Tone and Role: From "Participant" Stance to the "Spectator" Stance in the Writing of African American College Composition Students. - Blumenthal, Anna; Hildenbrand, Joan (1993)
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Red People and School People from Ntsikana to Mandela: The Significance of ‘Xhosa Literature’ in a General History of South African Literature - Chapman, Michael (English Academy Review, 1993)
(1993). Red People and School People from Ntsikana to Mandela: The Significance of ‘Xhosa Literature’ in a General History of South African Literature. English Academy Review: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 36-44.
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Competency Based Language Education Curriculum Guide. [Tunisian Arabic.]. - Choura, Abdessalem (1993)
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Competency Based Language Education Curriculum Guide. [Tunisian Arabic.]. - Choura, Abdessalem (1993)
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Urban African American Teachers’ Views of Organizational Change: Speculations on the Experiences of Exemplary Teachers - Foster, Michèle (Equity & Excellence in Education, 1993)
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Survival Strategy or Business Training Ground? The Significance of Urban Agriculture for the Advancement of Women in African Cities - Freeman, Donald B. (African Studies Review, 1993)
Crop cultivation and the rearing of livestock in the open spaces of large third world cities have reached the point where their importance as a part of the urban informal sector can no longer be overlooked. In East Africa, several recent surveys have confirmed that urban cultivation, carried on largely by women, is both prevalent and vital to the livelihood of a significant proportion of the population (Freeman 1991; Rakodi 1988; Mazingira Institute 1987). These surveys complement a rather slim body of previous field research focused specifically on urban agriculture in Africa. Most of the latter deal with cities in Francophone central and west Africa (Vennettier 1988, 1972, 1961; Jeannin 1972; Morriniere 1972; Lassere 1958). A number deal with cultivation in the peri-urban fringe (Swindell 1988; Guyer 1987; Haubert 1985). The general conclusion of these studies is that many urban households, at all income levels, produce a considerable proportion of their own subsistence needs. The more recent evidence further suggests that, despite a relatively short history in large African cities like Nairobi, cultivation of open spaces by women seems set to become even more important in the years to come. By contrast, most studies dealing generally with African urban development and the informal sector have either ignored women cultivators altogether (International Labour Organization [ILO] 1985, 1972; Sandbrook 1982; House 1981; Rempel 1978; van Zwanenberg 1972), accorded their food-production efforts little real significance (Peil and Sada 1984, 59; Hake 1977), or viewed them as a subcategory of other, more visible activities of urban women entrepreneurs (Coquery-Vidrovitch 1991; Beavon and Rogerson 1990; Robertson 1976).
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Preliminary magnetotelluric studies along the Hellenic Volcanic Arc: implications for the collision between the African plate and the ‘Aegea’ microplate - Galanopoulos, D. (Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1993)
From Middle-Upper Miocene time to the present the African plate has subducted under the so-called ‘Aegea’ microplate. A prominent feature of this continental collision is the past and present volcanic activity along the Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA), which is sited 200 km behind the frontal compressional region. Since 1986, several magnetotelluric (MT) surveys have been undertaken along the HVA, and particularly on the islands of Milos, Kos and Nisyros to determine their subsurface electrical structure. The derived electrical models have indicated very low resistivities (less than 30 Ω m) for the uppermost 10 km, which have been related to known (i.e. Milos and Nisyros) or potential (i.e. Kos) geothermal anomalies. Evaluation of the existing electrical models and subsequent 1D modelling of the broadband MT data has revealed some deeper (greater than 10 km depth) electrical features of the lithosphere below the HVA. Study of the azimuths of the major axes of the rotated impedance ellipses and the Parkinson induction arrows in the period range 10+2–10+4 s has led to their association with the subduction and extensional processes taking place in the Aegean. The MT results are in agreement with the observed gravity values, magnetic anomalies and the results from geotectonic, deep seismic refraction and seismological studies. Finally, proposal for the future study of the deep electrical structure of the Aegean is presented.
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Delayed Primary School Enrollment and Childhood Malnutrition in Ghana: An Economic Analysis - Glewwe, Paul Jacoby (1993)
Education is one of the cornerstones of economic development. Similarly, improving child health is a critical objective of development. Yet there are relatively few studies which examine the interaction between education and health. This paper investigates why children in low income countries often delay primary school enrollment, despite the prediction of human capital theory that schooling will begin at the earliest possible age. The authors explore a number of explanations for delayed enrollment, but focus on the hypothesis that delays are rational responses to early childhood malnutrition. They test these alternative hypotheses using recent data from Ghana. Their estimates, which address a number of previously ignored econometric issues, strongly support the notion that childhood malnutrition causes delayed enrollment. The authors find no support for alternative explanations based on borrowing constraints and the rationing of places in school.
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Music Teachers as Role Models for African-American Students - Hamann, Donald L.; Walker, Linda M. (Journal of Research in Music Education, 1993)
The purpose of this study was to determine what proportion of African-American students in high school settings, if any, identified music teachers as their role models. The study was also designed to determine whether there were any differences in the subjects' perceptions of the number of African-American students or teachers of their race or sex in their nonmusic versus music classes and to determine whether any significant differences existed between subjects who had or did not have a music-teacher role model as to whether they would attend a college/university after graduation and whether they would consider: (a) making music their major, (b) taking some music classes, or (c) playing or singing in an ensemble. Subjects for the study were 811 African-American high school students. Descriptive statistics, t tests for dependent/correlated samples, and chi-square analyses were used to analyze the data. Significant differences were found by subjects' choice of role models(s) and selected variables.
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Lessons in black and white: a hundred years of political education in Namibia - Harber, Clive (History of Education, 1993)
(1993). Lessons in black and white: a hundred years of political education in Namibia. History of Education: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 415-424.
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Soil nutrient availability in a primary outbreak area of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in relation to drought intensity and outbreak development in Kenya - Janssen, Jordi (Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1993)
Abstract To explain differences between years in outbreak development of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exernpta (Walker), in eastern Africa, the availability to host-plants of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was studied in a primary outbreak area during the first month after the start of the short rainy season in relation to the drought intensity during the preceding year. The weather-soil-plant interactions observed during four successive years (1988–1991) indicated that nitrate levels, especially in soils not extremely poor in organic carbon and total nitrogen, can differ greatly between years in re sponse to differences in drought intensity and rainfall pattern. These resulted in large differences (i.e. up to 2.0% dry wt.) in organic nitrogen levels in leaves of host-plants of S. exempta . Phosphorus and potassium levels in soils and host-plants showed no consistent relationship with the weather pattern over the years and in general their differences between years were relatively small. The occurrence of S. exempta during the first two months after the start of the short rainy season was well associated with plant nitrogen levels in the primary outbreak area: outbreaks developed only in years with at some locations organic nitrogen concentrations of almost 5% in young grasses. If fitness of S. exempta is strongly dependent on the organic nitrogen content of its food within the range encountered in this study, weather conditions during the long dry season might indirectly explain the observed differences in subsequent outbreak development via their delayed effect on host-plant nitrogen levels.
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A survey of past post-graduate diploma students of the department of library and archival studies of the university of Ghana: 1970/71-1980/81 - Kisiedu, Christine O. (Journal of Information Science, 1993)
This study, the second in a series initiated in the Department of Library and Archival Studies (DLAS) of the University of Ghana, aims at using the views of past graduates of the Graduate Diploma in Library Studies programme (1971-1981) to assist in evaluating and reviewing the curricu lum. It also seeks to establish and maintain contact with past students for mutual benefit. The questions covered respon dents' work place and job responsibilities; courses they stud ied and their relevance to their present jobs; and the efficacy of teaching/learning processes. The responses suggest, inter alia, what subjects are most relevant to their jobs, what improvements in terms of new subjects and enhancement of existing ones are required to strengthen the programme and make it more relevant.
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Schistosomiasis prevalence after administration of praziquantel to school children in Melela village, Morogoro region, Tanzania. - Kitange, H. M.; Swai, A. B. M.; McLarty, D.G.; Alberti, K. G. M. M. (PubMed, 1993)
A study of the prevalence of schistosomiasis was carried out in 253 school children in Melela, Tanzania, one year after a single dose of praziquantel, 40 mg/kg body weight. The cure rate was 90.4%. However the new incidence estimate was 21.2% in children who were initially negative. The use of reagent strips in urine tests for the detection of urinary schistosomiasis was also evaluated. The presence of blood in the urine was highly sensitive (> 96%) and specific (87%). The sensitivity of proteinuria was less, but it was highly specific (94%). This study shows that chemotherapy will have to be combined with other measures to achieve lasting benefits and raises the question as to how often the population should be treated. It also confirms the value of urine test strips as an indirect diagnostic test for urinary schistosomiasis in an endemic area. Further follow-up is necessary to make useful predictions concerning incidence and reinfection rates in the community. This will also help in deciding how often chemotherapy should be given to the population.
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Schistosomiasis prevalence after administration of praziquantel to school children in Melela village, Morogoro region, Tanzania. - Kitange, H. M.; Swai, A. B. M.; McLarty, D.G.; Alberti, K. G. M. M. (PubMed, 1993)
A study of the prevalence of schistosomiasis was carried out in 253 school children in Melela, Tanzania, one year after a single dose of praziquantel, 40 mg/kg body weight. The cure rate was 90.4%. However the new incidence estimate was 21.2% in children who were initially negative. The use of reagent strips in urine tests for the detection of urinary schistosomiasis was also evaluated. The presence of blood in the urine was highly sensitive (> 96%) and specific (87%). The sensitivity of proteinuria was less, but it was highly specific (94%). This study shows that chemotherapy will have to be combined with other measures to achieve lasting benefits and raises the question as to how often the population should be treated. It also confirms the value of urine test strips as an indirect diagnostic test for urinary schistosomiasis in an endemic area. Further follow-up is necessary to make useful predictions concerning incidence and reinfection rates in the community. This will also help in deciding how often chemotherapy should be given to the population.
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Ghana/JICA/WHO training course in polio diagnostic procedures and vaccine potency testing - Kobayakawa, Takatoshi (Pediatrics International, 1993)
The Ghana/Japan International Cooperation Agency/WHO training course in polio diagnostic procedures and vaccine potency testing was initiated at the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in Ghana for 5 consecutive years from 1992. The purpose of the course is to create virologists and technicians competent in the laboratory methods to support the polio eradication initiative in Africa. The participants are invited mainly from anglophone countries in the region.
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The Central South African Story, or Many Stories? A Response to ‘Red People and School People from Ntsikana to Mandela’ - Kock, Leon de (English Academy review, 1993)
(1993). The Central South African Story, or Many Stories? A Response to ‘Red People and School People from Ntsikana to Mandela’. English Academy Review: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 45-55.
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An Observational Study of 5-year-old South African Children in the Year Before School - Liddell, Christine; Kvalsvig, Jane; Strydom, Hanlie; Qotyana, Pumla; Shabalala, Agnes (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1993)
This paper presents data from an observational investigation of 80 African children growing up at home in the year before school. Data cover aspects of social interaction, language use, activity patterns, and object utilisation. Gender differences are examined, and results are compared with those from observational studies of Euro-American children of similar age. These data provide baseline data on black South African children, about whom relatively little has been published, and offers insight into the everyday lives of preschool-aged children from the developing world.
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Changes in fish communities of the Phongolo floodplain, Zululand (South Africa) before, during and after a severe drought - Merron, Glenn S.; Bruton, Michael N.; Lalouviere, Philippe La Hausse De (Regulated rivers, 1993)
Abstract The Pongolapoort Dam in Zululand, South Africa has regulated the flow of the Phongolo River to its floodplain downstream since 1970. Ecological surveys of the floodplain fish communities were conducted before (1974–6), during (September 1983) and after (August 1984) a severe drought to assess the response of the fish stocks. During the three study periods the floodplain lake communities varied. Fish populations were markedly reduced during the drought. The redistribution offish on the floodplain after the drought was rapid. Colonization of previously dry lakes was mainly by juvenile fish and the mean size of the fish was lower in these lakes than in the refuge lakes. A few species successfully spawned during the drought, although the natural mortality of the young of the year was probably greater due to increased competition and predation in restricted habitats. Large scale spawning in most species occurred immediately after the drought was broken by a large flood.
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Teaching a Course in African-American Psychology - Mosley-Howard, G. Susan; Harris, Yvette R. (Teaching of Psychology, 1993)
This article presents issues and methods used in teaching an African-American Psychology course. Theories about Afrocentrism, identity, education, family, and mental health as they relate to African Americans are discussed. This course adds diverse perspectives to the psychology curriculum.
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The urban bias of socioeconomic development in Sudan: the case of women's education. - Muneer, Siddig El Tayeb (PubMed, 1993)
This study examines women's educational achievements in the Sudan. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Education on students who took the Sudanese Secondary Certificate Examination in 1991. Findings indicate that 9% of female students compared to 8% of male students took the exam and entered secondary schools. Females constituted a greater percentage in urban and rural areas; however, females were more likely to be admitted into higher education in urban areas. In 1991, 9% of urban girls and only 6% of rural girls were admitted into higher education. The poorer performance is attributed to more negative attitudes toward women's education in rural areas, which results in less time spent studying and poorer quality of rural education. In 1989, only 24.5% of students at Khartoum University were students from rural areas; in 1990, 27% came from rural areas. It is stated that educational policy and practices should be amended to account for the rural inequalities. Continuation of imbalances is likely to lead to unbalanced socioeconomic development.
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Government and Higher Education in Cameroon - Ngu, J. L. (Higher Education Policy, 1993)
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The distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes along the East African Rift system - Nusbaum, Robert L.; Girdler, R. W.; Heirtzler, J. R.; Hutt, Duncan John; Green, David; Millings, Victor E; Schmoll, Bradley S; Shapiro, Joel (Episodes, 1993)
Robert L Nusbaum, Ronald W Girdler, James R Heirtzler, Duncan J Hutt, David Green, Victor E Millings, Bradley S Schmoll, Joel Shapiro. Episodes 1993;16:427-32. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i4/002
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Human Rights Orientation of Prospective Social Studies Teachers in Nigeria - Ogundare, Samuel Folorunso (The Social Studies, 1993)
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Death Education in the Nigerian Home: The Mother's Role - Okafor, Tr. Reuben U. (OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 1993)
The death-awareness movement is new in Nigeria. Here the subject of death is still a taboo. Throughout history women have occupied the middle place between life and death. They understand and play their gender roles in several other aspects of life in the Nigerian home, but down play their roles as they concern death and dying. This article, therefore, offers a rationale for death education in the home and delineates the role of a mother with regard to death. The likely problems she may encounter in the course of discharging her death duties in the home are also identified.
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The Athletic Dream—But What are the Career Dreams of Other African American Urban High School Students? - Parmer, Twinet (Journal of Career Development, 1993)
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The athletic dream—But what are the career dreams of other African American urban high school students? - Parmer, Twinet (Journal of Career Development, 1993)
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Male college students and family planning use in Zambia. - Pillai, Vijayan K.; Kelley, Allen C. (PubMed, 1993)
The success of family planning depends on attitudes and knowledge about contraception. In this study, the correlation between ever use of contraception and health attitudes among men was assessed. 65 male participants were randomly selected from residence halls on the University of Lusaka campus in Lusaka, Zambia. Students reflected a diverse ethnic mix. The findings indicated that only 37.5% had approval from ethnic traditions for contraceptive use. Chi square tests rejected the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the variables "ever use" and "ethnic orientation." 52.5% who reported ever use of contraception were juniors or seniors, which indicated little difference by level of education and ever use. Family planning ever use due to health reasons was reported by 70% of participants. These findings support the research of Manda on noncollege populations about use of condoms. College students do have favorable attitudes toward contraception and toward health. This research supports the public education campaign of the Ministry of Health to promote the practice of safe sex for health reasons and the prevention of AIDS, a widespread problem in Zambia.
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Gender, Achievement, and African-American Students' Perceptions of Their School Experience - Pollard, Diane S. (Educational psychologist, 1993)
This article discusses factors related to academic achievement among African-American male and female students. A review of the literature on achievement and gender differences among African-American students and two empirical studies I conducted are presented. The results of the first study, which focused on achievement, indicated that successful achievers reported more positive self-perceptions, more interpersonal support, and more active problem solving. The results of the second study, which focused on gender differences, indicated differences in support favoring females. In addition, some gender differences were found in this sample that differed from those found for White students.
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Assessing the Problem‐solving Appraisal of Black South African Students - Pretorius, Tyrone B. (International Journal of Psychology, 1993)
The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) as used with black South African students. Furthermore the construct validity of the PSI was assessed by comparing self‐appraised effective and ineffective problem‐solvers in terms of dispositional characteristics and psychological health. Subjects ( N =212) were undergraduate psychology students at a South African University. The results indicated that: (1) the PSI was a reliable instrument for use with Black South African students, and (2) that self‐appraised ineffective problem‐solvers reported lower self‐esteem and personal competence, and higher levels of depression and anxiety than self‐appraised effective problem‐solvers.
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WILLINGNESS TO USE SOCIAL SUPPORT: USE OF THE NETWORK ORIENTATION SCALE WITH BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN STUDENTS - Pretorius, Tyrone B. (Psychological Reports, 1993)
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Willingness to use Social Support: Use of the Network Orientation Scale with Black South African Students - Pretorius, Tyrone B. (Psychological Reports, 1993)
This study focused on the psychometric properties of the Network Orientation Scale as used with South African students. This scale presumably measures an individual's willingness to use personal social resources. 450 black South African students completed the Network Orientation Scale, a biographical questionnaire, and a number of social support questionnaires. The instrument showed good internal consistency and scores correlated significantly (- .09 to - .53) with all the social support scales. In addition, correlations of the Network Orientation Scale scores with a number of demographic variables are reported.
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Global climate change and agricultural productivity in southern Africa - Schulze, R. E.; Kiker, Gregory A.; Kunz, Richard (Global Environmental Change, 1993)
An analysis tool was developed to simulate primary productivity and crop yields for both present and possible future climate conditions. Southern Africa was delineated into 712 relatively homogeneous climate zones, each with specific climate, soil and vegetation response information. The primary productivity and crop yield models were linked with the climate zones via a cellbased agrohydrologlcal model, with the final output coordinated using a Geographic Information System. The results of this preliminary study show a large dependence of production and crop yield on the intra-seasonal and inter-annual variation of rainfall. The most Important conclusion from the study is the readiness of the developed tool and associated infrastructure for future analysis into social, technological and political responses to food security in southern Africa.
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AIDS education efforts begin to address plight of Tanzanian youth. - Sharif, Hatim O. (PubMed, 1993)
In Tanzania, 5.3% of the urban population and 1.4% of the rural population were infected with HIV by 1995, and AIDS accounts for 30,000 deaths a year. During the next decade, AIDS may become a leading cause of death for children of Tanzania, and the epidemic will place a heavy burden on families. It has been estimated that, by the year 2010, Tanzania's gross domestic product will be 14-24% lower that it would have been without AIDS. The largest increase in prevalence in Tanzania has been among teenagers who are sexually active but ignorant of sexual matters because of societal norms that treat sex as a taboo topic. Spurred by the alarming projections of the National AIDS Control Programme, the government finally endorsed AIDS education in May of 1993. In the meantime, the Tanzania Red Cross Society has instituted projects in 660 primary schools in Kagera (one of the hardest hit regions); the Society for Women and AIDS has helped six secondary schools institute AIDS education in Dar es Salaam; and EMAU, an NGO providing family life education for youth, has reached thousands of young people with seminars and booklets. The governmental response will introduce HIV/AIDS education in 21,532 primary schools with the help of the UN Children's Emergency Fund.
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Petrogenesis of Garnet Pyroxenite and Spinel Peridotite Xenoliths of the Tell-Danun Alkali Basalt Volcano, Harrat As Shamah, Syria - Snyder, G. A.; Taylor, L. A.; Jerde, Eric A.; Sharkov, Yevgeniy; Laz'ko, Yevgeniy; Hanna, S. S. (International Geology Review, 1993)
A suite of samples, including kaersutite and ilmenite megacrysts, spinel peridotites, garnet pyroxenites, and the alkali basalts that host them, have been studied in an effort to better constrain the mineralogy and chemistry of the subcontinental mantle beneath the central portion of the Arabian plate. Kaersutite megacrysts are classified as Type-A high-pressure precipitates of the alkali basalt host, which transported these xenoliths to the surface and extruded them during formation of the Tell-Danun volcano, southwestern Syria. Ilmenite megacrysts are classified as Type-B megacrysts and could not have precipitated from the alkali basalts presently sampled. Instead, they were derived from a magma that was enriched in the rare-earth elements (REE) by ca. four times and depleted in Zr and Hf, compared to the alkali basalts. Garnet pyroxenites from the Tell-Danun volcanic field yield temperatures and pressures of 946-1045° C and 8-10 kbar, respectively. These xenoliths likely were precipitated as dikes or along walls of conduits at depths of 24-30 km in the lower crust and/or upper mantle beneath the Arabian plate. Spinel peridotites last were equilibrated at temperatures of 755-1080° C and pressures from 10-20 kbar (30-60 km depth) and could represent samples of a mantle that has been depleted by a prior partial melting event. Many spinel peridotites also contain evidence (specifically in concave-upward REE patterns) of a subsequent enrichment event. However, the age and timing of this depletion, and of the subsequent enrichment event, are not known. This event could have occurred as a consequence of the entrainment of the xenoliths in the LREE- enriched alkali basalts or could have occurred prior to alkali basalt volcanism via metasomatic processes.
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Perceptions of the Triad Model's efficacy in training family counsellors for diverse South African groups - Strous, Martin; Skuy, Mervyn; Hickson, Joyce (International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 1993)
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Measuring the Gap : Female Education in Sub-Saharan Africa - Hartnett, Teresa Heneveld (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1993)
Given the significance of female education for development, there is an enormous need for data across countries that can be used to inform policy discussions within and among individual countries. Nowhere, perhaps is this need greater than in sub - Saharan Africa (SSA) where female participation in education is inordinately low, and where disparities between females and males vary greatly among countries. the report previewed in this article responds in two ways to the need for statistics on female education. First, it defines statistical indicators that can be used to describe the level of female participation and the disparities between males and females in education systems. As one form for these indicators, the report introduces the concept of the gender ratio as a generic tool for comparing male and female participation in education across all indicators used to assess the performance of education systems. Second, the report presents data from existing sources for the forty-six countries in sub - Saharan Africa.
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Assumptions of African-American Students about International Education Exchange. - Fels, Michael D. (1993)
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Cultural Perspectives and Thinking: The African American Thinker in the Classroom. - Hunt, Stephen (1993)
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Tuberculosis control. Part 4: Staff development and training. The South African Tuberculosis Control Programme. (PubMed, 1993)
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Uganda takes the AIDS drama to its schools. (PubMed, 1993)
Uganda claims success with using drama as a means of educating school age children and teenagers about HIV and AIDS. The drama program was organized by UNICEF and the Ugandan ministry of health. In all, 593 primary schools with 237,200 pupils took part out of the 12,000 schools and 2 million pupils in the country. Some 326 secondary schools, 47 teacher training colleges and 16 technical colleges took part in the program. In Uganda children begin to be sexually active at the age of 14. So they need awareness of AIDS and community outreach programs. Research after the school drama festivals featuring a play entitled Riddle showed that 50-60% of the pupils learnt about AIDS transmission, its worldwide spread, and methods of prevention. A different play, entitled Hydra was written, after taking account of the known lifestyles of this age group (peer pressures, role of parents). Groups of actors are currently performing the play throughout the country. It has been translated into 25 dialects, and has been an instant success. But the demonic appearance of the character representing AIDS caused over half the audience to say that they would shy away from reading or talking about AIDS. Similarly, over half said they would give material support to AIDS sufferers, but would not talk to them. About three-quarters said that AIDS was only of concern to the medical profession. A ministry of health survey indicated that some 84% believed that AIDS was transmitted only by women. The advice to love carefully directed at men, to wear condoms was interpreted that men must protect themselves from infection by women. Another misconception was that some 68% thought that a person who was happy and strong could not be carrying the HIV virus. Nevertheless, the ministry concludes that drama has shown promise as a supplementary instructional method in AIDS education.
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West African students in Britain, 1900–60: The politics of exile - Adi, Hakim (Immigrants & Minorities, 1993)
The number of mainly West African students in Britain steadily increased in this century. After 1920 African students were increasingly influenced by pan‐Africanist ideas and the nationalist movements, as well as radical politics and the experience of racial discrimination in Britain, and they formed various political organisations. The most important was the West African Students’ Union which served as a nationalist pressure group and training ground for many West African student‐politicians until the mid‐1950s. The WASU published a journal, supported nationalist activity in Africa, lobbied the Colonial Office, and resisted attempts by that government department and humanitarian bodies to direct African student political activities in Britain.
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Assessment of Diabetes Education in the Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Bahru, Y.; Abdulkadir, J (Diabetic Medicine, 1993)
With the aim of assessing continuing diabetes education and obtaining baseline information, we have evaluated the knowledge of 139 randomly selected diabetic patients from the Diabetes Clinic of Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Seventy-five Type 1 (insulin-dependent) and 64 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, with a mean age of 36 +/- 14 (+/- SD) (range 15-78, median 36) years, and mean duration of known diabetes 6.3 +/- 5.5 (range 1-30, median 5) years participated in the study. Knowledge was assessed by a questionnaire which examined three principal areas: general knowledge on diabetes mellitus, diet plus self care, and chronic complications. Twenty-eight (20.1%), did not attend any and 59 (42.5%) attended the diabetes education programme more than once. The Adjusted Percentage Score (APSCORE) was 69 +/- 1.4 (SEM). Type 1 diabetic patients had a significantly higher score (p < 0.001) for overall knowledge when compared to Type 2 patients. In both groups the knowledge on chronic complications was very poor when compared to the other areas (p < 0.001). No sex difference in knowledge was seen. Higher school and diabetes education attendance had a significant influence on the knowledge of diabetes. However, better knowledge about diabetes was not associated with better glycaemic control as measured by the fasting blood glucose concentration. The wide difference in knowledge, the low rate of attendance at diabetes education sessions, and the very low awareness about chronic complications is very worrying. To achieve the intended aim the diabetes education programme needs to be revised.
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The Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Training Modes: Engineering Artisans in Zimbabwe - Bennell, Paul (Comparative Education Review, 1993)
Previous articleNext article No AccessFocus on Southern AfricaThe Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Training Modes: Engineering Artisans in ZimbabwePaul BennellPaul BennellPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 37, Number 4Nov., 1993 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447208 Views: 10Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1993 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Michael K. Ndegwa, Hugo De Groote, Zachary M. Gitonga Evaluation of artisan training in metal silo construction for grain storage in Africa: Impact on uptake, entrepreneurship and income, International Journal of Educational Development 43 (Jul 2015): 12–21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.012Paul Bennell, Jan Segerstrom Vocational education and training in developing countries: has the World Bank got it right?, International Journal of Educational Development 18, no.44 (Jul 1998): 271–287.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(98)00021-2
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Look, Listen and Learn - An African-American in South Africa: The Travel Notes of Ralph J. Bunche. 28 September 1937–1 January 1938. Edited by Robert R. Edgar. Athens: Ohio University Press; Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992. Pp. 398. $40 (paperback R72). - Campbell, Jim (The Journal of African History, 1993)
Look, Listen and Learn - An African-American in South Africa: The Travel Notes of Ralph J. Bunche. 28 September 1937–1 January 1938. Edited by Robert R. Edgar. Athens: Ohio University Press; Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992. Pp. 398. $40 (paperback R72). - Volume 34 Issue 3
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Differential Predictions in Nonverbal and Verbal Communications for African American Students. - Carter-Jones, Sheila L. (1993)
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gold, sex, and pollution: male illness and myth at Mt. Kare, Papua New Guinea - Clark, Justin C. (American Ethnologist, 1993)
In 1986 a goldfield was discovered in a high‐altitude valley of the Papua New Guinea Highlands. Hundreds of Huli people from the Southern Highlands Province soon arrived to take advantage of the fortunes that could be made. This article examines the gold's incorporation into Huli mythopoeia, relates it to men's explanations of the illnesses they suffered at the goldfield, and shows how gold became analogous to menstrual blood as an agent of pollution. It is proposed that the polluting aspect of gold provides a metacommentary on the Huli experience of colonialism and new structures of power, and that this experience is interpreted through metaphors of gender. [ Melanesia, mythology, gender, social change ]
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African students in Britain: The case of Aberdeen university - Hargreaves, John D. (Immigrants & Minorities, 1993)
This contribution derives from a study of Aberdeen University's overseas connections, commissioned as part of its Quincentennial History Project. Aberdeen's contribution to the education of African students has always been modest; in a 1963–64 table of overseas students, it ranked fifteenth among British universities, with about 70 students from Africa. Although its experience may or may not be typical, the study suggests that it may exemplify some national trends.
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HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN EGYPT - Hassan, Ali (Acta horticulturae, 1993)
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Thai Constructions of Knowledge. Edited by Manas Chitakasem and Andrew Turton. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1991. vii, 212 pp. £10.00. - Keyes, Charles (The Journal of Asian Studies, 1993)
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Book Review: The Economics of Public Investment in Education in Papua New Guinea (University of Papua New Guinea, Faculty of Education Occasional Paper No.1) - Marginson, Simon (Australian Journal of Education, 1993)
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The Expansion of Mass Education in Botswana: Local and World Society Perspectives - Meyer, John W.; Nagel, Joane; Snyder, Conrad W. (Comparative Education Review, 1993)
Previous articleNext article No AccessFocus on Southern AfricaThe Expansion of Mass Education in Botswana: Local and World Society PerspectivesJohn W. Meyer, Joane Nagel, and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr.John W. Meyer Search for more articles by this author , Joane Nagel Search for more articles by this author , and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 37, Number 4Nov., 1993 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447209 Views: 47Total views on this site Citations: 34Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1993 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Markus Maurer, Mohammad Mahboob Morshed Promoting the recognition of prior learning in the context of development cooperation: The case of Bangladesh, International Journal of Educational Development 91 (May 2022): 102592.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102592Boris Holzer Varieties and Variations of Functional Differentiation, Soziale Systeme 23, no.1-21-2 (Jun 2021): 15–30.https://doi.org/10.1515/sosys-2018-0002Jared Furuta Western Colonialism and World Society in National Education Systems: Global Trends in the Use of High-Stakes Exams at Early Ages, 1960 to 2010, Sociology of Education 94, no.11 (Sep 2020): 84–101.https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040720957368Mompoloki Mmangaka Bagwasi The major educational policies, models and ideas that have influenced Botswana’s education system, Policy Futures in Education 17, no.33 (Oct 2018): 370–382.https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210318807779Miriam Preckler Galguera Introduction, (Jun 2018): 1–13.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91107-6_1Miriam Preckler Galguera Globalization, International Organizations, and Mass Education, (Jun 2018): 15–35.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91107-6_2Miriam Preckler Galguera Contextualization of Botswana and Namibia as Member States of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), (Jun 2018): 89–140.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91107-6_7Sarah Dryden-Peterson and Bethany Mulimbi Pathways toward Peace: Negotiating National Unity and Ethnic Diversity through Education in Botswana, Comparative Education Review 61, no.11 (Dec 2016): 58–82.https://doi.org/10.1086/689614Álvaro Morcillo Laiz, Klaus Schlichte Rationality and International Domination: Revisiting Max Weber, International Political Sociology 10, no.22 (May 2016): 168–184.https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olw004Wade M. Cole International Human Rights and Domestic Income Inequality, American Sociological Review 80, no.22 (Mar 2015): 359–390.https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415571582Iveta Silova, William C. Brehm From myths to models: the (re)production of world culture in comparative education, Globalisation, Societies and Education 13, no.11 (Dec 2014): 8–33.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2014.967483Cheryl Hunter, Tsooane Molapo Current Challenges and Future Trends for Teacher Training in Southern Africa: A Focused Look at Botswana and Lesotho, (Oct 2014): 295–328.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-367920140000025018M. Commeyras, L. E. Ketsitlile A review of the literature on reading in Botswana primary schools, Africa Education Review 10, no.22 (Jun 2013): 204–223.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2013.808794Sandra Rademacher Kulturvergleich als Möglichkeit der Kontrastierung, (Feb 2013): 157–173.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-18937-6_9Linda Chisholm, Bagele Chilisa Contexts of educational policy change in Botswana and South Africa, PROSPECTS 42, no.44 (Oct 2012): 371–388.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-012-9247-5Lone Ketsitlile An Integrative Review on the San of Botswana's Indigenous Literacy and Formal Schooling Education, The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 41, no.22 (Jan 2012): 218–228.https://doi.org/10.1017/jie.2012.21Oren Pizmony-Levy Bridging the Global and Local in Understanding Curricula Scripts: The Case of Environmental Education, Comparative Education Review 55, no.44 (Jul 2015): 600–633.https://doi.org/10.1086/661632Richard Tabulawa The rise and attenuation of the basic education programme (BEP) in Botswana: A global–local dialectic approach, International Journal of Educational Development 31, no.55 (Sep 2011): 433–442.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.12.002Seth Abrutyn, Jonathan H. Turner The Old Institutionalism Meets the New Institutionalism, Sociological Perspectives 54, no.33 (Sep 2011): 283–306.https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2011.54.3.283Pramod Bhatta Aid agency influence in national education policy-making: a case from Nepal's ‘Education for All’ movement, Globalisation, Societies and Education 9, no.11 (Feb 2011): 11–26.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2010.513283Eran Shor Utilizing Rights and Wrongs: Right-Wing, the “Right” Language, and Human Rights in the Gaza Disengagement, Sociological Perspectives 51, no.44 (Dec 2008): 803–826.https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2008.51.4.803I-Chung Ke World culture and experienced primary school teachers’ understandings of educational changes in Taiwan, Teaching and Teacher Education 24, no.11 (Jan 2008): 26–42.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.03.005Richard Tabulawa Global influences and local responses: The restructuring of the University of Botswana, 1990–2000, Higher Education 53, no.44 (Apr 2007): 457–482.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-4832-7R. Winkle Wagner An endless desert walk: Perspectives of education from the San in Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 26, no.11 (Jan 2006): 88–97.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.07.014Jürgen Schriewer Globalisation in Education: Process and Discourse, Policy Futures in Education 1, no.22 (Jun 2003): 271–283.https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2003.1.2.6 Nina Eliasoph and Paul Lichterman Culture in Interaction Eliasoph and Lichterman, American Journal of Sociology 108, no.44 (Jul 2015): 735–794.https://doi.org/10.1086/367920M.T. Tatto The value and feasibility of evaluation research on teacher development: contrasting experiences in Sri Lanka and Mexico, International Journal of Educational Development 22, no.66 (Nov 2002): 637–657.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00032-3Molapi Sebatane International Transfers of Assessment: Recent trends and strategies, Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 7, no.33 (Jun 2010): 401–416.https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940050201370Gili S. Drori Science Education and Economic Development: Trends, Relationships, and Research Agenda, Studies in Science Education 35, no.11 (Jan 2000): 27–57.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057260008560154JO ARTHUR Institutional Practices and the Cultural Construction of Primary School Teaching in Botswana, Comparative Education 34, no.33 (Jun 2010): 313–326.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050069828162 John W. Meyer , John Boli , George M. Thomas , and Francisco O. Ramirez World Society and the Nation‐State Meyer etal, American Journal of Sociology 103, no.11 (Jul 2015): 144–181.https://doi.org/10.1086/231174Colette Chabbott, Francisco O. Ramirez Development and Education, (): 163–187.https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36424-2_8Alexander W. Wiseman, David P. Baker The Symbiotic Relationship between Empirical Comparative Research on Education and Neo-Institutional Theory, (): 1–26.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3679(06)07001-0Shoko Yamada Making Sense of the EFA from a National Context: Its Implementation, and Impact on Households in Ethiopia, (): 453–491.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3679(06)08016-9
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Maintaining and Comparing Standards of Academic Performance of Learners in an integrated Namibian Senior Secondary School System. - Mkandawire, Donton S.J. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1993)
Similar to former British colonies, especially in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region of Southern Africa, Namibia inherited an educational system which was very much fragmented on racial and ethnic lines. One major education reform implemented soon after independence and consistent with the constitution and education policy directives, was that all schools were to be desegregated or integrated and were opened to all learners under a unified educational system. One of the goals to be achieved was equity in the distribution of educational resources and services which would result in better performance of learners previously denied enrollment into white schools which have had excellent infrastructures in both human find physical resources to support quality education. One of the concerns of the white principals, teachers, and parents was that the racial integration of schools would bring about lowering of academic standards enjoyed by the white learners before independence. This study compared and discussed academic performance of white and non-white learners, in the current integrated, school system and how educational standards were being maintained since integrated schools wrote their first examinations two years after the policy of integration in Namibian schools was implemented.
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Student achievement in science: a cross‐cultural comparison of the Second International Science Study (SISS) results in Nigeria - Mordi, Chinedum (International Journal of Science Education, 1993)
This study is a secondary analysis of the Second International Science Study (SISS) data for Nigeria, looking at the overall performance of students in science tests and whether their performances differed across different cultural zones. The paper also addressed the issue of ethnic stereotyping in Nigeria. Data for the study were collected in Nigeria in 1984 and covered 11 states at the primary and secondary school levels. The sample size for primary schools is 2152 pupils from 94 schools and for secondary schools 2275 from 82 schools. The findings showed that there was a significant difference in performance across the cultural zones for the primary and secondary populations. The students’ performance on the science tests was very poor across the zones. It also showed that stereotyping of northern students as being lower achievers than southern students may not be true.
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Education Through Music: Towards A South African Approach - Oehrle, Elizabeth (British Journal of Music Education, 1993)
Music making in Africa has been, and is, an essential aspect of living. The philosophy and process of music making in South African schools bares no relevance to this idea. The present situation is that South African music educators are propagating western music education methods, while so-called ‘western’ music educators are turning to Africa to find answers to their perplexing problems. This paradoxical situation highlights the importance of evolving a philosophy and process of intercultural education through music for South Africa which draws upon research into music making in Africa.
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Generic prescribing in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria - Ogwuche, E. A.; Olasehinde, L.; Obiaga, G. O. (Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety (Print), 1993)
Abstract A study was carried out to assess the generic prescribing pattern among medical doctors in Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. The results indicate that 98 (49%) of the 200 drugs studied were prescribed using generic names while 64 (32%) were prescribed using both generic and proprietary names. One hundred and ninety‐two (96%) of the 200 drugs studied are on the Essential Drugs List (EDL), Second Revision 1991 of the Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria. The results further showed that out of the 77,889 prescriptions scrutinized, 48,451 (62.2%) were written using generic names only while 29,438 (37.8%) were prescribed using proprietary names. Based on the above findings, more prescriptions were written using generic names than proprietary names during the period of this study, showing that the government's effort towards educating doctors to prescribe generically is achieving the desired results.
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A comprehensive approach to drought and desertification in Northern Nigeria - Oladipo, E. O. (Natural Hazards, 1993)
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Gamma Radiation (5-10 Gy) Impairs Neuronal Function in the Guinea Pig Hippocampus - Pellmar, Terry C.; Lepinski, Dennis L. (Radiation Research, 1993)
Guinea pigs were exposed to 5 and 10 Gy gamma radiation. Hippocampal brain slices were isolated 30 min, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days after irradiation or sham irradiation and the electrophysiological characteristics of the neural tissue were evaluated. Both radiation doses elicited significant changes that were dependent on dose, dose rate and time. Synaptic efficacy decreased soon after exposure to 5 Gy at dose rates of both 1 and 20 Gy/min. Recovery occurred by 5 days. Ten grays at 20 Gy/min potentiated the postsynaptic potential 1 day after irradiation. By 3 days, synaptic efficacy was decreased and did not recover. The ability of the synaptic potentials to generate spikes was potentiated within 30 min after exposure to 5 Gy at 1 Gy/min and persisted through 3 days, with recovery at 5 days. At the 20 Gy/min dose rate, a similar potentiation did not result with 10 Gy and occurred only at 3 days after irradiation with 5 Gy. Rather, within 30 min and after 5 days, spike generation was significantly depressed by these exposures. Both synaptic efficacy and spike generation contribute to the net input-output relationship of the neuronal population. This relationship was profoundly decreased within 30 min with recovery at 1 day and subsequent decline with the higher dose rate in a dose-dependent manner. These persistent changes in neuronal function are likely to be a consequence of the actions of ionizing radiation on the physiological processes that influence the neuronal environment.
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"Just Sort of Fumbling in the Dark": A Case Study of the Advent of Racial Integration in South African Schools - Penny, Alan; Appel, Stephen; Gultig, John; Harley, Ken; Muir, Robert C. (Comparative Education Review, 1993)
Previous articleNext article No AccessFocus on Southern Africa"Just Sort of Fumbling in the Dark": A Case Study of the Advent of Racial Integration in South African SchoolsAlan Penny, Stephen Appel, John Gultig, Ken Harley, and Robert MuirAlan Penny Search for more articles by this author , Stephen Appel Search for more articles by this author , John Gultig Search for more articles by this author , Ken Harley Search for more articles by this author , and Robert Muir Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 37, Number 4Nov., 1993 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447207 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 14Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1993 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Anton Birioukov-Brant, Kiera Brant-Birioukov Policy With an Asterisk: Understanding How Staff in Alternative School Settings Negotiate a Mandatory Attendance Policy to Meet the Needs of Their Students, Frontiers in Education 4 (Dec 2019).https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00144J. Tim Goddard Toward Glocality: Facilitating Leadership in an Age of Diversity, Journal of School Leadership 20, no.11 (Jan 2019): 37–56.https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461002000104Krisztina Tihanyi Racial integration in the USA and South Africa: lessons in a comparative perspective, International Journal of Inclusive Education 11, no.22 (Mar 2007): 177–197.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110500480265J. Tim Goddard, Angela C. Hart School leadership and equity: Canadian elements, School Leadership & Management 27, no.11 (Dec 2006): 7–20.https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430601092263Jongi Klaas The complexities of conducting ethnographic race research, Ethnography and Education 1, no.33 (Sep 2006): 365–378.https://doi.org/10.1080/17457820600837002J. Tim Goddard Toward Glocality: Facilitating Leadership in an Age of Diversity, Journal of School Leadership 15, no.22 (Jan 2019): 159–177.https://doi.org/10.1177/105268460501500204Nadine Dolby Making White: Constructing Race in a South African High School, Curriculum Inquiry 32, no.11 (Jan 2015): 7–29.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-873X.00213Harris Selod, Yves Zenou Location and Education in South African Cities under and after Apartheid, Journal of Urban Economics 49, no.11 (Jan 2001): 168–198.https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.2000.2190Nazir Carrim Critical Anti-racism and Problems in Self-articulated Forms of Identities [1], Race Ethnicity and Education 3, no.11 (Aug 2010): 25–44.https://doi.org/10.1080/713693013Nadine Dolby The Shifting Ground of Race: The role of taste in youth's production of identities, Race Ethnicity and Education 3, no.11 (Aug 2010): 7–23.https://doi.org/10.1080/713693014Nazir Carrim Anti‐racism and the ‘New’ South African Educational Order, Cambridge Journal of Education 28, no.33 (Jul 2006): 301–320.https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764980280304Volker Wedekind, Cassius Lubisi, Ken Harley, John Gultig Political change, social integration and curriculum: a South African case study, Journal of Curriculum Studies 28, no.44 (Jul 1996): 419–436.https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027980280403Diane L. Brook From Exclusion to Inclusion: Racial Politics and South African Educational Reform, Anthropology & Education Quarterly 27, no.22 (Jun 1996): 204–231.https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1996.27.2.04x0228tNazir Carrim From ‘Race’ to Ethnicity: shifts in the educational discourses of South Africa and Britain in the 1990s, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 25, no.11 (Jan 1995): 17–33.https://doi.org/10.1080/0305792950250103
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People's education and ‘nation building’ for a New South Africa - Randall, Stephen J. (Review of African Political Economy, 1993)
My purpose in this article is to restate the continuing relevance of ‘people's education’ as a necessary mobilising dynamic in the project of social emancipation in South Africa today. The notion of ‘salvaging’ the concept of people's education implies that it is in process of being discarded, made over into something new having served its provisional utility. I want to suggest that this is indeed how people's education is now being viewed and that this perception is premature, even inappropriate. My concerns are threefold: that the transformatory potential of education is being replaced with a ‘skills’ paradigm; that as a consequence of this and other factors, the mobilising element of people's education is in danger of being usurped by its converse — a demobilising or immobilising of the movement; and — related to this latter vis‐a‐vis the requirements of ‘nation‐building’ in a land despoiled by the ravages of apartheid — that this skills‐based notion of national development is misconstrued.
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The Global Climate for June to August 1990: Drought Returns to Sub-Saharan West Africa and Warm Southern Oscillation Episode Conditions Develop in the Central Pacific - Ropelewski, Chester F.; Lamb, Peter; Portis, Diane H. (Journal of climate, 1993)
Although the general monsoon circulation evolved relatively normally over most of the globe, dry conditions returned to sub-Saharan West Africa. The Northern Hemisphere summer surface temperature continued to be above normal over most land areas, but in general the anomolies were less extreme. The equatorial sea surface temperatures continued to move toward warm episode Southern Oscillation conditions in the central Pacific, but without an accompanying warming in the traditional eastern Pacific El Nino areas.
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Kenyan university students' views on AIDS. - Sindiga, Isaac; Lukhando, Moses (PubMed, 1993)
In view of the rapidly increasing number of AIDS cases reported in Kenya since 1984, a survey was conducted among Kenyatta University undergraduate students during October and November 1988 to gauge their knowledge, attitudes and practices with regard to the disease. A random sample of 344 individuals both men and women was interviewed. The results showed that almost everyone had heard about AIDS and the knowledge was spread evenly across gender. Although the students were able to identify the symptoms of a full blown AIDS victim, their knowledge on HIV was vague. Other findings were: that condoms were lowly rated as a strategy for minimizing the risk of contracting AIDS and the majority of the students attempted to reduce the chance of contracting the disease by having one sex partner. However, the students were apathetic about contracting the disease. In the event of becoming victims of AIDS, most of them indicated that they would not merely wait to die; instead they would commit suicide. In view of these findings, there is a case for educating this group on how to respond to the AIDS infection.During October-November 1988 in Kenya, 344 undergraduate male and female students at Kenyatta University completed a questionnaire designed to determine their knowledge, attitude, and practices towards AIDS. This survey also aimed to shed some light on the success of the media campaign launched in February 1988. 98% were familiar with AIDS. Men and women were equally familiar with AIDS. The leading sources of information on AIDS were newspapers (166) and radio (123). Most students knew that weight loss was a symptom of AIDS. Many also knew that coughing was a symptom. Students had vague knowledge of HIV. Students tended to know that AIDS is transmitted through heterosexual intercourse. Men were more likely to have sexual experience than women (72% vs. 28%). The most common way the students would reduce the risk of contracting AIDS was having 1 sex partner (204 students). Few students (44) would use a condom. Creating awareness (174) was the leading way society should fight AIDS. Only 25 students mentioned condom use as a way to prevent AIDS. Most students (60%) thought that persons with AIDS should be quarantined. Most students had an apathetic attitude if they themselves had AIDS. The leading responses to what the students would do if they learned that they had AIDS included wait to die (193) and commit suicide (120). 20% would not help a family member with AIDS and would let him/her die. These findings suggest that, even though almost everyone knew about AIDS, their misperceptions about and attitudes towards persons with AIDS reflect a need for more information on AIDS prevention and on dealing with HIV infected persons. The Ministry of Health needs to put more effort into counseling AIDS patients and to reduce the hopelessness and stigmatizing of persons with AIDS.
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"The Blacker the Berry, the Sweeter the Juice": African American Student Writers and the National Assessment of Educational Progress. - Smitherman, Geneva (1993)
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Assessing EFL reading comprehension: The case of Ethiopian learners - Stavans, Anat; Oded, Brenda (System, 1993)
The established means of assessment may not measure the actual learning of some students with particular learning styles. Recent studies on reading comprehension strategies used by unsuccessful language learners have revealed that some of these learners use the same kind of strategies at the same frequency as do successful learners. Yet their performance on reading comprehension assessments is appreciably lower. The present study was undertaken to diagnose and aid a group of unsuccessful Ethiopian EFL university students in Israel with reference to a typical Israeli EFL group on the same level. It was hypothesized that the failure of the unsuccessful group was attributable to cultural differences in the mode of information transmission, i.e. a teaching and assessment methodology which relies heavily on a written modality as opposed to the group's oral tradition, and imposes an inappropriate set of expectations and requirements on these learners. This study examined the use of strategies in answering reading comprehension questions and the differences in performance on various test formats ranging from most structured to least structured, namely multiple-choice questions, open-ended (OE) questions, and an unstructured oral retell task. Strategy reports were elicited by immediate introspection and general retrospection. The results show that though the unsuccessful learners use similar strategies to those used by successful learners, their use of such strategies is “mechanical,” resulting in poor performance. No evidence was found to support the notion that the group's oral tradition contributed to their failure on written tasks; instead, there was evidence of the effect of the previous learning experiences of the group on their “mechanical” implementation of strategies. Furthermore, the OE test format was found to be the most facilitating as an assessment tool. In conclusion, this study points to the need for adjusting and individualizing teaching methods and means of assessment to the students' learning styles to ensure that students realize their potential.
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Endemic Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa and local volcanic soils - Ziegler, John L. (The Lancet, 1993)
Endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in Africa has been attributed to a geographically-determined environmental factor. Endemic KS, a chronic nodular condition predominantly affecting the feet and legs, is believed to arise in the lymphatic endothelium and is associated with chronic lymphoedema. As such, KS bears a resemblance to podoconiosis (non-filarial elephantiasis). The prevalence of both conditions in highland areas close to volcanoes suggests a shared pathogenetic relationship to exposure to volcanic soils. The lymphatics and lymph nodes of patients with podoconiosis contain particulate alumino-silicates in macrophages consistent with the theory that ultrafine clay minerals are absorbed through the feet. The resulting chronic lymphatic irritation, inflammation, and collagenosis causes obstruction and lymphoedema. The geographical proximity of endemic KS to areas containing volcanic clay minerals, its lympho-endothelial origin, predilection for the feet and legs, and its prevalence among rural peasants and cultivators, suggest a common aetiology. Other features point to the participation of a low-grade, possibly sexually-transmitted, infective agent that becomes more pathogenic in the presence of immunosuppression. Damage to the dermal lymphatics of the feet and legs by absorbed clays could impair local immunity to such an agent. Endemic KS would then occur in exposed individuals who harbour the KS infective agent and are susceptible to the KS phenotype (males).Endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in Africa is a chronic, nodular condition predominantly affecting the feet and legs. It is believed to arise in the lymphatic endothelium and is associated with chronic lymphoedema. KS therefore bears a resemblance to podoconiosis, or nonfilarial elephantiasis. Both conditions are prevalent in highland areas close to volcanoes, suggesting a shared pathogenetic relationship to exposure to volcanic soils. The lymphatics and lymph nodes of patients with podoconiosis contain particulate alumino-silicates in macrophages consistent with the theory that ultrafine clay minerals are absorbed through the feet. The resulting chronic lymphatic irritation, inflammation, and collagenosis causes obstruction and lymphoedema. The geographical proximity of endemic KS to areas containing volcanic clay minerals, its lympho-endothelial origin, tendency to affect the feet and legs, and its prevalence among rural peasants and cultivators suggest a common etiology with podoconiosis. Other features of endemic KS suggest the involvement of a low-grade, possibly sexually-transmitted, infective agent which becomes more pathogenic in the presence of immunosuppression. Damage to the dermal lymphatics of the feet and legs by absorbed clays may impair local immunity to such an agent, with endemic KS occurring in exposed individuals who harbor the KS infective agent and are susceptible to the KS phenotype.
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A Morphodynamic Model of Sandy Beach Susceptibility to Tar Pollution and Self-Cleansing on the Nigerian Coast - Antia, Effiom Edem (Journal of Coastal Research, 1993)
This report elucidates the application of the beach morphodynamic concept synthesized by WRIGHT and SHORT (1984) to model the susceptibility of a mesotidal sandy beach along the Nigerian coast to, and self-cleansing of, tar pollution. A 21 month, fortnightly inventory of stranded tar balls at a total of 16 shore- normal t ransects spread over a 6 km stretch of beach was made. Concurrently with the above, beach profile changes and littoral process observations were documented. Due to the generally subtle alongshore differences, particularly of the beach textural and topographic characteristics in the study area, coupled with the semidiurnal tide-related complex changes in the nearshore flow field, regression analyses of tar weight and concentration with certain process parameters were expectedly not always highly correlated. However, there are indications, that the longevity of tar pollution would be higher on modally dissipative beaches. By contrast, the reflective prone counterparts would be more impoverished of tar balls, thus suggesting a higher self cleansing potential. The above results respectively reflect, primarily, the low and high temporal mobility of the beach types. However, the aforementioned patterns were less pronounced along beach sectors fronted by surf zones characterized by temporally-persistent, longshore-bar trough morphologies, probably due to their co-existing dissipative and reflective characteristics. The present results enable a four fold schematization of beach surf zone profile states and a qualitative scaling of their pollution potentials in the course of, and after, an offshore oil spill event.
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Convulsions with Fever of Acute Onset in School-age Children in Benin City, Nigeria - Akpede, George O.; Sykes, R. M. (Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1993)
Of 92 school-age children who had convulsions with fever (CWF) of acute onset, seen in a 1-year period in an emergency room in Benin City, Nigeria, 49 per cent had malaria parasitaemia, 15 per cent bacterial meningitis, 8 per cent focal extracranial infections, and 1 per cent bacteraemia while 27 per cent had acute fever of undetermined origin. The prevalence of meningitis increased with presence of temperature > or = 40 degrees C (P < 0.01), focal seizures (P < 0.05), and rousable coma (P < 0.05). Bacterial meningitis is an important illness in school-age children with CWF, although malaria parasitaemia is the commonest infection.
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Alkaline volcano of Paleocene age on the Southern Guinean Margin: Mapping, petrology, 40Ar-39Ar laser probe dating, and implications for the evolution of the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic - Bertrand, Hervé; Féraud, Gilbert; Mascle, J. (Marine Geology, 1993)
A segment of the Southern Guinea Plateau Margin (S.G.P.M.) was surveyed during the 1988 Equamarge II cruise of the R/V Jean Charcot. Detailed Seabeam mapping reveals a huge 3000 m high volcano which was called the Nadir seamount, culminating at 840 m below sea level, and 6 adventive cones. Volcanics dredged between 2100 and 1300 m of water depth consist of hyaloclastite breccias and subaerial alkali basalts recovered as both massive blocks and eolian pebbles with a desert varnish. The data are consistent with the growth of a volcano up to emergence and, thereafter, its dismembering and subsidence. Volcanological, petrographic and geochemical features (REE) of the volcanics present similarities with those observed (1) in early basalts from Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) and Maio (Cape Verde Islands), (2) in lamprophyric volcanism from the Sierra Leone Rise and (3) in volcanics from the Gorringe bank. 40Ar-39Ar laser probe dating was performed on two biotite phenocrysts from a massive basalt, using step heating and spot fusion procedures. Both experiments concordantly display a plateau-age of 58.6 ± 0.3 Ma and an integrated age of 58.6 ± 0.7 Ma, respectively. The Nadir seamount provides the third evidence of Paleocene alkaline volcanism in the Eastern Atlantic after the Gorringe bank and the northern Sierra Leone Rise (Krause seamount). These volcanoes are presumed to have been controlled by Fractures Zones. The ages and compositions of the Nadir and Krause seamounts, respectively, suggest a connection between the volcanic chains of both the Sierra Leone Rise and Guinea F.Z. which may have recorded the same hotspot track.
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School attainment and gender: Attitudes of Kenyan and Malawian parents toward educating girls - Davison, Jean (International Journal of Educational Development, 1993)
Abstract This paper compares the attitudes of Kenyan and Malawian rural parents to educating girls, using perceptions of gender-specific academic potential, educational aspirations and opinions on the gender appropriateness of primary school subjects and various careers. Suggestions are offered as to how these attitudes affect girls' educational attainment. The paper closes with a discussion of the ways that parents' attitudes affect girls' completion of primary school in Malawi and how the high wastage rate might be cut.
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Optometric education and optometry in Africa. - Dk, Penisten (PubMed, 1993)
For the vast majority of people in Africa, eye care services are not available. Optometrists have long been practicing in parts of Africa, but optometric teaching institutes have only recently appeared in several African nations.Utilizing interviews, site visits, and a literature review this article presents a survey of the current status of optometric education, the profession of optometry, and eye care needs in Africa.Four countries in Africa have optometric teaching institutes: South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Ghana. Most of these programs are struggling in difficult economic and/or political environments. The difficulties facing these programs are likely to remain, but the recent dramatic developments in communication and cooperation between these four countries will be a positive force towards seriously addressing the need for more optometric practitioners throughout the African continent.
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Teachers, Preachers, Non-Believers: a social history of Zimbabwean literature - Dodgson, Pauline (African Affairs, 1993)
Teachers, Preachers, Non-Believers: a social history of Zimbabwean literature Get access Teachers, Preachers, Non-Believers: a social history of Zimbabwean literature, by Flora Veit-Wild. Hans Zell Publishers, London, Melbourne, Munich and New York, 1992. xii+408 pp. £45 hardback. ISBN 1 873836 155. Dambudzo Marechera: a source book on his life and work, by Flora Veit-Wild. Hans Zell Publishers, London, Melbourne, Munich and New York, 1992. xvi+419 pp. £55 hardback. ISBN 0 905450 97 3. PAULINE DODGSON PAULINE DODGSON Thames Valley University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 92, Issue 369, October 1993, Pages 621–622, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098675 Published: 01 October 1993
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Sport as a site of transformative non-formal education: A South African action research project - Dovey, Ken (International Journal of Educational Development, 1993)
One of the legacies of apartheid is a crisis in South African education. The existing formal structures of education cannot cope with the scale nor the nature of the educational needs of the vast majority of South Africa's population. This article explores the potential role that sports programmes can play in non-formal educational provision. Within an action research format, the research project utilized the apprenticeship model of social organization for the general development of 10-year old boys through the medium of the game of rugby. Results of the project show that the developmental benefits of participation in a well organized sports programme, generalize to the contexts of formal schooling, home, and broader community life.
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Response of falciparum malaria to chloroquine and three second line antimalarial drugs in a Kenyan coastal school age population. - Hagos, B.; Khan, Baldip; Ofulla, Ayub V.; Kariuki, D.M.; Martin, Samuel K. (PubMed, 1993)
Ambulatory rural school children in the Mombasa area with P. falciparum parasitaemia were examined and randomly assigned to treatment with one of three second-line antimalarials--amodiaquine, pyrimethamine/sulphadoxine (P/SD) and pyrimethamine/sulfalene (P/SL). Clinical signs and parasitaemia were followed daily for the first week and on days 14 and 28. WHO Mark II schizont inhibition tests were performed for all the above 3 drugs and chloroquine. The total number of cases was 73. The mean parasite density was 142.1 +/- 207; 102.7 +/- 166; 82.74 +/- 93 parasites per 300 WBC for amodiaquine, P/SD, and P/SL, respectively. In vitro tests showed a chloroquine resistance rate of 60% and no resistance to all of the second line drugs. Also, all children treated successfully cleared their parasitaemia with mean clearance rates of 2.05 +/- 0.57; 1.86 +/- 0.47; 2.05 +/- 0.50 days for amodiaquine, P/SD and P/SL, respectively. Even though, no difference in the effectiveness between the second line drugs used was found, reinfection rates as depicted by day 28 parasitaemia differed--amodiaquine 16%; P/SD 0%; and P/SL4.35%. This difference could be attributed to the difference in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs.In Kenya, in May-June 1990, clinicians screened 728 primary school children in Mazeras, a coastal village, for Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and randomly assigned them to receive 1 of 3 second-line antimalarials (amodiaquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine [P/SD], and pyrimethamine/sulfalene [P/SL] to treat malaria. Laboratory personnel at the Coast Provincial General Hospital conducted WHO Mark II schizont inhibition tests for all 3 antimalarials and chloroquine. The clinicians followed the children every day for the first week and at 2 and 4 weeks. 10.44% (76) of the children had falciparum malaria (=or 40 asexual parasites/300 WBC). 3 were lost to follow-up, so 73 children were part of the in vivo study. Prior to treatment, mean parasite densities were 142.1/300 WBC for the amodiaquine group, 102.7/300 WBC for the P/SD group, and 82.74/300 WBC for the P/SL group. The mean clearance time for 2.05 days for amodiaquine, 1.86 days for P/SD, and 2.05 days for P/SL. By day 14, none of the children had parasitemia and no differences in mean body temperatures existed. On day 28, 16% of the children in the amodiaquine group and 4.35% of those in the P/SL group were reinfected compared to none in the P/SD group (p .05). Differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of these second line antimalarials may account for the difference in reinfection rates. 60% of the isolates were resistant to chloroquine. None were resistant to the second line drugs. Isolates were highly sensitive to both P/SD and P/SL. These findings show the need for the Kenyan Ministry of Health to reexamine chloroquine as a treatment for falciparum malaria in areas of confirmed high chloroquine resistance.
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Practical Phonetics for Students of African Languages - Hayward, Katrina (Journal of Phonetics, 1993)
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THE Malaŵi Earthquake of March 10, 1989: DEep faulting within the East African Rift System - Jackson, James; Blenkinsop, Thomas G. (Tectonics, 1993)
Since 1964 there have been six earthquakes of M w ≥ 5.5 in east Africa whose centroid depths have been demonstrated to be in the range of 25–40 km. These depths are significantly greater than the 5‐ to 15‐km range typical of most other regions of continental extension. The March 10, 1989 earthquake ( M w 6.1) in Malaŵi is the first such deep event to have occurred within the main topographic expression of the late Cenozoic east African rift system. Its focal mechanism and depth (32 ± 5 km) allow it to be plausibly associated with slip on a deep part of a major normal fault zone bounding the Malaŵi rift. We cannot determine whether the earthquake occurred in the crust or mantle or whether the postulated fault zone exists as a continuous seismogenic surface from the upper crust to depths of ∼30 km: it is possible that the fault zone exists as an aseismic shear zone in the lower crust. In the Malaŵi rift the width of the half graben (up to 50 km), the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere (∼35 km), and probably the largest fault segment lengths (>50 km) are greater than is typical in rifts outside Africa. We suggest that these features and the greater earthquake depths are all related to the likelihood that the upper part of the lithosphere is colder and stronger than is typical elsewhere. These observations are consistent with earlier suggestions that normal faulting and significant strength can exist throughout the bulk of the crustal thickness. If this is the case, wide half graben can form without requiring shear strengths on the bounding faults to be greater than 1–10 MPa (10–100 bars), which is the typical level of stress drop observed in earthquakes.
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[The nurse as preceptor in personnel development in teaching hospitals in Namibia]. - Jooste, Karien; Cm, Nel (PubMed, 1993)
A study undertaken in 1991 focused on the role fulfilment of the preceptor in staff development in training hospitals in Namibia. As in the case in many countries the nursing service climate in Namibia is characterised by constant change in the practice of professional nurses. The preceptor must accompany the professional nurses in their personal and professional development.
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Family and community education — A Nigerian perspective - Lijadu, Mary Oto (International journal of early childhood, 1993)
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Sex and ethnic differences associated with urinary sodium and potassium in African-American US white and Nigerian college students. - Ll, Adams-Campbell; Mu, Nwankwo; Fa, Ukoli; Janney, Carol A. (PubMed, 1993)
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Educational Policy-Making in Colonial Zambia: The Case of Higher Education for Africans from 1924 to 1964 - Lungu, Gatian F. (The Journal of Negro history, 1993)
Previous articleNext article No AccessEducational Policy-Making in Colonial Zambia: The Case of Higher Education for Africans from 1924 to 1964Gatian F. LunguGatian F. Lungu Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 78, Number 4Fall 1993 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2717416 Views: 16Total views on this site Journal History This article was published in The Journal of Negro History (1916-2001), which is continued by The Journal of African American History (2002-present). Copyright 1993 The Association for the Study of African American Life and HistoryPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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Aged disability and community care in Australia: issues for southern Africa - McCallum, John; Mathers, Colin (Southern African Journal of Gerontology, 1993)
Disability among the aged is an issue of growing importance to southern Africa as it is throughout the world. New methods and debates about disability and ageing are illustrated by a discussion of the Australian situation. First, trends in mortality and life expectancy are outlined, and the debate about the compression of mortality critically examined. Second, the same techniques of analysis are applied to disability and handicap rates derived from national surveys. The hypothesis of compression of morbidity or illness is also critically examined. Third, the impact on the community of disability is discussed, and expectations of life free of community and ''free of institutionalization are calculated. Finally, trends in health-risk factors and the contributions of various diseases to health expectations are outlined. Southern African countries are also part of the movement to measure quality-of-life years-not only quantity - and need to develop their population monitoring of disability and demands for community care. The development will facilitate policy planning to improve the management of community services provided for the elderly by families, the community and formal providers.
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Perspective Reports of Corporal Punishment by Pupils in Lesotho Schools - Monyooe, Lebusa A. (Psychological Reports, 1993)
This study surveyed reports of practices of corporal punishment at secondary schools in Lesotho by 60 randomly selected pupils. There were 34 males and 26 females, whose mean age was 21 years, with a range between 14 and 29 years. Responses to a questionnaire confirmed that punishment was associated with pupils' reports of academic impairment, psychological damage, and physical injury.
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Urban Education, the General Education Initiative, and Service Delivery to African-American Students - Obiakor, Festus E.; Algozzine, Bob; Ford, Bridgie Alexis (Urban Education, 1993)
Recent reform initiatives have placed the responsibility for effectively educating students with special learning needs in general education. A driving belief of the "general education initiative" is that more students can be effectively served in general classrooms than is currently the case. Two areas (i.e., school climate and parental involvement) that must be discussed if such reform efforts are to make a real difference are presented in this article. Practical suggestions are provided for professionals to consider when embracing questions related to the best and proper place for African-American students with special needs to be educated.
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Promoting Social Interaction and Status of Children with Intellectual Disabilities in Zambia - Rønning, John A.; Nabuzoka, Dabie (The Journal of special education, 1993)
A group of Zambian primary school children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities was studied together with nondisabled peers. Observations were carried out in two situations: an “experimental” situation where manipulations were made to investigate subsequent increases in social interaction, and a “natural” situation without any manipulations. Several interventions were tested at intervals separated by baselines. Although play-skills training of children with disabilities resulted in some increases in interaction between these children and nondisabled children, training coupled with teacher prompts led to more substantial increases in such interaction. These effects were transferred to the natural situation, but reduced in both situations when the intervention was withdrawn. A “special friends” approach, associated with the nondisabled children taking the role of initiators of interaction, led to increases in social behavior in both the experimental and natural situations. This was maintained at both 1-month and 6-month follow-ups. In addition, sociometric assessments carried out at three points in time showed increases, associated with the intervention programs, in the status of the children with disabilities. Results are discussed as preliminary, with implications for the design and evaluation of intervention programs aimed at promoting integration of children with disabilities in mainstream schools.
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A culturally specific educational program to reduce the risk of HIV and HBV transmission among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel II: Evaluating the effect of the training program on veteran immigrant trainees. - Shtarkshall, Ronny A.; Soskolne, V.; Chemtov, Daniel; Rosén, Helena (PubMed, 1993)
We describe the evaluation of a program for training veteran Ethiopian immigrants to be health educators/cultural mediators. This educational intervention project was designed to lower the risk of transmission of HIV and HBV among the immigrants who arrived in Israel in "Operation Solomon", May 1991. The training program was designed to teach the biomedical model of HIV transmission and its prevention, and to allow the trainees to explore their feelings about people with HIV/AIDS in order to enable them to teach these issues appropriately to the general community of immigrants from Ethiopia, and to work with individuals with HIV among them. It also trained them in teaching skills and in imparting the knowledge in a culturally appropriate manner. The evaluation of changes in knowledge was done at three time points: at the beginning of a 3-day training seminar (A), its end (B) and after 7 half-day training sessions comprising the whole training program 4 months later (C). We also evaluated the changes in their attitudes and feelings about teaching these subjects and their estimate of their teaching skills at two time points (B and C). The data were collected from a written questionnaire. We also monitored their teaching through direct observation by people who spoke Amharic, and through the trainees completing a self-monitoring form. The monitoring and evaluation efforts were built into the structure of the program (including the interventions themselves). They include several complementary approaches: qualitative and quantitative, structured and semi-structured, reported and observed.
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Maturation of auditory evoked potentials in young guinea pigs with binaural conductive hearing loss - Walger, Martin; Laska, Matthias; Schneider, I.; Diekmann, H.; Wedel, H. von (European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 1993)
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Before the Wind Changed: People, places and education in the Sudan - Wood, K. M. E. (African Affairs, 1993)
Journal Article Before the Wind Changed: People, places and education in the Sudan Get access Before the Wind Changed: People, places and education in the Sudan, by Ina Beasley and edited by Janet Starkey. Oxford University Press, 1992. xxiv+483 pp. £30.00 hardback. ISBN 019 726110 8. K. M. E. WOOD K. M. E. WOOD London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 92, Issue 369, October 1993, Pages 630–631, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098682 Published: 01 October 1993
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America's Wild Kingdom: A Nigerian Immigrant Is Shocked by His U.S. High School. - Nzelibe, Jide (Policy Review, 1993)
I looked on with bemusement as an attractive female passed a note to a young man in the first row. Some trite vulgarities were exchanged, my more restive classmates started singing, and the teacher was all but completely ignored. Welcome to the civics course at Northwestern High School in Hyattsville, Maryland, a lower-middle to middle-class suburb of Washington, D.C. Though the above scene is a commonplace to American students, as a recent immigrant raised in a poor but industrious village in Nigeria, I was more than a little shocked. Codes of Conduct My initial impressions of Northwestern were a jumble of mixed messages: mini-billboards and placards constantly advertised the dangers of unsafe sex and drug abuse. Everywhere I looked -- on walls, chalkboards, and in the restrooms -- there were institutional invocations to the lowest common denominators of achievement. The school's public address system constantly eulogized students who made it through the month or week without any absences, or those who were only marginally competent in their studies. By contrast, Nigeria's public school system -- which I attended through grammar school and most of high school -- closely mirrors its parent British system in its emphasis on merit-based results and rigid codes of conduct. Students take examinations on different subjects before they proceed to any grade level, and there are separate testing requirements for graduation from any school level and entrance into another. Most of Nigeria's public high schools have boarding facilities, and I attended a boarding school in the east. As in many American boarding schools, the Nigerian schools administer strict guidelines governing clothing requirements, tardiness, obedience to authority, reading habits, and appropriate behavior. Students who come in after the first bell for class, for example, face corporal punishment or some form of detention. Most of the time the detained students are assigned such menial tasks as cutting the school lawn (by hand, with long blades), or washing and scrubbing the classrooms or cleaning the latrine (which had no plumbing). Consequently, being tardy or absent from class was the exception. Students are obliged to perform various chores -- from cleaning the dorm to fetching water for the school cooks -- irrespective of their class levels or backgrounds. Since the plumbing in my high school was hardly ever in operation, students had to fetch water in buckets from local neighborhoods or streams. A Place Where Grades Matter The academic discipline in Nigerian schools simply mirrors the boarding-school environment. At the end of each term of the Nigerian academic year, students are issued report cards that evaluate their performance in various subject areas as well as their class ranking. Grades really matter: Students who do not rank favorably are admonished strongly by both family members and their peers, and those who rank well are rewarded with praise. This helps foster friendly competition. In life outside the classroom, students often try to best each other by reciting lines of verse from Shakespeare or one of Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka's poems or short stories. Academic programs are rigorous. For example, as a third former in the Nigerian system -- equivalent to the ninth grade -- I placed into an advanced mathematics track for the next grade level. This enabled me to start working on statistics and calculus in my forth form (10th grade). The atmosphere in this class, and other classes, was demanding. Grades never were inflated and sometimes a C was a welcome grade even for a very good student. The level of instruction in the classroom was relatively high and formal; usually the teacher would lecture and students would take notes quietly and ask questions later. Contrast this with U.S. schools: in some of my advanced grade-level classes at Northwestern, teachers constantly used audio-visual aids and other teaching devices. …
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African American Student-Athletes: Academic Support or Institutionalized Racism? - Spigner, Clarence (Education 3-13, 1993)
Introduction In fall 1990, total enrollment of African American students in institutions of higher education was only 9.2 percent compared to 80.2 percent for whites. made-up only 9.7 percent of undergraduate enrollment compared to 79.3 for whites, and only 5.9 percent of graduate students compared with 86.7 percent for whites (National Center for Education Statistics, Table 194, 1992). Yet, African American student-athletes are over-represented in revenue-generating intercollegiate sports like football and men's basketball, with graduation rates consistently falling below their white counterparts (CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, June 17, 1992; Hatchett, 1991; USA TODAY, June 19, 1991). Through external prodding and regulation (i.e. New Jersey senator Bill Bradley's legislation for more disclosure of student-athletes graduation rates), institutions of higher education have responded by intensifying their academic support services. This essay suggest, however, that the present autonomy and power given to what Atwell (1991) calls the enterprise which operates on most college campuses, undermines the educational mission. Academic support services may instead be aiding and abetting a by emphasizing more of a social desire for sports entertainment. Sports, Racial Ideology, And Social Stratification: It is argued here that targeting student-athletes ostensibly to provide academic guidance may in actuality serve to reinforce sports interests over educational pursuits. Such expropriation seems particularly significant (but not exclusive) on white campuses, in part because many such campus illustrate a glaring over-representation of black players (CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, June 17, 1992). To help sustain the American racial status-quo (Davis, 1990, p.180), the I.Q myth (Jensen, 1969), and the promotion of sociobiology (Alper, 1978), the over-representation of young black males in revenue-generating college sports can be used to rationalize the existence of social and stratification. In turn, institutional patterns and policies emerge in higher education which act to absolve the comparatively lower graduation rate of black vis-a-vis white student-athletes (Wiley, 1991). Such patterns and practices can stem from what Knowles and Prewitt (1969) define as institutionalized racism. Society's love affair with sports and the permanence of racism are not mutually exclusive. For examples; Cincinnati Reds owner Marge Schott's and anti-Semitic slurs; former baseball administrator Al Campanis' assessments about black lacking upper level management skills; and former sportscaster Jimmy Greek Snyder's assessment of black genetic advantage in certain sports represent public expressions of what many may privately believed. Even so-call objective news journalism has played a major role in perpetuating mythology with the April 25, 1989 NBC news telecast of Athletes: Fact or Fiction, hosted by Tom Brokaw who tried to justify claims of race-linked athletic abilities (Davis, 1990; Mathisen & Mathisen, 1991). And Hollywood films like White Men Can't Jump continue to reinforce folklore, determinism, and racist ideology (Harris, 1968; Omi & Winant, 1986, p. 62). The Commission on the Study of Black Americans (1989), Hatchett (1989), Omi and Winant (1986) and others report on the declining state of American race relations in spite of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. Specifically, the Commission concluded that though increased participation by blacks in sports entertainment was substantial, Blacks are conspicuously absent from decision-making positions (1989, p. 103). Telander (1989) observed college sports as a participant (as a All-Big-Ten cornerback at Northwestern) and sports writer for Sports Illustrated and concluded it was corrupted from top to bottom; from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) to the players themselves. …
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Strategies for the provision and maintenance of school infrastructure - a case study of primary schools in the Ahanta West District of Ghana - Kubabom, Benedict K.A.N. (1993)
A thesis submitted to the Board of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of a Master of Science Degree in Development Planning and Management, 1993.
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Returns to Education: The Impacts of M.S.U. Training on West African Scientists - Sterns, James A.; Oehmke, James F.; Schwartz, Lisa (Agricultural Economic Report Series, 1993)
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[Students get involved in Uganda]. - Ka, Bakke (PubMed, 1993)
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Food Habits, Nutrition Knowledge and Nutrient Intakes Of Adolescent Students in Selected Boarding Schools in Ghana - Adigbo, E.C.H. (1993)
List of Tables ix List of Figures xi List of Appendices xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Statement of the problem 3 1.2 Objectives 4 1.3 Significance of the Study 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Developmental Characteristics that affect Food Habits 6 2.2. Nutrient Needs of Adolescents 8 2.3 Food Habits of Adolescents 15 2.4 Food Preference of Adolescents 28 2.5 Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents ......... 30 2.6 Nutrient Intakes of Adolescents 31 Page iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh
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Neural tube defects at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. - Anyebuno, M; Amofa, G; Peprah, Sally; Affram, A (PubMed, 1993)
This study involved a retrospective analysis of 19094 delivery records of all infants born at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana, between January 1991 to December 1992. During this two year period, the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) was 1.15/1000 births. Anterior neural tube defects (anencephaly) accounted for 73% and posterior neural tube defects (spina bifida) accounted for 27% of all cases of NTDs. We conclude that NTDs occurs commonly in our subregion. Current available data strongly indicate that periconception folic acid supplementation significantly reduces the prevalence of NTDs. Some of this data is discussed. We strongly recommend preconception folate supplementation in our sub-region.
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Development and Education. International Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century, Second Session (Dakar, Senegal, September 18-22, 1993). - Blondel, Danièle (1993)
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Education and Changing Reproductive Behavior in Ghana - Dodoo, F. Nii Amoo (Sociological Perspectives, 1993)
It has recently been posited by several researchers that a fertility transition is under way in Ghana. Such fertility decline would be the first instance on the west coast of Africa. Data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey allows closer assessment of this earlier speculation. Review of the data suggests that earlier assertions of the existence of fertility transition were premature and hastily drawn from fragmented evidence. Little evidence exists to support any hypothesis of a fertility turnaround in ghana. The findings are, however, cautiously optimistic with some indication that continued increases in the proportion of women with some secondary education may yet induce a fertility transition in the country. The author notes the lack of individual motivation to reduce fertility in Ghana and questions the merit of continuing family planning programs in such an atmosphere. Measures to reach men in family planning messages and to expand the level of women's education are recommended. Success in reducing fertility in Kenya as a result of increasing women's education is noted.
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A survey of intestinal helminths among students of post-primary institution in Adamawa State, Nigeria. - Eb, Alo; Anosike, JC; Jb, Danburan (PubMed, 1993)
A survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis among students of Government Secondary School Girei, Song Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria, between January and July 1991. Of the 200 students between ages ten to thirty-two years old examined, 86 (43.0%) were infected using the formyl ether concentration method. The most commonly found worm were hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura with mean egg per gram of 4,800; 2,600; and 1,250 respectively. Infection was independent of both sexes, and parental occupations (P > 0.05) but decreased significantly with host age and a progressive increase in body weight (P < 0.05). Suggestions are made for the control of helminth parasites in the area.
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Before and after School Desegregation: African-American Parents' Involvement in Schools - Edwards, Patricia A. (Educational Policy, 1993)
In this article, the author summarizes three generations of desegregation efforts since the Brown decision, with the intent to highlight parent voices. The author puts forth arguments that researchers and policymakers should turn their attention to the importance of broader sociocultural facets of desegregation. The author provides recollections from her mother, elementary school principal, and first-grade teacher showing that African-American parents did not have to be formally invited to participate in their children's education before school desegregation. The author also gives her own recollections of PTA meetings, fundraising activities, social gatherings, and visits to her classroom by her mother. She describes the efforts since desegregation to invite African-American parents to become involved in school affairs. She suggests that educators must examine whether African-American parents feel invited or uninvited.
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Adolescents living in boarding houses in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria II: Quality of school meals and snacks and their contribution to nutrient intake - Ene-Obong, Henrietta Nkechi (Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 1993)
The quality of school meals and snacks and their contribution to nutrient intake of 25 male and 25 female adolescents aged 13–18 years were determined. The composition of the meals/snacks were determined by chemical analysis and use of food composition tables. Their quality was determined using the nutrient density concept and their ability to meet the nutritional needs of the adolescents. Average serving sizes of meals consumed by the adolescents were also determined. School meals were found to be higher in moisture and lower in fat contents than most snacks, hence their low energy density. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) for school meals and snacks show that most Nigerian foods/diets are able to provide enough protein and iron when consumed at recommended energy levels. On the other hand, they do not furnish enough calcium. The quantities of school meals/snacks consumed by these adolescents’ were also found to be small. The male adolescents obtained more nutrients from school meals than the female adolescents while females obtained more nutrients from snacks than the male adolescents. School meals contributed 66–79% of the energy, 73–80% of the protein, 55–77% of the calcium, 84–91% of the iron and 65–78% of the phosphorus intake of these adolescents. On the other hand, snacks contributed 21–34% of the energy, 21–27% of the protein, 23–45% of the calcium, 9–16% of the iron and 23–35% of the phosphorus intake of these adolescents. Snacks therefore made substantial contribution to the adolescents nutrient need by contributing in some cases about a third of their daily nutrient requirement and/or actual intake. Strategies for improving the health and performance of adolescents have been suggested.
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Gully development and control on a volcanic ash soil at Olkaria, Kenya - Gitonga, Michael (1993)
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Gully development and control on a volcanic ash soil at Olkaria, Kenya - Gitonga, Michael (1993)
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A formative evaluation of the implementation of a new syllabus and coursebook for secondary schools in Niger - Halilou, Ibrahim (1993)
This is a formative evaluation of a new syllabus and textbook in the area of curriculum development. The multidisciplinary nature of the study is reflected in the conceptual frame of reference derived from principles of materials design (curricula, syllabuses and textbooks), materials analysis, implementation of materials and opinions about those materials of the people involved in implementation. The evaluation has used a multi-faceted approach from ethnographic research methods to present, analyse and interpret the data on design and implementation of a new syllabus and a new textbook, English For The Sahel 6e. for the first year of secondary school in Niger. Arising from the country's new policy of production of teaching and learning materials for secondary schools at the national level, the evaluation analyses the design of locally produced teaching and learning materials on one hand, and the possibility of making them successful materials in the hands of teachers and learners on the other. To do so, four research questions address the problem. The first research question investigates the extent to which there is harmony between the textbook and the syllabus. The same criteria are used to analyse the design of both the syllabus and the textbook. Syllabus and textbook writers cure also interviewed to find out their opinions about the harmony. The conclusion is that there is a partial harmony between the textbook and the syllabus. The second research question assesses the extent to which teachers are implementing the materials as specified by the authors. A series of classroom observations are conducted to assess the implementation procedure. One of the conclusions is that teachers implemented the accuracy focused content and activities of the book and neglected fluency oriented activities. Another conclusion is that the methodology and assessment procedures used by the teachers focused more on product than on process. The third research question looks at the participants’ perceptions of the new materials. Policy-makers, materials developers, teachers and teacher trainers have been interviewed and a questionnaire has been administered to learners. One of the conclusions is that most participants appreciate the materials for their cultural adaptation to the local milieu. For the learner questionnaire, the conclusion is that the accuracy focused content and activities of the book are favourably perceived by the learners and what seems to be innovative and fluency- driven in the textbook is not so much appreciated by the learners. The fourth question assesses the back up measures provided and conditions created for the Implementation stage. The interviews with the participants reveal that supportive measures for the implementation have not been adequately planned at institutional levels for a smooth Implementation of the syllabus and textbook. The evaluation concludes with a series of suggestions for the improvement of the syllabus and textbook, for the preparation of teachers and evaluation, and for the re-organisatlon of the National Institute, the cornerstone of the education policy. The evaluation demonstrates that teacher preparation, collaboration and managerial skills are essential for a successful implementation process. The evaluation contributes to solving practical educational problems in Niger and pioneers curriculum materials evaluation in the education system. The evaluation also contributes a model for use by INDRAP, the National Institute, in the evaluation of other programmes of materials production in different curriculum subjects.
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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FROM AN AFRICAN POINT OF VIEW - Havard‐Williams, P. (Librarian Career Development, 1993)
Stresses the organization of continuing education to promote professional development in Africa. The LIS profession has been helped by willing donors who have done much for professional development, but library systems, departments of LIS and other African institutions must aim to recruit well and provide self‐financed courses and in‐service training. Criteria for attracting staff must include personal qualities as well as educational qualifications. Makes a reference to a Latin American survey by I. Paez‐Urdaneta and its application to the African scene. Library associations still need help to make a contribution to development, and examples of courses are studies from a recent publication by the US Department of Agriculture. Professional development in Africa must take in the challenge of illiteracy at one extreme to telecommunications and computers at the other, if the profession is to make a real contribution to future development.
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Project Swaziland (Part 2): dental caries experience of 12 year old school children. - Jb, Du; Lm, Rossouw; Volschenk, H (PubMed, 1993)
This investigation was conducted to determine the prevalence of dental caries and degree of dental fluorosis in 12-year-old Swazi school children. The prevalence of dental caries was low (33.7 per cent of children experienced caries and the mean DMFT was 0.92) and corresponded with that found in a neighbouring Swazi community (KaNgwane) but differed strikingly from the results of the baseline study by Klausen and Fanoe (1983). The need for curative dental care was mainly for one surface restorations. A need for selective school preventive programmes was identified.
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Education and the “New” Inequality in Papua New Guinea - Johnson, Peggy A. (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 1993)
Literature has been produced over the last fifteen years in Papua New Guinea (PNG) concerned with the increasing level of socioeconomic differentiation which has accompanied political independence. Consensus exists that postcolonial PNG is experiencing increasing disparities in education, wealth, political power, and the general set of benefits typically associated with development and modernization. This author argues that studies of such growing socioeconomic stratification in the country have ignored or dismissed gender as a source of inequality. She focuses upon educational opportunity as the key to wealth and political power and shows that the most educationally disadvantaged group in PNG is rural women. Data to support her thesis are drawn from national censuses, the author's field work in the area of Madang Province, and literature on stratification. The national census includes data from both lowland and highland populations. Since the authors' field site is culturally and ecologically highland, however, the paper focuses upon the highlands, using data from nonhighland areas primarily for comparative purposes.
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The climatology and characteristics of drought in the eastern Cape of South Africa - Jury, Mark R.; Levey, Kevin M. (International Journal of Climatology, 1993)
Abstract Along the south‐eastern seaboard of Africa, a drought‐prone area is found between the humid subtropics and a deser. Convective mid‐summer precipitation in the north‐east is contrasted with stratiform winter rains in the west. Mean annual precipitation is <500 mm while potential evaporation is >2000 mm. According to time series analysis of rainfall records, dry spells recur at intervals of 3·5 and 18·2 years, most notably in the period 1940–1970. By contrast, excessive rainfall characterized the mid‐1970s. Extreme dry and wet years are analysed for circulation, convection and sea‐temperature differences. Below‐normal sea temperatures to the south‐west and east of the study area are associated with drought in the eastern Cape. Circulation differences indicate that low‐level westerly winds sweep across the region, in association with a stationary subtropical westerly wave of wavelength 3000 im and amplitude 1500 km. A positive outgoing longwave radiation anomaly indicative of reduced cloudiness and water vapour is noted in a north‐west—southeast band extending from Namibia across the eastern Cape watershed. Anticyclonic vorticity anomalies of the order of 10 −5 s −1 across the subtropics of southern Africa are common in dry years. Lower divergence to upper convergence anomalies of the order of 2 × 10 −6 s −1 are the driving forces of subsidence over the eastern Cape. The analysis of climatic patterns associated with dry spells will assist in forcasting seasonal rainfall, planning agricultural production, and optimizing water resources.
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Explaining mathematics achievement of mature internal and external students at the University of Papua New Guinea - Kaeley, Gurcham S. (Educational Studies in Mathematics, 1993)
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The Correlates of Premarital Sexual Activity Among School-Age Adolescents in Kenya - Kiragu, K; Zabin, Laurie Schwab (International family planning perspectives, 1993)
About 3000 adolescents enrolled in 46 coeducational primary secondary and vocational schools in Kenya were surveyed in 1989 to investigate factors associated with premarital sexual behavior. Depending on the type of school 48-77% of the males report ever having had coital experience compared with 17-67% of the females. Nearly half the sexually experienced males report multiple sex partners. A multiple regression analysis of the secondary school subsample shows that males who socialize with sexually experienced peers are nearly seven times as likely as those whose peers are not sexually experienced to have had sex themselves; similar females are three times as likely to have had sex. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
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Co-operation in veterinary education between sub-Saharan Africa and the developed countries : experience of the University of Zambia - Kisauzi, D.; Tsutsumi, Yukiyasu; Mlangwa, James E. D. (Revue Scientifique Et Technique De L Office International Des Epizooties, 1993)
As is the case with many other veterinary schools in sub-Saharan Africa, the development of the University of Zambia (UNZA) Veterinary School has been supported largely by aid from the developed countries in the form of general expenditure grants, staff training scholarships and technical assistance. The three major pillars of the policies which have governed interactions between UNZA and donors have been bilateralism, "projectisation" (the supplying of aid within the framework of specific projects) and donor management of aid. These have been blended according to the resources endowed by the donors and the negotiating position of UNZA. The authors discuss the effect of the consequent diverse policies on the development of the UNZA school. It is recognised that high dependence on donors by veterinary schools in sub-Saharan Africa will continue in the future. However, the emerging political and economic integration in the sub-region and in the developed countries, as well as the trend towards early specialisation in the veterinary profession in the developed countries at a time when countries in sub-Saharan Africa still require generalists, will mean that co-operation within a bilateral framework will become less desirable. It is therefore recommended that veterinary schools in sub-Saharan Africa evolve mechanisms for collective aid negotiations and utilisation of aid. Conversely, co-operation between donors in multi-donor supported schools will be essential to minimise rigidity in projects, which tends to undermine the cohesion of multi-donor funded schools.
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BCG scar survey among primary school children in Kenya (1986-1990). - Kwamanga, D; Githui, W.A.; Agwanda, R.; Nderitu, Priscilla W (PubMed, 1993)
Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination is essential in the control of tuberculosis (TB) especially in countries like Kenya where TB is still a public health problem and BCG is given to all children at birth as a matter of policy. The present survey was launched in 1986 to assess both BCG vaccination coverage and to compare its findings with the 1979/81 BCG scar survey results. Using random cluster sampling procedures, all primary school children aged 6-13 years from schools in each of 12 districts were included in the survey. A total of 46357 school children were registered. Of these, 3642 (7.9%) were excluded from the survey for a variety of reasons. Of the remaining 42715 (92.1%) children, 26781 (62.7%) had BCG scars present. Overall there was a significant upward trend of 15% in BCG vaccination coverage in the country. However, in some districts the coverage was found to have fallen quite significantly.In 1986-1990, researchers conducted a BCG scar survey in 360 randomly selected primary schools in 12 districts in Kenya to determine BCG vaccination coverage. They used primary schools because more than 70% of all school age children were enrolled in school. They compared this survey's findings with those of the 1979-1981 BCG scar house-to-house survey. The districts included Elgeyo Marakwet, Kakamega, Kilifi, Kisii, Kitui, Siagya, Kwale, Meru, Muranga, Nakuru, Nairobi, and South Nyanza. The ages of the 42,715 healthy children ranged from 6-13 years old. 26,781 (62.7%) children had a BCG scar, indicating that the National Tuberculosis Control Program had not yet reached its target of 70% BCG vaccination coverage. Nairobi had the highest BCG coverage, while Kisii district had the lowest BCG coverage (82.73% vs. 44.01%). BCG coverage decreased as age increased (p .001). For example, 6-year-old males and females had a BCG coverage rate of 64.43% and 62.39%, respectively, while the corresponding figures for 13-year-olds were 52.93% and 49.13%. BCG vaccination coverage increased significantly between the two surveys (an increase of 15%) (60.8% vs. 62.7%; p .01). South Nyanza district experienced the greatest improvement in BCG coverage between the 2 surveys, while Kilifi district experienced the greatest decline in coverage. The greatest upward trend was observed in the Western and Rift Valley provinces, while the greatest downward trend was observed in the Coast and Eastern provinces.
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New models of school management in South Africa: Licence for change or loophole for separatism? - MacKenzie, Clayton G. (British Journal of Educational Studies, 1993)
(1993). New models of school management in South Africa: Licence for change or loophole for separatism? British Journal of Educational Studies: Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 287-301.
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New Models of School Management in South Africa: Licence for Change or Loophole for Separatism? - MacKenzie, Clayton G. (British Journal of Educational Studies, 1993)
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The prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis and their relationship to social class amongst nursery‐school children in Nairobi, Kenya - Masiga, MA; Holt, R D (International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 1993)
Summary. Four hundred and forty‐six children attending nursery schools in Nairobi were examined for caries and gingivitis. Assessment of social class was based on the occupation of the head of the child's household. Amongst 3‐year‐old children, 62% were caries‐free and the mean dmft was 1.35. Amongst 5‐year‐olds 50% were caries‐free and the mean dmft was 1.88. Thirty‐seven per cent of the children had evidence of gingivitis, with the proportion changing little with age. There was no evidence of either caries or gingivitis being significantly related to social class, although children in the higher classes had more filled teeth. Résumé. Quatre cet quarante six enfants tréquentant des écoles maternelles à Nairobi ont eu leurs dents examinées en ce qui concerne les caries dentaires et les gingivites. Les classes sociales ont été déterminées par la profession du chef de famille. Les enfants âgés de trois ans étaient sans caries à 62% et l'indice CAO moyen élail de 1,35. Les enfants âgés de cinq ans étalent sans caries à 50% et l'indice CAO moyen de 1,88. Les enfants souffraient de gingivites pour 37% et cette proportion changeait peu avec l'âge. Le nombre de caries et les gingivites ne semblaient pas en relation avec la classe sociale mais les enfants des classes sociales les plus élevées avaient plus de dents obturées. Zusammenfassung. 446 Vorschulkinder wurden in Nairobi auf Karies und Gingivitis untersucht. Dabei wurde gestützt auf die Angaben zum Beruf des Haushaltsoberhaupts der soziale Hintergrund der Kinder registriert. Unter den 3jährigen Kindern waren 62% kariesfrei. Der DMFT‐Mittelwert betrug 1,35. Unter den 5jährigen Kindern waren 50% kariesfrei und der DMFT‐Mittelwert betrug 1,88. 37% der Kinder wiesen Anzeichen von Gingivitis auf, wobei sich dieses Verhältnis im bezug auf das Alter kaum änderte. Es bestanden keine Anzeichen dafür, daß das Vorkommen von Karies oder Gingivitis signifikant im Verhältnis zu einem bestimmten sozialen Hintergrund stand, obwohl die Kinder höherer sozialer Schichten mehr gefüllte Zähne aufwiesen. Resumen. La prevalencia de caries y gingivitis fue determinada en 446 niños que asistían a escuelas pre‐primarias de Nairobi. La determinación de la clase social se hizo basada en la ocupación del responsable de la familia en el hogar del niño. En los niños de 3 años de edad, 62% no tuvo caries y la media cpod fue de 1.35. En los niños de 5 anõs de edad, 50% no tuvo caries y la media cpod fue de 1.88. De los niños, 37% tuvo evidencia de gingivitis con muy pocos cambios en la proporción debido a la edad. No hubo evidencia de caries o gingivitis significativamente relacionada con la clase social aún cuando los niños en la clase social alta tenian más dientes restaurados.
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The Multicultural Student's Guide to Colleges: What Every African-American, Asian-American, Hispanic, and Native American Applicant Needs to Know about America's Top Schools - Mitchell, Robert W. (1993)
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Some aspects of the spatial characteristics of drought in northern Nigeria - Oladipo, E. O. (Natural Hazards, 1993)
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The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in a group of urban South African blacks. - Omar, M. A. K.; Seedat, M. A.; Motala, Ayesha A.; Dyer, R. B.; Becker, Piet J. (PubMed, 1993)
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was determined in 479 urbanised South African blacks (141 men and 338 women) of Zulu descent selected by cluster sampling in a suburb of Durban. All subjects underwent a modified glucose tolerance test whereby fasting and 2-hour post-glucose (75 g) plasma glucose levels were measured. On the basis of the revised World Health Organisation criteria, the overall prevalence of diabetes was 4.2% and of IGT 6.9%; the age- and sex-adjusted prevalences were 5.3% and 7.7% respectively. Diabetes mellitus was more common in women (5.2% v. 2.3%), while the reverse was true of IGT (5.5% v. 11.5%). The mean age-adjusted body mass indices (BMIs) of diabetic (31.3 +/- 1.9) and IGT (29.7 +/- 1.9) subjects were significantly higher than those of the group with normal glucose tolerance (28 +/- 0.5). Female subjects with all types of glucose tolerance had significantly higher mean BMIs than men. There was a significant correlation between BMI and both fasting glucose (r = 0.16; P = 0.0039) and 2-hour plasma levels (r = 0.15; P = 0.0065) in the women, while in men only the fasting levels showed such a relationship (r = 0.21; P = 0.01719).
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Informatics in Higher Education: Kenya Case Study - Rodrigues, Anthony; Moturi, Christopher A.; Scot, R J P; Okelo-Odongo, William (Higher Education Policy, 1993)
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Religious Education in Botswana - Sealey, John (British Journal of Religious Education, 1993)
Religious Education in Botswana is in many ways still tied to missionary ideals of a century ago. Two recent studies by Batswana examine some of the limitations of existing school materials, showing that the subject must recognise African culture and become truly educational in character. (Note: ‘Botswana’ = the country, ‘Batswana’ = the people (plural) of Botswana, ‘Motswana’ = a citizen (singular) of Botswana.)
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Who's who among African-American student groups in high school: An exploratory investigation on peer subcultures - Senior, Ann Marie DeBritto; Anderson, Bernice (The Urban Review, 1993)
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An Assessment of Lead Pollution from Vehicle Emissions Along Selected Roadways in Harare (Zimbabwe) - Sithole, Simbarashe; Moyo, N.A.G.; Macheka, M. (International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1993)
Abstract Vehicle emissions where Pb containing gasoline is used contributes to toxic metal urban air pollution and is still a matter of concern. An assessment of the extent of roadside Pb pollution in Harare (Zimbabwe) was undertaken. Pb was measured in soil and vegetation roadside samples. For busy roads Pb levels in soil and vegetation indicated a significant level of Pb pollution in the environment nearby the road. The Pb levels at the kerb of busy roads (Simon Mazorodze Road) were 1480 and 23.3 μg.g−1 in soil and vegetation, respectively, and the levels found for less busy roads (Mutare Road) were 404 and 8.0 μg.g−1 in soil and vegetation samples respectively. The gradual phasing out of the level of Pb in leaded gasoline is suggested.
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Incremental caldera collapse of Suswa volcano, Gregory Rift Valley, Kenya - Skilling, I. P. (Journal of the Geological Society, 1993)
Suswa volcano, located at 1°10′S, 36°20′E, is Quaternary in age ( Following caldera I collapse, phonolite lava flows were erupted from the caldera floor. Centrally-erupted phonolite lava flows led to the construction of Ol Doinyo Onyoke lava cone. A pit-crater on the cone was a precursor to the collapse of caldera II, both of which were generated entirely by magma withdrawal. Regional decompression caused ring-fault bounded, block-resurgence of the caldera floor
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Chemical education in the new South Africa: General chemistry, the "lost" generation, and implications for curriculum reform in the United States - Swiegers, Gerhard F.; Rheeder, Nico; Neth, Edward J. (Journal of Chemical Education, 1993)
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical education in the new South Africa: General chemistry, the "lost" generation, and implications for curriculum reform in the United StatesGerhard F. Swiegers , Nico Rheeder , and Edward J. Neth Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 9, 727Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 September 1993Published inissue 1 September 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ed070p727Request reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
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Project Swaziland (Part 3): periodontal health status of 12 year old school children. - Ts, Gugushe; Lm, Rossouw; J, de Vries (PubMed, 1993)
An investigation on the periodontal disease profile and its treatment implications was conducted on a sample of 12-year-old Swazi schoolchildren of the Kingdom of Swaziland using the CPITN index. Only 1.9 per cent of the pupils in the sample were free of periodontal disease and 64.5 per cent had calculus. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the frequency of calculus accumulation between rural and urban pupils. The mean number of sextants with bleeding and calculus was 4.9 and 2.0 respectively while 98.1 per cent of the pupils required TN1 and 65.4 per cent TN2. It would appear that calculus accumulation occurs at a relatively early age amongst children in Swaziland. Moderately trained dental auxiliaries should constitute the backbone of the primary oral health care service in Swaziland.
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Project Swaziland (Part 4): occlusal status of 12 year old school children. - Volschenk, H; Sj, Briedenhann; Cumber, E; Lm, Rossouw (PubMed, 1993)
The Occlusal Index of Summers (1966) was used to determine the prevalence of occlusal disorders, various features of malocclusion and to estimate the orthodontic treatment needs of 12-year-old Swazi school children in the Kingdom of Swaziland. The results indicate that the current occlusal status of Swazi school children should be maintained and if possible, improved and that the delivery of highly specialised orthodontic treatment procedures is not required.
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African patchwork patterns as symmetry teaching tools - Billiet, Y.; Billiet-Nybelen, M.-P. (Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances, 1993)
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Reconnaissance Report of Damage to Historic Monuments in Cairo, Egypt Following the October 12, 1992 Dahshur Earthquake. - Sykora, David W.; Look, David W.; Croci, Giorgio; Karaesmen, Erhan (1993)
Abstract : On October 12, 1992, a moderate earthquake occurred near Dahshur, Egypt, about 20 km south of Cairo. The intensity of ground shaking at historic districts of Cairo was VI to VII using the Modified Mercalli scale and 212 of 560 monuments in Cairo were reportedly damaged although none destroyed. Damage to historic monuments can be generally described as having resulted from the continuous degradation of foundation and structural masonry from environmental effects, especially groundwater, inadequate lateral structural resistance, and the subsequent imposition of light to moderate earthquake forces. Other large earthquakes have affected old monuments in Cairo, but the recent earthquake may have caused a disproportionate amount of damage because of wide-spread poor structural conditions. This study provides specific examples of how monuments ranging from 80 to about 1500 years in age, in various conditions, respond to near-field motions from a moderate-magnitude earthquake and helps to define problems that research studies can solve. It also provides strong evidence that a preservation strategy be adopted for historic monuments in Cairo that embraces scientific and engineering knowledge to understand these monuments and propose the least invasive repair and retrofit procedures.
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Teaching Rwandan Families to Care for People with AIDS at Home - Schietinger, Helen (Hospice Journal, The, 1993)
AIDS causes disabling symptoms during its chronic and terminal phases. Families throughout the world, whether related to the patient by blood or affection, provide most of the personal care for him or her at home during these phases. Whether the family has access to advanced medical care or not, they can be taught simple comfort measures and nursing care skills that will improve the well-being of the patient. In Rwanda, a small country in east-central Africa, Red Cross volunteers were trained to teach these skills. The volunteers then returned to their villages to help local families. Six months later, 24 of these families were interviewed about the impact of the volunteers' visits. Families indicated they had benefited from being taught the caregiving skills. They also appreciated the emotional support attendant to the volunteers' visits. In summary, the training course enabled volunteers both to enhance family nursing care skills and to provide emotional support to families caring for people with AIDS at home. This training can also be used by volunteers to assist families caring for members ill with other endemic chronic infectious diseases.
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The Structure of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale among Egyptian Students: A Reply - Abdel‐Khalek, Ahmed M.; Beshai, James A. (Psychological Reports, 1993)
Reply to Lester's comments on the varied, i.e., not universal, factor structures for groups of Filipino and Egyptian women rests on both an ontic or experiential level and an ontological level.
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Surgical services and training in the context of national health care policy: the Malawi experience. - Adeloye, A (PubMed, 1993)
Malawi has a pyramidal health care structure, featuring at its broad base health centres and outreach stations in villages and rural areas; at the middle the district hospitals which receive cases from the villages and outreach health stations, and at its narrow apex the few central hospitals one of which is located in each of the three regions as a referral centre. Primary health care is practised at the health centres mostly by paramedical workers. The district hospitals are manned by general duty doctors and the central hospitals by specialists. Medical auxiliaries (clinical officers and medical assistants) play a vital role in the surgical and anaesthetic services of Malawi. Surgical education is community based and aims at providing staff for the various tiers of the health care pyramid, the surgical training being now jointly supervised by both government and non-government organizations and the new College of Medicine of Malawi. The internship programme is designed to prepare doctors for service in the districts where the bulk of their clinical hospital duties is of a surgical nature.
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[The East African training center of radiologists in Nairobi (Kenya)]. - At, Djédjé; Vasile, N (PubMed, 1993)
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Impact of Schistosoma haematobium infection and of praziquantel treatment on anaemia of primary school children in Bertoua, Cameroon. - Befidi-Mengue, R; Ratard, Raoult; Beltrán, Germán; D’Alessandro, Antonio; Rice, John R.; Befidi-Mengue, R; Kouemeni, L.; Cline, Barnett L. (PubMed, 1993)
There is some debate as to the extent to which Schistosoma haematobium haematuria may be the cause of anaemia. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of a single 40 mg kg-1 dose of praziquantel on anaemia. Since praziquantel does not reduce the hookworm intensity of infection (a major cause of anaemia in children in the area) changes in the prevalence of anaemia in the study population should be due only to the elimination of S. haematobium. Seven hundred and seventy-one primary schoolboys from Bertoua (East Cameroon) were divided into four groups: high infection, moderate infection treated with praziquantel or placebo, and non-infected. Haemoglobin concentrations of the children were determined at the onset of the study and 6 months after the praziquantel intervention. Mean haemoglobin concentrations were not significantly different for no infection or for mild or heavy infection by S. haematobium. A factorial analysis of variance using S. haematobium intensity of infection, malaria and intestinal parasite infections and age as independent variables and haemoglobin concentration as the dependent variable show that only age and malaria infection show a significant relationship with haemoglobin concentration. Despite treatment with praziquantel, all the children in the treatment groups had lower mean haemoglobins 6 months after intervention. A factorial analysis of variance using age, malaria infection and the treatment category as independent variables and the difference in haemoglobin concentration as the dependent variable shows that only malaria infection showed a significant relationship with haemoglobin concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Learning by doing: Developing a programme planning method in Morocco - Collion, Marie-Hélène; Kissi, Ali (Public Administration and Development, 1993)
Public Administration and DevelopmentVolume 13, Issue 3 p. 261-270 Article Learning by doing: Developing a programme planning method in Morocco Marie-Héléne Collion, Marie-Héléne Collion Agriculture Division of the Sahel Department at the World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20433, USASearch for more papers by this authorAli Kissi, Ali Kissi Head of the Programming Division of INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), PO Box 415, Rabat R.P. MarokkoSearch for more papers by this author Marie-Héléne Collion, Marie-Héléne Collion Agriculture Division of the Sahel Department at the World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20433, USASearch for more papers by this authorAli Kissi, Ali Kissi Head of the Programming Division of INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), PO Box 415, Rabat R.P. MarokkoSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1993 https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230130308Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue3Special Issue: Managing Agricultural ResearchAugust 1993Pages 261-270 RelatedInformation
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Right-Wing Authoritarianism Among White South African Students: Its Measurement and Correlates - Duckitt, John (The Journal of Social Psychology, 1993)
Abstract The psychometric properties and correlates of the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (RWA Scale; Altemeyer, 1981) were investigated using a sample of White South African students (N = 217). Traditional measures of authoritarianism have performed particularly badly in such settings. The RWA scale was factorially unidimensional and highly reliable, and correlated powerfully with validity criteria of authoritarianism, such as civil liberties stance, anti-Black prejudice and discrimination, liberalism/conservatism, and acceptance of parental religious beliefs. The particularly strong correlation with anti-Black prejudice contradicted influential previous findings suggesting that this correlation would be very weak in settings where racism was widespread or normative.
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Studies on the training needs of extension workers on thresholds in cotton IPM in Zambia - Iqbal, Javaid (International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1993)
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The case for non‐formal vocational education for out‐of‐school youths in rural Malawi - Kishindo, Paul (Development Southern Africa, 1993)
Malawi's literacy rate for people aged 15 years and above is estimated at 48,3 percent. The high level of illiteracy impedes the exchange of information and so also socio‐economic development. The government of Malawi launched the functional literacy programme so that those without formal education could achieve numeracy and literacy and also education for socio‐economic development. The programme has failed to attract the youth, whose major concern is getting a job or self‐employment that would enable them to earn a cash income. It is argued here that literacy education should feed into apprenticeship training and that this would help to alleviate poverty in the country.
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The case for non‐formal vocational education for out‐of‐school youths in rural Malawi - Kishindo, Paul (Development Southern Africa, 1993)
Malawi's literacy rate for people aged 15 years and above is estimated at 48,3 percent. The high level of illiteracy impedes the exchange of information and so also socio‐economic development. The government of Malawi launched the functional literacy programme so that those without formal education could achieve numeracy and literacy and also education for socio‐economic development. The programme has failed to attract the youth, whose major concern is getting a job or self‐employment that would enable them to earn a cash income. It is argued here that literacy education should feed into apprenticeship training and that this would help to alleviate poverty in the country.
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Perceptions of the Leadership Role of Deans of Students in the Public Universities of Kenya - Maronga, Geoffrey Bosire (1993)
This study concerns the leadership behavior of the deans of students in the four public universities of Kenya and their constituent colleges. Both the real and ideal versions of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire and the demographic questionnaire developed under the auspices of faculty advisors were used to collect data from 10 deans of students, 55 student affairs staff members, and 130 student leaders--who constituted the sample of 195 who responded from the chosen population. Data were analyzed using a series of one-way analyses of variance utilizing the f test of statistical difference. Fisher's least significant difference test, a multiple comparison procedure, was utilized to make all pairwise comparisons which were detected by the ANOVA to differ significantly from one-another among the respective mean ratings of the three groups surveyed. Twelve hypotheses were developed and tested, and the major findings included: There were significant differences among the perceptions of the deans of students, student affairs staff members, and student leaders regarding the real and ideal leadership behavior of the deans of students concerning initiating structure and consideration--the two leadership dimensions surveyed on the questionnaire.
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Learning Literacy in Papua New Guinea: Which "Language"?. - Moody, James (1993)
A major controversy in education in Papua New Guinea (FNG) has been the.choice of language for initial literacy education. It is now generally accepted by academics, education leaders, and politicians that this should be a language already spoken by the learner. Research suggests that this will contribute to better, not worse skills in English at a later point. However, another issue to be considered is the kind of language (formal or vernacular) to be taught. In early PNG colonial history, written language was seen by native people as an almost mystical force because of the uses to which it was put by the Europeans. Cognitive skills required for literacy include visual skills to make the connection between sounds and symbols, skills for linking linguistic structure and meaning, and skills in the ability to decontextualize language. Literacy materials should be produced or selected according to two main criteria: the language used must be real (meaningful) to the learner; and there must be a match between the materials and the learner's cognitive skills. Use of pictures in literacy materials also provides context for written text. A source of materials to be exploited is the newspaper. Several newspaper items in pidgin and standard English are
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Pollution of the River Niger and its main tributaries - Nwokedi, G. I. C.; Obodo, G. A. (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1993)
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Sn to Sg conversion and focusing along the Atlantic Margin, Morocco: Implications for earthquake hazard evaluation - Şeber, Dog̃an; Barazangi, Muawia; Tadili, B.; Ramdani, Mohamed; Ibenbrahim, Aomar; Sari, D. Ben; Alami, Sidi Otman El (Geophysical Research Letters, 1993)
Digital data from a telemetered, short‐period seismic network in Morocco provide a new perspective for understanding the cause of severe shaking and macroseismic reports in Morocco produced by large, offshore earthquakes located along the Azores‐Gibraltar seismic zone. Even though the earthquake epicenters are 500–1000 km away from the Moroccan coast, historical records show that such events are capable of producing considerable damage in inland areas. We analyze 15 earthquakes that occurred in this region. The records show multiple S phases with varying frequencies and amplitudes. The S phase with the largest amplitude, usually misinterpreted as Sn, has a phase velocity of 4.2–4.4 km s −1 . We show that these S arrivals can best be explained as Sn to Sg converted phases. Calculated locations of the conversion points for these phases exhibit two distinct zones almost parallel to the Atlantic coastline: one is located along the passive continental margin and the other is located about 100 km inland from the coastline. We interpret these two zones to be regions where a sudden change in crustal thickness occurs. Such zones act to focus and magnify the amplitudes of seismic phases. This interpretation explains the unusually strong felt reports within Morocco from such distant offshore events, and it has a significant effect on earthquake hazard evaluation and mitigation studies.
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The Placement of Exceptional Students in Nigeria and the United States of America. - Obiakor, Festus E. (1993)
This report compares and contrasts special education and least restrictive environment requirements for children with disabilities in Nigeria and the United States. The implementation of special education policies in both countries is discussed, including policies in the following areas: referral and identification, nondiscriminatory assessment, parental consent, procedural safeguards, least restrictive environment, and individualized education programming. Results of the comparison found the focus in Nigeria to be indiscriminate integration while in the United States the direction is full inclusion based on the least restrictive environment. Recommendations are offered for Nigeria's education system, such as a mandatory special education law, procedural safeguards and due process, training of specialists and related professionals, and maximizing student potential. Recommendations for the United States focus on putting laws into practical perspectives, accountability of special education personnel and programs, and appropriate placements. (Contains 18 references.) (CR) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. * *********************************************************************** THE PLACEMENT OF EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FESTUS E. OBIAKOR, PH.D. EMPORIA STATE UNIVERSITY WILLIE A. BRAGG, PH.D. VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY GREGORY P. MALTBY, ED.D. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION received (ERIC) is document has been reproduced as i from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) THIS ARTICLE IS THE RESULT OF A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION THIRD BIENNIAL CONFERENCE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA, JULY 7, 1993. SPECIAL THANKS TO REBECCA L. ATENCIA, ROBINETTE P. JONES, IRMA A. PLAZA FOR THEIR SUPPORT.
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Up-dating rates of return to education: Zimbabwe in the late 1980s - Bennell, Paul; Malaba, J. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1993)
This article presents social and private rates of return to four levels of education — primary, lower and upper secondary and higher education — in Zimbabwe in the late 1980s. The results of this research clearly indicate that rates of return to education in Zimbabwe do not conform to the common ROR patterns that have been widely observed in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. The principal explanation for this is that labour market conditions for school leavers and university graduates in Zimbabwe in the late 1980s were very different from the conditions that typically prevailed in African countries during the 1960s and 1970s when the majority of education rates of return studies were undertaken.
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Education and Training Outcomes : University Graduates in Zimbabwe during the 1980s - Bennell, Paul; Ncube, Mkhululi (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1993)
Despite the undoubted importance of university educated personnel, relatively little is known about what graduates from UZ have done once they have completed their studies. The university itself conducted a first destination survey of graduates in 1989 (University of Zimbabwe, 1990) but no comprehensive tracer surveys have been undertaken of graduates who have been in the labour market for at least a few years. This article summarises the findings of a tracer survey of two groups of UZ graduates who first enrolled at the university in 1980-1981 and 1985. When properly undertaken (in particular when response rates are reasonably high), tracer surveys provide invaluable information on the current activities of individuals who have completed specific types of education and training. In fact, tracer surveys are increasingly seen as an integral component of a new approach to ‘manpower planning’ which relies primarily on micro-level ‘labor market analysis’ of well delineated occupations or occupational groups. (Bennell et al, 1991; Godfrey, 1991; Psacharopoulos, 1991)
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Metal concentrations in feathers of birds from Papua New Guinea forests: Evidence of pollution - Burger, Joanna; Laska, Mark S.; Gochfeld, Michael (Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1993)
Abstract We used the feathers of seven species of birds from New Guinea highland forests to examine concentrations of heavy metals and selenium. We tested the null hypotheses that there were no species, food type, or elevation differences in the concentrations of mercury, lead, cadmium, selenium, chromium, and manganese in the feathers of adults. All species had nondetectable levels of mercury (< 10 ppb). There were significant species differences in cadmium, lead, chromium, selenium, and manganese. Common smokey honeyeaters ( Melipotes fumigatus , a fruit and flower feeder) had the lowest levels of all metals; blue‐grey robin ( Peneothello cyanus , mainly insectivorous) had the highest cadmium and manganese; and several species of birds of paradise (mainly frugivorous) had the highest lead levels. Lead levels were relatively high compared to those reported from feathers of other birds, attributable to the use of leaded gasoline.
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Maternal education and marital fertility in four African countries. - Chimere‐Dan, Orieji (PubMed, 1993)
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THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA - Curtin, Timothy (African Affairs, 1993)
Journal Article THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA Get access TIMOTHY CURTIN TIMOTHY CURTIN Timothy Curtin has since 1988 been Investment Adviser, on secondment from Crown Agents to a World Bank Technical Assistance programme, in the Department of Finance and Planning, Government of Papua New Guinea. The second section of this paper draws on the writer's contribution ‘All Taxation is Graduate Taxation’ to the World Bank's Symposium on Higher Education (see Summaries, IBRD, Washington, 31st March 1992). The writer is grateful for comments then by G. Psacharopoulos, M. Woodhall, and W. Rees, and, on drafts of this paper, by A. P. Thirlwall and Pamela Swadling, but none of these nor his employers are responsible for views expressed or any errors Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 92, Issue 368, July 1993, Pages 417–430, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098643 Published: 01 July 1993
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Drought-tolerant Cassava for Africa, Asia, and Latin America - El‐Sharkawy, Mabrouk A. (Bioscience (Print), 1993)
Journal Article Drought-tolerant Cassava for Africa, Asia, and Latin America: Breeding projects work to stabilize productivity without increasing pressures on limited natural resources Get access Mabrouk A. El-Sharkawy Mabrouk A. El-Sharkawy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 43, Issue 7, July/August 1993, Pages 441–451, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311903 Published: 01 August 1993
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Nutritional status of urban Nigerian school children relative to the NCHS reference population. - Fa, Ukoli; Ll, Adams-Campbell; Ononu, J; Mu, Nwankwo; Chanetsa, Fungai (PubMed, 1993)
The present study assessed the growth problems in an indigenous African population of Nigerian urban public school children. The study population consisted of 1390 Nigerian children (predominantly Igbo), 718 boys and 672 girls, ages 4-10 years. Compared to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference population, the Nigerian children had an excess prevalence of both short stature and underweight. The prevalence of short stature was 14.2% for the boys and 17.4% for the girls. Approximately 20% of the children were underweight whereas less than 1% were considered overweight. These data demonstrate an excess of both acute and chronic malnutrition relative to the NCHS reference population.In 2 urban primary schools in Benin City, Nigeria, over a 3-month period, research assistants came to the classrooms of 1390 children aged 4-10 years to take anthropometric measurements so researchers could compare the nutritional status of these school children with that of a US reference population. The Nigerian school children were much shorter than the US reference population. Specifically, boys were at the 32.4 percentile and girls were at the 31.5 percentile. Further, more than 66% of the children fell in percentiles lower than the 40th percentile for height for age. 19.9 and 19.7 were the mean weight for age percentiles for boys and girls. Almost 85% of the children were below the 40th percentile of the US reference population for weight for age. More than 80% were below the 40th percentile for weight for height. 14.2% of boys and 17.4% of girls were short for their age. 19.5% of boys and 21.1% of girls were undernourished (i.e., underweight). Just less than 1% were overweight. The researchers called for further research to learn more about interpretation of growth patterns and problems between developing and developed countries, since a US reference may not be suitable for all populations.
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A Dilemma for Music Education in Ghana - Flolu, E. James (British Journal of Music Education, 1993)
Ghana, a former British colony, has, since 1987, embarked on a massive programme of educational reform. With regard to music education, there seems to be a conflict of opinions and objectives; between those of the curriculum planners on one hand, and the music teachers on the other. This paper examines recent literature on this topic, together with current debates about how music is to function at the basic level in the new system.
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HIV infection among secondary school students in Djibouti, horn of Africa: knowledge, exposure and prevalence. - Gr, Rodier; Jj, Morand; Olson, John S.; Dm, Watts; Said-Salah (PubMed, 1993)
A study of HIV infection among secondary school students was conducted in Djibouti in February 1990 during a national hepatitis survey. Serology was negative for HIV and syphilis among 294 students (ages 14 to 20 years) in spite of a dramatic increase of HIV seropositivity (as high as 41%), and a high level of syphilis positive serology (up to 46%) among adult high-risk groups such as street prostitutes. Results of a face-to-face interview of these pupils indicated that 64% had a basic knowledge of AIDS. As expected, a much better knowledge of AIDS was found among those who recently received AIDS education. However, 80% of secondary school teenagers did not consider themselves at risk for acquiring HIV. Transmission of HIV among school-children would be possible through sexual activity (22% stated to be sexually active) or parenteral therapy (75% had received at least one intramuscular injection), and not likely through blood transfusion or intravenous drug abuse. Results, close to those of a similar study in Zimbabwe, suggest that AIDS education programme should be given to all secondary school pupils and include public health lectures on syphilis, tuberculosis, and HIV infection.In February 1990 in Djibouti, a study of 147 male and 147 female students (data obtained from a national hepatitis survey) aimed to determine knowledge about AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual experience; exposure to HIV infection; the potential weight of sexual and parenteral routes of HIV infection; and the significance of their exposure to HIV infection. Students represented all the secondary schools in the capital city. None of the students tested seropositive for HIV or syphilis, even though as many as 41% and 46% of high risk adults (e.g., prostitutes) tested positive for HIV and syphilis, respectively. 21.2%, 5.6%, 2.7% and 0.68%, and 0.5% tested positive for anti-hepatitis B (HB) s antibody, HBs antigen, anti-HBe antibody, HBe antigen, and delta hepatitis respectively. Anti-HBs seropositivity rose linearly with age (p .01). About 64% had basic knowledge about AIDS. Almost 100% had at least heard of it. Special lectures on AIDS during a recent national campaign likely contributed to the higher knowledge level among the 18-year-old students. 88.1% of all students wanted more information about AIDS. Boys were more likely to want to learn more about AIDS than girls (91.8% vs. 84.3%; p = .047). About 40% of the students knew about tuberculosis (TB). 78.6% wanted more information about TB. Boys were more likely to be sexually active than were girls (40.8% vs. 2.7%; p .01). Sexual activity increased with age among boys (p .01). 51.6% of sexually active students never used condoms. Just 24.2% always used them. 80% of students did not consider themselves to be at risk for HIV infection. Almost all students had previously been exposed to the risk of parenteral infection, especially vaccines (99%) and intramuscular injections (75.2%). No one had used intravenous drugs. These findings suggested the need for AIDS education for secondary school students which covers HIV prevalence in Djibouti, TB, syphilis, and HIV transmission via sexual and parenteral routes.
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A School-Based Support Group for Urban African American Parents - Greif, Geoffrey L. (Children & Schools, 1993)
This article describes a school-based support group attempting to meet the needs of African American parents in an urban area that has been depicted by the media and the parents themselves as unsafe. The group, called “Help! My kids are driving me crazy!” is open to parents, grandparents, and relatives with children attending the school being served. Empowerment theory, a key element in working with oppressed populations, is used to guide practice. Group theory and family therapy theory are also used. Issues of structure, coleadership, and racial difference are explored. Common concerns raised by the parents are discussed, as are efforts to change the perception of the neighborhood.
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Preschool Provision and the Development of Education in Eretz Israel (Palestine), 1898-1948 - Irám, Yaacov (Journal of Educational Administration and History, 1993)
L'A. presente l'education des jeunes enfants en Israel et etudie les differents facteurs (externes et internes au pays) qui ont favorise son developpement
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Preschool Provision and the Development of Education in Eretz Israel (Palestine), 1898-1948 - Irám, Yaacov (Journal of Educational Administration and History, 1993)
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Death Anxiety and Death Denial: Nigerian and Australian Students' Metaphors of Personal Death - McLennan, Jim; Akande, Adebowale; Bates, Glen (The Journal of Psychology, 1993)
Abstract Ninety-two Nigerian students and 114 Australian students completed Tempter's (1970) Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and Feifel and Nagy's (1981) death fantasy measure of positive and negative death metaphors. They were each also asked to write his or her own metaphor of personal death. Results of the DAS showed that the two groups did not differ significantly on the level of conscious death anxiety, but Nigerian students' scores were significantly higher on both positive and negative personal death metaphors scales. Also, significantly more Nigerian students wrote personal metaphors of their own and more often used a neutral metaphor to describe their personal death. Australian students more often used a positive or a negative metaphor. The Nigerian students thus evidenced less death denial than the Australian students did.
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The evaluation of teacher professional competencies in former non-white Namibian schools - Mkandawire, Donton S.J.; Marira, Chipo (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1993)
The relationship between teacher competence and learner progress has been a subject of lively debate for several decades, particularly in the first world countries. This subject has also attracted widespread attention in Namibia, especially after independence because it has been suggested that teacher competence, particularly in former black schools is ineffective and encourages rote learning and little thinking. The national examination low pass rates continue to be an area of great concern. With the examination reforms currently under way in the country in which continuous assessment mil play a major role in evaluation, concern has been raised regarding teacher competence in educational assessment of students. The study discusses the integration of theory and practice by teachers in former non-white schools and the impact this has on the evaluation of their professional competencies in teaching and educational assessment of their students.
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The teaching of medicine at the University Centre for Health Sciences Yaounde, Cameroon: its concordance with the Edinburgh Declaration on Medical Education - Monekosso, G. L. (Medical Education, 1993)
The University Centre for Health Sciences (UCHS) or as it is referred to in French 'Centre Universitaire des Sciences de la Santé' (CUSS), became functional in 1969 with the enrollment of the first group of students. The objective of this training programme was to produce a scientifically sound, multipurpose doctor who would be fully operational in a rural setting with minimal equipment and supplies (Monekosso 1970, 1972). The graduate had to be able to adapt readily to new situations and improvise whenever possible, calling for a high degree of competence and initiative. The training strategies adopted by UCHS in 1969 which met this requirement were later found to be in close concordance with the tenets of the World Conference on Medical Education held in Edinburgh in 1988, the Edinburgh Declaration. While some of the terminology may not have been worked out at the time, the programme developed embraced some new concepts hitherto untried or undeveloped: the problem-solving approach in the first to the sixth year; an integrated teaching approach during the first to sixth year of medical training; an integrated medicine internship in district hospitals in the sixth year; a community-based training approach throughout the training; team training of three different health professionals; competency-based training; health services linked research; health services linked training (Monekosso & Quenum 1978). The concordance of this programme to the Edinburgh Declaration is of great interest in realizing the World Federation for Medical Education programme and implementing the Edinburgh Declaration. The involvement of the three innovative medical schools in the planning stage of the curriculum explains this concordance.
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Impacts of floods and drought on the development of water resources of Kenya: case studies of Nyando and Tana catchments - Ongwenyi, George S.; Denga, Fred Go; Abwao, P.; Kitheka, Johnson U. (1993)
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Schooling And The Drought In Zimbabwe: The Views And Reactions Of Primary School Senior Teachers - Pattman, Rob; Shumba, Tamuka (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1993)
This report presents the findings of a questionnaire survey carried out among a group of primary school senior teachers with at least 10 years teaching experience who attended an in-service course at Masvingo Teachers’ college in 1992. The survey sought their views about the effects of the drought on the demeanor, behavior and performance of pupils in their schools, and the measures, if any, which they had taken and would want Central Government to take to alleviate the problems their schools were experiencing as a result of the drought. According to the accounts of our respondents the impact of the drought on schooling was most serious in the rural areas. Respondents teaching in rural areas were more likely, than their urban counterparts, to report drought-related attitudinal and behavioral changes in pupils, curricular changes, higher absentee rates, higher proportions of children coming to school on empty stomachs and traveling long distances, and measures which the school had taken to alleviate the effects of the drought. Our respondents were unanimous in advocating forms of Government intervention, usually related to the setting up of supplementary-feeding schemes. This suggested that all our respondents, urban and rural, viewed the drought as having a negative impact on their schools, and potential solutions to the problem as being beyond the scope of local school or community based initiatives which This report presents the findings of a questionnaire survey carried out among a group of primary school senior teachers with at least 10 years teaching experience who attended an in-service course at Masvingo Teachers’ college in 1992. The survey sought their views about the effects of the drought on the demeanor, behavior and performance of pupils in their schools, and the measures, if any, which they had taken and would want Central Government to take to alleviate the problems their schools were experiencing as a result of the drought. According to the accounts of our respondents the impact of the drought on schooling was most serious in the rural areas. Respondents teaching in rural areas were more likely, than their urban counterparts, to report drought-related attitudinal and behavioral changes in pupils, curricular changes, higher absentee rates, higher proportions of children coming to school on empty stomachs and traveling long distances, and measures which the school had taken to alleviate the effects of the drought. Our respondents were unanimous in advocating forms of Government intervention, usually related to the setting up of supplementary-feeding schemes. This suggested that all our respondents, urban and rural, viewed the drought as having a negative impact on their schools, and potential solutions to the problem as being beyond the scope of local school or community based initiatives which 'lacked Government funding. Some indicated feelings of frustration with what they perceived as Government inactivity. Some reported feeling estranged from the community as a result of the drought, while others suggested that the drought had enhanced staff- community relations.'lacked Government funding. Some indicated feelings of frustration with what they perceived as Government inactivity. Some reported feeling estranged from the community as a result of the drought, while others suggested that the drought had enhanced staff- community relations.
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Teenage sexual activity in Zambia: the need for a sex education policy - Pillai, Vijayan K.; Yates, Donald L. (Journal of Biosocial Science, 1993)
Summary Data from a study of teenage sexual activity among secondary school girls show the need for a sex education policy as a first step in controlling teenage fertility in Zambia. A large proportion of teenage females enter into close relationships with males at young ages and a high proportion of young females have engaged in sexual intercourse. Most of these sexually active females do not use family planning methods even though a large proportion of them have heard of modern methods. The teenagers receive very little sex education from their parents and a modern institutional sex education programme is needed.
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Coping and control: science teaching strategies in Botswana - Prophet, R. B.; Rowell, Patricia M. (International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 1993)
In the midst of a massive expansion of the Botswana Education system at junior secondary level, the Integrated Science curriculum is seen as successful by senior Ministry officials and is in operation in the schools. A classroom observation study of the implementation of this science curriculum has, however, revealed large discrepancies from Ministry intentions. Teaching and learning in the schools is in a second language, English, which means the exchange of ideas is problematic for many students. Concentrating on verbal interactions in the classrooms and using an analysis based on the exercise of power, this paper identifies recurrent teaching strategies utilized by teachers and their effect on the learning environment. It offers a descriptive analysis of the effect of this teacher‐centered approach on the development of manipulative skills which, it is claimed, are central to the curriculum.
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Historian and Teacher - My Africa. By W. E. F. Ward. Accra: Ghana Universities Press, 1991. Pp. 266. $17 (£9.50 paperback). - Rathbone, Richard (Journal of African history (Print), 1993)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
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Impairment of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and glucuronidation activities in liver and small intestine of rat and guinea pig in vitro by piperine - Reen, Rashmeet K.; Jamwal, Deshvir S.; Taneja, Subhash C.; Koul, Jawahar L.; Dubey, Raghvendra K.; Wiebel, Friedrich J.; Singh, Jaswant (Biochemical Pharmacology, 1993)
The effects of piperine, a major ingredient of black pepper, on UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDP-GDH) and glucuronidation potentials of rat and guinea pig liver and intestine were studied. Piperine caused a concentration-related strong inhibition of UDP-GDH (50% at 10 microM) reversibly and equipotently, in both tissues. Partially purified rat liver UDP-GDH was used to obtain the kinetic values at pH optima of 9.4 and 8.6. At pH 9.4: KmUDP-glucose = 15 microM, Vmax = 5.2 nmol NADH/min/mg protein, Ki = 6 microM. With NAD, a Ki of 16 microM was obtained. At pH 8.6: Km = 35 microM, Vmax = 7.5 nmol, Ki = 15 microM. In all of these cases, piperine caused non-competitive inhibition. Data from structure-activity comparisons of piperine analogs indicated that the presence of conjugated double bonds in the side chain of the molecule is a factor in piperine inhibition. However, the UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) contents were decreased less effectively by piperine in isolated rat hepatocytes compared with enterocytes of guinea pig small intestine. Piperine at 50 microM caused a marginal decrease of UDPGA in hepatocytes when the rate of glucuronidation of 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BP) decreased by about 40%. The decrease obtained at 10 microM piperine in intestinal cells was comparable to that obtained at 50-100 microM in hepatocytes. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities towards 3-OH-BP (UGT1A1) and 4-OH-biphenyl (UGT2B1) were also determined. Piperine did not affect the rate of glucuronidation of 4-OH-biphenyl in rat liver, whereas that of 3-OH-BP was impaired significantly. In guinea pig small intestine, both these activities were inhibited significantly requiring less than 25 microM piperine to produce a more than 50% inhibition of UGT(s). The results suggested that (i) piperine is a potent inhibitor of UDP-GDH, (ii) inhibition is offered exclusively by the conjugated double bonds of the molecule, and (iii) piperine exerts stronger effects on intestinal glucuronidation than in rat liver.
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The effects of family background on pupils' academic achievement in Mozambique - Robinson, Elizabeth A. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1993)
Abstract This paper analyses the effects of family background on the academic achievement of secondary school pupils in Mozambique and uses measures of family background that are broader than some previous studies. Data on family background and academic achievement were collected from 829 Grade 6–11 pupils in six secondary schools in 1986. The findings suggest that class-based subcultures were becoming established in Mozambique and that family lifestyles, especially the use of Portuguese in the home, had a significant influence on academic achievement, though failure rates were also unusually high among elite children. Though the Mozambican school system has changed since 1986, these data provide a basis for further study.
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Mobility Training in Kenya - Saya, Francis (British Journal of Visual Impairment, 1993)
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Blindness in Africa: Zimbabwe schools for the blind survey. - Schwab, Larry; Kagame, K (British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1993)
An ophthalmic assessment survey of 430 students in Zimbabwe's two schools for the blind was conducted in 1988. Bilateral corneal opacity was found to be responsible for 75% of all blindness among institutionalised blind students. Thirteen per cent of the study patients could gain improved vision through either ocular surgical intervention or spectacle correction. Findings in this survey are similar to those from other schools for the blind elsewhere in Africa.
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Nature of Science (NOS) in Science Education: Possibilities and Constraints in a Developing Country, Zimbabwe - Shumba, Overson (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1993)
This paper examines contemporary thinking and understanding of the nature of science and science learning and attempts to show how this understanding can help African systems achieve their modem science and technology (S & T) education goals. A brief survey of traditional western science is given as a prelude to a discussion of current notions on the nature of science particularly aspects related to the relationship between observation and theory, methods of science and school practical work. In addition to identifying common distortions on the nature of science, many factors that typically influence the quality of science education are discussed particularly in relation to professionally empowering the African science teacher.
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A South African odyssey in community health: a memoir of the impact of the teachings of Sidney Kark. - Susser, Mervyn (American Journal of Public Health, 1993)
A South African odyssey in community health: a memoir of the impact of the teachings of Sidney Kark. M SusserCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.83.7.1039 Published Online: October 07, 2011
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Modelling the aquifer recovery after a long duration drought in Burkina Faso. - Thiéry, Dominique; Diluca, C.; Diagana, Bassirou (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 1993)
The water level in an observation well in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) in a granite environment has been monitored for 13 years. The water level has been analyzed with a lumped-parameter rainfall-level hydrological model. The model simulates the aquifer level through a daily balance between the observed rainfall data and the estimated potential evapotranspiration and is calibrated by comparison with the observed levels. In 1988 the model was calibrated on the eight years data, when the declining trend of the level was observed. After calibration and calculation of the confidence limits the model was used for the simulation of a groundwater level response to more abundant rainfall. In 1992, when five further years of records were available, the model was used again without any recalibration. It appeared that the model, though calibrated during a declining period, was reliable and could predict very accurately the stabilization of the decline and the beginning of the rise. This case study demonstrate clearly the efficiency of lumped- parameter hydrological model in analyzing the sensitivity of aquifers to droughts.
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Assessing the Need for Alcohol Abuse Programs for African‐American College Students - Williams, Julian; Newby, Robert G.; Kanitz, Hugo E. (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 1993)
The authors compare Black and White college student alcohol and other drug use. Significant differences were noted showing alcohol abuse to be less of a problem for Black students.
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Recent eruptive episodes of the Rungwe volcanic field (Tanzania) recorded in lacustrine sediments of the Northern malawi rift - Williams, Thomas M.; Henney, P. J.; Owen, R. Bernhart (Journal Of African Earth Sciences, 1993)
Discrete ash horizons in Holocene sediments from northern Lake Malawi provide evidence of six eruptive episodes within the nearby Rungwe Volcanic Field between c.9000-360 BP. Rare earth element (REE) analyses show the ash layers to be strongly enriched in La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, with low Eu/Eu∗ and high LaN/SmN values, relative to the surrounding muds. Mixing calculations suggest possible affinities between the Rungwe ash emissions and silicic volcanics from other important Quaternary centres (e.g. Naivasha) with respect to HREE geochemistry. The LREE spectra are less comparable and may indicate a less fractionated ash assemblage for Rungwe Field. In the absence of clear in situ evidence regarding the timing and frequency of Holocene eruptions at Rungwe, the Lake Malawi sediments may prove a valuable reconstructive tool. However, the direction and extent of ash dispersal is strongly controlled by wind/climatic factors and the retention of a complete record at any single location is unlikely.
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Statistical indicators of female participation in education in sub-Saharan Africa - Hartnett, Teresa Heneveld; Heneveld, Ward (1993)
Given the significance of female education for development, there is an enormous need for data across countries that can be used to inform policy discussions within and among individual countries. Nowhere, perhaps is this need greater than in sub - Saharan Africa (SSA) where female participation in education is inordinately low, and where disparities between females and males vary greatly among countries. This report responds in two ways to the need for statistics on female education. First, it defines statistical indicators that can be used to describe the level of female participation and the disparities between males and females in education systems. As one form for these indicators, the report introduces the concept of the gender ratio as a generic tool for comparing male and female participation in education across all indicators used to assess the performance of education systems. Second, the report presents data from existing sources for the forty-six countries in sub - Saharan Africa.
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Visual defects: its prevalence and effect on students' performances in Fasilo Junior Secondary School, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia - Berhanu, Asrat; Babey, Y (The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 1993)
The Prevalence of visually defective students was investigated in Fasilo Junior Secondary School using the Snellen Letter Chart. Four hundred and seventy six pupilswere visually defective. This defect had a significant effect on their school performance. This was inferred to the country's educational problems and discussed .
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The Structure of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale among Egyptian Students - Abdel‐Khalek, Ahmed M.; Beshai, James A.; Templer, Donald I. (Psychological Reports, 1993)
Using a standardized Arabic version of the Templer Death Anxiety Scale with Egyptian students (214 males and 214 females), five factors were extracted which corresponded to those reported for several cultures in Asia, Europe, Africa, and America. Means for the Egyptian students of both sexes were significantly higher than those reported in Arab and western cultures Egyptian female students scored significantly higher than males. The first two factors were mostly comprised of items relating to cognitive/affective components of death and life experiences. These observations support the universality of structures within death anxiety across culture and gender.
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Clinical and parasitological prevalence of leishmaniasis in school children in Keana, Awe L. G. C. of Plateau State, Nigeria - Agwale, Simon M; Dondji, Blaise; Okolo, C. J.; Duhlinska, D. D. (Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 1993)
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Health education for the Ethiopian community in the Negev. - Bental, T; Gersten, Russell; Alkan, Michael (PubMed, 1993)
The importance of health education as part of health enhancement programs is well accepted. The encounter with the Ethiopian Jews introduced a new set of problems, requiring a novel approach to old concepts. A project that was carried out during the last decade is presented. Three target populations were identified: the Ethiopian population with 851 participants, medical and community teams with 843 participants, and 138 Ethiopian instructors. An effort was made to make the interaction between these groups more coherent. The project included 65 series of activities: lectures, workshops, staff meetings and conferences. The major topics included medical, emotional, anthropological and behavioral issues. The project was initiated for immigrants of Operation Moses (1984-85), and reinforced in Operation Solomon (1991). A follow-up is presently underway to aid in the absorption of this unique community.
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Seeking Effective Schools for African American Children: Strategies for Teachers and School Managers - Bryant, Bunyan; Jones, Alan (1993)
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A culturally specific educational program to reduce the risk of HIV and HBV transmission among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel: a preliminary report on training veteran immigrants as health educators. - Chemtov, Daniel; Rosén, Helena; Shtarkshall, Ronny A.; Soskolne (PubMed, 1993)
We describe an educational intervention project that was designed to lower the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus among the Ethiopian immigrants of the 1991 Operation Solomon. The importance and uniqueness of this program lies in its attempt to integrate into one program two different sets of traditions and concepts, in a culturally acceptable manner to the target population. On the one hand were the traditions of the Ethiopian community and its concepts about health and disease; on the other, were the biomedical model and empowering/participatory methods needed for intervening in this sensitive and difficult area. We also describe a model for training people from within the community to bridge the cultural gap in a relatively short period of time.
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Youths, Culture, and Politics in South African Education: - Cross, Michael (Youth & Society, 1993)
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The Status of Informatics in African Higher Education - Hayman, John L. (Higher Education Policy, 1993)
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African traditions and environmental education 391KB) - Hugo, Anna J. (South African Journal of Cultural History, 1993)
There is a link between man's biological surroundings and traditions as part of his cultural heritage. Environmental education addresses all spheres of life. i.e. culture and man's surroundings. Some African traditions from which the environment can benefit, are discussed in this article. These traditions can be used as examples when dealing with environmental education.
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Training of trainers. Workshops for AIDS prevention in Nigeria: lessons learned. - Jd, Webster; Be, Nnabugwu (PubMed, 1993)
Nigeria has a population of 88.5 million. That makes Nigeria the most populous country in Africa and the 9th most populous in the world. Although most likely underreported, HIV is present in low, but significant levels in the general population and spreading rapidly primarily through heterosexual contact. A conservative estimate holds that up to 3.5 million urban adults could be infected by the year 2000. This disproportionate toll HIV/AIDS will wreak upon educated urbanites in a country where almost half the population is under age 15 will be readily seen in terms of future health, social, and economic consequences. Africare collaborated with federal ministries to organize and conduct 4 Training for Trainer workshops for individuals significantly involved in state AIDS prevention. Developing HIV prevention projects and IEC materials were the major focus of the workshops. 116 were initially trained, while state follow-up workshops trained an additional 1699 health professionals. Problems were encountered with changing leadership and lack of continuity at state and local government levels; some regional workshop participants selected by state commissioners of health were weak in impacting the implementation of follow-up activities; participant motivation to follow through with project plans was difficult to maintain; collaboration with international, state, and local groups involved in AIDS prevention and control is crucial; coordination with state ministry of health staff is needed during the pre-workshop planning stage; and it was found that it is probably better to decide on a follow-up strategy for all states to adopt during the pre-workshop planning stage. Future programs should incorporate these lessons and be developed accordingly.
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Exploring the Experience of African American Students in a School of Nursing - Kavanagh, Kathryn Hopkins; Kennedy, Patricia; Kohler, Helen R; Rasin, Joyce; Schoen, Delores C. (Journal of Nursing Education, 1993)
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Notes on Teaching Interdisciplinary African Studies Courses - Khadiagala, Gilbert M. (A Current Bibliography on African Affairs, 1993)
This article provides two samples of interdisciplinary courses in African studies drawing primarily from available African sources. Its main premise is that students and teachers of African studies could benefit from integrating materials from both the social sciences and humanities. Comparative and thematic, these courses are aimed at facilitating the enhancement of the course offerings in liberal arts curriculum.
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The Limited Presence of African-American Teachers - King, Sabrina Hope (Review of Educational Research, 1993)
The limited presence of talented African Americans in the teaching profession has been and continues to be a serious problem confronting the education profession and the African-American community in the United States. This review summarizes what is known from the research literature. It explores the reasons that African-American teachers are important as well as overall demographic, entry, and retention trends and the distinctive factors that influence the limited presence of African-American teachers. Finally, a suggested research agenda is presented.
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Sociocultural aspects of blindness in an Egyptian delta hamlet: Visual impairment vs. visual disability - Lane, Sandra D.; Mikhail, Blanche I.; Reizian, Alice; Courtright, Paul; Marx, Rani; Dawson, Chandler R. (Medical Anthropology, 1993)
Through ophthalmological exams, structured interviews and participant observation, this study examines the experience of blindness in rural Egypt, and finds that villagers’ subjective assessments of their vision differ substantially from ophthalmic measurements of their vision. Individuals with profound visual loss remain independent in their daily activities and contribute to their families’ subsistence. While they may agree that they have “weak eyesight,” they do not perceive themselves to be disabled. Stigmatizing attitudes that the blind are completely dependent and unable to fulfill their social roles further encourage those with decreased vision to deny the extent of their visual loss.
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The Structure of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale among Egyptian Students: A Comment - Lester, David (Psychological Reports, 1993)
The factor structure of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale for Filipino women did not match the pattern reported for Egyptian women.
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Health education for Ethiopian immigrants in Israel, 1991-92. - Levin-Zamir, Diane; Lipsky, David B.; Goldberg, Ellen M; Melamed, Z (PubMed, 1993)
A health education program was developed to address the immediate needs of 20,000 Ethiopian immigrants to Israel in 1991. This modular program included: the use of health services, nutrition, prescription medication use, prevention of home accidents, first-aid and personal hygiene. Using an anthropological orientation, the program attempted to bridge the cultural gap regarding the health promotion skills of this population that had moved from a developing country to a new, Western society in Israel. The program was implemented throughout the country by specially trained veteran Ethiopian immigrants, some of whom were also health professionals, using newly developed visual tools. Over 4,300 adults participated in the program between August 1991 and August 1992. The program was positively accepted by the participants, who expressed their satisfaction with the content and materials. The tools developed were deemed successful in their cultural sensitivity, flexibility to local needs, and clarity. We suggest that various modules of the program continue to be implemented in order to address the rapidly changing health behavior needs of the Ethiopian immigrants in Israel, and that new modules be developed.
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Reconsidering and Teaching the Familiar in African-American History - Lewis, Earl (Magazine of history, 1993)
To understand 1950s African-American history, we must understand the three generations who lived, struggled and died between the 1860s and the 1950s.
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The training of translators in Algeria Problems and Perspectives - Menacere, Mohamed (Cahiers de Traduction, 1993)
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Simulated climate and climate change over southern Africa in high resolution mixed-layer model experiments - Mitchell, J. F. B. (Renewable Energy, 1993)
This note presents results from simulations made with a high resolution (2.5 ~ latitude by 3.75 ° longitude) version of the Meteorological Office climate model coupled to a mixed layer ocean. Other results [1, 2] and a fuller description of the model performance [2] are presented elsewhere. Some area average results from a G F D L model (Geophysical Fluids Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, U.S.A. used by Manabe, Wetherald and co-workers personal communication) are included here and further results are given elsewhere [7]. The reader is warned that these results arc intended only as illustrations, and that as yet, numerical models cannot provide reliable estimates of regional climate change. Regional results vary from model to model and all models have deficiencies. In addition, there is considerable internal variability in the models, even on a 10 year time scale, particularly for precipitation. Results are averaged over 10 years at equilibrium for 1 and 2 times the current atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
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[Education against AIDS and STDs in high schools in the Congo]. - Mpele, P.; Malonga, R (PubMed, 1993)
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The Nigerian Book Shortage: Its Implications for Education and National Development - Ogunrombi, Samuel Adewale; Adio, Gboyega (Library Review, 1993)
Reviews the provision of textbooks at all levels of the Nigerian educational system. Suggests that there is a great shortage of books at all levels of education, but the most acute being at the tertiary level due to an overwhelming dependence on imported books. Reveals that libraries promoting scholarship are limited to elite and private schools which are models which cannot be replicated on a national scale. Articulates the implications of the dearth of books for an informed citizenry and for national development and suggests some solutions to improve the availability and accessibility of books in Nigeria.
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The Nigerian Book Shortage: Its Implications for Education and National Development - Ogunrombi, Samuel Adewale; Adio, Gboyega (Library Review, 1993)
Reviews the provision of textbooks at all levels of the Nigerian educational system. Suggests that there is a great shortage of books at all levels of education, but the most acute being at the tertiary level due to an overwhelming dependence on imported books. Reveals that libraries promoting scholarship are limited to elite and private schools which are models which cannot be replicated on a national scale. Articulates the implications of the dearth of books for an informed citizenry and for national development and suggests some solutions to improve the availability and accessibility of books in Nigeria.
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Nuclear science education and training in South Africa - Peisach, M.; Pillay, A. E. (Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 1993)
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A test on the Earth's core-mantle boundary structure with antipodal data: example of Fiji-Tonga earthquakes recorded in Tamanrasset, Algeria - Poupinet, G.; Souriau, Annie; Jenatton, Liliane (Geophysical journal international (Print), 1993)
Conflicting models of the core-mantle boundary (CMB) structure have been derived from tomographic inversion of bulletin data: their long wavelength topography ranges from ±3 km to ±7 km according to the model considered. A simple test of these models is provided by the analysis of PKP(AB) phases observed at the antipode of a seismic region. Antipodal waves have the peculiarity that they arrive from a wide range of azimuths so that observations at a single station allow us to sample a large volume in the Earth. In particular, PKP(AB) samples CMB structure along two circles at 48° distance from the station and from the epicentral region. We have collected short period and Geoscope seismograms from Fiji-Tonga earthquakes recorded at the antipodal station Tamanrasset, Algeria. The differential traveltime residuals of PKP(AB)-PKIKP are analysed as a function of back-azimuth. Their mean value does not vary by more than ±0.4 s, whereas CMB models, including topography and in some cases heterogeneities above CMB, predict azimuthal variations of up to ±0.9 s. Consequently our data favour a small topography of the core-mantle boundary or a compensating effect in traveltimes between CMB topography and heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle.
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Aging and hearing loss: Race and gender differences in African Americans and Euro‐Americans - Scott, Diane (Howard Journal of Communications, 1993)
Hearing ability declines in the same manner for all people as they age. At least, that is what most people believe. This article examines the roles race and gender play in aging and declining hearing ability among African Americans and Euro‐Americans.
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School Libraries in South Africa. EPU Working Paper No. 2. - Stadler, Catherine (1993)
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Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole. - Stephenson, Lani S.; Latham, Michael C.; Adams, Elizabeth; Kinoti, Stephen N.; Pertet, Anne M. (PubMed, 1993)
We studied physical fitness with the Harvard Step Test, growth, and appetite in primary school boys infected with hookworm (96% baseline prevalence), Trichuris trichiura (98% prevalence) and Ascaris lumbricoides (41% prevalence) who received a single 600-mg dose of albendazole or an identical placebo. Boys were examined, allocated at random within pairs by descending hookworm egg count to placebo (n = 26) or albendazole (n = 27) groups, treated, and re-examined 4 mo later. Four months after treatment, the albendazole group showed highly significant improvements in fitness score, resting heart rate, and heart rates at 1, 2, 3 and 4 min after the Harvard Step Test, whereas the placebo group had not changed significantly. The albendazole group also exhibited significantly more rapid growth judged by weight gain (1.0 kg greater than the placebo group, P < 0.0002), height increment (0.6 cm more, P < 0.003), arm circumference (0.3 cm more, P < 0.0002), and triceps and subscapular skinfolds (1.0 mm more, P < 0.0002), and showed improved appetite with objective and subjective measures. We conclude that single-dose treatment with albendazole can allow improved physical fitness, growth, and appetite in school-age children in areas where these helminths and poor growth are highly prevalent.
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Source parameters of earthquakes along the coastal margin of West Africa and comparisons with earthquakes in other coastal margin settings - Suleiman, Ayman; Doser, Diane I.; Yarwood, Dennis R. (Tectonophysics, 1993)
Abstract The coastal margins of Western Africa and most of the eastern Americas are considered to be stable continental interiors where large earthquakes occur infrequently. Since these regions have similar geologic and tectonic histories, it might seem reasonable to expect similarities between their large earthquakes. On the other hand, current plate forces acting on these regions differ and may lead to regional differences in earthquakes. To examine the similarities of coastal margin earthquakes we first determined the source parameters for six earthquakes of M ⩾ 5.5 occurring along the coastal margin of West Africa, a region that has not previously been studied in detail. Results of this analysis indicate that the earthquakes are shallow (8–15 km) strike-slip events along high-angle faults (dips generally > 80°), with nodal planes having orientations similar to those of faults mapped in the exposed Precambrian basement. Five out of seven events show complexities in their source-time functions. East of the Cameroon line, most P axes trend northeast-southwest to east-west. Earthquakes west of the Cameroon line show less coherency of stress field, with P axes for onshore events trending northwest-southeast and for offshore events north-south to northeast-southwest. In contrast, M ⩾ 5.5 earthquakes of the eastern coastal margin of North and South America have reverse mechanisms, with more moderate dips on nodal planes (45–70°) and over 50% have east-west oriented P axes, which reflect stresses caused by the motion of North and South America relative to Europe and Africa. In North America, earthquakes appear to occur on faults that cannot be associated with surficial geology; occur shallower or deeper than West African events and have shorter rupture lengths for the equivalent moment. These differences suggest that West African events may not serve as useful analogs for events expected along the American coastal margin.
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American Students and Researchers in Nigeria: Relationships with Host Institutions, Academics and Communities - Trager, Lillian; Denzer, Laray (ASA News, 1993)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
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American Students and Researchers in Nigeria: Relationships with Host Institutions, Academics and Communities - Trager, Lillian; Denzer, Laray (ASA News, 1993)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
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The impact of mother's education on indicators of school performance of first through third grade primary school children living in low socioeconomic areas in Khartoum, Sudan. - Washi, Sidiga; Cowan, David P.; Rd, Terry (PubMed, 1993)
This study examines factors related to school achievement among low-income urban families in the Sudan. Data were obtained during January-February 1992 from a sample of 198 students aged 6-10 years from boys' and girls' schools in Ombada settlement in Khartoum, Elhag-Yousif in Khartoum North, and Arkwait in Khartoum. 53.5% of the sample were first enrolled in school after the age of 7 years. About 30% were enrolled prior to the age of 7 years. 4.5% had repeated a grade. About 25% had perfect attendance. 37% were absent for 1-2% of school days; 18.2% were absent for 3-4% of school days, and a similar percentage were absent for 5% or more of school days. Over 66% were absent due to medical reasons. About 41% of math scores and 58% of language scores were above 50, out of a possible total score of 60. 29% of math scores and 21% of language scores ranged from 41 to 50. 13.5% of math scores and 10.5% of language scores were failing. Class size ranged from 53 to 102 persons per class. Children who were enrolled in the higher grades tended to have been enrolled at a later age. The age of enrollment was negatively related to maternal educational level and weight for age. Poorly educated mothers tended to enroll their children later, and lower weight-for-age children tended to be enrolled later. Students from boys' schools in Khartoum and schools in the Khartoum area had a higher absenteeism rate. Students whose fathers were laborers or self-employed had greater absences. Children whose mothers had lower educational levels had greater absenteeism. Children with lower weight-for-height had more absenteeism. Absenteeism was positively correlated with height-for-age and the number of types of illnesses that the child had during the school year. Students who lived in Khartoum North had higher scores. Findings indicate that educational outcomes were related to home background and health conditions.
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