Bottom‐Up und Inside‐Out Strategien während des Ausbreitungsprozesses, um Kohärenz, Kollegialität und Eigentumsrechte zu erlangen. Der Prozeß technologischer Transformation ist nicht etwa eine sanfte Überleitung, sondern von Verfremdung, Dilemmata und Unsicherheit begleitet. Es ist eine Kunst, Änderung und nachhaltige technologische Transformation zu bewirken, da ja die Menschen das zentrale Element dieses Transformation-sprozesses sind.
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Effects of Training on Na+, K+‐ATPase Contents in Skeletal Muscle and K+ Homeostasis of African Draught Bulls and Cows - Veeneklaas, R. J.; Harun, Mohamed; Backx, A.; Mamade, M.; Joosten, Brian J. L. J.; Everts, M. E. (Journal of veterinary medicine. Series A, 2004)
In semiarid parts of Africa animal traction is still one of the most reliable sources for rural work power. However, draught animals have to produce most of their work power at an unfavourable moment of the year that is at the end of the dry season when feedlot is scare. To improve their condition prior to the planting season, a short training could help. The effect of training can be expressed by the changes in contents of Na(+), K(+)-pumps in the muscle cell membrane. After a training period of 15 days all cattle showed a mean increase in Na(+), K(+)-ATPase of 24% (P < 0.01) in the semitendinosus muscle of the hind leg, whereas the control group showed no change. Bulls demonstrated already after 8 days of training an increase of 20% (P < 0.05). The principal factor responsible for this up-regulation of the Na(+), K(+)-pumps is most probably the excitation of muscles during exercise. In the course of the 15 days training period, the surge of plasma K(+) in during exercise showed a tendency to decrease, but this was not significant. Nevertheless, the reduced elevations of plasma [K(+)] may delay the moment of fatigue and so improve endurance. In conclusion, a training period of 8-15 days improves the contents of Na(+), K(+)-pumps and so the possible work output of draught cattle.
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Le Malam et le commerce de la lettre. L’expérience des English-Arabic schools (Nord Ghana) - Verlet, Martin (2004)
Cet article pose la question du Malam et du commerce de la lettre, c’est-a-dire du savoir et du marche. Le detour sera une reflexion critique sur l’essor, dans le Nord-Est du Ghana, d’institutions scolaires d’un nouveau type : les ecoles Anglo-Arabes (English-Arabic Schools). Celles-ci repondent a une demande scolaire jusque-la inassouvie. Elles attirent de nombreux enfants musulmans. L’engagement de l’Etat reste minimal. Mais elles se multiplient et prosperent. Un tel phenomene conduit tout naturellement a reflechir a l’invention de rapports plus equilibres et plus denses entre le public et le prive dans la sphere de la transmission des savoirs.
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Book Review: Being Real: The Student-Teacher Relationship and African-American Male Delinquency - Wallace, Lisa Hutchinson (Criminal Justice Review, 2004)
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Translating U.S. Research to South Africa with Cultural and Ethical Considerations: Learning Lessons with the Women-Focused HIV Prevention Project - Wechsberg, Wendee (2004)
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Student political consciousness: Lessons from a Namibian mission school - Williams, Christian A. (Journal of Southern African Studies, 2004)
This ethnographic history offers insight into the political consciousness of students attending St. Therese, a Catholic secondary school in southern Namibia, during the mid-1970s. Although scholars have indicated events and trends that influenced the politicisation of students in Namibia at this time, local circumstance and perspectives are virtually unconsidered. This text offers such vantage points, illuminating how students, who were largely unaware of national politics in 1973, grew increasingly cognisant of the struggle, began to identify with SWAPO and became political activists, leading a strike in solidarity with Soweto students in 1976. These students' political consciousness was significant to SWAPO as it established itself as a national political party, to the liberation movement in exile, and to Namibia's current leadership. Hence, further studies that consider local circumstances and perspectives on the development of political consciousness and their relation to regional, national and international movements are therefore recommended.
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World Bank contribution to building national HIV/AIDS monitoring and evaluation capacity in Africa: Going beyond indicator development and conceptual training - Wilson, David (New Directions for Evaluation, 2004)
Abstract An operational plan for monitoring and evaluation with a detailed budget is an essential step in moving from an indicator set to a functioning monitoring and evaluation system. Experience suggests that this will happen only with appropriate funding incentives.
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Knowledge, personal risk and experiences of HIV/AIDS among people with disabilities in Swaziland - Yousafzai, Aisha K.; Dlamini, Phindile; Groce, Nora; Wirz, Sheila (International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 2004)
Although there has been research focused on the disabling consequences of HIV/AIDS, there has been very little documented information about HIV/AIDS for individuals with disability prior to infection. There is evidence to suggest that people with disabilities face inequalities in accessing health information and services. The aim of this study was to explore whether disabled and non-disabled young adults in Swaziland perceive HIV/AIDS similarly. A qualitative study using focus-group discussions was conducted. Four focus groups were conducted with a total of 56 non-disabled adults (aged 16–29 years) and four focus groups were conducted with a total of 32 adults with either a physical or hearing disability (aged 18–32 years). The focus-group schedule explored knowledge about HIV/AIDS, personal risk and experiences of health-seeking practices. Information and awareness about HIV/AIDS was good in both rural and urban areas among the non-disabled participants, who obtained their information from a wide range of sources. In contrast, participants with disability, who obtained information about HIV/AIDS from a limited range of sources, lacked knowledge about HIV/AIDS and were misinformed about modes of transmission. Women with disabilities described experiences of sexual exploitation and abuse, which was perceived to be higher among disabled women than their non-disabled peers; they felt this was because disabled women were perceived to be ‘free’ from the HIV virus by non-disabled men. Further research is necessary to enable HIV/AIDS programmes to address the specific needs of people with disabilities.
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Review of Education in Exile: SOMAFCO, The African National Congress School in Tanzania, 1978-1992 - Plaice, Evie (Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 2004)
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An analysis of students' aspirations, expectations and gains in institutions of higher education in Zimbabwe - Shumba, Almon; Matina, Anthony Erinas Masiki (Journal of Psychology in Africa, 2004)
This study seeks to determine if the students' expectations, aspirations, perceived and envisaged needs or gains are addressed by institutions of higher education setting up any new devolution degree universities. A randomly selected sample of 116 students who enrolled at Masvingo University College to study a Bachelor of Education (Primary Education) degree was used to determine if students' expectations, aspirations, and needs or gains were addressed by the programme. Of the 116 randomly selected students used in this study, 65 (56.0%) were male and 51 (44.0%) female primary school teachers who held a primary school professional qualification. A 40-item Needs Assessment Questionnaire that examined students' expectations, aspirations, perceived and envisaged needs or gains using Eisner's (1985) five orientations, namely: the development of cognitive processes; academic rationalism; personal relevance; social adaptation or reconstruction; and curriculum as technology, was administered to them. While the programme aims at academic excellence, the study found that 15 students did not attempt A-level studies and 11 had irrelevant A- level qualifications. This implies that 26 (21.7%) of the recruited students were ill-qualified for the programme and depended on their Certificate in Education or Diploma in Education main study subjects as the basis for their choices of specialisation courses on the programme. Given the five specialisation courses to choose from, the study found that 115 (31.9%) candidates opted for Environmental Science; 106 (29.4%) for English; 90 (25.0%) for Shona and only 9 (2.5%) for Ndebele. Shona and Ndebele are vernacular languages that are officially used in schools and tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe. Admittedly, it is possible that the limited choice of specialisation courses on offer had an adverse effect on students' choices. The implications of these findings to education were discussed in detail in the study.Journal of Psychology in Africa 2004, 14(1): 47–59
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Management of the third stage of labor in an Egyptian teaching hospital - Cherine, M.; Khalil, Karima; Hassanein, Nevine; Sholkamy, Hania; Breebaart, Miral; Elnoury, Amr (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2004)
The study describes normal labor practices in an Egyptian teaching hospital for the first time, where postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality. Third-stage management patterns are described and compared to evidence-based medicine. Reasons for third-stage practices observed are explored.176 normal births were directly observed. Women were interviewed postpartum and study findings were shared with providers.Third-stage active management was correctly done for 15% of women observed. Most common deviations for the remaining 85% were: giving uterotonic drugs after placental delivery (65%) and without cord traction (49%). Passive management was not done for any observed delivery.The preventive role actively managing the third stage can provide against postpartum hemorrhage was lost to the majority of the deliveries observed. Obstacles to adopting protocols shown to reduce hemorrhage should be explored, given the contribution of postpartum hemorrhage to maternal deaths in Egypt.
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College student responds to genocide in Africa - Farmer, Cathy (2004)
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Double Voiced Discourse: African American Vernacular English as Resource in Cultural Modeling Classrooms - Lee, Carol D. (2004)
Language is a powerful mediator of learning. It is the dominant medium through which communication occurs, and it provides humans with symbolic resources through which to manipulate ideas and solve problems. The study of literature is directly situated on the plains of language use. Literary texts are themselves multilayered. Readers stand in dialogic relationship to the multiple layers of potential meaning that the language of literature conveys. In this chapter, I describe an apprenticeship into literary response in a high school serving African American students who are speakers of African American Vernacular English (AAVE).
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Floods And Droughts In Mozambique – TheParadoxical Need Of Strategies For MitigationAnd Coping With Uncertainty - Mondlane, Avelino (WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2004)
Mozambique, a country under economic recovering efforts after long civil conflicts has been hit several times by natural disasters such as floods, droughts and tropical depressions. The historical floods of 2000 are not the only event that is still surprising the world about the uncertainty within the country, but also paradoxically the 2003 and 2004 s droughts that affected the whole Southern African region together with tropical depressions. Looking at the recent events it is quite clear that Mozambique, like other countries in the region, is urgently required to take strategic mitigation measures in order to prevent losses from natural disasters. This paper discusses the impact of both floods and droughts on the development of the country. Disregarding the limitation of data, computer based simulation is applied over the national GDP projections by incorporating a natural disaster component in order to create an awareness in the policies and decision makers for the urgent need of the establishment of strategic measures for both coping and mitigating floods and droughts. The paradox of living together with floods and droughts has been identified as part of the strategic mechanism that has to been taken in mind as part of the new paradigm for the ex-ant process in dealing with natural disaster risk management. Different frameworks are identified and discussed in this paper, but still there is a need to develop a local and/or a regional mechanism that can help both involved and affected stakeholders to deal with these kinds of risks. Regional efforts under the SADC coordination toward risk management have been taking place, nevertheless some kind of local mitigating and coping mechanisms to deal with both floods and droughts are still needed.
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Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence among mothers delivering at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana - Lassey, A.T.; Damale, Nelson; Bekoe, Veronika; Klufio, Cecil A. (East African Medical Journal, 2004)
Objectives: To determine the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) carrier rate among mothers, and to determine if selected sociodemographic characteristics are associated with HCV seropositivity. Design: Maternity Unit of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). Setting: A cross-sectional serological survey of mothers delivering at the KBTH. Methods: Women who had singleton live births and fresh stillbirths in the two labour wards of the KBTH were randomly selected for screening from 1st March to 30th September, 2001. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was used by trained research assistants to collect and record data on medical and sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects. Maternal blood samples were taken and stored at the Public Health Reference Laboratory. The second generation Murex diagnostics ELISA kit was used to test the maternal sera for HCV antibodies. Results: Sixteen (2.5%, 95% CI, 1.5-4.1%) of the 638 subjects were HCV seropositive. None of the medical and sociodemographic characteristics examined showed any association with HCV seropositivity. No subject or her sexual partner was a drug injector. Conclusion: The carrier rate of 2.5% of HCV infection found in this study is near the top end of the range found in unselected pregnant populations from other parts of the world. Knowing the prevalence rate of HCV infection in our pregnant population will help policy-makers on the cost effectiveness of available intervention measures. East African Medical Journal Vol. 81 No. 4 April 2004: 198-201
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Explaining the ways in which parents of children with hearing impairments access counseling services in Zimbabwe - Charema, John (2004)
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The use of indigenous techniques of communication for language learning: The case of Cameroon - Ebong, Balbina (2004)
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Assessing Student Learning in Africa - Kellaghan, Thomas; Greaney, Vincent (2004)
This paper reviews what has happened in the field of assessment since then. It deals with public examinations, but differs from the 1992 report in that, other than in regard to a few minor details, no new data were specifically collected for it. The paper revisits many of the issues that were raised in the earlier report, particularly in relation to the role that assessment can play in improving the quality of students' learning. It also differs from the earlier report in that its consideration of assessment is not limited to public examinations. The World Declaration on Education for All in Jomtien in 1990 not only gave fresh impetus to issues relating to assessment, but also necessitated the introduction of a new form of assessment-system assessment, or national assessment-to determine if children were acquiring the useful knowledge, reasoning ability, skills, and values that schools promised to deliver. National assessment is the second major area of assessment addressed in this paper. International assessments, which share many procedural features with national assessment, are also considered. The fourth type of assessment addressed in the paper is classroom assessment.
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Spatial assessment of groundwater pollution vulnerability of the Kanye wellfield in SE Botswana - Chaoka, T.R.; Shemang, Elisha; Alemaw, Berhanu F. (2004)
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Borehole site investigations in volcanic rocks of Lolmolok area, Samburu district, Kenya - Mulwa, Josphat Kyalo (2004)
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Short Report: Cadavaric and Anatomical Specimen Supply In Medical Schools of Southeastern Nigeria - Akpa, Aoc (Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy, 2004)
Sources of anatomical specimens were reviewed for the past three decades (1970 2000). Old technicians and technologists who had worked in the Departments of Anatomy in the medical schools in Southeastern Nigeria were interviewed. Classifications of different categories of the gross, embryology, and histology specimens, were done as well as their sources. Result show that Government Security Outfits were the sources of most of the cadavers used for dissection. Bones were recovered from dissected and spoilt cadavers. This information could be of help to new medical schools in Eastern Nigeria on how to source their anatomical specimen. KEY WORDS: Anatomical specimens, Cadavers, Bones, Eastern Nigeria. J.Expt. & Clin. Anat. 2(1) 2003: 46-47
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Effects of Crude Oil Contaminated Water On Haematocrit and Histopathology Of Guinea Pig: Animal Model For Investigating Crude Oil Pollution - Didia, BC; Dede, EB; Dapper, DV (Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy, 2004)
Twenty-four guinea pigs (Caria porcellus) obtained from the Animal House of College of Health Sciences, University of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria, were weighed individually and divided into six groups of four per group. They were allowed access to rat feed and tap water ad libitum for two weeks acclimatization. Different concentrations of crude oil (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) were mixed with tap water and served to five experimental groups. The sixth group received 100% tap water and served as control. The study lasted for 28 days after which the following parameters were monitored in each guinea pig: appetite, body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and the lung histopathology. Results showed loss of appetite, full and disoriented conditions in animals with contaminated water. Microscopic examination of the lungs showed that effects of crude oil contaminated water increased with the concentration of crude oil. There was a progressive reduction in the value of Haematocrit in the experimental groups compared to the control groups. The results of the present study suggest that crude oils toxic to the experimental animals. KEY WORDS: Crude oil, Haematocrit, Histopathology, Guinea pig. J.Expt. & Clin. Anat. 2(2) 2003: 6-11
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Hearing-impairment among workers in a surface gold mining company in Ghana - Amedofu, Geoffrey K. (African Journal of Health Sciences, 2004)
A study to determine the impact of hazardous noise on workers was conducted in a surface gold mining company in Ghana. The procedure adopted included noise survey, case history, otoscopy and conventional pure-tone audiometry. Five main areas were surveyed for hazardous noise namely, Pit, Processing, Ana Laboratory, Bore-hole and Mess area. The results showed that all the above areas except the Mess area produced noise levels above 85 dBA. Again, a total of 252 workers were seen at the company, and out of this number 59(23%) had the classical noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) at 4KHz. In addition, NIHL increased as a function of age and duration of exposure. It is also noted that out of 81 workers with a pre-employment history of noise exposure, 41(51%) had NIHL. NIHL also varied with regard to job location. 14(6%) of the workers had hearing loss greater than 25 dB at the speech frequencies. Thus, factors not under the control of the company may affect the hearing of an employee. [Afr. J. Health Sci. 2002; 9:91-97 ]
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Hearing-impairment among workers in a surface gold mining company in Ghana - Amedofu, Geoffrey K. (African Journal of Health Sciences, 2004)
A study to determine the impact of hazardous noise on workers was conducted in a surface gold mining company in Ghana. The procedure adopted included noise survey, case history, otoscopy and conventional pure-tone audiometry. Five main areas were surveyed for hazardous noise namely, Pit, Processing, Ana Laboratory, Bore-hole and Mess area. The results showed that all the above areas except the Mess area produced noise levels above 85 dBA. Again, a total of 252 workers were seen at the company, and out of this number 59(23%) had the classical noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) at 4KHz. In addition, NIHL increased as a function of age and duration of exposure. It is also noted that out of 81 workers with a pre-employment history of noise exposure, 41(51%) had NIHL. NIHL also varied with regard to job location. 14(6%) of the workers had hearing loss greater than 25 dB at the speech frequencies. Thus, factors not under the control of the company may affect the hearing of an employee. [Afr. J. Health Sci. 2002; 9:91-97 ]
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Cost-effectiveness analysis of establishing a distance-education programme for health personnel in Swaziland - Kirigia, Joses Muthuri; Sambo, Luís Gomes; Phiri, Margaret; Matsembula, Gladys; Awases, Magda (African Journal of Health Sciences, 2004)
There is a growing conviction among policy-makers that the availability of adequate numbers of well-trained and motivated human resources is a key determinant of health system' s capacity to achieve their health, responsiveness and fairness-improving goals. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost, effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of various distance-education strategies for the health sector in Swaziland; and recommend the most cost-effective option. The distance-education strategies evaluated included: Mobile library services (MLS); micro-resources centers WITHOUT video conferencing in five health centers and four regional hospitals (MRC-VC); micro-resources centers WITH video conferencing in five health centers and four regional hospitals (MRC+VC); centralized resource center WITHOUT video conferencing (CRC-VC); centralized resource center WITH video conferencing (CRC+VC); and status quo (SQ). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for MLS was Emalangeni (E) 41,846; MRC-VC was E42,696; MRC+VC was E45,569; CRC-VC was E43,578; CRC+VC was E40,827; the latter being the most cost-effective distance-education strategy. According to policy-makers, this study served to clarify the various distance-education strategies, their costs and their benefits/effectiveness. There is a need for developing in Africa a culture of basing policy and management decisions of such kind on systematic analyses. Of course, economic evaluation will, at most, be a guide to policy- and decision-making, and thus, the onus of decision-making will always be on policy-makers and health-care managers.
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Assessing computer skills in Tanzanian medical students: an elective experience - Samuel, Miriam; Coombes, John C; Miranda, J Jaime; Melvin, Rob; Young, Eoin J W; Azarmina, Pejman (BMC Public Health, 2004)
One estimate suggests that by 2010 more than 30% of a physician's time will be spent using information technology tools. The aim of this study is to assess the information and communication technologies (ICT) skills of medical students in Tanzania. We also report a pilot intervention of peer mentoring training in ICT by medical students from the UK tutoring students in Tanzania. Design: Cross sectional study and pilot intervention study. Participants: Fourth year medical students (n = 92) attending Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Main outcome measures: Self-reported assessment of competence on ICT-related topics and ability to perform specific ICT tasks. Further information related to frequency of computer use (hours per week), years of computer use, reasons for use and access to computers. Skills at specific tasks were reassessed for 12 students following 4 to 6 hours of peer mentoring training. The highest levels of competence in generic ICT areas were for email, Internet and file management. For other skills such as word processing most respondents reported low levels of competence. The abilities to perform specific ICT skills were low – less than 60% of the participants were able to perform the core specific skills assessed. A period of approximately 5 hours of peer mentoring training produced an approximate doubling of competence scores for these skills. Our study has found a low level of ability to use ICT facilities among medical students in a leading university in sub-Saharan Africa. A pilot scheme utilising UK elective students to tutor basic skills showed potential. Attention is required to develop interventions that can improve ICT skills, as well as computer access, in order to bridge the digital divide.
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Innovative Way of Transferring Education and Training Facilities in Namibia. The Adult Skills Development for Self_Emplyments (ASDSE) Project - Venditto, Bruno; Tonin, Caludio (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004)
This paper investigates new ways to transfer entrepreneurial education to previously disadvantaged individuals. It analyses the case of the ASDSE project, implemented in the form of partnership between the Namibian Government, a Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) and a commercial bank. The main concept was to train the District Learner Officials already in the field for the National Literacy Programme in Namibia (NLPN), and at a later stage to assign them to the tasks of selecting, training and monitoring the entrepreneurs. Since the launch of this project 330 loans amounting to N$ 770,000 (US$ 150,000)were disbursed to unemployed and underemployed Namibians, 70% of which are women, the majority being heads of households. Previously, to receive the loan, each entrepreneur had to receive extensive training on basic entrepreneurial skills. It is encouraging to note that to date, thanks to the constant follow-up of the entrepreneurs, the repayment rate by entrepreneurs is 98% with only 2% defaults
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The effects of meternal education versus cognitive test scores on child nutrition in Kenya - Fox-Kean, Melanie; Bhargava, Alok (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004)
This paper estimates dynamic random effects models for intakes by 100 Kenyan school children (6-9 years) of dietary energy, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamins A, C, D, and E within a multivariate longitudinal framework. The explanatory variables were socioeconomic and background variables, children’s height and weight, and maternal education, cognitive test scores and morbidity spells. The model parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method controlling for the unobserved between-children differences. The main findings were, first, that while maternal education was usually not a significant predictor of the intakes, maternal scores on cognitive tests strongly predicted children’s dietary intakes. Second, the paternal cognitive scores and maternal morbidity levels were not significantly associated with the intakes. Third, an index of socioeconomic status and cash income was a significant predictor. The results indicated the need to consider broader measures of human development in developing countries and of implementing educational programs for women without school education.
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Does motherâ€™s education matter in childâ€™s health? Evidence from South Africa - Villa, Édgar; Medrano, Patricia; RodrÃguez, Catherine (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004)
This paper studies the effect that mother's education as knowledge has on child health using height for age as health measure. Using cross sectional data from de 1993 South Africa Integrated Household Survey, and health measures form de National Center for Health Statistics, we find a significant and positive effect of mother's education on the height of a child. Specifically comparing a woman without any education with one with eight years of schooling implies that on average a two-year old child would be a half centimeter higher. In order to isolate de knowledge effect of mother’s education, we control for household and community resources. Additionally, we test for a differential impact of mother’s education depending on the age of the child. We observe a more important impact on children between 3 and 6 years old. Finally, our results suggest a complementarity between mother’s and father’s education.
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Awareness and acceptability of prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia among health professionals and students in North Eastern Nigeria. - Kagu, Modu B.; Abjah, Usman; Ahmed, Suhaib (PubMed, 2004)
The genetic control of sickle cell anaemia through prenatal diagnosis was recently introduced in Nigeria. Its acceptability will depend on some factors such as religious, political and social attitudes of the populace. The aim of the study was to determine the awareness and acceptability of parental diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia among health professionals and students in North Eastern Nigeria.Structured questionnaires were administered to health professionals and students.Of 353 respondents interviewed, 279 (79%) were from Borno State, while 36 (10.2%) and 38 (10.8%) were from Yobe and Bauchi States respectively. Two hundred and four (57.8%) practised Islam while 149 (42.2%) were Christians. Ninety-five (26.9%) of the respondents were doctors, 17 (4.8%) pharmacists 37 (10.5%) technologists while 107 (30.3%) were nurses, 82 (23.2%) medical students and 15 (4.2%) physiotherapists. Two hundred and fifty seven (72.8%) had heard about Prenatal Diagnosis (PND) of Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA). Fifty three percent (187) of the respondents would not like to terminate pregnancy by abortion if prenatal diagnosis confirmed sickle cell anaemia (SCA) in first trimester with significantly more Christians saying no to abortion. Only 50 (14.2%) of the respondents knew where facilities for prenatal diagnosis are obtainable in Nigeria whereas 85.8% (303) did not.Religion may be a major factor militating against acceptability of prenatal diagnosis of SCA in North Eastern part of Nigeria. The awareness of where facilities for prenatal diagnosis are obtainable in Nigeria among health professionals and students is also lacking. There is a need to educate our religious leaders, government and non-government organizations and the populace.
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Postgraduate dental education in Nigeria: professional knowledge self assessed in relationship to skills among resident dental surgeons in Nigerian teaching hospitals. - Onyeaso, Chukwudi Ochi; Dosumu, Elizabeth Bosede; Obuekwe, ON (PubMed, 2004)
Improvement in any professional calling demands periodic assessment. The purpose of this study was to assess the professional knowledge in relation to skills of the resident dental surgeons in Nigeria in an attempt to contribute to their training needs analysis.A 33-item, self-evaluation one-page questionnaire focussing on their knowledge and skills in the different aspects of clinical dentistry was distributed to the residents in Nigerian teaching hospitals. Sixty-six residents consisting of 38 (57.6%) males and 28 (42.4%) females with age range of 27-46 years (mean 31.3 +/- 3.4 SD) completed and returned the questionnaires giving a 91.7% response rate.The overall means for knowledge and skills of the residents were 70.1 +/- 13.8 (SD) and 67.3 +/- 12.0 (SD) respectively. Residents whose claims of professional knowledge and skills were found below average were 30 (45.5%) and 29 (43.9%) respectively. No statistically significant sex differences were found in the claimed knowledge and skills of the residents as well as in terms of their professional status (P > 0.05). The lowest grand means for knowledge and skills were found for orthodontics/paedodontics.The study has shown that the resident dental surgeons in Nigeria claimed better professional knowledge than skills and needed most attention in orthodontics/paedodontics.
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Obstructive uropathy in childhood, as seen in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. - Anochie, Ifeoma; F, Eke (PubMed, 2004)
Obstructive uropathy is a cause of morbidity and mortality in children. In Port Harcourt, data on causes of obstructive uropathies are not readily available. This study was carried out to identify the causes and outcome of obstructive uropathies seen in our children's ward.The case records of children with the diagnosis of obstructive uropathies who were treated at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) between October 1997 and October 2002 were reviewed.A total of 20 patients, all males were seen. The ages ranged from 4 weeks to 13 years with a mean of 2.3+/-2.8 years. The causes of obstructive uropathy were posterior urethral valves (PUV) 16 (80%), bladder calculi 2 (10%), bladder rhabdomyosarcoma and urethral stenosis 1 (5%) each. Poor stream of urine and dysuria were the commonest presentation. The duration of symptoms ranged from 2 days to 13 years. None of the patients with PUV was diagnosed prenatally. Hypertension and urinary tract infection each were found in 50% of the patients while 6 (30%) presented with features of renal failure. Seven patients died, giving a mortality rate of 35%. Age at presentation less than one year and duration of symptoms longer than one month was associated with higher mortality although it was not statistically significant.PUV is the commonest cause of obstructive uropathy seen in UPTH. Earlier diagnosis during pre-natal period or when this is not possible, diagnosis within the first week of life should be encouraged. Parents, nurses and attending doctors should ensure they observe the urinary stream of every male child before discharge from the hospital for early detection and management of PUV.
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‘Equity of access' and ‘Equity of outcomes' challenged by language policy, politics and practice in South African higher education: the myth of language equality in education - Cele, Nhlanhla (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
The state institutionalised political effort to unravel the oppressive historical development of European languages, which earned these languages, particularly English, elitist positions in educational, political, economic, social, technological and religious public domains (Cele 2001), spans throughout the current language policy of South Africa. In spite of the legitimacy of social redress policy, policy-bound hurried attempts to redress cultural injustices lived through language inequalities have led to the creation of policy pronouncements that oversimplified and unjustifiably underscored the role of English in education. The danger of that genre of policy-making framework is that it continues to blame the underprivileged for failing to take advantage of and comply with policy, exonerating the state from being pragmatically interventionist through planning and resourcing beyond policy glamorisation. This article (1) presents a critical reflection and commentary on the language policy of South Africa informed by practical realities of education and training in South Africa, and (2) critically analyses a path that indigenous languages should pursue in both the public and private domains. These two levels of analysis are based on two paradigms: (1) education and training for ‘globalised' economic emancipation and (2) education and training for public good. It is not the intention of this article to draw a clear dichotomy between these two paradigms, but to forge and infuse a parallel development dimension of core-existence, particularly in the handling of language development implications encoded in the language policy. This article forges an insightful analysis of the South African language policy by contrasting policy intentions and implication with practical realities that, like sunrise and sunset, are here to stay. It also seeks to explore and challenge the marginalisation of English in policy, and policy failure to decolonise South African English(es) for public good and economic emancipation of South African societies. The article concludes the argument with a call for a contextualised development of indigenous languages which is free of language clusterisation. It also asserts in conclusion that a balance between economic emancipation and public good should be created by accepting and Africanising English while developing all indigenous languages parallel to English. SAJHE Vol.18(1) 2004: 38-56
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Language policy for higher education in South Africa: implications and complications - Foley, Andrew (South African journal of higher education, 2004)
This article offers a discussion of the recently finalised Language Policy for Higher Education (November 2002). After a brief account of the general background to the policy, the article focuses on the two main thrusts of the document: the need to develop (South African) African languages as academic/scientific languages for use in instruction; and the need to develop student proficiency in the currently designated language(s) of tuition, namely, English and, to a lesser extent, Afrikaans. In each case, this article argues that the processes entailed in meeting these needs are neither simple nor straightforward, but involve instead a number of complexities which need to be acknowledged and addressed. The bulk of the article, then, is devoted to clarifying the apparently unforeseen or unrecognised implications and complications of the policy document. Finally, the article considers the efforts made by one higher education institution to formulate an appropriate language policy as an example of the degree of difficulty inherent in such an enterprise. SAJHE Vol.18(1) 2004: 57-71
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Explaining "non-reform" in special needs education policy in South Africa - Laauwen, Hermanean May (2004)
The purpose of my case study research is to explain the development trajectory of Special Needs Education policy in South Africa. I also intended to establish whether this policy reform trajectory could be explained as “non-reform” in Special Needs Education. The development path of policies has been widely researched and explained in relation to theories of change. Over the past decade there has, however, been a growing body of knowledge that has moved the theoretical basis for the development of policy from a traditional linear and causal model to a more complex, dynamic model of change. I was able to draw from both models to engage in my case study research on the development of the Special Needs Education policy. This policy eventually culminated in a Government White Paper on Special Needs Education. My primary research question is to understand why the policy on Special Needs Education did not emerge in South Africa when it was widely expected. I examined “up close” the views, perspectives and understandings of policy makers to establish the reasons for the non-emergence of the Special Needs Policy in South Africa. On closer analysis, I found that not only was there a significant delay between the policy formulation and policy adoption, but that this had created a critical policy vacuum in the Special Needs Education system in South Africa, which warranted an explanation. I found that the main reasons for the “policy-lag” were situated in the intended paradigm shift from a medical based model to an eco-systemic model, the intended restructuring of the special school system, logistical factors, and the availability of resources. This study addresses a gap in the related literature by its focus on the policy-making process for Special Needs Education in a transitional context. Its significance lies in shifting explanations of policy reform from the domain of the causal-linear to a political account of the process. The research was guided by a conceptual framework that combined the linear and iterative models of the policy development processes with the conceptual devices of “theory of action” and “theory in use”. The role of specific paradoxes and the ensuing tensions was formulated using qualitative content analysis. i University of Pretoria etd – Laauwen, H M (2004) The study produced several new findings with regard to the factors that affect education policy-making in South Africa. Principal amongst these findings was the observation that the politics of participation was the main factor constraining the speed and direction of policy development in Special Needs Education. The findings of this research warrant several conclusions regarding the implementation and the dynamic nature of policymaking. The study concludes with suggestions for future research in policy-making related to Special Needs Education in South Africa. ii University of Pretoria etd – Laauwen, H M (2004)
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How South African Further Education and Training learners acquire, recall, process and present information in a digitally enabled environment - Miller, Pamela A. (2004)
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2G-05 A comparison study on energy Education at the basic level between Ghana and Japan - コフィ, アグベコ・ジュリアス; 喜多, 雅一 (日本理科教育学会全国大会要項, 2004)
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Intensity and spatial extension of drought in South Africa at different time scales - Rouault, M.; Richard, Yves (Water S.A., 2004)
The standardised precipitation index (SPI) is an index that allows monitoring the intensity and spatial extension of droughts at different time scales (3, 6, 12 and 24 months).The SPI is linked to the probability occurrence of dry or wet events.The SPI allows monitoring operationally any location with a 30-year time series.It is also used here to do a retrospective analysis of the spatial extension and intensity of droughts in South Africa since 1921.According to this index, the 8 most severe droughts at the 6-month time scale for the summer rainfall region of South Africa happened in 1926, 1933, 1945, 1949, 1952, 1970, 1983 and 1992.There is considerable decadal variability and an 18 to 20 year cycle is only found in the number of dry districts.The total number of wet and dry districts per decade seems to have increased since the 1960s.Drought lasting 3 years is not uncommon for each of the 8 South African rainfall regions defined by the South African Weather Service.Combining the retrospective analysis with real time monitoring could be extremely beneficial in the development of response, mitigation strategies and awareness plans.
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Rainfall reliability, drought and flood vulnerability in Botswana - Tsheko, Rejoice (Water SA, 2004)
Rainfall data from 14 stations (cities, towns and major villages) spanning 26 years (1970 to 1995) were used to calculate reliability and vulnerability of rainfall in Botswana.Time series data for 72 years were generated from the long-term rainfall gauging stations and the number of wet and dry years determined.Apart from Mahalapye, most places have rainfall reliability greater than 0.5 but less than 0.7.Palapye and Serowe are the most vulnerable to flooding.During the 1995 floods, 87% of casualties were from these areas.Other factors such as rivers, topography, land use etc. can influence flooding vulnerability, but these have not been dealt with in the study, and hence vulnerability is purely based on rainfall amounts.Using two methods, the correlation coefficient is 0.9 (p<0.005) for reliability and risk values.The first method was originally developed for water resource system performance evaluation and the second method is based on dry/wet year sequences.
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Rainfall reliability, drought and flood vulnerability in Botswana - Tsheko, Rejoice (Water SA, 2004)
Rainfall data from 14 stations (cities, towns and major villages) spanning 26 years (1970 to 1995) were used to calculate reliability and vulnerability of rainfall in Botswana.Time series data for 72 years were generated from the long-term rainfall gauging stations and the number of wet and dry years determined.Apart from Mahalapye, most places have rainfall reliability greater than 0.5 but less than 0.7.Palapye and Serowe are the most vulnerable to flooding.During the 1995 floods, 87% of casualties were from these areas.Other factors such as rivers, topography, land use etc. can influence flooding vulnerability, but these have not been dealt with in the study, and hence vulnerability is purely based on rainfall amounts.Using two methods, the correlation coefficient is 0.9 (p<0.005) for reliability and risk values.The first method was originally developed for water resource system performance evaluation and the second method is based on dry/wet year sequences.
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The Tragedy of Education and Culture in Egypt (2004)
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Further education and training in South Africa - Bester, Ginger (2004)
In Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia and India, the private Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector is expanding rapidly. This chapter outlines the extent to which distance education, defined as predominantly off-campus study, has permeated the provision of VET among for-profit providers, corporate universities, certification providers, and the commercial arms of public providers. Many of the for-profits are both VET and degree-level institutions and it is difficult to extricate reliable certificate/diploma/associate degree enrolments from degree enrolments by delivery mode, because so many on-campus students also enrol in a distance subject. In the United States (US), VET-level for-profit provision is dominated by national, and generally publicly listed firms, the biggest being DeVry, Corinthian Colleges, Strayer, and ITT Educational Services. The district-based model of community colleges in the US would appear to favour a trend to distance education, at least in terms of the synergies and cost efficiencies that could be gained by a common learning platform and centralised curricula.
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Supporting the masses? Learner perceptions of a South African ODL programme - Corry, Norma; Lelliott, Tony (2004)
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Towards a theory of ethnocratic regimes: learning from the Judaization of Israel/Palestine - Kaufmann, Eric P. (2004)
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Namibia: policy adopted on HIV/AIDS and the education sector. (PubMed, 2004)
The Namibian National Policy on HIV/AIDS for the Education Sector, adopted in 2003, provides a framework for prevention, care, and support for both learners and employees in the education sector and for the mitigation of the impact of HIV/AIDS on learners and employees, as well as on the education sector itself.
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Receptivity for Probiotic Products Among Premenopausal Female Students in an African University - Anukam, Kingsley C.; Osazuwa, Emmanuel O; Reid, Gregor; Katsivo, Melanie (Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2004)
In Brief Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the receptivity for probiotic products among premenopausal female students in an African university. Goal: The goal of this study was to determine the local knowledge in Nigeria of probiotics and the willingness of young women to use them should they be introduced. Study: Closed-ended questionnaires were administered to a sample of 280 participants and these addressed age, marital status, perceived risk of HIV infection for the next 3 years, and history of urogenital infections. The participants were also asked whether they would welcome a probiotic product in oral/vaginal form and in milk-based food products, willingness to purchase and use, how often they would use these products, preference of form, price, and where they would like to buy the products. The second questionnaire was open-ended. It asked the participants to freely list any concerns or worries they had in relation to probiotic products. Results: Of the 280 participants, 55.3% indicated that they believed they were at risk of acquiring HIV within the next 3 years, illustrating the enormity of the problem in Africa and the feelings among women that they cannot easily control sexual relationships and have partners use condoms. Eighty-two percent of the subjects stated they would welcome probiotic products in capsular form for vaginal instillation or to be taken orally to improve vaginal health. Over one third (36%) of women indicated they would be willing to use the probiotic products as part of their daily self-care. One hundred nine (39.6%) respondents were willing to purchase the probiotic products at a reasonable price of US $0.08 per dose, whereas 71.5% were willing to pay up to US $0.38. Some subjects (25%) raised some concern over safety of probiotics. Conclusions: The findings revealed that female university students are receptive to probiotic products in Nigeria and indicate strongly a need to consider women’s concerns about urogenital health. Furthermore, the study identified a need for appropriate educational materials about probiotics, including benefits and safety information, in an African country suffering severely from the HIV epidemic. The findings revealed that female university students are receptive to probiotic products in Nigeria, and indicate strongly a need to consider women’s concerns about urogenital health.
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Mobilising interpretive capital with teachers for transformation of school grounds in Kenya - Atiti, Abel Barasa (Environmental education research (Print), 2004)
This paper reports on findings from a recent collaborative participatory action research study that involved a group of teachers from two Kenyan schools in a review and development of interpretation resources and materials. It focuses on an engaging process between teachers and non-formal educators in which interpretive capital (the tools and skills of interpretation) were socially constructed, shared and made available for the transformation of school grounds to foster environmental learning. The concept of 'mobilising interpretive capital' has been applied to describe the process of generating theoretical and practical accounts of the symbolic capital within non-formal education organisations. Social construction and circulation of interpretive capital for transformation of school grounds as discussed in this paper highlights that interpretation is a learning process in which meaning is created jointly in a specific context. The teacher-centred approach adopted in this study provides an example of how research design decisions may contribute to environmental education praxis, social transformation and change.
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Urinary schistosomiasis in Zimbabwean school children: predictors of morbidity. - Brouwer, Kimberly C.; Munatsi, Anderson; Ndhlovu, Patricia D.; Wagatsuma, Yukiko; Shiff, Clive (PubMed, 2004)
The morbid effects of urinary bilharziasis are becoming more evident with the advent of sophisticated diagnostics such as ultrasound. However, such diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium morbidity is often hampered by lack of funds, proper equipment, or training.We performed a cross-sectional investigation of schoolchildren in a highly endemic area of east central Zimbabwe in order to assess the utility of a number of simple clinical indicators to predict Schistosoma haematobium morbidity.Prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection was determined in 551 schoolchildren, with ultrasound examination of the kidneys and bladder performed on 222. The association of a number of demographic, parasitological, and clinical parameters with clinical outcome was evaluated.Overall, 60% of the children were infected with S. haematobium . Although lacking specificity, proteinuria and parasite eggs count best predicted bladder pathology. Presence of kidney dilation was associated with fatigue and pain upon urination, but these variables were not very sensitive.None of the variables assessed were ideal predictors of morbidity. However, the results suggest that a combination of inexpensive, simple indicators may allow for improved targeting of S. haematobium treatment to those with severe morbidity and better monitoring of the progress of control campaigns when more expensive diagnostic methods are not available.
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Creating environments that support peer education: experiences from HIV/AIDS‐prevention in South Africa - Campbell, Catherine (Health education, 2004)
It is generally agreed that social environments influence the success of health education but there is less agreement about what constitutes a health‐enabling community context. Focuses on the processes underlying successful peer education. Outlines a case study conducted by the author of a schools‐based peer education and condom distribution programme for HIV prevention in a school setting. Identifies a number of obstacles to the development of new peer norms, youth empowerment and critical thinking that are essential preconditions for programmes success. Notes that the research concluded that one important reason for the failure of HIV‐prevention programmes lies in the over‐optimism of those who believe that peer education programmes can change behviour in marginalized communities in the absence of appropriate partnerships. Programme success is unlikely without parallel efforts to create supportive social environments, through building alliances between peer educators and more influential groups.
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Orphans in Africa: parental death, poverty, and school enrollment - Case, Anne; Paxson, Christina; Ableidinger, Joseph (Demography, 2004)
We examine the impact of orphanhood on children's school enrollment in 10 sub-Saharan African countries. Although poorer children in Africa are less likely to attend school, the lower enrollment of orphans is not accounted for solely by their poverty. We find that orphans are less likely to be enrolled than are nonorphans with whom they live. Consistent with Hamilton's rule, the theory that the closeness of biological ties governs altruistic behavior, outcomes for orphans depend on the relatedness of orphans to their household heads. The lower enrollment of orphans is largely explained by the greater tendency of orphans to live with distant relatives or unrelated caregivers.
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The first year of a formal emergency medicine training programme in Papua New Guinea - Curry, Chris; Annerud, Carolyn; Jensen, S.; Symmons, David; Lee, Marian; Sapuri, Mathias (Emergency medicine, 2004)
Abstract Objective: To describe a programme catalyzing the development of emergency medicine in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Methods: Five emergency physicians rotated through a new position of Senior Lecturer in Emergency Medicine in the University of PNG during 2003. The position was established as a consequence of emergency physician input supported by AusAID in 2002. Results: Fifth (final)‐year medical students and medical officers in the Emergency Department at Port Moresby General Hospital undertook formal and bedside problem based learning. The first trainees for a Master of Medicine in Emergency Medicine programme were inducted and supported. Emergency department management was provided with specialist input. Research projects were initiated, dealing with snakebite, chloroquine toxicity and HIV/AIDS. The first year of an emergency nursing curriculum was supported. Conclusions: There is now considerable enthusiasm for the development of emergency medicine as the hospital generalists’ specialty. Emergency nursing training has also made a start. Limitations on resources will require flexibility to sustain the project. Further support by emergency physicians will be needed.
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Teacher Shocks and Student Learning: Evidence from Zambia - Das, Jishnu; Dercon, Stefan; Habyarimana, James; Krishnan, Pramila (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004)
A large literature examines the link between shocks to households and the educational attainment of children. The authors use new data to estimate the impact of shocks to teachers on student learning in mathematics and English. Using absenteeism in the 30 days preceding the survey as a measure of these shocks they find large impacts: A 5 percent increase in the teacher's absence rate reduces learning by 4 to 8 percent of average gains over the year. This reduction in learning achievement likely reflects both the direct effect of increased absenteeism and the indirect effects of less lesson preparation and lower teaching quality when in class. The authors document that health problems-primarily teachers'own illness and the illnesses of their family members-account for more than 60 percent of teacher absences; not surprising in a country struggling with an HIV/AIDS epidemic. The relationship between shocks to teachers and student learning suggests that households are unable to substitute adequately for teaching inputs. Excess teaching capacity that allows for the greater use of substitute teachers could lead to larger gains in student learning.
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General or Vocational? Evidence on School Choice, Returns, and Sheep Skin Effects from Egypt 1998 - El-Hamidi, Fatma (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004)
The debate on the relative benefits of upper secondary vocational education and of general education is still going. While this area of research has been very active in the United States and industrialized countries in recent years, empirical work in the Middle East countries still lacking. This study adds new evidence to that debate. The paper identifies factors that influence an individual’s choice between vocational and general education in Egypt as well as the relative returns between them and beyond secondary levels. Using an ordered logit model, the study finds that an individual from a well educated family is more likely to undertake general education. The presence of young siblings in the household motivates the parents to send their daughters to vocational schooling, but not their sons. After correcting for self-selection, the study also finds vocational education to offer higher returns (earnings) than general secondary education does for men, but not for women. Sheepskin effect was also evident for men but not for women.
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Pregnancy-related dropouts and gender inequality in education: A life-table approach and application to Cameroon - Eloundou‐Enyegue, Parfait M. (Demography, 2004)
Abstract In this study, I used a life-table approach to estimate how much hypothetical reductions in pregnancy-related dropouts would help close the gender gap in educational attainment. Using the schooling histories of 6,686 pupils, I partitioned Cameroon’s gender gap in education into “pregnancy-related” and “non-pregnancy-related” components and simulated the impact of reductions in pregnancy-related dropouts on this gap. The results suggest that such reductions would have substantial payoffs in this setting, but payoffs would be the greatest where societies also address gender inequities before puberty and outside the realm of pregnancy. Reductions in pregnancy-related dropouts complement but do not replace efforts to reduce gender discrimination in schooling. Recent data from Demographic and Health Surveys should make it possible to extend this analysis to other countries.
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Donor Blood Procurement and Utilisation at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City - Enosolease, ME; Imarengiaye, CO; Awodu, OA (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2004)
Banked blood is a limited resource in Nigeria. We sought to evaluate factors that may further limit the effective utilisation of donor blood in a tertiary hospital in Benin City. The records of the blood transfusion unit of the hospital were studied to identify the methods of blood procurement and utilisation from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2002. A total of 11,021 units of blood were received in the blood transfusion unit within this period out of which 1491 (13.5%) donor blood samples were found unfit for transfusion and, hence, discarded. Commercial blood donation accounted for 95.3%, compared to 4.7% from replacement and volunteer donors. Commercial blood donation was a major risk factor for likely disposal of donor blood (chi2 = 74.3, p < 0.0001, OR = 21.1. 95% CI = 7.8-56.7). Expired units of blood with low PCV were discarded for lack of infrastructure to fractionate and store them. Over 0.8million naira (US$6000.00) is wasted annually on discarded units of donor blood mainly from commercial donors. A policy on blood procurement to include subgroup selection of donors and improved funding of blood banking services may enhance efficient and effective utilisation of donor blood.
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School Discipline Problems in Rural African American Early Adolescents: Characteristics of Students with Major, Minor, and No Offenses - Farmer, Thomas W.; Goforth, Jennifer B.; Clemmer, Jason T.; Thompson, Jana (Behavioral Disorders, 2004)
The authors examined school discipline problems in relation to academic and interpersonal characteristics of students in a middle school of a rural low-income community. The sample comprised 259 students (83 boys, 176 girls)—all of whom were African American—and reflected the community's public school attendance. School records were examined, and students were identified as having no offenses, minor offenses, or major offenses. More than 50% of the girls had no offenses, and fewer than 20% had major offenses. Girls identified as having no offenses tended to be competent across the academic, behavioral, and social domains, whereas girls with major offenses tended to have multiple problems. For the boys, 37% had major offenses and 34% had no offenses. Involvement in aggression appeared to be the primary factor that differentiated among boys who were and were not referred for discipline problems. The authors discuss the results in terms of their implications for assessment and prevention.
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Environmental education research in Southern Africa: Dilemmas of interpretation - Gough, Annette; Gough, Noel (Environmental Education Research, 2004)
These multiple framings of our reflections on environmental education research in southern Africa are written as dilemmas of interpretation that aim to disrupt any temptation to generalise or essentialise its qualities and characteristics. Recognising that research is a textual practice, we use J. M. Coetzee's portrayal of the dilemmas faced by African novelists as a point of departure in reflecting on the changing landscape of environmental education research in southern Africa as we have experienced it over six years. We provide readings framed by reference to post-colonialism, changing epistemologies and methodologies, contexts of transformation and tension, the influence of international organisations such as the United Nations and its instrumentalities, and concerns about human rights and accountability. We conclude by affirming the post-colonialist trajectories of environmental education research in southern Africa and speculating on the distinctive possibilities that recovering ubuntu (an ethic of sharing and hospitality) might offer to researchers in this region.
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Internet Use Among African American College Students: Psychosocial Correlates of the Digital Divide - Harvey, Pejcharat Jane (2004)
An exploratory study was conducted examining Internet usage among African-American college students. The study examined both psychosocial correlates, including technological anxiety and racial identity as well as socioeconomic measures, as they impacted Internet usage. Additionally, three distinct measures of Internet usage, thin access, thick access and the Internet Connectedness Index (ICI), were used as criterion variables in three separate multiple regression analysis (MRA) models. The results of the study found differences in predictive validity based on the criterion variable used, with the ICI accounting for the greatest amount of variance (54%). Racial identity, in terms of internal beliefs and feelings about being African American and internalization of Afrocentric values in a political context were found to be predictive of Internet usage as measured by the ICI.
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Early Education in Ethiopia: Progress and Prospects - Hoot, James L.; Szente, Judit; Mebratu, Belete (Early Childhood Education Journal, 2004)
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ENHANCING THE APPLICATION OF EFFECTIVE MALARIA INTERVENTIONS IN AFRICA THROUGH TRAINING - Ijumba, Jasper N.; Kitua, Andrew Y (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2004)
Africa bears more than 90% of the entire global malaria disease burden. Surprisingly, even with the current renewed interest in malaria prevention and control and the enabling environment resulting from the Roll Back Malaria initiative and the political commitment made by the African Presidents at the Abuja Summit, there are still no significant initiatives for strengthening capacity for malaria control through training within the African continent itself. The Center for Enhancement of Effective Malaria Interventions (CEEMI) has been established in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania for results-oriented training. It is intended to provide the needed skills for identifying and solving malaria control problems and providing incentives to malaria control workers in their work performance. The intention is to produce implementers with leadership skills for planning and managing malaria control activities and who can use strategic thinking in improving their work performance. To sustain political commitment and support and to sensitize the community on malaria issues, the CEEMI, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (National Malaria Control Program), the Institute of Journalism and Mass Communication of the University of Dar es Salaam, and the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association have already conducted malaria seminars for Tanzanian Members of Parliament and journalists from Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda. Additionally, a diploma course in health communication is being developed for journalists and for the same purpose. Also being developed is a training module for "Council Malaria Focal Person." This is aimed at complementing the Roll Back Malaria initiative to meet the Abuja targets of reducing morbidity and mortality due to malaria by 50% by 2010.
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Impairment of theSchistosoma mansoni–Specific Immune Responses Elicited by Treatment with Praziquantel in Ugandans with HIV‐1 Coinfection - Joseph, Sarah; Jones, Frances M.; Laidlaw, Maureen; Mohamed, Gamal; Mawa, Patrice A.; Namujju, Proscovia B.; Kizza, Moses; Watera, Christine; Whitworth, James; Dunne, David W.; Elliott, Alison M. (The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2004)
We show that Ugandan adults coinfected with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are able to mount S. mansoni-specific immune responses but that few such responses increase after treatment with praziquantel (PZQ). Levels of soluble worm antigen (SWA)-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 increased significantly in HIV-negative participants after treatment with PZQ, whereas most soluble egg antigen-specific antibody responses and levels of interferon- gamma were unaltered. Only levels of SWA-specific IL-5 increased in HIV-1-coinfected participants after treatment. These deficiencies in immune responses may account for the previously reported increased susceptibility to infection and reinfection with S. mansoni in individuals coinfected with HIV-1.
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'Reading on the Line': An Analysis of Literacy Practices in ESL Classes in a South African Township School - Kapp, Rochelle (Language and education, 2004)
The writer argues that there are significant gaps in the way in which academic literacy theory has been conceptualised in the South African context. Although there has been much research about the transition from school to university, school literacy has tended to be presented as self-evident and the implications of students studying in an additional language, English, have tended to be addressed in functional terms. This paper uses insights from a critical ethnographic study of English in an urban, black working-class secondary school to describe the instrumental literacy practices that characterise English classes at the school. The data suggest that students are deeply ambivalent about English. I argue that their seemingly contradictory language attitudes and classroom practices are intimately linked to their attempts to define appropriate roles and identities in relation to the unstable school and township environment, as well as their construction of their place in the world within and beyond the township environment. The data illustrate the need for academic literacy intervention to take into consideration students' language attitudes and motivation, as well the need for subject-specific knowledge of school discourse practices.
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MALARIA IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AND INFANTS IN KINSHASA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: SURVEYS FROM THE 1980S AND 2000 - Kazadi, Walter; Sexton, John D.; Bigonsa, Makengo; W’Okanga, Bompela; Way, Matezo (The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2004)
Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, has been a perennial malarious area and has grown almost 14 times from 380,000 people in 1960 to 5,293,000 in 2003. The most complete information on malaria prevalence in Kinshasa was first acquired in 1981-1983. Blood smears were obtained from 25,135 children (ages 5-15 years) from 245 schools in 16 of 24 zones. The mean Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate was 17%; the parasite rate was similar for both sexes and was higher (P < 0.001) in older students. The parasite rate varied from 4% (urban zone) to 46% (peri-urban zone). An infant survey confirmed malaria transmission. During the Roll Back Malaria situational analysis in 2000, malaria prevalence was reassessed by the National Malaria Control Program and its partners in schools from selected health zones. A mean parasite rate of 34% was found among school children 5-9 years old. The parasite rate varied from 14% (central urban zone) to 65% (peri urban zone). Plasmodium falciparum was not the only species found, but accounted for more than 97% of the infections. Malaria incidence may have increased in Kinshasa during the last two decades due to difficulties in provision of control and prevention measures. Along with deployment of insecticide-treated bed nets and improved patient management, currently ongoing, other measures that could impact the disease are being considered, including vector control, water management, and proper urban planning.
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User-based parameters for the training of subtitlers in South Africa - Kruger, Helena Catharina; Kruger, Jan‐Louis (Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2004)
This article attempts to define a set of parameters for the training of subtitlers in South Africa to meet the diverse needs of the different potential user groups. In order to arrive at a description of these parameters, we first define the different groups in terms of their distinct needs. The main user groups that are identified in the article are users with hearing impairment (including users with pre-lingual deafness, users with post-lingual deafness and hard-of-hearing viewers), illiterate users, and literate non-L1 users. The needs description of these groups is then used to formulate user-based parameters for the training of subtitlers in South Africa. These parameters centre on reading speed, vocabulary, access to non-linguistic audio elements and knowledge of the source language. The article further shows that, although there are overlaps in terms of the needs of different user groups, the groups are sufficiently unique to make any combination of groups for the purpose of subtitles highly problematic. Nevertheless, the common ground that does exist should be exploited to ensure that subtitling in South Africa will be done optimally to ensure maximum benefit to target groups in the way that specific language-related problems are addressed.
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User-based parameters for the training of subtitlers in South Africa - Kruger, Helena Catharina; Kruger, Jan‐Louis (Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2004)
This article attempts to define a set of parameters for the training of subtitlers in South Africa to meet the diverse needs of the different potential user groups. In order to arrive at a description of these parameters, we first define the different groups in terms of their distinct needs. The main user groups that are identified in the article are users with hearing impairment (including users with pre-lingual deafness, users with post-lingual deafness and hard-of-hearing viewers), illiterate users, and literate non-L1 users. The needs description of these groups is then used to formulate user-based parameters for the training of subtitlers in South Africa. These parameters centre on reading speed, vocabulary, access to non-linguistic audio elements and knowledge of the source language. The article further shows that, although there are overlaps in terms of the needs of different user groups, the groups are sufficiently unique to make any combination of groups for the purpose of subtitles highly problematic. Nevertheless, the common ground that does exist should be exploited to ensure that subtitling in South Africa will be done optimally to ensure maximum benefit to target groups in the way that specific language-related problems are addressed.
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Colloquium Report: Improving the Health of School Age Children in an Era of HIV/AIDS in Durban, South Africa - Kvalsvig, Jane; Taylor, Myra; Jinabhai, C C; Hm, Coovadia (Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2004)
Increased morbidity and mortality due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa necessitates the examination of policies for the protection and support of school age children. At a colloquium held in Durban participants from government and non-government health and education sectors briefed delegates on key policies and programmes for promoting the health and mental health of school age children. Researchers gave evaluative accounts of the impacts of these measures and presented an overview of South African children’s health and mental health needs. In the discussions that followed four critical issues emerged: intersectoral collaboration, accountability, retraining middle management, and a more comprehensive strategy to support pupils and teachers infected and affected by HIV/AIDS.
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Home-school communication in South African primary schools - Lemmer, Eleanor; Wyk, Noleen van (South African Journal of Education, 2004)
Home-school communication is one of the most traditional and vital forms of parent involvement but it is often poorly implemented. According to Epstein's model of parent involvement, home-school communication should be two-way communication and reflect a co-equal partnership between families and schools. In this article we examine school practices of home-school communication in South African primary schools using quantitative data derived from a survey of primary schools and qualitative data derived from interviews held with a small sample of primary school principals who also participated in the survey. The aims in this research endeavour were twofold: to explore the nature, frequency and effectiveness of home-school communication practices, and to make recommendations how home-school communication can be improved to facilitate better home-school partnerships.
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Environmental education research and social change: Southern African perspectives - Lotz‐Sisitka, Heila (Environmental Education Research, 2004)
(2004). Environmental education research and social change: Southern African perspectives. Environmental Education Research: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 291-295.
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Towards a school library development policy for Uganda - Magara, Elisam; Nyumba, Joyce Bukirwa (Library Review, 2004)
This paper is based on a literature review and aims at providing guidelines for a school library development policy for Uganda. It presents the need for school libraries, describes the background to the policy formulation process, and analyses the existing legal and institutional framework for school libraries in Uganda. The paper highlights the current initiatives in support of school library development in Uganda and gives justification for a school library development policy for Uganda. Guidelines and implementation strategies are given to guide the formulation of this school library development policy.
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The Malawi Multisectoral AIDS Programme : A basic manual for training field workers - integrating gender into HIV/AIDS programs (planning, monitoring, and evaluation) - Maliro, Dyton; Muntemba, Shimwaayi (2004)
This manual aims to serve as a basic training guide on how to integrate gender into the planning, monitoring and evaluation of HIV/AIDS programs. It is an outcome of an August 2003 workshop, Integrating Gender into Multisectoral AIDS Programs (MAP) and Other HIV/AIDS Activities. The goal is to build capacity for integration of gender into HIV/AIDS programs. The manual has four modules: Understanding Gender, Understanding HIV/AIDS, Gender and HIV/AIDS linkages, and Integrating gender into the planning, monitoring, and evaluation of HIV/AIDS programs. For ease of delivery, the manual is divided into six units, and each unit has the following information: Why the unit is important, What participants will have achieved by the end of the unit, a list of topics/sessions to be covered, suggested time required to deliver the unit, steps for delivering the sessions, and already prepared notes/guides for use by trainers.
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Characteristics of cigarette smoking and quitting among university students in Syria - Maziak, Wasim; Hammal, Fadi; Rastam, Samer; Asfar, Taghrid; Eissenberg, Thomas; Bachir, Mohamed E.; Fouad, M F; Ward, Kenneth D. (Preventive Medicine, 2004)
Background. No study to date in Syria has documented the smoking and quitting characteristics in a representative sample of university students, and this study aims to fill this void. Design. In 2003, a cross-sectional survey was carried out among students at Aleppo University using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Overall, 587 students participated in the study (278 males, 309 females; mean age, 21.8 ± 2.1 years; response rate, 98.8%). Experiences and attitudes related to smoking and quitting were assessed for two popular forms of tobacco use in Syria-cigarettes and narghile (waterpipe). Results. Current cigarette smoking was reported by 30.9% of male and 7.4% of female students and daily smoking by 24.8% of male and 5.2% of female students. Narghile smoking was seen among 25.5% of men and 4.9% of women, mostly on an occasional basis. More than half of current smokers (56%) believed they could quit cigarettes, 75.2% were interested in quitting, and 78% of those had made a quit attempt in the past year. Important correlates of cigarette smoking among students were being older, male, and smoking narghile, while being older and from a poorer family were associated with increased interest in quitting. Interestingly, peers' smoking was associated with current smoking among students, but inversely with their willingness to quit. Conclusions. Cigarette smoking is mainly a problem of male students, whose narghile smoking is likely to be dramatically increasing as well, sometimes practiced as a substitute for cigarettes. The findings that most smokers in this sample are interested in quitting smoking and have tried unsuccessfully to do so indicate that cessation support for youths in this country is urgently needed.
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Promoting Sustained Growth in the Representation of African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans among Top Students in the United States at All Levels of the Education System. - Miller, L. Scott (2004)
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Mali - Improving Learning in Public Schools - Mohan, P.C. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004)
The overall objective of this Learning and Innovation Credit (2000-2003: US$3.8 million) was to further develop and assess the merits of bilingual education in Mali, in terms of financial and educational sustainability. The project was designed at a time when the education system was facing the following problems: (i) low enrollments, including gender and regional imbalances; (ii) poor learning results in primary schools; (iii) low efficiency in public education; (iv) poor accessibility to education for all children; (vi) proliferation of models for community involvement in schooling; and (vii) central management. To achieve its objective, the approach taken was to introduce a bilingual education model - pedagogie convergente - in six languages as the basis for introducing curricular revisions, producing textbooks based on the changed curricula, testing teaching and learning materials, testing student achievement at the end-of-project to determine the model's efficacy, and building community partnerships to elicit local support for introducing the model at the primary education level.
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Mali - improving learning in public schools - Mohan, P.C. (World Bank Other Operational Studies, 2004)
The overall objective of this Learning and Innovation Credit (2000-2003: US$3.8 million) was to further develop and assess the merits of bilingual education in Mali, in terms of financial and educational sustainability. The project was designed at a time when the education system was facing the following problems: (i) low enrollments, including gender and regional imbalances; (ii) poor learning results in primary schools; (iii) low efficiency in public education; (iv) poor accessibility to education for all children; (vi) proliferation of models for community involvement in schooling; and (vii) central management. To achieve its objective, the approach taken was to introduce a bilingual education model - pedagogie convergente - in six languages as the basis for introducing curricular revisions, producing textbooks based on the changed curricula, testing teaching and learning materials, testing student achievement at the end-of-project to determine the model's efficacy, and building community partnerships to elicit local support for introducing the model at the primary education level.
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The nutritional quality of feeding programs in Botswana junior secondary schools and the contribution of family and consumer sciences/home economics teachers to meal quality - Mosie, Elsie (2004)
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THE BURDEN OF THE NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT ASSOCIATED WITH PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - Mung’ala‐Odera, V.; Snow, Robert W.; Newton, Charles R. (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2004)
The burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been estimated traditionally in terms of infections and mortality. Neurocognitive sequelae have recently been identified that add to the burden caused by this parasite. We have attempted to provide estimates of the neurocognitive burden based upon more recent estimates of the population at risk and a detailed review of published studies in sub-Saharan Africa. There is little data on which to estimate the burden, and considerable limitations in extracting the data from the published studies to provide these estimates. However, we estimate that at least 1,300-7,800 children will have neurologic sequelae following cerebral malaria in stable endemic areas per year. The figure is likely to be considerably higher, since these estimates do not include neurocognitive impairment following non-cerebral malaria in children or adults in stable endemic areas, or populations in low stable or epidemic areas.
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Gender distribution of students and staff at the University of Malawi College of Medicine, 1991-2003. - Muula, Adamson S; Nyasulu, Y.; Msiska, Gladys (PubMed, 2004)
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Gender distribution of students and staff at the University of Malawi College of Medicine, 1991 - 2003 : scientific letter - Muula, Adamson S; Nyasulu, Y.; Msiska, Gladys (South African Medical Journal, 2004)
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Cost, financing and school effectiveness of education in Malawi : A future of limited choices and endless opportunities - Nellemann, Søren; Uythem, Bart Van; Bashir, Sajitha; Higgins, Cathal; Mambo, Michael; Galloway, Rae; Majgaard, Kirsten; Tencalla, Yves (2004)
This study is part of a series of education country status reports (CSRs) being prepared by World Bank staff in collaboration with national teams from various Sub-Saharan countries. The immediate objective is to enhance the knowledge base for policy development. More broadly, CSRs create a basis for engaging a diverse audience in dialogue on education sector policies and for developing a shared vision for the future. In Malawi, as in other low-income countries, two specific goals in education stand out: ensuring that all children complete basic schooling of adequate quality; and managing the production of graduates at post-basic levels, in terms of quantity and skill level and mix, to match the demand for skilled labor. To fulfill these objectives, an infusion of resources, from both domestic and international sources, may well be needed. However, an equally important requirement is to ensure that currently available resources are used efficiently and equitably. In the case of Malawi, the CSR has been extensively used to target interventions under the Education Sector Support Project (ESSUP1) and to further a broad based dialogue with all donors and stakeholders. Further, the CSR can play a useful guiding role in the Government's preparation of an education sector plan for Malawi, which will set the directions for reforms and investments in the sector in coming years. For the World Bank's part, the document is helping to facilitate ongoing discussions to improve the management of the system, its internal efficiency, and most importantly, to improve quality.
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Job satisfaction and psychological health of doctors at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital - Ofili, AN; Asuzu, MC; Isah, EC; Ogbeide, OU (Occupational Medicine, 2004)
Background Studies on job satisfaction and health have mainly been carried out among Caucasian populations. Similar studies are lacking in Nigeria. Aim To investigate the level of job satisfaction and its relationship to psychological disorder amongst Nigerian doctors. Methods All 190 doctors at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study. The respondents completed two selfadministered questionnaires, a specifically designed (25-item) questionnaire and a standard instrument—the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 28). Results One hundred and fifty-two doctors responded, giving a response rate of 80%. Twenty-one (14%) doctors had a GHQ score of 4 and above, and were at increased likelihood of having a psychological disorder. Fifty-four per cent were either very dissatisfied or dissatisfied with their jobs, while 30% were very satisfied or satisfied with their jobs. The proportion of doctors with GHQ scores of 4 or above increased with the level of dissatisfaction although this was not statistically significant. The crude odds ratio of psychological disorder (GHQ score 4 and above) in dissatisfied respondents compared to satisfied respondents was 2.2 (95% confidence interval = 0.6–8.4). The odds ratio remained non-significant after controlling for the presence of adolescent children, stress outside work and length of service. Conclusion This study showed a high rate of job dissatisfaction among Nigerian doctors compared to their European and North American counterparts. The reason for this is not altogether obvious. Further research is needed to determine the causes of job dissatisfaction amongst Nigerian doctors.
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Participatory curriculum development: Lessons drawn from teaching environmental education to industry in Zimbabwe - Price, Leigh (Environmental Education Research, 2004)
My experience of teaching the Rhodes University/Speciss College Environmental Education Course in Zimbabwe alerted me to a tension between the industry course participants who largely (although not entirely) wanted a skills/vocational training orientation and the course curriculum developers, who wanted a critical/theoretical/praxis-based orientation to the course. This paper is an attempt to offer some resolution of the dilemma this provided the course developers. I begin by briefly describing the tension historically and internationally and giving an outline of Fairclough's (1999) position in its regard. I then suggest that a conventionalist interpretation of the participatory/contextualist method of curriculum development should be avoided, arguing that conventionalism is covertly anti-epistemological in that it leads to the thesis that epistemic standards do not rest on truth/validity claims but on convention (Haack, 1993, p. 20). Thus contextualisation, interpreted as conventionalism, becomes inherently conservative. Instead I suggest an approach to curriculum development based on Haack's (1993, p. 73) explicandum of epistemic justification: 'A is more/less justified, at time t, in believing that p, depending on …'. Thus, if there is good enough (note: not absolute) evidence to disagree with the community's construction of what the best curriculum should be, provided we can demonstrate our disagreement with intellectual integrity, then it is appropriate to go against the grain of the majority of the community's construction of its curriculum needs (in this case, the call for skills-based training), and instead attend to the requirements of a minority of the community.
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The Effect of L‐NAME on Hearing Loss Induced by TNF‐a and IL‐1 injected into CSF in Guinea Pigs - Rhee, Choong Kyun; Kim, Myung-Chan; Lee, Sang-Joon; Lee, Sang‐Hun (Otolaryngology and head and neck surgery, 2004)
Abstract Problem: One of the most serious complications of bacterial meningitis, particularly in childhood, is sensorineural hearing loss; yet the mechanism of this hearing loss is not clearly understood. It is also known that the levels of TNF-¥a and IL-1¥â in CSF are significantly elevated in bacterial meningitis patients. This study was designed to evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the ototoxic effect of TNF-¥a and IL-1¥â and L-NAME injected into the CSF of guinea pigs. Methods: Twenty-six guinea pigs (52 ears) were randomly assigned into 6 groups consisting of control group, L-NAME group, TNF-¥a group, TNF-¥a + L-NAME group, IL-1¥â group, and IL-1¥â + L-NAME group.The thresholds of auditory brain stem response (ABR) were measured before as well as 6 and 24 hours after the administration of the cytokines. TNF-¥a and IL-1¥â were directly injected into the cisterna magna in a dosage of 0.1 ¥i g in 10 ¥ig/ml concentration. L-NAME, NO synthase inhibitor, was injected intraperitoneally 30 minutes prior to the administration of cytokines. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to find the morphological damage of hair cells. Results: In TNF-¥a group, the ABR threshold at 6 and 24 hours after the injection was 19.2i 3 4 10.2 dB, 18.3i 3 4 10.3 dB; in the TNF-¥a + L-NAME group, 3.3i 3 4 2.6 dB and 8.3i 3 4 4.1 dB; in the IL-1¥â group, 6.9i 3 4 4.6 dB and 11.25i 3 4 8.3 dB; in the IL-1¥â + L-NAME group, 1.7i 3 4 2.7 dB and 1.3i 3 4 2.5 dB, respectively. The outer hair cell damage in the second and third rows was noted in the TNF-¥a and IL-1¥â groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that the sensorineural hearing loss associated with bacterial meningitis may be caused in part by the actions of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-¥a and IL-1¥â. The hearing loss may be mediated by NO and it can be prevented by L-NAME. Significance: Hearing loss induced by bacterial meningitis can be prevented partly by L-NAME. Support: None reported.
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BRIDGING THE GAP: LINKING RESEARCH, TRAINING, AND SERVICE DELIVERY TO REDUCE THE MALARIA BURDEN IN AFRICA - Samba, E. M. (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2004)
I am most pleased to write the foreword to this new collection of important articles in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene on the devastating burden of malaria in Africa. The first supplement, “The Intolerable Burden of Malaria: A New Look at the Numbers,” published in 2001, was extremely popular and useful for educating people about the enormity of this scourge and mobilizing resources to battle against it. And I am delighted that the title of this supplement, “The Intolerable Burden of Malaria: II. What’s New, What’s Needed,” and many of the papers focus on linking research and control actions. Malaria continues to be a major cause of ill-health in Africa south of the Sahara, where it takes its greatest toll on young children and pregnant women. Because malaria is such a common disease and many of those who become sick do not visit health care facilities, assessing the magnitude and changing patterns of the problem over time is an enormous challenge. About 90% of all malaria deaths in the world today occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where the most virulent species of the parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) flourishes. Most people at risk of the disease live in areas of relatively intense and stable transmission. Malaria impacts negatively on the health systems and on the economy of local communities and households, particularly in resource-poor settings. It keeps adults from earning a living, drains the economies of African nations, and traps their people in grinding poverty. Fortunately, new opportunities have recently arisen aimed at mobilizing more resources to fight malaria in Africa. Most notably among these are the launching of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) in 1997, Roll Back Malaria (RBM) in 1998, and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) in 2001. The financial resources to fight malaria are increasing globally and at country level. In the field of science, the enormous power of modern biology and technology has enabled the sequencing of the mosquito and malaria genomes. We now have the master plans for humans, Plasmodium, and the Anopheles mosquito. This has opened new fields of vision and expanded work opportunities. Detailed knowledge of these genomes will eventually lead to new drugs, will certainly have an impact on the development of a vaccine against malaria, and will encourage identification of new and better ways of interrupting transmission of malaria. African scientists have key roles to play, in collaboration with their colleagues from the north and, most importantly, by a south-south collaboration. Translating the outcomes of research into practical knowledge for control and effective delivery of interventions to at-risk populations has proven to be a great challenge to public health systems of malarious areas within and outside Africa. If major reductions in malaria mortality and morbidity are to occur in Africa, effective mechanisms for bridging the gap between research, training, and service delivery must be identified, used, and brought to scale. To address this welcome challenge, the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO) is strengthening collaboration within and outside WHO. The investments in and establishment of links with MIM since 1997 have enabled malaria research capacity to be strengthened considerably in 15 African countries, resulting in improved understanding of malarial ecology, and generation of tools and strategies for improved implementation of control interventions. This results from bringing research and control staffs together at a very early stage in the design and implementation of the research; monitoring and evaluation of drug efficacy, insecticide resistance, bed net use, and health outcomes of investments are key collaborative activities. WHO/AFRO provides technical support to member countries to develop and implement operational research projects in malaria aimed at resolving operational issues encountered in implementation. Collaboration with research institutions within the countries of the region is being strengthened and WHO Collaborating Centers are being designated to strengthen research capability in Africa. Several experts from African research institutions are working with WHO/AFRO to provide scientific and technical support to countries for program implementation. The results of this simple but effective approach to feed research into implementation (and vice-versa) have been very positive. We have promoted the creation of sub-regional networks for monitoring antimalarial drug resistance, bringing together national malaria control programs, clinicians, managers, and laboratory scientists from research and training institutions and partner agencies to bridge the gap between research and implementation, and facilitate sharing of information and experience among countries. By these actions, the brain drain problem is minimized; we continuously motivate young researchers and implementers by providing them opportunities to update their technical knowledge through meetings, workshops, country support missions, and networking. Our collaboration with the nascent Gates Malaria Partnership at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine is beginning. This exciting collaboration will be developing malaria training centers in four African countries to carry out capacity building activities based on local priorities for malaria prevention and control using innovative approaches such as distance learning. In consort with partners, we are committed fully to intensifying our support to countries in the African region by diversifying and expanding the collaborations and giving adequate priority to the needs of malaria-endemic countries. Advancing public health in Africa requires balance between scientific knowledge, experience, and operational expertise, always in support of long-term development for the conti-
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The effect of single dose ivermectin alone or in combination with albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in primary school children in Tanzania - Simonsen, Paul E.; Magesa, Stephen; Dunyo, Samuel; Malecela‐Lazaro, Mwele N.; Michael, Edwin (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2004)
Examination of 1829 children from 6 primary schools in coastal Tanzania revealed overall Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria (mf) and circulating filarial antigen (CFA) prevalences of 17.3% and 43.7%, respectively. A randomized double-blind field trial with a single dose of ivermectin (150–200 μg/kg body weight) alone or in combination with albendazole (400 mg) was subsequently carried out among these children. Both treatment regimens resulted in a considerable decrease in mean mf intensities, with overall reductions being slightly but statistically significantly higher for the combination than for ivermectin alone. The difference in effect between the two treatment regimens was most pronounced at 6 months, whereas it was minor at 12 months after treatment. The relative effect of treatment on mean CFA units was less pronounced than on mf. For both treatment regimens, reductions in CFA intensity appeared to be higher in children who were both CFA and mf positive before treatment, which may suggest that treatment mainly affected the survival and/or production of mf, rather than the survival of adult worms. New cases of infection appeared after treatment with both regimens among the pre-treatment mf and CFA negative children. Adverse reactions were few and mild in both groups, and mainly reported from pre-treatment mf and CFA positive children. The alarmingly high prevalence of W. bancrofti infection in primary school children highlights the importance of also determining the reversibility of already acquired early lesions, and the development of new measures and strategies to specifically protect children from later developing clinical disease.
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African American male students and achievement in school mathematics - Stinson, David W. (2004)
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Reconstructing Education from the Bottom up: SNCC's 1964 Mississippi Summer Project and African American Culture - Street, Joe (Journal of American Studies, 2004)
On 30 December 1963, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC) executive committee approved Bob Moses' proposal for a summer voter registration project involving hundreds of white volunteers. Initially intended to highlight the brutality inherent in Mississippi's culture and to register large numbers of disfranchised black voters, the plans expanded to include more long term and holistic methods of addressing civil rights that encompassed what SNCC and its sister organizations in Mississippi called “educational and social” programmes. As freedom schools co-ordinator Liz Fusco asserted, this represented an acceptance that what could be done in Mississippi, could be deeper, more fundamental, more far-reaching, more revolutionary than voter registration alone … [It was] a decision to enter into every phase of the lives of the people of Mississippi … a decision to set the people free for politics in the only way that people really can become free, and that is totally. Freedom schools were central to SNCC's programme. Both institutions emphasized that knowledge of one's culture was crucial to the individual. In the case of the freedom schools, students would be encouraged to think freely and develop their own ideas about a free society. Charles Cobb, who conceived the idea of the freedom schools, envisaged the schools to be places “where the students could freely ask questions about all those things, political as well as academic, which troubled and excited them.”
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Anthony Simpson, ‘Half London’ in Zambia: contested identities in a Catholic mission school. Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, for the International Africa Institute (paperback £16.95, ISBN 0 7486 1804 X). 2003, 224 pp. - Summers, Carol (Africa, 2004)
Anthony Simpson, ‘Half London’ in Zambia: contested identities in a Catholic mission school. Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, for the International Africa Institute (paperback £16.95, ISBN 0 7486 1804 X). 2003, 224 pp. - Volume 74 Issue 3
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The effects of a school-based intervention on the self-care and health of African-American inner-city children with asthma - Velsor-Friedrich, Barbara; Pigott, Terri; Louloudes, Adrianne (Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 2004)
Asthma is a chronic illness that affects 5% to 10% or about 5 million children in this country. Morbidity and rising mortality rates are of particular concern in minority children. This study addresses a serious knowledge deficit about the management of asthma in minority children by testing the effect of a school-based asthma education program on psychosocial and health outcomes of 8-13-year-old inner-city minority students. Although the mean scores of the treatment group were higher than the control group on several of the psychosocial measures, these changes were not significant. However, significant differences were found between the groups on health outcomes. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Evaluation of training of trainers courses for Oromia (Ethiopia) health professional schools’ tutors* - Beier-Holgersen, Randi; Diest, Rob van; Resti, C. V. (International Nursing Review, 2004)
Abstract Background: In Ethiopia training tutors in the health system are part of a major health programme. A previous study disclosed that tutors felt they lacked sufficient teaching skills. Aim: The Teaching Methodology Course (TMC) described here was designed to correct these deficiencies. The aim of the study was firstly to evaluate the usefulness of questionnaires in terms of TMC quality control and secondly to evaluate whether the subcourses differed in terms of self‐progress evaluation and course evaluation. Content: The TMC consists of eight subcourses and is evaluated according to a quality circle described previously. Methods: Two questionnaires were used as part of the TMC quality control, one to assess tutors’ self‐progress and the other to examine tutors’ opinion about the course instructors’ pre‐defined teaching skills. Results: In the questionnaires a distinction was made between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ subcourses. Moreover, the quantitative evaluation of subcourses was in accord with the tutors’ written qualitative comments. Conclusion: The questionnaires can be used for TMC quality control in order to improve at least some subcourses.
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Elusive Equity: Education Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa - Fiske, Edward B.; Ladd, Helen F. (2004)
Elusive Equity chronicles South Africa's efforts to fashion a racially equitable state education system from the ashes of apartheid. The policymakers who came to power with Nelson Mandela in 1994 inherited and education system designed to further the racist goals of apartheid. Their massive challenge was to transform that system, which lavished human and financial resources on schools serving white students while systematically starving those serving African, coloured, and Indian learners, into one that would offer quality education to all persons, regardless of their race. Edward Fiske and Helen Ladd describe and evaluate the strategies that South Africa pursued in its quest for racial equity. They draw on previously unpublished data, interviews with key officials, and visits to dozens of schools to describe the changes made in school finance, teacher assignment policies, governance, curriculum, higher education, and other areas. They conclude that the country has made remarkable progress toward equity in the sense of equal treatment of persons of all races. For several reasons, however, the country has been far less successful in promoting equal educational opportunity or educational adequacy. Thus equity has remained elusive. The book is unique in combining the perceptive observations of a skilled education journalist with the analytical skills of an academic policy expert. Richly textured descriptions of how South Africa's education reforms have affected schools at the grass-roots level are combined with careful analysis of enrollment, governance, and budget data at the school, provincial, and national levels. The result is a compelling and comprehensive study of South Africa's first decade of education reform in the post-apartheid period.
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Elusive Equity: Education Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa - Fiske, Edward B.; Ladd, Helen F. (2004)
Elusive Equity chronicles South Africa's efforts to fashion a racially equitable state education system from the ashes of apartheid. The policymakers who came to power with Nelson Mandela in 1994 inherited and education system designed to further the racist goals of apartheid. Their massive challenge was to transform that system, which lavished human and financial resources on schools serving white students while systematically starving those serving African, coloured, and Indian learners, into one that would offer quality education to all persons, regardless of their race. Edward Fiske and Helen Ladd describe and evaluate the strategies that South Africa pursued in its quest for racial equity. They draw on previously unpublished data, interviews with key officials, and visits to dozens of schools to describe the changes made in school finance, teacher assignment policies, governance, curriculum, higher education, and other areas. They conclude that the country has made remarkable progress toward equity in the sense of equal treatment of persons of all races. For several reasons, however, the country has been far less successful in promoting equal educational opportunity or educational adequacy. Thus equity has remained elusive. The book is unique in combining the perceptive observations of a skilled education journalist with the analytical skills of an academic policy expert. Richly textured descriptions of how South Africa's education reforms have affected schools at the grass-roots level are combined with careful analysis of enrollment, governance, and budget data at the school, provincial, and national levels. The result is a compelling and comprehensive study of South Africa's first decade of education reform in the post-apartheid period.
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Elusive Equity: Education Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa - Fiske, Edward B.; Ladd, Helen F. (2004)
Elusive Equity chronicles South Africa's efforts to fashion a racially equitable state education system from the ashes of apartheid. The policymakers who came to power with Nelson Mandela in 1994 inherited and education system designed to further the racist goals of apartheid. Their massive challenge was to transform that system, which lavished human and financial resources on schools serving white students while systematically starving those serving African, coloured, and Indian learners, into one that would offer quality education to all persons, regardless of their race. Edward Fiske and Helen Ladd describe and evaluate the strategies that South Africa pursued in its quest for racial equity. They draw on previously unpublished data, interviews with key officials, and visits to dozens of schools to describe the changes made in school finance, teacher assignment policies, governance, curriculum, higher education, and other areas. They conclude that the country has made remarkable progress toward equity in the sense of equal treatment of persons of all races. For several reasons, however, the country has been far less successful in promoting equal educational opportunity or educational adequacy. Thus equity has remained elusive. The book is unique in combining the perceptive observations of a skilled education journalist with the analytical skills of an academic policy expert. Richly textured descriptions of how South Africa's education reforms have affected schools at the grass-roots level are combined with careful analysis of enrollment, governance, and budget data at the school, provincial, and national levels. The result is a compelling and comprehensive study of South Africa's first decade of education reform in the post-apartheid period.
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Elusive Equity: Education Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa - Fiske, Edward B.; Ladd, Helen F. (2004)
Elusive Equity chronicles South Africa's efforts to fashion a racially equitable state education system from the ashes of apartheid. The policymakers who came to power with Nelson Mandela in 1994 inherited and education system designed to further the racist goals of apartheid. Their massive challenge was to transform that system, which lavished human and financial resources on schools serving white students while systematically starving those serving African, coloured, and Indian learners, into one that would offer quality education to all persons, regardless of their race. Edward Fiske and Helen Ladd describe and evaluate the strategies that South Africa pursued in its quest for racial equity. They draw on previously unpublished data, interviews with key officials, and visits to dozens of schools to describe the changes made in school finance, teacher assignment policies, governance, curriculum, higher education, and other areas. They conclude that the country has made remarkable progress toward equity in the sense of equal treatment of persons of all races. For several reasons, however, the country has been far less successful in promoting equal educational opportunity or educational adequacy. Thus equity has remained elusive. The book is unique in combining the perceptive observations of a skilled education journalist with the analytical skills of an academic policy expert. Richly textured descriptions of how South Africa's education reforms have affected schools at the grass-roots level are combined with careful analysis of enrollment, governance, and budget data at the school, provincial, and national levels. The result is a compelling and comprehensive study of South Africa's first decade of education reform in the post-apartheid period.
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Analyzing What African American Students Articulate as Lesson Goals: Assessing Their Interpretations of Lesson Objectives with respect to Instructional Representations used in the Science Classroom - Travis, Crystall (2004)
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Analyzing What African American Students Articulate as Lesson Goals: Assessing Their Interpretations of Lesson Objectives with respect to Instructional Representations used in the Science Classroom - Travis, Crystall (2004)
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Characteristics of type 2 diabetics presenting with end stage renal disease at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Agaba, Emmanuel I (West African journal of medicine, 2004)
Background: Diabetes mellitus is an increasingly common cause of end- stage renal disease (ESRD) in Nigeria. We describe the clinical characteristics of Nigerian diabetics presenting with ESRD, as data obtained would provide baseline information for management policy formulation. Methods: Twenty- one diabetics (16 males and 5 females) with ESRD seen in the Nephrology Unit of the Jos University Teaching Hospital were studied. Both clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.5± 9.8 years with a mean duration of diabetes being 7.7 ± 8.2 years. Retinopathy, hypertension and peripheral vascular disease were present in 75.5%, 71.4% and 57.1% of the patients respectively. The mean fasting blood glucose was 6.0 ± 2.7 mmol/L. Hypertriglyceridemia was the most common dyslipidemia seen in 38.1% of the patients, followed by reduced high- density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in 33.3% and hypercholesterolemia in 23.8%. Common electrocardiographic abnormalities included myocardial ischemia, left atrial hypertrophy and left ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusion: The care of these patients should take into consideration the control of hypertension and dyslipidemia as cardiovascular event is common in them. Key Words: Diabetes, End Stage Renal Disease. Résumé Introduction: Diabète pancréatique est une cause de plus en plus courante de la maladie rénale étape final (ESRD) au Nigeria. Nous decrivons les traits cliniques des diabétiques Nigerians atteints d'ESRD, étant donné que les donnés obtenuées vont fournir des informations de base pour l'élaboration de la politique de gestion. Méthodes: Vingt-et-un cas des diabetiques (16 du sexe masculin et 5 du sexe feminin) atteints du ESRD vus dans le services Néphrologie du centre hospitalier universitaire de Jos ont été étudies. Les parametres laboratories et cliniques les deux ont été évalués. Resultats: L'âge moyen des patients était 55,5±9,8 ans avec durée moyenne de diabètes étant 7,7±8,2 ans. Rétinopathie, hypertension et maladie vasculaire périphérale étaient présent en 75,5%, 71,4%, et 57,1% respectivement chez des patients. Le moyen fasting blood glucose était 6,0± 2,7mmol/L. Hypertriglyceridémie était la dyslipidemie la plus courante vue en 38,1% des patients, suivi par haute densité lipoproteine (HDL) reduite cholesterol en 33,3% et hypercholesterolomie en 23,8%. Anormalités electrocardiographique courantes sont ischémie du myocarde, hypertrophie du côte gauche, et hypertrophie ventriculaire du côte gauche. Conclusion: La prise en charge de ces patients devrait tenir compte du contrôle d'hypertension et de dyslipidemic parce que l'événement cardiovasculaire est courant chez eux. West African Journal of Medicine Vol.23(2) 2004: 142-145
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Education and Gender Inequality: A Nigerian Perspective - Johnson, Kofi; Markham, Elizabeth J. (Gender and behaviour, 2004)
In recent years, popular media and researchers have given attention to gender inequality and education (Campbell and Sanders 1997). For example, a recent report by the Daily Independent supports this viewpoint in its headline: “600 Nigerian Girls Bag US Scholarship” (2003). Education and gender inequality in Nigeria have focused on a variety of physical, social, and cognitive contexts. Over the years, authorities have changed their theoretical platform. This has resulted in continuous discrimination of women, and widened socio-economic inequalities in the country with disastrous effects. It has not only fueled national and social problems, but it has retarded development and political empowerment. The downside to gender inequality is that it has set in motion: educational disparity, low employment among women, and limited their potential for sustainable economic development. Gender and Behaviour Vol. 2 2004: 215-224
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A review of genitourinary cancers at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, Ghana - Klufio, G.O. (West African journal of medicine, 2004)
To determine the frequency and pattern of genitourinary malignancies seen at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, GhanaA retrospective review of genitourinary malignancies seen at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital from 1980 to 1990 was undertaken. Data was obtained from the operating theatre register, histopathology reports, and patient case notes. Information retrieved included age and sex of patients, organ involved and laterality where appropriate and tumour type.548 genitourinary malignancies were seen, of which 479 (87.4%) were in males and 69 (12.6%) in females. Adults comprised 93.4% and children 6.6%. The organ-specific distribution was as follows-prostate 349 (63.7%), bladder 117 (21.3%), kidney 57 (10.4%), testis 13 (2.4%), penis 10 (1.8%) and one each of the ureter and urethra. The kidney tumours comprised nephroblatoma (56.1%), adenocarcinoma (35.1%) with the rest being of urothelial origin. Of the bladder tumours, 50.4 % and 44.8 % were transitional cell and squamous cell carcinoma respectively. Virtually all the prostatic cancers (99%) were adenocarcinomas. Of the testicular tumours 8(61.5%) were of germ cell and 5 (38.5%) non-germ cell origin. The penile cancers were all squamous. The ureteric and urethral tumours were due to transitional cell and squamous cell carcinomas respectively.Prostatic carcinoma was the predominant genitourinary tumour, accounting for nearly two-thirds of cases, followed by the bladder and the kidney. Other tumours were relatively uncommon. Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder was seen a little more commonly than the squamous type.
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Poverty and Powerlessness in Ethiopia: Shaping Gender Equity Through Technical, Vocational Education, and Training - Lakes, Richard D.; Carter, Patricia A. (2004)
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Human Schistosomiasis, And Nigerian Environment And Climate Change - Nwoke, EB; Dozie, Ins; Nwoke, EA; Anosike, JC (Bio-Research, 2004)
Human schistosomiasis, commonly called “bilharziasis” after a German pathologist, Theodor Bilharz (who first discovered the parasitic agent in Egypt in 1851) is caused by parasitic trematode of the genus, Schistosoma. There are at least 19 varieties of schistosomes, of which five are pathogenic parasites of man: S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum and S. marteei (WHO, 1985). There are two types of human schistosomiasis in Nigeria: urinary schistosomiasis caused by infection of S. haematobium and intestinal schistosomiasis caused by the infection of S. mansoni. Different species of freshwater snail which breed in rivers, streams, lakes (both natural and man-made), ditches, paddy field, irrigation, canals etc are the intermediate hosts. The snail intermediate host of S. haematobium is Bulinus while the intermediate hosts of S. mansoni belong to the genus Biomphalaria. Human infection occurs when cercariae (that emerged from the nail intermediate hosts) penetrate the skin of man exposed to contaminated water. In man, the clinico-pathological damage caused by schistosomiasis is serious and is related to the reaction of the host tissues to the migrating young worms, the eggs laid by the adult worms, and the number of schistosomes eggs trapped in the tissues. Details of these have been presented by Odeku et al (1968). Makenna et al (1997), Elem (1998), Udonsi (1999), Anosike et al (2002). Bio-Research Vol.2(1) 2004: 103-114
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Education programme reduces STDs in African-American girls - Mayor, Susan (The BMJ, 2004)
Education programmes designed to promote self esteem in African-American teenage girls improved their behaviour towards avoiding HIV infection and showed some reduction in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), a study has shown ( JAMA 2004;292: 171-9). The study randomised 522 sexually experienced African-American girls aged 14 to 18 years to two groups. The intervention group (n=251) attended sessions designed to promote self esteem, as well as providing information about HIV, skills in communication, condom use, and how …
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Researching access in a rapidly changing context : Experiences from higher education in South Africa - Walters, Shirley (2004)
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What Do African Donor‐sponsored Anti‐corruption Programmes Teach Us about International Development in Africa? - Michael, Bryane (Social Policy & Administration, 2004)
Abstract Donor‐sponsored anti‐corruption programmes represent an increasingly large segment of international development assistance to Africa. While the ostensible objective of these programmes is to reduce African corruption, the generality of them suggests that other factors appear to motivate their design and implementation. This paper attempts to assess the generality of these programmes by looking at the specificity, relevance and fit of proposed anti‐corruption activities. The malleability of these programmes suggests that programme design draws from a mix of broader discursive fields and the genuine attempt to improve project performance and decrease corruption.
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The Prevalence of Asymptomatic Proteinuria among Primary School Children in Jos, Nigeria - Asani, MO; Thomas, Fred B. (Sahel Medical Journal, 2004)
The prevalence of asymptomatic proteinuria was estimated among 1203 primary school children in the geographic wards of Jos metropolis using dipstick test on early morning urine samples. The prevalence rates of 1.95% and 0.5% using the criteria of ³0.3g/L (+) and ³1g/L (++) respectively were lower than those described by previous studies. Also, in contrast to other studies, there was no relationship between the prevalence rate and gender at all ages. In conclusion, the very low prevalence of proteinuria among asymptomatic children, using early morning urine samples makes it a cheap and reliable tool for the preliminary investigations of suspected renal pathology in clinical practice. Sahel Medical Journal Vol.7(1) 2004: 10-12
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Increase in Caesarean Section Delivery at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria - Ibekwe, PC; Tabansi, ST (Sahel Medical Journal, 2004)
Objective: Caesarean section rate has been on the increase of recent. This study therefore looked at he hospital Caesarean section rate, the indications and the reasons for the high rate. Materials: Caesarean sections performed at the UNTH, Enugu over a two-year period (January 1995 – December 1996) were reviewed. Results: Of the 1,641 deliveries, 450 were by caesarean section giving a rate of 27.4%. The commonest indication was two previous caesarean sections. Other major indications were, cephalopelvic disproportion (18.2%), fetal distress (17.1%), pregnancy induced hypertension (16.1%), obstructed labour (14.0%). 40.4% of the patients were primigravidae and 26.0% of the cases were unbooked while 56.7% were emergency procedures. Conclusion: The hospital caesarean section rate of 27.4% represents 1.5 fold or 66.8% rise over previous study. Some of the indications might not be justified if necessary facilities for fetomaternal monitoring and requisite manpower were available and properly utilized. The importance of education of our women on the need for early booking, regular attendance to antenatal clinics and hospital delivery is also emphasized. Sahel Medical Journal Vol.7(1) 2004: 6-9
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In search of contextual teaching of progranlvhng in a tanzanian secondary school - Duveskog, Marcus; Sutinen, Erkki; Tedre, Matti; Vesisenaho, Mikko (2004)
Teaching programming in non-Western surroundings reveals the cultural roots and dependencies of Computer Science. Both the concepts and the teaching methods of the discipline needed to be rethought in a teaching experiment carried out in Kidugala, Tanzania, among secondary school students. Following the idea of contextualized Computer Science, called ethnocomputing, we used culturally relevant entry points to teach the basics of programming. HIV/AIDS was chosen as the topic of an Internet site, to be designed and implemented by novice programmers, using the Java language. Analyzed by action research, our experiences indicate a significant motivation among the students to learn programming skills in order to be able to deal with a taboo-like topic on a neutral platform - a computer. The experiment suggests that a culturally relevant entry point, combined with problem-based learning, could challenge novice programmers also in Western societies; a side-effect of studying Computer Science education in a less developed country.
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Rates and Timescales of Fractional Crystallization from 238U-230Th-226Ra Disequilibria in Trachyte Lavas from Longonot Volcano, Kenya - Rogers, Nick (Journal of petrology (Print), 2004)
A suite of peralkaline trachytes from Longonot volcano, Kenya, which erupted during the last 6000 years, has been analysed for major and trace elements, Pb and Nd isotopes, and U–Th–Ra disequilibria. The lavas are divided into three stratigraphic groups of trachytes (Lt2a, Lt2b and Lt3), and hybrid lavas, designated LMx1 and LMx2, which, respectively, pre-date and post-date the Lt2 lavas. Major and trace elements are consistent, with up to 37% within-group fractional crystallization of predominantly alkali feldspar. The parental magma for the different trachyte groups had a more mafic composition—probably hawaiitic. Nd and Pb isotopes show minimal variation, both within and between magma groups, and indicate that up to 10% comendite magma from the neighbouring Olkaria volcanic field may have intermixed with the Longonot magma. (230Th/238U) disequilibria indicate that limited U/Th fractionation occurred during the past 10 kyr, whereas (226Ra/230Th) disequilibria reflect the effect of alkali feldspar fractionation >8 kyr ago in the Lt2a lavas, between 3 and 7 kyr ago in the Lt2b lavas and in the past 3 kyr for the Lt3 lavas. (226Ra/230Th) disequilibria in the Lt2b lavas are interpreted using a model that combines the equations of radioactive decay and in-growth with Rayleigh crystallization to give fractionation rates of about 0·2 × 10−4/year for the evolution of hawaiite to trachyte, but more rapid rates of up to 3 × 10−4/year for fractionation within the trachyte sequence. (226Ra/230Th) from two whole-rock–alkali feldspar pairs are interpreted to show the crystals formed at 5800 years BP (Lt2b) and 2800 years BP (Lt3), implying that phenocryst formation continued almost up to the time of eruption. The results strongly indicate that fractionated magmas can be stored for periods on the order of 1000–2500 years prior to eruption, whereas other magmas were erupted as fractionation was proceeding.
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Encountering Faces Of The Other: A Phenomenological Study Of American High School Students Journeying Through South Africa - Garran, Christopher (2004)
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The context of a dental school in Africa - Gugushe, Tshepo Sipho (African journal of oral health sciences, 2004)
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Dental education in Kenya in the new millenium: expectations and challenges - Lesan, WR (African journal of oral health sciences, 2004)
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Diversity change of soil-growing lichens along a climate gradient in Southern Africa - Zedda, Luciana; Rambold, Gerhard (2004)
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Concentrations and sources of trace elements in particulate air pollution, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, studied by EDXRF - Bennet, Cecilia; Jonsson, Per R.; Lindgren, Eva (X-Ray Spectrometry, 2004)
Abstract Trace elements in near‐ground atmospheric aerosols were investigated in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Particles were collected at two sites, one urban and one rural, during two months with different meteorological conditions. The samplers, dichotomous impactors, segregate the particles into two size fractions, fine (PM 2.5 , d a < 2.5 µ m) and coarse (2.5 < d a < 10 µ m). A sharp cyclone was used to sample finer particles (PM 1 , d a < 1 µ m). Meteorological parameters were also examined at both sites. An EDXRF spectrometer, based on three‐axial geometry, was used for quantitative elemental analysis. Concentrations of elements heavier than phosphorus were determined. Also, the content of black carbon on the filters was measured with a reflectometer. The elemental concentrations were compared with respect to season and geographical location in the city. The levels of different species in Dar es Salaam were also compared with similar data from other African and European countries. This showed low values of Pb with respect to the size of the city and no legislation on the use of leaded petrol, that often is the main source of lead. High values of Cl were also found, as would be expected in a coastal city. The coarse particles in the air, originating from soil, had a different composition in Dar es Salaam than in Gaborone, Botswana, and the concentration of black carbon was higher than in other cities. On the basis of the data collected, source assignments were made and the following sources found; sea‐spray, soil, city road dust, biomass burning, industries and traffic. Comparing the concentrations of different elements in PM 2.5 and PM 1 revealed that black carbon, Zn, Pb, K and Br are present only in the smallest particles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HIV/AIDS SEX EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA - Oshi, Daniel C.; Nakalema, Sarah; Oshi, Luke L. (Journal of Biosocial Science, 2004)
This is an exploratory study to examine the social and cultural determinants of the teaching of HIV/AIDS sex education among secondary school teachers in Eastern Nigeria. The research analyses how teachers perceive passing their knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention measures to their students in the context of their cultural and social norms, which restrict open discussion of sex. This is a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews with 60 teachers drawn from secondary school teachers in Eastern Nigeria, supplemented with five focus group discussions, and content analysis of teachers' lesson preparatory notes. The findings show a high level knowledge of HIV/AIDS preventive measures among teachers. However, teachers are not passing on this knowledge because of cultural and social inhibitions. In addition, teachers have not been receiving adequate training and motivation on information, education and communication for HIV/AIDS sex education. The situation calls for serious policy intervention.
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Playing with anger: teaching coping skills to African American boys through athletics and culture (Choice Reviews Online, 2004)
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Knowledge of universal precautions and fears of occupational exposure to HIV/AIDS among student nurses and midwives in Ethiopia - Aga, Hussein; Mekonnon, Fekadu (Africa journal of nursing and midwifery, 2004)
A cross-sectional survey was carried out to determine knowledge of universal precaution and fear of occupational exposure to HIV/AIDS among nursing and midwifery students. Eighty nursing students and 25 midwifery students were selected through a stratified random sampling method. Fears discouraged them from continuing to work in caring professions. Therefore, the researchers recommended that more comprehensive studies should be conducted about HIV education in nursing and midwifery curricula.
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A study of grammatical errors made by some Libyan students of english - Agdaem, Omar Milad Jomah (2004)
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Ethnic Inequalities in Education in Kenya - Alwy, Alwiya; Schech, Susanne (International education journal, 2004)
This paper uses Kenya’s survey data to explore ethnic inequalities in education in Kenya. It focuses on some ethnic groups that may have resources and opportunities as a result of their geographical location and ethnic proximity to the ruling elite. The factors examined to explain potential educational inequalities among ethnic groups include the Gross Enrolment Ratios, the number of schools, and the number of qualified teachers. The results suggest a close correspondence of differentials between inequalities in education and ethnic affiliation to the ruling elite. Relatively small, clearly defined ethnic groups have accumulated an advantage over the majority in the national population, in terms of the education infrastructure and resources. Based on these results, this paper argues that ethnicity should be placed at the forefront of analyses of educational development in Kenya, as well as in policy efforts to reduce inequalities in education.
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Environmental isotopes and hydrochemistry approach to evaluate the source of recharge and pollution load in Manzala and Bardawil Lakes, Egypt - Aly, A. I. M.; Hamed, M. A.; El-Samie, S. G. Abd; Eweida, E. A. (2004)
The present study has been conducted to evaluate the pollution load that has been exerted on two of the major lakes in Egypt; Bardawil and Manzala lakes. Bardawil lake is mainly sea water subjected to evaporation while Manzala lake is a mixture of saline water and fresh water and receives drainage water and effluents of different wastes. The study involves both environmental isotopes (sup 18O and D), major ions, nitrate and phosphate analysis of about 75 water samples collected through horizontal and vertical profiles in the two lakes. Bardawil lake water (the average of TDS equals to 46,521 ppm) is dominated by Cl, Na and Mg salts. The distribution of the ions is controlled by the inflow from sea water, the concentration by evaporation, the precipitation due to supersaturation and the specific gravity variations. The hydrochemical composition of Manzala lake water (average of TDS equals to 2,554 ppm) is less homogenous than that of Bardawil lake water and reflects the effects of several factors and recharge sources; irrigation water/drainage water discharge, waste water load, sea water or groundwater inflow, bathometry and evaporation intensity. The concentrations of nitrate and phosphate acquire considerably high values in Manzala lake which indicate a high degree of pollution and eutrophication. The isotopic content of Bardawil lake water has average values of 3.69 per mille and 28.59 per mille for {delta} sup 18O and {delta} D, respectively. It has a relatively wide range of variation reflecting the effect of the different recharge sources (seawater, precipitation and seepage of groundwater) and the influence of the different hydrogeochemical conditions. The distribution of Bardawil lake water on {delta} sup 18O vs {delta} D conventional diagram, follows a linear pattern. {delta} D = 4.70 {delta} sup 18O +10.31 of lower slope (4.70) than the meteoric line (slope = 8). This reflects the effect of evaporation on the occurring surface water in the lake. The starting points of the samples line (evaporation line) lie very close to Mediterranean Sea water which represent the original sources of lake water. The relative position of the water samples on the evaporation line and their deviation from the original points is a function of evaporation intensity. The effect of evaporation on the isotopic composition of Bardawil lake water is also shown by the direct relationship between sup 18O and TDS. This figure shows that the correlation coefficient is low particularly in the deeper zones (bottom water) than that of surface zones (surface water). This can be related to salt precipitation after stages of supersaturation in the surface water due to excessive evaporation processes which reaches about 1.6 m/y. The isotopic content of Manzala lake water is characterized by average values of 5.07 per mille and 29.79 per mille for {delta} sup 18O and {delta} D, respectively. The frequency distribution of the isotopic values reflects the multiplicity of the recharge sources (precipitation, seawater, drainage, irrigation and groundwater). The relationship between sup 18O and deuterium for Manzala lake water is direct and follows a linear pattern of evaporation trend {delta} D = 4.76 {delta} sup 18O +7. The isotopic contents of Nile water, seawater and drainage water (the recharging sources of the lake) lie close to the starting points of the evaporation line. The scatter of the points around the regression line is relatively high due to the variant proportion of the recharge sources and the different evaporation intensity. The relationship between sup 18O and TDS, is very weak and the pattern is not easily defined. This can highlight on the great difference of salinity between the recharging sources (due to leaching, evaporation, dissolution etc.), while the isotopic content is not so variant.
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Promoting Quality in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges for the Private Higher Education Institutions in Ethiopia - Ashcroft, Kate; Rayner, Philip (2004)
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Characteristics and Personal Social Networks of the on-the-Street, of-the-Street, Shelter and School Children in Eldoret, Kenya - Ayuku, David; Kaplan, Charles D.; Baars, Herman M. J.; Vries, Marten de (International Social Work, 2004)
Most of the street-based children are not educated beyond primary school and their living conditions are based on begging and doing odd jobs in the market and streets. Forty-six percent of the on-the-street children live with one parent, and 97 percent of the of-the-street children have lost contact with their parents. The on-the-street children have a higher percentage of family sector networks than the of-the-street children and the shelter or institutionalized children. Generally, school children still have strong family ties.
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Challenges of War Time Education; Fieldwork Report from Gadien Village in Eritrea - Baheta, Daniel (2004)
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P1-012 Longitudinal follow-up of cognitive impairment in older Nigerians - Baiyewu, Olusegun; Frederick, Unverzagt W.; Lane, Kathleen A.; Ogunniyi, Adesola; Gureje, Oye; Gao, Sujan; Hall, Kathleen; Hendrie, Hugh C. (Neurobiology of Aging, 2004)
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[General practice interventions by a Finnish nursing school: voices of the wilderness in South Africa]. - Bauschert, Bernard (2004)
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HIV sero-prevalence among students of Jimma University, Southwest Ethiopia - Belachew, Yeshitila Belay; Jira; Mamo, Carlo (Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 2004)
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Knowledge, attitude and practice about HIV/AIDS, voluntary counselling and testing among students of Jimma University, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia - Belachew, Yeshitila Belay; Jira; Mamo, Carlo (Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 2004)
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School-Based Asthma: A Study in an African American Elementary School - Boyle, Joyceen S.; Baker, R. Randall; Kemp, Virginia H. (Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2004)
Issues and purpose: Chronic illnesses, such as asthma experienced by children, are difficult for families and school professionals to manage. This study explored beliefs about asthma and asthma management among schoolchildren, parents, and teachers in an African American school. Design and methods: Focus groups were conducted with schoolchildren, parents, and teachers. Data were analyzed by content analysis; segments of information were categorized into groups that were later abstracted into themes illustrating beliefs and behaviors about asthma. Results: The children reported fear of not being able to breathe and the limitations of living with asthma. The teachers were concerned that they did not have a sufficient understanding of asthma to manage children’s asthma during the school day. Parents described complex lifestyles and the challenges of asthma management.
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Patterns of sexual behaviour among secondary school students in Swaziland, southern Africa - Buseh, Aaron G. (Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2004)
Among the many sub-Saharan African countries hardest hit by HIV/AIDS is the Kingdom of Swaziland. In an effort to reduce the spread of HIV, young people are an important group to reach with prevention messages. However, before developing such programmes, it is essential to understand young people's sexual risk behaviours. Students (n=941) from four coeducational secondary schools in Swaziland participated in a cross-sectional survey of sexual behaviours. Results indicate that considerable proportions of young people in this study were sexually experienced, irrespective of gender. Findings also suggest unacceptable high levels of sexual coercion, irrespective of age or gender. While boys may be less likely than girls to experience sexual coercion, being a male in this setting was not a protective factor. No significant differences were found on these variables in relation to location of the schools (rural vs. urban). Implications for developing and implementing HIV prevention programmes are suggested.
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Self-Concealment, Social Self-Efficacy, Acculturative Stress, and Depression in African, Asian, and Latin American International College Students. - Constantine, Madonna G.; Okazaki, Sumie; Utsey, Shawn O. (American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2004)
The primary purpose of this exploratory investigation was to examine self-concealment behaviors and social self-efficacy skills as potential mediators in the relationship between acculturative stress and depression in a sample of 320 African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. The authors found several differences by demography with regard to the study's variables. After controlling for regional group membership, sex, and English language fluency, they found that self-concealment and social self-efficacy did not serve as mediators in the relationship between African, Asian, and Latin American international students' acculturative stress experiences and depressive symptomatology. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Attitude of Graduating Accounting Students in Nigerian Universities to Postgraduate Studies in Accountancy: A Career Expository Study - Fatokun, Sola; Ojo, G. J. Afolabi (Journal of Social Sciences, 2004)
This study examines the attitude of graduating accounting students toward postgraduate studies in accountancy. A total of 496 final year students from three Nigerian Universities that offer postgraduate studies in accounting are the subjects of the study. Students’ Self- Rating Attitudinal Inventory (SAAI) developed by the researchers was administered on the subjects. The results of the study show that the students do not have favourable attitude toward postgraduate study in accounting. There is also no significant difference in the attitudinal dispositions of students from the chosen universities. The postgraduate study they claim to have flair for is the terminal Master of Business Administration degree (MBA) which enhances their prospects of securing high paying jobs in the banking, oil and gas, shipping, insurance, telecommunication, manufacturing industries etc.
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Enhancing Public-Private Partnerships for Development of Competitive Higher Education in Ethiopia: Some Reflections on Private Higher Education - Gabriel, Abebe Haile (2004)
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Decentralisation And Privatisation Of Education In Africa: Which Option For Nigeria? - Geo‐JaJa, Macleans A. (International Review of Education, 2004)
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Impact of IMCI training and language used by provider on quality of counseling provided to parents of sick children in Bougouni District, Mali - Gilroy, Kate; Winch, Peter J.; Diawara, Adama; Swedberg, Eric; Thiéro, F.; Kane, Malick; Daou, Zana; Berthé, Z.; Bagayoko, Aminata (Patient Education and Counseling, 2004)
This study evaluates the impact of the Integrated Management Of Childhood Illness (IMCI) training on quality of counseling provided to caregivers about administration of antimalarials to their children. Ten community health centers in southern Mali were randomized to either training or comparison arms of the study, and health providers’ consultations with caregivers were observed. Out of a 10-point counseling scale (Cronbach’s α =0.77), IMCI-trained providers completed an average of 1.47 (95% CI, −0.25, 3.2) more tasks than did providers who had not received IMCI training in a linear regression analysis that accounted for intra-provider correlations. Drug consultations done in both French and the local language, Bambara, had higher scores than those conducted exclusively in Bambara. The effect of providers receiving IMCI training was more pronounced in bilingual consultations, with an average increase of 2.49 (95% CI, 0.76, 4.22) in IMCI, bilingual consultations, and average increase of 0.87 (95% CI, −0.95, 2.69) in IMCI monolingual (Bambara) consultations as compared to non-IMCI-trained providers in monolingual consultations. IMCI training showed a non-significant trend overall in improving drug counseling provided to caregivers, with significant improvements in bilingual consultations. The IMCI program in Mali should consider strategies such as role-playing of counseling in Bambara or other local languages during training to improve patient–provider communication. Similar problems related to counseling by health workers in local languages are likely to be present throughout Africa, and warrant further study.
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Exploring the African-American Oral Tradition: Instructional Implications for Literacy Learning. - Grace, Columbus M. (2004)
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Exploring the African American Oral Tradition: Instructional Implications for Literacy Learning: The African American oral tradition provides opportunities for students to engage with texts that reflect their cultural identities - Grace, Columbus M. (Language Arts, 2004)
This article reveals how literacy practices based on the African American oral tradition might enhance the literacy engagement of young adolescents, particularly African American youth. Through an examination of the cultural/historical relevance of the oral tradition, this article provides readers with a wealth of literature, poetry, and hip-hop resources. Practical vignettes suggest approaches to using the tradition in language arts instruction.
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The large earthquake on 29 June 1170 (Syria, Lebanon, and central southern Turkey) - Guidoboni, Emanuela; Bernardini, Filippo; Comastri, Alberto; Boschi, E. (2004)
On 29 June 1170 a large earthquake hit a vast area in the Near Eastern Mediterranean, comprising the present‐day territories of western Syria, central southern Turkey, and Lebanon. Although this was one of the strongest seismic events ever to hit Syria, so far no in‐depth or specific studies have been available. Furthermore, the seismological literature (from 1979 until 2000) only elaborated a partial summary of it, mainly based solely on Arabic sources. The major effects area was very partial, making the derived seismic parameters unreliable. This earthquake is in actual fact one of the most highly documented events of the medieval Mediterranean. This is due to both the particular historical period in which it had occurred (between the second and the third Crusades) and the presence of the Latin states in the territory of Syria. Some 50 historical sources, written in eight different languages, have been analyzed: Latin (major contributions), Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, Greek, Hebrew, Vulgar French, and Italian. A critical analysis of this extraordinary body of historical information has allowed us to obtain data on the effects of the earthquake at 29 locations, 16 of which were unknown in the previous scientific literature. As regards the seismic dynamics, this study has set itself the question of whether there was just one or more than one strong earthquake. In the former case, the parameters ( M e 7.7 ± 0.22, epicenter, and fault length 126.2 km) were calculated. Some hypotheses are outlined concerning the seismogenic zones involved.
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Friends from Home: Asset and Liability to African American Students Attending a Predominantly White Institution - Guiffrida, Douglas A. (NASPA Journal, 2004)
The importance of connections with peers to student development and retention has been highlighted in Astin's (1984) Theory of Student Involvement and Tinto's (1993) Theory of Student Departure, which are two of the most widely referenced and validated models in student affairs literature. However, recent research has questioned the applicability of these models to African American students who attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Although prior research has indicated that the models should be modified to recognize the importance of students’ relationships with their families, research has failed to understand the impact of relationships with friends from home. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the conditions under which friends from home were perceived as assets or liabilities to 99 African American undergraduates who attended a PWI. The results provide a link for broadening the applicability of Astin’s and Tinto's models and offer student affairs practitioners deeper insight into African American students' experiences at PWIs.
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Groundwater pollution on the Zambian Copperbelt: deciphering the source and the risk - Heyden, C.J. von der; New, Mark (Science of the total environment, 2004)
The protection of groundwater resources is of great importance in many semi-arid and sub-tropical environments. The Copperbelt of Zambia is one such environment and due to the high proportion of tailings impoundments, residue heaps, high-density informal settlements and extensive sulfidic ore deposits in the region, its groundwater resources are under threat of anthropogenic or geogenic pollution. One such pollutant plume is investigated in this study, to determine its origin, rate of progression and the environmental and health risk it poses. Geological and geochemical investigation strongly suggests an upslope tailings impoundment as the source of contaminants, with the edge of the pollution plume lying 500–700 m downstream of the impoundment. Although cobalt, nickel and zinc concentrations were elevated within the polluted groundwater, the concentrations are low as a result of sulfide precipitation and adsorption within the aquifer, and meets guidelines for drinking water quality. Attenuation of heavy metals is linked to tailings dam and aquifer pH, with the high buffering capacity of each implying that these processes of attenuation are likely to continue removing harmful metals from the aquifer. Thus, it appears unlikely that the contaminated groundwater will present a major environmental risk at this site. However, tailings impoundments are widespread throughout the Copperbelt: sites with low tailings dam buffer capacity and in catchments on crystalline bedrock geology, groundwater pollution through tailings dam leachate may liberate high concentrations of heavy metals into the shallow groundwater, potentially posing a serious human health risk to the communities using the water resources and an environmental risk to the downstream ecosystems.
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Determinants of Students' Performance in Private Higher Education Institutions in Ethiopia - Jemaneh, Samson (2004)
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Restructuring nursing education in Mauritius: a need for distance education - Kassean, A.H.; Wah, Lan Cheong; Subratty, M.F. (Africa journal of nursing and midwifery, 2004)
This paper presents an overview of the current nursing education system in Mauritius. There are strong indicators for a complete restructuring of the curriculum and a revisiting of ways and means of programme delivery. With the existing facilities of a Centre for Distance Learning and a newly created Virtual Centre for Innovative Learning Technology, the University of Mauritius is positioning itself to play a leading role in providing a new programme in nursing education through distance education.
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'Igun iflop' : Gun Free South Africa work with youth in schools : short reseach report - Keegan, Margy (2004)
Extracted from text ... `IGUN IFLOP': GUN FREE SOUTH AFRICA WORK WITH YOUTH IN SCHOOLS1 Margy Keegan 2 Gun Free South Africa Gun violence has a significant, negative impact on youth in South Africa. Hundreds of children under 17 years are killed each year as a result of gunshot wounds, and for youth 15 years and older guns are the primary cause of non-natural death (Matzopoulos, 2002). Although there are no comprehensive national statistics on gunshot injuries, the exposure of young people to gun violence is pervasive as a large number of youth have either directly witnessed or know of gun-related incidents that involve close family members or neighbours (Soul City, 2000). Youth are ..
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Improving schools through teacher development: case studies of the Aga Khan foundation projects in East Africa - Kyeyune, Robinah (International journal of educational development, 2004)
The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale – Third Edition (ECERS-3) is the latest version of one of the most widely used observational tools for assessing the quality of classrooms serving preschool-aged children. This study was the first assessment of its factor structure and validity, an important step given its widespread use. An ECERS-3 observation was conducted in 1063 preschool classrooms in three states. In a subset of those classrooms (n = 119), Classroom Assessment Scoring System – Pre-K (CLASS Pre-K) and child assessment data were also collected. Analyses of the ECERS-3 suggested that a single factor does not adequately capture item variability. Of the solutions tested, the four-factor (Learning Opportunities, Gross Motor, Teacher Interactions, and Math Activities) provided the best combination of statistical support and theoretical utility. In general, the ECERS-3 Total Score and the four factors were moderately correlated with the three domains of the CLASS Pre-K. ECERS-3 Total Score, Learning Opportunities, and Teacher Interactions were positively related to growth in executive function, as were all three domains of the CLASS Pre-K. However, all significant associations were small, and most tested associations between ECERS-3 scores and children’s growth, and between CLASS Pre-K and children’s growth, were not significant. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for measuring preschool quality.
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Trauma team training course : evaluation of Ugandan implementation : short communication - Lett, Ronald; Kobusingye, Olive; Asingwire, Narathius; Ssengooba, Freddie (African Safety Promotion, 2004)
Extracted from text ... Short communications TRAUMA TEAM TRAINING COURSE: EVALUATION OF UGANDAN IMPLEMENTATION Ronald Lett 1 Canadian Network for International Surgery Olive Kobusingye Injury Control Center and Makerere University Narathius Asingwire Department of Sociology, Makerere University Freddie Ssengooba Institute of Public Health, Makerere University The training of emergency personnel is an important contribution to the care of the trauma patient. The World Health Organization is preparing guidelines for essential trauma care but the final product has yet to be released (Mock, personal communication, 2003). The best known structured clinical trauma course, the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS1) course of the American College of Surgeons is appropriate for use in institutions in high income countries and has been adapted ..
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Prevalence and characteristics of narghile smoking among university students in Syria. - Maziak, Wasim; Fm, Fouad; Asfar, Taghrid; Hammal, Fadi; Em, Bachir; Rastam, Samer; Eissenberg, Thomas; Kd, Ward (PubMed, 2004)
Narghile (waterpipe) smoking is increasing in all Arab societies, but little is known about its pattern of use.In 2003, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among students at Aleppo University using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A representative sample of 587 students participated (278 males, 309 females; mean age 21.8 +/- 2.1 years; response rate 98.8%).Ever narghile smoking was seen among 62.6% of men and 29.8% of women, while current smoking was seen among 25.5% of men and 4.9% of women. Only 7.0% of the men used narghile daily. Age of initiation was 19.2 +/- 2.2 and 21.7 +/- 3.2 years for men and women, respectively (P < 0.001). The salient feature of narghile smoking was its social pattern, where most users initiated and currently smoked narghile with friends. Narghile and cigarette smoking were related among students, with narghile smoking most prevalent among daily cigarette smokers. Multivariate correlates of narghile smoking were being older, male, originating from the city, smoking cigarettes, having friends who smoke narghile, and coming from a household where a greater number of narghiles were smoked daily.Narghile smoking is prevalent among university students in Syria, where it is mainly practiced by men, intermittently, and in the context of social activities with friends.
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Knowledge about Malaria among Primary School Teachers in Ndirande, Malawi - Muula, Adamson S; Chamba, Henry (Tropical doctor, 2004)
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When Governments Get Creative: Adult Literacy in Senegal. Education Notes. - Nordtveit, Bjorn Harald (2004)
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When Governments Get Creative: Adult Literacy in Senegal. Education Notes. - Nordtveit, Bjorn Harald (2004)
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Adequate Library Facilities in Nigeria: A Key Contributor to Sustainable Distance Education System - Ogunsola, L. A. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2004)
The paper identifies the problems associated with the establishment of Satellite Campus by majority of Nigerian Universities. The nation is aware of the decay inflicted on university education by some of the ubiquitous study centers. The paper, therefore, discusses the possibility of achieving higher functional literacy through distance education system and stresses the importance of functional library facilities in the programme. The paper finally suggests ways and means which the government can use to make the distance education system a success.
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Perception of HIV / AIDS as correlate of attitude towards HIV infected students among university undergraduate students in southwestern Nigeria. - Omoteso, Bonke Adepeju (African Symposium: An On-Line African Educational Research Journal, 2004)
In the absence of a credible vaccine and cure for AIDS and continuing increase in awareness and number of HIV/AIDS victims in Nigeria (from 2 cases in 1986 to 4 million cases in 2002) avoidance of infection through negative attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) remains the most viable health seeking strategy for individuals living in Nigeria today. Determining the attitude of people most especially that of university undergraduate students is important so that their risk reduction needs can be identified. The youths are the most vulnerable group at risk of contacting HIV. Population surveys from both urban and rural areas indicated HIV prevalence among females aged between 15-34 years as 4.5-5.9 and 1.7-3.3 among males (Population Reports 2002). Despite widespread under-reporting and mis-diagnosis evidence from hospitals (both rural and urban) indicated average of 5-10 new cases daily. Several studies conducted in Nigeria on the awareness of HIV/AIDS showed that HIV/AIDS awareness is increasing phenomenally with the passing of each day. However the attitude of the university students towards students living with HIV/AIDS (SLWHA) continues to be that of discrimination rejection and stigmatisation. (excerpt)
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Professional development for outcomes‐based education curriculum implementation: the case of UNIVEMALASHI, South Africa - Onwu, Gilbert O.M.; Mogari, David (JET. Journal of education for teaching (Print), 2004)
Following the implementation of the new Curriculum 2005, outcomes‐based education, professional development is one of South Africa's national goals in the continuing reform of its education system. Most school teachers are not familiar with teaching outcomes‐based education and need training to be able to do so. Project UNIVEMALASHI, a district‐level systemic reform initiative for teacher development has been successful in improving the content knowledge, skills and attitudes of 110 participating foundation phase (6–9 years) teachers during the first three years of its implementation. Data collected through classroom observation, questionnaire, surveys, and tests given to participating teachers revealed a positive impact of the project on teacher classroom practice. The essential components of the programme are described as a guide for delivering school‐based professional development in outcomes‐based education.
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SST versus Climate Change Signals in West African Rainfall: 20th-Century Variations and Future Projections - Paeth, Heiko; Hense, Andreas (Climatic Change, 2004)
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Stress, psychological symptoms, social support and health behaviour among black students in South Africa - Peltzer, Karl (Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 2004)
The study investigated stress events, perceived stress and social support in relation to various common health behaviours among black South African students. The sample included 624 students: 314 Grade 12 Secondary school students and 310 third year social science university students in South Africa. The study found a low prevalence of healthy behaviour, which was inversely related to psychological symptoms and depressive symptoms and positively related to social support and perceived stress. It is suggested that psychological symptoms and social support need to be included in enhancing lifestyle intervention programmes among youth.
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Current Studies on South American Languages. Edited by Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sergio Meira and Hein van der Voort. Indigenous Languages of Latin America (ILLA) 3. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and American Studies (CNWS), Leiden University, 2002. Pp. 344. (Paper.) - Pérez, Julio Calvo (International Journal of American Linguistics, 2004)
Previous articleNext article No AccessCurrent Studies on South American Languages. Edited by Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sergio Meira and Hein van der Voort. Indigenous Languages of Latin America (ILLA) 3. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and American Studies (CNWS), Leiden University, 2002. Pp. 344. (Paper.)Julio Calvo PérezJulio Calvo PérezUniversitat de València Search for more articles by this author Universitat de ValènciaPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of American Linguistics Volume 70, Number 3July 2004 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/425604 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Permission to reprint a review printed in this section may be obtained only from the author(s).PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Thiago Costa Chacon, Rodrigo do Prado Sateles Explorações sobre padrões de indexação e classificação nominal de argumentos em línguas indígenas da América do Sul, LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 19 (Oct 2019): e019016.https://doi.org/10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655674Francoise Rose Los generolectos del mojeño, LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 13, no.11 (Nov 2013): 115–134.https://doi.org/10.20396/liames.v0i13.1534
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Opportunities and Implications of the Higher Education Systems Overhaul (HESO) Project for the Leadership of Private HEIs in Ethiopia - Rayner, Philip; Ashcroft, Kate (2004)
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Men Want Intelligence, Women Want Love: Sex Differential Use of English Adjectives Among Nigerian University Undergraduate Students - Salami, L. Oladipo (Journal of Social Sciences, 2004)
This is a sociolinguistic study of the emotional responses of male and female undergraduate students of a Nigerian university using English as an L2. It reports the verbal mapping of these responses in terms of vocabulary choice within some selected topics and attempts to correlate vocabulary usage to speakers’ sex. The contexts, which can be appraised to cause emotional responses, include talking about love/joy, morality/guilt and so forth. According to Coon (2001), an emotional stimulus can be external or internal and can make us fearful, sad or happy and it is greatly influenced by how we think about an event (p. 437). The present study demonstrates that men and women tend to appraise the issues investigated differently and their different feelings are reflected in the variable patterns of adjective selection.The study shows that in talking about future partners, while the male students tend to use more of adjectives that focus on their partners’ non-romantic qualities such as ‘intelligence’ and showing ‘respect’ (focusing on certain determinants of status/hierarchy), the female speakers tend to use adjectives with romantic connotations such as ‘loving’ and ‘caring’ (expressing emotional connectedness). In talking about abortion and murder, while the male speakers preferred to use more of religious adjectives like ‘evil’ and ‘satanic’, the female students used more of expressively strong moral adjectives like ‘dastardly’ and ‘gruesome’. The study concludes that in Nigeria, there are variations in the use of adjectives by L2 users of English, which among other factors are related to speaker-sex.
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Student Nurses' Learning on Community-Based Education in Ethiopia - Salmon, Karen; Gutema, Keneni (Education for health, 2004)
At Jimma University educational goals are to apply the concept of community-oriented education through community-based education (CBE) of health students. This study examined the experiences of student nurses on CBE.The aims of the study were to identify factors that students considered had helped or hindered their learning on CBE and to ascertain if the stated learning objectives were met.A quantitative, descriptive, survey design was adopted, using a single, anonymous questionnaire. Some qualitative data were gained using open questions. A convenience sample of 95 students participated in the research. Participants represented 90% of all students who had completed their CBE placements.Participation, mentors' willingness to answer questions and the relevance of the placement were factors that facilitated learning. Factors reported by students that hindered learning were difficulties of self-expression in a group, mentors emphasising mistakes and weakness and the short time-frame due to ongoing lectures during placement. Students said learning objectives most met were socio-demographic assessment, identifying health problems and action planning. Objectives reported to be least met were identifying environmental health problems, planning preventive health interventions and implementing health interventions.These include the need to develop students' group skills, prepare mentors to facilitate learning, organise CBE in spiral phases, avoid concurrent lectures and improve study facilities.
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Outcomes of Swedish Nursing Students’ Field Experiences in a Hospital in Tanzania - Sandin, Ingrid; Grahn, Kristina; Kronvall, Ewa (Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2004)
This study describes the experiences of a group of nursing students from Sweden in a hospital in Tanzania. Students were interviewed on their return after the trip. Although students experienced considerable upheaval and frustration working in a different context, they learned valuable lessons as to how nursing can be conducted in conditions entirely different from those familiar to them. They attempted to understand the value and behavioral divergences they encountered, yet values of their home culture remained their frame of reference. This project reflected the importance of working through students’ experience if knowledge and understanding of self and others are to be enhanced or developed.
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Examination Malpractices In Schools: Views From Secondary School Students In The Harare Region: Zimbabwe - Sigauke, Aaron T. (2004)
Cheating in examinations in Zimbabwe’s education system has lately been widely reported in the media. This is a problem that is a disgrace not only for the culprit but also a reflection of similar levels of immorality in the wider society. This study set to find out from students, who themselves are part of the problem, their views on the nature of, the extent of and motives for malpractice in their schoolwork. The study, which used a qualitative design, collected views from 460 students sampled from a population of 3 540 students from five high schools in Harare. Questionnaires consisting of both closed and open-ended questions were used to collect data. Information from the analyzed data revealed that students are involved in cheating not only in examinations but also in their everyday class work. To some extent teachers and other interested groups were implicated in this problem. Cheating is done for a variety of reasons and takes different forms. The many suggested solutions provided by the students themselves in this study should be treated as useful guidelines to some serious approaches in trying to deal with the problem if it is to be controlled.
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AFRICAN STUDENTS IN THEOLOGICAL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS IN CHRISTIAN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING - Starcher, Richard L. (Christian Higher Education, 2004)
Over the years, thousands of students have left Africa to pursue theological doctorates in Christian institutions of higher learning around the world. The study reported in this paper endeavored to understand their experiences and articulate their needs and aspirations. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 23 African students and were analyzed using grounded theory procedures. The emerging profile revealed African students in pursuit of theological doctorates to be mature in age and experience with rich and variegated backgrounds. While a desire for increased competence, access to employment opportunities, and a greater voice in church and society were motivating factors in their educational quests, the dominant motivation expressed by research participants was a passion to help Africa and the African church. Students viewed increased competence and access as enhancing usefulness. Consequently, students preferred doctoral programs perceived as Africa-relevant and internationally credible. Nevertheless, they demonstrated a readiness to compromise the ideal in favor of the achievable, particularly in terms of program affordability.
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Demand Side Constraints in Private Higher Education in Ethiopia - Tekalign, Eyob (2004)
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Pattern of retinal diseases at a teaching eye department, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. - Teshome, Tiliksew; Melaku, Solomon; Bayu, Samson (Ethiopian Medical Journal, 2004)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of retinal diseases as seen at a teaching and tertiary eye care center in Addis Ababa. In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, all consecutive patients seen at the retina clinic of Menelik II Hospital during a 19 months period (January 2000 to August 2001) were included in this series. Pertinent demographic and clinical data were recorded for all patients. A total of 1390 new patients with retinal diseases were seen at the retina clinic during the study period, accounting for 12.5% of the total outpatient population of the eye department. The male to female ratio was 1.8 : 1. The mean age was 45.2 years +/- 17.3 years (range 2 months to 92 years) and median of 44.5 years. Two hundred and twenty-four (16.1%) patients were bilaterally blind, 465 (33.5%) patients were unilaterally blind, 280 (20.1%) patients had bilateral visual impairment and 195 (14.0%) patients had unilateral visual impairment, while 213 (15.3%) patients had normal vision. Retinal detachment was the commonest cause of both bilateral (54.9%) and unilateral blindness (41.2%), while diabetic retinopathy and myopia were the leading causes of bilateral visual impairment accounting for 36.8% and 28.2% respectively. Retinal vascular diseases accounted for the largest group of patients (38.1%) of which diabetic retinopathy accounted for 75.1%. Retinal detachment was the second largest group of diseases, accounting for 24.5% of the total. The proportion of patients with age-related macular degeneration was only 2.7%. Most of the patients presented with advanced disease, which required vitreo-retinal surgery. There is a need to improve on the early diagnosis and early referral of retinal diseases at primary and secondary care levels. Selected tertiary care centers should develop capacity to provide laser and vitreo-retinal surgery. The introduction of posterior vitrectomy in Ethiopia is long overdue.
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Ethiopian Private Higher Education and the Pursuit of Social Responsibility - Tsegaye, Shimelis (2004)
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Styling Jim Crow: African American Beauty Training during Segregation - Walker, Susannah (Journal of American Ethnic History, 2004)
Book Review| July 01 2004 Styling Jim Crow: African American Beauty Training during Segregation Styling Jim Crow: African American Beauty Training during Segregation, Julia Kirk Blackwelder. Susannah Walker Susannah Walker Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2004) 23 (4): 176–177. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501509 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Susannah Walker; Styling Jim Crow: African American Beauty Training during Segregation. Journal of American Ethnic History 1 January 2004; 23 (4): 176–177. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/27501509 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressJournal of American Ethnic History Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2004 Immigration and Ethnic History Society2004 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
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The Role of Private Higher Education Institutions towards Strengthening ICT in Ethiopia - Woldu, Leul (2004)
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Coseismic deformation of the May 21st, 2003, Mw = 6.8 Boumerdes earthquake, Algeria, from GPS measurements - Yelles, K.; Lammali, K.; Mahsas, A.; Calais, E.; Briole, Pierre (Geophysical Research Letters, 2004)
On May 21st, 2003, a M w = 6.8 earthquake struck the central part of northern Algeria causing extensive damage in the Boumerdes area, 40 km east of Algiers. It is among the largest events to occur in the western Mediterranean over the past 25 years. We present GPS measurements of horizontal coseismic displacements that provide new constraints on the rupture geometry. Modeling the data with a uniform dislocation on a rectangular fault in an elastic half‐space, we find that the rupture occurred on a reverse fault dipping 42°S, with its upper edge 6 km offshore and lower edge 4 km inland. The amplitude distribution of the coseismic displacements indicates that the rupture did not reach the surface, at least in its western part, and ended to the west around 3.4°E. Offshore faults like that of the Boumerdes earthquake could account for part of the Africa‐Eurasia relative plate motion in the western Mediterranean and represent a significant seismic threat for Algeria.
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A QUALITATIVE CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL FARMERS OUTREACH TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (2501) PROGRAM FROM 1994-2001: IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN FARMERS - Hargrove, Tasha M.; Jones, Lynn (Journal of agricultural education, 2004)
The United States Department of Agriculture incorporated the Small Farmers Outreach Training and Technical Assistance (2501) Program into the 1990 Farm Bill. It was envisioned that the 2501 Program would assist historically black land-grant institutions in addressing the myriad of needs and issues facing African American farmers through the provision of farmer-specific, individualized, technical and outreach assistance. This research article examines the experiences of 6 of the 27 small farm projects participating in the 2501 Program from 1994- 2001. In particular, this study provides a qualitative case study analysis of the 2501 Program and the procedures used in the implementation and delivery of agricultural extension education to African American farmers. This research article addresses the following questions: (1) what did the 2501 projects do, (2) how well did they do it, and (3) how did the farmers experience the 2501 program.
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FACTORS PREDISPOSING OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH TO HIGH RISK SEXUAL PRACTICE WITH RESPECT TO HIV INFECTION IN BAHIR DAR TOWN, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA - Alemu, Hibret (2004)
Youth constitute the population within the age range of 15 up to 24 years. They make up about 30% of the world population. Even though youth constitute 30% of the population they harbor about half the burden due to HIV/AIDS. Out of school youth are at a much higher risk for HIV/AIDS. This study was conducted in Bahir Dar town among out of school youth to assess predisposing risk factors that put out of school youth at risk of risky sexual practices and HIV infection. The study design was descriptive cross-sectional study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were employed. For the quantitative section a standardized questionnaire was prepared and pre-tested. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and In-depth Interviews (II) were conducted to collect qualitative data. For the quantitative section 628 youth participated in the study. Three hundred twenty four were males and 304 were females. Majority (63.1%) were within the age range of 20 up to 24 years. Majority, (64.8%) had started sexual intercourse. More males than females tended to have sex with non-regular sex partner. Consistent condom use was found to be low. Alcohol intake, khat chewing, low educational background and being male were found to be significantly associated with having sex with either commercial or non-regular sex partner. In addition, peers to be sexually active, families’ condition to monitor (support) their children were found to be associated with risky sexual practice. Youth behavior not to visit libraries, visiting sexy video shows and visiting religious organizations occasionally were significantly associated with youth risky sexual practice. On the other hand lower number of income earner in youth family and youth who leveled their living condition as “poor” were found to have sex in exchange for money. For the qualitative part five focus group discussions and ten in-depth interviews were conducted. Participants claimed that absence of job, youth tendency to chew khat and drink alcohol, parents’ poor involvement in shaping youth sexual behavior and absence of adequate and attractive places (youth programs) to pass leisure time were reported as the driving forces that put out of school youth at risk of unsafe sexual practices and HIV infection. Creating employment opportunities, involving parents in the campaign against HIV/AIDS and preparing adequate and comfortable places and youth programs for leisure time with adequate, attractive and need based health education services were recommended to save the generation.
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Competencies of Graduating Students Before and After Enrolment in the Home Economics Degree Programme at the University of Swaziland - Keregero, M.M.; Mdluli, H.N. (UNISWA research journal of agriculture, science and technology, 2004)
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Performance of intermediate maturing maize cultivars in drought-stressed and non-stressed environments in Ghana - Ofori, Kwadwo; Sallah, P.Y.K.; Frimpong-Manso, P.P. (Ghana journal of agricultural science, 2004)
Drought stress is a major production constraint of maize (Zea mays L.) in the lowland tropics. A study was conducted.to determine the yield potential and stability of five maize hybrids, three improved composites, and one local maize variety in favourable and drought-stressed maize production· environments in Ghana. The nine genotypes were evaluated at a total of 20 sites in the major agro-ecologicalzones of Ghana from 1995 to 1997. The 20 sites were divided into two environments (stress and non-stress) of 10 sites each, based on rainfall data during the growing season. Effects due to genotype (0 location (L), and G x L interactionwere highly significant (P<O.O I) for mid-silk, plant height, ear·acceptability, lodging, and grain yield in the stressed and non-stressed envi~onments. Grain yields averaged 3.58 Mg ha in the stressed environmentand 6.67 Mg ha in the non-stressed environment. On the average, the hybrids out-yielded the improved composites by 17.3 per cent and the local variety by 50.7 per cent in the stressed environment. In the non-stressed environment, the hybrids had an overall yield advantage of 11.6 and 60.2 per cent over the improved composites and the local variety, respectively. Estimates of Eberhart and Russel's stability parameters across both environmentsfor grain yield were b = 1.07, s' = 0.006 for the hybrids; b = 1.00, s' = 0.006 for the improved composites; and b = 0.61, s' = 0.008 for the looal variety. It was concluded from the study that the hybrids were more productive than the improved composites in the favourable as well as in the stressed environments, the hybrids were as stable as the improved composites across these diverse environments, and that the local variety showed low yield potentials in both environments. RESUME OBENo-ANTwI, K., SALLAH, P. Y. K. & FiuMPoNo-MANSO, P. P.: Performance des varietes de mals de la maturite intermediaire dans les environnements de tension de secheresse el de non-tension au Ghana. La tension de secheresse est une contrainte majeure de la production de mars (Zea mays L.) dans les tropiques de la plaine. Une etude se deroulait pour determiner Ie potentiel de rendement et la stabilite de cinq hybrides de mals, trois composees ameliorees et une variete de maIs local dans les environnements favorables et tendus de secheresse pour la productionde mars au Ghana. Les neuf genotypes etaient evalues a 20 sites au total dans les zones agroeeologiquesmajeures du Ghana de 1995 a 1997. Les 20 sites etaient divises en deux environnements (tension et non-tension) de 10 sites chacun, base sur les donnees de pluie pendant la peri ode de pousse. Les effets dll au genotype (G), emplacement (E), et l'interaction G x E etaient hautement considerables (P< 0.01) pour mi-soies, taiIle de plante, acceptabilit6d'6pi, la verse et Ie rendement de grain dans les environnements de tension et de nontension. Les rendementsde grain ewent 3.58 Mg ha de moyenne dans l'environnement de tension ct 6.67 Mg ha-' dans l'environIlement de non-tension. En moyenne, les hybrides surrendaient les composees ameliorees par 17.3 pour cent et la vari6te locale par 50.7 pour cent dans I'environnement de tension. Dans l'environnement de non-tension, les hybrides avaient un avantage de rendement total de 11.6 et 60.2 pour cent respectivement sur les composees ameliorees et la variet6 locale. Les estimationsdes parametres de stabilit6 d'Eberhart et Russel a travers les deux environnoments pour Ie rendoment de grain ewent b = 1.07, 8' = 0.006 pour les hybrides; b = 1.00, s' = 0.006 pour les composees ameliorees; et b = 0.61, s' = 0.008 pour la vari6t6 locale. La conclusion 6tait tir6e de l'6tudeque: les hybrides6taientplus productifs que les composCes am6lior6es dans l'environnement favorableainsique daDsoeluide tenlIion; leahybridesewent aussi stables que lescomposeea am6lior6es a travers ces Original scientific paper. Received 23 Dee 99; revised 28
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Girls in southern Sudan are more likely to die in childbirth than complete primary school - Moszynski, Peter (BMJ. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 2004)
Girls in southern Sudan are more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than complete primary education, says a Unicef report published last week, to mark the International Day of the African Child. ![][1] Only 1 in 100 girls in southern Sudan complete primary school Credit: PETER MOSZYNSKI “After 21 years of war, southern Sudan ranks as the worst place in the world for many key indicators of women and children's … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
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Radiotherapy in Cancer Management at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Nigeria. Assessment of Clinical Impact of the New Radiotherapy Facilities - Dawotola, D.; Olasinde, TA (The Nigerian medical practitioner, 2004)
A new Co-60 Teletherapy Machine was commission at the Radiotherapy and Oncology Centre, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Nigeria, in April 2000. A total of three hundred and fifty seven patients, with histologically confirmed malignant tumours, were treated with external beam radiation therapy since commissioning, 36 months ago. There were 91 males and 266 females with malignant tumours, with a male to female ratio of 1:2.9. The ages ranged from 6 to 87 years. The most common malignant tumours treated were cancers of the cervix and head and neck, which accounted for 51% and 19.88% respectively. Cancers of the cervix and breast were however, the most common malignant tumours among the females, with 68.6% and 13.4% respectively, while head and neck cancers were the most common among the males. More radiotherapy centers need to be established in Nigeria, due to the increasing number of patients requiring the facility. Awareness of such centres should be raised among medical practitioners and the populace. Keywords: Cancer Management, Radiation Therapy, Zaria, Nigeria Nigerian Medical Practitioner Vol. 45 No 4, 2004.(45 - 48)
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A Review of One Hundred and Three (103) Histologically Confirmed Cases of Carcinoma of the Cervix at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria - Jimoh, AS; Abdul, IF (The Nigerian medical practitioner, 2004)
During a ten-years period from January 1991 to December 2000, 103 patients with histological confirmation of cervical cancer were managed at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. Eighty-Three of these patients with adequate information in their folder constitute the study group. Overall, 103 cases of confirmed cervical carcinoma were seen and constitute 2.6% of gynaecological admissions. The highest incidence, (31.3%) each was found in two age groups, 40-49 and 60 69 years. There was no patient below 30 years of age. There was high parity among the patients, with 97.5% being multiparous. History of multiple sexual partners or having multiple sexual cohorts was high (69.9) among the studied patients. The commonest symptom was bleeding pervaginam in 81.9% of the patients, followed by vaginal discharges in 54.2%. Majority of the patients presented after more than one month of onset of symptoms (96.3%) and already had advanced stage (IIb and above) disease at presentation (75.9%). The commonest histological type of cervical cancer was squamous carcinoma accounting for 81.3%. It is noted that clerking of patients with suspected carcinoma of the cervix is deficient in terms of epidemiological documentation. Majority of our patient still present late with advanced stage disease although cervical cancer is largely a preventable disease. It is suggested that local efforts be directed at improving the epidemiological documentation, which will assist in identifying risk factor for preventive measures especially screening of those with the identified risk factors. Key Words: Carcinoma of the Cervix, Review, Ilorin. Nigerian Medical Practitioner Vol. 45 No 4, 2004.(56-60)
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Virginia Tech to confer 24 master's degrees in education in Malawi - Elliott, Jean (2004)
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Veterinary education in South Africa : the class of 1926 : short historical communication - Bigalke, R.D. (Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2004)
Both Sir Arnold Theiler, appointed as Dean in 1920 when the Onderstepoort Veterinary Faculty was established, and Dr P J du Toit, who succeeded him in 1927, appear in the compound photograph of the class of 1926, constituting the 3rd group of graduates. The probable reason for having 2 deans on the photograph, which was obviously composed from shots taken individually of the outgoing and incoming deans of the faculty as well as of each of the 7 graduates, is initially analysed in this paper. This is followed by short descriptions of the life histories of the graduates. The class of 1926 was probably unique in that 2 of its members, who were employees of the Onderstepoort Research Institute, were granted special permission to study veterinary science at the Faculty. After graduating, most of the class members spent the greater part of their careers as civil servants at Onderstepoort as researchers and part-time teachers in the Faculty, as was customary for many years, or as state veterinarians in the field. Private practice did not feature strongly with them. Noteworthy is that the class produced 3 outstanding scientists, i.e. a world class parasitologist, a very eminent pathologist and Onderstepoort's 1st poultry specialist.
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Ten local teachers to travel to Malawi on Fulbright-Hays Program - Elliott, Jean (2004)
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Teacher Education in Africa - Kasanda, Choshi D. (2004)
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Veterinary education in South Africa : the Class of 1925 : short historical communication - Bigalke, R.D. (Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2004)
Veterinary education in South Africa started in 1920 when the Onderstepoort Veterinary Faculty was created. Sir Arnold Theiler was close to retirement when he finally officiated as Dean at the graduation ceremony in 1926 for the class of 1925, constituting the 2nd group of graduates. In this article the fateful circumstances that dictated the final years of Theiler's brilliant career and their effect on his participation in student matters are initially dealt with. This is followed by concise descriptions of the life histories of the ten veterinarians who graduated from the Faculty in 1925. Particularly noteworthy is that although they all started off their careers as civil servants, 4 ended up in private practice. One of them in fact spent by far the greatest part of his career, namely 35 years, as a private practitioner. An unusual incident was the almost fatal shooting of another one, while he was executing his duties as a veterinary field officer, by the son of a farmer.
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Veterinary education in South Africa : the Class of 1924 : short history communication - Rd, Bigalke (Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2004)
Veterinary education in South Africa is now more than 80 years old. It started in 1920 when the Onderstepoort Veterinary Faculty was created as an integral part of the Veterinary Research Institute at Onderstepoort. Sir Arnold Theiler, the founder of Onderstepoort, was its first Dean. This article concerns itself with some of the known and lesser known developments and actions associated with the creation of the faculty and how it was possible to provide suitable lecturing staff. This is followed by concise descriptions of the life histories of the first 8 veterinarians who graduated from the new faculty in 1924 and subsequently spent their entire working life in government service.
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA - Ariyo, Olumuyiwa Elijah; Olofintoye, L. K.; Adeleke, R.A.; Famurewa, O. (African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2004)
The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection was investigated among primary school pupils in Ekiti State by questionnaire survey in 601 schools between 1997 and 1998. A total of 9,551 (24.4%) were positive by the survey. 3483 (22.4%) of the girls and 6,069 (25.7%) of the boys were infected. The prevalence of this infection between girls and boys shows a significant difference (x215 = 59.5; p
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Dermatophytosis Among School Children: Domestic Animals as Predisposing Factor in Sokoto, Nigeria - Ameh, IG; Okolo, Raymond U (Pakistan journal of biological sciences, 2004)
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Oral hygiene and gingival health among school children in Thamar Governorate in Republic of Yemen - DSalman, Faraed (Maǧallaẗ al-mustanṣiriyyaẗ li-ṯibb al-asnān, 2004)
The aim of this study is to evaluate the oral hygiene and gingival health among primary school children and to find fi there is any variation between age and sex groups ni Thamar Governorate ni Republic of Yemen. A sample of 532 child aged 6-12 years old (257 males, 275 females) were examined using plaque index score by Silness and Löe (1964) and gingival index by Löe and Silness (1963). The results show that the mean plaque score for the total sample is (0.82), the plaque index was increasing with age, and the females reported less mean plaque scores than males with statistically significant difference between them. The mean gingival score was 0.5 for the total sample and it was increasing with age with no statistical significant difference. There was significant difference between females (0.4) and males (0.6). The study revealed that 51% of the total sample did not brush their teeth. Therefore great attention should be directed toward the dental health education to those children by teaching them brushing their teeth frequently, regularly and insurance primary prevention ot improve the effect of oral hygiene practice
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The effect of tooth brushing frequency on plaque, gingival indices in Thamar Governorate (primary, intermediate, secondary schools) in Republic of Yemen - DSalman, Faraed (Maǧallaẗ al-mustanṣiriyyaẗ li-ṯibb al-asnān, 2004)
An oral health Survey was conducted ni Thamar Governorate schools (primary, intermediate, secondary schools). Certain aspects of oral health were investigated. The sample included 1758 students aged from 6-18 years old of both sexes (843 males, 915 females). The study has shown that 44.03% of the students did not brush their teeth, however, brushing Standards did not seem to be satisfactory, this was judged by the high plaque & gingival index mean for the sample and for different groups with ni the sample
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Evaluation of Energy and Micronutrients Intake of Nigerian Adolescent Females: A Case Study of Institutionalized Secondary Schools in Akure South Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria - Ijarotimi, Oluwole Steve (Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2004)
The objective of the study is to provide information on the energy and micronutrients intake of Nigerian adolescent females.A cross-sectional surrey was conducted among the 323 institutionalized adolescent females of 10-19 years age range in Akure South LGA, Ondo State.The energy and micronutrient intake were determined by weighing the food intake of the subjects and part of the food samples were subjected to chemical analysis The mean mineral intakes were: Ca 567 mg/kg, Mg 261 mg/kg, Zn 7.58mg/kg, Fe 19.8 mg/kg and P 136.8 mg/kg.And the vitamins intakes were vit.A 860 mg/kg, Thiamine 0.7 mg/kg, Riboflavin 0.28 mg/kg, Niacin 3.27 mg/kg, vit.C 9.1 mg/kg, Vit.D 2.14 mcg/kg Folic acid 9.8 mcg/kg and Vit.B 1.2 mcg/kg, and the energy intakes was 6.45 MJ.The result showed that high proportion of the 12 subjects were not meeting the RDA for energy and some of the micronutrients intake.
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Trace Lead, Zinc and Copper Levels in Barbula lambarenensis as a Monitor of Local Atmospheric Pollution in Ile-Ife, Nigeria - Ogunfowokan, A. O.; Asubiojo, O. I.; Adeniyi, A. A.; Oluyemi, E. A. (Journal of Applied Sciences, 2004)
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Urinary iodine and other iodine deficiency indicators in a sample of school-age children in Egypt - El-Mougi, F A; Abdelghaffar, Shereen; Fayek, N A F; Mohammed, M.S. Dewan Muthu (Eastern Mediterranean health journal, 2004)
Sufficient data relating urinary iodine excretion in children to other iodine deficiency indicators are lacking in Egypt. We assayed urinary iodine concentration and serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin, free triiodothyronine (T3) and free tetraiodothyronine in 99 school-aged Egyptian children. Goitre was found in 25 children. Median urinary iodine concentration was 70 microg/L. We found mild iodine deficiency (50-99 microg/L) in 60.6 % of the children and moderate to severe deficiency (< 50 microg/L) in 31.3%. The latter showed a high frequency of goitre and elevated mean serum free T3, TSH and thyroglobulin levels. Individual urinary iodine excretion rates vary, therefore these other indicators could help in screening for iodine deficiency at an individual level, especially in moderate to severe deficiency.
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Survey of dietary habits of in-school adolescents in Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic - Hn, Bashour (Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2004)
This study aimed to describe dietary habits of Syrian adolescents attending secondary schools in Damascus and the surrounding areas. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on 3507 students in 2001. A stratified, 2-stage random cluster sample was used to sample the students. The consumption pattern of food items during the previous week was described. More than 50% of the students said that they had not consumed green vegetables and more than 35% had not consumed meat. More than 35% said that they consumed cheese and milk at least once a day. Only 11.8% consumed fruit 3 times or more daily. Potential determinants of the pattern of food consumption were arialysed. Weight control practices and other eating habits were also described.
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Education and Nomadic Pastoralism in Ethiopia - Engidasew, Ziyn (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2004)
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The pattern of antibiotic usage in surgical in-patients of a teaching hospital, northwest Ethiopia - Abula, Teferra; Kedir, Mohammed (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2004)
Background: Prudent use of antibiotics will curtail health care costs and potential adverse effects to the individual taking them and also diminishes the wide ecologic effects leading to selection of antibiotic resistant pathogenic Organisms. Adverse- effects to the individual taking them diminish the wide ecologic effects leading to selection of antibiotic resistant pathogenic organisms. Objective: To assess the pattern of antibiotic usage in surgical in-patients of a teaching hospital in north west of Ethiopia Subjects and method: Hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on surgical in-patients for a duration of three months (Jan.-Mar.2002). Results: Out of 236 patients who have been admitted to the surgical ward during the study period, 167(70.8%) received antibiotics for prophylaxis (32%) and treatment (38.8%)purposes mainly on empirical basis. The average number of antibiotics per patient was 2.17 for prophylaxis and 2.18 for treatment; and the mean duration of therapy was 3.2 days for prophylaxis and 8.7 days for treatment. Frequently prescribed antibiotics or their combinations were ampicillin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Conclusion: The average number of antibiotics and the mean duration of particularly prophylactic antibiotic therapy were some how increased. The use of antibiotics on empirical basis was a routine prescribing practice .The rationale of some antibiotic combinations requires evaluation; and the establishment of antibiotic policy and treatment guidelines with periodic assessment of the sensitivity pattern of pathogenic organisms are recommended. [Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2004;18(1):35-38]
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Challenges in the Provision of Library Services for Distance Education: A Case Study of Selected Universities in Kenya - Kavulya, Joseph Muema (African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2004)
With the increasing popularity of distance education, focus has turned to the role of libraries in the distance learning process. It is widely agreed that like their campus-based counterparts, distance education learners need adequate library services if they are to gain quality education. This paper examines the efforts being made by Kenyan university libraries to fulfil the information needs of the distance education students in their respective institutions. It concludes that although efforts have been made, there is room for improvement through adequate planning, financing and especially through collaboration between information personnel and those who design and implement such distance education programmes. Afr. J. Lib. Arch. & Inf. Sc. Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004) 15 - 28
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Femal surgical contraception at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria - A five year Review - Oye-Adeniran, BA; Umoh, AV; Ogedengbe, OK; Odum, CU; Nnatu, Snn (Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2004)
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Volatile organic pollution in highly populated areas in South Africa - Walt, H. J. Van Der; Pienaar, Jacobus J.; McQuaid, Jim (2004)
Ambient hydrocarbon air pollution levels at both industrial and non-industrial sites in South Africa were determined over a period of six months. The study also incorporated comparisons between ambient pollution levels in electrified and semi- or non-electrified areas. Passive samplers and evacuated canisters were used during these surveys to capture the sample, while gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of 40 volatile hydrocarbon compounds. Benzene levels found at both semi-electrified residential and industrial sites emphasized the need to identify all possible sources of hazardous hydrocarbon air pollutants and to determine their influence on ambient air quality.
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A Dynamic Air Pollution Prediction System ForCape Town, South Africa - Zunckel, Mark; Cairncross, Eugene; Marx, Estelle; Singh, Vikram; Reddy, V. Sivaprasad (WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2004)
The objective of the Dynamic Air Pollution Prediction System (DAPPS) is to combine a meteorological forecast model and a photochemical dispersion model to predict the ambient concentration of selected pollutants. The Penn State/UCAR MM5 mesoscale model, nested to 1.7 km, is used to predict gridded 12 hour, 24 hour and 36 hour meteorological fields. A comprehensive emission data base comprises emissions from industry, petrol and diesel powered motor vehicles and domestic wood and paraffin burning. It includes information on their physical and chemical characteristics, together with their spatial attributes and temporal variations. Emissions data and forecast meteorological data are input to the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) to estimate air pollutant concentrations over the metropolitan area for the following day. The forecast information is conveyed to the users by means of an Air Pollution Index (API), based on health risk of exposure to individual pollutants and combinations of pollutants via a web site and in other forms of media. A Haze Index (HI) is used to convey forecast visibility degradation or atmospheric haze, based on the concentrations of haze precursors at various levels in the near surface layer. DAPPS is being piloted in the City of Cape Town.
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High incidence of type 2 diabetes and increasing conversion rates from impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in Mauritius - Söderberg, Stefan; Zimmet, Paul; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Courten, Maximilian Pangratius J De; Dowse, Gary K.; Chitson, Pierrot; Stenlund, Hans; Gareeboo, H.; Alberti, K. G. M. M.; Shaw, Jonathan E. (Journal of Internal Medicine, 2004)
To describe the incidence of different stages of glucose intolerance in a population from Mauritius followed over 11 years. RESEARCH DESIGN, METHODS AND SUBJECTS: Population-based surveys were undertaken in the multi-ethnic nation of Mauritius in 1987, 1992 and 1998 with 5083, 6616 and 6291 participants, respectively. Questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were included. Three cohorts aged between 25 and 79 years with classifiable glucose tolerance data were identified; 3680 between 1987 and 1992, 4178 between 1992 and 1998, and 2631 between 1987 and 1998. Glucose tolerance was classified according to WHO 1999 criteria.The incidence rate of type 2 diabetes was higher between 1992 and 1998 than between 1987 and 1992. In men, the incidence was similar between cohorts (24.5 and 25.4 per 1000 person-years) whereas the incidence increased in women (23.3 and 16.4 per 1000 person-years). The incidence of diabetes peaked in the 45-54 year age group and then plateaued or fell. The incidences of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) decreased in both men and women. Of normoglycaemic subjects at baseline, more women than men developed IGT and more men than women developed IFG. Of those labelled as IFG in 1987, 38% developed diabetes after 11 years. The corresponding figure for IGT was 46%.In this study, we report changes in incidence rates of glucose intolerance over a 11-year period. In particular, differences between men and women were observed. The increased incidence of IGT in women compared with men, and increased incidence of IFG in men compared with women was consistent with, and explains the sex biases seen in the prevalences of these states.
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'Surrogate' parents see students graduate from Africa University - Stevens, Andra (2004)
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What Do African Donor Sponsored Anti-Corruption Programmes Teach Us about International Development in Africa? - Michael, Bryane (Social Science Research Network, 2004)
Donor sponsored anti-corruption programmes represent an increasingly large segment of international development assistance to Africa. While the ostensible objective of these programmes is to reduce African corruption, the generality of these programmes suggests other factors appear to motivate the design and implementation of these programmes. This paper attempts to assess the generality of these programmes by looking at the specificity, relevance and fit of proposed anti-corruption activities. The malleability of these programmes suggests that programme design draws from a mix of broader discursive fields and the genuine attempt to improve project performance and decrease corruption.
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EU funds training of Tunisian journalists (Industrial and Commercial Training, 2004)
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Seasonal Variation in Mood in African American College Students in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area - Agumadu, Charles O.; Yousufi, Samina M.; Malik, Irum S.; Nguyen, Minh-Le; Jackson, Michael; Soleymani, Kambiz; Thrower, Courtney M.; Peterman, Michelle J.; Walters, Gene W.; Niemtzoff, Mariana J.; Bartko, John J.; Postolache, Teodor T. (American Journal of Psychiatry, 2004)
The authors attempted to estimate the occurrence, frequency, and pattern (winter versus summer) of seasonal affective disorder in African American college students. They hypothesized that winter seasonal affective disorder would be more prevalent than summer seasonal affective disorder.Undergraduate and graduate college students who identified themselves as African Americans living in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area were invited to participate in the study. The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire was used to calculate a global seasonality score and to estimate the frequency of seasonal affective disorder and subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder. The frequency of the summer versus winter pattern of seasonality of seasonal affective disorder was compared by using multinomial probability distribution tests. The effects of gender and the awareness of seasonal affective disorder were evaluated with a two-way analysis of variance.Of 646 students who were invited to participate, 597 returned the questionnaires, and 537 (83.1%) fully completed them. Winter seasonal affective disorder was significantly more prevalent than summer seasonal affective disorder. The mean global seasonality score was 8.3 (SD=5.3). The majority of the subjects (80%) were not aware of the existence of seasonal affective disorder.The authors found that the frequency, magnitude, and pattern of seasonality of mood in African American students were similar to those previously reported in the general population at similar latitude, but that awareness of the existence of seasonal affective disorder, a condition with safe and effective treatment options, was lower.
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Stress management strategies of secondary school teachers in Nigeria - Arikewuyo, M. Olalekan (Educational Research, 2004)
Abstract The study provides empirical evidence for the management of stress by teachers of secondary schools in Nigeria. A total of 3466 teachers, drawn from secondary schools in Ogun State of Nigeria, returned their questionnaire for the study. Data were analysed using simple percentage and chi-square. The findings indicate that teachers frequently use the active behavioural and inactive (escape) strategies in managing stress. This is an indication that the average Nigerian teacher prefers to organize him/herself in such a way that his/her pedagogic duties will not be hampered by domestic chores. It also implies that, whenever the teacher is stressed, he/she consoles him/herself with the fact that work is not everything and therefore feels less stressed. The active cognitive strategies are never used by the teachers. Their feeling is that nothing probably can be challenged in stressful situations. The teachers also express mixed feelings about the adoption of inactive behavioural strategies. While the majority of the teachers never engage in physical exercises or, say, watch films in order to manage any stressful situation, they prefer to keep away from any situation that could cause stress, as well as endeavouring to separate themselves from people who cause stressful situations. Keywords: NigeriaStress management strategies and techniquesSchoolteachers
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The massification of higher education: a comparison of the UK experience and the emerging Ethiopian response - Ashcroft, Kate (2004)
This paper describes the expansion of the UK higher education systems since the national commission of inquiry chaired by Lord Robbins in 1962. It analyses the effects of the expansion in the UK on Government and institutional behavior and change. It documents how changes in the gender and ability profile of higher education, lower units of funding and increases in student/staff ratios (SSRs) led to the development of new ways of managing and new teaching, learning and assessment methods. It notes that HEIs were subject to more scrutiny (especially of quality) and more accountability as funding formulas and competitive systems of funding for research were introduced. Some HEIs failed and were taken over by neighboring institutions or closed. The survivors became more entrepreneurial and relied less on government funding. They competed for students of the grounds of quality and the services they offered. The accreditation of prior learning and interim qualifications enabled many disadvantaged and older students to enter higher education. The paper considers the extent that these changes may be paralleled in Ethiopia over the coming years. The paper draws on the data and findings of the Report of the Higher Education Strategy Overhaul Committee of Inquiry into Governance. Leadership and Management in Ethiopia’s Higher Education System (HESO) that was produced by a national committee of enquiry chaired by the author. It concludes that the Ethiopian higher education system should prepare itself by: The speedy operational zing of the EHESI, QAA and National Pedagogic Resources Center; instigating changes to the philosophy and methods of teaching, learning and assessment; creating quality assurance systems focused on outcomes and backed by evidence; achieving economies in other areas by rationalizing facilities, space, staff and automating and streamlining systems; preparing for possible financial instability by contingency planning and developing alternative sources of income; planning for the possibility of changes in the funding; developing more active and expert Boards; considering whether to prepare ladders of opportunity, through the design of a qualifications framework and the accreditation of experiential learning; developing marketing departments and processes to manage HEIs’ image; developing professionalized administrative support services and personnel.
Keywords: openalex:import