Field Trial of Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP.), Differing in Drought Tolerance, in the Dry Season of Sudan Savanna and Dry Matter Production of Potted Plants under Water-stress - Watanabe, Iwao; Terao, Tomio (Japanese journal of tropical agriculture, 1997)
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Circulation changes and teleconnections between glacial advances on the west coast of New Zealand and extended spells of drought years in South Africa - Tyson, Peter; Sturman, Andrew; Fitzharris, B. B.; Mason, Simon J.; Owens, I. F. (International Journal of Climatology, 1997)
Twentieth century changes in the terminal position of the Franz Josef Glacier on the west coast of New Zealand are compared with an area-averaged mean annual rainfall series for the summer rainfall region of South Africa. Distinctive teleconnections are evident in an out-of-phase relationship between the two series, each of which exhibits an oscillation of 18–20 years. Periods of glacial advance are shown to coincide with extended dry spells in South Africa, when drought years are prevalent. Reconstructed pressure anomaly fields are presented for periods of advance and recession of the glacier and for the inter-decadal wet and dry spells in South Africa. In both cases major regional atmospheric circulation adjustments take place in a quasi-regular fashion over time to produce an enhancement in westerly airflow during the periods of drought in Africa and glacial advance on the west coast of New Zealand. Extended wet periods and glacial recession are likewise shown to be associated with an enhancement of easterly components of the circulation. Changes in precipitation, temperature and moisture transport are examined and associations with the Southern Oscillation Index are investigated. Franz Josef glacial advances are shown to occur 4–5 years after the onset of enhanced south-westerly airflow on to the west coast of New Zealand. Advances occur on average 4 years after the onset of extended dry spells in South Africa. Similar atmospheric circulation anomalies in the respective sectors of the Southern Hemisphere and adjustments in the locations of the positions of the ridges in standing wave three are responsible for this correspondence. © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society.
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Special Employment and Skill Development Programmes for the Disabled : Can Cameroon Learn from the Experience of the Netherlands? - Takor, Tabe Peter (1997)
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Microwave Propagation in Dust Storms at 10.5 GHz - A Case Study in Khartoum, Sudan - Ghobrial, S.I.; Jervase, J.A. (IEICE Transactions on Communications, 1997)
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Science Education in Egypt and Other Arab Countries in Africa and West Asia - Hassan, F. (Frontiers: The interdisciplinary journal of study abroad, 1997)
The Egyptian education system is large, and current practices are very rigid. It is accustomed to mass education as was developed in Europe over the past two hundred years, following closely the British tradition. Full-scale renovation of the existing system will take time; a ten-year period is estimated.
Significant changes are taking place in science programs offered to future citizens. Traditional patterns of science education, which build a strong theoretical tradition with less emphasis on laboratory and practical experiences, are changing rapidly. New programs and systems with more emphasis on research are being introduced. The content and teaching methods incorporated in these programs are based on the most up-to-date theories about what science is most worth knowing. The primary goal of the new generation science programs is to reflect the national interest of having a scientifically literate population.
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Science Education in Kenya - Okelo, Ochong (Frontiers: The interdisciplinary journal of study abroad, 1997)
This paper briefly presents the structure and organization of science education from preschool (preprimary) to university level. It also addresses such sociocultural issues as religion and acceptance or resistance to science by the Kenyan society.
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A Comparative Study of the Factors Which Predict Persistence for African American Students at Historically Black Institutions and Predominantly White Institutions. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. - Himelhoch, Carol R.; Nichols, Adriana; Ball, Stephen R.; Black, Lana Collister (1997)
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Experiences of African-American Baccalaureate Nursing Students Examined through the Lenses of Tinto's Student Retention Theory and Astin's Student Involvement Theory. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. - Janes, Sharyn (1997)
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Science Teachers Attitudes at Gaza Basic Schools toward Scientific Creativity, Scientific Qualifications and Years of Experience - Al-Austath, Mahmud; Amleh, Mohammad Salim (An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities), 1997)
This study aimed at investigating the effect of sex, academic qualifications and years of teaching experience on the attitudes of science teachers at middle stage in Gaza Strip schools toward creativity in science classes. The sample of the study consisted of 77 science teachers (46 males and 3 1 females). Attitude Scale toward creativity developed by the researchers was used. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in teachers attitudes toward creativity related to years of experience and academic qualifications while there was no effect on their attitudes toward creativity related to sex. A week correlation appeared between student attitudes toward creativity and their achievement. According to these results the study recommended to develop positive attitudes toward creativity, to carry out more similar studies in different levels and to design other scales in order to locate the creativity and the attitudes toward creativity for both teachers and their students. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى بحث اثر كل من الجنس والمؤهل العلمي والخبرة التدريسية على اتجاه معلمي العلوم في المرحلة الأساسية العليا في قطاع غزة نحو الإبداع العلمي وعلاقته بالتحصيل الدراسي. تكونت عينة الدراسة من 77معلما معلمة (46معلما، 31معلمة). وتجمع المعلومات ثم استخدام مقياس الاتجاه نحو الإبداع في العلوم الذي أعده الباحثان بالاعتماد على مراجعة الدراسات السابقة ذات الصلة بموضوع الدراسة. وتم استخدام اختبار تحصيلي في مادة العلوم من إعداد الباحثين أيضا. وقد استخدم الباحثان كلا من اختبار "ت"ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون لاختبار فرضيات الدراسة التي دلت على وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية تعزي لكل من المؤهل العلمي والخبرة التدريسية نحو الإبداع بينما لم يكن هناك فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية نحو الإبداع يعزي إلى الجنس. كما لم يكن هناك علاقة ارتباط قوية بين اتجاهات المعلمين نحو الإبداع ومتوسطات درجات التحصيل الدراسي لطلبتهم في العلوم. وقد أوصت هذه الدراسة على ضوء النتائج بتنمية اتجاهات ايجابية نحو الإبداع لكل من المعلم والطالب سواء وكذلك وجوب التميز بين الجوانب التحصيلية والجوانب الإبداعية التي تثار السلوك الصفي. كما أوصت بتصميم مقاييس جديدة ومقننة على البيئة المحلية لقياس الإبداع والاتجاه نحوه لكل من المعلمين وطلبتهم سواء بسواء.
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The Crisis of Higher Education in Sub‐Saharan Africa: the continuing search for relevance - Banya, Kingsley; Elu, Juliet U. (Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 1997)
Abstract Abstract Based upon an empirical research conducted in 1994, the purpose of this article is to examine the contribution that higher education institutions have played in Sub‐Saharan development. After thirty years of formal independence, it is time to take a critical look at the role of higher education in nation building in Sub‐Saharan Africa. The conclusion from the research is that though higher education has contributed significantly to meeting the human resource needs of each country, the overall performance has been less than satisfactory. Everywhere in Sub‐Saharan Africa the progress anticipated at the time of independence has not materialised. In some cases the socioeconomic situation has deteriorated, as in the case of Sierra Leone and Guinea. Higher education needs to examine its priorities in light of the current situation.
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Women, occupation and health in rural Africa: Adaptation to a changing socioeconomic climate - Barrett, Hazel (Journal of Occupational Science, 1997)
Abstract Over the last ten to fifteen years socioeconomic conditions in sub‐Saharan Africa have declined. Economic crisis has resulted in the adoption of International Monetary Fund and World Bank sponsored economic structural adjustment policies by most African governments. These highly criticised policies have had limited economic success and are often blamed for stagnant and even deteriorating human development indicators and declining living standards. At the same time families and communities are coping with the increasing morbidity and mortality and social issues associated with HIV/AIDS. These changing socioeconomic conditions have particular implications for vulnerable groups, such as poor rural women and their families. Using empirical material collected by the author in Southern and Western Africa, the paper examines the triple workload borne by rural African women. Their roles as biological and social reproducers as well as economic providers are described and the links between these occupations and personal and family health are explored. The extra burden imposed by recent socioeconomic changes, in particular poverty and HIV/AIDS is examined. The desire and need for children is explained and the demands of poverty on rural women is explored. The evidence indicates that deteriorating socioeconomic conditions in sub‐Saharan families are adversely affecting the lives and health of rural African women and their families. Poverty and the shadow of HIV/AIDS have serious implications for rural African women, for whom access to labour and income is now critical to family well‐being and survival in many parts of rural Africa. The international community must recognise the changing and varied occupational roles that rural women now perform and should be prepared to respond to the needs and challenges that African women will face as the new millennium approaches.
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Ottawa students mark "5 wonderful years" in Malawi - Chan, King-chung (Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1997)
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Mukumu Girls' schools et l'éducation des filles au Kenya - Charton, Hélène (Clio, 1997)
D'apres le recensement de 1989, 76% des jeunes kenyanes âgees de 6 a 24 ans frequentent un etablissement scolaire. Ce chiffre, eleve pour un pays africain, temoigne d'une evolution rapide et continue puisque 58% des femmes de 30 a 40 ans ont beneficie d'une education scolaire contre 18% pour les plus de 45 ans. Une progression aussi spectaculaire invite a une reflexion sur la nature et le degre des transformations sociales qui en resultent. L'observation d'une institution scolaire part...
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South Africa increases central control of higher education - Cherry, Michael (Nature, 1997)
cape town South Africa's parliament has approved a major reform of the country's higher education system, despite concern about language policy and central control.
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A genealogical study of South African literature teaching at South African universities : towards a reconstruction of the curriculum - Chetty, Rajendra (1997)
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Reading, Rioting, and Arithmetic: The Impact of Mission Education on Black Consciousness in South Africa - Comaroff, Jean (中央研究院民族學研究所集刊, 1997)
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Historiographical and methodological trends in the teaching and curriculum development process of history in a changing South Africa - Eeden, Van; Elize, S (Historia, 1997)
Historiografiese en metodologiese strominge in die onderrig en kurrikulumontwikkelingsproses van in 'n veranderende Suid-Afrika Suid-Afrika is tans op die vooraand van insiggewende veranderinge op onderwysvlak. as vak staan baie duidelik sentraal in hierdie veranderinge. Hiervan spreek die kontroversie om die vak boekdele. Die dryfvere vir hervertolking, innovasie en vernuwing van geskiedenissillabusse oor die afgelope aantal jare het aan etlike nuwe strukture of prosesse beslag gegee. Sommige strukture is as kontroversieel gesien, en ander is te emosioneel verbonde aan die apartheidsverlede. Die koorsagtige haas vir regstellende veranderinge van geskiedenisinhoud, sowel as die verwydering van die benaming Geskiedenis op skoolvlak kan in so 'n mate eerste prioriteit word dat universele tendense in geskiedenisonderrig (metodologies en historiografies) geignoreer kan word, of selfs in die volgende paar jaar in Suid-Afrika kan stagneer. In a dynamically changing South Africa, History as subject holds a key position in the striving for change. The former provincial education departments are regarded to have been autocrative white eurocentric systems. To date history syllabi used in South Africa were developed by associated members and specialists of these departments. The drive for reinterpretation, innovation and revitalisation of history syllabi over the past years gave rise to numerous discussions and new structures - some of which are regarded as quite controversial, emotional and belonging to the so-called apartheid past. So feverish may the quest for affirmative change in the contents, and even the name of History on school level, become that for example universal trends in History teaching (methodologically and historiographically) might sadly stagnate or be totally neglected in South Africa in the years to come.
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Health outcomes among african american and caucasian adults following a randomized trial of an asthma education program∗ - Ford, Marvella E.; Havstad, Suzanne; Tilley, Barbara C.; Bolton, Mary Beth (Ethnicity and Health, 1997)
Re-analysis of a randomized trial of an asthma education program designed to assess the effects of the intervention on emergency department visits, limited days of activity and asthma knowledge and beliefs separately for African American and Caucasian adults with asthma.Two hundred and forty-one respondents between the ages of 18 and 70 were evaluated in two emergency departments (one inner city and one suburban location) of a large, midwestern health care system and were randomized to an intervention or control group.Regardless of race, members of the intervention group showed a decrease in the number of post-intervention emergency department visits (ANOVA interaction between race and group effect p value = 0.93). The greatest decrease occurred during the first four post-intervention months. No differential effect of the asthma education intervention by race was found on the change in asthma knowledge and beliefs over the study period (ANCOVA interaction between race and group effect p value = 0.60).This study demonstrates that post-intervention, both African American and Caucasian study participants showed a decrease in emergency department visits and an increase in asthma self-management. This finding is especially important for African Americans, who face increasing asthma mortality and morbidity.
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Research, Extension and Training Needs for Agroforestry Development in Southern Africa - Govere, Ephraim M. (Southern African forestry journal, 1997)
SYNOPSIS The socio-economic lifeline of Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) is anchored on agriculture and agricultural related enterprises. There is a growing realisation that the lifeline can collapse unless sustainable land-use systems that harmonise land-derived benefits with environmental components (soil, fauna, flora, water and air) are adopted. Among the land-use systems practiced in SADC, agroforestry has the potential to become one of the key strategies in SADC's endeavour to provide multiple benefits with minimum degradation to the environmental components. However, the introduction and implementation of agroforestry activities and the degree of success depend on a clear awareness of the agroforestry development needs. This paper presents agroforestry research, extension and training needs as identified at an international workshop held at the University of Alberta, Canada, and at a seminar held at the University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. It is hoped that the information presented will facilitate coordinated agroforestry activities in the SADC region and increase the efficiency and effectiveness in implementing the activities.
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Community education to encourage use of emergency obstetric services, Kebbi State, Nigeria - Gummi, F Bello; Hassan, M; Shehu, D; Audu, L R (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 1997)
Focus group discussions and a mini-survey in Kebbi State, Nigeria, revealed poor knowledge of obstetric complications, lack of confidence in health services, and cultural barriers to seeking care.After upgrading services in emergency obstetric facilities, the team began community education to encourage utilization. Messages focused on recognition and need for prompt treatment of complications, and addressed men's role as decision-makers. Beginning in 1992, messages were disseminated through weekly meetings with community opinion leaders, video shows, posters and handbills.A post-intervention mini-survey showed knowledge gains of over 30% among women and men. The increase was greatest (59% increase among women and 55% among men) on the need for prompt care for women with obstetric complications. However, utilization of emergency obstetric services did not increase. At Maiyama Maternity Center, referrals declined from 18 in 1992 to four in 1995. At Jega Health Center, referrals remained relatively stable at 20-30/year, but the number of women with major obstetric complications treated declined from 234 in 1992 to 136 in 1995. At Birnin Kebbi Specialist Hospital, the referral center, the number of women with complications treated declined from 200 in 1990 to 152 in 1995.The cost of community education was approximately US $9500, of which 15% was contributed by the community.Increased awareness of the signs of obstetric complications and the need for prompt treatment among community women and men did not result in greater utilization of emergency obstetric services at the facilities studied.
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Improving the quality of obstetric care at the teaching hospital, Zaria, Nigeria - Ifenne, D. I.; Essien, E.S.; Golji, N; Sabitu, Kabir; Alti-Mu'azu, M; Musa, Abdullahi; Adidu, V; Mukaddas, M (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 1997)
Abstract Preliminary studies: Research at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Nigeria, showed delay in treating women with obstetric complications and highlighted multiple contributing factors. Interventions: In response, a surgical theater was restored to working order, the maternity ward renovated, resident physicians trained in obstetrics and an emergency drug pack system instituted. A system of blood donation from families of women attending antenatal clinics was introduced. Later, community interventions focused on improving access and reducing delay in seeking care. Results: Mean admission‐to‐treatment interval was reduced by 57%, from 3.7 h in 1990 to 1.6 h in 1995. The proportion of women treated in less than 30 min increased from 39% in mid‐1993 to 87% in late 1995. Case fatality rate (CFR) among women with major obstetric complications fell from 14% in 1990 to 11% in 1995. The annual number of women with complications seen, however, declined from 326 in 1990 to 65 in 1995. Costs: Cost of material improvements was approximately US $135 000, of which 65% was provided by government. An additional $8000 per year in new staff salaries was paid by the government. Conclusions: Hospital obstetric services can be improved and government can be mobilized to contribute. Treatment delay and obstetric CFR can be reduced. Deteriorating economic conditions, however, may diminish utilization of services despite improvements. © 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
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Students' Perceptions of Science and Technology in Botswana and Lesotho - Kent, David; Towse, Peter (Research in Science & Technological Education, 1997)
Abstract Master's students were involved in the design, and later the administration, of a questionnaire for 500 junior secondary students in Botswana and Lesotho, to buildup a picture of student perceptions of science and technology. Responses to mainly open‐ended questions were categorised according to key phrases mentioned by the students. There was some confusion over the differences between science and technology, but they were overwhelmingly perceived as subjects appropriate to both sexes. Science and technology were seen in broad socio‐economic terms, enabling people to cope in the modern world, gain employment in both the formal and informal sectors, and contribute towards national development. Although science and technology were judged to have enhanced the quality of life, they had introduced conflicts into traditional beliefs and cultures, in part as a result of increasing female emancipation. The attitudes of the students towards the two subjects, and to the impact they have had on everyday life, were congruent with the philosophical aims of the science and technology syllabuses of both countries and with global initiatives such as Project 2000 +.
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Reaching Unreached Learners in Mozambique: A Report to the Minister of Education on Learning Needs and Alternative Pathways to Learning in the Perspective of an Integrated Response to the Needs of a Rapidly Developing Society in a Complex World. - Klees, Steve; Matangala, Anisio; Spronk, Barbara; Visser, Jan (1997)
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The South African Schools Act of 1996: A Break with the Past. - Maithufi, I. P. (1997)
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Contamination of traditional drinking water sources during a period of extreme drought in the Zvimba communal lands, Zimbabwe. - Moran, Patrick; Nhandara, C; Hove, Innocent; Charimari, Lincoln; Katito, Campbell; Bradley, Melissa A.; Williams, M A (PubMed, 1997)
Diarrhoeal disease is a significant public health concern in Zimbabwe, particularly for the population living in rural settings. The present study was undertaken to investigate the quality of water in a rural area of Zimbabwe during a period of extreme drought.A cross sectional survey study design was used. During the month of July 1995, water samples were collected from various actively used sources in the Zvimba communal lands, Zimbabwe.The level of contamination was estimated by use of the membrane filtration technique to detect the presence of Escherichia coli.Mean concentrations of E. coli found in boreholes and piped water were 9.3 and zero colonies per 100 ml, respectively. Using standardized criteria to define suitable drinking water quality, borehole and piped sources were determined to be more likely to provide satisfactory drinking water.Water samples collected from semi-protected and unprotected wells, which serve the majority of the population in the study area, were found to be unsatisfactory for drinking (range from two to 1,960 colonies of E. coli per 100 ml). Included are suggestions on how to efficiently utilize available water.
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Self-Concept and Social Acceptance in Multiracial African Schools: A Test of the Insulation, Subjective Culture, and Bicultural Competence Hypotheses - Mpofu, Elias; Watkins, David (Cross-Cultural Research, 1997)
Self-concept and social acceptance were examined for a sample of 154 Black and 203 White Zimbabwean schoolchildren attending racially integrated schools. Marsh's Self-Description Question naire-1 and multiple measures of social acceptance were used. Although Black children had levels of global self-esteem compara ble with, or higher than, that of their White classmates, Black pupils taught by White teachers had significantly lower reading and academic self-esteem. Pupils in classes taught by Black teachers tended to choose for best friends peers in other classes significantly more than did pupils in classes taught by White teachers. Analysis by gender indicated that male pupils tended to have significantly higher physical ability, physical appearance, and math self-esteem and relatively higher levels of social participation than female students. Results partially supported the bicultural competence, subjective culture, and the insulation hypotheses on children's social status in multiracial school contexts.
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The development of a teaching practice curriculum for teacher education in Zimbabwe - Ndlovu, Themba Petros (1997)
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Physical impacts of regional climate change in the West African Sahel and the question of desertification - Nicholson, S.E.; Ba, Mamoudou B. (1997)
The question of desertification is examined in the West African Sahel region by considering various physical indicators assumed to accompany this process. The study considers only the past 14 years, since the availability of comprehensive satellite data sets. The physical indicators examined include vegetation cover, surface albedo, soil moisture, wind-borne dust, river flow, lakes, and the ratio of available moisture to vegetation growth. Vegetation cover and albedo are assessed from satellite data. Soil moisture is assessed using a surface hydrologic model. Dust is estimated from visibility measurements. The most important results are that: (1) there is no progressive change in the vegetation cover, (2) an increase of albedo as the region dries up cannot be documented, and (3) there has been a tremendous increase in wind-borne dust over the Sahel. The vegetation cover responds almost directly to rainfall and the movement of the desert boundary corresponds roughly to rainfall fluctuations. The most important meteorological effect of the drought and/or desertification in the Sahel may be the enhanced dust generation, with the region becoming a major global source of atmospheric mineral dust. 5 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
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Community education to improve utilization of emergency obstetric services in Ghana - Opoku, Stephen; Kyei-Faried, S.; Twum, Stephen Boakye; Djan, J.O.; Browne, Edmund; Bonney, Joseph (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 1997)
Abstract Preliminary studies: Focus group studies in the Ashanti region showed that people avoided utilizing health facilities because of lack of confidence in the services and concern about the availability of drugs and supplies, among other reasons. Interventions: After services at the health center were upgraded, community education activities began in early 1994. These activities were carried out through existing mechanisms — e.g. Ministry of Health (MOH) outreach workers and village health workers, public health nurses and midwives, and village health committees. They addressed a variety of audiences, including women's and church groups, emphasizing early recognition and treatment of obstetric complications, and the improved availability of services. Results: The number of women with obstetric complications admitted to the health center rose from 26 in 1993 to 73 in 1995. It was the impression of the health center staff that women were also coming for treatment more promptly. Costs: The cost of this intervention was US$1950. This was mostly project funds, with the government and community together contributing approximately one‐fifth. Conclusions: Once services are available, community education and information activities can enhance utilization. The cost of such activities can be reduced, and sustainability promoted, by involving MOH personnel and community groups. © 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
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Italian schools in Egypt - Petricioli, Marta (British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 1997)
Abstract This paper analyses the relevance of the Italian schools in Egypt from 1922 to 1940. The Italian fascist regime made a concerted effort to improve the quality of its schools abroad in order to enrol the greatest number of children from the families of the large Italian colony. Their aim was to improve their chances of finding a job in Egypt after leaving school and to indoctrinate them with the fascist ideology. This effort failed because of the changes brought about by the abolition of Capitulations in Egypt (1937), and because the Italian anti‐Semitic laws (1938) led the Italian Jews of Egypt to send their children to French and British schools. In 1940, with Italy's entry into World War II, all the Italian schools in Egypt were closed by the Egyptian authorities.
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Teaching about Democratization in the High-School Classroom: The Case of South Africa - Rossi, John Allen; Tlou, Josiah (The Social Studies, 1997)
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Potential Demand for Drought Insurance in Burkina Faso and Its Determinants - Sakurai, Takeshi; Reardon, Thomas (American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1997)
Abstract The objectives of this paper are twofold: ( a ) to estimate demand for formal drought insurance using farm household data in Burkina Faso and ( b ) to find what determines insurance demand. The following findings are salient. First, effective demand is found in all zones, which implies inadequacies in households' current self‐insurance strategies. Second, there is much heterogeneity in the strategies to self‐insure even within zones. Third, the expectation of public food aid decreases demand for drought insurance, which suggests that food aid is causing moral hazard. Fourth, households with large livestock holdings can reduce the size of herd by substituting drought insurance for livestock holdings.
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Teaching tropical medicine in Kenya and Uganda: Review after seven expeditions - Schaefer, K. U. (Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 1997)
Traveling to the tropics is becoming more popular in the Western world [1].As a result an increasing number of tourists, businessmen, and politicians return to their home countries with tropical infectious diseases.The severe but subsequently cured malaria infection of the German Minister of Economics, who was on an official visit to Sub-Saharan Africa in the summer 1996, has been one of many examples.The continuous stream of refugees and asylumseekers to Europe and North America [2] presents health care professionals with tropical infectious diseases that they have not seen before.As global warming becomes a likely event, tropical infectious diseases will assume an even greater profile in the coming years in temperate climates [3].Recent figures in European hospitals have shown that an increasing number of malaria patients were not recognized on first observation [4J.This indicates that health care professionals in the Western world require further practical experience in clinical tropical medicine, and this has been the objective of these expeditions to Kenya and Uganda.
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Evolution Education in Papua New Guinea: trainee teachers’ views - Vlaardingerbroek, Barend; Roederer, Christopher J. (Educational studies, 1997)
Summary Educated Papua New Guineans’ conceptual ecologies need to accommodate competing and conflicting traditional ethnoscientific, Western religious and modern scientific paradigms. Papua New Guinea is a constitutionally self-declared ‘Christian country’ and evolution is a controversial issue. The upper secondary school biology syllabus contains a terminating unit on evolution but the curriculum is of expatriate design and the rapid localisation of senior educational positions makes the views of indigenous teaching personnel a high research priority, particularly in the light of the current upgrading of secondary teacher training to degree level. This paper presents data arising from a study of trainee primary and secondary science teachers’ views towards evolution education. Primary science trainees were found to exhibit a poor awareness of the centrality of evolution to modern biology. For secondary science trainees, it was found that exposure to upper secondary school biology, in spite of adding little to students’ knowledge about evolution, was associated with their increasingly positive attitudes towards evolution education, as was the dual acceptance of evolution and religious belief.
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Assessing the Learning Processes of Black South African Students - Watkins, David; Mboya, Mzobanzi M. (The Journal of Psychology, 1997)
Abstract Data based on responses of 126 male and 201 female 14- and 15-year-old Black South African secondary school students showed the Learning Process Questionnaire (LPQ; Biggs, 1987) to be fairly reliable and factorially valid. Comparison with the LPQ means for like-aged students from Australia and Hong Kong called into question the common assertion that Black South African students are more prone to use superficial learning processes than are Western students. In particular, the South African responses to the LPQ indicated that they were less shallow and more oriented toward achievement in their approach to learning than the Australian students were.
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A role for pneumolysin but not neuraminidase in the hearing loss and cochlear damage induced by experimental pneumococcal meningitis in guinea pigs - Winter, Andrew; Comis, S. D.; Osborne, Michael P.; Tarlow, M J; Stephen, J.; Andrew, PW; Hill, Jonathan; Mitchell, Tim (Infection and Immunity, 1997)
We investigated the roles of pneumolysin and neuraminidase in the pathogenesis of deafness and cochlear damage during experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Anesthetized guinea pigs were inoculated intracranially with 7.5 log10 CFU of either (i) wild-type Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 (n = 8), (ii) PLN-A, a defined isogenic derivative of D39 deficient in pneumolysin (n = 5), or (iii) deltaNA1, a new derivative of D39 deficient in neuraminidase constructed by insertion-duplication mutagenesis of the nanA gene (n = 5). To quantify hearing loss, the auditory nerve compound action potential evoked by a tone pulse was recorded from the round window membrane of the cochlea every 3 h for 12 h. The organ of Corti was intravitally fixed for subsequent examination by high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All animals sustained similar meningeal inflammatory responses. PLN-A induced significantly less hearing loss than D39 over the frequency range of 3 to 10 kHz. Levels of mean hearing loss at 10 kHz 12 h postinoculation were as follows: D39, 50 dB; deltaNA1, 52 dB (P = 0.76 versus D39), and PLN-A, 12 dB (P < 0.0001 versus D39). The mean rates of hearing loss at 10 kHz were 4.4 dB/h for D39, 4.3 dB/h for deltaNA1, and just 1.0 dB/h for PLN-A (P < 0.0001 versus D39). Suppurative labyrinthitis was universal. PLN-A induced the accumulation of less protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (P = 0.04 versus D39). Infection with D39 and deltaNA1 induced significant damage to the reticular lamina, the sensory hair cells, and supporting cells of the organ of Corti. By contrast, after infection with PLN-A, the organ of Corti appeared virtually intact. Pneumolysin seems to be the principal cause of cochlear damage in this model of meningogenic deafness. No clear pathogenic role was demonstrated for neuraminidase.
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Racial Identity Attitudes, School Achievement, and Academic Self-Efficacy Among African American High School Students - Witherspoon, Karen McCurtis; Speight, Suzette L.; Thomas, Anita (Journal of Black Psychology, 1997)
Literature has postulated that African American students often choose not to succeed in school because achievement is seen as acting White. This study examined the extent to which racial identity, self-esteem, and academic self-concept were related to academic achievementfor 86African American high school students. The majority of students indicated supportfrom both peers and parents for their academic work. Multiple regression analysis indicated that grade point average is best predicted by immersion racial identity attitudes and academic self-concept. Limitations of the present study, implications, and suggestionsforffuture research are presented.
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When the world is menstruating. thoughts on drought and desert aming the Ovahimba of North-West Namibia - Wolputte, Steven Van (1997)
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Child labour or school attendance? Evidence from Zambia - Jensen, Peter; Nielsen, Helena Skyt (Journal of Population Economics, 1997)
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Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child - Keulen, Jean E. van; Weddington, Gloria; DeBose, Charles (1997)
All chapters include Chapter Overview, Summary, and References and most chapters include Practical Application. Preface. By Way of Introduction: Race, Culture, Ethnicity and African American English. 1.Higher Ground: The Knowledge Base of African American Language and Cultural Studies. Linguistics. Linguistics System. African Continuities. All Languages Are Equal. Speech-Language Pathology. Biased Based Criteria. Education. African American Experience: Past and Present. Deficit Models. Multicultural Education. Pedagogical Implications. 2.Descriptive versus Prescriptive Grammar. Contrasting Properties of Descriptive and Prescriptive Rules. Native Speaker Intuitions and Grammaticality. Grammar as a Description of Language. Dialectical Differences. Prescriptive Rules Frequently Violated by Speakers of High-Prestige Dialects. 3.African American Bilingualism. The Situational Nature of Language Use. Sociolinguistics. The Cultural Context of Social Situations. African American Oral Literature. The Language Situation in Black America: Class Stratification or Code Switching. 4.African American Bilingualism. What Should the Language of African Americans Be Called? Is African American Language a Different System from Standard English? The Uniqueness of the African American English Lexicon. What Type of Linguistic System Is African American Language? The Origin of African American English. 5.African American Communication Styles. The General Communication Process. Psychological Themes. Emotional Vitality. Meanings and Values of Black and White Communication Styles and Cultures. Language Style. Core Symbols of Communication Styles. 6.Speech and Language Disorders versus Differences. Normal Language Acquisition. Communication Disorders. 7.Diagnosis of Communication Disorders of African American Children. The Assessment Process. Assessment Procedures. Communicating Assessment Information to Parents. Communicating with Teachers. The Written Report. 8.Educational Assessment Practices and African American Students. Cultural Influences on the Assessment of Black Children. Legislated Nondiscriminatory Evaluation. Observation of Student Behaviors. 9.Treatment of Speech-Language Disorders. Service Delivery for African Americans. Qualities Required to Serve African American Clients. Determining Therapy Goals from Assessment Results. Instructional Methods. 10.Facilitating Standard English Acquisition for African American Children. Standard English. Correcting. Language Acquisition. Modeling. Role Playing. Immersion, and Grouping Strategies which Facilitate Language Acquisition. The Reading Hypothesis. The Writing Process. Dialect Readers and Multicultural Literature. 11.School Biases and African American Children. Overrepresentation in Special Education Classes. Cultural Discontinuity. Traditional American Schools. 12.Importance of Spoken Language to Reading Skills. Language and Literacy: The Black Child. Teacher Attitudes and Black Student's Language. Selecting Reading Materials and Activities. 13.Empowering African American Children. Teachers' Influence on Empowerment. Building Self-Respect. Developing Positive Self-Images and Self-Esteem. Parents' Influence on Self-Esteem, Self- Discipline, and Empowerment. Parental Influence on Black Child Development.
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Pollution of groundwater in the coastal Kwale District, Kenya - Tole, Mwakio (IAHS-AISH publication, 1997)
Groundwater is a last-resort source of domestic water supply at the Kenyan coast because of the scarcity of surface water sources. NGOs, the Kenya Government, and international aid organizations have promoted the drilling of shallow boreholes from which water can be pumped using hand- operated pumps that are easy to maintain and repair. The shallow nature and the location of the boreholes in the midst of dense population settlements have made these boreholes susceptible to contamination from septic tanks and pit latrines. Thirteen percent of boreholes studied were contaminated with E. coli, compared to 30% of natural springs and 69% of open wells. Areas underlain by coral limestones show contamination from greater distances (up to 150 m away) compared to areas underlain by sandstones (up to 120 m). Overpumping of the groundwater has also resulted in encroachment of sea water into the coastal aquifers. The 200 ppm CI iso-line appears to be moving increasingly landwards. Sea level rise is expected to compound this problem. There is therefore an urgent need to formulate strategies to protect coastal aquifers from human and sea water contamination.
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The South African One Thousand Schools Project and Stephens' Quality Wheel - Brown, Mandy; Ashley, Michael (Systems practice, 1997)
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The hearthhold in pastoral Fulbe society, central Mali: social relations, milk and drought - Bruijn, Mirjam de (Africa, 1997)
Abstract In pastoral Fulbe society in central Mali women had and in some degree still have an important social and economic role, concentrated on a milk economy organised through a special female-headed, women-centred unit called by the Fulbe fayannde , or ‘hearthhold’. In a society of semi-nomadic pastoralists who live most of the year in small social units, social relations and networks are very important, perhaps even crucial to the success of their main survival strategy, which is transhumant cattle-keeping. In the literature on the Fulbe this social unit has received relatively little attention. An analysis from the perspective of the ‘hearthhold’ sheds new light on property and gender relations in Fulbe society in general. Drought has had an enormous impact on the situation of the Jallube studied in this article. Economic change—a switch to agriculture and production for the market—has brought about a shift of focus for the men. Economically, milk is no longer essential for them, and hence the fayannde loses its importance; socially, too, the role of the fayannde , as symbolised by milk, is changing. For women the erosion of the fayannde is serious: an analysis of marriage gifts shows how important the fayannde is not only to the social organisation of the Jallube but also to their economic viability. In times of stress this importance may be greater for women than for men. The decline of the fayannde may lead to a transformation of gender relations, the marriage ceremony and women's social security—changes that the return of the rains or the re-establishment of herds may not reverse.
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Education and the Marginalisation of Girls in Post‐GATT Mauritius - Bunwaree, Sheila (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1997)
This paper describes the history and geography of Mauritius and its elitist colonial educational system; presents a literature review of female education, development, and position in the labor market; discusses the economy in the post-GATT era and wasted potential; and calls for a new educational order. Mauritius has a multiplicity of cultures and a complex cultural, socioeconomic, and political context. French colonialism is characterized as limiting expansion of education on the island. Education was expanded under British colonial rule; mass education was promoted, but not much changed in the nature and role of schooling. The elites of today are those descendants of diverse ethnic people who managed to become educated. Mauritians are marginalized today due to the lack of implementation of its official policy of equal opportunity. About 6% of primary school children leave the system illiterate. About 20% are functionally illiterate. Many leave primary schools without passing the Certificate of Primary Education tests. A 1994 survey indicated that female labor force participation rates were higher among persons with lower levels of education. Women have a subordinate role in the labor market due to a long history of a subordinate role, gender inequity, a large concentration of women in the clothing sector of the Export Processing Zone, and gender segregation in managerial and professional occupations and advancement. Some associate development with marginalization of women. Teachers and textbooks reinforce gender roles. Mauritius needs to retain students, gender sensitize the educational system, and eliminate job discrimination.
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British ‘practice’ towards Islam in the East Africa protectorate: Muslim officials,Waqfadministration, and secular education in Mombasa and environs, 1895–1920 - Carmichael, Tim (Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 1997)
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Cultural orientation and use of cannabis and inhalants among secondary school children in Zimbabwe - Eide, Arne Henning; Acuda, S. W. (Social science & medicine (1982. Print), 1997)
A survey among 3061 secondary school children in four provinces in Zimbabwe was conducted in 1994. In the present paper, the relationships between cultural and social factors and use of inhalants and cannabis are explored. Respondents were selected by means of a two-stage sample design, first based on a complete list of schools in the four provinces and subsequently on lists of students at the randomly selected schools. Stratification was based on the identification of four different sociocultural groups. Data collection followed standardised procedures and was conducted by a research team from University of Zimbabwe. Cultural orientation was operationalised by means of a Likert-type 14-item scale on choice of media, language and music. Exploratory principal component analysis revealed a two-factor solution, representing a global or Western cultural orientation and a local or Zimbabwean cultural orientation. Drug use by older siblings and best friends represented social factors. A combined model of cultural and social variables was subject to a multiple logistic regression analysis. Results revealed that the social variables and global cultural orientation were significantly associated with increased use of both drugs, whereas a local cultural orientation was found not to be associated with use of these substances. Findings are discussed in the light of historical and cultural factors.
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Dialogic Education and the Schemas to Guide Dialogue: An Example from Malaria Research in Guinea - Gordon, Andrew; Baldé, Karim Abdul (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1997)
This article first reviews the importance of dialogical education in general and in malaria control specifically. Dialogical education requires knowledge of how people think as well as what people think. Through a mutual appreciation of the educators' and learners' respective frame of reference, the intended learners may come to appreciate differences between the educators' and learners' viewpoints and the ways these differences may constrain understanding and acceptance of new knowledge and practices. Dialogical education is presented as a means by which all involved in health education (professionals and non-professionals, those educating on-the-job, and those doing it informally) may be involved in health education. The appropriate presentation of research findings is central to the task of preparing for dialogical education. This article then discusses the discovery and the presentation of a culture's schemas. Schemas are concisely stated formulations of cultural orientation. They are core principles and rules. The schemas of the intended learner are critical for the educator to know so as to educate in a dialogic mode, to motivate acceptance and understanding. The schemas for malaria held by the Fulani of Guinea, West Africa, are presented as a case in point for a presentation of research findings in a form that is concise, comprehensible, accessible, and useful for nourishing dialogical education.
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Anthropometric study of Ethiopian pre-school children. - Hailu, Asrat; Tessema, Tsegaw Muche (PubMed, 1997)
A community based cross sectional anthropometric study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in north western Ethiopia. One thousand four hundred and twenty two children were enrolled in the study. Stunting which is expressed by height for age below -2 standard deviation (SD) was seen in 43% of the children. The prevalence of wasting which is expressed by weight for height below -2 SD was 9%. The highest percentages of stunting and wasting were found in the age group 12-23 months. Compared with the national Center for Health Statistics (USA)/World health organization (NCHS/WHO) reference data all the indicators were shifted to the left. Urgent nutritional rehabilitation for those that are wasted, proper nutritional education for reducing the high prevalence of malnutrition and identifying risk factors for the poor nutritional status is suggested.
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The quality of education in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) - Heyneman, Stephen P. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1997)
The quality of education is an issue in every region undergoing economic change, hence it is a universal issue. Where the quality of education is already low, the need to raise it is more urgent. In the Middle East and North Africa, data on educational quality are scarce. Nevertheless, available data would suggest that the quality of education is low. The cause of the problem, however, is not a scarcity of monetary resources but the inefficiency of managing the resources already allocated. Many of the regulations and traditions for managing educational systems in the Middle East and North Africa have their origin in the era of central economic planning. Changes are suggested in six areas. These include: an end to early vocational tracking; coherence in content between curriculum, examinations, textbooks and classroom teaching; a shift in textbook production away from state monopolies; a professionalized teaching force with higher salaries differentiated by mandatory re-licensing; creative financing and provision of higher education; and a significant improvement in education statistics and indicators of progress.
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The Emergence of an Industrial Workforce: Recruitment and Training in the Papua New Guinea Mining Industry - Imbun, Benedict Y (International journal of employment studies, 1997)
The emergence of an industrial workforce in the Papua New Guinea mining sector and its human resource implications are tentatively explored in the following article. The central theme is the role of recruitment and training on greenfield sites in the remote locations where the mines are situated. The research is based on available documentary evidence and fieldwork interviews with mining company management, employees and community representatives. The findings are discussed within the context of Kerr et al.'s general model of the industrialising process.
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[Sexuality of adolescent students in Yaounde (Cameroon)]. - Kamtchouing, P.; Takougang, Innocent; Ngoh, Nkele Ndeki; Yakam, I (PubMed, 1997)
Undesired pregnancies are a major cause of school drop out among female adolescents in Cameroun. Studies were undertaken to assess the knowledge and practices of contraceptive methods and the prevention of undesired pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Of the 670 questionnaires that were distributed in 10 class rooms of 5 randomly selected secondary schools of the city of Yaoundé. 574 students responded among whom 233 males and 341 females, aged 12 to 19 years. The responses to the questionnaire revealed that 52% of the students were sexually active, and 56% of these had their first sexual intercourse between 15 and 17 years. The use of contraceptives was reported by 41% of the sexually active students. The main contraceptive methods used were condoms (54%) and periodic abstinence (31%). Periodic abstinence, coitus interruptus report by adolescents is of questionable efficacy in the prevention of STDs, and unwanted pregnancies. The average number of sexual intercourses was 5 times during the month before the survey. The rate of undesired pregnancies was 24%. Knowledge on contraception was more from the mass media (53%), school (21%), peers (16%), than parents (9%). Education for the deculpabilisation of contraception and a better management of sexuality should be undertaken in youth associations and schools. Parents should be taught to dialogue with their children on matters related to sexuality, in order to prevent STDs, unwanted pregnancies, clandestine abortions and their psychological and medical consequences.
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Moi scuppers sex-education plans in Kenya - Kigotho, Anderson Wachira (Lancet (British edition), 1997)
President Daniel arap Moi and the ruling party of Kenya, KANU (Kenyan African National Union), have bowed to election year pressure from anti-abortion groups and Catholic bishops, including Bishop Alfred Rotich who led a anti-sex education demonstration in Nairobi, and shelved a sessional paper on family life education that was to be discussed by parliament this month. If the paper had been adopted, sex education could have been introduced in the schools and integrated with primary health care. The document would have been the basis for making students aware of the dangers of adolescent pregnancy, abortion, drug abuse, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). 12% of the girls who leave school are pregnant or have married early; 10,000 girls become pregnant per year according to Ministry of Education estimates. The local AIDS council believes that the pandemic is on the rise among Kenyan youth; it is estimated that 1-3 million persons will become infected by the year 2000 and that Kenya will have more than a million AIDS orphans. Real intervention would be to create awareness and provide family planning services, according to the council. Bishop John Njue, Chairman of the Kenya Episcopal Conference, states that the Catholic Church will fight any introduction of sex education in the schools.
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Strategies for Survival in Kenya: Women, Education, and Self-Help Groups - Mbugua-Murithi, Tata (International journal of educational reform, 1997)
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Distance teacher education in South Africa: A critical analysis of pedagogical assumptions - Modiba, Maropeng (Teaching and Teacher Education, 1997)
Distance education has, historically, been advanced as a major means of upgrading the quality of African teachers in South Africa. There is, however, little knowledge of the quality of existing materials currently in use. Nor is there much work yet focusing on the pedagogical assumptions contained in these distance upgrade programmes. This paper evaluates a few sections in the materials dealing with education theory, and concludes that both content and pedagogical forms do not explore the experiences and views of practising teachers working through these materials. In the light of this observation it is argued that distance education can only be a successful mode of upgrading teachers if both content and pedagogy of materials are improved.
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Attendance, schooling quality, and the demand for education of Mexican Americans, African Americans, and non-Hispanic whites - Mora, Marie T. (Economics of Education Review, 1997)
This study examines the influence of the opportunity costs of school attendance, educational quality attributes, and household socioeconomic status on the educational demand of Mexican Americans, African Americans, and non-Hispanic whites using the 1988–1990 surveys of the National Education Longitudinal Study. Implementing a utility-maximizing framework, educational demand assumes the form of schools' average daily attendance rates and student dropout decisions between the 8th and 10th grades. The basic results suggest that a school's attendance rate is sensitive to educational quality and student characteristics. Moreover, the demand for education measured by student attrition inversely relates to unexplained school attendance, and is positively affected by household socioeconomic status. Some policy recommendations based on the results are discussed.
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SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICES IN EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA: SPECIAL EDUCATORS' PERSPECTIVES - Mpofu, Elias; Zindi, Fred; Oakland, Thomas; Peresuh, M. (Journal of Special Education, 1997)
A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect data on the practice of school psychology in 12 East and Southern African countries: Botswana, Eriteria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The survey sought to capture consumer perspectives as to the status of school psychology in reference to the following: regulations for school psychology practice, qualification of school psychologists, work settings, public awareness, utilization and need, and research on psychological test use and development. Respondents were 42 special education leaders working in universities ( n = 13), special education institutions ( n = 18), and schools with special education facilities ( n = 11). The need for school psychology services was endorsed in ali 12 countries. Although differences among countries were apparent, the special education experts reported that the availability, regulation, and utilization of school psychology services in the 12 countries to be generally low. Respondents in countries with some formal recognition and regulation of professional school psychology (Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe) tended to report greater public awareness and utilization of school psychologists and higher involvement in test development. Findings are discussed within the context of the potential for the development of school psychology services in sub-Saharan African countries.
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Teachers' biographies and educational development: a Kenyan case study - Osler, Audrey (International Journal of Educational Development, 1997)
Over the last decade there has been a growing interest among academics in the lives and work of teachers in industrialised countries. Many of these studies have sought to understand how teachers perceive their work and how they develop their particular professional identities. There is a growing recognition of the impact of teachers' own biographies on their training and on curriculum development and implementation. This paper examines the perspectives of a group of Kenyan educators, advisors and inspectors, from different regions, who have taken part in a national project designed to strengthen primary education through the in-service training of teachers. The aim is to examine the potential of biographical research to provide new insights into the processes of educational development. The participants in the research reflect on their own career development and life histories; on their identities, both professional and personal; and on the impact of these on their work. Drawing on an issue which divided the group, that of gender equality, the paper considers some of the biographical and cultural factors which permit and restrict development.
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Technological learning in African industry: A study of engineering firms in Nigeria - Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, Banji (Science and Public Policy, 1997)
The engineering sector produces a wide array of products and provides significant technological learning avenues. This study examines the process of technological learning in small and medium-sized engineering firms in four Nigerian cities. It identifies the learning mechanisms adopted by firms and the determinants and motivation for investment. The firms studied were mostly set up by semi-literate traders showing that the learning process can take place without formal education or state intervention. Policy may consider assisting entrepreneurs to obtain more formal education to help them to acquire greater technological mastery. Improvements to the poor infrastructure would bring great benefits to small firms.
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Regional discrimination of chemical explosions and earthquakes: A case study in Morocco - Plafcan, Dan; Sandvol, Eric; Şeber, Dog̃an; Barazangi, Muawia; Ibenbrahim, Aomar; Cherkaoui, Taj-Eddine (Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1997)
Abstract To examine the limitations in the techniques for discriminating between chemical explosions and earthquakes at local and regional distances, we have applied several standard heuristics to seismic events in northwest Morocco where little a priori information was available. Although the eight Oud Zem phosphate mine explosions have similar geographic locations, total charge size, and presumably ripple-fired mechanisms, the seismic recordings are characterized by a surprising amount of diversity. Time and path independent modulations, due to the periodic source mechanism of the ripple-fired explosions, rarely unequivocally distinguish the explosions from the earthquakes. Our findings imply that more often than the current literature suggests, source inconsistencies such as differing blasting arrangements have a role in the failure of common discriminants. Furthermore, crustal seismic velocity and the attenuation structure seemed to shape the seismic signals more than the nature of the source mechanism, although site effects could not be ruled out. The 10-to 15-Hz Pg/Sg ratio test proved to be the most precise and accurate discriminant. Popular intraphase spectral and cross-spectral ratios performed considerably worse. Finally, we argue that a regional case-based approach requires extensive regional information to meet the demanding verification goals of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
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The challenges facing energy and climate change policy in South Africa - Praetorius, Barbara (Economic bulletin, 1997)
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African American and White Mothers of Adults with Chronic Disabilities: Caregiving Burden and Satisfaction - Pruchno, Rachel; Patrick, Julie Hicks; Burant, Christopher J. (Family Relations, 1997)
African American and White Mothers of Adults With Chronic Disabilities: Caregiving Burden and Satisfaction* Rachel Pruchno, Ph.D.,** Julie Hicks Patrick, and Christopher J. Burant A model is developed and tested that explains the effects of race on the caregiving experience by patterning relationships between race and several causal agents. Data from 741 White and 100 African American women with adult children having chronic disabilities revealed that while the African American and White subsamples differed from one another in terms of age, education, income, living arrangements, physical health, caregiving burden, and caregiving satisfaction, race had no direct or indirect influence on either caregiving burden or caregiving satisfaction. Rather, variables representing the sociocultural, interpersonal, situational, temporal, and personal contexts which relate to race explained the observed variance in both caregiving burden and caregiving satisfaction. Key Words: caregiving, chronic disability, race. Although African American caregivers typically have lower incomes (Hinrichsen & Ramirez, 1992), are less well-educated (Staples, 1981; Young & Kahana, 1995), are in poorer health (Gibson & Jackson, 1987; Markides, 1989; Mui, 1992; Young & Kahana, 1995), are more likely to be widowed at earlier ages (Hinrichsen & Ramirez, 1992; Mui, 1992), and care for more impaired relatives (Mui, 1992; Young & Kahana, 1995) than their White counterparts, studies indicate that they report lower levels of caregiving burden (Hinrichsen & Ramirez, 1992; Lawton, Rajagopal, Brody, & Kleban, 1992; Macera, 1992; Mintzer & Macera, 1992; Mui, 1992; Young & Kahana, 1995), lower levels of grief (Struening et al., 1995), lower levels of depression, anger, and hostility (Haley et al., 1995; Miller, Campbell, Farran, Kaufman, & Davis, 1995) and higher levels of caregiver satisfaction (Lawton et al., 1992). These unexpected, yet consistent trends beg for explanation. The analyses that follow will develop and test a model that explains the effects of race on the caregiving experience by patterning relationships between race and the ecological niche in which caregiving occurs. The contexts that will be explored, based on a model described by Dilworth-Anderson and Anderson (1994) include the sociocultural, interpersonal, situational, temporal, and personal. These relationships will be examined using data from a sample of mothers who have adult children with chronic disabilities. Examination will focus on the mechanisms that link these contextual variables to the caregiving experience. Attempts to explain why African American caregivers generally fare better than their White counterparts, despite experiencing more stressors and having fewer resources, have taken several different approaches. On the one hand, there have been suggestions that studies may be contrasting the most fit African Americans, those people who have survived to old age, with a more heterogeneous group of Whites (Gibson, 1982; Jackson, Chatters, & Neighbors, 1982; Manton, Poss, & Wing, 1979; Markides & Black, 1996; Taylor, 1985). A second, related explanation suggests that African Americans may be more resilient to the psychological effects of caregiving than Whites because they are more likely to have experienced a lifetime of adversity (Neighbors, Jackson, Bowman, & Gurin, 1983; Rodgers-Rose, 1980; Spurlock, 1984; Taylor & Chatters, 1986). In fact, some researchers have suggested that Black caregivers may even derive unique benefits and satisfactions from the caregiving role (Dilworth-Anderson & Anderson, 1994; Lawton et al., 1992). A third approach has begun to examine various cultural traditions that result in the empowerment of African American, but not White caregivers. Among the cultural traditions that have been examined are family role involvement, social support, and participation in church activities (Anderson, 1991; Angel & Tienda, 1982; Chatters, Taylor & Jackson, 1985; Coke, 1992; Dungee-Anderson & Beckett, 1992; McAdoo, 1978; Mitchell & Register, 1984; Mutran, 1985; Segall & Wykle, 1988; Taylor, 1986). …
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The contradictions of scientific management as a mode of controlling teachers' work in black secondary schools: South Africa - Sebakwane, Shirley M. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1997)
Abstract Using teaching as a labour process, this paper shows how teachers' work is controlled by the state. By using data collected from the Lebowa bantustan in South Africa, the analysis focuses on structural/material constraints on teachers' work; how scientific management has been transferred from industrial corporations to South African black schools as a post-1976 reform strategy, to bring control over teachers and students at a time when the system of education of blacks was characterised by massive student and teacher protests. However, contradictory developments emerged whereby teachers responded and resisted these controls in a variety of ways in different work contexts. Since the research was conducted in the late 1980's, the paper seeks to discuss how widespread scientific management ideas are in the post-apartheid era.
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Systematic variations in the 3He/4He ratio and carbon of fumarolic fluids from active volcanic areas in Italy: Evidence for radiogenic 4He and crustal carbon addition by the subducting African plate? - Tedesco, Dario (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1997)
The isotopic composition of helium from active volcanic areas in Italy differs from those of other arc volcanic areas (circum-Pacific region), even though the tectonic settings are similar [1–4]. Helium isotopic values of fumarolic gases were obtained for the southern Italian volcanoes, Mount Etna and the Eolian Islands ([5,6]; this work), and from central Italian volcanoes in Neapolitan, Roman and south Tuscany volcanic provinces ([7,8]; this work). The 3He/4He ratios decrease from south to north, from values slightly lower than those of MORB to near crustal values, including ratios lower than atmospheric (Ra = 1). Contamination by crustal radiogenic helium, derived from the natural decay of uranium and thorium, is the most likely candidate for lowering 3He/4He ratios. Increases from south to north in the U and Th contents of volcanic rocks are in agreement with this hypothesis. Local crustal and surficial contaminations may also explain the systematic changes in ratios. Subduction of the African plate beneath the Tyrrhenian Sea seems to be the most logical process to explain the 3He/4He ratio decrease. Similarly, carbon isotopic data show higher values from south to north, which suggests increasing contamination of subducted sedimentary carbon into magmatic gases. Correlations with strontium and neodymium isotope data support the above mentioned hypothesis and demonstrate the remarkable link between helium and carbon isotope variations and tectonic processes. Comparison with low helium data from the Banda arc (Indonesia), although with a different mechanism, agrees with the presence of a continental end-member below the Tyrrhenian Sea volcanoes.
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Education in a New South Africa: The Crisis of Conflict, the Challenges of Change - Williams, H. Drake; Davis, James Earl; Soudien, Crain (1997)
The birth of the new South Africa marks one of the most profound events of the close of the 20th century. Indeed, the historical events culminating in the first truly democratic elections in South Africa in 1994 have ramifications for people around the globe. Millions worldwide have experienced renewed faith and a revitalized sense of hope with the demise of the infamous apartheid system and with the many transformations, large and small, that are taking shape in this youngest democratic republic. This latest jewel in the crown of Africa is determined to be both a positive force for change and a wellspring of serious developmental action. The world community is dizzy with plans and ideas to salute the new nation's future. Indeed, there are numerous reasons to join the celebratory chorus. Internally, every aspect of life for South Africa's diverse citizenry is undergoing massive change: education, politics, spiritual life, health, law enforcement, transportation, housing and land issues, and countless other areas. Not surprisingly, however, the dawning of the new millennium finds the budding democracy struggling with inevitable growing pains. Acknowledging the atrocities and shedding the memories of a violent past has been a difficult, traumatic process. The upcoming round of general elections in 1999 poses yet another challenge to the reconfigured state as President Nelson R. Mandela, an icon of political and cultural transformation, has promised to step aside and let a new national leadership take the helm. Once again then the process of reform in all sectors of education-primary, secondary, and tertiary-stands to be mightily tried and tested by political and social change (Constas, 1997; Moja, Muller, & Cloete, 1996). Such massive challenges are not new to the South African scenario, however. in South Africa has a long tradition of being used as a political tool, whether as the social controlling force of Bantu education or the progressive use of schools as critical sites of resistance in the anti-apartheid struggle. The politicization of education in the new South Africa will no doubt continue, albeit it will be manifested in different forms and with different social and economic consequences at stake (Nieuwenhuis, 1996). Two years ago, some of us heard and answered the call to join in action, scholarship, and struggle with the citizens of South Africans to keep their dream growing. Two years in the making, this Yearbook issue of the Journal of Negro echoes the extraordinary theme of hope for the new South Africa. As such, it presents a well-conceived and thoughtful analysis of several of the key educational issues that presently confront the nation. While illuminating the shifting political setting and highlighting strategies that mark the possibilities of effective institutional change, this Yearbook presents concrete ideas for innovative educational approaches and programs. Education in a New South Africa: The Crises of Conflict, the Challenges of Change, is divided into three sections. Section one provides insights on the historical and contemporary status of educational efforts in South Africa. It additionally tackles the tough issue of educational decentralization as well as examines issues related to the incorporation or exclusion of multiple languages and cultures into the nation's curricula and pedagogy. This section also considers factors surrounding the education of South Africa's women and girls, and discusses opportunity-to-learn issues common to learning environments in the United States and South Africa. Section two scans the various levels of education, beginning with a much-needed focus on preschool education for Black South African children and a look at factors related to teacher collaboration within South African schools. From these key points, the attention turns to the critical issue of admissions and retention policies at the university level, especially at the rapidly integrating previously historically White universities, and to education in the vital, skilled areas of engineering and technology. …
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Linking priorities for training, research and policy on ageing in sub-Saharan Africa - Wilson, Adrian O.; Adamchak, Donald J. (Southern African journal of gerontology, 1997)
This forum raises for debate the issues of training, research and policy on ageing in sub-Saharan Africa. The obstacles to a seamless linkage between these areas are discussed. The forum concludes with recommendations to overcome the obstacles, for consideration by all individuals involved in ageing and health on the sub-continent.
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A Qualitative Investigation of Alcohol Drinking among Male High School Students from Three Communities in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa - Ziervogel, C. F.; Morojele, Neo K.; Riet, Job van; Parry, Charles; Robertson, Brian (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1997)
This article reports on a qualitative study using focus group discussions about alcohol binge drinking with tenth grade male high-school students. Groups were run separately with binge drinking and non-binge drinking adolescents in three different communities. The Theory of Planned Behaviour with two additional constructs was used to provide a theoretical framework for the semi-structured discussions and for the analysis of the data. Although the findings are complex some clear differences did emerge between binge drinkers and non-binge drinkers and between participants from the three different communities. The binge drinkers perceived positive outcomes from binge drinking, were embedded within a peer group culture of binge drinking, and found few obstacles of obtaining alcohol. The non-binge drinkers were more concerned with longer term life goals and were motivated to comply with family pressures not to drink excessively. The implications of these findings for preventive programs and for future research are discussed.
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The future of medical education in South Africa - Hoffenberg, R. (The BMJ, 1997)
When I left South Africa in 1968 academic medicine was flourishing. The best graduates wanted to pursue academic careers and there was fierce competition for posts in teaching hospitals. Although not in itself a manifestation of profound research the world's first heart transplant had revealed just how sophisticated medicine was in the country. The general medical scene was less satisfactory. Few black doctors were being trained—seven in 1966; 11 in 1967; 10 in 1968—and the distribution of doctors was grossly distorted in favour of white suburbs. This inequality of service was reflected in patterns of health and disease. At the end of 1995 I returned to join an advisory group set up by the minister of health, Dr N C Zuma, to try to restore a badly depleted and demoralised academic sector. What I found was extremely depressing. The status of academic medicine had declined seriously, the teaching hospitals had been deprived of funds, salaries for academics and those working in the public sector were quite inadequate with a resultant haemorrhage into private practice. Vast numbers of doctors had emigrated. The mix of private and public medicine had changed completely. Only 39% of health expenditure went to the public sector, 61% to the private; one third of all hospital beds were in the private sector. The new minister was determined to do something about the unequal …
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[Uganda--a visit to the hospital and nursing school in Masaka]. - Hansen, Gunnar Vold (PubMed, 1997)
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Training TBAs in Ghana. (PubMed, 1997)
The Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana (PPAG), in cooperation with Ghana's Ministry of Health, trained 43 trusted members of communities in which home delivery remains the norm for most women in hygienic methods of child delivery, how to identify risk factors during pregnancy, when and where to refer clients for medical assistance, and how to prepare nutritional foods for pregnant women and mothers from locally available foods for 15 days over a 5-week period. The traditional birth attendants (TBAs), aged 30-90 years, were drawn from areas in Ghana where JOICFP's Integrated Project (IP) is implemented. Songs and role plays were used extensively in the training, with the TBAs also provided information in pictorial form. The trainees had many misconceptions. Another training goal was to foster closer working relationships between the TBAs and local health personnel and to gain TBA support for the promotion of reproductive health/family planning (RH/FP) services, particularly by reinforcing the linkages between TBAs and clinics for referrals and the work of community-based distribution agents.
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Learning in the Africanized Honey Bee: Apis mellifera L. - Abramson, Charles I.; Aquino, Italo S.; Silva, Maurizete C; Price, James (Physiology & Behavior, 1997)
Several series of experiments are reported that investigate learning in the Africanized honey bee. In the first series, classical conditioning of proboscis extension was studied by confining bees to small metal tubes where they received pairings of an odor with a 3-s feeding of sucrose. After a number of odor-sucrose pairings, the bees began to extend their proboscis to the odor. Controls include Unpaired, Discrimination, and Pseudoconditioning Groups. This technique was used to look at conditioning to a light CS, and to the odors of beeswax, geraniol, citral, and hexanal. The results indicate that acquisition was best when sucrose was paired with the odor of beeswax. Conditioning to the remaining odors was roughly similar, but acquisition did not occur using a light. In a second series of experiments, odors were no longer followed by sucrose feedings and the conditioned response slowly disappeared. With the exception of geraniol as a CS, this extinction effect did not occur if the animals continued to be fed on an unpaired schedule. In a third series of experiments, conditioned inhibition was demonstrated when geraniol was used as conditioned stimuli, but no effect was found when the odors of hexanal, citral and wax were used. In a fourth series of experiments, unrestrained bees flew back and forth from the laboratory to the hive, where they were taught to distinguish targets based on color and odor. With this technique, color and odor discrimination in the Africanized bees was demonstrated. In addition, it was found that more intruder bees visited the experimental station when the stimuli used were olfactory rather than visual.
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Determinants of Personal Space Among South African Students - Akande, Adebowale (The Journal of Psychology, 1997)
(1997). Determinants of Personal Space Among South African Students. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 131, No. 5, pp. 569-571.
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Towards a participatory and demand-driven training and visit (T & V) agricultural extension system: A case of Tanzania - Ban, A.W. van den; Mkwawa, Dawara (European journal of agricultural education and extension, 1997)
Abstract Tanzania uses the T & V system of agricultural extension. At this moment this is a rather top-down system for the transfer of technologies, but the Ministry is convinced that the extension system would become more effective if it was more participatory and demand-driven. The Village Extension Officers are taught impact points, which they are expected to passon to the farmers. However, most farmers do not follow these recommendations, often because in formulating these recommendations one has not given enough attention to the limited possibilities many farmers have to make investments. With the large diversity among the farmers in income, access to markets and agro-ecological situation blanket recommendations cannot work. Farmers need information that helps them to make better decisions themselves adjusted to their goals and their situation. This can only be realised with a decentralised system of decision- making in the extension service and a participatory system of supervision and inservice training. Discussed are difficulties involved in realising such a major change in the extension approach. It takes time, training and a systematic strategy of organisational change to overcome these difficulties.
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Rainbows and Spider Webs: new challenges for theatre in a transformed system of education in South Africa - Carklin, Michael (Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance, 1997)
Abstract South African society has undergone immense change in recent years and arguably one of the most fundamental challenges has been transforming the education system from one that was strongly authoritarian, subject‐centred and based on political indoctrination, to one which embraces notions of child‐centredness, diversity, multicul‐turalism and multilingualism. The key idea of this article is ‘intervention’, exploring the ways in which theatre ‘intervenes’ in the South African education system. Three areas of intervention are highlighted: firstly, through introducing drama as a formal subject of school study; secondly, as a methodology for teachers across the curriculum, and thirdly, as an intervention from the outside, through, for example, visiting theatre companies, and in this case, the DramAidE company which focuses on HIV/AIDS and lifeskills education. Whilst these areas of dramatic engagement are not new, it is unlikely that drama will automatically become part of the transformed system without clear intervention from arts educators. This article traces developments that have taken place in South African drama and education policy formulation, highlighting the need for practical intervention at the levels of both content and methodology from within, and outside of, the school system.
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The Influence of Self-Esteem on Smoking among African-American School Children - Crump, Regan L.; Lillie-Blanton, Marsha; Anthony, James C. (Journal of Drug Education, 1997)
This study provides some evidence, although not very strong, that self-esteem is associated with the likelihood of smoking among African-American children. In a sample of 1,256 children, those with lowest levels of self-esteem were twice as likely to have ever smoked as those with highest level of self-esteem (95% C.I. = 1.10–7.78). Girls, more so than boys, have an increased risk of smoking at the lowest level of self-esteem. Girls with the lowest level of self-esteem were 2.8 times (95% C.I. = 3.85–16.59) as likely to have smoked when compared to girls with higher self-esteem. The findings suggest preventive interventions that seek to build self-esteem may reduce the likelihood of smoking among girls, although perhaps only modestly. Further study is needed to identify potentially effective methods for reducing the likelihood of smoking among African-American boys.
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Attitudes of secondary school students toward agriculture in Swaziland - Dlamini, B.M. (European journal of agricultural education and extension, 1997)
Abstract The primary purpose of the research is to describe and explain the attitude of secondary agriculture school students toward agriculture, and to determine students' perceived usefulness of agriculture as compared with other subjects. A descriptive correlational research was employed. Results revealed that secondary agriculture students hold a slightly positive attitude toward agriculture, and that eleventh and twelfth grade students held a statistically significant higher positive attitude than tenth grade students, when compared, using the Tukey method Agriculture as a subject is more useful in the home situation (mainly rural) than for further education. Results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that out of seven independent variables, only three are significant predictors of attitude at alpha .05. The best predictor variables are school location (urban vs rural), performance level, and growing of crops by family.
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Impaired antioxidant defence in guinea pig heart tissues treated with halothane - Durak, İlker; Kurtipek, Ömer; Öztürk, Hakan; Bırey, Mehmet; Turan, Güven; Kavutçu, Mustafa; Kaçmaz, Murat; Dikmen, Bayazıt; Yel, Mustafa; Canbolat, Orhan (Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie, 1997)
To investigate the effects of halothane and halothane plus vitamin E treatment on myocardial free radical metabolism in guinea pigs.Four groups of seven animals were studied: control, halothane, halothane plus vitamin E and vitamin E groups. In the halothane group, halothane 1.5% in oxygen was given for 90 min over three days. In the halothane plus vitamin E group, 300 mg.kg-1.day-1 vitamin E im was started three days before the first halothane treatment and continued for three days. Following sacrifice, the hearts were assayed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level was determined. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis and electron microscopy (EM) were also performed.In the halothane group, SOD activities and MDA concentrations were increased compared with control and GSH-Px and CAT activities were decreased. In the halothane plus vitamin E group, there were no differences in enzyme activity compared with halothane alone but the MDA level was decreased. In the vitamin E group, enzyme activities were increased compared with control. Mainly the CF3CHCl radical was identified by ESR analysis in heart tissues exposed to halothane and the concentration of this radical was reduced by vitamin E. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic vacuolisation and dilation in sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart tissues exposed to halothane: both were prevented by vitamin E.Although halothane causes impairment in enzymatic antioxidant defence potential, due to lowered GSH-Px and CAT activity, and accelerates peroxidative reactions in the tissues affected, no subcellular damage occurred. Vitamin E may protect tissues against free radical attack by scavenging toxic free radicals formed in heart tissue during halothane anaesthesia.
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Library Education in Libya - Dyab, Muftha Mohammed (Information development, 1997)
Briefly reviews the development of formal library and information science education at the Department of Library and Information Science, University of El-Fateh, Tripoli, Libya, the first library and information science school established in the country. Provides information on the educational programmes, faculty members, curriculum development, information technology, and material facilities of the Department.
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Prevalence of skin diseases in school children in rural and urban communities in the Illubabor province, south-western Ethiopia: a preliminary survey - Figueroa, Jose I.; Hawranek, Thomas; Abraha, Aynalem; Hay, Roderick J. (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 1997)
Background Skin disease is usually the second most common reason for consultation by children in rural clinics in developing countries. The majority of epidemiological studies published so far are based on the analysis of medical records from specialised centres. These, however, account for expressed needs only and do not portray the real prevalence of paediatric skin disease at the community level. Aim To determine the prevalence of skin disease in unselected paediatric populations from rural and urban communities in the Illubabor province, south-west Ethiopia. Patients and methods A cross-sectional prevalence survey of 219 junior school children in three schools was performed. Ninety-one children (42%) from two rural communities and 128 (58%) from an urban settlement were examined clinically and asked to complete a simple questionnaire. Results Three hundred and eighty-two cutaneous findings were present in 212 (96.8%) children. Parasitic infestations, particularly pediculosis capitis, and infections, of which fungal infections affected at least one in four children, were the most prevalent skin conditions in both environments. Conclusions Community based epidemiological data are needed for monitoring early changes in disease patterns in children so that health care programmes can be expeditiously modified accordingly.
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Prevalence of skin diseases in school children in rural and urban communities in the Illubabor province, south‐western Ethiopia: a preliminary survey - Figueroa, Jose I.; Hawranek, Thomas; Abraha, Aynalem; Hay, Roderick J. (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 1997)
Abstract Background Skin disease is usually the second most common reason for consultation by children in rural clinics in developing countries. The majority of epidemiological studies published so far are based on the analysis of medical records from specialised centres. These, however, account for expressed needs only and do not portray the real prevalence of paediatric skin disease at the community level. Aim To determine the prevalence of skin disease in unselected paediatric populations from rural and urban communities in the Illubabor province, south‐west Ethiopia. Patients and methods A cross‐sectional prevalence survey of 219 junior school children in three schools was performed. Ninety‐one children (42%) from two rural communities and 128 (58%) from an urban settlement were examined clinically and asked to complete a simple questionnaire. Results Three hundred and eighty‐two cutaneous findings were present in 212 (96.8%) children. Parasitic infestations, particularly pediculosis capitis, and infections, of which fungal infections affected at least one in four children, were the most prevalent skin conditions in both environments. Conclusions Community based epidemiological data are needed for monitoring early changes in disease patterns in children so that health care programmes can be expeditiously modified accordingly.
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Education systems in East Africa. Trends and Issues - Florida, A Karani (1997)
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An Evaluation of a Program to Influence Academic Self‐Concept Among African American Male College Students - Fortson, Stephen B. (Journal of Employment Counseling, 1997)
African American men suffer one of the highest attrition rates of any racial or gender group in college. This study evaluated a retention program designed to increase academic self‐concept by engaging participants in a 10‐week course that taught career planning, cultural awareness, job interviewing and resume writing skills, and academic responsibility. The results of the analysis suggest that the course had no effect on academic self‐concept.
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Increasing African Americans' Participation in Higher Education - Freeman, Kassie (The Journal of Higher Education, 1997)
(1997). Increasing African Americans' Participation in Higher Education. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 68, No. 5, pp. 523-550.
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Increasing African Americans' Participation in Higher Education: African American High-School Students' Perspectives - Freeman, Kassie (The Journal of Higher Education, 1997)
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Serum retinol concentrations and Schistosoma mansoni, intestinal helminths, and malarial parasitemia: a cross-sectional study in Kenyan preschool and primary school children - Friis, Henrik; Mwaniki, Dennis; Omondi, B; Muniu, Erastus; Magnussen, Pascal; Geissler, Wenzel; Thiong'o, F; Michaelsen, Kim Fleischer (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1997)
Parasitic determinants of serum retinol concentrations were studied in 159 preschool (0.25-5.1 y) and 695 primary school (9.2-17 y) children in western Kenya. Mean serum retinol was 0.63 micromol/L in preschool and 0.94 micromol/L in primary school children; 62% and 24%, respectively, had serum retinol < 0.70 micromol/L. Serum retinol was lower in boys than in girls among both preschool (P = 0.04) and primary school children (P = 0.0001). Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura egg output and malarial parasitemia were determined and their relation with serum retinol assessed. Among preschool children, sex, elevated serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, and malarial parasitemia were significant predictors of serum retinol. Among the 63 children from whom stool samples were available, none of the helminth infections were significant predictors of serum retinol. For primary school children, age, sex, and S. mansoni egg output were predictors of serum retinol. Malarial parasitemia among nonimmune preschool children may contribute to low serum retinol, whereas malarial parasitemia did not have any effects in semiimmune primary school children. In contrast, the inverse relation between S. mansoni and serum retinol found in primary school children could be due to an effect of infection on serum retinol or an increased susceptibility to infection among children with low serum retinol. Although parasitic infections may contribute to poor vitamin A status in children, they do not explain the age and sex differences.
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Innovation management issues raised by a distance-learning project in Eritrea: Can such projects be successfully transplanted from one developing country to another? - Guariento, Bill (System, 1997)
This paper, using field work carried out in Eritrea, will examine ways of promoting “ownership” resulting from the adaptation of a project originally developed outside the host country. The author will argue that while project organisers will probably encounter basic problems concerning local competence, the stress must, above all, fall on an awareness of what Holliday has termed “intercompetence”, “an intermediate stage in behavioural competence which occurs during confrontation with a new culture” (Holliday, 1994: p. 223). The author believes that more effort should be dedicated to ways of adapting ELT material produced in one developing country in order to enable use in another. Just as there are situations in which context-specificity and differing needs clearly preclude adaptation and transplantation within the developing world, so are there cases in which context and needs resemble one another to an extent suggesting that adaptation may be worthwhile. In countries which lack the resources to fund improvements in teacher training and/or the trainer expertise required to provide such development, the use of materials already existing elsewhere provides a low-cost alternative, and one able to offset local skills-shortfalls.
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Family influences on school achievement in low-income, African American children. - Halle, Tamara; Kurtz‐Costes, Beth; Mahoney, Joseph L. (Journal of educational psychology, 1997)
The authors examined the achievement-related beliefs and behaviors of parents of economically disadvantaged African American youth, and the relations among parental factors and children's academic self-concept and achievement. Forty-one children and their primary caregivers were interviewed. Parents reported on their academic-related beliefs and behaviors. Children completed measures of academic self-concept and 2 standardized achievement tests: 1 during the summer and 1 at the end of the following school year. Significant and positive relations were found between parental belief and behavior measures within the domains of reading and math; however, parental beliefs were more strongly linked with child outcomes than were parents' achievement-oriented behaviors. The relation between parental beliefs and child outcomes was not mediated by children's academic self-concept. Results are discussed in light of models of family influences on achievement.
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Southern African climate change simulated by the GENESIS GCM - Hudson, Debra (South African Journal of Science, 1997)
This paper examines the summer (DJF) and winter (JJA) equilibrium response of the climate system to an instantaneous doubling of CO2 using the T31 GENESIS general circulation model (GCM) (version 2.0.a). The results are analysed over southern Africa and the adjacent oceans (90i?½S to 0i?½; 70i?½W to 110i?½E) in order to evaluate the control simulation and determine the large-scale response to the CO2 forcing. The GCM has been shown to perform well under present-day conditions, perhaps with the exception of precipitation, which is overestimated in the model. In response to the doubling of CO2, there is a general increase in surface temperatures over the analysis window, with an increase of between 2i?½ and 3i?½C over South Africa and the temperature differential between high and low latitudes is reduced during both seasons. There are increases in sea-level pressures and 500 hPa heights south of Africa in the mid-latitudes during summer and winter in the 2 x CO2 simulation, which is indicative of a weakening of the westerly circulation in this region. For winter, there is a reduction in the speed of the 500 hPa winds south of South whereas in summer there is a weakening of the subtropical jet stream and an increase in strength the subpolar jet stream. Specific humidities increase in response to the increase in CO2 during both seasons, as do the 700 hPa moisture fluxes. For winter; there is greater transport of moisture from over the Atlantic Ocean towards southern Africa in the 2 x CO2 simulation compared with the control. Mid-latitude cyclone densities are generally found to decrease in the mid-latitudes and increase in a narrow band surrounding the Antarctic continent for both seasons in the 2 x CO2 simulation. This has been related to changes in surface temperatures and positioning of the sea-ice margin.
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Effects of Achievement Motivation and Study Habits on Nigerian Secondary School Students' Academic Performance - Jegede, Joseph O.; Jegede, Ruth T.; Ugodulunwa, Christianah A. (The Journal of Psychology, 1997)
Abstract An experimental analysis of the effects of achievement motivation and study habits on Nigerian secondary school students' English language performance was carried out in 1990. The two hypotheses tested were that each of the treatment groups would perform significantly better in English than the control group and that the students treated for the combination of improved study habits and higher achievement motivation would perform better in English than any of the other groups (study habit, achievement motivation, and control). The sample consisted of 160 students in 10th grade, selected from 4 schools in Nigeria. Students' entry and exit achievement motivation, study habits, and English language performance were examined. Analyses of covariance were used to test for the significance of the results, and both hypotheses were supported.
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Traditional Education and Creativity in an Afro‐Arab. Islamic Culture: The Case of Sudan - Khaleefa, Omar; Erdos, George; Ashria, Ikhlas H. (The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1997)
ABSTRACT This study investigated the differing effect upon creativity of traditional and modern education in the Sudan. The salient characteristics of the two types are presented, with a brief discussion of their likely effects. Four creativity tests, suitably modified for local conditions, were administered to 264 male and female students, with an age range of 15–20 years. The results indicated that the group receiving modern education performed significantly better than the traditionally educated group on two of the four creativity tests, but with equal performance on one test. The traditionally educated group performed significantly better on the fourth test. The discussion suggests there are a number of factors, both sociocultural and methodological, which may account for these findings.
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Segregation, science and commissions of enquiry: the contestation over native education policy in South Africa, 1930–36 - Krige, Sue (Journal of Southern African Studies, 1997)
Abstract This is a study of relations between English Protestant missions and secular forces in and outside the state in the arena of African education between 1930 and 1936. During these years both the state and secular organisations devoted a great deal of time and money, in the form of commissions and conferences, to debating and investigating solutions to the ‘Native Problem’. Education was seen as key in this debate. The article argues that, through these public debates, newly emerging secular experts attempted to silence the missions and educated African elite as illegitimate amateurs, no longer able to speak with authority on African education. It shows the way in which new sciences like anthropology and psychology were used to bolster and hone earlier notions of ‘adapted education’. It challenges the idea that the missions accepted these ideas, showing that a robust critique was emerging which drew both on missionary opposition to ‘adapted education’ in British colonies and critiques of segregationist policy in South Africa.
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Day-to-Day Variation of Egg Output and Schistosome Circulating Antigens in Urine of Schistosoma Haematobium-Infected School Children from Gabon and Follow-up after Chemotherapy - L, Van Etten; Pg, Kremsner; Fw, Krijger; Am, Deelder (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1997)
"Day-to-Day Variation of Egg Output and Schistosome Circulating Antigens in Urine of Schistosoma Haematobium-Infected School Children from Gabon and Follow-up after Chemotherapy" published on Sep 1997 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
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Geriatric medicine in South Africa--the onus is on medical schools. - Louw, Steven (PubMed, 1997)
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A school‐based approach to the control of urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal helminth infections in children in Matuga, Kenya: impact of a two‐year chemotherapy programme on prevalence and intensity of infections - Magnussen, Pascal; Muchiri, Eric M.; Mungai, Peter; Ndzovu, Malick; Ouma, John H.; Tosha, Saidi (Tropical Medicine & International Health, 1997)
A school- and chemotherapy-based urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal helminth infection control programme was conducted in Matuga Division, Kwale District, Coast Province with teachers taking care of diagnosis, treatment and health education. More than 12,000 children in 36 primary schools were included in the 2-year programme. Results for 20 evaluation schools are presented. Children with haematuria were treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg) once a year. Within 2 years, the prevalence of haematuria in the schools was reduced from 28% (range 8-68%) to 11.4% (range 3-23%). More than 80% of the schoolchildren were infected with one or more intestinal helminths at baseline. After one year with levamisole mass chemotherapy, single dose (2.5 mg/kg) three times a year (once per school term), the prevalence of Ascaris infection was reduced by 83% from 18% to 3%, but there was no change in pretreatment prevalences of hookworm (57%) and Trichuris (56%) infections. In the second year of the programme, albendazole 600 mg once every six months was administered to the children in 10 randomly selected schools. This resulted in 52% and 23% reductions in prevalences of hookworm and Trichuris infections, respectively, in these schools and a reduction in mean intensity of infection of 52.8% and 50.3%, respectively.
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Review: Freedom Road: Adult Education of African Americans - Martin, Larry G. (Adult learning (Washington, D.C.), 1997)
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The development of students' writing ability in English at university level in Syria - Meygle, Abdul Hamid (1997)
This research concerns the development of Syrian undergraduates' writing ability in English. The aim of the research was to establish whether students' writing improved during their period of study, and to identify the nature of any changes that occurred. Secondary objectives concerned how previous research and current theories can help us understand and offer explanations for progress or lack of progress. In addition, students were consulted about their attitudes to writing through a questionnaire and interviews. Written data was obtained by sampling first and final year examination scripts, which were (1) objectively analysed for linguistic features to establish measurable characteristics and (2) subjectively evaluated by native speaker teachers of English to take account of factors such as discourse structure and organisation. The thesis consists of nine chapters. Chapter 1 describes the setting of the current research. Chapter 2 describes the data collection and introduces research methods, and this followed in Chapter 3 by a survey of relevant literature on non-native speaker writing.. The main body of the linguistic research is reported in Chapter 4 (sentence length and syntactic structure), Chapter 5 (grammatical features and spelling) and Chapter 6 (lexis). The subjective assessment of samples of student writing by native teachers of English is reported in Chapter 7, and the results of the survey into students' attitudes to writing are also reported in Chapter 8. Chapter Nine concludes the thesis with a summary of the findings, implications for teaching and suggestions for further research. The analyses revealed improvements in almost all aspects of students' writing on both objective and subjective measures but particularly in syntactic complexity and vocabulary.
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In vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in school children in Hoima district, Western Uganda - Ndyomugyenyi, Richard; Magnussen, Pascal (Acta tropica (Print), 1997)
In vivo testing of Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to chloroquine and sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine was carried out among asymptomatic school children from seven schools in four sub-counties in Hoima District in western Uganda. Seven hundred and twenty five children were screened, 487 (67%) had parasitaemia and 307 met the inclusion criteria. Full sensitivity to chloroquine in urban areas was found in 42%. Chloroquine resistance at RII level was observed in 46% (33–58%) and RIII level in 13% (0–24%) In rural areas, however, full sensitivity to chloroquine was found in 76% (70–84%). Resistance at RII and RIII level was found in 18 and 6% respectively. Full sensitivity to sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine was found in 98% and only 2% resistant at RII level. The relatively high proportion of chloroquine resistance at RII and RIII levels in urban areas could be attributed to easy access to chloroquine as well as frequent and probably inadequate use of chloroquine. Chloroquine can still be used as first line antimalarial drug in the area. Sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine should be the second line drug for cases not responding to chloroquine.
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An integrated model for the deep structure of the Chyulu Hills volcanic field, Kenya - Novak, O.; Ritter, Joachim; Altherr, Rainer; Garasic, V.; Volker, F.; Kluge, Christina; Kaspar, Tilo; Byrne, G.F.; Sobolev, S. V.; Fuchs, Karl (Tectonophysics, 1997)
The Chyulu Hills, a 1.4 Ma B.P. to Holocene volcanic field located about 150 km to the east of the Kenya rift, is one of the few locations on Earth for which detailed geochemical (volcanic rocks), thermobarometric (xenoliths), seismological and gravity data are available. This paper combines these data to achieve an integrated seismic-petrological model for the deep structure of this volcanic field. Results of a wide-angle reflection and refraction experiment reveal an average crustal thickness of 40 km and a thickness of 20 km for the lower crust. Beneath the volcanic field, the crust thickens to about 44 km. In this region a low-velocity body (LVZ) is modelled which extends from about 30 ± 5 km depth to the Moho. The LVZ is characterised by an increased vP/vS-ratio ranging from 1.81 to 1.93 depending on the possible extents of this body. This is in contrast to the surrounding crust where a ratio of only about 1.76 is observed. In the same area, the results of a teleseismic tomography study show a P-wave low-velocity anomaly of −3%. The seismic data can be explained by either an anorthositic body directly above the Moho in the region of the Chyulu Hills or by the presence of partial melt. Directly beneath the Chyulu Hills, a P-wave velocity of 7.9 km/s is determined for the uppermost mantle; this velocity is 0.2–0.3 km/s lower than that of the surrounding mantle region. The teleseismic tomography model suggests a P-wave low-velocity anomaly of −2.5 to −3.5% in the uppermost mantle (<70 km depth). Widespread garnet-bearing pyroxenitic and lherzolitic mantle xenoliths are mostly well equilibrated and suggest an apparent lithospheric thickness of about 105 km. Most garnet-free spinel harzburgitic xenoliths and some garnet pyroxenitic xenoliths were significantly heated before they were sampled and erupted by the host magmas. Heating events lasted for less than 210 ka as indicated by chemical diffusion profiles observed in orthopyroxene grains. It is suggested that heating was caused by stagnating magmas in the uppermost lithospheric mantle. At the same depth P-wave velocity perturbations of the tomographic model show a low-velocity zone directly underneath the youngest part (SE) of the volcanic field. At depths greater than about 70 km, this low-velocity zone is shifted towards the east, away from the volcanic field.
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Donor-driven Initiatives and Media Training in Africa - Ogundimu, Folu F. (Journalism & mass communication educator, 1997)
In 1992, the U.S. Agency for International Development, (AID), launched a $15-million program to consolidate democracy in Zambia. The aid program followed multiparty elections which ended the 28-year reign of Kenneth Kaunda and the United National Independence Party, (UNIP). For 17 of those 28 years, Zambia had operated a single-party state, with UNIP serving as the sole, legitimate party (Bratton, 1992). The defeat of Kaunda and UNIP at the 1991 general elections, and the victory of former trade union leader, Frederick Chiluba, and his Movement for Multiparty Democracy, (MMD), was seen by many as an opportunity to consolidate democratic pluralism in Zambia (Bratton, op.cit.). It was this vision of democratic pluralism that led the U.S. government, acting through its Agency for International Development, (AID), to embark on a bold initiative it termed the Democratic Governance Project (DGP). The central objective of this initiative was to render public decision making more accessible and effective.(USAID Project Paper, 1992).1 Five years after the launching of the project, AID is scaling it down, uncertain about the future of democracy in Zambia. Part of the pessimism stems from the performance of the Chiluba government and the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, (MMD), in the post single-party government era. Dogged by charges of corruption, economic mismanagement, and political intolerance throughout much of its first term, critics of the MMD government say that its record so far has been just as bad as that of the Kaunda regime it succeeded (Bratton and Liatto-Katundu, 1994). Others point to more systemic problems. According to Ihonvbere (1995), Zambia is caught in the contradiction of nurturing and consolidating plural democracy under very difficult socioeconomic conditions (Ihonvbere, 1995:23). The controversies over freedom of the press, and the failure to conduct free and fair elections at the end of Chiluba's first term in office, are perhaps the most significant emblems of this failure at consolidating democratic pluralism in Zambia. For example, Chiluba's entire first term was marked by several tussles with the press, particularly the private-enterprise press. Notwithstanding the shortcomings of the private-enterprise independent press, those supporting transition to democratic pluralism argue that the frequent tussle with the press over critical and sensational stories against members of the Chiluba government did not help with the image of progress toward democracy.2 As for constitutional reforms, the government's failure at compromise with the opposition over several issues, including proposals for an independent judiciary, the need for an independent electoral commission, the procedure for adopting the constitution, and plans to include a Bill of Rights in the main constitution, seriously undermined the legitimacy of the constitution.5 Worse still, the refusal to rescind a clause in the new constitution which forbade former president, Kenneth Kaunda, from contesting the elections as a presidential candidate because his parents were not of Zambian origin, seriously compromised the integrity of the democratic process . The subsequent boycott of the elections by Kaunda's UNIP, and the denunciation of the 1996 elections by several groups as unfair, and undemocratic, was one by-product of the failure at constitutional reforms. Significantly, two of the key components of the U.S. Agency for International Development's democratic assistance plan for Zambia dealt with freedom of the press and constitutional reforms. Is-ow that Zambia is under attack on both of these scores, it is not surprising that AID is scaling back its commitments to assist Zambia in achieving democratic consolidation. This paper examines AID's media assistance plan under the Democratic Governance Project initiative, with particular emphasis on three aspects: (a.) the attempt at policy reforms that were intended to protect freedom of the press and ensure the privatization of mass media institutions in Zambia; (b. …
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Curricula for Media Education in Anglophone Africa - Okigbo, Charles; Pratt, Cornelius B. (Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 1997)
First, a caveat. This article uses and interchangeably primarily because, in the African context, no rigid pedagogical and practical distinctions are made between them. Even though Africa's mass-communication programs emphasize education, they do not entirely preclude human-, interpersonal-, or speech-communication courses. Additionally, in the realm of reception analysis within the African context, the boundaries between mass-media fare and interpersonally generated are in a flux, with one medium complementing-sometimes competing with-the other. The purposes of this article are threefold. First, it provides the basis for reconstructing curricula by integrating normative theory with Africa's media-education and media-training programs. Second, it profiles programs in Kenya, as a case study of similar programs in Anglophone Africa. Third, consistent with the program objectives of the Communication Division of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), it proposes a model curriculum for Kenya, in particular, and for Anglophone Africa, in general. To respond to UNESCO's recent charge to develop model curricula that are amendable, flexible, and adaptable to a variety of training contexts, the African Council for Communication Education (ACCE), a 23-year-old nonprofit organization that develops and implements communication programs in Africa, created in 1996 a project titled Planning/ Modifying Curricula for Communication Training in Africa: Modalities and Strategies. Integrating normative theory The normative theory of performance is grounded in the prescriptive ideals of routines and professional values. It examines how sources are interviewed and news stories or information is reported, narrated, or framed; how programs are justified, designed, implemented, and evaluated; how objectivity and truth are ensured; how organizational and audience interests are balanced; how the information specialist's personal attitudes, beliefs, and values are shielded from content; and how the can assert their independence in the face of competitive pressures from, say, the targets of investigations, an overbearing government or a owner. Whereas positive (that is, descriptive, or as-is) theories enable us to understand problems, normative theories are used to solve problems (Massy & Weitz, 1977), for example, those associated with curricular development. The theory can explain attempts by organizations to identify, develop, and justify basic moral principles, values, and virtues by which their operations should be-or ought to be-conducted. The theory prescribes and proscribes. McQuail (1994) writes, A common element of all the normative press theories . . . is that the should meet the needs and interests of their audience in the first instance and the interests of clients and the state only secondarily (p. 193). According to Baran and Davis (1995), Normative theories describe roles for media, recommend and envision consequences (p. 76). To integrate Baran and Davis's ideal roles for media with those for the African requires, as Moemeka (1997) notes, requires that communication in the communalistic societies of Africa be used to confirm, to solidify, and to promote communal social order and to maintain and improve interpersonal relationships. Bourgault (1995) describes such communication as communitarian (p. 247), which she defines as non-hierarchical, dialogical communication and grassroots participation in development (p. 248). Regarding Baran and Davis's recommended practices, they reflect what Ugboajah (1985) referred to as interpersonal communication in Africa's multi-ethnic societies, where messages should be consistently couched in the context of linguistic, cultural, normative, and semantic milieux. …
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Political Overview in Namibia: the effects on arts/drama education - Olivier-Sampson, L (Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance, 1997)
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Creating inclusive environments for African American children and youth with gifts and talents - Patton, James M.; Townsend, Brenda L. (Roeper Review, 1997)
While African American children in general have been widely discussed in the literature, those with academic gifts and talents have not (Frasier, 1989; Patton & Baytops, 1995). In comparison with their cognitive development, even less attention is placed on these children's socio‐cultural and psychosocial development (Ford, 1992; Shade, 1990; Patton & Baytops, 1995). Increasingly, African American learners with gifts and talents are being educated in general class settings. For these settings to be genuinely inclusive, the sociocultural and psychosocial needs of African American children and youth should be addressed. Hence, this discussion identifies several sociocultural and psychosocial needs unique to gifted African American learners. Classrooms aiming to be inclusive should respond to those needs. Thus, strategies are suggested to create inclusive environments for African American learners. The authors believe that inclusive environments for gifted African American learners result when educators become knowledgeable of African American cultural traditions and history and translate that knowledge into effective pedagogy. In addition, inclusive educators can be equipped to forge collaborations with other professionals, the learners' families, and their communities. These deliberate actions are hallmarks of inclusive environments for gifted African American children and youth.
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The Economic Impact of Marine Pollution on the South African Fishing Industry: An Investigative Framework. - Saville, Adrian; Lumby, Anthony (South African Journal of Economics, 1997)
South African Journal of EconomicsVolume 65, Issue 3 p. 163-172 The Economic Impact of Marine Pollution on the South African Fishing Industry: An Investigative Framework. A.D. SAVILLE, A.D. SAVILLE Department of Economics, University of Natal, Durban.Search for more papers by this authorA.B. LUMBY, A.B. LUMBY Department of Economics, University of Natal, Durban.Search for more papers by this author A.D. SAVILLE, A.D. SAVILLE Department of Economics, University of Natal, Durban.Search for more papers by this authorA.B. LUMBY, A.B. LUMBY Department of Economics, University of Natal, Durban.Search for more papers by this author First published: 22 August 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1997.tb01369.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume65, Issue3September 1997Pages 163-172 RelatedInformation
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Demanding Schools: The Umchingwe Project and African Men's Struggles for Education in Southern Rhodesia, 1928-1934 - Summers, Carol (African Studies Review, 1997)
From at least 1900 on, Africans in Southern Rhodesia, its successor Rhodesia and today's Zimbabwe, have demanded schools and education, leaving behind evidence of their demands in a wide variety of sources: mission records, government reports and the recollections of former students. Even more than demands for land, higher producer prices or higher wages, demands for education were explicit attempts to negotiate not just economic issues, but also a place within Southern Rhodesia's increasingly segregated culture and society. But what, exactly, did students, parents and would-be students want, and were these demands being met? Fathers petitioned for schools for their sons, sons and daughters actively sought or avoided schooling and missions and the administration offered schools as answers to diverse political, social and economic difficulties. This paper will use a close examination of the life of a single ephemeral school at Umchingwe, in the Insiza district of Southern Rhodesia, to explore how senior men sought a school in an effort to rebuild strained ties with young men and restructure their community in Depression-era Southern Rhodesia, and why they failed. Studies of education in Southern Africa have generally acknowledged that missions, with the help of state grants-in-aid, built and operated schools not merely from humanitarian impulses but because schools were one of the most powerful ways to attract Africans to a mission station and convince them to become Christians. The government helped fund mission schools and built two flagship institutions of its own as part of an effort to use schools to cultivate a useful, disciplined and controllable class of African workers and leaders. Schools were not merely imposed on a resisting African population, though. From the early years of the twentieth century, with increasing volume, Africans requested schools from missions, and from the government. Yet much of what we know about the development and expansion of the schooling in the region has focused less on what that education meant to students and their parents than on how the state, the white population and the Native Administration, worked to channel and modify Africans' educational demands through schools which were designed to produce useful subjects and workers for a settler state (Summers 1994a; Challiss 1982; Vambe 1972).
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Challenges to Implementing Health Promoting Schools: The Papua New Guinea Experience - Tetaga, Jerry E. (Promotion & Education, 1997)
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Education, occupation and health status of people of age five years or more living in a high density urban area in Zimbabwe. - Watts, Tim; Siziya, Seter (PubMed, 1997)
To find out the education, occupation and health status of people aged five years or more living in a high density urban area in Zimbabwe.Cross sectional.Households in Chitungwiza.Persons of age five years or more available in a household at the time of the survey. In 1990 and 1993, 822 and 1,023 people were surveyed, respectively.Educational level, employment, rate of smoking, nutritional status, blood pressure level, and rate of disability.After the age of 24 years, more males than females were observed in both periods. A much higher proportion (x2 = 20.34, df = 1, p < 0.001) of women were in informal employment in 1993 (28.6%) than in 1990 (12.9%). Meanwhile, about an equal proportion of men were in the informal sector in both periods (12.0% and 10.4% in 1990 and 1993, respectively). For females of age 15 years or more, fewer (40.8%) had attained secondary education than males (76.4%) in 1990 (x2 = 50.2, df = 1, p < 0.001). Overall, 208 (36.1%) men and eight (1.3%) women of age 15 years or more smoked. Raised blood pressure for both sexes increased significantly with age (x2 for linear trend = 20.21 for men and 65.81 for women, df = 1, p < 0.001 for both sexes). More women of age 45 years or more had raised blood pressure than men (x2 = 4.67, df = 1, p = 0.031). Many more women (8.0%) than men (0.7%) had a Ponderal Index of greater than 27 (x2 = 19.33, df = 1, p < 0.001). A total of 12 (1.5%) persons were disabled.Raised blood pressure and obesity mainly affected women and interventions to improve their health is recommended.
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Statistics training in eastern and southern Africa: a study of supply and demand - Woodward, Mark; Dourmashkin, Neil; Twagirumukiza, Etienne; Mbago, Maurice C.Y.; Cunha, Adrião S. Ferreira Da (The Statistician, 1997)
In recent years considerable concern has been expressed, from within and outside the continent, about the standard of official statistics in Africa. This has prompted the question of how ef fective the training of African statisticians has been. This paper describes findings from studies of current supply and future demand for statistics training in Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe, carried out in 1993 and 1994. Recommendations for future develop ment of training systems are given. These include strengthening in-service training in national statistics organizations and developing regional courses for professional statisticians
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Cultural Descriptors of Hispanics by African American University Students of Spanish. - Garrott, Carl L. (1997)
A study conducted in a predominantly black university investigated the ways in which African American students of Spanish described Hispanics, and changes in these perceptions across Spanish language instructional levels. Subjects were 26 students in Spanish 101, 25 in Spanish 102, and 26 in Spanish 201. Measures used were a semantic differential technique (Osgood, Suci, Tannenbaum, 1957) for ethnic descriptions and a Bogardus Social Distance Scale (Bogardus, 1925). Results indicate that Spanish 101 students characterized Hispanics as poor, impulsive, excitable, good, sociable, dishonest, proud, aggressive, and clean. Spanish 102 students saw them as good, excitable, graceful, happy, kind, proud, generous, sociable, strong, and humorous. Spanish 201 students perceived Hispanics as good, strong, sociable, poor, excitable, clean, proud, and graceful. Early learners appear to deduce the concept Hispanic from stereotypes; later learners armed with knowledge and experience attribute fewer stereotypical characteristics. Semantic differential results suggest that increased language study and/or cultural exposure does not increase positive concepts of Hispanics. Possible explanations for these apparently contradictory results are offered, and areas for further research are outlined. Data tabulations are appended. Contains 31 references. (MSE) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** CULTURAL DESCRIPTORS OF HISPANICS BY AFRICAN AMERICAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF SPANISH
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Breastfeeding training improves health worker performance in rural Nigeria. - Aa, Davies-Adetugbo; Ak, Fabiyi; Eo, Ojoofeitimi; Adetugbo, K (PubMed, 1997)
The training of health workers in breastfeeding and lactation management is to enable them make correct breastfeeding recommendations to mothers. This study aims to provide answers to two research questions: what components of breastfeeding training are easily achieved with extension health workers, and what health worker variables affect these outcomes. Multivariable analysis of the outcomes of a controlled breastfeeding training programme for community health workers (CHW) in rural communities of Osun State, Nigeria, was performed by logistic regression. The results show that the training was the most powerful predictor of correct CHW recommendations on breastfeeding (OR = 60.25, p-0.0000), and of 'perfect' breastfeeding knowledge (OR = 192.49, p = 0.0000). Younger CHWs (in the age bracket 20 to 29 years) were significantly more likely to make correct recommendations on exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 3.02, p = 0.0304). Other CHW variables such as sex, experience, job status, and marital status did not make consistently significant independent contributions to the outcomes. The results suggest that breastfeeding education can enhance CHW professional recommendations on breastfeeding and should be extended to all categories of health workers.Health worker training is a key component of Nigeria's National Breast Feeding Program. Problematic, however, have been situations where the current recommendation of exclusive breast feeding conflicts with local knowledge and practices. This conflict can be resolved only by convincing rural community health workers (CHWs) of the legitimacy and benefits of exclusive breast feeding. A study conducted in the Ife South Local Government area of Nigeria's Osun State evaluated the impact of intensive breast feeding training on CHWs. The intervention was guided by focus group discussions among health workers, lactating mothers, and grandmothers. A total of 66 CHWs received the Ife South Breast Feeding Project (ISBFP); another 67 CHWs were not exposed to the training. Logistic regression analyses indicated that ISBFP training was the strongest predictor of CHW recommendations of exclusive breast feeding and against early supplementation (odds ratio, 60.25). Younger CHWs (20-29 years) were 3.02 times more likely than their older counterparts to promote exclusive breast feeding, but no other sociodemographic characteristics of health workers were significant. Recommended, in light of these findings, is expansion of health worker training to include breast feeding and lactation management and on-the-job retraining of current CHW cadres. If outreach to pregnant women is handled in a culturally sensitive way, clients of trained CSWs should be able to overcome the constraints of local tradition.
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Ethnicity, test anxiety and science achievement in Nigerian students - Adigwe, J. C. (International Journal of Science Education, 1997)
Abstract This study investigated ethnic and gender differences in test anxiety and achievement test performances of Nigerian junior secondary school students. The sample consisted of 100 Ibibio, 100 Yoruba and 100 Tiv students randomly drawn from four rural schools in each ethnic zone. Each sample consisted of 50 male and 50 female students, between the ages of 11 and 16. Two research instruments, a test anxiety scale and an integrated science multiple‐choice test, were used, Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that: (i) there were significant ethnic and gender effects on the test anxiety and achievement test performance of the students; (ii) there was significant negative correlation between test anxiety and achievement test performances for the ethnic and gender groups of the students, except for the Yoruba female students who had insignificant negative correlation for the two variables. The significant negative correlation remained when the effects of gender and ethnicity were statistically controlled; (iii) test anxiety was affected by the inter‐active effects of gender and ethnicity; (iv) achievement test performance was affected by gender, ethnicity and test anxiety, and their interactive effects.
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The impact of law on female education in Nigeria - Bamgbose, O. (1997)
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Science, technology and the education of the South African child - Cortie, L.D.; Cortie, Michael (South African Journal of Science, 1997)
The Department of Education's Curriculum 2005 discussion document descriptionbes the 'outcomes' that are desired from the education to be offered to children at school in the years to come. It is debatable whether they will be achieved to the extent required in the natural sciences and technology.
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Training surgically competent doctors for South African rural settings. - El, Mazwai (PubMed, 1997)
The training of surgically competent doctors for South African rural settings is governed by several factors and determinants which include population demographics, distribution of doctors, infrastructural development and socio-economic conditions of the communities. Demands will be influenced by the disease profile, available facilities and academic support. Training options will include community-oriented/based (undergraduate) curriculum and restructured internship training period and acquisition of skills. Postgraduate diplomas and fellowships and continuing medical education and academic support will form an integral part of the training.
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The alkaline Meidob volcanic field (Late Cenozoic, northwest Sudan) - Franz, Gerhard; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Coyle, D. A.; Hur, Bushra El; Heinrich, Wilhelm; Paulick, Holger; Pudlo, Dieter; Smith, Robyn; Steiner, Gesine (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 1997)
The Meidob volcanic field (MVF) forms part of the Darfur Volcanic Province and developed from 7 Ma to 5 ka as indicated by K/Ar, thermoluminescence and 14C ages. It is situated in an uplifted high of the Pan-African basement, which consists of greenstones, high-grade gneisses and granites, and which is covered by Cretaceous sandstone. The MVF basaltic lavas, which originated from more than 300 scoria cones, formed a lava plateau of 50×100 km and up to 400 m thickness in the time between 7 and < 0.3 Ma. Young phonolitic mesa flows, together with rare trachyticbenmoreitic lava flows, trachytic pumice fallout deposits, ignimbrites and maars, form the central part of the field. The total amount of volcanic rocks is between 1400 and 1800 km3, with 98 vol.% being basaltic rocks, which results in an integrated magma output rate of ∼ 0.0002 km3 a−1. A combination of age data of the lavas with erosional features yields uplift rates for the Darfur Dome of ∼30 m Ma-1 in the MVF area. Magma was generated by 3–5% melting of predominantly asthenospheric mantle with a HIMU contribution. Fractionation of olivine, pyroxene, An-poor plagioclaseanorthoclase, magnetite and apatite leads to a differentiation from basanite to phonolite. Assimilation of crustal rocks near the top of the phonolitic upper crustal magma chambers - facilitated by volatile enrichment - produced magmas which gave way to benmoreitic and trachytic lavas, as well as to trachytic ignimbrites and pumice fallout deposits. Ultramafic cumulate xenoliths indicate the existence of major magma reservoirs at the crust-mantle boundary during MVF activity. Magma ascent occurred in a tensional regime, which changed its orientation at around 1 Ma. Early during MVF development, west-east and subordinately northeastsouthwest trending lineaments were active whereas volcanic activity younger than 1 Ma took place along northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest trending systems. The Central African Fault Zone, a transcontinental, lithospheric shear zone, played an important role for the rise of magmas in the Darfur Dome. Le district volcanique de Meidob fait partie de la province volcanique de Darfour et s'est développé entre 7 Ma et 5 ka d'après des âges K/Ar, thermoluminescence et 14C. II est situé dans une zone surélevée du socle panafricain, qui consiste en roches vertes, en gneiss et en granites, et qui est recouverte par des grès crétacés. Les laves basaltiques du district de Meidob, qui émanent de plus de 300 cones de scorie, forment un plateau de laves mesurant 50×100 km, d'une paissure de 400 m. De jeunes coulées phonolitiques avec de rares coulées de trachyte benmoréïte, de depots de pumice trachytique, d'ignimbrites et de maars constituent la partie centrale du district. Le volume total des roches volcaniques est entre 1400 et 1800 km3, avec 98% vol de roches basaltiques, qui donne un taux de production de magma de 0,0002 km3 a−1. La combinaison des donndes sur ages des laves et sur l'erosion indique des taux de surrection pour le Dôme de Darfour de 30 m Ma−1 dans le district de Meidob. Le magma a W généré par une fusion de 3 à 5% du manteau asthénosphérique avec une contribution HIMIJ. Le fractionnement de ('olivine, du pyroxéne, d'un plagioclase-anorthose à faible teneur en An, de magnetite, et d'apatite produit une lignée de différenciation dela basanite à la phonolite. L'assimilation de roches crustales près du sommet des chambres magmatique des phonolites - facilitée par un enrichissement en volatiles - ont procluit des magmas donnant lieux à des laves benmoréïtiques et trachytiques, ainsi qu'è des ignimbrites trachytiques et à des dépots de pumice. Des xénolithes ultramafiques cumulatives indiquentl' éxistence de reservoirs majeurs à la limite croûte-manteau. La montée du magma a eu lieux dans un regime de tension, qui a change d'orientation autour de 1 Ma. Tôt clans le développement du district, des lineaments W-E et NE-SW subordonnés étaient actives tandis que I'activité volcanique plus jeune que 1 Ma est localisée le long des directions NW-SE et NE-SW. La Zone de Failles Centre Africaine, une zone de cisaillement lithosphérique transcontinentale, a joué un rôle important dans la montée des magmas dans le Dôme de Darfour.
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Participation in Health Education, Health Promotion, and Health Research by African Americans: Effects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment - Green, Bernard Lee; Maisiak, Richard; Wang, Min Qi; Britt, Marcia F.; Ebeling, Nonie (Journal of Health Education, 1997)
Abstract This study investigates the effect of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (TSE) on participation in health promotion activities and research studies by African Americans. Random-digit dialing was used to interview 421 adults with telephones living in households in Jefferson County, Alabama in the summer of 1994. Respondents were asked if they had ever heard of the TSE and, if yes, because they knew about the experiment, were they less interested in participating in health promotion or research activities. The primary results were that African Americans, in general, reported less interest in participating in health promotion and research because of their knowledge of the TSE. African American males in particular reported a high degree of resistance because of knowledge of the TSE. These results may have implications for practitioners and researchers recruiting African American subjects for research studies and participation in health promotion and health education programs. It may be necessary to discuss the Tuskegee Experiment openly and to address concerns of the African American community regarding this issue. This open discussion about The TSE may help rebuild trust and allow for development of programs and services that meet the needs of the African American community.
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Effect evaluation of an oral health education programme in primary schools in Tanzania - Helderman, W.H. van Palenstein; Munck, Lars Kristian; Mushendwa, S.; Hof, M.A. van ‘t; Mrema, F. G. (Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 1997)
Abstract This study aimed to assess the clinical oral health outcome effects among schoolchildren participating in a school-based oral health education (OHE) programme. Local social, cultural and environmental conditions were determinants of the school-based OHE programme, which was compiled on the basis of prevailing beliefs and on what teachers and educational authorities considered to be important for the oral health of schoolchildren. Consequently, the practical aspects of oral hygiene and information on the cause and prevention of caries and gingivitis were the components of oral health education. The teachers were prepared to carry out weekly supervised toothbrushing sessions and monthly lessons on aspects of oral health for the school year in grade 4. Eight participating schools were selected for the clinical effect evaluation and four non-participating schools served as the control. In total, 309 children from the participating schools and 122 children from the non-participating schools were available for the evaluation. Their ages varied between 9 and 14 years. The mean plaque score, calculus score and gingival bleeding score at baseline and at follow-up examinations 3, 8, 15 and 36 months later were not significantly different for participating schools and controls. The mean DMFT value at baseline was 0.4 and 3 years later 0.9 in both the participating and control schools. In conclusion, the present study shows that the implemented school-based OHE programme did not result in significant reductions of the clinical parameters measured.
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Recruitment and Training Issues from Selected Lay Health Advisor Programs among African Americans: A 20-Year Perspective - Jackson, Ethel; Parks, Carolyn P. (Health Education & Behavior, 1997)
The use of lay health advisors (LHAs) to address the health disparity among African Americans is well documented and considered a culturally appropriate model of community health promotion. The recruitment and training of LHAs are important components of the model but have not been fully explored in the LHA literature. Recruitment and training of LHAs should reflect both the existing roles they have in their respective communities and those proposed by the programs to which they are recruited. This article reviews and describes the components of recruitment and training as implemented in selected LHA programs among African Americans. The article will address the role and purpose of LHAs in health promotion among African Americans, a historical perspective of recruitment and training, recruitment and training methods in selected LHAs programs for African Americans, and recommendations for the recruitment and training of LHAs for health promotion among African Americans.
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Bilharzia interrupts children's education in Kenya - Kigotho, Anderson Wachira (The Lancet, 1997)
Bilharzia infection among schoolchildren in Kenya's coastal districts has reached alarming levels, according to a study done by the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. The study also attributes poor academic performances in schools to bilharzia. Ng'ethe Muhoho, a senior KEMRI researcher, says that on average 78% of schoolchildren in Mombasa, Kwale, Kilifi, Malindi, and Lamu districts are infected with bilharzia and other intestinal parasites. Hard hit is Kwale district, where infection in some areas is 90% of all schoolchildren. The district has 265 primary schools with 80000 pupils.
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Declining Expectancies in African American College Students: The Influences of Attributions and Self-Esteem across the College Years. - Laar, Colette van (1997)
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Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI)‐Induced Lung Impairment: Studies in Isolated Perfused and Ventilated Guinea Pig Lungs - Låstbom, Lena; Skarping, Gunnar; Moldéus, Peter; Ryrfeldt, Åke (Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1997)
Abstract: Isolated, perfused and ventilated guinea pig lungs were exposed to hexamethylene diisocyanate via the air passages. Two air concentrations of hexamethylene diisocyanate were studied (3.5 and 11 mg/m 3 ). There was a statistically significant (P<0.05 − 0.001) dose‐related reduction in both conductance and compliance but no effects were noted on the pulmonary circulation. With 3.5 mg/m 3 hexamethylene diisocyanate the conductance capacity was reduced with 38% and compliance with 30% after 60 min. exposure. Eleven mg/m 3 hexamethylene diisocyanate reduced the conductance and compliance capacity with 86 and 69 %, respectively, on an average. The reduction in lung function (with 11 mg/m 3 ) was abolished when 100 μM diclofenac, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was added to the perfusate (P<0.01). The thromboxane A 2 antagonist L‐670,596 (20 μM) exerted a partial protective effect. The capacity of conductance and compliance decreased with 46 and 32% respectively, on an average, after preperfusion with L‐670,596 and a following exposure of 11 mg/m 3 hexamethylene diisocyanate for 60 min. Statistically significant protection (P<0.05) was obtained on compliance and the P‐value was<0.1 for conductance. Thus, these data indicate that hexamethylene diisocyanate‐induced bronchoconstriction is mediated via arachidonic acid release and thromboxane formation, in isolated, perfused and ventilated guinea pig lungs.
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Getting through Grade 2: Predicting Children’s Early School Achievement in Rural South African Schools - Liddell, Christine; Lycett, John; Rae, Gordon (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1997)
Children in the second-grade classrooms of three rural schools ( n 150) completed a variety of psychometric and curriculum-based tests, and were rated by their teachers and parents on dimensions of their everyday behaviour; demographic data (e.g. socioeconomic status, presence of mother in the home) and biographical information (e.g. gender, age, birth order) were also collected for each child. Some of these data (e.g. child’s age and gender) were more cost-efficient to collect than others (e.g. parent ratings). Measures were evaluated in terms of their salience for constructing a multivariate model that would predict subsequent grade 2 outcome, with the most cost-effective variables being inserted first. In this way, both the cost-efficiency and predictive power of independent variables (IVs) were taken into consideration when attempting to build a predictive model. A model containing three IVs (scores on curriculum-based tests, teacher ratings of children’s attention span, and teacher ratings of helpfulness) ultimately predicted 51% of the variance in grade 2 outcome. These results demonstrate, first, that it is possible to build a relatively strong predictive model of grade 2 outcome, although not based on variables that are cheap and quick to measure. Second, that doing well in grade 2 is not so much a matter of having well-developed, broad-ranging psychometric abilities, but more a matter of mastering elements of the curriculum and behaving in ways that permit adaptation to the requirements of crowded and under-resourced African classrooms.
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Developing a competence‐based teacher education programme in Swaziland - Mndebele, C.B.S. (Journal of Education and Training, 1997)
The workplace of the twenty‐first century will be, in many respects, significantly different from that of today; therefore, vocational educational graduates need to be prepared for the changes expected in the workplace. Calls for vocational teacher education programmes that incorporate critical skills for high school vocational teachers. Reports the findings of a study conducted to identify professional vocational education competences needed by Swaziland teachers of practical studies (agricultural, commercial, home economics, and technical). Employs a procedure to develop professional competences. Identifies eleven competence areas developed by a professional panel of experts at a two‐day focus group interview workshop.
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Proteinuria, other selected urinary abnormalities and hypertension among teenage secondary school students in Nairobi, Kenya. - Muraguri, P W; McLigeyo, Seth O.; Kayima, J K (PubMed, 1997)
Four hundred and three teenage secondary school students (50.6% males) from two girls' and two boys' Nairobi City Schools, selected by stratified sampling, were screened to determine the prevalence of proteinuria, haematuria, nitrituria and hypertension. Nine students (2.2%) had significant proteinuria while 14 (3.5%) had microscopic haematuria. Two students had combined proteinuria and haematuria. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of proteinuria and/or haematuria between the sexes. Other urinary abnormalities detected were leucocyturia in 14(3.5%) and nitrites in four (1%). Leucocyturia was commonner in females (p = 0.001). Cloudy urinary appearance was significantly associated with the presence of leucocyturia (p = 0.0028) and proteinuria (p = 0.0276). Neither personal history of recurrent sore throat and skin infections nor family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or kidney disease was significantly associated with proteinuria or haematuria. Blood pressure tended to increase with age. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in boys than girls in the age group 15-18 years (P < 0.001). Of the 397 students whose blood pressures were measured, four (1%) were found to be hypertensive. Weight and body mass index were strong positive correlates of blood pressure. The prevalence of proteinuria, haematuria, other urinary abnormalities and hypertension ranges between 1% and 3.5% among teenage secondary school children. The majority are asymptomatic and have no significant associations. It is recommended that routine urinalysis and blood pressure measurements should be part of the school health service so as to identify asymptomatic students who require close monitoring and/or intervention.
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The Impact of Sexual Activity and Fertility Timing on African American High School Graduates' Later Life Experiences - Murry, Velma McBride (Families in Society, 1997)
There has been national concern since the early 1980s over the need to prevent teen pregnancy. Much of that concern has stemmed from concerns over the notion that families formed as a result of adolescent parenthood are often poor and welfare dependent. Much of the research on adolescent childbearing implies that having a child disadvantages adolescents in terms of future life options. The author examined the life experiences of 1666 Black female high school graduates of average age 25.4 years 5 years out of high school using data from the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle IV. 474 virgins, 570 never-pregnant women, 65 ever-pregnant women, and 557 adolescent mothers were examined. Most of the women had never married, with virgins and adolescent mothers the least likely to be in marital relationships. Relative to the other subgroups, virgins reported higher educational, financial, and occupational achievement. However, a significant proportion of adolescent mothers were more successful than conventional stereotypes suggest. Several had secured professional jobs, had middle-income status, and were pursuing additional educational training. The implications for future research, education, and policy are discussed.
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Psychological Storms: The African American Struggle for Identity - Parham, Thomas A. (1997)
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Training of medical assistants in Mozambique for surgery in a rural setting. - Pi, Garrido (PubMed, 1997)
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Impact of literacy training on spatial representation in Southwest Ethiopia - Pontius, Anneliese A. (International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1997)
In order to study the impact of literacy training on visual-spatial cognitive performance, the Kohs Block Design and the “Draw-a-person-with-face-in-front (DAPF)” test were administered to two distinct populations of agricultural pastoralists in Southwest Ethiopia. The Karo have no literacy training while the Hamar subjects had had several years of schooling. As expected, Hamar subjects (who were literate) produced a larger percentage (43.1%) of correct block constructions as compared to the Karo who produced only 16.7% correct block constructions. Error analysis, however, revealed that the Karo produced a larger proportion (27.08%) of “nonrandom” error types (errors which nevertheless preserved essential spatial attributes, the shapes of the target design, while neglecting its spatial relations) than did the literate Hamar subjects (9.03%). Similarly 57.6% of face drawings by nonliterate Karo subjects and only 8.3% of Hamar drawings were classified as resembling the “neolithic” prototype (also neglecting spatial relations). Results support the hypothesis that literacy influences spatial-relational cognitive skills.
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Fungal microflora biodiversity as a function of pollution in Oued Sebou (Morocco) - Sage, Lucile; Bennasser, Laïla; Steiman, R.; Seigle‐Murandi, F. (Chemosphere, 1997)
An inventory of the fungal microflora present in sediments collected at 11 sites along Oued Sebou has been established. The influence of some climatic parameters (temperature, rainfall) and of pollution on the composition of the fungal communities has been questioned. Emericella nidulans, Eurotium amstelodami, Neosartotya fesheri var. glabrum (Ascomycetes), Dreschslera biseptata (Dematiac˦;), Penicillium citrinum (Mucedinace˦) and Phoma sp. (Sph˦ropsidale) can be considered as strains sensitive to pollution. Penicillium janthelinum, Trichoderma koningii (Mucedinace˦) and Candida albicans (Yeast) were found only at the most polluted sites ; Talaromyces flavus (Ascomycete) Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomyces cerevisi˦ (Yeasts) and Fusarium oxysporum (Tuberculariales) were more often found at heavily polluted sites than at lightly polluted ones.
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Church‐based education: An outreach program for African Americans with hypertension - Smith, Eva D.; Merritt, Sharon L.; Patel, Minu (Ethnicity and Health, 1997)
Abstract The goals of this education outreach demonstration study were to prepare a cadre of registered nurses (RN) as Church Health Educators (CHE), and to test the efficacy of a hypertension (HBP) education and support program in African American (AA) churches for persons with HBP in managing blood pressure (BP). In this two‐phase study, RNs were prepared as CHEs in phase 1 and a convenience sample of 97 subjects with HBP was taught by the CHEs in phase 2. The intervention's content included the bases of HBP and HBP management strategies, and was taught in eight 1‐hour sessions. Using a pre‐test‐post‐test design, data on knowledge, social support and BP were collected at baseline (pre), post‐intervention (post1) and 3 months post‐intervention (post2). Major findings include: (1) there was a significant increase in knowledge scores from pre to post1 and post2 (P ≤ 0.0001; F = 95.08; df = 1,79); (2) education, age and number of years with HBP explained 49% of the variance associated with HBP knowledge; (3) systolic BP (SBP) and mean arterial BP (MAP) significantly decreased from pre to post1 and post2 (SBP—p ≤ 0.0001, F = 18.35, df = 1,91; MAP—p ≤ 0.0001, F = 17.80, df = 1,86); (4) DBP significantly decreased from pre to post1 only (p ≤ 0.008, F= 17.48, df = 1,91); and (5) relationships were found between social support and DBP, and social support and MAP. Issues that emerged from this study with implications for outreach programming include recruitment and retention, randomization, selective sampling, intervention design and use of volunteers.
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The relationship between parental incarceration and African-American high school students' attitudes towards school and family. - Stroble, Willie Lee (1997)
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Training of medical practitioners in Nigeria (west Africa) for surgery in the rural areas. - Tf, Solanke (PubMed, 1997)
Awojobi Clinic in Eruwa, Nigeria, a hospital in a rural setting, is used as a case study. Medical practitioners hoping to practise surgery in a rural setting should be able to carry out certain essential life-saving procedures. The curricula of surgical training in medical institutions are examined to determine their relevance to performing surgery in a rural setting, and some suggestions are proffered.
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Training agricultural economists for Southern Africa and the 21st century - Kirsten, Johann F. (1997)
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Experience with cleft lip and palate patients seen in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital - Ugboko, V.I.; Owotade, FJ; Otuyemi, Olayinka Donald; Adejuyigbe, O (Pediatric dental journal : international journal of Japanese Society of Pediatric Dentistry, 1997)
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The Effect of the Family on the Emotional Life of Ethiopian Immigrant Adolescents in Boarding Schools in Israel - Ben‐David, Amith; Msw, Tamar Erez-Darvish (Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 1997)
ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between the family functioning of adolescent Ethiopian immigrants, as assessed by father, mother, and adolescent, and their school performance as evaluated by their teachers. Forty adolescents were randomly selected from all the 15–18-year-old students, with intact families, studying in boarding schools in the northern part of Israel. The students and their parents were given the FACES III (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales) to determine family cohesion and adaptability. Teachers were approached to determine the adolescents' success in school achievement, personal relations with peers and school teachers, and predisposition to somatization and mood fluctuations. Results show that there was no relationship between family functioning and school achievement or personal relations with peers and school teachers. However, a strong relationship between fathers' and mothers' perceptions of family adaptability and cohesion was found, with most families clustered in the middle levels of family adaptability, while cohesion tended to be somewhat more extreme. Family cohesion and sense of coherence were associated with absence of moodiness and somatization in the adolescents, indicating that family functioning may predict their emotional stability in boarding school.
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Ariaal Pastoralists of Kenya : Surviving Drought and Development in Africa's Arid Lands - Fratkin, Elliot (1997)
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Shallow dips of normal faults during rapid extension: Earthquakes in the Woodlark‐D'Entrecasteaux rift system, Papua New Guinea - Abers, G. A.; Mutter, Carolyn Z.; Fang, J. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997)
Earthquakes in the Woodlark‐D'Entrecasteaux rift system reveal changes in fault geometry along strike, as extension progresses from continental to oceanic modes. In one segment, evidence is found for earthquakes on shallow‐dipping normal faults. To examine these trends, locations of 147 earthquakes are redetermined, and focal mechanisms for 21 events are derived from waveform inversion. Where seafloor spreading occurs, east of 152°E, most earthquakes illuminate a NE‐SW strike‐slip fault north of the oceanic rift system along the Woodlark Rise. Elsewhere, earthquakes occur along a well‐defined rift zone, and focal mechanisms reveal normal faulting with north‐south T axes and depths less than 10 km. Most normal‐faulting earthquakes show high‐angle fault planes (dips 40°–50°), but several are consistent with slip on moderately low‐angle planes dipping 15°–35°. These low‐angle nodal planes are only found in a region between 150.5°E and 152.5°E, where the transition occurs from seafloor spreading to continental rifting. A seismic reflection profile near 151°E reveals a major normal fault that dips to the north at 25°–35° just landward of the oceanic rift tip. That fault and parallel structures are excellent candidates for the fault that slipped in at least two of the earthquakes studied. Hence normal faults dipping ∼30° are likely to be seismically active in at least one part of this rift system. In this region just landward from the rift tip the highest extension rates are expected (∼40 mm/yr) and strain appears localized on a single system of normal faults. Because shallow dips for normal faults are seen near the rift tip, but not elsewhere along strike, high strain rates may be an important factor in allowing normal faults to slip at unusually shallow dips. Perhaps high shear traction at the base of the upper crust, localized by nearby spreading, sufficiently alters the local stress regime.
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Ecclesiology and theological education: A South African reformed perspective - Wethmar, C. J. (Verbum Et Ecclesia, 1997)
Ecclesiology and theological education: A South African reformed perspective. The church is one of the primary contexts in which theology is done. In the South African theology education debate the implications which this context has for the nature of theological education has not yet been adequately described. This article therefore intends dealing with this issue. The well known four attributes of the church are used as indicators of the nature of theological education which results in confessionality, spirituality, ecumenicity and hermeneutics being identified as its main dimensions.
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The 25th International Forestry Students Symposium (IFFS) 1997 in South Africa (Southern African forestry journal, 1997)
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Workers’ education and human crisis in Zambia: democracy and the ‘new’ world order - Alexander, David (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1997)
Abstract The most important challenge in our era is finding ways and means to enable workers to survive the realities of the Structural Adjustment Programme which has brought untold misery and poverty on peasants and workers in Zambia. Changes taking place in the political, social and economic life of the country need to be carefully studied and thoroughly understood by workers and union leaders so that we manoeuvre through the situation in a much more rational and positive way if our newly founded democracy is to be safeguarded. To this effect workers’ education is going to play an important role in consolidating democracy. (Willie Kasase, Director of Workers’ Education & Training, Zambia Congress of Trade Unions [ZCTU] 1993: 10) Workers’ education must go towards the goal of understanding the ‘New’ World Order, in order to deal with it and challenge it locally. (Senior Zambian Trade Unionist, August 1992)
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Book review of Encyclopedia of African-American Education - Banks, James A. (Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR), 1997)
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“Sewing” Civilization: Cuban Female Education in the Context of Africanization, 1800-1860 - Childs, Matt D. (The Americas, 1997)
At the turn of the nineteenth century, the Spanish Crown issued a Real Cédula (Royal Decree) authorizing the administration of public education in Cuba to an elite Creole group of twenty-seven large landholders known as the Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País . The Real Cédula provided for the expansion and secularization of primary education in Cuba. The Sociedad embodied the elite planter Creole class whose influence had increased in Cuba steadily during the second half of the eighteenth century with the initial development of a slave-labor plantation economy. During the nineteenth century, their power and strength grew rapidly with the proliferation of sugar cultivation, culminating in the 1840s when Cuba became the world's primary producer. The Real Cédula entrusting the Sociedad with education recognized the emergence of the Creole planter class as a major influence in Cuban society. Just as the Creoles increasingly wielded more influence economically and politically in determining the future of the island, their control over the administration of public education allowed them to articulate their vision for the cultural and intellectual development of Cuba. The promotion of public education provided an essential medium to express the Sociedad's vision of Cubanidad (Cubanness), precisely at the time when the racial composition of the population was changing dramatically through the massive importation of African slave labor.
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Early Childhood Education in Zimbabwe: Recent Trends and Prospects - Cleghorn, Ailie; Prochner, Larry (Early Education and Development, 1997)
Recent trends in early childhood teacher education in Zimbabwe are reviewed in the context of overall teacher reform. Social tensions which stem from the current system of early education and care are described, together with a survey of beliefs regarding early education held by parents, teachers, and primary school headmasters. The results point to the diversity of meanings attached to early education in Zimbabwe, and the challenge this poses for parents, teachers, and policy makers in Zimbabwe.
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AIDS Education: A Conversation with an African American Adolescent. - Davis, Marjorie T. (Journal for a Just and Caring Education, 1997)
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Peer education without pressure: spreading hygiene messages in Burkina Faso - Dieleman, Marjolein; Traoré, San (Waterlines, 1997)
However keen the take up of the new technology, a programme stands or falls on whether people change their normal behaviour for the better. But who wants to tell their neighbours what to do?
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Impairment of endothelium‐dependent but not of endothelium‐independent dilatation in guinea‐pig aorta rings incubated in the presence of elevated glucose - Dorigo, P.; Fraccarollo, Daniela; Santostasi, Giovanni; Maragno, I (British journal of pharmacology, 1997)
Purine compounds such as ATP and adenosine, respectively endothelium‐dependent and‐independent vasodilators, are largely involved in the control of vascular tone and vascular reactivity to contracting stimuli. We investigated the relaxing activity of ATP and adenosine in guinea‐pig aorta rings exposed for 6 h to elevated glucose concentration (50 m M ), in order to mimic hyperglycaemic conditions. Guinea‐pigs were reserpine‐treated (2 mg kg −1 , i.p., 48 and 24 h before death). Rings of aortae incubated in 50 m M glucose, contracted submaximally by 1 μ M noradrenaline, lost endothelium‐dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine (10 n M to 10 μ M ). Aortae incubated with 50 m M mannose, as a hyperosmotic control, relaxed to acetylcholine normally. Rings of aortae incubated in 50 m M glucose, contracted submaximally by 3 m M 4‐aminopyridine, lost endothelium‐dependent relaxation in response to ATP (30 μ M ) whereas endothelium‐independent relaxation in response to adenosine (0.3 m M ) was well preserved. The relaxation induced by A23187 or sodium nitroprusside (10 n M to 0.1 μ M ) did not differ between rings exposed to control (5.5 m M ) or elevated glucose (50 m M ) and contracted submaximally by 3 m M 4‐aminopyridine. When incubated with aortic tissue in the presence of elevated glucose, the cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin (10 μ M ) and mefenamic acid (30 μ M ), or the scavenger of superoxide anions, superoxide dismutase (150 u ml −1 ), prevented the impairment of ATP‐mediated relaxation. The present results indicate that endothelium‐dependent, receptor‐induced relaxation in response to acetylcholine and ATP is impaired in guinea‐pig aorta rings exposed to elevated glucose. The endothelial dysfunction caused by glucose might be located at a step between receptor activation and intracellular calcium increase, and might be related to an increased metabolism of arachidonic acid coupled to an increased production, or to a reduced inactivation of superoxide anions.
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The relationship of school strain to school functioning and self-worth among urban African American early adolescents - Fenzel, L. Mickey; Magaletta, Philip R.; Peyrot, Mark (Psychology in the Schools, 1997)
Fitting the environment of a school to the developmental needs of early adolescents is particularly important for inner-city African American students who tend to drop out of school in large numbers. The present study examined the person-environment fit in terms of the relation of school strain to self-worth and three indicators of school functioning—scholastic competence, intrinsic motivation, and grade point average—among 102 subjects enrolled in an academic intervention program. Results showed a consistent relation of peer strain to self-worth during the Fall and Spring and strong relations in the Spring of strain associated with teacher relations and school demands to scholastic competence and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, strain increased during the year, and males experienced greater peer strain than did females. Results are discussed in light of previous research on effective middle schools and the developmental needs of urban African American early adolescents. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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The relationship of school strain to school functioning and self‐worth among urban African American early adolescents - Fenzel, L. Mickey; Magaletta, Philip R.; Peyrot, Mark (Psychology in the Schools, 1997)
Fitting the environment of a school to the developmental needs of early adolescents is particularly important for inner-city African American students who tend to drop out of school in large numbers. The present study examined the person-environment fit in terms of the relation of school strain to self-worth and three indicators of school functioning—scholastic competence, intrinsic motivation, and grade point average—among 102 subjects enrolled in an academic intervention program. Results showed a consistent relation of peer strain to self-worth during the Fall and Spring and strong relations in the Spring of strain associated with teacher relations and school demands to scholastic competence and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, strain increased during the year, and males experienced greater peer strain than did females. Results are discussed in light of previous research on effective middle schools and the developmental needs of urban African American early adolescents. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Geophagy among school children in Western Kenya - Geissler, Paul Wenzel; Mwaniki, Dennis; Thiong'o, F; Friis, Henrik (Tropical Medicine & International Health, 1997)
A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 285 school children aged 5–18 years in Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, to determine the prevalence of geophagy and the types and amounts of soil eaten. Stool samples were taken from a subsample of 53 (19%) and their silica content determined to compare the results with the reported geophagy. Geophagy was practised by 73% of the children. The prevalence decreased with age for both sexes up to age 15, then remained stable for girls between 15 and 18 years but continued to decrease for boys in that age range. Most children ate soil from the surface of termitaria; others preferred the edges of paths and gullies, material from the wall of huts, and a chalk‐like, soft stone commonly found in the area. The soil was eaten dry and was occasionally ground, but not processed in other ways. All but 4 of the children practising geophagy reported to eat soil at least once daily. The median amount reported eaten was 28 g daily, ranging from 8 to 108 g. The reported amount of soil eaten daily was significantly correlated to the results of the stool silica determinations. Using the median of 1% silica of faecal wet weight as a cut‐off point to distinguish geophageous children from non‐geophageous, the examination of a single stool sample had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 80% to detect a geophageous child compared to the interview method. The cultural context of geophagy and its potential health impact in terms of infection and nutrition need to be further investigated, and it is suggested that more school and community‐based studies on geophagy in different societies should be undertaken.
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Science and technology education and the new South African school curriculum - Gibson, Georgia; Smith, Stacy; Chamberlain; Falcón; Gerrans, R.M.S. (Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1997)
Manpower competencies in the mining, minerals processing and energy industries in South Africa into the next century will, to a large extent, derive from the nature and quality of the teaching which pupils receive at school. This paper provides an overview of the current developments towards a new National Curriculum in South African Schools and highlights areas in which the Minerals Industry might provide input into this process.
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Gender and Education Impacts on Employment and Earnings in West Africa: Evidence from Guinea - Glick, Peter; Sahn, David E. (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1997)
Previous articleNext article No AccessGender and Education Impacts on Employment and Earnings in West Africa: Evidence from GuineaPeter Glick David E. Sahn Peter GlickCornell University Search for more articles by this author David E. SahnCornell University Search for more articles by this author Cornell UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 45, Number 4July 1997 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452308 Views: 256Total views on this site Citations: 62Citations are reported from Crossref © 1997 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Andrew M. Simons What is the optimal locus of control for social assistance programs? 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The Case of Ghana, Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 37, no.33 (Aug 2018): 313–326.https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12224Fatma Guven-Lisaniler, Gulcay Tuna, Ikechukwu Darlington Nwaka Sectoral choices and wage differences among Nigerian public, private and self-employees, International Journal of Manpower 39, no.11 (Apr 2018): 2–24.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-01-2016-0002Solomon Asfaw, Giacomo Pallante, Alessandro Palma Diversification Strategies and Adaptation Deficit: Evidence from Rural Communities in Niger, World Development 101 (Jan 2018): 219–234.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.004Carlijn Bussemakers, Kars van Oosterhout, Gerbert Kraaykamp, Niels Spierings Women’s Worldwide Education–employment Connection: A Multilevel Analysis of the Moderating Impact of Economic, Political, and Cultural Contexts, World Development 99 (Nov 2017): 28–41.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.002Ana Carolina Ogando, Sally Roever, Michael Rogan Gender and informal livelihoods, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no.7/87/8 (Jul 2017): 435–451.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2016-0077Catarina Nascimento Moreira, Man Wai Rabenevanana, David Picard Boys go fishing, girls work at home: gender roles, poverty and unequal school access among semi-nomadic fishing communities in South Western Madagascar, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 47, no.44 (Dec 2016): 499–511.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2016.1253456Ouraich Ismail, Lowenberg-Deboer Jess, Soumah Alseny, Diallo Diawo Employment Prospects for Agricultural Graduates in Guinea Conakry, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 9, no.11 (Jan 2017): 5–13.https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2016.0804Ikechukwu Darlington Nwaka, Fatma Guven-Lisaniler, Gulcay Tuna Gender wage differences in Nigerian self and paid employment: Do marriage and children matter?, The Economic and Labour Relations Review 27, no.44 (Nov 2016): 490–510.https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304616677655Francis Menjo Baye, Boniface Ngah Epo, Jean Ndenzako Wage Differentials in Cameroon: A Gendered Analysis , African Development Review 28, no.11 (Mar 2016): 75–91.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12168Mathias Kuépié Determinants of labour market gender inequalities in Cameroon, Senegal and Mali: the role of human capital and fertility burden, Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement 37, no.11 (Mar 2016): 66–82.https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2016.1122580David E. Sahn, Kira Villa The Role of Personality, Cognition, and Shocks in Determining Labor Outcomes of Young Adults in Madagascar, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2015).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2702415Niels Spierings The Influence of Patriarchal Norms, Institutions, and Household Composition on Women's Employment in Twenty-Eight Muslim-Majority Countries, Feminist Economics 20, no.44 (Nov 2014): 87–112.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2014.963136Abou Kane Dynamique de l'emploi au Sénégal : un suivi de cohortes sur la période 1992-2011, Revue d'économie du développement Vol. 22, no.11 (Apr 2014): 75–105.https://doi.org/10.3917/edd.281.0075D.E. Sahn Nutrition, Health, and Economic Performance, (Jan 2014): 392–398.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375678-7.00107-3Anne E. Calvès, Jean-François Kobiané, Afiwa N’Bouké Privatization of Education and Labor Force Inequality in Urban Francophone Africa: The Transition from School to Work in Ouagadougou, World Development 47 (Jul 2013): 136–148.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.03.001M. Ntuli, M. Wittenberg Determinants of Black Women's Labour Force Participation in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Journal of African Economies 22, no.33 (Jan 2013): 347–374.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs039Tim B Heaton Religion and socioeconomic status in developing nations: A comparative approach, Social Compass 60, no.11 (Mar 2013): 97–114.https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768612471772Angela Luci, Johannes Jütting, Christian Morrisson Why Do So Many Women End Up in ‘Bad Jobs’? A Cross-country Assessment for Developing Countries, The European Journal of Development Research 24, no.44 (Dec 2011): 530–549.https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.54Christophe J. Nordman, Anne-Sophie Robilliard, François Roubaud Gender and ethnic earnings gaps in seven West African cities, Labour Economics 18 (Dec 2011): S132–S145.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2011.09.003Sarah Bridges, David Lawson, Sharifa Begum Labour Market Outcomes in Bangladesh: The Role of Poverty and Gender Norms, The European Journal of Development Research 23, no.33 (May 2011): 459–487.https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.14Sarah Bridges, David Lawson Health and Female Labour Market Participation: The Case of Uganda, (Jan 2011): 174–192.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230304673_9Sanjaya DeSilva, Mohammed Mehrab Bakhtiar Women, Schooling, and Marriage in Rural Philippines, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1976259Monica Fisher, Jeffrey J. Reimer, Edward R. Carr Who Should be Interviewed in Surveys of Household Income?, World Development 38, no.77 (Jul 2010): 966–973.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.024Maria Minniti, Wim Naudé What Do We Know About The Patterns and Determinants of Female Entrepreneurship Across Countries?, The European Journal of Development Research 22, no.33 (May 2010): 277–293.https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.17Salma Ahmed, Pushkar Maitra Gender Wage Discrimination in Rural and Urban Labour Markets of Bangladesh, Oxford Development Studies 38, no.11 (Mar 2010): 83–112.https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810903551611Mathias Kuepie, Christophe J. Nordman, François Roubaud Education and earnings in urban West Africa, Journal of Comparative Economics 37, no.33 (Sep 2009): 491–515.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2008.09.007Scott T. Yabiku, Sarah Schlabach Social Change and the Relationships Between Education and Employment, Population Research and Policy Review 28, no.44 (Nov 2008): 533–549.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-008-9117-2Christophe J. Nordman / François Roubaud Reassessing the Gender Wage Gap in Madagascar: Does Labor Force Attachment Really Matter? Nordman and Roubaud, Economic Development and Cultural Change 57, no.44 (Jul 2015): 785–808.https://doi.org/10.1086/598762S. Bridges, D. Lawson A Gender-based Investigation into the Determinants of Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from Uganda, Journal of African Economies 18, no.33 (Oct 2008): 461–495.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejn017Paul Kagundu, Olga Pavlova Gender Wage Differentials in Uganda: Evidence from the Uganda National Household Survey, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.990013Garth Frazer Learning the master's trade: Apprenticeship and human capital in Ghana, Journal of Development Economics 81, no.22 (Dec 2006): 259–298.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.06.006Lire Ersado Child Labor and Schooling Decisions in Urban and Rural Areas: Comparative Evidence from Nepal, Peru, and Zimbabwe, World Development 33, no.33 (Mar 2005): 455–480.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.009Peter Glick, David Sahn Intertemporal female labor force behavior in a developing country: what can we learn from a limited panel?, Labour Economics 12, no.11 (Feb 2005): 23–45.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2004.03.001Deon Filmer Gender and wealth disparities in schooling: Evidence from 44 countries, International Journal of Educational Research 43, no.66 (Jan 2005): 351–369.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2006.06.012Justin van der Sluis, Mirjam van Praag, Wim P.M. Vijverberg Entrepreneurship Selection and Performance: A Meta-analysis of the Impact of Education in Less Developed Countries, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.625903 Human Capital, Household Welfare, and Children’s Schooling in Mozambique, (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291375rr134Ma´ire´ad Dunne, Rudith King Outside Theory: An exploration of the links between education and work for Ghanaian market traders, Journal of Education and Work 16, no.11 (Mar 2003): 27–44.https://doi.org/10.1080/1363908022000032876 G. Reza Arabsheibani and Lamine Manfor From Farashia to Military Uniform: Male‐Female Wage Differentials in Libya G. Reza Arabsheibani and Lamine Manfor, Economic Development and Cultural Change 50, no.44 (Jul 2015): 1007–1019.https://doi.org/10.1086/342847Willem Naudé, Philip Serumaga-Zake An analysis of the determinants of labour force participation and unemployment in South Africa's North-West province, Development Southern Africa 18, no.33 (Sep 2001): 261–278.https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350120041929T. Paul Schultz Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments, (Jan 2001): 383–456.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10011-3Danielle de Lame Genre et développement : bibliographie sélective 1, Bulletin de l’APAD , no.2020 (Dec 2000).https://doi.org/10.4000/apad.257G. Reza Arabsheibani Male–Female Earnings Differentials Among the Highly Educated Egyptians, Education Economics 8, no.22 (Jul 2010): 129–138.https://doi.org/10.1080/096452900410703Peter Glick, David E. Sahn Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure, Economics of Education Review 19, no.11 (Feb 2000): 63–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00029-1T. Paul Schultz Health and Schooling Investments in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no.33 (Aug 1999): 67–88.https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.3.67Kathleen M. Fallon Education and Perceptions of Social Status and Power among Women in Larteh, Ghana, Africa Today 46, no.22 (Apr 1999): 66–91.https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.1999.46.2.66 Simon Appleton , John Hoddinott , and Pramila Krishnan The Gender Wage Gap in Three African Countries Appleton et al., Economic Development and Cultural Change 47, no.22 (Jul 2015): 289–312.https://doi.org/10.1086/452402Harold Alderman, Elizabeth M. King Gender differences in parental investment in education, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 9, no.44 (Dec 1998): 453–468.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(98)00040-XPeter Glick, David E. Sahn Health and productivity in a heterogeneous urban labour market, Applied Economics 30, no.22 (Oct 2010): 203–216.https://doi.org/10.1080/000368498326001 Bibliographie, (): 423–449.https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.9679
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Rethinking the Status of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) in Rural and Urban Areas of South Africa - Goduka, Ivy N. (Early Education and Development, 1997)
The purpose of this study was to document the current status of, and to determine the need for, early childhood care and education in South Africa. The study included an assessment of the training needs of child carers and other individuals interested in working with young children in urban and rural areas of the region. A total of 373 African men and women with varied occupations and educational attainment were recruited in the study. A survey methodology was employed to obtain desired information. The study showed that families and communities, who have previously responded to the needs of young children including education, health, and nutrition, could no longer meet these needs because of social and economic dynamics. Training, training centers, infrastructure, and the integration of African culture in early childhood are perceived to be compelling needs. Several recommendations for policy and programs are presented.
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Population and Education Prospects in the Western Mediterranean Region (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) - Goujon, Anne (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1997)
This report studies the demographic and educational futures of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. These are areas of potential and existing conflicts, where population growth has many political dimensions. The report, however, abstains from discussing these political issues and focuses on future demographic aspects. It is clear that this report could raise some questions on the sensitivity of the region to future population prospects. Assumptions for the population projections are based on the analysis of past and present trends in changes in population growth, age structure, fertility levels and trends, contraceptive use, marriage and child bearing patterns, mortality, migration, education, and enrollment levels. Based on this analysis, three population projection paths - low, central, and high - were designed and lead to three population figures for each area in 2044. Educational levels of the population were judged determinant to the future level of population growth. In all scenarios, the levels of enrollment varied consistently with fertility and mortality assumptions to change the levels of education in the population. Results were then analyzed to provide a demographic picture of the region in 2044. This study provides interesting insights into the demography of these countries, especially with regard to the momentum of population growth and education levels. Jordan and Syria have experienced high rates of population growth in the recent past. In Jordan, these rates have been reinforced by the migration of Palestinian refugees from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip into the country. The first signs (important fertility reductions and gains in life expectancy) of a demographic transition became visible in the late 1980s in the two countries. The population in Jordan and Syria will continue to grow rapidly in the future. The central scenario, which gives the most likely path under current conditions, implies a tripling of the population of Jordan and almost a tripling of the population in Syria. Still these countries have a high potential for lesser population growth. Lebanon will remain a country of low population growth, with the annual growth rate ranging on average from 1.0 to 1.3 percent per year between 1994 and 2044. The most extreme results in terms of population growth are found in the case of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Even under the low scenario, which combines very rapid fertility and mortality declines and rapid educational improvements, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip more than quadruple in population size in the fifty years of the projection period due to the high momentum of past population growth. However, all scenarios show substantial declines in the proportion of people with a low education - less than a primary education - even under the most pessimistic assumptions.
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Marginality Theory and the African American Student - Grant, G. Kathleen; Breese, Jeffrey R. (Sociology of Education, 1997)
This article reports on a study of African American students at a state university in a midwestern city. Specifically, a qualitative research design was used to explore the subjective college experiences of these students to determine if marginality can offer a more holistic understanding of the larger substantive phenomenon. The study found that it is the construction of meaning attached to marginality, not the state of being marginal, that has significance for understanding the students' experiences
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Questions of Race and Culture: How They Relate to the Classroom for African American Students - Graybill, Susan W. (The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 1997)
(1997). Questions of Race and Culture: How They Relate to the Classroom for African American Students. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 70, No. 6, pp. 311-318.
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Irony as objectivity: orientations for history teaching in post-apartheid South Africa - Kissack, Mike (Curriculum studies, 1997)
Abstract This article provides an account of Hayden White's claim that historiographical difference can be explained in terms of the varying narrative forms in which historical depictions are presented, rather than in terms of the data or evidence on which historical representation are based. Narrative form is constructed around particular organising categories, which assemble and present the content (data/evidence) of particular historical portrayals, to provide us with knowledge about the past. White's contention is illustrated through its application to the liberal and revisionist schools of South African historiography. White defines irony as a recognition and deployment of the mutable and protean characteristic of any linguistic articulation and representation, historical or otherwise. This paper argues that curriculum developers and history teachers in post-Apartheid South Africa would benefit from the adoption of irony as a concept of objectivity, because this would liberate them from the futile task of ascertaining which school of South African historiography embodies the Truth about South Africa's past. History teaching would consequently embrace the different perspectives, fostering a new understanding of the relationship between historical concepts and historical data, and encouraging an appreciation of how the process of historical representation situates different people in their relationship to their pasts.
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Differences in Ego States, Locus of Control, and Dogmatism between African-American and Anglo-American Undergraduate College Students - Loffredo, Donald A.; Omizo, Michael M. (Transactional Analysis Journal, 1997)
This quasi-experimental study attempted to identify possible differences between African-American (n = 40) and Anglo-American (n = 40) undergraduate college students (ages 17 to 27) relative to per...
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Oral health status among secondary school students in Harare, Zimbabwe. - Makoni, F.; Frencken, J.E.F.M.; Sithole, W.D. (PubMed, 1997)
In 1993 a demonstration oral care programme to evaluate the ART procedure for dental caries under field conditions began among secondary school students in Greater Harare. The programme was preceded by an oral epidemiological survey. Of the 569 students examined, with a mean age of 13.9 years, 58.7 per cent were caries free. The mean DMFS and DMFT scores were 1.4 and 1.1, respectively. Very few missing and filled teeth were observed. Excluding those with pulp involvement, small dentinal lesions which could not be penetrated with an excavator at the time of examination, constituted 49 per cent of the mean DMFS score. 84 per cent of dentinal lesions needing treatment were judged to be treatable using the ART procedure. Using the index of Green and Vermillion (1964), the mean plaque score was 5.6 with substantial variation observed between the schools. Calculus was observed among 89.5 per cent of the students examined. 18 per cent of them had a central diastema in the maxilla. Crowding or spacing in the upper and lower anterior region of the jaws was observed in 67.5 per cent and 60.5 per cent of the students, respectively. 15.8 per cent were dissatisfied with the position of their teeth whilst 15 per cent indicated that they would like to undergo corrective treatment. It was concluded that these secondary students lack preventive and curative oral care and that the vast majority of the dentinal lesions observed could be treated using the ART procedure.
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Family Environmental Correlates of Students’ Affective Characteristics: a South African study - Marjoribanks, Kevin; Mboya, Mzobanzi M. (Educational studies, 1997)
Summary This study examined the relationships between family environmental contexts, sibling structure, immediate family settings and students’ affective characteristics. Data were collected from 460 (234 female and 226 male) South African senior high school students. Using partial least-squares path modelling the findings suggest that environmental contexts and family immediate settings combine to have modest to large concurrent validities in relation to differing measures of students’ affective characteristics, immediate family settings are related more strongly to measures of student affect than are indicators of family environment contexts and there are gender-related differences in how social-status indicators form environmental context constructs and in the nature of the relationships between students’ family environments and their affective characteristics.
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Current poverty, structural adjustment, and drought in Zimbabwe - Marquette, Catherine M. (World Development, 1997)
Considering the impact of economic structural adjustment programs (ESAP) on the poor is not straightforward because ESAP involves changes affecting future poverty as well as the currently poor. In addition, structural adjustment measures occur alongside other events which may have additive as well as interactive effects with ESAP. In Zimbabwe, for example, the initial years of ESAP implementation overlapped with the onset of a major drought in 1991–92. Understanding changes affecting the poor during the period thus involves considering both these events. This paper considers the effects which ESAP and the drought had on the poor in Zimbabwe during the initial years of the structural adjustment process from 1990–94. Relevant background information on structural adjustment and drought in Zimbabwe are presented. The effects which ESAP and drought had on three areas critical to the currently poor: (a) health services, (b) employment and wages, and (c) food security are then considered.
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Automobile air pollution in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania - Mbuligwe, Stephen E.; Kassenga, Gabriel (Science of The Total Environment, 1997)
Automobile air pollution is a growing problem in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and as such it needs immediate attention before it goes out of control. The problem is most pronounced in the city centre especially during rush hours. This paper starts by citing some environmental effects of air pollution. It then analyses the problem of automobile air pollution in Dar es Salaam. It also goes on to show that vehicles in Dar es Salaam whose number is increasing at the rate of 6.3% annually contribute to the problem. Furthermore, the paper reveals that one of the main reasons for the air pollution problem in the city centre is large traffic volume which is concentrated on just 4.4% of the total road length in the city. Another reason identified in this paper is the increase in number and density of high rise buildings which end up hindering pollutant dilution by natural ventilation. A shortage of parking places also contributes to the problem. This paper further reveals that automobile exhaust gas coefficients for nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide are 10 times those of the USA. This is mainly attributed to low-energy efficiency of engines of most of the cars plying city roads due to old age. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas are also found to be high. Finally, this paper forwards legal and administrative as well as technical measures to arrest the problem. Enacting and enforcing of special laws pertaining to control and prevention of air pollution are also emphasised along with other measures.
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Moderating the Demand for Primary Education in Malawi - Minnis, John R. (International Journal of Educational Reform, 1997)
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Impairment of Neural Nitric Oxide-mediated Relaxation after Antigen Exposure in Guinea Pig Airways in vitro - Miura, M.; Yamauchi, H.; Ichinose, Masakazu; Ohuchi, Yuzuru; Kageyama, Natsuko; Tomaki, Masafumi; Endoh, N; Shirato, Kunio (American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 1997)
Nitric oxide (NO), a neurotransmitter of inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (iNANC) nerves in airways, is a radical with a short half-life, and its function may be modified by airway inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether airway allergic inflammation affects iNANC responses mediated by NO in guinea pigs in vitro. Animals sensitized with ovalbumin (OA) were challenged with 0.03% OA (OA group) or saline (saline group) by inhalation on 3 consecutive days. On the day after the final challenge, iNANC responses elicited by electrical field stimulation (2 to 16 Hz) or relaxation responses to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), 10− 8 to 10− 4 M, were obtained in the tracheal strips precontracted by histamine (3 × 10− 6 M) in the presence of atropine and propranolol (both 10− 6 M). The iNANC responses of the OA group were significantly attenuated compared with those of the saline group (p < 0.05), and the inhibitory effect of a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, on the iNANC responses was abolished in the OA group. SIN-1-induced tracheal smooth muscle relaxation was also significantly affected by antigen exposure (p < 0.05), the effect of which disappeared in the presence of a NO scavenger, carboxy PTIO (3 × 10− 6 M). The impairment of the iNANC responses after antigen exposure was significantly restored by superoxide dismutase (1,000 U/ml), especially at lower frequencies. Histochemical demonstration of NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerves representing neural NOS density was not different between the two groups. These results suggest that allergic airway inflammation impairs neural NO-induced relaxation, presumably by inhibiting the access of neural NO to the airway smooth muscle.
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Trends in prevalence and pattern of substance use among secondary school pupils in Ilorin, Nigeria. - Ml, Adelekan; Rj, Ndom (PubMed, 1997)
We present trends data on the prevalence and pattern of substance use among secondary school pupils in Ilorin, derived from comparing the finding of two consecutive cross-sectional surveys. From a sample of six schools, 1041 and 848 pupils 1988 and 1993 respectively, completed anonymously a 117-item WHO self-report substance-use questionnaire. The analyses cover responses on the current and lifetime use of eleven substances, their frequency of use, and the effect of gender and school location on use trends. Although a significant increase in current use rates was recorded for alcohol, cannabis, mild stimulants and hypnosedatives, all of these substances (except stimulants) showed a shift towards less frequent use in 1993. The only consistent gender effect was found for smoking, which remained significantly a male activity. The significant increases found in the current use of cocaine, organic solvents and hallucinogens are difficult to substantiate, thus prompting the suggestion for further corroborative qualitative studies. There was a trend towards greater involvement of the rural school's respondents in substance use in general. The implications of the findings with respect to policy issues on substance-use prevention programmes for youths in the Ilorin metropolis are discussed within the context of the limitations of the study design.
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Transient Impaired Glucose Tolerance in South African Indians Does Not Carry a Risk for Progression to NIDDM - Motala, Ayesha A.; Omar, Mahomed Abdool Khalek; Gouws, Eleanor (Diabetes Care, 1997)
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the significance of transient impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in terms of the risk of progression to NIDDM and the serum insulin response during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a prospective study on the natural history of IGT in South African Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This is a report on 87 subjects who formed part of a 4-year prospective study in 128 subjects classified with IGT at baseline (year 0) using World Health Organization criteria for glucose tolerance. Subjects were reexamined at years 1 and 4. At year 1, based on OGTT results, the subjects were divided into three groups: transient IGT (normal glucose tolerance [trIGT], n = 40), persistent IGT (pIGT, n = 47), and diabetes (n = 41). Analysis was performed on the 87 subjects who were classified as IGT at year 0, but who had not progressed to NIDDM by year 1 of the study At baseline (year 0), a modified OGTT was performed; between years 1 and 4, the OGTT included timed midtest samples for plasma glucose and serum insulin. Analysis of predictive factors for progression to diabetes or reversion to normal glucose tolerance was undertaken using year 0 as baseline. RESULTS By year 4, 72 subjects (82.8%) completed the study Of the 32 subjects in the trIGT group, none (0%) had progressed to NIDDM, 11 (34.4%) had reverted to IGT (N-IGT), and 21 (65.6%) had persisted with normal glucose tolerance (N-N); of the 40 subjects in the pIGT group, 16 (40%) had progressed to NIDDM (IGT-D), 17 (42.5%) had persisted with IGT (IGT-IGT), and 7 (17.5%) had reverted to normal glucose tolerance (IGT-N). Significant predictive factors for reversion to normal glucose tolerance included absence of obesity (P = 0.0131, odds ratio [OR] 4.2, 95% CI 1.4–13.1) and 2-h plasma glucose level (P = 0.027, OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.11–5.13) at baseline (year 0). Intergroup (cross-sectional) analysis showed that the serum insulin response was higher in the pIGT than in the trIGT subgroup (fasting serum insulin: IGT-N vs. N-IGT and N-N, 16.9 ± 1.9 vs. 6.8 ± 2.1 and 6.1 ± 2.4 μU/ml, respectively, P < 0.001; 2-h postload serum insulin: IGT-IGT vs. N-IGT, 116.8 ± 2.2 vs. 60.3 ± 1.7 μU/ml, P < 0.05). By contrast, the insulinogenic index was higher in the trIGT subgroups both at year 1 (90-min: N-N vs. IGT-D, 48.9 ± 3.9 vs. 14.1 ± 2.5; P < 0.05) and at year 4 (N-N vs. remaining four subgroups, P < 0.01 at 60 min and 90 min). Intragroup (prospective) comparisons showed that in the N-IGT subgroup, the mean 2-h insulinogenic index was lower at year 4 than at year 1 (19.9 ± 1.7 vs. 66.0 ± 2.7; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this 4-year prospective study in South African Indians, transient IGT carries no risk of progression to NIDDM. The significant predictive factors for reversion to normal glucose tolerance include lower baseline obesity prevalence and 2-h postload plasma glucose level. Moreover, in this group, β-cell secretory function appeared to deteriorate with worsening of glucose tolerance.
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Approaches to Teaching Practice and their Implications for Teacher Education Programmes in Zimbabwe - Moyo, P. (1997)
Several approaches to teaching practice are possible. Much current discussions on the ways and means of improving teacher education is focused on this practical element of teacher preparation. (Stones and Morris, 1972). Some approaches to teaching practice will be examined in this paper. The meaning, impact on colleges of education and schools, merits and demerits and the feasibility for Zimbabwe of these approaches to teaching practice will be examined. It is hoped that the paper will generate discussion among teacher educators and all those interested in teacher education.
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The recognition of meteoric-hydrothermal and supergene processes in volcanic carbonatites, Nyanza Rift, western Kenya, using carbon and oxygen isotopes - Onuonga, Isaac Oriechi; Fallick, Anthony E.; Bowden, Peter (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 1997)
Carbon and O isotopic compositions were determined for calcite and siderite from the Buru and Kuge carbonatite centres. Wide ranges in the isotopic compositions of these minerals were observed with values of δ13C and δ18O for the Buru calcites ranging from +1.3 to −3.2% (PDB) and + 11.3 to +26.2% (SMOW), respectively. The δ13C and δ18O ranges for the Kuge calcites are −3.1 to −8.4% (PDB) and +18.1 to + 25.7% (SMOW). The Buru siderites plot in a narrow and restricted range at −3.1 to −4.4% (PDB) and +12.6 to + 16.1% (SMOW). Calcite and siderite from the Buru and Kuge volcanic carbonatite centres do not retain their isotope signatures expected for primary magmatic carbonatites. Most of the variations in CO isotope composition can be attributed to secondary processes involving low-temperature hydrothermal alteration and isotope exchange between carbonatites and meteoric water. Higher δ18O values (+21.9 to +26.2%) with a significant increase in δ13C values (−1.5 to + 1.3%) shown by the most oxidised samples from the Buru carbonatite may indicate the involvement of supergene exchange with atmospheric CO2 at surface temperatures. Les compositions isotopiques du C et de l'O ont été déterminées pour la calcite et la sidérite des massifs de carbonatite de Buru et de Kuge. De larges écarts ont été observés. Les δ13C et δ18O des calcites vont à Buru de 1.3 à 3.2% (PDB) et de +11.3 à +26.2% (SMOW) respectivement, et à Kuge de −3.1 à −8.4% (PDB) et de +18.1 à 25.7% (SMOW). Les valeurs des sidérites de Buru se situent dans une gamme étroite allant de −3.1 à −4.4% (PDB) et de +12.6 à 16.1% (SMOW). Les compositions isotopiques du C et de l'O des carbonatites de Buru et de Kuge n'ont pas la signature isotopique attendue pour des carbonatites magmatiques primaires. La plupart des variations de composition isotopique peuvent être attribuées à des processus secondaires impliquant une altération hydrothermale de basse température et un échange isotopique entre les carbonatites et l'eau météorique. Les valeurs plus élevées de δ18O (+21.9 à + 26.2%) s'accompagnant d'un accroissement significatif des valeurs de δ13C (−1.5 à + 1.3%) présentées par les échantillons les plus oxydés de la carbonatite de Buru peuvent indiquer l'implication d'échange supergène avec le CO2 atmosphérique aux températures de surface.
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SEXUAL ACTIVITY AMONG JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL GIRLS IN ZAMBIA - Pillai, Vijayan K.; Barton, Thomas R.; Benefo, Kofi D. (Journal of Biosocial Science, 1997)
This paper proposes a causal model of sexual activity among a randomly selected sample of 305 Junior secondary school girls in Zambia. The results indicate that liberal sexual attitudes influence romantic involvement with boys. Emotional involvement is likely to result in sexual activity. Traditional courtship forms are slowly being replaced by modern patterns of courtship behaviour. Policy and programme implications are discussed.
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Outcome of African American Men Screened for Prostate Cancer: The Detroit Education and Early Detection Study - Powell, Isaac J.; Heilbrun, Lance K.; Littrup, Peter; Franklin, Archilind; Parzuchowski, Jean; Gelfand, Donald E.; Sakr, Wael (The Journal of Urology, 1997)
Will early detection impact on stage of disease and recurrence of prostate cancer in a high risk population? We initiated a community based study to educate and recruit African American men for early diagnosis of prostate cancer, that is the Detroit Education and Early Detection (DEED) study. Our objective was to evaluate our recruitment process for this target population, examine the percentage of organ confined prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and measure recurrence biochemically.A community based study from February 1993 to February 1995 through the African American churches in metropolitan Detroit was initiated. We compared the early detection group treated with radical prostatectomy to the population presenting to our urological clinic during the same period. We tested and followed 1,105 African American men using the prostate specific antigen blood test.Pathologically organ confined prostate cancer was diagnosed in 11 of 17 men (65%) who underwent radical prostatectomy in the DEED project. Within the clinic population 35% of the African American men were diagnosed with pathologically organ confined prostate cancer. The difference between the 2 populations was statistically significant (p = 0.033). Disease recurred in 1 of 15 (7%) and 39 of 157 (25%) men in the DEED and clinic populations, respectively (p = 0.97).We demonstrated our ability to recruit African American men into a prostate cancer early detection program. We diagnosed early but clinically significant prostate cancers among African American men with characteristics similar to prostate cancers diagnosed in other early detection studies in which the overwhelming majority of men were white.
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Response of serum leptin concentrations to 7 d of energy restriction in centrally obese African Americans with impaired or diabetic glucose tolerance - Racette, Susan B.; Kohrt, Wendy M.; Landt, Michael; Holloszy, John O. (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1997)
The aim of this study was to determine whether serum leptin concentrations are reduced in response to short-term energy restriction in centrally obese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Twenty African Americans [16 females and 4 males, 44 +/- 7 y (x +/- SD), 107.2 +/- 23.8 kg, 39 +/- 7% body fat] consumed a 7-d energy-restricted diet (4.03 +/- 0.72 MJ/d) of whole foods. Oral-glucose-tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed before and immediately after the diet to assess changes in serum leptin, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Baseline leptin concentration correlated significantly with percentage body fat (r = 0.80), body mass index (r = 0.72), fat mass (4 = 0.64), waist-height ratio (r = 0.6), body weight (r = 0.59, all P < 0.01), waist circumference (r = 0.49), and basal insulin concentration (r = 0.48, both P < 0.05). Seven days of energy restriction resulted in significant reductions (P < 0.005) in leptin (-6.1 +/- 8.4 micrograms/L), basal glucose (-0.9 +/- 0.8 mmol/L), OGTT glucose area under the curve (-158 +/- 164 mmol/L), and basal insulin concentration (-34 +/- 69 pmol/L, P < 0.05). In addition, there was a trend for a reduction in OGTT insulin area under the curve (-15,567 +/- 3,658 pmol/L, P = 0.05), and a tendency for basal insulin and leptin to change together (r = 0.41, P = 0.07). Despite the weight loss of 3.1 +/- 1.3 kg (P < 0.0001), the loss of fat mass was calculated to be only -1.0 +/- 0.1 kg. These results suggest that negative energy balance or improved insulin action was responsible for the changes in leptin, glucose, and insulin concentrations. In summary, short-term energy restriction effectively reduced serum leptin concentrations and improved glucose tolerance and insulin action in obese individuals with impaired or diabetic glucose tolerance.
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A basic education programme in Africa: The people's own? - Robinson, Clinton; Gfeller, Elisabeth (International Journal of Educational Development, 1997)
This paper examines the issue of community ownership with reference to an adult literacy and basic education programme in NW Zaire. After a discussion of community ownership, stressing the need for local control and relevance to local needs, it outlines the context and development of the programme in NW Zaïre and considers the degree to which ownership is manifested in the design of technical aspects of the programme and its structures. Finally it identifies some key issues for continued progress, particularly the shape of partnerships between external agencies and strengthened local structures.
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Knowledge Base and Reflective Practice in Teacher Education in Zimbabwe: Curriculum Continuity or Ideological Confusion? - Shumba, Overson (1997)
This is a contribution and critique of the debate initiated by Dzvimbo's (1991) article on the nature of knowledge and discourse practices in Zimbabwe's teacher training colleges (Zimbabwe Bulletin of Teacher Education, Volume 1, Issue 1). Dzvimbo's paper is important in that it underscores the importance of teacher education to educational and social reform. That teacher education is significant is obviated by the fact that in many countries in the Third World, schools, classrooms and teachers are among the most important determinants of pupil learning and achievement often more significant than socio-economic status (Riddell, 1989). While thebasic thesis of the Dzvimbo paper that discourse and reflective action are necessary for professional growth in teacher education is supported, certain substantive assumptions in the paper are controversial. This paper is an attempt to highlight some of the substantive aspects afflicting the potential for professional growth in teacher education. It proposes that ideological confusion as well as historical precedent rather than simple curriculum continuity are the chief determinants of the present status of teacher education. The assumption of ideological consciousness transferring, inducing or supporting professional growth is not supported.
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Schooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana - Tansel, Aysıt (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1997)
Previous articleNext article No AccessSchooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and GhanaAysit Tansel Aysit TanselMiddle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale University Search for more articles by this author Middle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 45, Number 4July 1997 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452309 Views: 278Total views on this site Citations: 58Citations are reported from Crossref © 1997 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Adebayo Mohammed Ojuolape, Saidatulakmal Mohd Dataset of Child schooling/ Out-of-school children in households in Kwara State, Nigeria, Data in Brief 45 (Dec 2022): 108654.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108654Mafaizath Fatoké Dato Medium-Term Impact of the Elimination of School Fees on Girls’ Education in Benin, West Africa, Economic Development and Cultural Change 71, no.11 (Aug 2022): 261–294.https://doi.org/10.1086/714064Clifford Afoakwah, Isaac Koomson How does school travel time impact children’s learning outcomes in a developing country?, Review of Economics of the Household 19, no.44 (Jan 2021): 1077–1097.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09533-8Anjan Ray Chaudhury, Madhabendra Sinha Gradual Disappearance of Gender Disparity in Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from India, Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no.88 (Mar 2020): 1108–1127.https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620909492Clifford Afoakwah, Xin Deng, Ilke Onur Women’s Bargaining Power and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Evidence From Ghana, Feminist Economics 26, no.33 (Feb 2020): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1707847Catalina Herrera Almanza, David E. Sahn Childhood determinants of internal youth migration in Senegal, Demographic Research 43 (Nov 2020): 1335–1366.https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.43.45Phillip Haynes The impact of home-based educational multi-correlates on academic achievement: an analysis of gender discrepancies in Rwanda, International Journal of Inclusive Education 24, no.55 (Apr 2018): 561–577.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1466929Glenn P. Jenkins, Hope Amala Anyabolu, Pejman Bahramian Family decision-making for educational expenditure: new evidence from survey data for Nigeria, Applied Economics 51, no.5252 (May 2019): 5663–5673.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1616075Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Do Indian daughters shadow their mothers?, International Journal of Social Economics 46, no.99 (Aug 2019): 1095–1118.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2018-0499Charlotte Janssens, Goedele Van den Broeck, Miet Maertens, Isabel Lambrecht What if mothers are entrepreneurs? Non-farm businesses and child schooling in rural Ghana, Journal of Rural Studies 66 (Feb 2019): 95–103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.004Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh, Vijayaprasad Gopichandran Effect of intergenerational educational mobility on health of Indian women, PLOS ONE 13, no.99 (Sep 2018): e0203633.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203633Paola Ballón, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, Journal of African Economies 27, no.44 (Mar 2018): 483–512.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejy001Shaleen Khanal Gender Discrimination in Education Expenditure in Nepal: Evidence from Living Standards Surveys, Asian Development Review 35, no.11 (Mar 2018): 155–174.https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00109 References, (Jan 2018): 307–468.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805371-3.16001-7Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175368Long Thanh Giang, Cuong Viet Nguyen, Tuyen Quang Tran, Vu Thieu Does Firm Agglomeration Matter to Labor and Education of Local Children? Evidence in Vietnam, Child Indicators Research 10, no.44 (Aug 2016): 1015–1041.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9409-8Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidence on Intergenerational Educational Mobility Among Young Females in India, Social Indicators Research 133, no.22 (Jun 2016): 601–621.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1380-8Abdul Malik Iddrisu, Michael Danquah, Peter Quartey Paying for education among households in Ghana, International Journal of Development Issues 16, no.22 (Jul 2017): 214–226.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-02-2017-0017Tesfaye Alemayehu Gebremedhin, Itismita Mohanty, Jacobus P. van Wouwe Child Schooling in Ethiopia: The Role of Maternal Autonomy, PLOS ONE 11, no.1212 (Dec 2016): e0167639.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167639Alberto Posso, Simon Feeny Beyond enrolments: the determinants of primary-school attendance in Melanesia, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 21, no.44 (Mar 2016): 531–548.https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1153205Sharon Wolf, Dana C McCoy, Erin B Godfrey Barriers to school attendance and gender inequality: Empirical evidence from a sample of Ghanaian schoolchildren, Research in Comparative and International Education 11, no.22 (Jun 2016): 178–193.https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499916632424Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Monetary and Multidimensional Child Poverty: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3164307Gina A.N. Chowa, Rainier D. Masa, Yalitza Ramos, David Ansong How do student and school characteristics influence youth academic achievement in Ghana? A hierarchical linear modeling of Ghana YouthSave baseline data, International Journal of Educational Development 45 (Nov 2015): 129–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.09.009KAKOLI BORKOTOKY, SAYEED UNISA FEMALE EDUCATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CHANGES IN SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR: EVIDENCE FROM INDIA, Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no.55 (Oct 2014): 687–706.https://doi.org/10.1017/S002193201400039XJane Arnold Lincove Improving Identification of Demand-Side Obstacles to Schooling: Findings from Revealed and Stated Preference Models in Two SSA Countries, World Development 66 (Feb 2015): 69–83.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.07.018Juan Yang, Terry SICULAR, Desheng LAI The changing determinants of high school attainment in rural China, China Economic Review 30 (Sep 2014): 551–566.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2013.10.001Miet Maertens, Ellen Verhofstadt Horticultural exports, female wage employment and primary school enrolment: Theory and evidence from Senegal, Food Policy 43 (Dec 2013): 118–131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.07.006Ashish Singh, Sarthak Gaurav, Upasak Das Household Headship and Academic Skills of Indian Children: A Special Focus on Gender Disparities, European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie 29, no.44 (Apr 2013): 445–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-013-9288-3S. Mani, J. Hoddinott, J. Strauss Determinants of Schooling: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, Journal of African Economies 22, no.55 (May 2013): 693–731.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt007Daniel Mont, Cuong Nguyen Does Parental Disability Matter to Child Education? Evidence from Vietnam, World Development 48 (Aug 2013): 88–107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.04.001Anders Breidlid, Halldis Breidlid Women in South Sudan, (Jan 2013): 99–115.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-137-5_7Jane Arnold Lincove The influence of price on school enrollment under Uganda's policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 31, no.55 (Oct 2012): 799–811.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.04.007Manisha Chakrabarty, Sumon Kumar Bhaumik Whither human capital? The woeful tale of transition to tertiary education in India, Applied Economics Letters 19, no.99 (Jun 2012): 835–838.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.607109Michèle Smith, Angeline M. Barrett Capabilities for learning to read: An investigation of social and economic effects for Grade 6 learners in Southern and East Africa, International Journal of Educational Development 31, no.11 (Jan 2011): 23–36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.006Jane Arnold Lincove Determinants of schooling for boys and girls in Nigeria under a policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 28, no.44 (Aug 2009): 474–484.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.10.001Subha Mani, John Hoddinott, John Strauss Determinants of Schooling Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2009).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1508898Theresa Tuwor, Marie‐Antoinette Sossou Gender discrimination and education in West Africa: strategies for maintaining girls in school, International Journal of Inclusive Education 12, no.44 (Jul 2008): 363–379.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110601183115H.-A. Dang, F. H. Rogers The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources?, The World Bank Research Observer 23, no.22 (May 2008): 161–200.https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkn004Tassew Woldehanna, Nicola Jones, Bekele Tefera The Invisibility of Children's Paid and Unpaid Work, Childhood 15, no.22 (May 2008): 177–201.https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568207088421Peter Glick Policy Impacts on Schooling Gender Gaps in Developing Countries: The Evidence and a Framework for Interpretation, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.891256jane kabubo-mariara, domisiano k. mwabu DETERMINANTS OF SCHOOL ENROLMENT AND EDUCATION ATTAINMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KENYA, The South African Journal of Economics 75, no.33 (Sep 2007): 572–593.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00138.xPeter F. Orazem, Elizabeth M. King Chapter 55 Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy, (Jan 2007): 3475–3559.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04055-7Anastasia Gage The Interrelationship between Fosterage, Schooling, and Children’s Labor Force Participation in Ghana, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.55 (Oct 2005): 431–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-4290-zSilvia Pasqua Gender Bias in Parental Investments in Children’s Education: A Theoretical Analysis, Review of Economics of the Household 3, no.33 (Sep 2005): 291–314.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-005-3459-xKofi D. Benefo Child schooling and contraceptive use in rural Africa: A Ghanaian case study, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.11 (Jan 2005): 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-8986-xT. Paul Schultz School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program, Journal of Development Economics 74, no.11 (Jun 2004): 199–250.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009Peter Glick, Rumki Saha, Stephen D. Younger Integrating Gender into Benefit Incidence and Demand Analysis, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.590822 Human Capital, Household Welfare, and Children’s Schooling in Mozambique, (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291375rr134Jessica Holmes Measuring the determinants of school completion in Pakistan: analysis of censoring and selection bias, Economics of Education Review 22, no.33 (Jun 2003): 249–264.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00024-9 Esther Redmount Cyclical Patterns in School Attrition and Attendance: A Study in the Labor‐Market Behavior of Children Esther Redmount, Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, no.11 (Jul 2015): 135–160.https://doi.org/10.1086/344629Aysit Tansel Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors, Economics of Education Review 21, no.55 (Oct 2002): 455–470.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(01)00028-0T Paul Schultz Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls, World Development 30, no.22 (Feb 2002): 207–225.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00107-3Katharina Michaelowa Primary Education Quality in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of Learning Achievement and Efficiency Considerations, World Development 29, no.1010 (Oct 2001): 1699–1716.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00061-4T. Paul Schultz Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments, (Jan 2001): 383–456.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10011-3Danielle de Lame Genre et développement : bibliographie sélective 1, Bulletin de l’APAD , no.2020 (Dec 2000).https://doi.org/10.4000/apad.257Peter Glick, David E. Sahn Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure, Economics of Education Review 19, no.11 (Feb 2000): 63–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00029-1T. Paul Schultz Health and Schooling Investments in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no.33 (Aug 1999): 67–88.https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.3.67Kathleen M. Fallon Education and Perceptions of Social Status and Power among Women in Larteh, Ghana, Africa Today 46, no.22 (Apr 1999): 66–91.https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.1999.46.2.66
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Schooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana - Tansel, Aysıt (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1997)
Previous articleNext article No AccessSchooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and GhanaAysit Tansel Aysit TanselMiddle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale University Search for more articles by this author Middle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 45, Number 4July 1997 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452309 Views: 278Total views on this site Citations: 58Citations are reported from Crossref © 1997 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Adebayo Mohammed Ojuolape, Saidatulakmal Mohd Dataset of Child schooling/ Out-of-school children in households in Kwara State, Nigeria, Data in Brief 45 (Dec 2022): 108654.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108654Mafaizath Fatoké Dato Medium-Term Impact of the Elimination of School Fees on Girls’ Education in Benin, West Africa, Economic Development and Cultural Change 71, no.11 (Aug 2022): 261–294.https://doi.org/10.1086/714064Clifford Afoakwah, Isaac Koomson How does school travel time impact children’s learning outcomes in a developing country?, Review of Economics of the Household 19, no.44 (Jan 2021): 1077–1097.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09533-8Anjan Ray Chaudhury, Madhabendra Sinha Gradual Disappearance of Gender Disparity in Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from India, Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no.88 (Mar 2020): 1108–1127.https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620909492Clifford Afoakwah, Xin Deng, Ilke Onur Women’s Bargaining Power and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Evidence From Ghana, Feminist Economics 26, no.33 (Feb 2020): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1707847Catalina Herrera Almanza, David E. Sahn Childhood determinants of internal youth migration in Senegal, Demographic Research 43 (Nov 2020): 1335–1366.https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.43.45Phillip Haynes The impact of home-based educational multi-correlates on academic achievement: an analysis of gender discrepancies in Rwanda, International Journal of Inclusive Education 24, no.55 (Apr 2018): 561–577.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1466929Glenn P. Jenkins, Hope Amala Anyabolu, Pejman Bahramian Family decision-making for educational expenditure: new evidence from survey data for Nigeria, Applied Economics 51, no.5252 (May 2019): 5663–5673.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1616075Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Do Indian daughters shadow their mothers?, International Journal of Social Economics 46, no.99 (Aug 2019): 1095–1118.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2018-0499Charlotte Janssens, Goedele Van den Broeck, Miet Maertens, Isabel Lambrecht What if mothers are entrepreneurs? Non-farm businesses and child schooling in rural Ghana, Journal of Rural Studies 66 (Feb 2019): 95–103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.004Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh, Vijayaprasad Gopichandran Effect of intergenerational educational mobility on health of Indian women, PLOS ONE 13, no.99 (Sep 2018): e0203633.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203633Paola Ballón, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, Journal of African Economies 27, no.44 (Mar 2018): 483–512.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejy001Shaleen Khanal Gender Discrimination in Education Expenditure in Nepal: Evidence from Living Standards Surveys, Asian Development Review 35, no.11 (Mar 2018): 155–174.https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00109 References, (Jan 2018): 307–468.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805371-3.16001-7Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175368Long Thanh Giang, Cuong Viet Nguyen, Tuyen Quang Tran, Vu Thieu Does Firm Agglomeration Matter to Labor and Education of Local Children? Evidence in Vietnam, Child Indicators Research 10, no.44 (Aug 2016): 1015–1041.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9409-8Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidence on Intergenerational Educational Mobility Among Young Females in India, Social Indicators Research 133, no.22 (Jun 2016): 601–621.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1380-8Abdul Malik Iddrisu, Michael Danquah, Peter Quartey Paying for education among households in Ghana, International Journal of Development Issues 16, no.22 (Jul 2017): 214–226.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-02-2017-0017Tesfaye Alemayehu Gebremedhin, Itismita Mohanty, Jacobus P. van Wouwe Child Schooling in Ethiopia: The Role of Maternal Autonomy, PLOS ONE 11, no.1212 (Dec 2016): e0167639.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167639Alberto Posso, Simon Feeny Beyond enrolments: the determinants of primary-school attendance in Melanesia, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 21, no.44 (Mar 2016): 531–548.https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1153205Sharon Wolf, Dana C McCoy, Erin B Godfrey Barriers to school attendance and gender inequality: Empirical evidence from a sample of Ghanaian schoolchildren, Research in Comparative and International Education 11, no.22 (Jun 2016): 178–193.https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499916632424Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Monetary and Multidimensional Child Poverty: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3164307Gina A.N. Chowa, Rainier D. Masa, Yalitza Ramos, David Ansong How do student and school characteristics influence youth academic achievement in Ghana? A hierarchical linear modeling of Ghana YouthSave baseline data, International Journal of Educational Development 45 (Nov 2015): 129–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.09.009KAKOLI BORKOTOKY, SAYEED UNISA FEMALE EDUCATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CHANGES IN SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR: EVIDENCE FROM INDIA, Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no.55 (Oct 2014): 687–706.https://doi.org/10.1017/S002193201400039XJane Arnold Lincove Improving Identification of Demand-Side Obstacles to Schooling: Findings from Revealed and Stated Preference Models in Two SSA Countries, World Development 66 (Feb 2015): 69–83.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.07.018Juan Yang, Terry SICULAR, Desheng LAI The changing determinants of high school attainment in rural China, China Economic Review 30 (Sep 2014): 551–566.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2013.10.001Miet Maertens, Ellen Verhofstadt Horticultural exports, female wage employment and primary school enrolment: Theory and evidence from Senegal, Food Policy 43 (Dec 2013): 118–131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.07.006Ashish Singh, Sarthak Gaurav, Upasak Das Household Headship and Academic Skills of Indian Children: A Special Focus on Gender Disparities, European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie 29, no.44 (Apr 2013): 445–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-013-9288-3S. Mani, J. Hoddinott, J. Strauss Determinants of Schooling: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, Journal of African Economies 22, no.55 (May 2013): 693–731.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt007Daniel Mont, Cuong Nguyen Does Parental Disability Matter to Child Education? Evidence from Vietnam, World Development 48 (Aug 2013): 88–107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.04.001Anders Breidlid, Halldis Breidlid Women in South Sudan, (Jan 2013): 99–115.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-137-5_7Jane Arnold Lincove The influence of price on school enrollment under Uganda's policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 31, no.55 (Oct 2012): 799–811.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.04.007Manisha Chakrabarty, Sumon Kumar Bhaumik Whither human capital? The woeful tale of transition to tertiary education in India, Applied Economics Letters 19, no.99 (Jun 2012): 835–838.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.607109Michèle Smith, Angeline M. Barrett Capabilities for learning to read: An investigation of social and economic effects for Grade 6 learners in Southern and East Africa, International Journal of Educational Development 31, no.11 (Jan 2011): 23–36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.006Jane Arnold Lincove Determinants of schooling for boys and girls in Nigeria under a policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 28, no.44 (Aug 2009): 474–484.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.10.001Subha Mani, John Hoddinott, John Strauss Determinants of Schooling Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2009).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1508898Theresa Tuwor, Marie‐Antoinette Sossou Gender discrimination and education in West Africa: strategies for maintaining girls in school, International Journal of Inclusive Education 12, no.44 (Jul 2008): 363–379.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110601183115H.-A. Dang, F. H. Rogers The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources?, The World Bank Research Observer 23, no.22 (May 2008): 161–200.https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkn004Tassew Woldehanna, Nicola Jones, Bekele Tefera The Invisibility of Children's Paid and Unpaid Work, Childhood 15, no.22 (May 2008): 177–201.https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568207088421Peter Glick Policy Impacts on Schooling Gender Gaps in Developing Countries: The Evidence and a Framework for Interpretation, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.891256jane kabubo-mariara, domisiano k. mwabu DETERMINANTS OF SCHOOL ENROLMENT AND EDUCATION ATTAINMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KENYA, The South African Journal of Economics 75, no.33 (Sep 2007): 572–593.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00138.xPeter F. Orazem, Elizabeth M. King Chapter 55 Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy, (Jan 2007): 3475–3559.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04055-7Anastasia Gage The Interrelationship between Fosterage, Schooling, and Children’s Labor Force Participation in Ghana, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.55 (Oct 2005): 431–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-4290-zSilvia Pasqua Gender Bias in Parental Investments in Children’s Education: A Theoretical Analysis, Review of Economics of the Household 3, no.33 (Sep 2005): 291–314.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-005-3459-xKofi D. Benefo Child schooling and contraceptive use in rural Africa: A Ghanaian case study, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.11 (Jan 2005): 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-8986-xT. Paul Schultz School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program, Journal of Development Economics 74, no.11 (Jun 2004): 199–250.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009Peter Glick, Rumki Saha, Stephen D. Younger Integrating Gender into Benefit Incidence and Demand Analysis, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.590822 Human Capital, Household Welfare, and Children’s Schooling in Mozambique, (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291375rr134Jessica Holmes Measuring the determinants of school completion in Pakistan: analysis of censoring and selection bias, Economics of Education Review 22, no.33 (Jun 2003): 249–264.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00024-9 Esther Redmount Cyclical Patterns in School Attrition and Attendance: A Study in the Labor‐Market Behavior of Children Esther Redmount, Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, no.11 (Jul 2015): 135–160.https://doi.org/10.1086/344629Aysit Tansel Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors, Economics of Education Review 21, no.55 (Oct 2002): 455–470.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(01)00028-0T Paul Schultz Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls, World Development 30, no.22 (Feb 2002): 207–225.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00107-3Katharina Michaelowa Primary Education Quality in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of Learning Achievement and Efficiency Considerations, World Development 29, no.1010 (Oct 2001): 1699–1716.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00061-4T. Paul Schultz Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments, (Jan 2001): 383–456.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10011-3Danielle de Lame Genre et développement : bibliographie sélective 1, Bulletin de l’APAD , no.2020 (Dec 2000).https://doi.org/10.4000/apad.257Peter Glick, David E. Sahn Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure, Economics of Education Review 19, no.11 (Feb 2000): 63–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00029-1T. Paul Schultz Health and Schooling Investments in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no.33 (Aug 1999): 67–88.https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.3.67Kathleen M. Fallon Education and Perceptions of Social Status and Power among Women in Larteh, Ghana, Africa Today 46, no.22 (Apr 1999): 66–91.https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.1999.46.2.66
Keywords: openalex:import

Schooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana - Tansel, Aysıt (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1997)
Previous articleNext article No AccessSchooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and GhanaAysit Tansel Aysit TanselMiddle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale University Search for more articles by this author Middle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 45, Number 4July 1997 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452309 Views: 278Total views on this site Citations: 58Citations are reported from Crossref © 1997 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Adebayo Mohammed Ojuolape, Saidatulakmal Mohd Dataset of Child schooling/ Out-of-school children in households in Kwara State, Nigeria, Data in Brief 45 (Dec 2022): 108654.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108654Mafaizath Fatoké Dato Medium-Term Impact of the Elimination of School Fees on Girls’ Education in Benin, West Africa, Economic Development and Cultural Change 71, no.11 (Aug 2022): 261–294.https://doi.org/10.1086/714064Clifford Afoakwah, Isaac Koomson How does school travel time impact children’s learning outcomes in a developing country?, Review of Economics of the Household 19, no.44 (Jan 2021): 1077–1097.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09533-8Anjan Ray Chaudhury, Madhabendra Sinha Gradual Disappearance of Gender Disparity in Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from India, Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no.88 (Mar 2020): 1108–1127.https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620909492Clifford Afoakwah, Xin Deng, Ilke Onur Women’s Bargaining Power and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Evidence From Ghana, Feminist Economics 26, no.33 (Feb 2020): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1707847Catalina Herrera Almanza, David E. Sahn Childhood determinants of internal youth migration in Senegal, Demographic Research 43 (Nov 2020): 1335–1366.https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.43.45Phillip Haynes The impact of home-based educational multi-correlates on academic achievement: an analysis of gender discrepancies in Rwanda, International Journal of Inclusive Education 24, no.55 (Apr 2018): 561–577.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1466929Glenn P. Jenkins, Hope Amala Anyabolu, Pejman Bahramian Family decision-making for educational expenditure: new evidence from survey data for Nigeria, Applied Economics 51, no.5252 (May 2019): 5663–5673.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1616075Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Do Indian daughters shadow their mothers?, International Journal of Social Economics 46, no.99 (Aug 2019): 1095–1118.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2018-0499Charlotte Janssens, Goedele Van den Broeck, Miet Maertens, Isabel Lambrecht What if mothers are entrepreneurs? Non-farm businesses and child schooling in rural Ghana, Journal of Rural Studies 66 (Feb 2019): 95–103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.004Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh, Vijayaprasad Gopichandran Effect of intergenerational educational mobility on health of Indian women, PLOS ONE 13, no.99 (Sep 2018): e0203633.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203633Paola Ballón, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, Journal of African Economies 27, no.44 (Mar 2018): 483–512.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejy001Shaleen Khanal Gender Discrimination in Education Expenditure in Nepal: Evidence from Living Standards Surveys, Asian Development Review 35, no.11 (Mar 2018): 155–174.https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00109 References, (Jan 2018): 307–468.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805371-3.16001-7Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175368Long Thanh Giang, Cuong Viet Nguyen, Tuyen Quang Tran, Vu Thieu Does Firm Agglomeration Matter to Labor and Education of Local Children? Evidence in Vietnam, Child Indicators Research 10, no.44 (Aug 2016): 1015–1041.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9409-8Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidence on Intergenerational Educational Mobility Among Young Females in India, Social Indicators Research 133, no.22 (Jun 2016): 601–621.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1380-8Abdul Malik Iddrisu, Michael Danquah, Peter Quartey Paying for education among households in Ghana, International Journal of Development Issues 16, no.22 (Jul 2017): 214–226.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-02-2017-0017Tesfaye Alemayehu Gebremedhin, Itismita Mohanty, Jacobus P. van Wouwe Child Schooling in Ethiopia: The Role of Maternal Autonomy, PLOS ONE 11, no.1212 (Dec 2016): e0167639.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167639Alberto Posso, Simon Feeny Beyond enrolments: the determinants of primary-school attendance in Melanesia, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 21, no.44 (Mar 2016): 531–548.https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1153205Sharon Wolf, Dana C McCoy, Erin B Godfrey Barriers to school attendance and gender inequality: Empirical evidence from a sample of Ghanaian schoolchildren, Research in Comparative and International Education 11, no.22 (Jun 2016): 178–193.https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499916632424Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Monetary and Multidimensional Child Poverty: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3164307Gina A.N. Chowa, Rainier D. Masa, Yalitza Ramos, David Ansong How do student and school characteristics influence youth academic achievement in Ghana? A hierarchical linear modeling of Ghana YouthSave baseline data, International Journal of Educational Development 45 (Nov 2015): 129–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.09.009KAKOLI BORKOTOKY, SAYEED UNISA FEMALE EDUCATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CHANGES IN SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR: EVIDENCE FROM INDIA, Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no.55 (Oct 2014): 687–706.https://doi.org/10.1017/S002193201400039XJane Arnold Lincove Improving Identification of Demand-Side Obstacles to Schooling: Findings from Revealed and Stated Preference Models in Two SSA Countries, World Development 66 (Feb 2015): 69–83.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.07.018Juan Yang, Terry SICULAR, Desheng LAI The changing determinants of high school attainment in rural China, China Economic Review 30 (Sep 2014): 551–566.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2013.10.001Miet Maertens, Ellen Verhofstadt Horticultural exports, female wage employment and primary school enrolment: Theory and evidence from Senegal, Food Policy 43 (Dec 2013): 118–131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.07.006Ashish Singh, Sarthak Gaurav, Upasak Das Household Headship and Academic Skills of Indian Children: A Special Focus on Gender Disparities, European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie 29, no.44 (Apr 2013): 445–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-013-9288-3S. Mani, J. Hoddinott, J. Strauss Determinants of Schooling: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, Journal of African Economies 22, no.55 (May 2013): 693–731.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt007Daniel Mont, Cuong Nguyen Does Parental Disability Matter to Child Education? Evidence from Vietnam, World Development 48 (Aug 2013): 88–107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.04.001Anders Breidlid, Halldis Breidlid Women in South Sudan, (Jan 2013): 99–115.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-137-5_7Jane Arnold Lincove The influence of price on school enrollment under Uganda's policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 31, no.55 (Oct 2012): 799–811.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.04.007Manisha Chakrabarty, Sumon Kumar Bhaumik Whither human capital? The woeful tale of transition to tertiary education in India, Applied Economics Letters 19, no.99 (Jun 2012): 835–838.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.607109Michèle Smith, Angeline M. Barrett Capabilities for learning to read: An investigation of social and economic effects for Grade 6 learners in Southern and East Africa, International Journal of Educational Development 31, no.11 (Jan 2011): 23–36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.006Jane Arnold Lincove Determinants of schooling for boys and girls in Nigeria under a policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 28, no.44 (Aug 2009): 474–484.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.10.001Subha Mani, John Hoddinott, John Strauss Determinants of Schooling Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2009).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1508898Theresa Tuwor, Marie‐Antoinette Sossou Gender discrimination and education in West Africa: strategies for maintaining girls in school, International Journal of Inclusive Education 12, no.44 (Jul 2008): 363–379.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110601183115H.-A. Dang, F. H. Rogers The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources?, The World Bank Research Observer 23, no.22 (May 2008): 161–200.https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkn004Tassew Woldehanna, Nicola Jones, Bekele Tefera The Invisibility of Children's Paid and Unpaid Work, Childhood 15, no.22 (May 2008): 177–201.https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568207088421Peter Glick Policy Impacts on Schooling Gender Gaps in Developing Countries: The Evidence and a Framework for Interpretation, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.891256jane kabubo-mariara, domisiano k. mwabu DETERMINANTS OF SCHOOL ENROLMENT AND EDUCATION ATTAINMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KENYA, The South African Journal of Economics 75, no.33 (Sep 2007): 572–593.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00138.xPeter F. Orazem, Elizabeth M. King Chapter 55 Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy, (Jan 2007): 3475–3559.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04055-7Anastasia Gage The Interrelationship between Fosterage, Schooling, and Children’s Labor Force Participation in Ghana, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.55 (Oct 2005): 431–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-4290-zSilvia Pasqua Gender Bias in Parental Investments in Children’s Education: A Theoretical Analysis, Review of Economics of the Household 3, no.33 (Sep 2005): 291–314.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-005-3459-xKofi D. Benefo Child schooling and contraceptive use in rural Africa: A Ghanaian case study, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.11 (Jan 2005): 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-8986-xT. Paul Schultz School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program, Journal of Development Economics 74, no.11 (Jun 2004): 199–250.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009Peter Glick, Rumki Saha, Stephen D. Younger Integrating Gender into Benefit Incidence and Demand Analysis, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.590822 Human Capital, Household Welfare, and Children’s Schooling in Mozambique, (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291375rr134Jessica Holmes Measuring the determinants of school completion in Pakistan: analysis of censoring and selection bias, Economics of Education Review 22, no.33 (Jun 2003): 249–264.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00024-9 Esther Redmount Cyclical Patterns in School Attrition and Attendance: A Study in the Labor‐Market Behavior of Children Esther Redmount, Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, no.11 (Jul 2015): 135–160.https://doi.org/10.1086/344629Aysit Tansel Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors, Economics of Education Review 21, no.55 (Oct 2002): 455–470.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(01)00028-0T Paul Schultz Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls, World Development 30, no.22 (Feb 2002): 207–225.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00107-3Katharina Michaelowa Primary Education Quality in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of Learning Achievement and Efficiency Considerations, World Development 29, no.1010 (Oct 2001): 1699–1716.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00061-4T. Paul Schultz Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments, (Jan 2001): 383–456.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10011-3Danielle de Lame Genre et développement : bibliographie sélective 1, Bulletin de l’APAD , no.2020 (Dec 2000).https://doi.org/10.4000/apad.257Peter Glick, David E. Sahn Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure, Economics of Education Review 19, no.11 (Feb 2000): 63–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00029-1T. Paul Schultz Health and Schooling Investments in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no.33 (Aug 1999): 67–88.https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.3.67Kathleen M. Fallon Education and Perceptions of Social Status and Power among Women in Larteh, Ghana, Africa Today 46, no.22 (Apr 1999): 66–91.https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.1999.46.2.66
Keywords: openalex:import

Schooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana - Tansel, Aysıt (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1997)
Previous articleNext article No AccessSchooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and GhanaAysit Tansel Aysit TanselMiddle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale University Search for more articles by this author Middle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 45, Number 4July 1997 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452309 Views: 278Total views on this site Citations: 58Citations are reported from Crossref © 1997 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Adebayo Mohammed Ojuolape, Saidatulakmal Mohd Dataset of Child schooling/ Out-of-school children in households in Kwara State, Nigeria, Data in Brief 45 (Dec 2022): 108654.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108654Mafaizath Fatoké Dato Medium-Term Impact of the Elimination of School Fees on Girls’ Education in Benin, West Africa, Economic Development and Cultural Change 71, no.11 (Aug 2022): 261–294.https://doi.org/10.1086/714064Clifford Afoakwah, Isaac Koomson How does school travel time impact children’s learning outcomes in a developing country?, Review of Economics of the Household 19, no.44 (Jan 2021): 1077–1097.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09533-8Anjan Ray Chaudhury, Madhabendra Sinha Gradual Disappearance of Gender Disparity in Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from India, Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no.88 (Mar 2020): 1108–1127.https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620909492Clifford Afoakwah, Xin Deng, Ilke Onur Women’s Bargaining Power and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Evidence From Ghana, Feminist Economics 26, no.33 (Feb 2020): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1707847Catalina Herrera Almanza, David E. Sahn Childhood determinants of internal youth migration in Senegal, Demographic Research 43 (Nov 2020): 1335–1366.https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.43.45Phillip Haynes The impact of home-based educational multi-correlates on academic achievement: an analysis of gender discrepancies in Rwanda, International Journal of Inclusive Education 24, no.55 (Apr 2018): 561–577.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1466929Glenn P. Jenkins, Hope Amala Anyabolu, Pejman Bahramian Family decision-making for educational expenditure: new evidence from survey data for Nigeria, Applied Economics 51, no.5252 (May 2019): 5663–5673.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1616075Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Do Indian daughters shadow their mothers?, International Journal of Social Economics 46, no.99 (Aug 2019): 1095–1118.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2018-0499Charlotte Janssens, Goedele Van den Broeck, Miet Maertens, Isabel Lambrecht What if mothers are entrepreneurs? Non-farm businesses and child schooling in rural Ghana, Journal of Rural Studies 66 (Feb 2019): 95–103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.004Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh, Vijayaprasad Gopichandran Effect of intergenerational educational mobility on health of Indian women, PLOS ONE 13, no.99 (Sep 2018): e0203633.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203633Paola Ballón, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, Journal of African Economies 27, no.44 (Mar 2018): 483–512.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejy001Shaleen Khanal Gender Discrimination in Education Expenditure in Nepal: Evidence from Living Standards Surveys, Asian Development Review 35, no.11 (Mar 2018): 155–174.https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00109 References, (Jan 2018): 307–468.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805371-3.16001-7Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175368Long Thanh Giang, Cuong Viet Nguyen, Tuyen Quang Tran, Vu Thieu Does Firm Agglomeration Matter to Labor and Education of Local Children? Evidence in Vietnam, Child Indicators Research 10, no.44 (Aug 2016): 1015–1041.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9409-8Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidence on Intergenerational Educational Mobility Among Young Females in India, Social Indicators Research 133, no.22 (Jun 2016): 601–621.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1380-8Abdul Malik Iddrisu, Michael Danquah, Peter Quartey Paying for education among households in Ghana, International Journal of Development Issues 16, no.22 (Jul 2017): 214–226.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-02-2017-0017Tesfaye Alemayehu Gebremedhin, Itismita Mohanty, Jacobus P. van Wouwe Child Schooling in Ethiopia: The Role of Maternal Autonomy, PLOS ONE 11, no.1212 (Dec 2016): e0167639.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167639Alberto Posso, Simon Feeny Beyond enrolments: the determinants of primary-school attendance in Melanesia, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 21, no.44 (Mar 2016): 531–548.https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1153205Sharon Wolf, Dana C McCoy, Erin B Godfrey Barriers to school attendance and gender inequality: Empirical evidence from a sample of Ghanaian schoolchildren, Research in Comparative and International Education 11, no.22 (Jun 2016): 178–193.https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499916632424Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Monetary and Multidimensional Child Poverty: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3164307Gina A.N. Chowa, Rainier D. Masa, Yalitza Ramos, David Ansong How do student and school characteristics influence youth academic achievement in Ghana? A hierarchical linear modeling of Ghana YouthSave baseline data, International Journal of Educational Development 45 (Nov 2015): 129–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.09.009KAKOLI BORKOTOKY, SAYEED UNISA FEMALE EDUCATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CHANGES IN SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR: EVIDENCE FROM INDIA, Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no.55 (Oct 2014): 687–706.https://doi.org/10.1017/S002193201400039XJane Arnold Lincove Improving Identification of Demand-Side Obstacles to Schooling: Findings from Revealed and Stated Preference Models in Two SSA Countries, World Development 66 (Feb 2015): 69–83.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.07.018Juan Yang, Terry SICULAR, Desheng LAI The changing determinants of high school attainment in rural China, China Economic Review 30 (Sep 2014): 551–566.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2013.10.001Miet Maertens, Ellen Verhofstadt Horticultural exports, female wage employment and primary school enrolment: Theory and evidence from Senegal, Food Policy 43 (Dec 2013): 118–131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.07.006Ashish Singh, Sarthak Gaurav, Upasak Das Household Headship and Academic Skills of Indian Children: A Special Focus on Gender Disparities, European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie 29, no.44 (Apr 2013): 445–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-013-9288-3S. Mani, J. Hoddinott, J. Strauss Determinants of Schooling: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, Journal of African Economies 22, no.55 (May 2013): 693–731.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt007Daniel Mont, Cuong Nguyen Does Parental Disability Matter to Child Education? Evidence from Vietnam, World Development 48 (Aug 2013): 88–107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.04.001Anders Breidlid, Halldis Breidlid Women in South Sudan, (Jan 2013): 99–115.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-137-5_7Jane Arnold Lincove The influence of price on school enrollment under Uganda's policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 31, no.55 (Oct 2012): 799–811.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.04.007Manisha Chakrabarty, Sumon Kumar Bhaumik Whither human capital? The woeful tale of transition to tertiary education in India, Applied Economics Letters 19, no.99 (Jun 2012): 835–838.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.607109Michèle Smith, Angeline M. Barrett Capabilities for learning to read: An investigation of social and economic effects for Grade 6 learners in Southern and East Africa, International Journal of Educational Development 31, no.11 (Jan 2011): 23–36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.006Jane Arnold Lincove Determinants of schooling for boys and girls in Nigeria under a policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 28, no.44 (Aug 2009): 474–484.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.10.001Subha Mani, John Hoddinott, John Strauss Determinants of Schooling Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2009).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1508898Theresa Tuwor, Marie‐Antoinette Sossou Gender discrimination and education in West Africa: strategies for maintaining girls in school, International Journal of Inclusive Education 12, no.44 (Jul 2008): 363–379.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110601183115H.-A. Dang, F. H. Rogers The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources?, The World Bank Research Observer 23, no.22 (May 2008): 161–200.https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkn004Tassew Woldehanna, Nicola Jones, Bekele Tefera The Invisibility of Children's Paid and Unpaid Work, Childhood 15, no.22 (May 2008): 177–201.https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568207088421Peter Glick Policy Impacts on Schooling Gender Gaps in Developing Countries: The Evidence and a Framework for Interpretation, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.891256jane kabubo-mariara, domisiano k. mwabu DETERMINANTS OF SCHOOL ENROLMENT AND EDUCATION ATTAINMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KENYA, The South African Journal of Economics 75, no.33 (Sep 2007): 572–593.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00138.xPeter F. Orazem, Elizabeth M. King Chapter 55 Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy, (Jan 2007): 3475–3559.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04055-7Anastasia Gage The Interrelationship between Fosterage, Schooling, and Children’s Labor Force Participation in Ghana, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.55 (Oct 2005): 431–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-4290-zSilvia Pasqua Gender Bias in Parental Investments in Children’s Education: A Theoretical Analysis, Review of Economics of the Household 3, no.33 (Sep 2005): 291–314.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-005-3459-xKofi D. Benefo Child schooling and contraceptive use in rural Africa: A Ghanaian case study, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.11 (Jan 2005): 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-8986-xT. Paul Schultz School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program, Journal of Development Economics 74, no.11 (Jun 2004): 199–250.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009Peter Glick, Rumki Saha, Stephen D. Younger Integrating Gender into Benefit Incidence and Demand Analysis, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.590822 Human Capital, Household Welfare, and Children’s Schooling in Mozambique, (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291375rr134Jessica Holmes Measuring the determinants of school completion in Pakistan: analysis of censoring and selection bias, Economics of Education Review 22, no.33 (Jun 2003): 249–264.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00024-9 Esther Redmount Cyclical Patterns in School Attrition and Attendance: A Study in the Labor‐Market Behavior of Children Esther Redmount, Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, no.11 (Jul 2015): 135–160.https://doi.org/10.1086/344629Aysit Tansel Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors, Economics of Education Review 21, no.55 (Oct 2002): 455–470.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(01)00028-0T Paul Schultz Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls, World Development 30, no.22 (Feb 2002): 207–225.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00107-3Katharina Michaelowa Primary Education Quality in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of Learning Achievement and Efficiency Considerations, World Development 29, no.1010 (Oct 2001): 1699–1716.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00061-4T. Paul Schultz Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments, (Jan 2001): 383–456.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10011-3Danielle de Lame Genre et développement : bibliographie sélective 1, Bulletin de l’APAD , no.2020 (Dec 2000).https://doi.org/10.4000/apad.257Peter Glick, David E. Sahn Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure, Economics of Education Review 19, no.11 (Feb 2000): 63–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00029-1T. Paul Schultz Health and Schooling Investments in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no.33 (Aug 1999): 67–88.https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.3.67Kathleen M. Fallon Education and Perceptions of Social Status and Power among Women in Larteh, Ghana, Africa Today 46, no.22 (Apr 1999): 66–91.https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.1999.46.2.66
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

Schooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana - Tansel, Aysıt (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1997)
Previous articleNext article No AccessSchooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and GhanaAysit Tansel Aysit TanselMiddle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale University Search for more articles by this author Middle East Technical University, Ankara, and Yale UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 45, Number 4July 1997 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452309 Views: 278Total views on this site Citations: 58Citations are reported from Crossref © 1997 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Adebayo Mohammed Ojuolape, Saidatulakmal Mohd Dataset of Child schooling/ Out-of-school children in households in Kwara State, Nigeria, Data in Brief 45 (Dec 2022): 108654.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108654Mafaizath Fatoké Dato Medium-Term Impact of the Elimination of School Fees on Girls’ Education in Benin, West Africa, Economic Development and Cultural Change 71, no.11 (Aug 2022): 261–294.https://doi.org/10.1086/714064Clifford Afoakwah, Isaac Koomson How does school travel time impact children’s learning outcomes in a developing country?, Review of Economics of the Household 19, no.44 (Jan 2021): 1077–1097.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09533-8Anjan Ray Chaudhury, Madhabendra Sinha Gradual Disappearance of Gender Disparity in Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from India, Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no.88 (Mar 2020): 1108–1127.https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620909492Clifford Afoakwah, Xin Deng, Ilke Onur Women’s Bargaining Power and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Evidence From Ghana, Feminist Economics 26, no.33 (Feb 2020): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1707847Catalina Herrera Almanza, David E. Sahn Childhood determinants of internal youth migration in Senegal, Demographic Research 43 (Nov 2020): 1335–1366.https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.43.45Phillip Haynes The impact of home-based educational multi-correlates on academic achievement: an analysis of gender discrepancies in Rwanda, International Journal of Inclusive Education 24, no.55 (Apr 2018): 561–577.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1466929Glenn P. Jenkins, Hope Amala Anyabolu, Pejman Bahramian Family decision-making for educational expenditure: new evidence from survey data for Nigeria, Applied Economics 51, no.5252 (May 2019): 5663–5673.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1616075Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Do Indian daughters shadow their mothers?, International Journal of Social Economics 46, no.99 (Aug 2019): 1095–1118.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2018-0499Charlotte Janssens, Goedele Van den Broeck, Miet Maertens, Isabel Lambrecht What if mothers are entrepreneurs? Non-farm businesses and child schooling in rural Ghana, Journal of Rural Studies 66 (Feb 2019): 95–103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.004Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh, Vijayaprasad Gopichandran Effect of intergenerational educational mobility on health of Indian women, PLOS ONE 13, no.99 (Sep 2018): e0203633.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203633Paola Ballón, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, Journal of African Economies 27, no.44 (Mar 2018): 483–512.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejy001Shaleen Khanal Gender Discrimination in Education Expenditure in Nepal: Evidence from Living Standards Surveys, Asian Development Review 35, no.11 (Mar 2018): 155–174.https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00109 References, (Jan 2018): 307–468.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805371-3.16001-7Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Child Monetary Poverty and Multidimensional Deprivations: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175368Long Thanh Giang, Cuong Viet Nguyen, Tuyen Quang Tran, Vu Thieu Does Firm Agglomeration Matter to Labor and Education of Local Children? Evidence in Vietnam, Child Indicators Research 10, no.44 (Aug 2016): 1015–1041.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9409-8Akanksha Choudhary, Ashish Singh Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidence on Intergenerational Educational Mobility Among Young Females in India, Social Indicators Research 133, no.22 (Jun 2016): 601–621.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1380-8Abdul Malik Iddrisu, Michael Danquah, Peter Quartey Paying for education among households in Ghana, International Journal of Development Issues 16, no.22 (Jul 2017): 214–226.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-02-2017-0017Tesfaye Alemayehu Gebremedhin, Itismita Mohanty, Jacobus P. van Wouwe Child Schooling in Ethiopia: The Role of Maternal Autonomy, PLOS ONE 11, no.1212 (Dec 2016): e0167639.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167639Alberto Posso, Simon Feeny Beyond enrolments: the determinants of primary-school attendance in Melanesia, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 21, no.44 (Mar 2016): 531–548.https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1153205Sharon Wolf, Dana C McCoy, Erin B Godfrey Barriers to school attendance and gender inequality: Empirical evidence from a sample of Ghanaian schoolchildren, Research in Comparative and International Education 11, no.22 (Jun 2016): 178–193.https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499916632424Paola Ballon, John Cockburn, Sylvain Dessy, Setou Diarra Monetary and Multidimensional Child Poverty: Why They Differ, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3164307Gina A.N. Chowa, Rainier D. Masa, Yalitza Ramos, David Ansong How do student and school characteristics influence youth academic achievement in Ghana? A hierarchical linear modeling of Ghana YouthSave baseline data, International Journal of Educational Development 45 (Nov 2015): 129–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.09.009KAKOLI BORKOTOKY, SAYEED UNISA FEMALE EDUCATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CHANGES IN SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR: EVIDENCE FROM INDIA, Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no.55 (Oct 2014): 687–706.https://doi.org/10.1017/S002193201400039XJane Arnold Lincove Improving Identification of Demand-Side Obstacles to Schooling: Findings from Revealed and Stated Preference Models in Two SSA Countries, World Development 66 (Feb 2015): 69–83.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.07.018Juan Yang, Terry SICULAR, Desheng LAI The changing determinants of high school attainment in rural China, China Economic Review 30 (Sep 2014): 551–566.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2013.10.001Miet Maertens, Ellen Verhofstadt Horticultural exports, female wage employment and primary school enrolment: Theory and evidence from Senegal, Food Policy 43 (Dec 2013): 118–131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.07.006Ashish Singh, Sarthak Gaurav, Upasak Das Household Headship and Academic Skills of Indian Children: A Special Focus on Gender Disparities, European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie 29, no.44 (Apr 2013): 445–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-013-9288-3S. Mani, J. Hoddinott, J. Strauss Determinants of Schooling: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, Journal of African Economies 22, no.55 (May 2013): 693–731.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt007Daniel Mont, Cuong Nguyen Does Parental Disability Matter to Child Education? Evidence from Vietnam, World Development 48 (Aug 2013): 88–107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.04.001Anders Breidlid, Halldis Breidlid Women in South Sudan, (Jan 2013): 99–115.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-137-5_7Jane Arnold Lincove The influence of price on school enrollment under Uganda's policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 31, no.55 (Oct 2012): 799–811.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.04.007Manisha Chakrabarty, Sumon Kumar Bhaumik Whither human capital? The woeful tale of transition to tertiary education in India, Applied Economics Letters 19, no.99 (Jun 2012): 835–838.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.607109Michèle Smith, Angeline M. Barrett Capabilities for learning to read: An investigation of social and economic effects for Grade 6 learners in Southern and East Africa, International Journal of Educational Development 31, no.11 (Jan 2011): 23–36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.006Jane Arnold Lincove Determinants of schooling for boys and girls in Nigeria under a policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 28, no.44 (Aug 2009): 474–484.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.10.001Subha Mani, John Hoddinott, John Strauss Determinants of Schooling Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2009).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1508898Theresa Tuwor, Marie‐Antoinette Sossou Gender discrimination and education in West Africa: strategies for maintaining girls in school, International Journal of Inclusive Education 12, no.44 (Jul 2008): 363–379.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110601183115H.-A. Dang, F. H. Rogers The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources?, The World Bank Research Observer 23, no.22 (May 2008): 161–200.https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkn004Tassew Woldehanna, Nicola Jones, Bekele Tefera The Invisibility of Children's Paid and Unpaid Work, Childhood 15, no.22 (May 2008): 177–201.https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568207088421Peter Glick Policy Impacts on Schooling Gender Gaps in Developing Countries: The Evidence and a Framework for Interpretation, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.891256jane kabubo-mariara, domisiano k. mwabu DETERMINANTS OF SCHOOL ENROLMENT AND EDUCATION ATTAINMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KENYA, The South African Journal of Economics 75, no.33 (Sep 2007): 572–593.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00138.xPeter F. Orazem, Elizabeth M. King Chapter 55 Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy, (Jan 2007): 3475–3559.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04055-7Anastasia Gage The Interrelationship between Fosterage, Schooling, and Children’s Labor Force Participation in Ghana, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.55 (Oct 2005): 431–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-4290-zSilvia Pasqua Gender Bias in Parental Investments in Children’s Education: A Theoretical Analysis, Review of Economics of the Household 3, no.33 (Sep 2005): 291–314.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-005-3459-xKofi D. Benefo Child schooling and contraceptive use in rural Africa: A Ghanaian case study, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.11 (Jan 2005): 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-8986-xT. Paul Schultz School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program, Journal of Development Economics 74, no.11 (Jun 2004): 199–250.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009Peter Glick, Rumki Saha, Stephen D. Younger Integrating Gender into Benefit Incidence and Demand Analysis, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.590822 Human Capital, Household Welfare, and Children’s Schooling in Mozambique, (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291375rr134Jessica Holmes Measuring the determinants of school completion in Pakistan: analysis of censoring and selection bias, Economics of Education Review 22, no.33 (Jun 2003): 249–264.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00024-9 Esther Redmount Cyclical Patterns in School Attrition and Attendance: A Study in the Labor‐Market Behavior of Children Esther Redmount, Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, no.11 (Jul 2015): 135–160.https://doi.org/10.1086/344629Aysit Tansel Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors, Economics of Education Review 21, no.55 (Oct 2002): 455–470.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(01)00028-0T Paul Schultz Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls, World Development 30, no.22 (Feb 2002): 207–225.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00107-3Katharina Michaelowa Primary Education Quality in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of Learning Achievement and Efficiency Considerations, World Development 29, no.1010 (Oct 2001): 1699–1716.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00061-4T. Paul Schultz Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments, (Jan 2001): 383–456.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10011-3Danielle de Lame Genre et développement : bibliographie sélective 1, Bulletin de l’APAD , no.2020 (Dec 2000).https://doi.org/10.4000/apad.257Peter Glick, David E. Sahn Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure, Economics of Education Review 19, no.11 (Feb 2000): 63–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00029-1T. Paul Schultz Health and Schooling Investments in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no.33 (Aug 1999): 67–88.https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.3.67Kathleen M. Fallon Education and Perceptions of Social Status and Power among Women in Larteh, Ghana, Africa Today 46, no.22 (Apr 1999): 66–91.https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.1999.46.2.66
Keywords: openalex:import

AIDS related knowledge and behaviours among college students, Gondar, Ethiopia: a comparative study. - Teka, Telahun (PubMed, 1997)
AIDS-related knowledge and behaviours among students at the Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia were evaluated based on identical surveys conducted in 1990 and 1992. One hundred three second year students provided information in 1992. Analysis indicated that 49% were engaged in sexual intercourse and only a third of these group used condom despite their improved knowledge and belief on condom compared to their previous position in 1990 (p < 0.004). On the other hand, their sexual behaviours regarding sexual contact with high risk individuals decreased compared to 1990 (p < 0.0005). Their general level of AIDS-related preventive knowledge increased over time (p < 0.002), although there was no significant difference in knowledge observed among different sexes and departments. Among the sexually active, a large proportion of students (22%) still had sexual contact with high risk individuals and only 33% of them were using safer methods. Continuing efforts, including peer education, specific health education interventions are still crucially needed to bring a positive change in sexual behaviour.Results of identical surveys administered to 164 students before their admission (1990 survey) to the Gondar College of Medical Sciences in Ethiopia and the 103 of these students who completed their second year at the school (1992 survey) were compared to investigate trends in AIDS-related knowledge and practices. The proportion of students aware that AIDS can be prevented by condom use increased from 69% in 1990 to 84% in 1992, and the percentage who considered themselves knowledgeable about current methods of AIDS prevention rose from 62% to 80%. In terms of sexual behavior, only 24% of students who were sexually active in 1990 used condoms at most recent sexual intercourse compared with 33% in 1992. The proportion whose most recent sexual partner was from a high-risk group (i.e., prostitutes) decreased from 47% in 1990 to 34% in 1992. These changes occurred in the absence of a sex education or AIDS prevention program at the university. There was no association between AIDS knowledge and condom use in either survey. The gap between Ethiopian students' knowledge of the protective effect of condom use and their actual use of condoms requires an extensive health education campaign, including peer education.
Keywords: openalex:import

Narrative Insights into African American School Experiences: Combating the Culture of Defeatism - Thomas, Cornell (International Journal of Educational Reform, 1997)
Keywords: openalex:import

Seismic discrimination between earthquakes and explosions in the Middle East and North Africa - Walter, William R.; Harris, David B.; Myers, S. C. (1997)
The recently signed Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty provides for an international network of primary and auxiliary seismic monitoring stations (IMS) to verify its compliance. Calibration is required to confidently use these stations to identify and discriminate between earthquakes, mine-related events and clandestine nuclear explosions, particularly for small to moderate seismic events recorded regionally at only a few stations. Given the lack of regional recordings of underground nuclear tests in most of the world, we are making use of mining and industrial explosions to test discriminants. For example we use the Multimax compiled dataset of small earthquakes and quarry explosions in Israel to test regional discriminants at local distances with mixed results. Further complicating calibration is the fact that many INK sites have not yet been installed and others have very short operating histories. When IMS data is available, there is often a lack of independent information (ground truth ) on the seismic sources. Here we describe a procedure for calibrating stations with limited data and apply it to the IMS auxiliary station MDT in Morocco. Data was initially available for three months in 1990 when MDT was operated as part of MEDNET. An event detector was run over the continuousmore » data and regional events identified and roughly located using S-P time and back azimuth. The procedure uses spatial and temporal clustering to identify ''known'' mine blasts. The spatial clustering is done using the waveform correlation technique of Harris (1991) to find events with similar sources and locations. Temporal clustering looks at the time of day and repetition in time of events with the mine blasts occurring during working hours and days repeatedly over a period of time. A set of ''known'' earthquakes is also determined using location, time of day, distribution in time and size criteria. With these independent libraries of identified seismic events, we evaluate promising regional discriminants such as high frequency P/Lg. We also examine distance and path effects on the discriminants. Preliminary results indicate high frequency P/Lg provides some separation between mine blasts and earthquakes at MDT.« less
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The African experience with higher education - Watson, Keith (International Journal of Educational Development, 1997)
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Comparison of albendazole and levamisole chemotherapy on prevalence and intensity of common soil-transmitted helminth infections in school children, Sierra Leone. - Williams, Roderick; Koroma, Mohamed; Hodges, Mary H. (PubMed, 1997)
A comparison of two studies performed in Sierra Leone on the effect of anthelmintic, chemotherapy, levamisole, albendazole or a placebo in children aged 6 to 10 years on the prevalence and intensity of common soil transmitted helminths (S-THs) infections is presented. In total 501 children were screened, and 394 successfully follow-up. At baseline their overall prevalence and intensity (epg) of Ascaris, Necator and Trichuris were 34% (2,877), 22% (284) and 39% (266) respectively. At baseline there was no significant difference in the intensity of S-THs infections in the different treatment groups but the prevalence of Necator was significantly higher in the levamisole than the albendazole group (p < 0.05). At follow-up both albendazole and levamisole significantly reduced prevalence and intensity of Ascaris and Trichuris. Only albendazole significantly reduced those of Necator. The placebo group had no significant change in prevalence but a significant increase in intensity of all S-THs.
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Prevalence of NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance in a rural and an urban population in Cameroon - Mbanya, Jean Claude; Ngogang, Jeanne; Salah, J. N.; Minkoulou, EM; Balkau, Beverley (Diabetologia, 1997)
The adoption of Western lifestyles is known to lead to increasing prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Africa, yet epidemiological studies using standardised methods are rare. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance was determined in a rural and an urban community in Cameroon using the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria in 719 rural (292 men, 427 women) and 1048 urban (458 men, 590 women) subjects aged 24–74 years. The response rate was 95 and 91 % for the rural and urban population, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes in the rural and urban population was respectively 0.9 % (95 % confidence interval (0.2–2.7)) and 0.8 % (0.2–1.8) for men and 0.5 % (0.1–1.6) and 1.6 % (0.7–3.1) for women, and that of impaired glucose tolerance was 5.8 % (3.3–9.4) and 1.8 % (0.9–3.2) for men, and for women, 2.2 % (1.0–4.0) and 2.0 % (0.6–4.5). Although for both men and women the body mass index was higher at all ages in the urban than in the rural area, the 2-h plasma glucose, even after adjustment for age and body mass index, was significantly higher in the rural than in the urban area (p < 0.005, p < 0.002 for men and women, respectively). There was a female excess of diabetes in the urban area and an equal sex distribution in the rural area. In the rural area 67 % (4 of 6) of diabetic subjects were unknown before the survey, compared with 57 % (8 of 14) in the urban area. These data indicate a low prevalence of diabetes in Cameroon; however, the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance suggests an early stage of a diabetes epidemic. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 824–829]
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The relevance of a needs analysis of life-skills in tertiary students in the current South African milieu - Raijmakers, L. R.; Scholtz, Patsy (Sa Journal of Industrial Psychology, 1997)
This study encompasses a needs analysis of life-skills in 1992, first-year full time students at the Vaal Triangle Technikon, Vanderbijlpark. To evaluate the hypotheses, respondents who completed the self-assessment Life Skills and Competencies: General Questionnaire on Life Competencies and Skills, were divided into language groups (Afrikaans, English, African). Data indicates differences between the needs of the language groups themselves and between male and female respondents. A literature review reveals that first-time entrants into the job market have defective life- and job-skills. The findings of this study confirms the necessity of a life- and job-skills training programme for tertiary students which takes cognizance of language and cultural differences.| Opsomming Die studie behels die uitvoer van 'n behoeftebepaling ten opsigte van, lewenskundighede en vaardighede van voltydse 1992 ingeskrewe eerstejaarstudente aan die Vaaldriekhoekse Technikon, Vanderbijipark. Ten einde die hipotese te evalueer, is respondente wat die self-evaluering Lewenskundighede en Vaardighede: Algemene Vraelys oor Lewenskundighede en Vaardighede, voltooi het, in taalgroepe opgedeel (Afrikaans, Engels en Afrika). Dataverky, dui daarop dat daar wel 'n verskil is tussen die behoeftes van die groepe onderling, asook tussen die behoeftes van manlike en vroulike respondente. 'n Literatuuroorsig toon dat daar leemtes bestaan met betrekking tot lewens- en werkvaardighede van persone wat die arbeidsmark vir die eerste keer betree. Bevindinge bevestig die noodsaaklikheid van lewens- en werkvaardighede-opleidingsprogramme vir tersiere studente wat kennis neem van kultuur- en taalverskille.
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A survey of microbial pollution of rural domestic water supply in Ghana - Ampofo, Joseph A. (International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 1997)
A short term, baseline study was undertaken to determine the occurrence and levels of microbial pollution in three major rivers in Ghana- the Birim river, Kakum river and the Nakwa river. Routine bacteriological examinations were made to determine the levels of total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS). Results obtained showed that TC, FC and FS counts were high in all the three rivers thus making them unsafe to drink untreated water from those sources. Eight of the 10 stations sampled on the Birim river had their source of pollution from human waste while two stations had a livestock source of pollution. Maximum levels of 4448 TC/100 ml, 1848 FC/100 ml and 214 FS/100 ml were obtained in the Birim river. Two of the seven stations sampled on the Kakum river had their source of pollution from human waste with one station having a predominance of human waste in a mixed source of pollution. Two stations had their source of pollution from livestock and poultry and another two predominance of livestock and poultry in a mixed pollution. Livestock and poultry source dominate pollution in the Nakwa river, with two stations recording purely livestock and poultry source and two other stations showing mixed pollution with livestock and poultry source dominating. Two stations showed human source of contamination. There was no correlation between TC and FS levels on one hand, and FC and FS levels on the other hand, at 95% confidence limit. There was significant correlation, however, between TC and FC levels. High socioanthropological activities in the basins of the three rivers were identified as a contributory factor to the later situation.
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Diagnostic performance of red cell sorbitol assay in a Nigerian teaching hospital - Anaja, HP (Clinica Chimica Acta, 1997)
The analytical linearity, detection limit, precision and accuracy, as well as diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of red cell sorbitol (RCS) assay were evaluated using the fluorimetric enzymatic technique with the available laboratory facilities in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. The assay was linear up to 40.0 nmol/ml. The detection limit was 0.55 nmol/ml. The within-assay coefficients of variation (CV) from low to high concentrations were in the range of 2.82% to 5.48% while the corresponding values for the between-assay variation were 3.60% to 6.05%. The mean recovery was 90.4%. High concentrations of some common blood constituents and drugs did not cause significant interference. An evaluation of the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of RCS in 102 out-patients revealed a sensitivity of 94.4%, specificity of 98.8% and efficiency of 98.0%. The predictive value of a positive test was 94.4% while that of a negative test was 98.8%. The mean value of red cell sorbitol in patients confirmed to have diabetes mellitus (23.1 +/- 1.13 SE nmol/g Hb) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the corresponding value (11.0 +/- 0.0.27 SE nmol/g Hb) for those without diabetes and for control subject. A similar observation was also made for plasma glucose and fructosamine. These observations demonstrate that RCS assay could be adopted in a third world laboratory for clinical applications.
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HIV-related stress at school and at home in Zambia. - Baggaley, R; Sulwe, James; Chilala, Michael; Mashambe, Christine (PubMed, 1997)
There are an estimated 140,000 orphans in Zambia, with 600,000 likely by the year 2000. 19 randomly sampled schoolteachers from Lusaka were interviewed to learn how the HIV epidemic affects their professional and personal lives. HIV has a wide-ranging impact upon teachers in the classroom. Each teacher had students who had lost both parents to AIDS, many teachers had several orphans in their class, and student absenteeism to care for sick adults and younger siblings at home interferes with the ongoing in-school learning process. Some students have even become ill and died from what has often thought to be AIDS-related causes. Outside of the classroom, many teachers were troubled by the loss of relatives, friends, and colleagues due to AIDS, and concerned that they and/or their children may become infected or are already infected with HIV. Schoolteachers need to be given support, trained to manage the emotional consequences of HIV, and provided with educational materials to help them cope with HIV-related stress.
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Creating a legal framework to support the provision of high quality education in South Africa - Beckmann, Johan (Education And The Law, 1997)
(1997). Creating a legal framework to support the provision of high quality education in South Africa. Education and the Law: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 123-143.
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Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South. - Berkeley, Kathleen C.; Walker, Vanessa Siddle (The Journal of American History, 1997)
Journal Article Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South. By Vanessa Siddle Walker. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. xvi, 259 pp. Cloth, $34.95, ISBN 0-8078-2276-0. Paper, $14.95, ISBN 0-8078-4581-7.) Get access Kathleen Berkeley Kathleen Berkeley University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 84, Issue 1, June 1997, Pages 286–287, https://doi.org/10.2307/2952854 Published: 01 June 1997
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Groundwater Management in Drought-prone Areas of Africa - Calow, Roger; Robins, Nick; MacDonald, Alan; Macdonald, David; Gibbs, B.R.; Orpen, W. R. G.; Mtembezeka, P.; Andrews, Anita; Appiah, Samson Obed (International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1997)
Abstract The issues pertaining to groundwaterdrought are reviewed with particular regard to the historical and present situations in Malawi, northern Ghana and the Northern Province of South Africa. These three quite different examples highlight some of the major difficulties facing respective governmentsand donor agencies, not least the shortcomingsof drought-reliefdrilling programmes,the general lack of routine monitoring and the need for longer term analysis and assessment of groundwatersystems than is currently possible. The distinct character of groundwater systems and their reaction to prevailing and changing environmentalconditions is discussed, and it is argued that essentially predictable variations in groundwater drought vulnerability are rarely planned for or acted upon. Managementissues arising are discussed and it is suggested that governments,and particularly donors, should place more emphasis on longer term, pre-droughtmitigation measures to reduce the need for costly and sometimes ineffective emergency interventions.
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Responses to Descriptions of Bias against African Americans among Euro-American Students Enrolled in Colleges of Education and Journalism - Carroll, Jane J. (Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1997)
Responses to descriptions of racial bias toward African Americans by 84 Euro-Americans did not differ among Euro-American upper level students enrolled in Colleges of Education and Journalism.
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Assessment of environmental pollution by PCBs, DDT and its metabolites using human milk of mothers in Zimbabwe - Chikuni, Ordias; Nhachi, Charles; Nz, Nyazema; Polder, Anuschka; Nafstad, Inger; Skaare, Janneche Utne (Science of The Total Environment, 1997)
The milk samples were collected from mothers who had lived in the area for at least 5 years, healthy and breast feeding their first, second or third child. Of the 175 mothers' milk samples analysed, the organochlorine pesticide residues were detected in the following order of frequency: pp-DDE, 100%; pp-DDT, 98%; and sum PCB, 53%. Of all the seven areas analysed the Kariba area had the highest mean level of sum DDT—25 259 ng/g milk fat and the lowest mean level of sum DDT of 1607 ng/g milk fat was found in Esigodini which is a rural area. The major DDT metabolite was pp-DDE. The ratio of pp-DDTpp-DDE was highest in Kariba (0.6) suggesting recent pollution by DDT in that area. The results show that the vector control programmes (extensive pesticide spraying of disease-carrying pests, such as mosquitoes and tsetse files), agricultural activities and dietary habits were the main contributing factors towards the high levels of pesticides in most of the areas. Kadoma area had the highest mean level of sum-PCB (60 ng/g milk fat).
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Achievement in School in Relation to Simultaneous and Sequential Cognitive Processes among Young Egyptian Students - Elwan, Fadia (Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1997)
The present study was designed to examine whether a relationship exists between scores on simultaneous and sequential cognitive processes, on one hand, and performance on the Reading Decoding and Arithmetic subtests of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K–ABC), on the other hand, using a sample of 170 Egyptian school children in Grades 1, 3, and 5. To examine the differential magnitudes of the relationship between scores for cognitive processing and school achievement a two by two (simultaneous × sequential) analysis of variance was calculated with reading decoding and arithmetic scores as dependent variables. The results indicated that cognitive processing, especially simultaneous synthesis, is related to arithmetic as well as decoding during reading. Scores on sequential processing were not significantly related to scores for decoding reading and may not be important as simultaneous processing for mathematical skills. The findings were interpreted in the context of the Arabic orthographic system and in view of the nature of the cognitive and mathematical tasks employed in this study.
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Challenges of Education for Library and Information Work in Nigeria in the 21st Century - Fayose, Philomena O. (Information Development, 1997)
Edited version of a paper presented at the 48th FID/ET Conference, Graz, Austria, 21st–25th October, 1996. Attempts a critical analysis of current library and information services and education for library and information work in Nigeria. Provides a short history of library education and Western library orientation. Examines the information environment of Nigeria and proposes a new philosophy for library and information services in the country based on its sociocultural conditions. Discusses the programmes of the Department of Library, Archival and Information Studies, University of Ibadan and suggests modifications to existing courses and some entirely new courses. Emphasizes the need to provide adequate funding and infrastructures for tertiary education in general and for education for library and information work in particular. Librarianship is a practical profession, therefore opportunities for practical activities at various levels ought to be provided.
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The Costs and Benefits of Doctoral Education in Economics in South Africa - Hosking, Stephen (South African Journal of Economics, 1997)
South African Journal of EconomicsVolume 65, Issue 2 p. 112-117 The Costs and Benefits of Doctoral Education in Economics in South Africa S G HOSKING, S G HOSKING Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Economic History, PO Box 1600, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. This paper is drawn from Chapter 4 of an unpublished report commissioned by the African Economic Research Consortium on “Doctoral Education in Economics: South Africa” (December, 1995), by Black, P.A., Horton, C.M. and Hosking, S.G. The assistance provided by the University of Port Elizabeth and the comments of Prof. P. Black, the anonymous referees and the editor of the South African Journal of Economics are gratefully acknowledged.Search for more papers by this author S G HOSKING, S G HOSKING Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Economic History, PO Box 1600, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. This paper is drawn from Chapter 4 of an unpublished report commissioned by the African Economic Research Consortium on “Doctoral Education in Economics: South Africa” (December, 1995), by Black, P.A., Horton, C.M. and Hosking, S.G. The assistance provided by the University of Port Elizabeth and the comments of Prof. P. Black, the anonymous referees and the editor of the South African Journal of Economics are gratefully acknowledged.Search for more papers by this author First published: 22 August 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1997.tb01362.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume65, Issue2June 1997Pages 112-117 RelatedInformation
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Critical pedagogy and the public sphere: Comparative perspectives in education in South Africa and the United States - Jackson, Shannon M. (Social Dynamics, 1997)
(1997). Critical pedagogy and the public sphere: Comparative perspectives in education in South Africa and the United States. Social Dynamics: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 19-56.
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Fatigue performance of 6261-T6 aluminium alloy – constant and variable amplitude loading of parent plate and welded specimens 1This work was performed while M.N.J. was with the School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, South Africa. 1 - James, M.N.; Paterson, Anthony H.J. (International Journal of Fatigue, 1997)
The work reported in this paper is a summary of the results obtained from several projects run over a five year period. A number of thrusts were encompassed in the project scope, which was to examine the fatigue strength of extruded 6261-T6 I-beams with centrally located, welded cover plates under constant amplitude (CA) and variable (two-level repeated block) amplitude (VA) loading. The CA part of the work examined the effect of cover plate geometry, specimen size, thermal and vibratory stress relief, and differences in fabrication quality on fatigue performance. A number of cases were identified which gave rise to cross-overs in performance in moving from shorter to longer fatigue lives. The aim of the VA part of the work was to identify situations which might give rise to fatigue lives shorter than predicted by linear damage summation models, such as Miner's rule. Two such cases were identified: specimens which had been subjected to vibratory stress relief; and specimens in which weld `quality' (as assessed by profile, heat affected zone hardness, extent and microstructure) varied. Explanations for these observations are proposed and supported by interpretation of a two-level block of small fatigue crack growth.
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Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes of Senior Secondary-School Students in Transkei, South Africa - Kulubya, Mathlas M.; Glencross, Michael J. (Psychological Reports, 1997)
In a study of mathematics achievement and attitudes toward mathematics, a sample of 266 Standard 10 (Grade 12) students (98 boys and 168 girls) from 10 senior secondary schools in the Umtata district of Transkei, South Africa, were administered a mathematics achievement test and an attitude questionnaire. Contrary to other studies analysis showed no significant relationship between students' scores on measures of mathematics achievement and attitudes.
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Towards a New Multilingual Language Policy in Education in South Africa: different approaches to meet different needs - Martin, Douglas L. (Educational review, 1997)
Abstract This paper discusses some of the issues involved in developing a multilingual language policy in education in South Africa: the influence of the historical context, the language demography and patterns of language use in South Africa, the attitudes of learners, parents and teachers towards the multilingual language policy in education, the range of multilingual education models operating in other countries and the influence of resources in the debate. It draws on two research projects carried out in KwaZulu Natal and in North West Province. The paper argues that for a multilingual language policy in education developed at government level within a national framework, there needs to be the flexibility for each province and each school and classroom to implement the policy to meet the needs of their learners within their resources.
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Volcanic and nonvolcanic rifted margins of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: Crustal cooling and margin evolution in Yemen - Menzies, Martin; Gallagher, Kerry; Yelland, Andrew; Hurford, Anthony J. (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1997)
New apatite fission track (AFT) data from the southern Red Sea volcanic and the Gulf of Aden nonvolcanic margins provide important constraints on the timing of crustal cooling relative to periods of volcanism and lithosphere extension. The AFT data define several regions of extension immediately adjacent to the Red Sea margin with AFT ages < 25 Ma and track-length distributions consistent with rapid cooling. Elevated Precambrian basement highs on the rift shoulder have AFT ages ⪢ 100 Ma and track-length distributions indicative of a complex pre-rift history. An intervening area along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden margins, and inland along the Balhaf graben (Jurassic rift), has AFT ages of 25–100 Ma. and track-length distributions indicative of rapid cooling. Elevated Precambrian basement highs are juxtaposed against topographically lower extended coastal terranes with sharp contrasts in AFT ages and track-length distributions, pointing to possible reactivation in the Tertiary of lineaments of Precambrian and Jurassic age. Integration of field observations with AFT data and 40Ar/ 39Ar data indicates that, on the Red Sea volcanic margin, surface uplift was initiated immediately prior to volcanism and that cooling was synchronous with widespread extension and an apparent hiatus in voluminous volcanic activity.
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Social Acceptance of Children with Intellectual Disabilities in an Integrated School Setting in Zambia: a pilot study - Nabuzoka, Dabie; Rønning, John A. (International journal of disability, development and education, 1997)
Abstract The social acceptance of a group of Zambian primary school children with intellectual disabilities by two groups of nondisabled children was examined. One group were in direct contact with the children with disabilities over a period of six months while the other was not. Nondisabled boys who had been in contact with children with disabilities had more positive attitudes than boys who had no direct contact, while no exposure effects were observed amongst girls. Gender differences amongst nondisabled children who had contact with peers with disabilities were not significant. Amongst the nondisabled children who had no contact with children with disabilities, girls had more positive attitudes than boys. The findings are preliminary, but offer directions for further research and have some implications for integrating children with disabilities into mainstream schools.
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Use of Acetylcholinesterase in Perna perna and Mytilus galloprovincialis as a Biomarker of Pollution in Agadir Marine Bay (South of Morocco) - Najimi, S.; Bouhaimi, Abdellah; Daubèze, M.; Zekhnini, A.; Pellerin, J.; Narbonne, J.; Moukrim, Abdellatif (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1997)
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