Defining the Role of Religion and Spirituality in the Lives of Persons with Disability in the Fatick Region, Senegal, and the Mono Region, Benin - Gbodossou, Erick V.A. (1999)
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Student Slang from Benin, Nigeria - Longe, V.U. (English World-wide, 1999)
The paper discusses some general properties of slang and presents a selection of slang expressions as used by students from the University of Benin, Nigeria. The terms collected are interpreted in the light of word formation patterns, semantic changes, and other categories.
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The Pan-African Movement of People with Disabilities - Malinga, Joshua T. (1999)
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Organizational Integration in Lesotho Primary Education: Loose Coupling as Problem and Solution - Meyer, John William (1999)
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Six EQUITY AND EXCELLENCE - STRANGE BEDFELLOWS? A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH AFRICAN HIGHER EDUCATION - Ramphele, Mamphela (1999)
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A study of the relationship between organisational climate and teacher job satisfaction in secondary schools of the Buganda and Busoga regions of Uganda - Sajjabi, Florence Bakibinga (1999)
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African Biogeography, Climate Change, & Human Evolution (1999)
Abstract This interdisciplinary book interprets early human evolution in the context of the local ecology and specific habitats. It assesses carefully the possible role of climate change in driving early human evolution. Bringing an ecological and biogeographic perspective to recent fossil finds, the book provides a new synthesis of ideas on hominid evolution. It will be a valuable resource for researchers in physical, biological, or paleoanthropology, evolutionary biology or biogeography.
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Ecological Links between African Savanna Environments, Climate Change, and Early Hominid Evolution - Owen‐Smith, Norman (1999)
Abstract In this chapter I consider the ecological factors that potentially influenced the temporal association between periods of major climatic change during the Late Miocene and Plio-PleistocLene, turnover pulses among large mammalian herbivores, and evolutionary trends in hominid clades. I propose that certain features peculiar to the African continent promoted the adaptations leading to early hominids and ultimately the first humans, including the following: The critical episodes of global climatic cooling oc¬curred during the Miocene between 15.6 and 12.5 m.y. and around the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition between 3.0 and 2.5 m.y. (deMenocal, 1995; Denton, this volume). Significant turnover pulses among large mammalian herbivores took place between 10 and 5 my. and around 2.5 my. (Vrba, this volume). The ear¬lier period saw the origination of most of the modern bovid genera, as well as the appearance of the first autralopithecines. The later period was associated with speciations, extinctions, and dispersal events among bovids and equids (Vrba, this volume; Bernor, this volume), and the divergence of the hominid lineage from that leading to the robust autralopithecines (Collard & Wood, this volume). Lesser turnover pulses occurred among bovids around 1.8 my. and 0.9 m.y. (Vrba, this volume).
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Gender Disparity between the Attitude of Senior Secondary School Students towards Juvenile Delinquency in Botswana - Subair, S. K. (Education 3-13, 1999)
Introduction The concept of juvenile delinquency is so complex that it is perceived differently by psychologists, sociologists, legal practitioners and religionists. Nevertheless, the consensus is that Juvenile delinquency is an anti-social behaviour (Adeloye and Aina 1990). Each society prescribes its own sets of norms and values and beliefs which should be strictly adhered to by its members, and anybody who violates them is seen as delinquent. Delinquent offences are many and varied both in frequency of occupance and in the level of seriousness. They range from robbery to murder, vandalism, abuse of alcohol using hard drugs, thievery, bulling, rudeness, receiving of stolen goods and truancy (lovell, 1976 and Onyehalu, 1986). Delinquent behaviours may be culturally based, hence, a behaviour which is considered delinquent in one society may be approved in another society. For example in Africa you cannot ask for a hand shake from your father or an elderly person. African society disapproved this culturally, but you can stretch your hand for a hand-shake to your father in American society and yet, American society approves of this. Several Researchers have identified various factors responsible for Juvenile delinquency. These include generic factors, physiological factors, parent related factors, peer-group related factors, defective home background, personal factors and blurred goals. (Bainbridge 1980. Onvehalu 1986. Akinboye 1988, Sadauki, 1988). The youth are considered as a centre of hope and a symbol of te future for every nation, and are affectionately regarded as te future leaders. (Keregero and Dlamini, 1986). It is in this regard that increasing incidence of Juvenile delinquency and associated problems have become a cause tar concern among parents, teachers, and policy makers all over the world. The youth now make up a valued constituency in modern society. Current efforts by the international community through a combination of lobbying and pressure on nations to ratify protocols on human rights, including the rights of youths, point to the increasing recognition of the important role and place of youth in the society. There has been a general fear that juvenile delinquency might lead to adult criminality, and therefore, must always be curtailed before contaminating the society. The various suggestions made for curbing juvenile delinquency have apparently prompted many state governments in Botswana (an indeed world-wide) to set up juvenile courts, remand homes., reformatory schools and correctional homes or juvenile prisons. Yet, it seems that all these measures have not been sufficiently effective in curtailing this social measures. According to Mmopi (1994) in mmegi Newspaper of 27/01/95 in Botswana. property worth millions of US. Dollars was destroyed by Radikolo Junior Secondary School students at Mochudi. The students took to the streets with a vow to find the murders of their fellow school mate who was believed to have been murdered for ritual purpose, particularly when some parts of the corpse were missing. Another incident out of several ones involved a deviant behaviour in which the police were investigating a case in which an 8 - year old standard 2 girl was gang-raped by a group of boys. Granbard (1973) found out that the type of offence differs sharply between the sexes, boys being more often convicted of violent offences like rape, robbery, and vandalism while girls are more often convicted of sex-related crimes or running away from home. Thornburg (1975), stated that reports from the United States of America showed that there has been less disparity between gender in delinquency rates as the incidence seem to have increased more dramatically among the females than mates. The question that arise therefore is Is there a disparity between male and female students with regard to the type of juvenile delinquency engaged in Botswana Secondary Schools. …
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Science, technology and mathematics education in Africa - Kapenda, Hileni M.; Kasanda, Choshi D. (1999)
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Drought-induced resettlement: a case study from Burkina Faso - Howorth, C.; O’Keefe, Phil (Regional Environmental Change, 1999)
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Democratic teacher education reform in Africa : the case of Namibia - Zeichner, Kenneth M.; Dahlström, Lars (1999)
A Story Told by a Namibian Educator () Education for All - The Namibian Experience () Toward Reflective Practice () From the Liberation Struggle to a Learner-Centered and Democratic Teacher Education () Critical Inquiry in Pre-Service Teacher Education () Developing Learner Understanding Through Learner-Centered Education () Some Male Learners in Grade Ten Are Reluctant to Participate in Groupwork During Geography Lessons () Improving the Participation of Girls in My Grade Nine Agricultural Lessons () Practice-Based Inquiry in In-Service Teacher Education () Critical Practitioner Inquiry and Staff Development for Teacher Educators () Writing Problems in a Namibian Language () Promoting Active Participation () Developing Student Teachers Writing Skills () Peer Coaching and Teacher Reflection () Developing Cross-Curricular Themes from Story Telling in Grade One () Participatory Teacher Education Reform in Namibia () Which Way Namibia - To Decolonize the Colonized Mind of the Anticolonial Teacher? () A Luta Continua - The Struggle Continues () Postscript - Wash Your Face and Get Ready for School ()
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[Education and the rights of man. Press review: Mauritania]. (PubMed, 1999)
We are now poised at the brink of a revolution in education, based upon a broadened and renewed concept of what defines education and apprenticeship. We have come to this point because of our realization during the 1990s that human rights are a key element of human development. Humanity recognizes today that human rights are indivisible and that the realization of one right leads to the reinforcement and promotion of another. Man has the right to education, freedom of speech and thought, and protection from torture. This is a very important concept for the developing world, where approximately 130 million children grow up without being properly educated. Governments are obligated to take the necessary measures to ensure that children receive a quality, basic education. Countries deficient in this domain often argue that they do not have enough resources to educate all of their populations, despite 30 years of evidence demonstrating how much developing countries can achieve in education with only limited means. Countries least advanced in achieving education for all have often inequitably invested more funds into higher education than into basic education. They have also failed to contain costs as scholastic coverage expanded. Efforts must be made to minimize the financial cost to parents of educating their children.
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The Effect of Insecticides on Learning in the Africanized Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera L.) - Abramson, Charles I.; Aquino, Italo S.; Ramalho, Francisco de Souza; Price, James (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1999)
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Tobacco education in Cairo, Egypt: is there an effect on adolescent smoking? - Ahmed, Omar B.; Choi, Won Sik; Farkas, Arthur J.; Pierce, John P. (Tobacco Control, 1999)
Editor,—As cigarette consumption in the US has fallen, and tobacco companies have come under criticism for allegedly targeting youth in their advertising, many companies have focused more on overseas markets to maintain their profits. Egypt, with the highest tobacco consumption in the Arab world, appears to be a lucrative market for cigarette manufacturers. While adult cigarette consumption is declining or stagnant in the US, it is growing in Egypt at a rate of 4–5% a year.1 In the US smoking typically starts during adolescence: 89% of daily smokers …
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The problems of tertiary publishing in Africa and implications for the training and education of library and information professionals - Aina, L.O. (Library Review, 1999)
Trainees in the library and information profession in Africa depend on textbooks emanating from outside Africa because of the dearth of local books. Even supposedly local books are generally patterned along Western lines and they are either descriptive or historical, so none of them can really be used as a basic textbook for any of the courses offered in library/ information science schools. This has greatly affected the training of library and information professionals in Africa as trainees are exposed to literature that is largely suited to situations outside their immediate environments. Several factors have been identified as being responsible for inadequate tertiary publications in the information profession in Africa. In order to improve tertiary publishing, the paper recommends that authors should embark on team authorship, international funding agencies and national governments should commission textbooks that are appropriate for the African setting, and also national library and information associations should be innovative by vigorously looking for sponsors who will publish manuscripts they have adjudged to have met international standards and at the same time relevant to the African setting.
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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON SOUTH AFRICAN AGRICULTURE: A SUR ANALYSIS - Aliber, Michael; Jooste, André; Kloppers, Elsabé (Agrekon (English ed.), 1999)
The focus of this article is on the possible role of information in attenuating the susceptibility to weather events. The analysis points to two conclusions. First, even when we have a fairly good understanding as to the relationship between crop output and factors of production, that understanding does not extend very well to situations of extreme distress. That is, our ability to predict crop outcomes appears to remain limited. To some extent, this appears to be because harsh weather events come in different shapes and sizes, which matter critically to the actual effects of those events. Second, farmers do not appear to be in a position to make valuable use of such information as mines their way. The analysis of farmers' hot-terra ‘anticipatory adjustments’ to expected weather events, suggests that, at times, weather predictions are reacted to in a manner that hurts farmers rather than helps them. This proposition, however, requires further research.
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Students Perceptions and Utilisation of University Services: The Case of a Nigerian University - Arikewuyo, M. Olalekan (The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 1999)
The study investigated the perceptions and utilization ofuniversity services by the students of a Nigerian university. Twohundred and fifty undergraduates drawn from the two campuses ofOgun State University and four faculties took part in the study. TheStudents Perceptions and Utilisation of University ServicesQuestionnaire (SPUUSQ) was used to collect data for the study.The data were analysed using the simple percentage and ·the chisquarestatistic. The findings showed that none of the universityservices was adequate. . On the one hand, feeding and catering,postal and academic affairs services were considered to be fairlyadequate. Medical and health, guidance and counseling, library,bursary as well as sports and recreational services were consideredinadequate. The study also showed that only medical and healthservices were being used frequently. Works and transport, postal,library, academic affairs, student affairs and bursary services werebeing used once in a while by the students. Also most of thestudents never used sports and recreation; accommodation;consultancy and verltures servic~s. The research also revealed thatthe sex of students and campus location have no relationship withstudent utilization of university services.
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The effect of health education on the rate of ophthalmic examinations among African Americans with diabetes mellitus. - Basch, Charles E.; Walker, Elizabeth A.; Howard, Crystal J.; Shamoon, Harry; Zybert, Patricia (American Journal of Public Health, 1999)
This study evaluated a multicomponent educational intervention to increase ophthalmic examination rates among African Americans with diabetes.A randomized trial was conducted with 280 African Americans with diabetes, enrolled from outpatient departments of 5 medical centers in the New York City metropolitan area, who had not had a dilated retinal examination within 14 months of randomization (65.7% female, mean age = 54.7 years [SD = 12.8 years]).After site differences were controlled, the odds ratio for receiving a retinal examination associated with the intervention was 4.3 (95% confidence interval = 2.4, 7.8). The examination rate pooled across sites was 54.7% in the intervention group and 27.3% in the control group.The intervention was associated with a rate of ophthalmic examination double the rate achieved with routine medical care.
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Secondary pre-service teacher education in Ethiopia: its impact on teachers' competence and confidence to teach practical work in science - Bekalo, Samuel; Welford, A. G. (International Journal of Science Education, 1999)
Abstract The government of Ethiopia has espoused a practical problem-solving approach to teaching and learning science. The challenge facing the Ministry of Education is how to implement its objectives in a country which has been described as among the poorest in the world. The study reported here focuses on teacher education. It gives a description of science studentteachers' experience of pre-service education and the factors affecting their professional development with regard to practical work. It examines the structure of teacher education programmes, the content of the teacher-training curriculum and student-teachers' classroom practice in order to provide a fuller account of teacher education. The study advances this agenda further, revealing the practice of experienced teachers in schools. The conclusion uses the findings to propose ways in which the Ministry might implement changes to practice in initial teacher education to meet the objectives of the new reforms in Ethiopia.
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Intercultural Views of People With Disabilities in Asia and Africa - Braithwaite, Dawn O.; Thompson, Teresa L. (1999)
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Factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index among African American college students. - Carter, Michele M.; Miller, Oscar; Sbrocco, Tracy; Suchday, Sonia; Lewis, Evelyn L. (Psychological Assessment, 1999)
This study examined the factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) among African American college students. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the 3-factor solution commonly found among other populations did not fit the data for African Americans. Although an exploratory factor analysis indicated the presence of a Mental Incapacitation factor, the Physical Concerns factor was divided into unsteady and cardiovascular concerns. Items typically comprising the Social factor were reflective of emotional controllability among African Americans. The ASI was also moderately correlated with measures of anxiety and depression providing only weak evidence of convergent and discriminate validity of the ASI for African Americans. Although support for the multidimensional nature of AS was found, the factor composition differs for African Americans.
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Frames of Reference in African Proverbs on Disability - Devlieger, Patrick (International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 1999)
Abstract Selected proverbs relating to disability from sub-Saharan African countries are presented as texts that can be deciphered for larger frames of reference of personhood and cosmogony. Fifty-five proverbs were collected in the course of ethnographic fieldwork and from literature searches. Existential insecurity is identified as a frame that refers to a characteristic of personhood, derived from proverbs that include the implications of laughing at a disabled person. A sense of integrity is identified as another characteristic of personhood. A search for the function of disability-related proverbs leads to a greater understanding of the expectation of acceptance-as-is, an acceptance of limitations and an understanding of disability vis-a-vis a creator and the act of creating. Brief suggestions are given to apply insights into cultural sensitivity in special education and rehabilitation work.
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Engineering technology education in West African countries: How does it compare with the ET education in USA? - Fokuo, Stephen; Anwar, Sohail (1999)
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Taking Back Control: African Canadian Women Teachers' Lives and Practice. - Fox, Christine (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 1999)
Taking Back Control: African Canadian Women Teachers' Lives and Practice. Annette Henry. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. 211 pp.
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Differences between African American and Caucasian Students on Critical Thinking and Learning Style. - Gadzella, Bernadette M.; Masten, William G.; Huang, Jiafen (College student journal, 1999)
The purpose was to investigate whether there were significant differences between African American and Caucasian students on critical thinking and learning style. Fifty-two Caucasian and 51 African American students responded to Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and the Inventory of Learning Processes (a learning style inventory). Analyses of variance showed that Caucasian students had significantly higher mean scores than the African American students on four subtest scores of the critical thinking: Inference, Deductions, Interpretation, and Evaluation of Arguments, and the Total Critical Thinking score. There were no significant differences between the two groups on the learning style inventory scales. One of the primary goals in education is to assist students in developing effective critical thinking skills (McMillan, 1987; Paul, 1993; National Institute of Education, 1984). Critical thinking can be defined in many ways including appraising, reasoning, and judging the problems and issues one experiences in everyday life. Research studies show that critical thinking skills can be taught (Gadzella, Hartsoe, & Harper, 1989; McKeachie, Pintrich, & Lin, 1985) and critical thinking skills and some learning style strategies (Gadzella, Ginther, & Bryant, 1997) are some of the best predictors of academic achievement. A review of literature did not reveal much with reference to the comparison between African American and Caucasian students on critical thinking skills and learning processes. The question raised is whether all students are taught and whether the students profit from instructions on critical thinking and ways to improve their learning strategies. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there were significant differences between African American and Caucasian students on their critical thinking skills and learning style strategies. Method Subjects: The subjects were 51 African American and 52 Caucasian (randomly selected from a larger group) students, enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses at a southwestern state university. In the African American group, there were 16 men, 34 women, and one did not report the gender; of which 9 were freshmen, 2 sophomores, 15 juniors, 24 seniors, and one did not report the college status. Their ages ranged from 18 to 42 years (M = 238; SD = 5.79). In the Caucasian group, there were 17 men, 34 women, and one did not report the gender; of which 14 were freshmen, 5 sophomores, 19 juniors, 12 seniors, and two did not report their college status. Their ages ranged from 18 to 52 years (M = 24.2; SD = 6.84). Instruments: Two inventories were used to collect the data. The Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, (WGCTA), (Watson & Glaser, 1980a) has 80 items, from which five subtests (16 items each) are derived: Inference, Recognition of Assumptions, Deduction, Interpretation, and Evaluation of Arguments. The Total Critical Thinking score is the summation of the five subtest scores. According to McMillan (1987) this inventory is the most frequently used at post-secondary level on critical thinking. Reliabilities of the WGCTA are reported in the manual (Watson & Glaser, 1980b). The split-half reliability correlated for 10 norm groups ranged from .69 to .85, test-retest reliability for 96 students' responses was .73, and the alternate-form reliability from 228 students' responses to the Forms A and B of the WGCTA was .75. The Inventory of Learning Processes, (ILP), (Schmeck, Ribich, & Ramanaiah, 1977) is a self-report, paper and pencil learning style questionnaire. It has 62 items from which four scale-scores are derived. The Deep Processing scale assesses how a person-critically evaluates and conceptually organizes material. The Elaborative Processing scale assesses whether information is transferred into ones terminology. The Fact Retention scale assesses whether one processes new material regardless of the strategies used. …
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Educational Expectations and School Achievement of Urban African American Children - Gill, Sukhdeep; Reynolds, Arthur J. (Journal of School Psychology, 1999)
The mechanisms used to convey parents' and teachers' educational expectations for the academic achievement of low-income African American children were explored using data from the Chicago Longitudinal Study. A total of 712 children were studied. A model of mediated effects was used to test the processes of influence from parents' and teachers' expectations to sixth-grade outcomes. Children's perceptions of expectations were hypothesized to mediate the effect of expectations to school outcomes. Study findings revealed that these perceptions only partially mediated the effects of expectations to sixth-grade reading and math outcomes, yet added unique independent variance to these outcomes. Prior achievement emerged as a powerful mediator of the effects of early educational intervention and sociodemographic variables to sixth-grade outcomes. These findings suggest a need to further investigate the processes of communicating parent and teacher expectations.
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Basic Space Science Education and Research in Zambia - Habanyama, A.; Munyeme, G. (African Skies, 1999)
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Increasing the Number of High-Quality African American Teachers in Urban Schools - Haberman, Martin (Journal of Instructional Psychology, 1999)
The problem of recruiting, preparing, and retaining African American teachers in urban schools can be resolved. The primary place to seek minority candidates is in the expanding pool of mature adults with college degrees who already reside in the particular metropolitan area. This follow-up study tracked the graduates of a post baccalaureate urban teacher preparation program now in its tenth year. The procedures involved tracking the graduates, securing their evaluations of the program, and gathering the evaluations of the principals of the schools in which participants currently teach. In an urban school system in which almost half of the traditionally prepared beginners leave in three years or less and in which the African American teachers are fewer than 19 percent of the teaching force, this program had a 94 percent retention rate and 96 percent of its graduates rated as satisfactory or exemplary by the principals. The results support the contentions that (1) successful urban minority teachers can be locally recruited, selected, and prepared; (2) that minority college graduates who already reside in the particular metropolitan area are very likely to remain: and (3) that the on-the-job approach prepares teachers evaluated as successful by superiors. The conventional wisdom in teacher education is that it is not possible to increase the number of African American teachers. The problem is that teacher educators are looking in the wrong place. Rather than assuming the recruitment of African American teachers must be done in universities, urban school districts are now looking in their own metropolitan areas for African Americans with college degrees. Using the opportunities offered by alternative certification, adults are trained on the job in the same urban districts where they reside and are very likely to remain. This study supports the contention that there are untapped pools of highly qualified African Americans who can and will effectively teach urban children. The Problem Table 1 illustrates the need for minority teachers in the Milwaukee Public Schools (MPS) in order for the professional staff to become more representative of the student population. As the student population increased 13 percent over a nine-year period, the minority teacher population increased 3.5 percent. This difference in the proportion of minority students and teachers worsened considerably as the ethnic gap for African Americans and other minorities declined 5.4 percent and 4.3 percent, respectively. As a result, more minority students had fewer minority teachers by the end of this period. Table 1 Change in Racial Composition of MPS (1988-1997) 1998 1997 Number Percent Number Percent Enrollment White 30,578 31.8 19,963 18.6 Black 52,908 54.9 65,587 61.3 Other 12,804 13.3 21,493 20.1 Total 96,290 107,043 Teachers White 4,493 78.9 4,682 75.5 Black 1,023 18.0 1,176 19.0 Other 179 3.1 346 5.6 Total 5,695 6,204 Ethnic Gap(*) White 47.1% 56.9% Black -36.9% -42.3% Other -10.2% -14.5% Change 1988-1997 Percent of Number Total Enrollment White -10,615 -13.2 Black 12,679 6.4 Other 8,689 6.8 Total 10,753 Teachers White 189 -3.4 Black 153 1.0 Other 167 2.5 Total 509 Ethnic Gap(*) White 9.2% Black -5.4% Other -4.3% (*) difference in % of teachers and students by race. …
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Multilingualism and Nation Building: Language and Education in Eritrea - Hailemariam, Chefena; Kroon, Sjaak; Walters, Joel (Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1999)
This paper focuses on language choice in the newest nation in the Horn of Africa within a broader context of language policy in multilingual states. Pre-colonial and post-colonial language policies in Eritrea are surveyed in relation to evolving linguistic and political nationalism. Language contact and its social consequences are discussed in an attempt to shed light on language policies pursued during different periods in the colonial history of Eritrea. Using descriptive frameworks provided by contemporary sociolinguistics, post-independence language policy, with language and education at the centre, is looked at from the perspective of the functional allocation of nine Eritrean languages and the points at which they conflict and complement each other. Public responses and evaluations are analysed and implications for further research are advanced.
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Distance learning course : political economy of the environment program for journalists in Kenya, Uganda, and Zimbabwe - Harou, Patrice; Carrington, Timothy (1999)
The broad objective of the Political Economy of the Environment (PEE) program is to equip African professionals from the public and private sectors, non-government organizations (NGOs), academia and journalistic professionals with the knowledge and tools for analyzing development policies and investments from the perspective of sustainability, and also to spread this learning to others. The distance learning (DL) course was seen as one method of achieving the program's objectives using state of the art technology. Specifically, the objectives of the current activity for journalists in Africa were to: 1) impart a working understanding of the basic concepts that explain and underpin sustainable economic development; 2) empower journalists to clarify the often difficult trade-offs between economic growth and the environment facing policy makers in developing countries; 3) improve environmental journalistic skills; 4) help journalists expand their international contacts and information sources; and 5) build strategies for continued strengthening of their skills and knowledge. The content of the training served two purposes: first, to cover basic methodological concepts underpinning environmental economics in order to address natural resources and environmental problems; and second, to develop journalistic skills in order to address environmental issues.
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The bilingual dictionary and the Algerian learner of English as foreign language - Harouni-merfedj, Zahri (IMAGO Interculturalité et Didactique, 1999)
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Teaching The Colonization of America in Algeria Through an Intercultural Approach - Harouni, Brahim (IMAGO Interculturalité et Didactique, 1999)
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Fogo Volcano, Cape Verde Islands: seismicity-derived constraints on the mechanism of the 1995 eruption - Heleno, Sandra; Day, Simon; Fonseca, João F. B. D. (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1999)
Seismic data recorded in the vicinity of the active vent of the 1995 Fogo eruption [Global Volcanism Network Bulletin, 1995, 20(3) 2–4.] is used to constrain the associated stress field and deformation. Using the frequency content of the seismograms to distinguish between brittle fracture of cold host rock and deformation in the vicinity of the intruding magma, a sub-vertical dyke with 060° strike is identified as the feeder of the eruption, and delineated down to a depth of about 4 km. The local stress field during the eruption is estimated from composite focal mechanisms. Besides the expected σ3 direction normal to the dyke, a group of focal solutions point to a stress field with nearly dyke-parallel σ3, which is interpreted as a re-adjustment of the edifice following the eruption, maybe partially controlled by gravity. This effect may have increased the instability of the steep eastern flank of the island, since the deformation detected during the magma drainback is compatible with predominantly dip-slip motion on east-dipping surfaces.
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The Promise of Multilingualism and Education in South Africa : Mirage or Reality ? - Heugh, Kathleen (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 1999)
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Promoting Space Science Education in Africa: Practical Initiatives - Iziomon, M. G. (African Skies, 1999)
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Theories of and Approaches to Teaching African Literature - Kalu, Antonia C. (African Studies Review, 1999)
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Take it to heart: a national health screening and education project in African-American communities. A joint project of the NMA and Bayer Corporation. - Keys, I. R (PubMed, 1999)
"Take It to Heart" is a community health screening and education project jointly sponsored by the National Medical Association (NMA) and Bayer Corporation, Pharmaceutical Division. The project was designed to increase awareness of the prevalence of hypertension and the risks of coronary heart disease in the African-American community. Free health testing for hypertension and cholesterol was provided in six communities. Participants received an individualized coronary risk assessment outlining key risk areas, followed by consultation with an NMA physician. A total of 1651 individuals between the ages of 18 and 82 participated in the health screenings. Ninety-five percent of those tested were African American. In a preliminary health history, 76% reported insufficient exercise, 23% reported a history of high blood pressure, and 19% had a positive family history of early cardiovascular disease. Screening test results revealed 40% of participants had a blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg, 52% had a cholesterol level > 200 mg, and 42% had a body mass index > 27. Based on these results, more than 76% were calculated to have a moderate to high coronary risk profile. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are major public health problems associated with an increased incidence of death in the African-American community. The Take It to Heart Project is an important mechanism of providing health information to the public and encouraging those at highest risk to take steps to improve their health status.
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Regional partial duration series modelling of hydrological droughts in Zimbabwean rivers using a two-component exponential distribution - Kjeldsen, Thomas; Lundorf, Allan; Rosbjerg, Dan (IAHS-AISH publication, 1999)
A regional analysis of hydrological droughts is conducted using the partial duration series model with the two-component exponential (TCE) distribution as exceedence distribution. The index-flood method is applied in order to obtain more efficient estimates of the T-year events. Only one of the three parameters of the TCE distribution contributes significantly to the uncertainty of the T-year events and, therefore, only this parameter is regionalized. In total 25 gauging stations covering most of Zimbabwe were used to identify sufficiently homogeneous regions for use with the index-flood method. Separation of the stations according to mean annual precipitation indicated the existence of three or possibly more homogeneous regions, though the limited number of available stations did not allow for any rigorous conclusions.
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Democratising intelligence towards life-long learning : a practical strategy for primary school educators in South Africa - Lopes, Deborah Veronica (1999)
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Developing ‘reflective’ development practitioners through an action-learning curriculum: problems and challenges in a South African context - Luckett, Sidney; Luckett, Kathy (The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 1999)
Abstract The paper begins by looking at the ‘context of practice’: the programmes of the SRCD are briefly described and even more briefly the dominant (global) socio-economic trends as they impact on ours and other tertiary institutions. Because it is important in order to make sense of the programme we then attempt to provide a detailed profile of our students. The central questions with which we grapple, viz., the problems encountered in the curriculum activities designed to enable students to gain competence in ‘soft’ systems thinking and learning to learn, are dealt with in the sections ‘The Programme’, ‘The Results’ and ‘Bad practice, bad theory, or both’. In the first of these we give a very brief overview of Kolb's learning theory and Checkland's SSM and then show how the two can be (theoretically) integrated — Checkland's learning system is embedded in Kolb's learning cycle (LC). In the next section we report on an evaluation of the programme from the student's perspective. And then, finally, we discuss the shortcomings of Kolb's theory in our context as well as our use of Checkland's SSM. Our critique of Kolb is central to the entire endeavour, because his theory of experiential learning provides the theoretical underpinning of our curriculum development endeavour. In the final section we make some suggestions for a way forward based on our critique.
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Teaching African Politics - Martin, Guy; Schraeder, Péter J. (African Studies Review, 1999)
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A survey of rehabilitative services and people coping with physical disabilities in Uganda, East Africa - May-Teerink, Teresa (International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1999)
The impact of physical disability in the developing world is a tremendous health issue. The developing world presents many challenges in the lives of these people, many who cope without rehabilitative care. To determine how disabled people manage in this setting, 49 mobility-impaired Ugandans were interviewed. Functional capacity was assessed by determining the severity of lower extremity impairment and identifying the use of assistive devices and personal assistance needed in activities of daily living. Males appeared to have greater access to rehabilitative equipment, namely wheelchairs, and to personal assistance. The use of assistive devices was indicative of greater mobility, which subsequently provided greater opportunities, such as formal education or employment. Subjects with severe impairments without access to rehabilitative equipment were dependent upon crawling for mobility and begged for economic survival. Although there were a mix of responses towards perceived attitudes towards disabled subjects, more reported being viewed in a positive than in a negative light. Findings suggest that gender-related issues may limit access to rehabilitative equipment, due to limited financial resources of women living in the developing world. Uganda utilizes a viable political organization of people with disabilities to raise awareness and to empower its citizens coping with disability.
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Definitional Research on African American Students and Sexual Harassment - Mecca, Susan J.; Rubin, Linda J. (Psychology of women quarterly, 1999)
A total of 100 African American undergraduate students were given the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) (Fitzgerald et al., 1988) and an open-ended question assessing experiences of sexual harassment. Results showed a significant frequency of sexual imposition (19%), particularly sexual touching. Participants also clearly delineated a new category of sexual harassment previously untapped by largely Caucasian studies: comments or sexual attention based solely on racial stereotypes or racially based physical features. In conclusion, the reported differences with regard to experiences and definitions of sexual harassment indicate that previous assumptions of homogeneity of experience (with Caucasian women being the standard) appear to be incorrect.
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The role of English in education in Mozambique - Mkuti, Lukas D. (English Academy Review, 1999)
(1999). The role of English in education in Mozambique. English Academy Review: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 44-53.
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Language Socialization Research and French Language Education in Africa: A Cameroonian Case Study - Moore, Lee R. (Canadian Modern Language Review-revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes, 1999)
This article reports on exploratory ethnographic research on language acquisition and use in a village located in the Mandara Mountains, Cameroon. The study indicates that members of this community share several beliefs and practices related to multilingual communicative competence and its development. In the school attended by children of this village, classroom practices of communication and language socialization differ significantly from those of the community. Discontinuities between community and classroom practices and their implications for French acquisition by children of this community are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of how language socialization research can contribute to our understanding of community/classroom discontinuities and their consequences for classroom French acquisition, and thus to efforts to improve French language pedagogical practice in Africa.
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Are Magnet Schools More Equitable? An Analysis of the Disciplinary Rates of African American and White Students in Cincinnati Magnet and Nonmagnet Schools - Morris, Jerome E.; Goldring, Ellen (Equity & Excellence in Education, 1999)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsJerome E. MorrisJerome E. Morris is an assistant professor in the Department of Social Foundations of Education at the University of Georgia with a special interest in how desegregation processes impact the education of African American students.Ellen GoldringEllen Goldring is Professor of Educational Leadership at Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, whose research focus is organization and control of schools, especially schools of choice.
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Modernity and Subjective Well-Being in Zimbabwean College Students - Mpofu, Elias (South African Journal of Psychology, 1999)
The study utilized a multiple discrepancy approach to examine modernity as a correlate of subjective well-being in a sample of 110 Zimbabwean college students (44 males; 66 females) aged 24 to 58 years. Measures of subjective well-being covered satisfaction with life, domain of life satisfaction, frequency of emotional experiences, positive and negative affect. Students gave actual and ideal ratings of their subjective well-being and with comparison to their ideal person or desirability. The Zimbabwean college students had positive perceptions of their subjective well-being, although they tended to be less happy with their lives as compared to their ideal persons in satisfaction with life, recreation, finances, frequency of emotional experience, positive, and negative affect. Students with a higher preference for modernity reported having a higher self-regard, being less fearful, experiencing more pleasant affect and feeling closer to their ideal life as compared to those with a lower endorsement of modernity. Those with a higher preference for collectivism reported a higher satisfaction with family. Younger, and female students tended to report being significantly closer to their ideal levels of well-being.
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Training Police Liaison Officers in Zimbabwe - Muzenda, Eunice (Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 1999)
Before independence, the Zimbabwe Republic police force worked in a Law and Order approach. After independence, policing was to involve popular participation. Community Relations Liaison Officers were trained in systemic counselling skills to equip them for the work. Case vignettes show both the challenges and police response.
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Condom Use Increases Among Namibian Youths Following HIV Training - Olenick, I (International family planning perspectives, 1999)
This study assesses the impact of an HIV training curriculum administered to 515 secondary students aged 15-18 years in Namibia. The curriculum provided information not only on HIV and AIDS but also on reproductive biology relationship violence and alcohol and substance abuse as well as training in cross-gender communication. Among the total population 262 received the HIV training and 253 acted as controls. Risk assessment prior to the training revealed that at baseline the two groups had identical scores on the measure of knowledge about HIV and AIDS. However following administration of training study participants who received the intervention gave a significantly higher percentage of correct answers to the risk assessment questions. In addition trained participants underwent changes in sex behavior and reported more frequent condom use. In conclusion the curriculum has highly contributed to the significant changes in the attitudes knowledge intentions and behaviors concerning sexual activity and HIV in the youth of Namibia.
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Education, Income, Wealth, and Health among Whites and African Americans - Ostrove, Joan M.; Feldman, Pamela J. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1999)
Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 896, Issue 1 p. 335-337 Education, Income, Wealth, and Health among Whites and African Americans JOAN M. OSTROVE, Corresponding Author JOAN M. OSTROVE Health Psychology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA Current address: Joan M. Ostrove, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.address for correspondence: Joan M. Ostrove, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.Search for more papers by this authorPAMELA FELDMAN, PAMELA FELDMAN Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USASearch for more papers by this author JOAN M. OSTROVE, Corresponding Author JOAN M. OSTROVE Health Psychology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA Current address: Joan M. Ostrove, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.address for correspondence: Joan M. Ostrove, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.Search for more papers by this authorPAMELA FELDMAN, PAMELA FELDMAN Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 February 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08133.xCitations: 14 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL REFERENCES 1 Adler, N.E., T. Boyce, M.A. Chesney, S. Cohen, S. Folkman, R.L. Kahn & S.L. Syme. 1994. Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. Am. Psychol. 49: 15– 24. 2 Brown, H.D. & N.E. Adler. 1998. Socioeconomic status. In Encyclopedia of Mental Health. 555-561. Academic Press, San Diego. 3 Anderson, N.B. & C.A. Armstead. 1995. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosom. Med. 57: 213– 225. 4 Oliver, M.L. & T.M. Shapiro. 1995. Black Wealth, White Wealth. Routledge, New York. Citing Literature Volume896, Issue1SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND HEALTH IN INDUSTRIAL NATIONS: SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYSDecember 1999Pages 335-337 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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Three Schools of Democracy in Africa - Ottemoeller, Dan; Crook, Richard C.; Manor, James; Diamond, Larry; Mengisteab, Kidane; Daddieh, Cyril K.; Ninsin, Kwame A. (African Studies Review, 1999)
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Education in Mauritius : A Multicultural and Multilingual African Country - Owodally, A.M. Auleaar (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 1999)
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Relationship of Age and Education with Anxiety, Depression, and Hopelessness in a South African Community Sample - Pillay, Anand; Sargent, Carol-Ann (Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1999)
In this pilot study approximately one-quarter of a nonrandom community sample of 16 men and 34 women of lower socioeconomic status reported scores implicating moderate to severe depression and anxiety. Higher age and lower education were associated with higher scores on distress.
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[Contribution of a combined approach in an analysis of training needs in two health regions in Morocco]. - Raâfa, A (PubMed, 1999)
A study using a combination of three techniques of qualitative research (nominal group, focus group, interview) was carried out in 1996 among 72 health professionals that occupy a position of responsibility at the level of the wilayas of Fes and Marrakech (Morocco). For the entirety of the study, 14 meetings were held with experts (administrators, nurses, doctors and delegates).To study the advantages and limitations of a combinatory approach that triangulates three methods of qualitative research to identify and analyze training needs of administrators, nurses, doctors and delegates that hold a position of responsibility at the level of the wilayas of Fes and Marrakech.The focus group allowed for the establishment of lists of problems encountered that were susceptible to being resolved through a training intervention: 1) Planning methods are not used and needs analysis of resources remains arbitrary; 2) Methods of management are not mastered by the people holding the responsible positions; 3) The management of human resources is centralized and there is no policy of personnel motivation. The main accompanying measures proposed by the participants were: 1) to decentralize the process of planning and to train the responsible people in the methods and techniques of planning; 2) to introduce new methods of health services administration. Training themes by order of priority were: health planning, management, regulations and legal instruments, management of human and material resources.The combinatory approach allowed for a list to be established of the training needs of health professionals. It also provided an instantaneous diagnosis of the organisations and programmes for which they are responsible. But this triangulation of techniques has several limitations related to the researchers' interpretation of these needs, to their socio-cultural system of reference and to their interests that often don't coincide with those of the experts in the field.This study allowed for the development of an outline that puts the role of experts back in the planning process of a training project and combines the needs of experts with institutional needs in order to reach a better adequacy of the triad of needs-demand-responses.
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The functional structure of the academic year at higher education institutions in the United States of America and at South African technikons, with particular reference to the communication sciences : research article - Rhoodie, Denys O. (Communicare; Journal for Communication Sciences in Southern Africa, 1999)
The decision to undertake this study was based on the belief that both time management and the time-allocation framework of the academic year of South African technikons, specifically as regards journalism, public relations and mass communications programmes, needs substantial organisational and functional restructuring to come to terms with radically changed societal, economical, political and educational realities. Legitimacy, quality assurance and resources are the three main components of an educational system. Time is a vital resource as well. The major thrust of the study was to ascertain at first-hand how the American academic calendar works in practice and whether it offers distinct advantages that could practically and in accordance with current legislation and policy be introduced in the academic calendar of South African technikons in general, and communications programmes in particular. This included looking at continuous student assessment and summative final examinations insofar as they impact on the use of academic time for teaching. In conclusion, the study proposes the creation of a new time mould which will result in a more effective use of existing academic time and also provides a number of additional benefits and advantages to both student and teacher/instructor.
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South African Country Study on Climate Change, Plant Biodiversity: Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment - Rutherford, M. C.; Midgley, G. F.; Bond, William J.; Powrie, L.W.; Roberts, Reuben; Allsopp, Jcn (1999)
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A historical perspective of formal education for black people in the rural areas of South Africa with special reference to schools in the Northern Province - Seroto, Johannes (1999)
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Drought tolerance studies in spring wheat cultivars produced in South Africa - Strauss, J. (1999)
Thesis (Ph.D.(Agric.))  – University of Stellenbosch, 1999.%%%%ENGLISH SUMMARY: Drought is considered, worldwide, to be the most important factor limiting crop yields. Spring wheat produced in the Western Cape region of South Africa is also affected by water stress. The onset of global warming may cause periods of water stress in the winter rainfall regions of South Africa more frequently, which makes it important to identify spring wheat cultivars that can withstand these conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether cultivar differences in drought tolerance could be detected through the use of a series of physiological tests on spring wheat plants subjected to water stress at different growth stages. Furthermore to determine whether differences in physiological responses would be of any commercial value. To evaluate this, plants were analyzed to compare biomass production, yield and quality of stressed and control (unstressed) plants. A preliminary trial showed that the withholding of water might be more appropriate in the induction of water stress than the use of polyethylene glycol. The trial also showed that the reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazoliumchloride (modified method) was not sensitive enough to detect water stress in spring wheat. The evaluation of the physiological parameters showed that differences in drought tolerance do exist in spring wheat cultivars produced in the Western Cape region. The accumulation of proline and the water content of leaves proved to be the most sensitive parameters tested. A combination of these parameters may provide valuable information in newly bred spring wheat cultivars. In a study on biomass production it was shown that the above ground biomass was reduced by applied water stress. No clear distinctions in drought tolerance could, however, be made between cultivars. The use of leaf area (rate of leaf abscission) shows promise as a method to distinguish between drought tolerant cultivars. Yield and the yield components of all cultivars tested were severely reduced by water stress at both the flag leaf-, milky kernel growth stage. Although reductions in yield and yield components was shown, no single cultivar proved more tolerant than the other. The application of water stress resulted in a general increase in kernel protein content. Flour yield was lower, due to a relatively smaller production of non-protein components in the kernel. Although protein content increased with increased water stress, no significant differences were noted in micro-loaf volumes. The results of the mixograph parameters tested were also similar.%%%%AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Droogte word wereldwyd beskou as een van die belangrikste faktore wat gewasopbrengste beperk. Lentekoringkultivars wat in die Wes-Kaap streek in Suid-Afrika verbou word, word ook deur waterstremming beinvloed. Die koms van die kweekhuis-effek mag veroorsaak dat die winterreenvalgebiede van Suid- Afrika meer en meer bloogestel word aan periodes van waterstremming. Dit is dus…
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A comparative study of attitudes to the aims of practical work in science education in Egypt, Korea and the UK - Swain, Julian; Monk, Martin; Johnson, Sally (International Journal of Science Education, 1999)
Abstract This paper reports a comparative study of attitudes to the aims of practical work given by science teachers from Egypt, Korea and the UK. The ratings of aims given by specific groups of teachers can be used to characterize those groups. The characterizations can be interpreted from knowledge of the conditions in which teachers work. The choice of aims reflects pedagogic practice. The UK teachers have attitudes to aims for practical that reflect current concerns in the UK for investigations. The Korean teachers show a positivistic attitude to science and aims for practical which can be traced back to the emphasis on factual recall and illustrative practicals. The Egyptian teachers show concerns in their choice of aims for practical work which can be traced back to the lack of practical work in current Egyptian science education. All three groups express a common attitude to the aims of practical work that reflect an acknowledgement of the methods by which scientists make new knowledge. It is conjectured that the differences between the groups of teachers might be best understood using an evolutionary approach to the fit of teachers' ideas to their conditions of work.
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Simple CPR: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Video Self-Instructional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training in an African American Church Congregation - Todd, Knox H.; Heron, Sheryl; Thompson, Marie; Dennis, Renata; O’Connor, Jean; Kellermann, Arthur L. (Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1999)
Despite the proven efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), only a small fraction of the population knows how to perform it. As a result, rates of bystander CPR and rates of survival from cardiac arrest are low. Bystander CPR is particularly uncommon in the African American community. Successful development of a simplified approach to CPR training could boost rates of bystander CPR and save lives. We conducted the following randomized, controlled study to determine whether video self-instruction (VSI) in CPR results in comparable or better performance than traditional CPR training.This randomized, controlled trial was conducted among congregational volunteers in an African American church in Atlanta, GA. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 34 minutes of VSI or the 4-hour American Heart Association "Heartsaver" CPR course. Two months after training, blinded observers used explicit criteria to assess CPR performance in a simulated cardiac arrest setting. A recording manikin was used to measure ventilation and chest compression characteristics. Participants also completed a written test of CPR-related knowledge and attitudes.VSI trainees displayed a comparable level of performance to that achieved by traditional trainees. Observers scored 40% of VSI trainees competent or better in performing CPR, compared with only 16% of traditional trainees (absolute difference 24%, 95% confidence interval 8% to 40%). Data from the recording manikin confirmed these observations. VSI trainees and traditional trainees achieved comparable scores on tests of CPR-related knowledge and attitudes.Thirty-four minutes of VSI can produce CPR of comparable quality to that achieved by traditional training methods. VSI provides a simple, quick, consistent, and inexpensive alternative to traditional CPR instruction, and may be used to extend CPR training to historically underserved populations.
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Work visits in the south-western Nigerian Junior Secondary Schools: a neglected challenge? - Uwameiye, Raymond; Onyewadume, M. (Journal of vocational education & training, 1999)
Abstract This article describes the nature of pre-vocational education in Nigeria, the curriculum of pre-vocational subjects, and the definition and the organisation of work visits. Part of the article is a study which sought to investigate the perception of pre-vocational students on work visits and the problems affecting work visits at the junior secondary schools in the South-western Nigeria. On the whole, 1000 students who were randomly sampled from 40 schools from five states in South-western Nigeria and 250 teachers of pre-vocational subjects were used for the study. The findings showed a considerable neglect of work visits in the junior secondary schools in the South-western Nigeria.
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Work visits in the south-western nigerian junior secondary schools: a neglected challenge? - Uwameiye, Raymond; Onyewadume, Mary Adeola (Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 1999)
This article describes the nature of pre-vocational education in Nigeria, the curriculum of pre-vocational subjects, and the definition and the organisation of work visits. Part of the article is a study which sought to investigate the perception of pre-vocational students on work visits and the problems affecting work visits at the junior secondary schools in the South-western Nigeria. On the whole, 1000 students who were randomly sampled from 40 schools from five states in South-western Nigeria and 250 teachers of pre-vocational subjects were used for the study. The findings showed a considerable neglect of work visits in the junior secondary schools in the South-western Nigeria.
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Reexamining the African American Teacher Shortage: Building a New Professional Image of Teaching for the Twenty‐First Century - Wilder, Margaret (Equity & Excellence in Education, 1999)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsMargaret WilderMargaret Wilder is an assistant professor of education in the Department of Social Foundations of Education at the University of Georgia.
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Education in Medicine for a Multicultural, Multilingual Post-apartheid South Africa - Wynchank, S. (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 1999)
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[The effects of salicylate on noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig]. - Yu, Ning; Li, X; Hu, B. Y. (PubMed, 1999)
To investigate the effects of salicylate on noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in guinea pigs.The animals were allocated into four groups (salicylate + noise, saline + noise, noise only and salicylate only) and were exposed to a 4 kHz octave band noise at 105 dB SPL for 2 hours for 5 consecutive days. Dynamic changes of ABR thresholds evoked by clicks were monitored. After physiological examination, the cochleae were processed for the morphological examination by light microscopy.Mean thresholds of ABRs in the experimental group obtained on 5th day of the noise exposure was positively lower than the control groups (P < 0.05). The similar trends of ABR changes were found during other exposure days and after exposure, but the differences were not statistically significant. In the experimental group, there were 37.00 +/- 8.89 hair cell loses as assessed by nucleus staining, and 3.20 +/- 1.07 hair cells with nuclear deformation. The noise group had 74.11 +/- 10.28 hair cell loses and 10.43 +/- 9.71 hair cells with nuclear deformation, whereas the saline group had 63.60 +/- 7.97 hair cell loses and 20.80 +/- 15.48 hair cells with nuclear deformation. The difference between two groups was significant (P < 0.05).The results suggest that administration of salicylate facilitates the recovery of cochlear hearing and reduces damage to hair cells after noise exposure.
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On teaching Americans to play mbira like Zimbabweans - Azim, Erica (African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music, 1999)
In teaching the 1,000-year old Shona mbira tradition of Zimbabwe, I have discovered that Western students have great difficulty in learning to hear mbira music in a Shona way. Though Western students are able to learn to play basic traditional parts, it often takes them years to master the more difficult cross-cultural aspects of the music, including the style of improvisation. Improvising in a Shona way is dependent upon hearing in a Shona way.
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Teaching health care ethics in physiotherapy education : Proposal for South Africa - Molatoli, H. M. (South African journal of physiotherapy, 1999)
This paper presents views of the role of the physiotherapy profession during the Apartheid era in South Africa. It analyses aspects of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission document and finally suggestions are made to prevent similar situations from developing ever again.
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Do Budgets Really Matter? Evidence from Public Spending on Education and Health in Uganda - Reinikka, Ritva; Ablo, Emmanuel (1999)
A survey can provide a useful reality check where institutions are weak. Certainly, budgets and official statistics are inadequate as a guide for policymakers. Ablo and Reinikka demonstrate that budget allocations alone can be misleading in explaining outcomes and making policy decisions, when institutions are weak. They diagnose the problem, using empirical evidence from primary education and health care in Uganda, but arguing that a similar problem exists in many countries. Adequate public accounts are not available so they carried out a field survey of schools and clinics to collect data on spending. Problems with the flow of public funds have to do largely with governance and a lack of accountability. Among problems with the service delivery system: ° Primary enrollments increased 60 percent in 199195, but official figures indicate enrollments were stagnant. Such a stunning discrepancy indicates that official data cannot always be trusted. ° The government's share of funding increased over time, but public primary education was still funded largely by parents, who contributed, on average, more than 70 percent of total spending on schools in 1991 (median 40 percent) and 60 percent in 1995 (median 20 percent). Parents' contributions continued to increase despite higher public spending. ° Less than 30 percent of funding intended for nonsalary public spending actually reached the schools in 1991-95; district authorities kept and used most of the capitation grant meant for schools. (An increase in enrollments which was not taken into account when the total amount of the grant was calculated is responsible for the remaining discrepancy.) Similarly, at best, schools were allowed to keep only a third of mandatory tuition fees from parents; the rest went to district education offices. ° By and large, salary payments did reach the schools, so at least the wage part of the increase in budget allocations filtered down through the system. The only systematic way of misappropriating salary funds were ghosts on the payroll. Close to 20 percent of all teachers on the payroll were removed as ghosts in 1993. ° The behavior of public service facilities in the two sectors varies considerably. Schools, for example, keep systematic records of financial flows and enrollments (perhaps because parents provide most of the funding and are likely to insist on accountability). The health care sector does not keep good records. Since release of the survey results, there have been changes. Among them, monthly transfers of public funds are reported in the media; school-based procurement has replaced the central supply of construction and other materials; and an effort has been made to institute basic public accounting systems in the public sector, including districts. This paper - a product of Macroeconomics 2, Africa Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to improve public expenditure management and service delivery. The authors may be contacted at eablo@worldbank.org and rreinikka @worldbank.org.
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Analysis of the far‐field tsunamis generated by the 1998 Papua New Guinea Earthquake - Tanioka, Yuichiro (Geophysical Research Letters, 1999)
The tsunami generated by the 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake was observed at several tide gauges and ocean bottom pressure gauges in Japan. The fault model of the 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake was estimated using those tsunami waveforms observed in Japan and coseismic subsidence observed along the coast of Papua New Guinea near the source region. The numerical simulation of the tsunami using the linear Boussinesq equation was carried out. The tsunami waveforms in Japan are explained by the fault model which is consistent with the Harvard CMT solution including the seismic moment of 3.7 × 10 19 Nm. The additional tsunami source, such as a sediment slump, is not needed to explain the observed tsunami in Japan. The mechanism of the earthquake was likely to be a steeply dipping reverse fault. The 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake was likely to occur within a small accretionary prism near the New Guinea trench.
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Students' Knowledge of and Attitudes about Female Circumcision in Egypt - Allam, M F; Irala, Jokin de; Navajas, Rafael Fernández-Crehuet; Castillo, Amparo Serrano Del; Hoashi, J S; Pankovich, M B; Liceaga, J Rebollo (The New England Journal of Medicine, 1999)
To the Editor: Female circumcision, the surgical modification or removal of the female genitalia, is an ancient custom that continues to be widely practiced, mainly in nonhospital settings. Over 12...
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Great ideas for teaching about Africa (Choice Reviews Online, 1999)
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(S.E.) Sidebotham and (W.Z.) Wendrich Eds.Berenike 1994, Preliminary Report of the 1994 Excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea Coast) and the Survey of the Eastern Desert. (CNWS Publications. Special Series 1). Leiden: Research School CNWS, 1995. Pp. 125, ill. 9073782414. - (S.E.) Sidebotham and (W.Z.) Wendrich Eds. Berenike 1995, Preliminary Report of the 1995 Excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea Coast) and the Survey of the Eastern Desert. (CNWS Publications. Special Series 2). Leiden… - Adams, Colin (Journal of Hellenic studies, 1999)
(S.E.) Sidebotham and (W.Z.) Wendrich Eds.Berenike 1994, Preliminary Report of the 1994 Excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea Coast) and the Survey of the Eastern Desert. (CNWS Publications. Special Series 1). Leiden: Research School CNWS, 1995. Pp. 125, ill. 9073782414. - (S.E.) Sidebotham and (W.Z.) Wendrich Eds. Berenike 1995, Preliminary Report of the 1995 Excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea Coast) and the Survey of the Eastern Desert. (CNWS Publications. Special Series 2). Leiden: Research School CNWS, 1996. Pp. 483, ill. 9073782708. - Volume 119
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Polytechnic education in Ghana: Career opportunities - Amuzu-Kpeglo, Andrew (Journal of Educational Management, 1999)
This paper begins with the optimism that the importance of the Polytechnic institution in tertiary education and its role in national development is now seriously unfolding. At the very inception of the Polytechnic and the Workers College in the First Republic, the founding fathers meant very well for the two types of educational institutions. But the best the Polytechnic could achieve in that era was to operate essentially in training students in specific trades and vocations to the City & Guilds Certificate level.
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Training midwives to improve post abortion care in Ghana: Major findings and recommendations from an operations research project - Billings, Deborah L.; Baird, Traci L.; Ankrah, Victor; Taylor, J. Edward; Ababio, K (Reproductive health matters (Print), 1999)
This is a report on an operations research project (ORP) which aimed to produce findings that would provide guidance to the Ministry of Health and the Ghana Registered Midwives Association in their implementation of reproductive health policies. The project was initiated in early 1996. The findings from the ORP highlight the benefits and challenges of decentralizing the provision of postabortion care (PAC) services to primary level facilities where midwives practice. Training midwives to deliver PAC services has improved access to life-saving care as has linking emergency treatment services with the provision of postabortion family planning services. Training midwives to provide PAC services in primary level facilities is acceptable to a wide range of stakeholders and the services that they provide are safe and feasible given the existing health infrastructure in Ghana. Recommendations are directed toward improvement in the following areas: 1) midwives training 2) medical equipment supplies 3) record-keeping 4) monitoring support and supervision of care providers 5) postabortion family planning services 6) quality of standards 7) decentralization of services to the community level and 8) community education.
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Using a Focus Group to Design a Diabetes Education Program for an African American Population - Blanchard, Mary A.; Rose, Linda; Taylor, Janiece L.; McEntee, Margaret A.; Latchaw, Linda L. (The Diabetes Educator, 1999)
The purpose of this project was to determine what factors need to be considered in planning a diabetes education program to better meet the needs of African Americans with diabetes in a community served by a suburban community hospital.Two focus group sessions were conducted. The sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by members of the research team.Four themes emerged that had bearing on program development: (1) a sense of personal powerlessness, (2) fear related to complications, (3) recognition of knowledge deficits accompanied by an inability to link behavior to outcomes, and (4) a clear vision of what kind of educational setting would interest and benefit the group.There were significant differences between what was being offered for diabetes education at the facility and what was desired according to the focus group, including factors of cost and leadership. Recommendations for future program planning are given.
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Models Of Teaching Practice Since Zimbabwean Independence: A Critical Review - Chiromo, Alois S. (1999)
This paper attempts a critical review of the models of teaching practice adopted since Zimbabwe attained independence in 1980. It is argued in this paper that those who were empowered to decide by models of teaching practice tended to put more emphasis on political, economic and administrative needs at the expense of pedagogical needs of the student ' teachers. It is against this background that a possible model of teaching practice, which seeks to take into account the pedagogical objectives of teaching practice, has been proposed.
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First year physics practicals in distance education in South Africa - Cilliers, J. A. (1999)
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Implementation of the social studies programme in teacher training colleges in Ghana: An evaluation - Cobbold, Cosmas (1999)
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Training and learning in the informal sector in the Gambia - Cole, Prince Taiwo (1999)
Over the last 30 years or so, there has been growing international interest in the infon-nal sector of the economy in developing countries, and there is now the recognition that to operate successfully as artisans in the informal sector, require a range of knowledge and skills. The general aim of the present, qualitative study, was to investigate how apprentices in informal sector enterprises in two trades (the Motor Vehicle trade and the Tie-dye trade) in The Gambia learn at the workplace and how such learning was facilitated. Twenty enterprises were selected for the study, ten in each trade. A variety of data collection methods were employed, namely, (a) individual, semistructured interviews of the entrepreneurs (who owned these enterprises), and of the apprentices, (b) observations of the tradespersons and apprentices at the workplace, (c) accounts of critical events, and (d) documentary studies. The study has shown that (a) the tradespersons did not demonstrate to the apprentices the procedures for the tasks that they were undertaking, (b) the apprentices were not allowed to practise on the tasks that the tradespersons were contracted to und(rtake; (c) the apprentices practised their skills privately in their leisure time. (d) the tradespersons did not explain to the apprentices the theories underpinning the technical procedures; and for the apprentices, the term theory referred to the technical procedures, as such, rather than to the scientific and technological concepts and principles underpinning the procedures, (e) although the apprentices were often outwardly passive they did observe closely the tradespersons at work and made associative links with their own previous knowledge and experience. What has also emerged from the study is that apprentices' learning at the workplace in the informal sector is: (a) a multi-dimensional process, largely self-motivated and conditioned by the rigid hierarchical structure of the workplace. (b) (i) productivity-driven, (ii) atheoretical, (iii) unplanned, (iv) unstructured, (v) facilitated through role modelling. The study compared the concepts of learning which emerged from the study with the traditional concepts of learning and teaching in Vocational Training Institutions. This study has also shown that the tradespersons failed to assess formally competent performance at the workplace. There was no end-of-apprenticeship assessment for the apprentices in the Tie-dye trade; and in the Motor Vehicle trade, the assessment was adhoc. Importantly too, from the entrepreneurs' perspective, the workplace was about production and not about apprentice learning. The tradespersons were expected to concentrate on their jobs and not on training, in sharp contrast to the apprentices' expectation that the tradespersons should concentrate on skills training.
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The Africanization of an American Classroom in Hong Kong: The Power of Literature - Ewing, Kent (English Journal, 1999)
Describes a unit of study called “A World Cultures Unit: Africa in a Nutshell,” developed for ninth graders at the Hong Kong International School. Claims good literature has the power to make students more perceptive readers, more expressive writers, and more thoughtful speakers. Suggests teachers take literature across the curriculum to make school experiences more enjoyable and meaningful.
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The Africanization of an American Classroom in Hong Kong: The Power of Literature - Ewing, Kent (English Journal, 1999)
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Teaching Resources and Teaching Effectiveness in Selected Nce-Awarding Institutions in Nigeria - Fabiyi, Anne (1999)
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Teaching Resources and Teaching Effectiveness in Selected Nce-Awarding Institutions in Nigeria - Fabiyi, Anne (1999)
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School Enrolment Patterns in Rural Ghana: A comparative study of the impact of location, gender, age and health on children's access to basic schooling - Fentiman, Alicia; Hall, Andrew; Bundy, Donald (Comparative Education, 1999)
The aim of this article is to discuss the results from three censuses conducted on school age children in rural Ghana which reveal contemporary patterns in enrolment. The data provide a profile of the school age population in basic education and contribute novel quantitative data on children out of school. The article examines the age at first enrolment, the gender disparities between classes, the classes where children drop out, and the proportion of children who never enrol in school. The stark contrast in enrolment between the disadvantaged north and the south of the country is also confirmed. Qualitative data from focus group discussions with parents, teachers and children highlight the major obstacles confronting education-these include a diversity of factors such as child labour, health, location and gender. Suggestions of policy options needed to increase access and attainment to schooling include reducing the over-age entry, increasing female access and participation, adapting culturally sensitive strategies, collecting better statistical data, improving the health of school age children and lessening the gap between the north and south of the country.
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The Influence of Education Context and Beliefs on the Teaching Behavior of African American Mothers - Harris, Yvette R.; Terrel, Denise; Allen, Gordon A. (Journal of Black Psychology, 1999)
The goal of this study is to examine the influence of maternal education level, context, and maternal beliefs on the teaching behaviors of African American mothers. In addition, the relationship between maternal teaching and children’s mastery of the information is explored. Fifty-one African American mothers were observed teaching their 4-year-old preschool children three memory tasks and were administered a three-part questionnaire to determine their metamemory beliefs, their assessment of their children’s memory competence, and the amount of time they engaged in memory activities with their children. The results of the MANOVA applied to the data reveal that maternal teaching varied significantly according to education level and context. Several of the maternal strategies are predictive of the preschoolers’mastery of the information as well. Explanation of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
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Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt. Gregory Starrett - Herrera, Linda (Comparative Education Review, 1999)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsPutting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt. Gregory Starrett Linda HerreraLinda Herrera Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 43, Number 4Nov., 1999 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447586 Views: 10Total views on this site Copyright 1999 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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Transformative practices in secondary school science classrooms: Life histories of Black South African teachers - Jita, Loyiso C. (PhDT, 1999)
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Teach Your Kids West African Children's Games - Kutame, Mark Anthony (Strategies, 1999)
(1999). Teach Your Kids West African Children's Games. Strategies: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 13-16.
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Teachers for the 21st Century in Zimbabwe - The Case For Professional Teacher Ethics in Colleges of Teacher Education. - Makuvaza, Ngoni (1999)
This paper examines ways of enhancing the quality of teachers as Zimbabwe gears itself for the new millenium. Teachers, in this paper, shall include college lecturers and principals and education officers in the ministries of both Education, Sport & Culture and Higher Education, for it is assumed that these are promotional offices from being clasroom teachers. It shall be argued that the teacher for the 21 st century should not only be qualified and competent but should also have hunhu. A case for Professional Teacher Ethics, informed by hunhu, to be included in teacher preparation programmes in institutions of teacher education shall be advanced as a way to improve the quality of the teacher produced. It shall be the contention of the paper that what Zimbabwe needs in the new millenium is not only a teacher who is competent but one who, in addition to competence, has hunhu. By hunhu we mean humaneness, characterised by respectfulness, politeness and sociality (Ramose, 1999:50).
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History teaching in South Africa within the context of the human and social sciences : an outcomes-based approach with reference to anti-racism - Manyane, R. Motse (1999)
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Adult education and the empowerment of civil society: the case of trade unions in Botswana - Maruatona, Tonic (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1999)
The paper examines the potential role of adult education in the empowerment of civil society in Botswana. It shows that adult education can be instrumental in the empowerment of trade unions as organs of civil society in a liberal democracy. It argues that the country's democratic tradition can be sustained by a strong civil society. The paper traces the history of trade unions in Botswana showing that the state has mostly weakened them through legislation. It is contended that individuals participate in trade unions as their mouthpiece when they are in trouble with capital. Most trade union members reported not being aware of adult education activities in Botswana. The paper explores some of the weaknesses of the unions and suggests how adult education provision from adult basic education to adult and continuing education at the university could help to redress the workers' problems. It concludes by mapping out some practical ways in which adult education could empower the unions in Botswana as it has done elsewhere.
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A HISTORY OF PATRIMONIAL POLITICS Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe. By Gerhard Seibert. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWA), no. 73, 1999. Pp. xiv+465. No price given (ISBN 90-5789-017-8). - Newitt, Malyn (The Journal of African History, 1999)
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Guidelines for the teaching of Afrikaans as an African language in colleges of education in the Northern Province - Ntsandeni, Ruth Fulufhelo (1999)
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A Proposed Model For Teacher Education In Zimbabwe - Nyawaranda, V. (1999)
This paper discusses how teacher education programmes in Zimbabwe might be designed to produce a cadre of teacher with the capacity to adapt to the varied and ever-changing teaching contexts of the twenty- first century. In discussing teacher education in Zimbabwe, and to avoid an abstract and general discussion, a concrete model is drawn from English as a Second Language (ESL) teacher education programme. The choice of ESL for purposes of illustration is mainly due to the fad that it is an area the writer has done extensive research in. However, the basic teacher education principles discussed in this paper should apply equally well to any teacher education programme in Zimbabwe which is not necessarily ESL focused. The main thrust of my argument is that if change in the Zimbabwean, classroom is to be effected, it has to start at the teacher preparation stage. Using a conceptual framework in which theoretical and applied linguistics and language learning interact with classroom practice, I argue that teacher education programmes that are based on giving prescriptions to student teachers are not likely to have an impact on the students. Instead, I suggest that teachers be empowered with research and reflective teaching skills in order to become adaptable and autonomous professionals.
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Initial Teacher Education in a Changing South Africa: Experiences, reflections and challenges - Robinson, Maureen (Journal of Education for Teaching, 1999)
Ten years of experience as a teacher educator in the pre-service teacher education programme at the University of the Western Cape (UWC), South Africa, a university serving historically disadvantaged groups, are discussed drawing on many debates and discussions. The challenge of developing a pre-service programme in South Africa within a social-reconstructionist orientation is discussed.
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Climate change in conservation areas of South Africa and its potential impact on floristic composition: a first assessment - Rutherford, M. C.; Powrie, L.W.; Schulze, R. E. (Diversity and Distributions, 1999)
Summary Projected climate change has been suspected of affecting the biota of conserved nature areas in different and significant ways. Nevertheless, strategic management within some nature conservation agencies appears relatively unprepared for the possible consequences of climate change. National level planning of reserve design networks has also tended to skirt the issue, possibly owing to insufficient analysis. This paper provides a first assessment of the possible effects of climate change on plant diversity within the protected area network of South Africa. A climate change scenario of increased temperature but no change in precipitation resulted in derived optimum growth days increasing in some reserves through increased temperature extending the growing season. In some other reserves optimum growth days declined through greater evapotranspiration. We concentrated on the larger reserves of the latter group for which conditions that are more limiting were predicted. Plant species were evaluated in terms of their critical limits in growth days and minimum temperature. Over a third of the species analysed for one reserve (Augrabies Falls National Park and Melkbosrand) was indicated to become locally extinct with climate change. Another reserve in the region showed fewer than 1% local extinctions. It is clear that although a certain magnitude of climate change is a prerequisite for these extinctions, the rate and number of extinctions depend strongly on the different environmental tolerances of the specific biotic components of the conserved area. Potential immigration of other species to Augrabies Falls/Melkbosrand required to balance the projected extinctions with climate change would need migration abilities and conditions that are unlikely to be met. A net decrease in plant diversity may thus be expected. The results confirm that with the climate change scenario used, the concept of sustaining species through fixed protected areas may be fundamentally flawed, at least in certain areas.
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No Teacher Guide, No Textbooks, No Chairs: Contending with Crisis in African Education. - Samoff, Joel (1999)
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SCHOOLING IN KENYA Le Désir d'École: Les Initiatives Africaines dans l'Éducation au Kenya [The Desire for School: African Initiatives in Kenyan Education]. By Hélène Charton. Paris: Publications de l'Université de Paris 7 – Denis Diderot, n.d. Pp. 134. FFr. 70.00, paperback (ISBN 2-7442-0024-7). - Semali, Ladislaus M. (The Journal of African History, 1999)
SCHOOLING IN KENYA Le Désir d'École: Les Initiatives Africaines dans l'Éducation au Kenya [The Desire for School: African Initiatives in Kenyan Education]. By Hélène Charton. Paris: Publications de l'Université de Paris 7 – Denis Diderot, n.d. Pp. 134. FFr. 70.00, paperback (ISBN 2-7442-0024-7). - Volume 40 Issue 3
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SCHOOLING IN UGANDA History and Development of Education in Uganda. By J. C. Ssekamwa. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 1997. Pp. 240. $18.00/£9.95, paperback (ISBN 9 970020 59 5). - Semali, Ladislaus M. (The Journal of African History, 1999)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
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African Drumming: a perfect tool for a more open and inclusive approach to intercultural education and development - Skeef, Eugene (European journal of intercultural studies, 1999)
Abstract Children are born with rhythm, no matter what their cultural ancestry. Rhythm is the lifeline uniting every child in the macro‐society of the human world. In this article I describe the vast potential of using rhythm, especially that associated with African drumming, when working with young people, both within and outside educational settings.
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Design and implementation of a training programme for general practitioners in emergency surgery and obstetrics in precarious situations in Ethiopia. - Sohier, Nathalie; Fréjacques, L; Gagnayre, Rémi (PubMed, 1999)
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has been implementing medical assistance programs in Ethiopia since 1994, including the rehabilitation of health structures and the supply of drugs and medical equipment. In 1995, the serious shortage of surgeons in Ethiopia prompted MSF to add a programme to train general practitioners to perform surgery in the Woldya region. The results of the relevant feasibility study were encouraging. The programme's design is based on recent educational data and MSF's experience with introducing transcultural training in countries where unstable conditions prevail. The training programme is currently being studied by the Ethiopian Health Ministry for use as a model for training general practitioners in surgery throughout the country.
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A Comparison of the Persistence of African American and White Students Using NPSAS:96. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. - Somers, Patrícia; Cofer, James; Hall, Margaret Martin; Putten, Jim Vander (1999)
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Promoting Primary Education for Girls in Guinea. CDIE Impact Evaluation. - Sutton, Margaret; Tietjen, Karen; Bah, Amadou; Kamano, Pierre (1999)
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LAND MANAGEMENT ON SEMI-ARID HILLSIDES IN EASTERN KENYA: LEARNING FROM FARMERS' DIVERSE PRACTICES - Tengberg, Anna; Muriithi, Linus; Okoba, Barrack (Mountain Research and Development, 1999)
This paper attempts to place indigenous soil and water conservation (ISWC) within overall land management by exploring interactions between ISWC, cropping, and crop protection practices. A diagnostic field study was conducted in Mbeere District, located on the semi-arid footslopes of Mount Kenya. A wide range of land management practices was identified where syn ergistic effects between ISWC and cropping were exploited. However, a serious drawback with many ISWC techniques is the survival and spread of insect pests and disease pathogens in preserved crop residues. Trash lines, for example, can exacerbate problems with stalk rots and stem borers. Nevertheless, there is a wealth of indigenous crop protection practices that can be combined with ISWC. The study highlights the fact that farmers do not always consider soil erosion to be the chief biophysical problem in hillside environ ments and it is indicated that the way forward to improve land management lies at the interface between ISWC, cropping, and crop protection.
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Education and training for subject specialization in agricultural university libraries in Nigeria - Womboh, Benki S. H. (Library Review, 1999)
Traces the poor agricultural production situation in Nigeria which gave rise to food insecurity, forcing the Government to take various measures to contain the resultant food scarcity. One of these measures was the establishment of Universities of Agriculture (Uni‐Agrics) with the specific mission to transform agriculture through training, research and extension in order to boost food production. After giving a brief history of the education and training of librarians in Nigeria, the author submits that such training is not suitable for prospective subject agricultural librarians. This situation has resulted in the acute dearth of such librarians, giving rise to an unhealthy state of affairs, whereby nonspecialized librarians are currently employed. A blueprint for the education and training of subject agricultural librarians is therefore given.
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Teaching about sexism with English composition in a Nigerian classroom. - Yusuf, Yisa Kehinde (1999)
This paper reports how language and gender issues have been integrated into the discussion of letter writing speech making/writing and the long essay in the course EGL 205: Advanced English Composition in the Department of English at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife Nigeria. The teaching was done with the main goal of enhancing students writing skills while also making them sensitive to the feelings of women and responsive to their cause. Letter writing created the opportunity to define sexism outline some of its manifestations in the English language and present some of the equitable alternatives to the linguistic manifestations. Reference to corresponding aspects of the Yoruba language of southwestern Nigeria facilitated the discussion of these dimensions of sexism in English. In addition speech making/writing facilitated the examination of some of the beliefs underlying the general oppression of women and some of the feminist arguments against them. Moreover the long essay created an avenue for stimulating individual contributions to the attempts to eliminate sexism through the reformation of its linguistic vehicles. The paper then lists what may be regarded as the salutary effects of the described teaching of the course on the students the teacher the course itself and two other courses in the department. It finally suggests how gender issues can be incorporated into more courses. (authors)
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Defining the Role of Religion and Spirituality in the Lives of Persons with Disability in the Fatick Region, Senegal, and the Mono Region, Benin - Gbodossou, Erick V.A. (1999)
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The Pan-African Movement of People with Disabilities - Malinga, Joshua T. (1999)
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Occurrence of midline diastema and frenum attachments amongst school children in Nairobi, Kenya. - Jt, Kaimenyi (PubMed, 1999)
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of midline diastema, tongue tie and frenum attachments amongst school children in Nairobi. A total of 1802 children aged between 4 and 16 years were selected randomly using multistage sampling technique. To avoid oversampling in either sex, a proportionate sampling procedure was used. Thereafter, a thorough intra-oral examination was carried out using a mouth mirror under artificial or natural light with the children lying on a supine position. Presence or absence of midline interdental spaces unusually bigger than other interdental spaces were noted and recorded on a prepared dateacollection form. Accurate location of the origin of the frenum was done using Placek et al Morphological-functional classification of the labial frenum attachments. Data was analyzed manually by tally method. Results showed that 35% had upper and lower midline diastema. 55% were females and 45% were males. Their mean age was 7.6 years. 0.2% had a high lingual frenum. The commonest location of frenum attachment amongst children with lower midline diastema was the mucogingival junction (86%) whereas amongst those with upper midline diastema it was attached gingiva (50%). None of the children had frenum attachment on the interdental papilla. It was concluded that the maxilla had a higher prevalence of midline diastema than the mandible and that papillary penetrating frenum attachments amongst these patients were higher in the maxilla than the mandible.
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[Current status and problems in continuing medical education in Tunisia]. - Ayachi, K (PubMed, 1999)
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[Continuing medical education of the surgeon. Experience of the Tunisian Association of Surgery]. - Jébira, A (PubMed, 1999)
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The prevalence of malocclusion among a population of northern Nigeria school children. - daCosta, OO (PubMed, 1999)
An epidemiological survey of 1,028 children, 544 females (52.9%) and 484 males (47.1%) was carried out in Kaduna Nigeria to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in the Northern part of Nigeria. The sample population aged 11-18 years were of Northern Nigeria origin and none had received previous orthodontic treatment. From the results, normal occlusion was seen in 12.2% children, Angle's Class I malocclusion in 84.0%, 1.7% had Angle's Class II while Angle's III was observed in 2.0%. No case of Angle's Class II div 2 was seen. A reduction in the prevalence of Angle's Class II div I was seen to occur with increasing age while an increase in Angle's III malocclusion was noted in the 17-18 years age group. Spacing of the upper anterior segment was observed to occur in 45.9% of children examined while spacing of the lower anterior segment was seen in 30%. Crowding of these segments occurred in 21.6% and 36.3% respectively of the sample population. Using Jackson's method (1962) Overbite I was found to occur in 69.5% of the children examined. Deep bite (Overbite 3) occurred in only 1.6% of those examined. An overjet values of 2-4 mm was the most prevalent occurring in 70.8% of the children. A low prevalence of bimaxilliary proclination was observed (3.7%).
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Medical education in South Africa (Medical Education, 1999)
Medical EducationVolume 33, Issue 10 p. 711-712 Free Access Medical education in South Africa First published: 04 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00548.xCitations: 1 John Bligh Liverpool AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Much of this issue of the journal is devoted to papers from medical teachers and researchers in South Africa. South Africa is an enormous country at the tip of a huge continent. The population is nearly 42 million people, with 11 official languages and a surface area nearly three times the size of California and more than twice the size of France. Seventy-six percent of the population is Black, 22% White or Coloured, and 2% Asian. The political and social environment has undergone significant upheaval since Nelson Mandela was released from life imprisonment in February 1990. Apartheid, a system through which Blacks, Coloureds and Asians were deprived of civil and human rights is now in the past, but its legacy will haunt and frustrate many future generations of Africans. In terms of health care, massive inequalities remain. Under one fifth of the population belong to a medical aid scheme but this group enjoys access to 85% of the country’s pharmacists and 60% of medical specialists with 8% of GDP spent in providing this level of care. The national health system in South Africa is, just like the rest of the country’s major systems, undergoing transformation. The main change is a shift from tertiary curative care to primary preventative care in the face of large social inequalities, poor and inequitable access to health care, high levels of preventable diseases and high rates of premature mortality. There are wide variations in health care provision across the country. For example, a recent survey of clinical facilities showed that all clinics in the Northern Cape area had all TB drugs available, but only 20% of clinics in the Northern Province had complete stocks. HIV testing is available in less than half of clinics in many districts and less than half of the hospitals surveyed held meetings to monitor and investigate infant and maternal deaths. At a more mundane level some 71% of clinics had a functioning telephone in 1998. Major health care priorities focus around what has been described as the ‘triple burden’ of poverty-related diseases, chronic diseases of lifestyle and injuries and violence. There are also concerns about significant food and water shortages in some areas of Africa, including parts of South Africa in the next century. The older diseases of cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, meningitis and measles are re-emerging in Africa because of overcrowding, mass movements of large numbers of people, poor health care infrastructures and antibiotic resistance. Some of these threaten South Africa and HIV/AIDS continues to cast a shadow over all aspects of the country’s health care system. Problems of an ageing and inequitably distributed population add to the difficulties faced by a health service undergoing major transitions. Health care research receives just 0·1% of the health budget (WHO and World Bank recommend this figure should be 2%). Funding for teaching hospitals is falling and academic and public sector pay has been so poor that Hoffenburg, writing in 1997, described the results as a ‘haemorrhage into private practice’.1 Dan Ncayiyana in his Commentary2 writes that medical education has yet to benefit from the reforms that are sweeping across the country. And, he argues, change is urgently needed, not just at medical school in both the curriculum and the character of its students, but also and more fundamentally, at the level of high school education in order to produce the ‘right men and women for the job’. All medical schools are, first and foremost, responsible to their local communities for the quality of their graduates. Boshi Mohlala, one of the outstanding young doctors of his generation, writes about the inadequacy of his undergraduate medical education in preparing him for the reality of clinical practice in the district health services.3 Medical education in South Africa faces a dilemma common to many countries – one with which readers of this journal will be familiar. How can a system that is based on specialist-led teaching from large underfunded research-oriented hospitals adapt to a new world that is primary care-based and where the underlying values and beliefs of the old and the new are so different?4 Pierre de Villiers and Marietjie de Villiers describe how curriculum reform is taking place in South African medical schools introducing modern teaching methods and approaches.5 They also describe the challenges facing family medicine and primary care, particularly those of an emerging specialty struggling to describe its ‘core’, develop a research base, and respond to a clinical and professional environment where ‘cure’ appears to be valued more than ‘care’. I think it is clear from the range of educational initiatives described in this issue that medical education in South Africa is in first class intellectual health, with more than enough promise to take up a place amongst the leaders in the field in the future. Despite the hardships and poor funding, energy, commitment and enthusiasm remain to teach better and to research. What is needed is the right environment to sustain this energy so that medical teachers – and their students – can grow and develop. Ncayiyana ends by saying that excellence can have no meaning until it is defined within the realities of its application – it is for Africans to do this and for the rest of the world to help. References 1 Hoffenburg R. The future of medical education in South Africa. BMJ 1997; 315: 612 3. 2 Ncayiyana D. Medical education challenges in South Africa. Med Educ 1999; 33: 713 5. 3 Mohlala B. Letter from a junior doctor. Med Educ 1999; 33: 756 756. 4 Mash B & De Villiers MR. Community-based training in Family Medicine – a different paradigm. Med Educ 1999; 33: 725 9. 5 De Villiers PJT & De Villiers MR. The current status and future needs of education and training in family medicine and primary care in South Africa. Med Educ 1999; 33: 716 721. Citing Literature Volume33, Issue10October 1999Pages 711-712 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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Onchocerciasis among school children in Kafa, South West Ethiopia. - Argaw, Habtamu (PubMed, 1999)
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to determine the magnitude, manifestations, and practices related to Onchocerciasis on 1337 students of six junior secondary schools of Kafa Zone in January 1993. Information on symptoms of the disease and the frequency of common practices that would bring the subjects to the breeding sites was collected by interview, while physical measurements and clinical examination was used to collect data on visual acuity, nutritional status and objective manifestations of the disease. Skin snip from both gluteal areas was examined to determine the microfilarial rate and density of infection, while nutritional status using Body Mass Index for Age (BMI-for Age), and visual impairment following the standard procedures was categorized. The majority, 1179 (88.2%) of the subjects, were aged 15 years and less of which males constituted 54.5% (728). The overall microfilarial carrier rate was 15.6% (95% CI = 13.7-17.6%) while the density of infection was 1.4 mf/mg skin snip. The prevalence and density of infection varied significantly among the twelve aggregates of villages identified based on the similarity of the ecological feature and contiguity of home address of the students. Males had significantly higher rate and density of infection but the difference by age was not significant. The prevalence of infection was significantly higher among the students who had reported frequent bathing, swimming, fishing and collecting firewood at/or near the rivers identified as the probable breeding sites of the vector, while there was no statistically significant association between infection and washing clothes, fetching water or crossing over the rivers. Groin lymph nodes enlargement, photophobia and itching were the leading symptoms complained by the infected subjects. However, only itching and the objective features related to the cutaneous Onchocerciasis were significantly associated to the infection. Visual acuity didn't differ among positive and negative subjects. Nutritional status was significantly associated with Onchocercal infection. Based on these findings recommendations are given on the areas of intervention and further study.
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The Vocational Interests of Hispanic, African American, and White Middle School Students - Avilés, Robert M. Davison; Spokane, Arnold R. (Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 1999)
Relatively little is known about the vocational interests of middle school students, particularly those of minority students. In this study, the Strong Interest Inventory was administered to 570 6th-, 7th-, and 8th-grade students in an urban middle school. The major racial groups studied were African American, Hispanic, White, and Spanish Primary Language (SPL) students. Comparisons among racial groups indicated that Spanish Primary Language students expressed significantly higher interests on several of the General Occupational Themes when compared with Hispanic and White students.
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Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Schools in South Africa - Case, Anne; Yogo, Motohiro (1999)
This paper contributes to what is known about the impact of school quality, by documenting its effect on the incomes of Black South Africans, using data from the 1996 South African census and two national surveys of school quality.South Africa provides an interesting laboratory for studying the impact of school quality on labor market outcomes.Under the Apartheid system, Blacks faced extremely limited residential and school choices, which limits the extent to which results are attributable to the endogeneity of school and residential choice.In addition, Black schools' funding and staffing decisions were made rather arbitrarily by a White government that was at best indifferent to the needs of Black schools.Large differences in pupil/teacher ratios developed between Black schools, differences much larger than those observed in the United States.Using a two-state estimation procedure similar to that employed by Card and Krueger (1992) and by Heckman et al. (1996), we find that the quality of schools in a respondent's magisterial district of origin has a large and significant effect on the rate of return to schooling for Black men.The South African results are notable, moreover, because they are so similar to those estimated by Card and Krueger (1992) for the United States.
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Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Schools in South Africa - Case, Anne; Yogo, Motohiro (1999)
This paper contributes to what is known about the impact of school quality, by documenting its effect on the incomes of Black South Africans, using data from the 1996 South African census and two national surveys of school quality.South Africa provides an interesting laboratory for studying the impact of school quality on labor market outcomes.Under the Apartheid system, Blacks faced extremely limited residential and school choices, which limits the extent to which results are attributable to the endogeneity of school and residential choice.In addition, Black schools' funding and staffing decisions were made rather arbitrarily by a White government that was at best indifferent to the needs of Black schools.Large differences in pupil/teacher ratios developed between Black schools, differences much larger than those observed in the United States.Using a two-state estimation procedure similar to that employed by Card and Krueger (1992) and by Heckman et al. (1996), we find that the quality of schools in a respondent's magisterial district of origin has a large and significant effect on the rate of return to schooling for Black men.The South African results are notable, moreover, because they are so similar to those estimated by Card and Krueger (1992) for the United States.
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Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Schools in South Africa - Case, Anne; Yogo, Motohiro (1999)
This paper contributes to what is known about the impact of school quality, by documenting its effect on the incomes of Black South Africans, using data from the 1996 South African census and two national surveys of school quality.South Africa provides an interesting laboratory for studying the impact of school quality on labor market outcomes.Under the Apartheid system, Blacks faced extremely limited residential and school choices, which limits the extent to which results are attributable to the endogeneity of school and residential choice.In addition, Black schools' funding and staffing decisions were made rather arbitrarily by a White government that was at best indifferent to the needs of Black schools.Large differences in pupil/teacher ratios developed between Black schools, differences much larger than those observed in the United States.Using a two-state estimation procedure similar to that employed by Card and Krueger (1992) and by Heckman et al. (1996), we find that the quality of schools in a respondent's magisterial district of origin has a large and significant effect on the rate of return to schooling for Black men.The South African results are notable, moreover, because they are so similar to those estimated by Card and Krueger (1992) for the United States.
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Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Schools in South Africa - Case, Anne; Yogo, Motohiro (1999)
This paper contributes to what is known about the impact of school quality, by documenting its effect on the incomes of Black South Africans, using data from the 1996 South African census and two national surveys of school quality.South Africa provides an interesting laboratory for studying the impact of school quality on labor market outcomes.Under the Apartheid system, Blacks faced extremely limited residential and school choices, which limits the extent to which results are attributable to the endogeneity of school and residential choice.In addition, Black schools' funding and staffing decisions were made rather arbitrarily by a White government that was at best indifferent to the needs of Black schools.Large differences in pupil/teacher ratios developed between Black schools, differences much larger than those observed in the United States.Using a two-state estimation procedure similar to that employed by Card and Krueger (1992) and by Heckman et al. (1996), we find that the quality of schools in a respondent's magisterial district of origin has a large and significant effect on the rate of return to schooling for Black men.The South African results are notable, moreover, because they are so similar to those estimated by Card and Krueger (1992) for the United States.
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Emergency contraception in Nairobi, Kenya: knowledge, attitudes and practices among policymakers, family planning providers and clients, and university students - a survey of knowledge and attitudes among students at Princeton University - Clark, Stuart; Lukhando, Moses; Elul, Batya; Olenja, Joyce; Muia, Esther; Ellertson, Charlotte (1999)
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Ultrasound training in South Africa. - Corr, Peter (PubMed, 1999)
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The intellectual contribution of Nana Asma'u to women's education in nineteenth‐century Nigeria - Dangana, Muhammad (Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 1999)
(1999). The intellectual contribution of Nana Asma'u to women's education in nineteenth‐century Nigeria. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 285-290.
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Antiracist Education and Curriculum Transformation for Equity and Justice in the New Millennium: United States and South African Challenges - Donaldson, Karen B. McClean; Seepe, Sipho (International Journal of Educational Reform, 1999)
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Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes and Sexual Practices Relating to HIV Infection/AIDS among Nigerian Secondary School Students - Fawole, Olufunmilayo I.; Asuzu, Michael C.; Oduntan, S Olu (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 1999)
This study examined AIDS/HIV-related knowledge attitudes and sexual practices of Nigerian secondary school students. The study employed 450 students using a multistage sampling technique from 4 Nigerian secondary schools. Questionnaires used in the study addressed sociodemographic characteristics knowledge about transmission and prevention of AIDS attitude towards the disease and disease-infected individuals sexual practices and AIDS education programs. Results revealed that 85.4% were able to describe AIDS correctly and 83.3% were aware of the transmission mode. A higher score was noted with increasing age and educational level in the analysis of sociodemographic characteristics. On the other hand a negative attitude prevailed among the adolescents with 70.7% claiming their dislike of having AIDS-infected individuals near them. Among the students studied 35.3% were sexually active and 26.7% had had sexual intercourse in the month prior to the survey. Two risk categories were observed in the assessment of sexual behavior: low-risk sexual status (having only one sexual partner) and consistent use of condoms. On the other hand high-risk individuals were those who reported having more than one concurrent sexual partner using condoms occasionally and having a past/present medical history of sexually transmitted disease. The study underscores the need to intensify existing AIDS campaigns particularly those that address the modification of adolescent behavior pertaining to HIV/AIDS.
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Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes and Sexual Practices Relating to HIV Infection/AIDS among Nigerian Secondary School Students - Fawole, Olufunmilayo I.; Asuzu, Michael C.; Oduntan, S. Olu (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 1999)
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Will Higher Education Make a Difference? African Americans' Economic Expectations and College Choice. - Freeman, Kassie (College and University, 1999)
In this Spencer Post-Doctoral funded, qualitative inquiry across a range of cities, schools, and family circumstances, African American high school students were given the opportunity to voice their perceptions of the influences on African Americans' college choice-the decision to participate or not to participate in higher education. The study concludes that African American high school students perceived that economic expectations, the connection between what they perceive to be the costs of attending higher education and what they perceive as their future earning potential, loom large in their considerations of higher education participation. There is nothing more dreadful for academicians to consider or discuss than the notion that individuals actually think about jobs as one rationale for attending higher education. For academicians, the thought of considering a job as a reason to attend higher education violates the very idea of higher education: education for the sake of education. Once the subject of getting a job is broached, professors quickly begin to discuss how that very idea vocationalizes higher education. The irony of that logic is that there has never been a time in higher education history when the ultimate aim of completing higher education was not to better one's self economically and socially, which, as it is today, was attached to the prestige of the job one accepted after the completion of higher education. Academicians continue to be in denial about students' economic expectations from higher education even when surveys such as the one completed by Boyer (1987) demonstrated that in the late 1980s an overwhelming number of college-bound high school students (90 percent) indicated that they were considering higher education as a means for getting a good job and that parents (88 percent) were equally concerned about the return on their investment, especially considering the high costs today of attending higher education institutions. Furthermore, economics of education and college choice theorists have solidly documented that economic expectations influence students' college choice process (Anderson and Hearn 1992; Hearn 1991). Given the linkage between economic expectations and college choice, one rationale for the fluctuation of African Americans' participation in higher education could be their perceptions of economic expectations after higher education. That is, in those times that African Americans perceive they will receive a more favorable return on their investment in higher education, there will be an increase in the number of African Americans choosing higher education participation. For example, according to Perlman (1973), in the 1970s, when African Americans perceived that after completing higher education, they did not receive employment commensurate with their level of schooling, a question that many African Americans began to ask was: Will college make a difference? The purpose of this research was to assess the effect of African Americans' perceptions of economic expectations on their college choice process. More specifically, this research examined two primary questions: In what ways do African American high school students' perceived economic expectations influence African Americans' choosing college participation? What can be learned from these students' perceptions of economic expectations that will be useful in explaining the fluctuation of African Americans' participation in higher education? In order to include a representative, diverse group of African American student voices, these questions were assessed from a range of African American high school students, across different high school types, and throughout different geographic regions. A qualitative method, utilizing group interviews, was used because rarely have college choice theorists utilized qualitative methods to examine influences on-students' college choice process. In this regard, this research can add a much needed, different dimension to economics of education and college choice theories, particularly as it relates to better understanding the influences on African Americans' choosing higher education and, more specifically, the role that economic expectations play in African Americans' decision to participate in higher education. …
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What do the World Bank's Poverty Assessments teach us about Poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa? - Hanmer, Lucia; Pyatt, Graham; White, Howard (Development and Change, 1999)
As part of the World Bank's poverty reduction strategy, Poverty Assessments have been carried out for a number of countries which analyse who the poor are, the causes of poverty and poverty reduction policies. This article reviews what can be learnt from the twenty‐five Assessments prepared for countries in sub‐Saharan Africa up to 1996. Whilst other factors are acknowledged in identifying the poor, the Assessments over‐emphasize income‐poverty defined against an inevitably arbitrary poverty line. The Assessments are shown to be weak in addressing the causes of poverty, often ignoring the historical perspective, political context, and international dimensions such as debt and commodity price trends, focusing instead on the lack of growth in recent years as the main cause of poverty. Weak understanding of the causes of poverty undermines the basis for country‐specific poverty reduction strategies: policy recommendations are usually an uncritical presentation of the World Bank's three‐pronged strategy of growth, investment in human capital and social safety nets. Although the Assessments do not explicitly acknowledge the point, they suggest that the number of poor people in Africa will continue to rise; nor is there any basis for confidence that policies are being put in place to redress the situation.
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A school-based AIDS education programme for secondary school students in Nigeria: a review of effectiveness - Io, Fawole; Asuzu, MC; So, Oduntan; Brieger, William R. (Health Education Research, 1999)
Nigerian secondary school students are becoming sexually active at an increasing earlier age. Sexually active students are at risk of contacting STDs, including HIV infection. As a result, health education initiatives to increase level of knowledge, influence attitudes and encourage safe sexual practices are being implemented in schools, but the effectiveness of these programmes have not been evaluated. In this study, the knowledge, attitude and sexual risk behaviors of 223 students who received a comprehensive health education intervention were compared with 217 controls. At post-test, intervention students exhibited greater knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention (P < 0.05). Intervention students were less likely to feel AIDS is a white man's disease and were more likely to be tolerant of people living with the disease (P < 0.05). After the intervention, the mean number of reported sexual partners among the experimental students significantly decreased from 1.51 to 1.06, while it increased from 1.3 to 1.39 among the controls. Among the intervention students there was also an increase in consistent use of the condom and the use of the condom at last sexual intercourse. We conclude that students can benefit from specific education programmes that transmit important information necessary to prevent risky behavior, and improve knowledge and attitudes on HIV/AIDS.
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A school-based AIDS education programme for secondary school students in Nigeria: a review of effectiveness - Io, Fawole; Asuzu, MC; So, Oduntan; Brieger, William R. (Health Education Research, 1999)
Nigerian secondary school students are becoming sexually active at an increasing earlier age. Sexually active students are at risk of contacting STDs, including HIV infection. As a result, health education initiatives to increase level of knowledge, influence attitudes and encourage safe sexual practices are being implemented in schools, but the effectiveness of these programmes have not been evaluated. In this study, the knowledge, attitude and sexual risk behaviors of 223 students who received a comprehensive health education intervention were compared with 217 controls. At post-test, intervention students exhibited greater knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention (P < 0.05). Intervention students were less likely to feel AIDS is a white man's disease and were more likely to be tolerant of people living with the disease (P < 0.05). After the intervention, the mean number of reported sexual partners among the experimental students significantly decreased from 1.51 to 1.06, while it increased from 1.3 to 1.39 among the controls. Among the intervention students there was also an increase in consistent use of the condom and the use of the condom at last sexual intercourse. We conclude that students can benefit from specific education programmes that transmit important information necessary to prevent risky behavior, and improve knowledge and attitudes on HIV/AIDS.
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A school-based AIDS education programme for secondary school students in Nigeria: a review of effectiveness - Io, Fawole; Asuzu, MC; So, Oduntan; Brieger, William R. (Health Education Research, 1999)
Nigerian secondary school students are becoming sexually active at an increasing earlier age. Sexually active students are at risk of contacting STDs, including HIV infection. As a result, health education initiatives to increase level of knowledge, influence attitudes and encourage safe sexual practices are being implemented in schools, but the effectiveness of these programmes have not been evaluated. In this study, the knowledge, attitude and sexual risk behaviors of 223 students who received a comprehensive health education intervention were compared with 217 controls. At post-test, intervention students exhibited greater knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention (P < 0.05). Intervention students were less likely to feel AIDS is a white man's disease and were more likely to be tolerant of people living with the disease (P < 0.05). After the intervention, the mean number of reported sexual partners among the experimental students significantly decreased from 1.51 to 1.06, while it increased from 1.3 to 1.39 among the controls. Among the intervention students there was also an increase in consistent use of the condom and the use of the condom at last sexual intercourse. We conclude that students can benefit from specific education programmes that transmit important information necessary to prevent risky behavior, and improve knowledge and attitudes on HIV/AIDS.
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A school-based AIDS education programme for secondary school students in Nigeria: a review of effectiveness - Io, Fawole; Asuzu, MC; So, Oduntan; Brieger, William R. (Health Education Research, 1999)
Nigerian secondary school students are becoming sexually active at an increasing earlier age. Sexually active students are at risk of contacting STDs, including HIV infection. As a result, health education initiatives to increase level of knowledge, influence attitudes and encourage safe sexual practices are being implemented in schools, but the effectiveness of these programmes have not been evaluated. In this study, the knowledge, attitude and sexual risk behaviors of 223 students who received a comprehensive health education intervention were compared with 217 controls. At post-test, intervention students exhibited greater knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention (P < 0.05). Intervention students were less likely to feel AIDS is a white man's disease and were more likely to be tolerant of people living with the disease (P < 0.05). After the intervention, the mean number of reported sexual partners among the experimental students significantly decreased from 1.51 to 1.06, while it increased from 1.3 to 1.39 among the controls. Among the intervention students there was also an increase in consistent use of the condom and the use of the condom at last sexual intercourse. We conclude that students can benefit from specific education programmes that transmit important information necessary to prevent risky behavior, and improve knowledge and attitudes on HIV/AIDS.
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The metamorphic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic (Birimian) volcanic Ashanti belt (Ghana, West Africa) - John, Timm; Klemd, Reiner; Hirdes, W.; Loh, Geoffrey (Precambrian Research, 1999)
Most rocks of the southern Ashanti belt have experienced a pervasive greenschist-facies overprint in accordance with observations made in other studies of Birimian rocks. A detailed mineral–chemical and textural examination of mineral relics and mineral cores in combination with geothermobarometry of amphibolites and metagranitoid rocks from a profile across the entire southern Ashanti belt suggests minimum peak-metamorphic conditions of amphibolite-facies grade at 500–650°C and 5–6 kbar for the Eburnean orogenic event. Zoned amphibole and plagioclase supply information on certain stages during the metamorphic evolution of Birimian rocks. In order to obtain information on the shape of the retrograde P–T path, baricentric projections of a reduced amphibole composition space were used. This qualitative descriptive method along with conventional geothermobarometry as well as compositional zoning of minerals reveals a clockwise P–T path with a moderate slope, thus indicating simultaneous cooling and decompression during exhumation. The entire Ashanti belt seems to represent the same crustal level and appears to have undergone a similar P–T evolution.
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Implementation of a comprehensive AIDS education programme for schools in Masaka District, Uganda - Kinsman, John; Harrison, Susan; Kengeya-Kayondo, Jane F.; Kanyesigye, Edward; Musoke, Saidat Namuli; Whitworth, James (AIDS Care, 1999)
As part of a large IEC (Information, Education and Communication)/STD intervention trial, a 19-lesson, comprehensive school-based AIDS education programme was implemented and evaluated in 50 primary and 16 secondary schools in 12 parishes of Masaka District, Uganda. A series of three teacher-training and evaluation workshops spread over a year was held in each parish, between which teachers implemented the programme in the classroom. One hundred and forty-eight teachers were trained and about 3,500 students were subsequently exposed to the programme. Both teachers and students responded positively, which suggests that this type of programme has much to offer young people who attend school. However, some problems were encountered: language, programme content, community resistance to teaching about condoms, and several practical issues. Proposed solutions include flexibility with the English language policy, alternative approaches to role play activities, targeting influential individuals with information about the need for young people to learn about safer sex, and a parallel community-based IEC programme to facilitate community acceptance of the need for the programme. In addition, implementation may be incomplete unless comprehensive AIDS education is fully incorporated into the curriculum, and properly examined. These findings are placed in the context of other life skills/AIDS education programmes being introduced both in Uganda and elsewhere in Africa.This paper presents a comprehensive teacher-based AIDS education program that was implemented in 50 primary and 16 secondary schools in Masaka District, Uganda. An education program produced by WHO/UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization was used which contained 53 English language student activities and related teachers' guides. 19 activities were chosen for the Masaka trial that would cover 15-20 hours of classroom time. A total of 148 teachers were trained and about 3500 students (85% fell within the target age range of 12-16 years) were exposed to the program. The program received positive response from both teachers and students. However, there were some problems encountered which included language difficulties, program content, and community resistance to teaching about condoms. There was a limited discussion of condoms in class because parents, religious sectors opposed it, and by teachers themselves who believe that condoms promote promiscuity. In addition, practical problems were also experienced such as time constraints, teacher attrition, sexual harassment of schoolgirls by some male teachers, and limited transportation and communication. The proposed solutions included flexibility with the English language policy, targeting influential individuals with information about the need for young people to learn about safer sex and a parallel community-based program to facilitate community acceptance of the need for the program. Finally, the benefits of this program range from reduction of HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies, to improved communication between sexual partners that is accompanied by an enhanced mental well-being.
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Ian H. Rowlands (ed.), Climate Change Co-operation in Southern Africa. London: Earthscan Publications, 1998, 186 pp., £15.95, ISBN 1 85383 520 X. - Kniveton, Dominic (Africa, 1999)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
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Scientific Literacy of Selected South African Matriculants Entering Tertiary Education: A Baseline Survey. - Laugksch, Rüdiger C.; Spargo, P. E. (South African Journal of Science, 1999)
Given the widely accepted need for scientifically literate individuals and the paucity of relevant data' on scientific literacy and formal education in South Africa, it is desirable to assess and to provide baseline data on the ability of the secondary education system to generate scientifically literate matriculants. Reported here are the results of a survey based on the Test of Basic Scientific incorporating selected literacy goals recommended by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The survey investigated levels of scientific literacy of 4,223 first-time entering university and technikon students, registered in a variety of disciplines at the five principal tertiary educational institutions in the Western Cape. Scientific literacy was examined with respect to population group, gender and variables related to secondary and tertiary education. (Contains 34 endnotes.) (Author) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Scientific Literacy of Selected South African Matriculants Entering
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Low Birth Weight and Risk of Hypertension in African School Children - Longo-Mbenza, Benjamin; Ngiyulu, René Makuala; Bayekula, Mafula; Vita, Eleuthère Kintoki; Nkiabungu, Fidele Bikangi; Seghers, Konrad V.; Luila, Evelyne Lukoki; Mandundu, Frida Matiaba; Manzanza, Machaire (European journal of cardiovascular prevention & rehabilitation, 1999)
BackgroundIn accordance with Baker's programming hypothesis, many studies have demonstrated a relationship between low birth weight (LBW) and high risk of hypertension in adulthood. The present study examines a possible association between LBW and the risk of a child having hypertension later in life.
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Who Shall Teach African American Literature? — Reply - McKay, Nellie Y. (Publications of the Modern Language Association, 1999)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
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Pyroxenite Xenoliths from Al Ashaer Volcano, Syria: Constraints on the Thermal State of the Subcontinental Arabian Lithosphere - Medaris, L. Gordon; Syada, G. (International Geology Review, 1999)
Pyroxenite xenoliths from the Pliocene Al Ashaer volcano, Syria, have been investigated to expand the database on pyroxenite xenoliths in the western part of the Arabian plate, and to complement the existing data for associated spinel peridotite xenoliths. Such data are essential for establishing the chemical composition and thermal state of the Arabian plate lithosphere, and for evaluating possible geographic and secular variations in the mantle. Sixteen samples of Al Ashaer pyroxenite xenoliths were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence for major and minor elements, and mineral compositions in six samples were determined by electron microprobe. Al Ashaer pyroxenites belong to the Al-augite group of mantle xenoliths, include spinel- and garnet-bearing varieties, and are characterized by a mosaic texture. Rock and mineral compositions indicate that the pyroxenites formed by high-pressure crystal accumulation from alkali basaltic melts in the upper mantle. Equilibration conditions for Al Ashaer pyroxenites are 970 to 1140°C and 11.5 to 13.8 kbar; these values are comparable to those for other pyroxenite xenoliths in the Arabian plate, and are consistent with T-P conditions for accompanying spinel peridotites. T-P conditions for xenolith suites from different locations in the western Arabian plate are unrelated to geographic position and tectonic setting. Pyroxenite and peridotite equilibration conditions are well above those predicted by the present-day surface heat flow of ∼45 mW/m2, and reflect a geologically young thermal pulse whose effects have yet to reach the surface. This thermal perturbation is caused most likely by advective heating of the subcontinental lithosphere by extensive and voluminous Neogene magmas, although high mantle temperatures immediately east of the Red Sea may be caused by convective thinning of the lithosphere associated with rifting.
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Prevalence of wheeze and asthma related symptoms among school children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. - Melaku, Kibrebeal; Berhane, Yemane (PubMed, 1999)
This survey was conducted as part of the international multi-centre study to determine the prevalence of wheeze and asthma-related symptoms among school children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It was conducted in June 1995. A standardized self-administered questionnaire developed by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) was used. The questionnaire was designed to offer a standardized epidemiological instrument to ensure comparison of results from wide range of countries. A total of 2951 children aged 13 and 14 years were enrolled into the study, of which 1393 (47.2%) were males and 1558 (52.8%) were females. Five hundred fifty seven children (18.2%) reported that they have had wheezing at least once in the last 12 months while only 84 children (2.8%) reported to have "Bronchial Asthma". One hundred eighty eight (6.4%) and 214 (7.3%) children reported sleep disturbance and limitation of speech associated with attacks, respectively. Nocturnal cough was reported by 805 (27.3%) children. Eight hundred two (27.2%) children reported exercise-induced wheeze. This study revealed that the prevalence of wheeze and other asthma related symptoms to be fairly high among school children of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Moreover, the majority of these children do not seem to know their problems and therefore, remain untreated. Further studies are recommended to precisely determine the prevalence of wheeze and asthma using more objective methods such as bronchial hyper-responsiveness test.
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II: Emotional and behavioural problems and trauma exposure of school‐age Palestinian children in Gaza: Some preliminary findings - Miller, Thomas; El-Masri, Mustafa; Allodi, F.; Qouta, Samir (Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 1999)
An international research team was established to design and implement a community-based, cross-section epidemiological survey of 669 school-age Palestinian children and their families living in the Gaza Strip. Several psychometric instruments were utilized for measuring mental health outcomes, including the Ontario Child Health Scale (OCHS) for measuring childhood emotional and behavioural problems, and the Child Post-traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTSRI) to measure post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Lifetime trauma exposure was assessed by using the Health Reach Modified War Questionnaire. It was found that children and adolescents from age six to 16 have high prevalence rates of conduct, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders and PTSD. These rates are higher than those reported internationally on children in non-conflict areas. A significant correlation was found between higher rates of lifetime trauma exposure, by frequency and type, and higher prevalence rates of mental health problems. The various state and non-governmental organizations involved in health care services are urged to use a community-based approach to alleviate the burden of suffering, including addressing issues of social justice for Palestinians.
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AIDS Bereavement Supports in an African American Church: A Model for Facilitator Training - Moore, Penelope (Illness, Crisis & Loss, 1999)
There has been very little (if any) attention given to the training needs of lay leaders to develop and facilitate AIDS bereavement support groups in an African American church. This article describes a model of facilitator training based on the principles of adult education and emphasizes experiental and didactic components of a six-session training program. Six participants (lay leaders) were designated for training by the senior pastor of the congregation. Feedback from participants suggests that this model of facilitator training is culturally sensitive and relevant to meeting the needs of AIDS grievers.
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Emergency contraception in Nairobi, Kenya: knowledge, attitudes and practices among policymakers, family planning providers and clients, and university students - Muia, Esther; Ellertson, Charlotte; Lukhando, Moses; Elul, Batya; Clark, Stuart; Olenja, Joyce (Contraception, 1999)
To gauge knowledge, attitudes, and practices about emergency contraception in Nairobi, Kenya, we conducted a five-part study. We searched government and professional association policy documents, and clinic guidelines and service records for references to emergency contraception. We conducted in-depth interviews with five key policymakers, and with 93 family planning providers randomly selected to represent both the public and private sectors. We also surveyed 282 family planning clients attending 10 clinics, again representing both sectors. Finally, we conducted four focus groups with university students. Although one specially packaged emergency contraceptive (Postinor levonorgestrel tablets) is registered in Kenya, the method is scarcely known or used. No extant policy or service guidelines address the method specifically, although revisions to several documents were planned. Yet policymakers felt that expanding access to emergency contraception would require few overt policy changes, as much of the guidance for oral contraception is already broad enough to cover this alternative use of those same commodities. Participants in all parts of the study generally supported expanded access to emergency contraception in Kenya. They did, however, want additional, detailed information, particularly about health effects. They also differed over exactly who should have access to emergency contraception and how it should be provided.A five-part study was conducted to gauge knowledge, attitudes, and practices about emergency contraception (EC) among policymakers, family planning providers and clients, and university students in Nairobi, Kenya. Government and professional association policy documents, and clinic guidelines and service records were searched for references to EC. In-depth interviews were conducted with 5 key policymakers, and with 93 family planning providers randomly selected to represent both the public and private sectors. Furthermore, 282 family planning clients attending 10 clinics were also surveyed and four focus groups were conducted with university students. Although one specially packaged EC was registered in Kenya, the method was scarcely known or used. No extant policy or service guidelines address the method specifically, although revisions to several documents were planned. Yet policymakers felt that expanding access to EC would require few overt policy changes, as much of the guidance for oral contraception was already broad enough to cover this alternative use of those same commodities. Participants in all parts of the study generally supported expanded access to EC in Kenya. They did, however, want additional detailed information, particularly on the health effects of EC. They also differed on who should have access to EC and how it should be provided.
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Public Funding of Primary Education in Kenya: Recent Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the Future - Mukudi, Edith (International Journal of Educational Reform, 1999)
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Medical education challenges in South Africa - Ncayiyana, Daniel J (Medical Education, 1999)
Medical EducationVolume 33, Issue 10 p. 713-715 Medical education challenges in South Africa First published: 04 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00547.xCitations: 5 Dan Ncayiyana Deputy Vice-Chancellor, University of Cape Town, 205 Bremner Building, University of Cape Town, Lovers Lane, Rondebosch 7700, Cape Town, South Africa Dan Ncayiyana South Africa Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume33, Issue10October 1999Pages 713-715 RelatedInformation
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Hematuria in two school-age refugee brothers from Africa - Newman, Robert D.; Schwartz, Michael F. (Pediatric Emergency Care, 1999)
Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, the International Health Program, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine (R. D. Newman), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (M. A. Schwartz). Margot Schwartz, MD, MPH, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359929, Seattle, WA 98104; email: [email protected] u.washington.edu The authors thank David K. Shay, MD, for thoughtful review of the manuscript, and Patricia Killam for follow-up information about the children.
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Onchocerciasis in pre-primary school children in Nigeria: lessons for onchocerciasis country control programme - Nwaorgu, O. C.; Okeibunor, Joseph (Acta Tropica, 1999)
There is limited data on the prevalence of onchocerciasis in young children in Nigeria, partly because treatment with the effective drug Ivermectin has been contra-indicated in children less than 5. As the risk of complications of onchocerciasis is related to duration and intensity of infection, it would be beneficial to know the prevalence in young children for design of control programmes. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the prevalence of onchocerciasis in 642 children 0–4 years old in a rain forest endemic community in South East Nigeria. The overall onchocerciasis prevalence (positive skin snips) for children 0–4 years old in three Local Government Areas in Enugu State, Eastern Nigeria was 15.7% with no significant difference in infection rates between male and female children. There was no detectable infection in children less than 1 year old. Characteristic onchocercal rash was identified in 11.1% of the children and presence of typical onchocercal subcutaneous palpable nodules in 4.6%. Total prevalence for adults in the same population was found to be 26.9%. This indicates that in onchocerciasis endemic communities, everybody may be at risk of infection irrespective of age.
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Ethics, Power, and Privilege: Neglected Considerations in the Education of African American Learners with Special Needs - Patton, James M.; Townsend, Brenda L. (Teacher Education and Special Education, 1999)
This article addresses issues of ethics, power, and privilege within the context of educating African American learners with disabilities and gifts and talent. After offering pertinent perspectives drawn from critical theory, the authors discuss selected salient critical issues in education, as these issues relate to ethics, power, and privilege. A discussion of special education teacher educators, teachers, and related personnel as change agents follows. Subsequent to this discussion, the authors offer an analysis of three ethical themes and suggest that their use could serve to guide the transformative education of African American learners with disabilities and gifts and talents. The article ends with a preview of subsequent articles of a planned series on ethics, power, and privilege.
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Minor Psychiatric Morbidity in South African Secondary School Pupils - Peltzer, Karl; Cherian, Varghese I.; Cherian, Lily (Psychological Reports, 1999)
This study investigated minor psychiatric morbidity ("neurotic": anxiety and depression symptoms) in rural (Black) South African secondary school pupils. The sample included 622 Grade 11 pupils (254 boys and 368 girls) in the age range of 17 to 24 years with a mean age of 19.3 yr. The inventories used were a questionnaire on the socioeconomic and family background, a Cultural Orientation Scale, a Student Stress Scale, a General Self-efficacy Scale, a Perceived Stress Scale, and the Self-reporting Questionnaire-20. The findings are that 12.6% of the pupils had a possible clinically significant psychological disorder. Contributing factors identified were interpersonal, study, finance, illness, perceived stress, low self-efficacy, and low religious orientation.
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Training for transformation: reorientating primary health care nurses for the provision of mental health care in South Africa - Petersen, Inge (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1999)
Using programme research, this paper reports on the evaluation of a programme designed to orientate primary health care nurses towards the provision of a comprehensive approach to care. In addition to training in psychiatric care, this was deemed necessary in order to facilitate comprehensive integrated primary mental health care in South Africa. Nurse-patient consultations were evaluated on indicators of comprehensive care before and after the programme. Interviews were also conducted with the participants individually and in a group. The results indicate that there are several factors which mediate the provision of comprehensive care by primary health care nurses. These include individual factors as well as contextual factors, inter alia, the structure and organization of the health care system, which historically has been organized to promote biomedical care. Furthermore, biomedicine has dominated training models in South Africa, instilling in nurses a biomedical approach to patient care.
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Behavioral and Emotional Problems Among Jamaican and African American Children, Ages 6 to 11: Teacher Reports Versus Direct Observations - Puig, Marieva; Lambert, Michael; Rowan, George T.; Winfrey, Tyrone; Lyubansky, Mikhail; Hannah, Stanley D.; Hill, Martin (Journal of emotional and behavioral disorders, 1999)
Several studies have demonstrated the importance of comparing different informants' (i.e., teachers, parents, observers) reports of children's behavior. A study comparing Jamaican and U.S. teacher reports on children ages 6 to II revealed that Jamaican teachers reported higher problem scores in their pupils than U.S. teachers. Do Jamaican children really have more problems than U.S. children, or do teachers in these two countries have different tolerance levels for certain problems? This study addressed this question by comparing observers' and teachers' reports on Jamaican and African American children. We obtained teachers' reports and conducted structured direct observations on the same group of children. Considerable disparity emerged between observers' and teachers' ratings of Jamaican versus African American pupils.The findings suggest that ethnic similarities between Jamaican pupils and their teachers and the lack of similarities between African American pupils and their teachers may affect the teachers' threshold for perceiving the problems that their pupils present.
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War, refuge and self: soldiers students and artists in Kampala, Uganda - Schrijvers, Joke; Lammers, Ellen (1999)
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Gleaning Meaning from Case Studies in International Comparison: teachers’ experiences of reform in Russia and South Africa - Schweisfurth, Michele (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1999)
Abstract This paper considers how case study approaches may be used cross‐nationally. It outlines five key stages in the process of conducting case study research and of learning from it: selection, verification, cumulation, generalisation, and application. The research used to illustrate these principles is a study of teachers’ experiences of changes in education in post‐communist Russia and post‐apartheid South Africa.
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United States Aid and the Development of Higher Education in Ukraine and South Africa : Tale of Two Countries - Stetar, Joseph (Journal of international cooperation in education, 1999)
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Who Shall Teach African American Literature? - Subbaraman, Sivagami (Publications of the Modern Language Association, 1999)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
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Who Shall Teach African American Literature? - Subbaraman, Sivagami (Publications of the Modern Language Association, 1999)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
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Who Shall Teach African American Literature? - Subbaraman, Sivagami (Publications of the Modern Language Association, 1999)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
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Changes in perceptions and motivation of archives and library students during training at the University of Ghana - Tiamiyu, Mutawakilu A.; Tackie, S.N.B.; Akussah, Harry (Education for Information, 1999)
Changes in the entry-level perceptions and motivations of sub-degree diploma and postgraduate degree students after one-year training at the Department of Library and Archival Studies (DLAS), Uni-versity of Ghana were analyzed. Students responses to items in a structured questionnaire at the start of their programmes were compared to their responses to the items a year after using paired t-test methods. Among the key findings was that both archives and library students improved their perceptions of the library profession and careers significantly. Library students improved from an initially much lower perception of their profession and careers compared to what archives students had of theirs. Archives students improved their perceptions of the library profession and careers most probably because the joint courses of the parallel archives and library programmes of the DLAS enabled them to increase their awareness of the essence and importance of the library profession and careers relative to theirs. In view of the increasing convergence of the information professions, and the many joint courses of the DLAS programmes, it is recommended that the DLAS might consider introducing some flexibility into the curricula of its two-year diploma programmes in archives and library studies to enable students who so desire to switch from ar-chives to library specialization or vice versa after the first year.
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The current status and future needs of education and training in Family Medicine and Primary Care in South Africa - Villiers, Pierre de; Villiers, Marietjie Rene De (Medical Education, 1999)
South Africa is undergoing tremendous political and social change affecting every sphere of society, including medical education and the delivery of health services. The legacy of its history created a health system that in some respects can be compared to the best in the world, but one also characterized by inequity, discrimination and lack of access to even basic services for the rural and the poor. Its medical education system trails behind modern trends such as problem-based learning, community-based education and the utilizing of general/family practitioners as trainers. Vocational training in family practice is not compulsory for independent practice. The discipline of family practice has nevertheless developed the programmes and core infrastructure for such a future undertaking in the form of masters programmes in family medicine at all medical schools. The recently introduced system of compulsory recertification through continuous professional development provides a window of opportunity to develop locally relevant curricula and appropriate education and training methods for family practitioners. Challenges for family practice include the establishment of the role and value of the discipline in a developing country with a health system based on a nurse-driven primary care service and the re-orientation of family medicine teachers, trained in a biomedical paradigm, to the patient-centred approach. The aspirations of family practice are to define the core content of the discipline, establish and nurture a culture of research in primary care, and to develop and introduce appropriate under and postgraduate training programmes for the new generation of family doctors.
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Ethics, Power, and Privilege: Neglected Considerations in the Education of African American Learners With Special Needs - Voltz, Deborah L. (Teacher Education and Special Education, 1999)
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THE REFORM OF THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN NIGERIA/AFRICA - Uka, Emele (1999)
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Student teachers' perceptions of solutions to dilemmas in multicultural classrooms in South Africa - Meier, Corinne (1999)
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Job stress associated with surgical training in Nigeria. - Ca, Adebamowo; Er, Ezeome; Aj, Ajuwon; Oo, Adekunle (PubMed, 1999)
Surgical residency training is acknowledged as being stressful, however the degree of stress, factors causing it, methods of coping with it, and the incidence of substance abuse has not been previously studied in our environment. We therefore used a self-administered questionnaire to survey 100 Nigerian Surgical Residents of whom 72 responded in September 1995. Our result shows that our residents spend 39.8, 36.8 and 23.3 percent of their time on patient care, educational activities and ancillary care, respectively. Eighty-nine percent of them considered their work to be stressful mainly because of lack of facilities and the unstructured nature of the program. Physical exhaustion, irresponsible behavior and sleep disorders were some of the abnormalities suffered as a result of this. In all, 5.6% rated the stress as severe, while 69.4% considered it moderate. Examinations produced the most stress, followed by operating sessions and patient care. Overall, substance abuse was uncommon with 16.7% claiming to have used alcohol in the one month preceding the study, but 8.3% claimed to need alcohol in order to function. Tobacco, benzodiazepine and barbiturates are some of the substances that our respondents have abused. There was no reported abuse of cannabis, heroin, cocaine, LSD or other psychotropic drugs. We conclude that though stress is inevitable during surgical training, some of the causes can be ameliorated. There is need to reduce the amount of time residents spend on ancillary care, while the current methods of examinations should be reconsidered to incorporate current adult learning theories. Residents should get adequate time for rest and recreation while exposure to modern surgical training in better-endowed centers should be incorporated into the training programme.
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The Health Belief Model and AIDS-Preventive Behavior in a Ghana Student Population - Manu, Franklyn; Sriram, Ven (Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 1999)
Abstract The AIDS pandemic in Africa has led to efforts aimed at changing human behavior that lead to infection. Various models exist that have potential for explaining. AIDS-preventive behavior. The Health Belief Model (HBM), which has been tested in the U.S., is used to examine such behavior in a sample of students in Ghana. Findings from the study indicate gender differences in terms of AIDS-preventive behavior and self-efficacy associated with it. These findings suggest a need for gender-specific messages and indicate that messages aimed at women should instill the belief that they have the power to engage in AIDS-preventive behavior. The relatively low levels of AIDS knowledge among the sample also points to the need for better focused AIDS communication campaigns.
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MED29/434: Using C&IT for Continuing Medical Education in Africa - a pilot project in Zimbabwe - Robinson, Geoffrey C.; Dobson, M; Sewell, Julie (Journal of Medical Internet Research, 1999)
Introduction: There are many problems associated with continuing medical education in developing countries. For clinicians in district hospitals the difficulties can be extreme, including having little access to relevant literature or contact with colleagues. "World Anaesthesia" addressed these problems in two key areas:1. to improve the level of anaesthetic training among non-specialists working in district hospitals2. the introduction and exposure to appropriate anaesthetic technology, capable of being understood, used, serviced and sustained at local level WA produces an educational journal "Update in Anaesthesia", targeted at anaesthetists in developing countries. It has been widely acclaimed by its recipients, who receive it free of charge. "Update" is a recognised teaching resource, and there have been requests for reprints. This is not viable, however the journals were readily converted to hypertext and Adobe PDF and are available from the WFSA web site (http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/). Permission has been obtained from anaesthetic journals, to reproduce review articles. The reviews are more than 2 years old and can be a priceless resource to those without access to a good library.
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Surface water pollution in the semiarid Setif region of Algeria - Kebiche, Mustapha; Benabid, Chaouki; Adjal, Fayal (Science et changements planétaires / Sécheresse, 1999)
Connue pour etre une region peu polluee, Setif aura du mal a garder pendant longtemps cette reputation quelque peu surfaite. En effet, cette etude met en evidence une pollution biologique des eaux superficielles qui affecte serieusement son environnement. Les effluents urbains et industriels sont deverses dans l’oued Boussellam sans traitement prealable. La demande biologique d’oxygene a 5 jours et la demande chimique en oxygene ont des valeurs trop elevees par rapport aux normes algeriennes en vigueur dans tous les rejets analyses. Cette contamination a pour effet non seulement une recrudescence recente de nombreuses epidemies mais aussi une reduction alarmante des especes vegetales peuplant l’oued Boussellam. Tout cela se presente dans un contexte climatique fort defavorable : la region appartient a un climat mediterraneen semi-aride avec des precipitations concentrees essentiellement durant la saison froide, l’ete et l’automne etant quasiment secs. Les debits des cours d’eau sont alors tres faibles, voire nuls. De fortes chaleurs conjuguees a des debits tres faibles entrainent une concentration maximum des polluants deverses dans les cours d’eau et font augmenter les risques d’epidemie.
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[Effect of Onchocerca volvulus infestation on plasma vitamin A concentration in school children in a rural region of Cameroon]. - Zambou, Ngoufack François; Mbiapo, Tchouanguep Félicité; Landó, Gabriel; Tchana, Kouatchoua Angèle; Gouado, Innocent (PubMed, 1999)
Vitamin A deficiency is known to be associated with immune dysfunction and common childhood infections. However, little is known about the relationship between vitamin A deficiency and onchocerciasis in children. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and to investigate the relationship between vitamin A status and onchocerciasis. A total of 231 children, aged 6 to 15 years, were randomly selected between March 1995 and April 1996 at Yambassa and Balamba (central province of Cameroon). They were examined: we determined their vitamin A status and whether they had onchocerciasis. We diagnosed onchocerciasis by skin biopsy and the detection of antibodies against Onchocerca volvulus in the blood. We found that 101 of the 231 children examined (43.73%) had palpable nodules and/or microfilariae and the remaining 130 (56.27%) had been exposed to the parasite but had no clinical signs of infestation. Some children tested negative for skin microfilariae but positive by ELISA. Thus, 197 (85.28%) children were found to be infested with O. volvulus (group A) and the remaining 34 (14.72%) were found to have been exposed to the parasite but to have no clinical signs of onchocerciasis (group B). Plasma vitamin A concentrations were marginal, with concentrations below 0.7 mumol/l (20 mug/dl) recorded for 82.25% of the subjects. Children with onchocerciasis were more likely to have low vitamin A status. The mean plasma vitamin A concentration of infested children (0.52 +/- 0.14 mumol/l) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the children exposed but not infested. The parasite, O. volvulus, uses the vitamin A present in host tissues during its development, leading to a decrease in plasma retinol concentration.
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Materials and Methods in Nigerian School Learning Environments - Abimbade, A. (Educational Media International, 1999)
Abstracts English: Certain factors such as spatial, thermal, visual, acoustic and aesthetic have considerable impact on learning environments. This paper examines how these factors singly or together affect learners and the system. Suggestions are made to education bodies to put emphasis on appropriate environments for learning, and to encourage teachers properly to select and use media in instruction.
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CONCEPTUALIZING A DU BOISIAN PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION: TOWARD A MODEL FOR AFRICAN-AMERICAN EDUCATION - Alridge, Derrick P. (Educational Theory, 1999)
Educational TheoryVolume 49, Issue 3 p. 359-379 CONCEPTUALIZING A DU BOISIAN PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION: TOWARD A MODEL FOR AFRICAN-AMERICAN EDUCATION Derrick P. Alridge, Derrick P. Alridge Assistant Professor of Social Foundations of Education, University of Georgia, 630 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA 30602-7177. His primary areas of scholarship are African-American and U.S. educational philosophy, intellectual history, and historical policy analysis.Search for more papers by this author Derrick P. Alridge, Derrick P. Alridge Assistant Professor of Social Foundations of Education, University of Georgia, 630 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA 30602-7177. His primary areas of scholarship are African-American and U.S. educational philosophy, intellectual history, and historical policy analysis.Search for more papers by this author First published: 25 January 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.1999.00359.xCitations: 11Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume49, Issue3September 1999Pages 359-379 RelatedInformation
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A Connoisseurship Evaluation of the Computer Curriculum, Grade 0–7 at Sacred Heart College Primary School, Johannesburg, South Africa: Present Practices and Future Direction - Basson, Ray (The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 1999)
Abstract: Following three years development of the computer curriculum at Sacred Heart College Primary School, the findings of a descriptive evaluation suggest, unexpectedly, an approach to curriculum resembling a limited form of social reconstructionism presenting opportunities to bridge divides which historically have separated pupils in South Africa. The evidence suggests “ideal” use in this school is linked to creative uses of computers as “tools” rather than linked to “adjunct” use or computer-assisted instruction. In particular, it demonstrates how the development of a formal curriculum may build bridges between pupils of different cultures, languages, race, and gender.
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Pre-school follow-up of a cohort of children with myelomeningocele in Cape Town, South Africa - Buccimazza, Sandro S.; Molteno, Christopher D.; Dunne, Timothy T. (Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 1999)
A cohort of South African children with myelomeningocele was followed for 5 years. Fifty-three were from metropolitan Cape Town and 65 from rural areas including the tribal region of Transkei. The mean general developmental quotient (GQ) at 5 years of age was lower than that previously reported. Black and coloured children had lower GQs than white children, but there were no significant differences between those from the urban and the rural areas. Early closure of the lesion and delivery by caesarean section were associated with higher levels of general developmental functioning. Central nervous system infections and the placement of more than one shunt for hydrocephalus resulted in lower GQs. Lesions above L2 were associated with non-ambulation. Ambulation was more likely in children in Cape Town than in rural children. Urinary incontinence occurred more frequently in rural children and among those in lower socio-economic circumstances.
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Developing Training Partnerships with African Institutions - Charlton, Jacqueline (Teaching public administration, 1999)
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LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN ELDERLY AFRICAN AMERICANS - Dickens, J.; Unverzagt, Fred; Hall, Kathleen; Hui, S.L.; Hendrie, H.C. (The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1999)
Purpose: To characterize the course of cognitive impairment in a longitudinal study of elderly community-dwelling African Americans and to identify factors associated with progression to dementia. Methods: Research subjects were volunteers in the Indianapolis Study of Health and Aging, a community-based study of the prevalence and risk factors of dementia among African Americans. A random sample of 2,212 persons was interviewed and a subset of these subjects, weighted toward those with older age and impairment (n=354), were referred for initial clinical assessment consisting of 1) informant interview, 2) physical and neurological examination, 3) laboratory studies, and 4) cognitive testing using the CERAD neuropsychological battery. Diagnosis of Normal (NC), Cognitive Impairment (CI), defined as cognitive dysfunction without clear decline in daily functioning, or Dementia by DSM III-R criteria (DMT) was then made by consensus using all clinical information. Subtypes of CI were defined according to presumed etiology. Follow-up assessment using the same procedures was conducted about 18 months after the initial assessment. A second follow-up study is in progress. Results: Of the 354 subjects referred for initial clinical evaluation, 183 were diagnosed as NC, 65 as DMT and 106 as CI. At baseline, CI subtypes were represented as follows: isolated memory loss/prodromal Alzheimer's disease (n=49), stroke (n=16), alcohol abuse (n=14), major medical illness (n=12) and other/indeterminate (n=15). At follow-up, 67 of the 106 participants were seen; 17 (25%) were now diagnosed as NC, 17 (25%) had progressed to DMT, and 33 (50%) remained as CI. Second follow-up assessment results will be a point of discussion in this presentation. Summary: The authors examined the longitudinal course of cognitive impairment in a population of community-dwelling, elderly African Americans. The rate of progression from CI to dementia was about 25%, and an equal percentage moved from CI to normal after 18 months. Subjects with the baseline prodromal designation had higher rates of progression to dementia.
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Incorporating AIDS Education in Prison Adult Education Programs in Nigeria. - Enuku, Usiwoma Evawoma; Enuku, Christie Akpoigho (Journal of correctional education, 1999)
HIV/AIDS incidence terrible as it is already in sub-Saharan Africa will get worse if concerted efforts are not put in place to tackle it urgently. Most of the AIDS education programs in Nigeria are through the mass media television radio and newspapers which are not accessible to most prison inmates due to government policy. In spite of this prison adult education does not include AIDS education. With total confinement of prison inmates and the absence of conjugal visits and parole given the ages of inmates in situ homosexuality may be common. Prison inmates have no access to the mass media so prison adult education should include AIDS education. This paper outlines the objectives of AIDS education and the benefits especially to improve community defense against AIDS. To ignore the sex life of prison inmates is to sweep dirt under the carpet since the inmates will eventually return to the community where they rightly belong. (authors)
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Reflections on Academic Development: What We Can Learn from the South African Experience. Technical Report. - Epstein, Ruth (1999)
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Taming the Cobra: English, Multilingualism, and Language Education in South Africa. A Comparison with Canada. - Epstein, Ruth (1999)
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The 2.7–2.0 Ga volcano-sedimentary record of Africa, India and Australia: evidence for global and local changes in sea level and continental freeboard - Eriksson, P.G.; Mazumder, Rajat; Sarkar, S.; Bose, Pradip; Altermann, Wladyslaw; Merwe, Ria Van der (Precambrian Research, 1999)
The 2.7–2.0 Ga volcano-sedimentary records of the African, Indian and Australian cratons indicate two broadly defined periods of extensive drowning of the emergent continental areas, concomitant with lowered freeboard. Carbonate-banded iron formation (BIF) platforms characterised the first such event, at ca 2.6–2.4 Ga (Africa and Australia) to 2.7 Ga (India). These earlier globally enhanced sea levels are ascribed to increased mid-ocean ridge activity, possibly related to breakup of a postulated Late Archaean ‘southern’ supercontinent. Alternatively, a transition from global-scale catastrophic mantle overturn events to the onset of plate tectonics may have occurred in the Late Archaean (Nelson, 1998. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 158, 109–119). Both explanations of increased mid-ocean ridge activity are compatible with significant Early to Middle Archaean crustal growth (Armstrong, 1981. Phil. Trans. R Soc. London A 301, 443–472), with the emergent high freeboard cratons being subjected to aggressive weathering and erosion. Enhanced continental crustal growth near the Archaean–Proterozoic boundary (McLennan and Taylor, 1982. J. Geol. 90, 347–361), related to the development of significant island arc complexes, would have resulted in common lowered freeboard–enhanced sea level conditions at the passive margins of the ‘southern’ cratons. The diachronous nature of these earlier transgressions in the various cratons may reflect the effect of local tectonic movements and/or the thermal state of the cratons. From ca 2.4–2.2 Ga, cratons that make up the present-day continents of India, Africa and Australia had relatively high continental freeboard and lowered sea levels. Glacigenic deposits are preserved on the Kaapvaal (Africa), Singhbhum (India) and Pilbara (Australia) cratons. The second broadly defined drowning event, at ca <2.2 and >2.15 Ga, was probably due to post-glacial climatic amelioration. Freeboard was reduced by the combination of eustatic rise and the reestablishment of aggressive weathering as warmer palaeoclimates returned. In India, carbonates were more prominent than the siliciclastic sediments (including prominent black shales) seen in Africa and Australia.
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HBCs or PWIs? African American High School Students' Consideration of Higher Education Institution Types - Freeman, Kassie (The Review of Higher Education, 1999)
This study reports opinions from a cross-section of African American high school students from various cities, high school types, and family circumstances about their considerations of higher education institution type (HBCU or PWI). Exploring considerati ons rather than final selection provides a more comprehensive, expansive view of these students' selection and college choice process. The findings suggest that type of high schools attended and cultural affinity are among the range of influences consider ed.
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Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift system: geochemical evidence from the Kivu volcanic province - Furman, Tanya; Graham, David W. (Lithos (Oslo. Print), 1999)
This study presents new major and trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic results for a suite of Miocene–Recent mafic lavas from the Kivu volcanic province in the western branch of the East African Rift. These lavas exhibit a very wide range in chemical and isotopic characteristics, due to a lithospheric mantle source region that is heterogeneous on a small scale, probably <1 km. The chemical and isotopic variations are mostly geographically controlled: lavas from Tshibinda volcano, which lies on a rift border fault on the northwestern margin of the province, have higher values of 87Sr/86Sr, (La/Sm)n, Ba/Nb, and Zr/Hf than the majority of Kivu (Bukavu) samples. The range of 87Sr/86Sr at Tshibinda (0.70511–0.70514) overlaps some compositions found in the neighboring Virunga province, while Bukavu group lavas include the lowest 87Sr/86Sr (0.70314) and highest εNd (+7.6) yet measured in western rift lavas. The Tshibinda compositions trend towards a convergence for Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic values among western rift lavas. Among Kivu lavas, variations in 143Nd/144Nd correlate with those for certain incompatible trace element ratios (e.g., Th/Nb, Zr/Hf, La/Nb, Ba/Rb), with Tshibinda samples defining one compositional extreme. There are covariations of isotopic and trace element ratios in mafic lavas of the East African Rift system that vary systematically with geographic location. The lavas represent a magmatic sampling of variations in the underlying continental lithospheric mantle, and it appears that a common lithospheric mantle (CLM) source is present beneath much of the East African Rift system. This source contains minor amphibole and phlogopite, probably due to widespread metasomatic events between 500 and 1000 Ma. Lava suites which do not show a strong component of the CLM source, and for which the chemical constraints also suggest the shallowest magma formation depths, are the Bukavu group lavas from Kivu and basanites from Huri Hills, Kenya. The inferred extent of lithospheric erosion therefore appears to be significant only beneath these two areas, which is generally consistent with lithospheric thickness variations estimated from gravity and seismic studies.
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Origin and diagenesis of blue-green clays and volcanic glass in the Pleistocene of the Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Marginal Ridge (ODP Leg 159, Site 959) - Giresse, Pierre; Wiewióra, Andrzej (Sedimentary Geology, 1999)
The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 959 was drilled in the northern border of the Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Ridge at a water depth of 2100 m. Pleistocene total thickness does not exceed 20 m. Winnowing processes resulted in a low accumulation rate and notable stratigraphic hiatuses. During the Late Pleistocene, bottom circulation was very active and controlled laminae deposition (contourites) which increased the concentration of glauconitic infillings of foraminifera, and of volcanic glass and blue-green grains more rarely, with one or several subordinate ferromagnesian silicates. Volcanic glass generally was X-ray amorphous and schematically classified as basic to intermediate (44–60% SiO2). Opal-A or opal-CT suggested the beginning of the palagonitisation process, and previous smectitic deposits may have been eroded mechanically. The blue-green grains presented two main types of mineralogic composition: (1) neoformed K, Fe-smectite associated with zeolite (like phillipsite) and unequal amounts of quartz and anorthite; (2) feldspathic grains dominated by albite but including quartz, volcanic glass and smectites as accessory components. They were more or less associated with the volcanic glass. On the basis of their chemical composition, the genetic relationship between the blue-green grains and the volcanic glass seemed to be obvious although some heterogeneous grains seemed to be primary ignimbrite and not the result of glass weathering. The most reasonable origin of these pyroclastic ejecta would be explosive events from the Cameroon Volcanic Ridge, especially from the Sao Thome and Principe Islands and Mount Cameroon area. This is supported both by grain geochemistry and the time of volcanic activity, i.e. Pleistocene. After westward wind transport (some 1200 km) and ash fall-out, the subsequent winnowing by bottom currents controlled the concentration of the volcanic grains previously disseminated inside the hemipelagic sediment. Palagonitisation, and especially phillipsite formation, may result from a relatively rapid reaction during burial diagenesis (<1 m.y.), in deep-sea deposits at relatively low sedimentation rate. However, it cannot be excluded that the weathering had begun widely on the Cameroon Ridge before the explosive event.
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“Hey, Those Shoes Are Out of Uniform”: African American Girls in an Elite High School and the Importance of Habitus - Horvat, Erin McNamara; Antonio, Anthony Lising (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 1999)
We examine how race and class influenced the lives of six African American high school seniors who attended a predominantly white, elite, independent secondary school. Race and class contributed to an organizational habitus of the school characterized by white and wealthy privilege. Interaction of that dominant habitus with the dissimilar individual habitus of the students resulted in a form of symbolic violence—symbolic violence the black students knowingly endured in exchange for the social mobility afforded by attending the elite school.
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College Aspirations among Low‐Income African American High School Students: Gendered Strategies for Success - Hubbard, Lea (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 1999)
This study examines the gender‐specific strategies that 30 African American high school youths developed to remain academically successful and traces their success to participation in an educational reform program, the culture of their families, and the culture of the low‐income communities in which they lived. One learns the benefit of examining the interrelatedness of ethnicity, class, and gender when attempting to understand the ways in which academic success is constructed.
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Learning lessons the hard way — Somalia and Srebrenica compared - Klep, Christ; Winslow, Donna (Small Wars & Insurgencies, 1999)
(1999). Learning lessons the hard way — Somalia and Srebrenica compared. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 10, Peace Operations Between War and Peace, pp. 93-137.
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Transforming Further Education and Training in South Africa: A Case Study of Technical Colleges in KwaZulu-Natal. Volume One: Qualitative Findings and Analysis. - Kraak, André; Hall, Graham (1999)
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Determination of urinary iodine in school children of the Hhohho region in Swaziland - Lwenje, Salia M.; Okonkwo, Jonathan O.; Mtetwa, Victor S. B.; Gamedze, Audrey Gugu; Mavundla, Jabu A.; Sihlongonyane, Mbuso M. (International journal of environmental health research (Print), 1999)
Urinary iodine was measured in urine samples collected from 399 school children in the Hhohho region of Swaziland. Thirteen, 27, and 48% of the samples were found to contain 20, 50 and 100 mugI dm-3 respectively. These values indicate that there is substantial iodine deficiency in the Hhohho region. A correlation was found between the severity of iodine deficiency and the physiographic region where the sample was obtained; the highveld with a mean urinary iodine concentration of 97 mug dm-3 being most at risk of iodine deficiency whilst the lowveld with 134 mug dm-3 was least at risk.
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Habitat use and ranging behaviour of tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus, in the Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda - Milner, Jos M.; Harris, Stephen (African Journal of Ecology, 1999)
Habitat use and ranging behaviour of tree hyrax were investigated by radio‐tracking in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Individuals were predominantly arboreal and showed a daily pattern of vertical movement, being found highest in the canopy at night. Hyrax often spent the night in tree cavities and spent the day resting on branches. Habitat use is discussed in terms of thermoregulation and predator avoidance. Tree selection, modelled by logistic regression analysis, was most influenced by shelter properties. These criteria were best satisfied by large, cavity‐forming Hagenia abyssinica , which were preferentially used. Tree hyrax population density was potentially limited by the availability of shelter. Home ranges were identified by minimum convex polygons for ten individuals. Total area and number of trees used were positively correlated with body mass, whilst the core area was negatively correlated with tree density. Ranges were not stable over the 4‐month tracking period. There was considerable overlap of core areas between individuals. Core areas of mature males encompassed those of several females but no evidence of adult male range overlap was found. Female core areas tended to overlap with individuals of different ages. Male–female pair bonds were observed but the commonest association was parent–offspring.
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The Evaluation of Classroom Observation Activities by Egyptian Science Teachers and the Wider Implications for Teacher Training - Monk, Martin; Swain, Julian; Johnson, Sally (Journal of In-service education, 1999)
Abstract This article describes the evaluation of different classroom observation activities used by Egyptian science teachers whilst on visits to schools in London, United Kingdom. The teachers evaluated the activities for ease of use and usefulness. The ratings they gave the activities show that it is easier to record specific observable events than make evaluative judgements. The teachers thought it more useful to work with an observation activity that allows them to see familiar events rather than to interpret strange ones. It is suggested that these results have implications for structuring programmes of observation activities for both pre-service and in-service teacher training where there may be similar difficulties in helping teachers to see events as being part of a different paradigm of classroom practice
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Association of school dropout with recent and past injecting drug use among african american adults - Obot, Isidore; Anthony, James C. (Addictive Behaviors, 1999)
We hypothesized that, among African American adults, starting and maintaining injecting drug use (IDU) would be associated with dropping out of high school, and that starting and stopping IDU would be associated with earning the general equivalency diploma (GED) after school dropout. Drawn from the 1991-1993 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), the nationally representative sample of African Americans consisted of 117 recent and 109 past IDUs. Conditional multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the hypothesized associations. African American high school dropouts and GED holders were 2-3 times more likely to have started and maintained IDU, as compared to high school graduates. Earning the GED was associated with starting and then stopping IDU. These findings merit further investigation because they might have significant public health implications for the prevention of IDU among African Americans.
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A Study of the Impact of Medical Libraries on Clinical Decision-Making in Nigeria University Teaching Hospitals - Oduwole, A.A. (International Information & Library Review, 1999)
This study is aimed at examining the impact of an institution's medical library on the clinical decision-making of medical officers in two Nigerian University Teaching Hospitals. Medical information sources consulted by medical officers in Nigeria University teaching hospitals were examined. The results of the study revealed that the information provided by the library was appropriate to their clinical decisions. Medics rely mostly on their institution's library and personal data collections for information. Information is sought for the purposes of managing patients, evaluating new drugs, and support for the diagnosis of ailments. Scientific and technical journals, Index Medicus, Excerpta Medical, CD-ROM (MEDLINE) databases and foreign magazines are widely consulted. Respondents judged the library collection as fair. The study recommends that the existing medical libraries and information centers in Nigeria be well stocked for the retraining of librarians in modern information technology.
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A Study of the Impact of Medical Libraries on Clinical Decision-Making in Nigeria University Teaching Hospitals - Oduwole, A.A. (International Information & Library Review, 1999)
This study is aimed at examining the impact of an institution's medical library on the clinical decision-making of medical officers in two Nigerian University Teaching Hospitals. Medical information sources consulted by medical officers in Nigeria University teaching hospitals were examined. The results of the study revealed that the information provided by the library was appropriate to their clinical decisions. Medics rely mostly on their institution's library and personal data collections for information. Information is sought for the purposes of managing patients, evaluating new drugs, and support for the diagnosis of ailments. Scientific and technical journals, Index Medicus, Excerpta Medical, CD-ROM (MEDLINE) databases and foreign magazines are widely consulted. Respondents judged the library collection as fair. The study recommends that the existing medical libraries and information centers in Nigeria be well stocked for the retraining of librarians in modern information technology.
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NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SERVICES: STUDENTS OPINION - Onadiran, R. W. (Annals of library science and documentation, 1999)
Examines students opinion on the services of Ahmadu Bello University Library. Specifically examines the extent of students satisfaction with the university library services and reason(s) for dissatisfaction. Uses questionnaires distributed over a period of 31 days. Results reveal that a few students, 1,079 students (28.6%) were completely satisfied. Student dissatisfaction with the library centred largely on issues like books not in the library (64.2%) or no current periodicals (64.4%) respectively. Suggestions were offered for the improvement of library collection and services.
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The experiential learning cycle and its application towards the transformation of governmental extension services in sub-Saharan Africa - Percy, Rachel (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1999)
This article focuses on the use of the experiential learning cycle in the training of staff within the governmental extension services of sub-Saharan Africa. It starts with reference to a project in Ethiopia in which the experiential learning cycle was employed in a sequential training of trainers within the Extension Division of the Ministry of Agriculture. The project involved the use of participatory approaches and gender analysis in ensuring that the extension services became more client-oriented with particular reference to women. The project objectives, training process and the complementarity between the use of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and the experiential learning cycle are examined. Outcomes of the project in relation to experiential learning, as well as the enabling and constraining factors to the process, are reviewed. From this specific case, a more general analysis is drawn concerning the changing role of the extension worker and the consequent changes needed in both content and style of change agent training. It is suggested that experiential learning forms the basis of new extension approaches being taken up world-wide such as participatory technology development and farmer-based extension. The decentralization of extension services which is becoming more and more an issue in sub-Saharan Africa provides an opportunity for farmers to take ‘centre-stage’ and for farmers, agricultural research and extension to work together in partnership. The congruence between experiential learning and participatory approaches involved in this partnership can contribute to the transformation of ‘top-down’ extension services to those supporting sustainable and farmer based development.
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Capacity Building for Effective Governance: Some Thoughts on the Malawi Parliamentary Training Programme - Pindani, Disher Gladiator (Teaching Public Administration, 1999)
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Secondary education in Ghana at the dawn of the twenty-first century: Profile, problems, prospects - Quist, Hubert O. (PROSPECTS, 1999)
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Effects of an Entertainment‐education Radio Soap Opera on Family Planning Behavior in Tanzania - Rogers, Everett M.; Vaughan, Peter W.; Swalehe, Ramadhan M.A.; Rao, Nagesh; Svenkerud, Peer Jacob; Sood, Suruchi (Studies in Family Planning, 1999)
An entertainment-education radio soap opera introduced in Tanzania in 1993 was evaluated by means of a field experimental design in which the radio program was broadcast by seven mainland stations of Radio Tanzania. An eighth station broadcast alternative programming from 1993 to 1995, its listenership serving as a comparison area in which contemporaneous changes in family planning adoption were measured. The soap opera was subsequently broadcast nationwide from 1995 to 1997. Data about the effects of the radio soap opera were gathered in five annual surveys of about 2,750 households in the comparison and the treatment areas and from a sample of new family planning adopters in 79 health clinics. The soap opera had strong behavioral effects on family planning adoption; it increased listeners' self-efficacy regarding family planning adoption and influenced listeners to talk with their spouses and peers about contraception.This article evaluates the effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera, "Twende na Wakati" (Let's Go with the Time), introduced in Tanzania in 1993 on the adoption of family planning methods. The soap opera was evaluated by means of a large-scale field experimental design in which the radio program was broadcast in seven mainland stations. An eight-station broadcast was added from 1993 to 1995 and its listenership served as the basis in which contemporaneous changes in planning adoption were measured. Subsequently, the soap opera was broadcast nationwide from 1995 to 1997. In determining the effect of the soap opera, five annual surveys were conducted. Included in the survey were about 2750 households in the comparison and the treatment areas and from a sample of family planning adopter in 79 health clinics. Results of the survey indicate that the soap opera had strong behavioral effects on family planning adoption. Additionally, the incidence increases listeners' self-efficacy regarding family planning adoption and influences listeners to talk with their spouses and peers about contraception.
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A Multinational Comparison of Health Knowledge: College Students in Canada, Nigeria, and the United States - Schuster, Catherine; Nicholson, Tom; Higgins, Wayne; Simoneau, Ivan L.; White, John; Ogbonna-Mcgruder, Chinyere (College student journal, 1999)
This study compares the health knowledge of first year college students attending universities/colleges in the United States, Canada and Nigeria using the health knowledge inventory (HKI), a 110 item multiple choice instrument which measures health knowledge in 11 knowledge categories. Total scores indicted a 56% average for Canadian students, a 53% average for Nigerian students, and a 60% average for American students. Post hoc analyses indicated each country's mean HKI score was significantly different from the other two countries. When looking at females, a significant difference was found comparing the three groups (F=15.32; df=2; p [is less than] .00). The total scores of Canadian [bar] x=59.30, n=60), Nigerian [bar] x=55.41, n=59), and American [bar] x=65.33, n=70) males were also significantly different from each other (F=11.80; df=2; p [is less than] .00). Implications for health education are discussed. Introduction Health knowledge, while not sufficient to modify health behavior, is a necessary ingredient in behavioral change. In order to make informed decisions regarding health and behaviors which impact health, one has to know and understand certain basic health principles. These basic health principles are encompassed within knowledge areas which are included in all college level personal health classes. Knowledge areas include accidents and safety, aging and death, chronic disease, communicable disease, consumer health, environmental health, human sexuality, mental health, nutrition, physical fitness, and drug use/abuse. Adequate health knowledge is part of what is necessary to live a healthful life. Living a healthful life has potential economic benefits. Recently, Fries et al. (1998) identified thirty-two health education programs, designed to reduce health risks and control costs, which achieved reductions in health benefit claims averaging 20 percent. The authors suggest that health education and health promotion programs focused on increased personal responsibility and improvement of long-term health outcomes could significantly reduce health care spending. Concern over rapidly rising health care expenditures is driving efforts to reform health systems in many western democracies (Saltman and Figueras 1998). While these reforms focus primarily on improving efficiency in the production and consumption of medical services, several countries have sought to improve health education and health promotion services in order to improve health status (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 1992). Public schools as well as colleges and universities in developed countries often include health education in their curricula. Developing countries have fewer resources to devote to health care and often have a larger burden of infectious disease and a smaller burden of chronic disease than the advanced industrialized democracies (Ezeilo 1990, United Nations Development Program 1994). There is substantial variation in the emphasis on health education in these countries, but programs targeted at reducing the behavorial risks associated with prevalent diseases are common and health education may also be included in public school and higher education curricula. This study compares the health knowledge of first year college students attending universities/colleges in Canada, Nigeria, and the United States using the health knowledge inventory (HKI), a 110 item multiple choice instrument which measures health knowledge in 11 knowledge categories. The HKI has been used in several studies of health knowledge in high school and college students in the United States and Canada (Nicholson, Price and Higgins 1990, Nicholson, et al 1991, Smith et al 1998). Table 1 presents selected demographic and economic data for the three countries. While the U.S. and Canada are similar demographically and economically, Nigeria's population is, on average, younger, poorer, and less educated. …
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Opportunities and constraints for research on education and human development in Africa: Focus on assessment and special education - Serpell, Robert (PROSPECTS, 1999)
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Health education to school children in Okpatu, Nigeria impact on onchocerciasis—related knowledge - Shu, ElvisN (Public Health, 1999)
We assessed the influence of health education on the knowledge about onchocerciasis in school children in Okpatu, Nigeria. The children, aged between 11 and 17 y, received health education in both English and Igbo (local language) for three months on the transmission, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention of onchocerciasis. Illustrated pictorial materials were used to support and enhance their understanding of the subject matter. Their level of knowledge was evaluated nine months later using a pre-tested personal interview administered questionnaire. A significantly higher proportion of these children knew about onchocerciasis (χ2=260.4, df=1, P<0.0001), and its causative agent (χ2=175.0, df=4, P<0.0001), clinical manifestations (χ2=254.0, df=5, P<0.0001), diagnosis (χ2=123.9, df=2, P<0.0001), treatment (χ2=197.8, df=3, P<0.0001) and prevention (χ2=220.8, df=3, P<0.0001) in the post- than in the pre-educational intervention. It is therefore concluded that school-based health education showed an increase in knowledge about onchocerciasis and school children could provide a useful ‘multiplier’ resource for health education in the community.
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Health education to school children in Okpatu, Nigeria - Shu, En; Okonkwo, P. O.; Eo, Onwujekwe (Public Health, 1999)
We assessed the influence of health education on the knowledge about onchocerciasis in school children in Okpatu, Nigeria. The children, aged between 11 and 17 y, received health education in both English and Igbo (local language) for three months on the transmission, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention of onchocerciasis. Illustrated pictorial materials were used to support and enhance their understanding of the subject matter. Their level of knowledge was evaluated nine months later using a pre-tested personal interview administered questionnaire. A significantly higher proportion of these children knew about onchocerciasis (χ2=260.4, df=1, P<0.0001), and its causative agent (χ2=175.0, df=4, P<0.0001), clinical manifestations (χ2=254.0, df=5, P<0.0001), diagnosis (χ2=123.9, df=2, P<0.0001), treatment (χ2=197.8, df=3, P<0.0001) and prevention (χ2=220.8, df=3, P<0.0001) in the post- than in the pre-educational intervention. It is therefore concluded that school-based health education showed an increase in knowledge about onchocerciasis and school children could provide a useful ‘multiplier’ resource for health education in the community.
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Intellectual property teaching in the IT age in Kenya: a personal testament - Sihanya, Ben (1999)
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