Teachers' and Parents' Perceptions toward the Affects of Social Skills Training on Reading and Mathematical Achievement of Young African American Males. - Taylor, George; Nixon, Lois LaCivita (1996)
A structured social skills program was developed for young African American males (N=33), in grades one and two in an urban setting. The study was designed to employ social skills to improve reading and mathematics skills. The students selected had demonstrated previous social skill deficits as determined by a pre-assessment instrument. These deficits included poor attendance, poor interpersonal skills, stress, poor organization and study skills, and destructive and aggressive behaviors. The structured social skills program was conducted over a one year period. Activities included techniques for: improving bonding; attention; belonging; recognition of the students' roles and positions in a group; developing confidence and motivation; caring; problem solving; and other social behaviors. Evidence of change was recorded on a student assessment profile. Results were also computed for reading and mathematics grades. Findings indicated that the students showed significant improvement in interpersonal skills and reading and mathematics achievement. Follow-up with students' parents and teachers also indicated that the program was successful. The program could be improved if school resources are integrated towards changes in behavior, families are more involved, and a longer period of study and follow-up is used. (Contains 22 references.) (JLS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************
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Family as an Agent in the Education Process: A Test of a Theory of Underachievement of African-American Adolescents. CEIC Research Brief, No. 105. - Taylor, Ronald D. (1996)
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Assisted School Totals for Eastern Nigeria - Taylor, William H. (1996)
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The impact of legislation on the development of modern education in Ethiopia: 1906-1984 - Teferra, Seyoum (Ethiopian journal of development research, 1996)
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Problems and prospects of persons with disabilities in Ethiopia - Teferra, Tirussew (1996)
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Education in Eritrea During the European Colonial Period - Teklehaimanot, Berhane (1996)
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Development of vocational and technical education in South Africa up to 1990 - Thabede, Reginald Thamsanqa (1996)
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Malawi: How Climate Change Adaptation Options Fit within the UNFCCC National Communication and National Development Plans - Theu, Jean; Chavula, Geoffrey; Elias, Christine (1996)
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Education across Generations in South Africa - Thomas, Duncan (The American Economic Review, 1996)
Racially segregated education was a central pillar propping up the apartheid system in South Africa. The 1953 Bantu Education Act centralized control of black education and linked tax receipts from black to public expenditure on their education. In 1975, expenditure on the average white was more than 15 times larger than that on the average black student.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
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Education Across Generations in South Africa - Thomas, Duncan (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1996)
Racially segregated education was a central pillar propping up the apartheid system in South Africa. The 1953 Bantu Education Act centralized control of black education and linked tax receipts from black to public expenditure on their education. In 1975, expenditure on the average white was more than 15 times larger than that on the average black student.
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Fertility, Education and Resources in South Africa - Thomas, Duncan (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1996)
Population and education are likely to play a central role in public policy in South Africa as it emerges form years of apartheid. Using household survey data, collected as part of the Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development, the paper examine some of the mechanisms that underlie the negative association between fertility and education.
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Enhancing the Reading Engagement of African-American and Hispanic Learners in Inner-City Schools: A Curriculum Guide for Teacher Training. Instructional Resource No. 21. - Thompson, Ruby L.; Mixon, Gloria A. (1996)
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Obstacles to Muslim female education in Kenya, Islam In Kenya - Timammy, Rayya (1996)
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Seeing things differently: Four years of teaching English in Botswana - Titlestad, Michael (Scrutiny2, 1996)
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Peer Education Among Women in Botswana - Tls, D.; Norr, Kathy; Tema, C.I. (1996)
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The Shaykh and the Saviors: Conceptions of Gender in Two Approaches to Girl's Education in the Northern Sudan, 1907-1921 - Toensing, Chris (Arab Studies Journal, 1996)
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Legitimacy and Legitimation in South African Education. - Toit, Rosanette du (South African journal of higher education, 1996)
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The music teaching and learning process in an African-American Baptist church - Townsend, Robert T (1996)
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Taking Law to the People: Gender, Law Reform, and Community Legal Education in Zimbabwe - Tsanga, Amy S. (1996)
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Factors that contribute to the success of low socio-economic schools in South Africa: a case study in two Eastern Cape Province schools. - Tshazibana, Vukile Shadrack. (1996)
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Peace education and social change in Africa: the role of non-gevernmental organizations in Kenya - Turay, Thomas Mark (1996)
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English as a Second Language: An Educational Overview for Multicultural and Bilingual West African Students. - Ubadigbo, Fidelis N. (1996)
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The effects of peer education on STD and AIDS knowledge among prisoners in Mozambique - Vaz, Rui G.; Gloyd, Stephen; Trindade, Ricardo I.F. (International journal of STD & AIDS, 1996)
The study was designed to evaluate the impact of education on AIDS knowledge among prison inmates in Maputo, Mozambique. A 6-month follow-up study was carried out in 1993 among 300 prisoners. A knowledge, attitudes, and practices questionnaire regarding AIDS and STD was administered to each subject as part of the intake medical examination and after an educational intervention provided by 30 prisoner 'activists'. A large proportion of prisoners had high risk behaviours (65% had 2 or more sexual partners per month and 39% had a history of STD) and low AIDS knowledge at incarceration. Statistically significant increases in knowledge occurred after the intervention. Prisoners with less formal education had a poorer performance on the initial questionnaire (43% vs 69% P < 0.00001) and had a greater improvement after the intervention (41% vs 24%, P < 0.00001). The results demonstrate that educational interventions involving peer health educators contribute positively to the acquisition of knowledge among prisoners.
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Women, society and education in Palestine - Velloso, Agustín (International Review of Education, 1996)
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Factor biases and promoting sustainable development: Adaptation to drought in the Senegal River Basin - Venema, Henry David; Schiller, Eric J.; Bass, Brad (Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 1996)
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Reflections on the South African Schools Bill 1996: the position of the governing board in schools - Verhoeven, Jef (1996)
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Some reflections on the structure of the governing bodies of public schools in the South African Schools Bill (29 March 1996) - Verhoeven, Jef (1996)
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Women at Work: Primary School Teachers of Colonial Botswana - Veur, van der; Shirley, Maurice (1996)
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An ethnographic study of a black South African high school with special reference to its mathematics classrooms - Walters, Brent Craig (1996)
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Research training: the Kenyan experience - Wandiga, Shem O. (1996)
In this chapter, the author stresses the importance of research as a solution to social and economic challenges.  Research survives if society appreciates and supports scientists in their efforts to achieve this.  Wandiga maintains that many developing countries, including Kenya, lacks sufficient infrastructure to facilitate research practice.  Scientific output from the Third World reflects the huge difference in research quality between developed and developing countries. The author asserts that the establishment of infrastructure alone would not create a successful research and science based community, as such infrastructure needs to be sustained and maintained.  However, economic turmoil has had a negative impact on human resources development and this paper describes and explains the efforts that Kenya has made to alleviate this situation.
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The state of chemical pollution in Kenya - Wandiga, SO (1996)
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Restoring relevance in medical education in Cameroon - Wankah, Charlotte A. (Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 1996)
About 90% of district medical officers in Cameroon are graduates of the University Center for Health Sciences. The institution was created in 1969 for the integrated multiprofessional training of health care personnel along multidisciplinary lines with a strong public health orientation, and over the years it has undergone many changes affecting its basic philosophy. In this article, I briefly describe the program, with emphasis on how it prepares physicians to be district medical officers. I make proposals for the program reorientation in light of criticisms about suboptimal performance of graduates in the domain of public health.
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Food behaviour of young school children and their families living in low socio-economic areas in Khartoum State, Sudan. - Washi, Sidiga; Terry, D; Cowan, David (The Ahfad journal, 1996)
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Contingent valuation of river pollution control and domestic water supply in Kenya - Wasike, Wilson S. K. (1996)
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What is the capital of France and where is Burkina Faso? (The thinking teachers guide to Locational Knowledge) - Weeden, Paul (1996)
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PGCE student visit to The Gambia: 'learning experience of a lifetime' or 'just more savannah'? - Weeden, Paul; Hayter, John B. (1996)
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A Bibliography of African Language Texts in the Collection of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to 1963 - Werner, Rüdiger (1996)
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Language of Learning in South African State Schools and Educational Publishing: the Current Crisis - Wessels, Marietjie (Language Matters, 1996)
Abstract Within a multicultural society the existence of a multiplicity of languages can be both an advantage and a source of tension and conflict. This becomes particularly clear when the issue of language policies is discussed. Language policies often involves educational issues, specifically the selection of a language of learning in schools. This issue has for a great part been a contentious issue in the history of education in South Africa, and since the new political dispensation came into being in South Africa, this debate has been started afresh with a new vigour.
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Children In and Out of School in Sierra Leone - White, Jane H.; Tabachnick, Jeanne (Teaching Education, 1996)
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Women's Training and Credit Program Tanzania - Wigglesworth, Ann (1996)
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Helping to Undo the Past: Teaching Critical Reasoning in South Africa - Wijze, Stephen De (Informal logic, 1996)
In this paper I discuss the opportunities and difficulties of teaching critical reasoning in a rapidly transforming society such as South Africa. I argue that the real benefits for students of such courses outweigh the pessimism of John McPeck and Richard Paul that they do little, if any, good. This paper is based on my experience of having taught critical reasoning at school and university level in South Africa during the early 90's.
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Approaches to Grassroots AIDS Education in Africa - Wood, Siri (1996)
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A study of the effec ts of an alternative school program on the disruptive behavior of African American students in grades 6-12 - Woodruff, Robert W. (1996)
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An exploratory descriptive study of perceptions of parental attitudes and peer relations on truant behavior among African American high school students - Woodruff, Robert W. (1996)
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The effec ts of anger control training on African- American males - Woodruff, Robert W. (1996)
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South Africa: A Nation in Transition. A S.E.E.D.S. "Food for Learning" Curriculum Module. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1996 (South Africa). - Wright, Jacqueline D. (1996)
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Discovering African American Folklore in the Classroom - Wright, Lee (Language Arts Journal of Michigan, 1996)
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Selective impairment of HCO3--dependent pH, regulation by lysophosphatidylcholine in guinea pig ventricular myocardium - Yamaguchi, Seiichi; Tamagawa, Masaji; Nakaya, Haruaki (Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 1996)
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Family Life Training Programme-Kenya - Yambo, Mauri Onyalo (1996)
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Organization of education in the decentralization and democratization process in Ethiopia - Yilma, W (1996)
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Prosperity teaching in an African context - Young, Peter R. (Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology, 1996)
The Gospel is one of those aberrations of the Christian gospel born in the West and introduced into Africa by various peripatetic evangelists, including Reinhard Bonnke. Satan is indeed crafty. For the Bible does promise success, blessing and prosperity for those who trust and obey God. But Scripture must interpret Scripture. Theology cannot be based on proof texts isolated from the context.. Peter Young provides a helpful article in which he explores the teachings of the Prosperity Gospel, weighs it in the balance of Scripture and finds it wanting. This article is a clarion call for the church. We need to move away from a shallow and frequently distorted understanding of Scripture to a deeper grasp of biblical truth.
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Prevalence of eating disturbances among South African university students : a cross-cultural comparison. - Zahoul, Brigitte. (1996)
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Prevalence of eating disturbances among South African university students : a cross-cultural comparison. - Zahoul, Brigitte. (1996)
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Self-Hel Secondary Education in Kenya - Zamberia, A. M. (International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 1996)
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Self-Help Secondary Education • in Kenya - Zamberia, Agostino M. (International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 1996)
Diverse viewpoints on the role of education in the development of Third World countries have spawned a variety of theories of Third World education. Some scholars contend that Third World states are too weak and fragile to implement development programs for education, health, and other social services. This paper examines secondary education in Kenya with regard to issues of educational inequality and quality of education, emphasizing the role of civil society in the provision of education. The role of the state as a major actor in the provision of education, and additionally as a determinant of who gets the benefits from educational efforts of both the state and the civil society, is also discussed in detail. It is argued that despite the major expansion of secondary education, the overall provision of education remains inadequate in relation to equity considerations. Although impressive quantitative expansion has occurred, access to educational opportunities in Kenya is still not evenly distributed with respect to gender and region. With regard to regional inequalities in the provision of education, it clearly emerges from this analysis that educational benefits are distributed in favor of the economically and politically dominant districts and provinces in the country. It is argued that, despite the state's ceding of most of its influence on the educational arena to the civil society, educational outcomes are still largely determined, directly or indirectly, by structures instituted, or supported, by the state. The paper demonstrates how an intricate interplay of social, political, and economic factors has worked against the efforts of the state and the civil society to improve the quality of education and eradicate inequality in the provision of education in Kenya.
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The influence of social support and active coping on depression among African Americans and Latinos with disabilities. - Zea, María Cecilia; Belgrave, Faye Z.; Townsend, Tiffany G.; Jarama, S. Lisbeth; al., et (Rehabilitation Psychology, 1996)
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The influence of social support and active coping on depression among African Americans and Latinos with disabilities. - Zea, María Cecilia; Belgrave, Faye Z.; Townsend, Tiffany G.; Jarama, S. Lisbeth; Banks, Sonia (Rehabilitation Psychology, 1996)
Maria Cecilia ZeaFaye Z. BelgraveTiffany G. TownsendS. Lisbeth JaramaSonia R. BanksGeorge Washington UniversityABSTRACT. Examined relationships among depression, active coping, and socialsupport in a sample of 109 African American and 57 Latinos with disabilities.Measures included Beck and Beck (1972) short version of the Depression Inventory,Brandt and Weinert's (1981,1987) Personal Resources Questionnaire (PRQ), an d thecondensed version of Tyler's (1978) Behavioral Attributes of Psychosocial Compe-tence Scale (Zea, Reisen, & Tyler, 1996). Findings indicated that active coping,satisfaction with social support, and type of disability were significant predictors ofdepression for African Americans, whereas active coping, perception of severity ofdisability, and social support were significant predictors of depression for Latinos.These findings underscore the importance of testing separate models for AfricanAmericans and Latinos.Fourteen percent of working-age African Americans and 8% of Latinos havedisabilities which impact functioning in activities of daily living (Bowe, 1990).Educational and employment opportunities are often reduced with an accompanyingreduction in the standard of living for these individuals. For example, only 16% ofAfrican Americans, 13% of Latina women, and 31 % of Latino men with disabilitiesare employed (Bowe, 1985a, 1985b). Inadequate and poor standards of living maygenerate feelings of stress, which feed into an increase in physical and psychologicalsymptoms that further impede an integration into the work force.REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 41, No. 3, 1996
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Namibian secondary school teachers' perceptions of student misbehaviour - Zimba, Roderick F. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1996)
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The use of interactive television for education: a South African perspective - Zyl, John van (Communicatio, 1996)
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The future of boarding secondary schools in Uganda - Zziwa, E. (1996)
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A STUDY ON THE VARIATION OF DROUGHT PERIODS OCCURRING IN NORTHWEST CHINA AND OTHER AFRICA-ASIA CONTINENTAL REGIONS - 孙国武; 叶谦 (气象学报：英文版, 1996)
Characteristics of the drought periods which occurred in North Africa,Middle East,Middle Asiaand Northwest China were studied based on the analysis of rainfall data from 1870—1990.It is foundthat the drought periods first started in North Africa and expanded eastward to Northwest Chinathrough Middle East and Middle Asia in about 27.5 years.And then a new teleconnection pattern of30—50 day low-frequency oscillation which is associated with the droughts over the Africa-Asia Con-tinent was discovered.Finally,a hypothesis is proposed based on the statistical results that the east-ward expansion of drought periods may be caused by the occurrence of giant earthquakes(Ms>6.0)which have a tendency to shift eastward from North Africa to Northwest China in about 27.75 years.
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The growth of Kiswahili as language of education and administration in Tanzania - Batibo, Herman M. (1995)
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5. Why Disabled? The Cultural Understanding of Physical Disability in an African Society - Devlieger, Patrick (1995)
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CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION IN HIGHLAND NORTH YEMEN - Dorsky, Susan; Stevenson, Thomas B. (1995)
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4. Disability as Incurable Illness: Health, Process, and Personhood in Southern Somalia - Helander, Bernhard (1995)
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Carol TINGEY : Auspicious Music in a Changing Society. The Damâi Musicians of Nepal. London : School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, SOAS Musicology Series/vol.2, 1994 - Helffer, Mireille (Cahiers d’ethnomusicologie. Anciennement Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles, 1995)
Quatre annees se sont ecoulees depuis le moment ou Carol Tingey soutenait a l’Universite de Londres un Ph. D. en philosophie, prepare sous la direction de Richard Widdess et intitule Nepalese Pancai bâjâ Music : an Auspicious Ensemble in a Changing Society. Le livre qui parait aujourd’hui, sous un titre voisin mais plus explicite, est en fait la reprise de cette these qui valut a l’auteur les plus grands eloges. Il constitue l’aboutissement d’un long travail de terrain effectue au Nepal entre...
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3. A Child Is a Child: Disability and Equality among the Kenya Maasai - Talle, Aud (1995)
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Learning Styles and the African American Student - Durodoyle, Beth; Hildreth, Bertina L. (Education 3-13, 1995)
Historically, the African American student has tended to be maligned by the American educational system. There have been many theoretical suppositions as to why this group of students has been labeled not only different, but inferior. These suppositions arise from the beliefs of society that serves to promote what Schofield describes as the YAVIS syndrome, or the values of young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful individuals (cited in Sue and Sue, 1990). African Americans, presently the largest ethnic minority group in the United States, have systematically and consistently been relegated to the periphery of these categories. American society has continued to abide by biased assumptions highlighting the differences between African American and White children, as opposed to searching for valid explanations for these differences. Misrepresentations such as these have been especially pronounced in the area of cognition within the educational sphere. The purpose of this manuscript is to foster an awareness of the of African American children. First, brief history of the views on cognitive functioning and of African American children will be presented. Second, current perspectives on African American and cognitive functioning will be detailed. Finally, the implications these have for the multicultural classroom will be described. History of the Theoretical Views of the Learning Styles of African American Children The misconstruction of the more holistic cognitive tendencies of African Americans in an analytically oriented school system has periodically given rise to prejudicial hypotheses. Socioeconomic concerns were brought to the fore of America's consciousness during the Civil Rights Movement of the mid 1960s (Banks, 1993). The educational system sought to explain the academic achievement of indigent students in the United States, disproportionate number of whom African American. Their efforts yielded such constructs as cultural deprivation and cultural differences. The cultural deprivation theory became pronounced in the 1960s and early 1970s and stated that underachievement in the African American community was related to lack of proper socialization skills. It was believed that the African American was deficient because many of the values, beliefs, and behaviors exhibited were dissimilar to those of the White culture. This mode of thought began to receive less attention due to the assumption that children needed to obtain middle class accoutrements if their was to be validated. During the 1980s, the cultural differences theory was embraced, whereby differences were not viewed as deficiencies. This theory acknowledged the role of the child's socioeconomic status (Banks, 1993). The cultural differences theory contended that the world view of African Americans was legitimate and need not be considered relevant only in comparison to White American values (Sue & Sue, 1990; Willis, 1989). The cultural differences theory was in direct contrast to the cultural assumptions promoted by the Eurocentric educational system in America (Anderson, 1988). Due to this discrepancy, the African American child clearly would be in the more disadvantaged position (Banks, 1993; 1988). Banks (1993) reports that this pluralistic mode of thought, promoted by the cultural differences theory is once again being overshadowed by the deprivation paradigm. Evidence of this position is supported by the introduction and frequent use of the label at-risk. At-risk describes children who are different in many ways. In addition, like cultural deprivation, its definition is imprecise. Culture and Learning Styles Discussions of culture and learning styles are essential to understanding how African American children learn. Shade (1989) elaborates on Madhere's (1989) definition of by defining it as a group's preferred way of perceiving, judging, and organizing the ideas, situations and events they encounter in their daily lives (p. …
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Collaborate for School Success: African-American Students from Low Income/public Housing Backgrounds - Reglin, Gary (Education 3-13, 1995)
A Bleak Picture The state of North Carolina report cards for the public schools revealed some alarming statistics for the urban school districts. The statistics show African-American students - at all grade levels - lagged behind Anglo-American students on test scores, missed more days, and received more discipline. African-American students from low income/public housing communities were worse off than all other students. The University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNCC) coordinated partnerships to help the schools educate the high risk students. Coordinated Partnerships In 1993 - through partnerships with community agencies, Parks and Recreation, state and national tennis agencies, local tennis professionals, the Housing Authority, and various university student organizations - UNCC's College of Education founded and operated the Ron Charity/Sugaw Creek Junior Tennis/Academic program. This program got kids hooked in a positive tennis environment and mentored and tutored them into improving their school success. Because of the flight of many middle-class African-Americans from inner-city neighborhoods, these children suffered from a lack of appropriate role models (Ascher, 1992). To better serve the schools, the Ron Charity/Sugaw Creek Junior Tennis/Academic program realized the need to expose the students to more positive mentors and more positive environments (Reglin and Harris, 1992). Much of their after-school unsavory environment were replaced with a different positive environment enriched with mentors/tennis teachers and tutors. Community organizations, UNCC student organizations, and preservice teachers helped mentor and tutor these high risk students. UNCC, like other universities, found mentoring and tutoring experiences to be beneficial for preservice teachers. Transylvania University, a private college which traditionally educates many students from the upper-middle classes in Kentucky, established a mentoring and tutoring program at Johnson Elementary School (Simpson, 1992). Preservice teachers mentored and tutored underprivileged African-American youths from public housing and also made home visits. Meaningful interactions were experienced and visions were broadened as a result of this preservice. Preservice teachers got a feeling for the students' interests, motivations, and underground competencies. Reduced Victimization The positive environment of the Ron Charity/Sugaw Creek Junior Tennis/Academic program reduced the perceptions of being victimized. As an African-American and a product of the public housing community, I observed many students' conversations about being a victim of racism. Some were too young to understand and to have experienced racism. Feelings of victimization came from interactions with peers and adults who preached victimization. The victimization attitude prevented these students from adopting serious academic attitudes and perserverance in schoolwork. The adolescents brought this attitude into the classroom where the teacher was typically Anglo-American which consequently caused teacher frustration and/or teacher patronization. An adverse effect on academic achievement resulted with this behavior. (Reglin, 1995). Having been exposed to our positive mentors/tennis teachers, hearing the success stories, and experiencing positive attitudes reduced the students' sense of victimization which perhaps minimized teacher frustration. Our program selected mentors/tennis teachers who cared; the students could quickly sense adults who did not care. Students were informed that society owed them nothing; therefore, students had to work hard and get along with others to be successful. Fostered Intrinsic Motivation Mentors/tennis teachers fostered intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic rewards - money, buying soft drinks, t-shirts, etc., were used sparingly. Once students were hooked on playing tennis, extrinsic rewards were slowly withdrawn. …
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and South African policy on climate change - Hanekom, F (Clean air journal, 1995)
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Atmospheric pollution and climate change impacts in South Africa - Turner, Calum; Tosen, G.; Lennon, SJ (Clean air journal, 1995)
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A handful of volunteers in an underpaid service offer counselling after only a week's training. Focus: Ghana. (PubMed, 1995)
In Ghana, AIDS counselors do not have the resources to provide a complex balance of medical, financial, and emotional support. The problem is the poorly funded health service, but also convincing local policymakers that AIDS care is worthwhile. In Kumasi, a clinic was started by a former psychiatric nurse and doctors and nurses were trained in 1992 and 1993 to work there. After funding was cut by the Ministry of Health, only 25 trained counselors were left in the region with an estimated 15,000 AIDS cases. Only 8 of these counselors have regular contact with the clinic. Being away from regular hospital work means that they lose the opportunity to supplement their low pay by getting small gifts. Thus, the burden of AIDS care is left to some committed health workers like those working in the clinic. They are doing this work on a voluntary basis and the psychological burden threatens some with burnout. Many doctors and nurses also shy away from AIDS patients because of fear and stigmatization. This discrimination is partly due to the fact that AIDS is a relatively new phenomenon in Ghana. Pretest counseling has been in place since 1995, but many doctors carry out HIV testing without the patient's consent. The community often disdains AIDS victims assuming that they have acted in an immoral way to get infected. Counseling is also important to help correct misconceptions, to prevent the further spread of HIV, and reduce the burden on the health service. The sexual transmission of the disease, the importance of condom use, and proper nutrition are explained. The patients are also persuaded to tell their families about their condition. Even those who have a positive outlook and live with the disease are reluctant to confide in their relatives.
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Observations from the 12 October 1992 Dahshour earthquake i in Egypt (International journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences & geomechanics abstracts, 1995)
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Trends in the susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs of common pathogens in childhood septicaemia in Nigeria: experience at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, 1991–1994 - Akpede, George O.; Adeyemi, Olumuyiwa; Ambe, J P (International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 1995)
From 1991 to 1994, Staphylococcus aureus, untyped Coliform spp. and Salmonella spp., other Enterobacteriaceae and other bacteria were isolated from 40.7%, 37.6%, 19.5% and 2.2%, respectively, of 225 confirmed cases of septicaemia in postneonatal infants and children. Overall, 98.9%, 72.8%, 70.8%, 87.9%, 4.3%, 79.3%, 42.6%, 17.6% and 40.6%, respectively, of pathogens were sensitive to oflaxacin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, amoxicillincavulante, ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol. The resistance of S. aureus to ceftazidime and cloxacillin, and of Enterobacteriaceae to cefuroxime, has increased but multi-drug resistance is apparently not a major problem presently. Chloramphenicol has remained clinically an effective treatment for enteric fever, despite the high prevalence of in vitro resistance, and should remain the drug of choice. The sustained effectiveness of gentamicin should make it useful for combination with either a potentiated broad-spectrum penicillin or a second or third-generation cephalosporin for the treatment of septicaemia including those situations in which the causative bacteria has not yet been identified. Oflaxacin, although not normally recommended for use in children, could be a potential ‘rescue’ drug should multi-drug resistance become a serious problem; more clinical experience with its use in children is urgently needed.
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Impaired natural immunity to pneumolysin during human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States and Africa. - Amdahl, Brian M.; Rubins, Jeffrey B.; Daley, Charles L.; Gilks, Charles F.; Hopewell, Philip C.; Janoff, Edward N. (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 1995)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a significantly increased incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia and concomitant bacteremia. We hypothesized that the predisposition of HIV-infected patients to invasive pneumococcal infection may be related, in part, to an impaired immune response to the pneumococcal antigen pneumolysin (PLY) because PLY facilitates bacterial invasion. We measured serum anti-PLY antibodies in two separate populations of HIV-infected and HIV-seronegative controls, using both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and a functional assay of antibody inhibition of PLY-induced hemolysis and cytotoxicity. HIV-infected patients in the United States had significantly lower titers of anti-PLY antibodies by both methods than did seronegative control subjects. Moreover, HIV-infected patients in Kenya who later developed pneumococcal bacteremia also had significantly lower anti-PLY antibody levels at baseline compared with seronegative control subjects. We conclude that lower baseline levels of antibodies to PLY are associated with the higher incidence of bacteremic pneumococcal infections among HIV-infected patients.
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Health & HIV/AIDS Education in Primary & Secondary Schools in Africa & Asia. Policies, Practice & Potential: Case Studies from Pakistan, India, Uganda, Ghana. Education Research. - Barnett, Elizabeth D.; Koning, Korrie de; Francis, Victoria (1995)
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The Impact of Control Measures on Urinary Schistosomiasis in Primary School Children in Northern Cameroon: A Unique Opportunity for Controlled Observations - Bausch, Daniel G.; Cline, Barnett L. (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1995)
As part of a program to integrate schistosomiasis control into the primary health care system in northern Cameroon, an unexpected opportunity to undertake a controlled evaluation of the impact of interventions was recognized. Inadvertently, a large part of Mindjil, one of four assessment villages, had been essentially excluded from the program, creating a unique natural control. The prevalence of infection with Schistosoma hematobium in school-aged children was 7% in the areas where the control program was implemented, and 71% in the excluded areas (P < 0.0002). High intensity infection was 1% and 26% in the two areas, respectively (P < 0.0002). Children in the school where the control interventions were implemented had a significantly lower prevalence of infection with Schistosoma hematobium (P < 0.005). Subjects in intervention areas demonstrated greater knowledge about the transmission of schistosomiasis than those in the control area. This study documented and quantified program impact in a controlled manner not usually possible in field studies and also illustrated how unrecognized intracultural diversity (within culture differences) in target populations may effect disease control programs in communities.
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EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION: POLICY DILEMMAS FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Booth, Anne (Pacific studies, 1995)
This article examines education policy in Papua New Guinea in light of the most recent evidence on the growth of population and the labor force. Over the intercensal period 1980-1990, the labor force grew by between 2.5 and 3.0 percent per annum, and rates of unemployment among young people increased, especially in urban areas. But in spite of rising unemployment, an acute shortage of skilled labor compelled the private sector to increase reliance on expensive expatriate labor. The education sector in Papua New Guinea is plagued by problems of high unit costs, a high dropout rate, and low continuation rates into secondary school and tertiary institutions. Some policy suggestions are put forward that over time could lead to improved access to education and better absorption of the output in productive employment.
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Mentoring African-American college students: a dean's experience. - Bw, Barber (PubMed, 1995)
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Cognitive and School Outcomes for High-Risk African-American Students at Middle Adolescence: Positive Effects of Early Intervention - Campbell, Frances; Ramey, Craig T. (American Educational Research Journal, 1995)
Long-term intellectual and academic benefits related to early childhood educational intervention were found in a sample of students from low-income families (98% African American). The subjects were randomly assigned to preschool and school-age treatment conditions in a study design that permits a comparison of outcomes in students with preschool treatment followed by early elementary treatment (infancy–8 years), preschool treatment only (infancy–5 years), early elementary school treatment only (5 years–8 years), and untreated controls. At age 15, seven to ten years after any treatment was provided, those students who had preschool treatment scored significantly higher on individually administered tests of reading and mathematics and had fewer instances of grade retention and assignments to special education. The results support the relative efficacy of preschool treatment over that given in early elementary school. Policy implications stress the importance of providing high quality early childhood environments for impoverished children.
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The 1994 eruption of the Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea: injuries sustained and medical response - Dent, Andrew W; Davies, G.; Barrett, Patricia; Ours, P. J. A. De Saint (Medical Journal of Australia, 1995)
On 19 September 1994, with little warning, two volcanoes erupted at the Rabaul caldera, affecting the heavily populated Gazelle Peninsula, East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea. Local health services were able to deal with the disaster without additional external resources. The preparedness of the population and their knowledge of safe areas gained from a disaster plan widely publicised a decade earlier contributed to the low number of casualties.
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[An analytical study of theses in dermato-venereology presented at the Tunisian schools of medicine from 1971 to 1992]. - Doss, N.; Bouchahoua, M; Souissi, R; Osman, Ben; Mh, Loueslati; Mr, Kamoun (PubMed, 1995)
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Why Do Daughters Leave School in Southern Africa? Family Economy and Mothers' Commitments - Fuller, Bruce; Singer, J. David; Keiley, Margaret K. (Social Forces, 1995)
Journal Article Why Do Daughters Leave School in Southern Africa? Family Economy and Mothers' Commitments Get access Bruce Fuller, Bruce Fuller Harvard University Direct correspondence to Bruce Fuller, 6 Appian Way, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Judith D. Singer, Judith D. Singer Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Margaret Keiley Margaret Keiley Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 74, Issue 2, December 1995, Pages 657–681, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/74.2.657 Published: 01 December 1995
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Why do Daughters Leave School in Southern Africa? Family Economy and Mothers' Commitments - Fuller, Bruce; Singer, J. David; Keiley, Margaret K. (Social forces, 1995)
Journal Article Why Do Daughters Leave School in Southern Africa? Family Economy and Mothers' Commitments Get access Bruce Fuller, Bruce Fuller Harvard University Direct correspondence to Bruce Fuller, 6 Appian Way, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Judith D. Singer, Judith D. Singer Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Margaret Keiley Margaret Keiley Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 74, Issue 2, December 1995, Pages 657–681, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/74.2.657 Published: 01 December 1995
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Requiem for the Sudan: war, drought and disaster relief on the Nile by J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford, Westview Press, 1995. Pp. xiv+385. $64.95/ £48.50. $19.95/ £13.50 paperback. - War and Drought in Sudan: essays on population displacement edited by Eltigani E. Eltigani Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 1995. Pp. xii+114. £26.95. - The Benefits of Famine: a political economy of famine and relief in southwestern Sudan, 1983–1989 by David Keen … - Glickson, Roger C. (Journal of Modern African studies (Print), 1995)
Requiem for the Sudan: war, drought and disaster relief on the Nile by J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford, Westview Press, 1995. Pp. xiv+385. $47.00. £30.00. - Volume 33 Issue 4
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The Malawi earthquake of March 10, 1989: report of field survey - Gupta, Harsh K.; Malomo, Siyan (International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1995)
INTRODUCTION On a request from the Commonwealth Science Council, London, a mission was undertaken to investigate the earthquakes that rocked Malawi on March 9 and 10, 1989. Although it was initially proposed to carry out this mission in May 1989, due to procedural delays and other commitments, the mission could be undertaken only in October 1989. A technical report of this mission has been brought out by Commonwealth Science Council (Gupta and Malomo, 1993). In this paper we present some salient features of the field investigations of the earthquake affected area in Malawi. TECTONICS AND SEISMICITY OF MALAWI Malawi rift dominates the tectonics of Malawi. It is the southern portion of the western branch of the East-African rift system extending 40–90 km in width and 800 km in length. A detailed description of tectonics and seismicity associated with Malawi rift can be found in the national atlas of Malawi (Department...
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Assessing the impact of a family planning nurse training program in Egypt - Halawa, Mardan Darman Harpenta; Bashay, MF; Eggleston, Elizabeth; Hardee, Karen; Kafafi, L; Jw, Brown (Population Research and Policy Review, 1995)
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Book Review: Teen Drug Scene — South Africa: A Guide for Parents and Schools - Hicks, Glenda (South African Journal of Psychology, 1995)
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Peak expiratory flow rate in Nigerian school children. - Jaja, S.I.; Ao, Fagbenro (PubMed, 1995)
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured using the Wright's peak flow meter in 263 school boys and 275 school girls living in Lagos, Nigeria. Their ages ranged from 6.0 years to 19.0 years (mean 11.9 +/- 3.8 yrs. for boys and 11.8 +/- 3.9 yrs. for girls). Mean PEFR was 359.2 +/- 102.0 L/min (range 160.0-610.0 L/min) in boys and 327.7 +/- 81.3 L/min (range 160.0-500.0 L/min) in girls. Apart from ages 17, 18 and 19, peak expiratory flow rates were similar in both boys and girls. In both sexes, PEFR correlated positively and significantly with age, height, weight and body surface area. Also in both sexes and in all age groups studied, PEFR was significantly higher than predicted values obtained from previous Nigerian and caucasian prediction equations. When compared with values obtained from a second caucasian prediction equation, observed values were significantly higher in the 6-10 years and 16-19 years age groups in boys and 11-15 years and 16-19 years age groups in girls. New prediction equations for calculating PEFR in Nigerian boys and girls are presented. Observed PEFR may be due to enhanced stature in Nigerian children resulting from improved environment and genetic factors.
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The contribution of the ESP teacher to the development of the use of English in Algerian companies - Khaldi, Kamel (A. sp, 1995)
Le présent article présente les résultats d'une recherche-action conduite pour améliorer la formation continue en anglais de spécialité des personnels d'une grande entreprise du secteur public algérien.
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Mentoring African American students: one path to success. - Lr, Nelson (PubMed, 1995)
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Accreditation of OD training in South Africa: a prototype. Part 1 - Mann, Pete (Industrial and Commercial Training, 1995)
Seeks to raises questions for consultants and practitioners working in organizational change about the nature of organizational development (OD). Ponders on what characterizes the nature of human resource change capability for South Africa in the 1990s, and how this can be transmitted into management education and training. Concludes with the challenges facing the prototype.
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Literacy, Power, and Democracy in Mozambique: The Governance of Learning from Colonization to the Present - Marshall, Judith (African Studies Review, 1995)
In this book, the author explores how workers in one post-independence factory made sense of literacy and used it in their daily lives. It probes the extent to which the government literacy programs served as a tool for a more active voice in the shifting power configurations of factory and community, situated within the larger context of Mozambique's option for a socialist development model.
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Slope Failures and Debris Avalanches on the Flanks of Volcanic Oceanic Islands : the Canary Islands, off NW Africa - Masson, D.G.; Watts, A. B. (Landslide news, 1995)
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MBU: A culturally meaningful framework for education in Papua New Guinea - Mel, Michael A. (PROSPECTS, 1995)
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Promoting environmental awareness in Botswana: the role of community education - Mogome-Ntsatsi, Kgomotso; Adeola, Ogechi (The Environmentalist, 1995)
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Off‐farm wage returns to education: Evidence from Lesotho - Mokitimi, N.; Nieuwoudt, W. L. (Development Southern Africa, 1995)
This article presents estimates of off‐farm wage returns to education in rural areas of Lesotho. Results from a sample survey conducted in the northern Lowlands and Foothills of Lesotho indicate that returns to education are relatively higher for people wage‐employed in Lesotho than those wage‐employed as migrants in South Africa. For people working within Lesotho, education appears to have a significant and positive effect on off‐farm wages. Most people working within Lesotho are employed as teachers, nurses and civil servants and these job categories require an educated labour force. For people wage‐employed in South Africa, education appears not to have a significant effect on off‐farm wages. Most men working in South Africa are employed as labourers in mines while women working in South Africa are employed as domestic servants.
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Toward a Collaborative Approach to Parent Involvement in Early Education: A Study of Teenage Mothers in an African-American Community - Neuman, Susan B.; Hagedorn, Tracy; Celano, Donna; Daly, Pauline (American educational research journal, 1995)
This study addresses the challenge of creating a collaborative approach to parent involvement. As part of a family literacy program, participants in the study were 19 African-American adolescent parents from low-income backgrounds whose children attended an early intervention program. Parents’ beliefs about learning and literacy were sought through a series of peer group discussions. The data revealed a continuum of perspectives ranging from behavioral to constructivist beliefs, suggesting important intragroup variability within this particular sociocultural group. The discussions also revealed shared goals that may be used to forge collaborative relationships between parents and professionals in the interest of improving African-American children’s early education. Illustrations from a family literacy program are used to show how parent beliefs may be incorporated into programmatic changes, building constructive relationships that work toward supporting children’s success in schools.
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Patterns of student counselling in South African Universities - Nicholas, Lionel (International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 1995)
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Religiosity, Aids, and Sexuality Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices of Black South-African First-Year University Students - Nicholas, Lionel; Durrheim, Kevin (Psychological Reports, 1995)
This study investigated the association of religiosity with sexuality and AIDS knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of 1,817 black first-year students in South Africa. On a structured questionnaire, consenting students rated themselves on scales of religiosity, attitudes toward homosexuality, intrafamilial communication about contraception, AIDS attitudes, and AIDS knowledge. Negative attitudes toward homosexuality were significantly associated with negative attitudes towards AIDS, high knowledge of AIDS, and high religiosity. Religious commitment diminished propensity to engage in sexual intercourse and delayed age for onset of sexual intercourse.Religiosity has been conceptualized as a personal control against deviance and may therefore be positively associated with conventionality and conformity. The authors investigated the association of religiosity with sexuality and AIDS knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of 1817 Black first-year university students in South Africa. The participants were of mean age 20.4 years and 44% were male. Consenting students rated themselves on a structured questionnaire on scales of religiosity, attitudes toward homosexuality, intrafamilial communication about contraception, AIDS attitudes, and AIDS knowledge. Negative attitudes toward homosexuality were significantly associated with negative attitudes toward AIDS, high knowledge of AIDS, and high religiosity. Religious commitment diminished the propensity to engage in sexual intercourse and delayed the age for onset of sexual intercourse.
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Conservation education in threatened species management in Africa - Ntiamoa‐Baidu, Yaa (Bird Conservation International, 1995)
Summary The issues that need to be addressed in conservation education programmes aimed at saving threatened species in Africa are discussed. Elements considered as crucial for the success of such programmes include a clear definition of the problem, identification of the target groups, definition of appropriate messages for each group, and development of suitable strategies for dissemination. The advantages of using local people to implement education programmes are outlined. A system for monitoring and evaluation is essential for the assessment of the success of programmes and provides opportunities for improvement, re-definition of priorities and reallocation of resources.
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Professional development, manpower education and training in information sciences in Kenya - Ocholla, Dennis N. (Library Management, 1995)
Discusses issues relating to professional development and manpower training in Kenya. Provides background information on the libraries and information sciences training programmes situation. Gives attention to issues and trends affecting the information profession in training, curricula development, application of information technology, cost of information materials and the crisis in supply and demand in regard to manpower development in the information profession. Suggests that institutions for training information professionals need to observe the supply and demand trends in their environment and to adjust both the curricula and intake of trainees to the national situation. The training institutions also need to broaden the courses offered in their programmes to include computer skills, communication studies, economics of information, marketing, research methodologies, management, publishing and booktrade, resource sharing and continuing education. The market for information professionals needs to be provided with products with diversified knowledge and skills. Concludes with observations on how the problems of manpower development and training in information sciences in Kenya may be handled.
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A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence. - Oyserman, Daphna; Gant, Larry M.; Ager, Joel W. (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995)
Schooling, critical to the transition to adulthood, is particularly problematic for urban and minority youths. To explore predictors of school persistence the authors propose a socially contextualized model of the self. Strategies to attain achievement-related possible selves were differentially predicted for White and Black university students (Study I, n = 105). For Whites, individualism, the Protestant work ethic, and balance in possible selves predicted generation of more achievement-related strategies. For Blacks, collectivism, ethnic identity, and low endorsement of individualism tended to predict strategy generation. In middle school, performance was predicted by gendered African American identity schema, particularly for females (Study 2, n = 146), and the effects of social context appeared gendered (Study 3, n = 55). Balance in achievement-related possible selves predicted school achievement, especially for African American males ( Study 4, n = 55).
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The Image of Africa in Our Classrooms - Pahl, Ronald H. (The Social Studies, 1995)
(1995). The Image of Africa in Our Classrooms. The Social Studies: Vol. 86, No. 6, pp. 245-247.
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The Education Atlas of South Africa, by D Krige, S Cairns, B Makalima & D Scott - Paterson, Andrew (Development Southern Africa, 1995)
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Learning and schooling of Basarwa (Bushmen) children in Botswana - Pridmore, Pat (PROSPECTS, 1995)
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Gender issues and the training of agricultural extensionists in Malawi - Riley, Pamela J. (Agriculture and Human Values, 1995)
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Rates of return to education of blacks in South Africa - Serumaga-Zake, Philip (Development Southern Africa, 1995)
The aim of this empirical study was to calculate private and social rates of return to education and to test the hypothesis that education is a major determinant of earning differentials for blacks in South Africa. Data for 23 278 working men and women were extracted from the 1985 Current Population Survey files. This comprised a sample representative of the black population in the Republic of South Africa excluding the former Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei territories. Lifetime earnings profiles were constructed from these data for five educational levels, namely, no schooling up to Standard 1; Standards 2 to 4; Standards 5 to 7; Standards 8 to 9; and Standard 10. Schooling was assumed to account for 60 per cent of the earnings differentials between these profiles. Imputed average household outlays on schooling were taken as the private direct cost of education. These were supplemented by estimates of per pupil spending by the various government departments responsible for black education, to calculate the social costs per year of primary and secondary schooling. Indirect costs in the form of imputed foregone earnings were included from Standard 5 (age 15) onwards. The private internal rates of return to education of males were found to be about 16 per cent at primary level and 24 per cent for secondary schooling. Corresponding social rates of return are about 6 per cent for primary and 15 per cent for secondary education. Estimates for females showed negative rates of return between no schooling and Standards 2 to 4, the private and social rates being estimated at ‐1 per cent and ‐4 per cent respectively; from Standards 2 to 4 to Standards 5 to 7, a private rate of 12 per cent and a social rate of 4 per cent are reported; and for the remaining secondary school phases private rates of about 32 per cent and social rates of about 15 per cent are estimated. The study confirms that education is a major determinant of earnings differentials and education expansion can be regarded as a powerful earnings equaliser.
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Ngugi's Colonial Education: "The Subversion...of the African Mind" - Sicherman, Carol (African Studies Review, 1995)
Of course [after graduation from high school] some things go, whistles, lights-out, uniform, parades, prefects,…and yet all the central ideas go on. There will still be chores to be done, and done well, without grumbles; there will still be the need to discipline, for men who can obey and can therefore—when called upon—rule…(Francis 1957, 2). What we are practicing at Makere, day in and out,…is the subversion… of the African mind; the breaking down of mental tissues; their reconstruction in the Western mode; the reordering of thoughts, feelings, habits, responses, of every aspect of the mind and personality. This is what we are doing, and cannot avoid doing—this is the core of our activity (Murray Carlin in Stanley 1960, 11). In 1957 a solemn third-former at Alliance High School wrote in the school magazine: “Superstition used to play an important role in Kikuyu society…It was the chief reason why the older order changed more slowly than many people desired” (Ngugi 1957, 21). Unequivocally rejecting “rigid” traditional society, the writer declares approvingly that with the advance of Christianity—“without doubt the greatest civilising influence”—many Gikuyu have come to regard “superstition and witchcraft…with derision.” After a well told anecdote tinged with humorous self-mockery, the essayist ends with sermonizing gratitude for “a most valuable lesson” (22). This parrot-like bagatelle in The AHS Magazine—signed “J. T. Ngugi, Form 3A,” and his first published work—echoes the high moral tone of the missionary headmaster of Alliance High School, E. Carey Francis (Greaves 1969; Kipkorir 1980; Sicherman 1990, 389-92). The motto of the school, “Strong to Serve,” implied the kinds of “chores” that boys thus educated would have to do in Kenya when they became—in Ngugi's later caustic paraphrase of his headmaster's goal–“efficient machines for running a colonial system” (Sicherman 1990, 20).
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Preliminary Evidence of the Validity of the WISC-III for African American Students Undergoing Special Education Evaluation - Slate, John R.; Jones, Craig H. (Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1995)
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III) with African American students undergoing special education evaluations. In Study 1, correlations between Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R) and WISC-III scores were examined for 31 African American students undergoing 3-year reevaluations for special education. The correlations obtained were comparable to those reported in the WISC-III manual, but WISC-III scores were lower than scores on the WISC-R. In Study 2, the factor structure of the WISC-III was investigated for 58 African American students undergoing initial special education evaluations. Although unrotated factors supported the validity of the WISC-III, some problems arose following varimax rotation.
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Experiential Education for Urban African Americans - Smith, Jennifer; McGinnis, J. Randy (The Journal of experiential education, 1995)
Current thinking advocates environmental learning experiences beyond simply awareness of issues affecting the environment. The focus now is on the encouragement of active learner participation in the resolution of authentic environmental problems. This makes environmental education an application of experiential education. Research indicates that the primary environmental concern of the urban African American community is the inequitable siting of toxic facilities in urban African American neighborhoods. A new conception of experiential education which addresses the environmental attitudes and concerns of urban African Americans is proposed for inclusion in teacher education programs preparing practitioners for work in schools. An issue investigation and action approach is illustrated in a case study.
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Recent changes in climate in the far western equatorial Pacific and their relationship to the Southern Oscillation; oxygen isotope records from massive corals, Papua New Guinea - Tudhope, Alexander W.; Shimmield, Graham; Chilcott, Colin P.; Jebb, Matthew; Fallick, Anthony E.; Dalgleish, A. N. (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1995)
The western equatorial Pacific warm pool is believed to be the source region of a substantial proportion of the world's inter-annual climate variability, including the globally significant El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation. Here new data are presented on changes in the climate of this region over the past 70 yr, based on analysis of the stable oxygen isotopic composition of annually banded, massive corals living on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. In this area, the coincidence of abundant and isotopically light rainfall with small seasonal and inter-annual changes in temperature means that the coral skeletal δ18O record may be reliably interpreted in terms of rainfall variation. Since the abundance of rainfall is governed by the intensity of deep atmospheric convection, the coral records provide regionally significant, and regionally reproducible, climatic indices. In particular, the coral records indicate larger changes in the degree of coupling of the climate of the region with the Southern Oscillation than have hitherto been described. These changes in coupling, which accompany shifts in the dominant periodicities of inter-annual climate variation, are indicative of rapid and large-scale reorganisation of ocean-atmosphere interactions. The data indicate that from the 1920s to 1950s the western equatorial Pacific was less important in modulating Pacific and global inter-annual climatic variability than it has appeared to be subsequently. The reproducibility of the coral climate records, combined with the presence on the north coast of Papua New Guinea of extensive and well preserved raised reef terraces, leads to the potential for extending understanding of climatic variability in this globally important region back into the late Quaternary.
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Teaching about Africa: A Review of Middle/Secondary Textbooks and Supplemental Materials - Wilson, Angene (The Social Studies, 1995)
(1995). Teaching about Africa: A Review of Middle/Secondary Textbooks and Supplemental Materials. The Social Studies: Vol. 86, No. 6, pp. 253-259.
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Error in the religious equation: Images of St Peter's School in South African autobiography - Woeber, Catherine (English Academy Review, 1995)
(1995). Error in the religious equation: Images of St Peter's School in South African autobiography. English Academy Review: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 58-69.
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From Crimea to Syria. Re-defining the alleged historical earthquake of 63 B.C. - Traina, Giusto (Annals of Geophysics, 1995)
Within the SGA research on the historical seismicity of the Crimean Peninsula (SGA Report, 1990), interest has been focused on the case of the earthquake of 63 B.C. According to regional seismic catalogues as well as to historic and archaeological literature, two late Roman sources. Dio Cassius and Paulus Orosius, allegedly give evidence of an earthquake which happened in the Crimea in this year; the event was linked to the death of Mithridates V1 Eupator, eventually the king of Pontos. Local archaeologists claimed to have found evidence of this event in the excavations of Panticapaeunl (present-day Ker?). In fact. this is the result of a restricted analysis of the written sources. Thence stems a sort of iivulgatan. currently accepted by scholarship, yet not really supported by the evidence. A re-examination of the whole question, including an analysis of all sources avalaible on earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean. showed that in that period no seismic event took place in the Crimea. Dio's and Orosius' accounts are instead concerned with another earthquake, already known for Syria from other sources. This historical case gives a proper methodological example of the problems concerned with the analysis of the evidence in historical seismology. not only of Antiquity, but of almost any premodern period.
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Second Chance Teachers Program Development in an Historically African-American University. - Burnett, I. Emett (1995)
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Teaching MIDI from an African American Angle - Beery, Lon S. (Music Educators Journal, 1995)
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Post-Apartheid Education: Towards Non-Racial, Unitary and Democratic Socialization in the New South Africa. Mandla M. Mncwabe - Claassen, Chris (Comparative Education Review, 1995)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsPost-Apartheid Education: Towards Non-Racial, Unitary and Democratic Socialization in the New South Africa. Mandla M. Mncwabe Chris ClaassenChris Claassen Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 39, Number 4Nov., 1995 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447345 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1995 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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Leading with her Life: An African American Feminist (Re)Interpretation of Leadership for an Urban High School Principal - Dillard, Cynthia B. (Educational Administration Quarterly, 1995)
What is the relationship between the meanings of personal and professional acts of leading, the creation of a school culture that honors diversity, and what we know about effective schools? This case study of an African American female urban school principal explores and reinterprets traditional conceptualizations of effective leadership, given the increasing diversity of today's schools.
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Drought risk management in southern Africa. The potential of long lead climate forecasts for improved drought management - Gibberd, V.; Rook, J.J.; Sear, Chris; Williams, Jimmy B. (1995)
Although climate variability is the single most important factor affecting the livelihood of the people of southern Africa, there is no country in which drought risk is managed well. This mission set out to determine whether the social and economic benefits from making use of long lead climate forecast techniques for managing drought risk in southern Africa would justify investment directed towards bringing forward the techniques into operational usage. The four person mission consulted a wide range of decision makers, weather information users and technical specialists in Botswana, Malawi, South Africa and Zimbabwe during the month of July 1995. The views of those consulted were markedly positive and convergent. Reliable drought prediction is a very high priority for the people and economies of southern Africa. The mission found that: while climates are always changing, southern Africa does indeed appear to be becoming increasingly drought affected; for many governments, people and purposes in the region, reliable indication of the quality of the next wet season is probably the most useful single item of information that could be provided; ongoing climate research is much closer than is generally appreciated to being able to provide reliable and timely information of this kind; It is not logical to wait for forecast skill to be 100% reliable before beginning to incorporate forecasts into decision making meteorological institutions in the region are not capable of realising the full potential of their global links in their present state: they need both investment and development; while improved long lead forecasts offer the prospect of significant benefits, these will not be fully realised without a number of concurrent developments across the economy. The mission concludes that relatively modest investment towards both improving climate prediction and strengthening information dissemination and uptake pathways could revolutionise drought risk 'management-enhancing economic responsibility, food security and natural resource management throughout the region. Benefits from the better management of strategic grain reserves alone would justify the necessary investment. The mission recommends that ODA, the World Bank and other development organisations recognise the important potential of these techniques for mitigating many of the effects of recurrent drought, and seek the means to ensure their broad multi-disciplinary implementation for maximum impact and benefit.
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Nigerian integrated science student teachers and the realities of teaching practice - Green, Rosemund Dienye (Research in Education, 1995)
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A prevalence study of ear problems in school children in Kiambu district, Kenya, May 1992 - Hatcher, Juanita; Smith, Andrew W.; Mackenzie, Ian C.; Thompson, S. R.; Bal, Inderjit Singh; Macharia, Isaac; Mugwe, Peter; Okoth-Olende, Chimmie; Oburra, Herbert; Wanjohi, Zachary; Achola, Nayema Kevin; Mirza, Nazrat; et al. (International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 1995)
Information on the prevalence of hearing impairment and related ear pathologies in children in sub-Saharan Africa is scarce. A pilot study for a clinical trial of simple treatments for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in school children in Kiambu district, Kenya, provided information on the prevalence of hearing impairment and ear pathologies. Five-thousand-three-hundred-and-sixty-eight children from 57 randomly chosen primary schools in Kiambu district were examined. Simple otoscopy was performed by clinical officers with speciality training in ENT, and hearing testing was performed by trained nurses, using a hand held field audiometer. Microbiological specimens were obtained from those children with CSOM. Five-point-six percent of the children had a hearing impairment of > 30 dB HL in one or both ears, with 2.2% having bilateral hearing impairment. Two-point-four percent had at least one perforated tympanic membrane, and 1.1% had CSOM. Eight-point-six percent of the children had wax obstructing the tympanic membrane. There is evidence of a relationship between hearing impairment and both CSOM and wax obstructing the tympanic membrane. The most common organisms found were Pseudomonas spp. (34%), Proteus spp. (34%) and Eschericia coli (19%). These results are comparable with other studies in Africa and indicate a considerable burden of ear disease in Kiambu district, Kenya.
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Straight talk for youth: Ugandan girls and boys learning to escape gender stereotypes. - Henry, Keisha Denythia (PubMed, 1995)
"Straight Talk," a monthly newspaper produced by Uganda's Ministry of Information, provides advice to young people about sexuality, relationships, and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The tabloid is inserted in the daily government newspaper, "New Vision," which has a circulation of 40,000; another 30,000 copies are distributed to secondary schools and nongovernmental organizations. The newspaper began in 1993 as part of the media campaign of Safeguard Youth from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Each issue publishes articles by and interviews with young people, dozens of letters from readers, and columns by health care professionals. The content seeks to demystify sex, challenge gender-based stereotypes, and encourage real friendships between girls and boys. There is strong peer support for postponing sex. A recent issue included a contest for the best story about sexual boasting and pressure. One article noted that boys and girls learn separate rules of sexual behavior that resemble scripts in a play. Another analyzed passages from popular novels depicting men as strong and forceful and women as helpless and submissive. The publication also encourages dialogue between parents and children about sex. Many schools have formed clubs that discuss issues raised in the publication.
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Drug use among secondary school students in Zimbabwe - HIDE, A. H.; Acuda, S. W. (Addiction, 1995)
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Teacher Education from an African American Perspective. - Hilliard, Asa G. (1995)
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South Africa for Students - History of Southern Africa. By J. D. Omer-Cooper. Second edition. London: James Currey Publishers, 1994. Pp. xiv + 310. £35 (ISBN 0-85255-716-7); £11.95, paperback (ISBN 0-85255-715-9). - Jeater, Diana (The Journal of African History, 1995)
South Africa for Students - History of Southern Africa. By J. D. Omer-Cooper. Second edition. London: James Currey Publishers, 1994. Pp. xiv + 310. £35 (ISBN 0-85255-716-7); £11.95, paperback (ISBN 0-85255-715-9). - Volume 36 Issue 3
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Prevalence of malnutrition among school children in Ejisu-Juaben District, Ashanti region in Ghana. - Jn, Inungu (PubMed, 1995)
A total of 886 primary school children, aged 5 to 9 years, were studied in Ejisu-Juaben district in Ashanti region (Ghana), from June 1 to November 23, 1990, to assess the prevalence of wasting and stunting in the district. Only children enrolled in the first year of the primary school in selected villages were studied. There were 450 males (50.8%) and 436 females (49.2%). The prevalence of wasting and stunting were 44.3% and 54.9% respectively with a slight predominance among females. The high prevalence of protein-energy-malnutrition among school children calls for urgent actions to improve the health status of children in Ghana.
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Education and Training of Accountants in Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa - Johnson, Sonia R. (1995)
This paper describes the accounting profession, and the education and training of accountants and accounting technicians in sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa. It reviews professional accounting examinations and degrees, education, practical training and continuing professional education. The paper highlights the weakness in accounting education and training, and recommends a number of measures to strengthen these areas. These include the development of national and regional accounting bodies, the establishment of national accounting qualifications at both fully qualified and technician level, and the strengthening of teaching institutions.
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A Framework for Teaching West African Musics in Schools and Colleges - Kwami, Robert (British Journal of Music Education, 1995)
Existing classifications of West African musics seem to have a limited applicability as models for music education in schools and colleges. Hence, a more comprehensive classification, highlighting a range of syncretic forms, is merged with a structure in Ghanaian drum ensembles to yield a sequential, two dimensional, model. It is then argued that the model can be used as a framework for teaching West African musics in primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions. A more general discussion is followed by an integrated arts application; finally, a musical perspective, including compositions by the present writer, is presented.
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Educating Displaced Children: An Opportunity for Building Peace? Case Study: Sudan. Mid-Decade Review of Progress towards Education for All. - Mahmud, Ushari Ahmad; Baraka, Muhammad Zaayid (1995)
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Implementation of an environmental monitoring network and a pollution combating unit in Côte d'Ivoire - Morel, Gilles; Koffi, P. Koffi (Water Science and Technology, 1995)
Aquatic pollution in Côte d'Ivoire is severe in several places. The Ivorian government therefore requested and later obtained technical assistance from the Danish government for the training of personnel and the equipment of an environmental central laboratory and of a pollution combating unit. The structure CIAPOL (Centre Ivorian Anti-Pollution) in charge of setting up the two components of the project, was created by the government of Côte d'Ivoire in May 1991. A coastal and a continental monitoring network have been implemented. Nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons and microbiological methods have been adapted for the survey programs of water, sediment and biota. Results presented in this paper show spatiotemporal variations of the ammonia concentrations in the lagoon waters. Very high concentrations in the Bietry bay of hydrocarbons in sediment and zinc in oysters trace petroleum refinery pollution. The extremely high microbiological contamination of the lagoon water around Abidjan should preclude its use for any purpose. The staff of the centre has been trained in the use of the oil spill recovery equipment. Alert procedures and communications have been introduced. Today the CIAPOL is involved in national conventions and international projects. It is designated to become the Reference Laboratory in the region and will be in charge of training and intercalibration sessions within these projects.
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Gender and school‐type differences in mathematics achievement of senior three pupils in central Uganda: an exploratory study - Opyene‐Eluk, P.; Opolot-Okurut, Charles (International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 1995)
This study investigated the differences in Mathematics achievement of senior three (15 year old) boys and girls in single‐sex and mixed‐sex schools in central Uganda. An achievement test consisting of items on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, statistics and probability, and word problems was administered to 383 pupils. The results indicate that although boys’ achievement in mathematics is higher than that of girls, the difference is not significant. Pupils from single‐sex schools performed better than their counterparts in mixed‐sex schools and the difference was significant. Pairwise comparative analysis revealed that boys, irrespective of school sex composition, and girls from girls‐only schools are better in mathematics achievement than girls from mixed schools. However, no significant difference in mathematics achievement of boys from mixed schools, boys from boys‐only schools and girls from girls‐only school was revealed.
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Prevalence of skin disease in AIDS patients in the Lome-Tokoin teaching hospital of Togo - Pitché, P; Tchangaï-Walla, K.; Napo‐Koura, Gado; Mijiyawa, Moustapha; Agbèrè, Abdou Rahmane Diparidé; Tatagan, A (Cahiers d'études et de recherches francophones / Santé, 1995)
Une etude prospective a ete menee, pendant 13 mois, afin de determiner la prevalence des affections dermatologiques au cours du syndrome d’immunodeficience acquise (Sida) en milieu hospitalier a Lome (Togo). Sur 120 patients (71 hommes, 49 femmes) hospitalises pour Sida et examines au cours de cette periode d’etude, 99 avaient une affection dermatologique (82,5 %). Cette frequence etait de 59,99 % entre 1 mois et 3 mois d’evolution du Sida, contre 81,77% entre 4 mois et 6 mois d’evolution. A partir du 7e mois d’evolution de la maladie, tous les patients presentaient une affection dermatologique au moment de notre etude. Les principales affections observees etaient : le prurigo (33,33%), la candidose buccale (25%), le zona (16,16%), le decrepage spontane des cheveux (13,33%), l’ichtyose et la xerodermie (11,60%), les furonculoses (10%), la dermite seborrheique (6,66%), la maladie de Kaposi (5%) et les folliculites (4,16%). Les resultats de cette etude confirment le caractere tres frequent des affections dermatologiques au cours du Sida en Afrique tropicale et montrent que l’examen dermatologique reste un temps essentiel dans le depistage de l’infection a VIH et le Sida.
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Can Vocational Programmes Change Use and Exchange Value Attributions of School Leavers: a Kenyan case study? - Saunders, Murray; Sambili, Helen (Educational review, 1995)
Abstract This paper introduces the notions of use and exchange value as useful tools in the analysis of the way in which school leavers and their communities attribute value to different kinds of educational experience. Using data from a longitudinal study of school leavers from a Kenyan region, it argues that the exchange value of school leaving exams are ascendant and that vocational programmes, characterised by their use value, appear to have little impact on the initial pattern of value attribution. However, the data suggests that individual value attribution is a dynamic rather than static process and under certain circumstances can change. By analysing the reported experiences of the school leavers, we are able to identify some key determinants of the resilience of exchange value attribution which suggest some shifts in emphasis in local policy interventions designed to encourage self‐employment.
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Ethiopian Children in Israeli Schools: The prospects for successful integration - Short, Geoffrey (Comparative Education, 1995)
In this paper I examine the prospects of Ethiopian children integrating successfully into the Israeli school system. My specific concern is that the children will experience in Israel the same sort of difficulties that beset Afro-Caribbean children in Britain when assimilation and later integration were the dominant concerns of educational policy makers. With particular reference to the Rampton and Swann reports, comparisons between the two groups are made chiefly in terms of racism (both intentional and unintentional), self-esteem, innate ability, linguistic difficulties and the ethnocentricity of the curriculum. Other factors referred to include the impact of bussing, the influence of role models and family disintegration. It is concluded that over the longer term, Ethiopian children in Israel will adapt successfully to the educational system.
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Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic data from the Mount Elgon volcano, eastern Uganda-western Kenya: Implications for the origin and evolution of nephelinite lavas - Simonetti, Antonio; Bell, Keith (Lithos, 1995)
Nd, Pb and Sr isotope ratios for nephelinites from the Tertiary Mount Elgon alkaline volcanic centre, eastern Uganda-western Kenya, are highly variable and indicate open system behaviour. The variation in 143Nd144Nd (0.51219-0.51286) and 87Sr86Sr (0.70314-0.70604) ratios span almost the entire range documented for carbonatites from several East African alkaline complexes. The whole rock chemical data, mineralogy, composition of diopside phenocrysts, and variation in isotopic ratios from the Mount Elgon nephelinites are similar to those from the nephelinite lavas from the Tertiary Napak volcano, Uganda (Simonetti and Bell, 1994a). The diopside phenocrysts from Mount Elgon nephelinite lavas reveal large core-to-rim compositional variations (which include normal, oscillatory and reverse zoning), and their Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic ratios are not in isotopic equilibrium with their host lavas. Microprobe data along with textural evidence from the Mount Elgon diopside phenocrysts support a model that involves crystallization in an open magma system that was undergoing continuous chemical and isotopic change. The large variation in Pb isotopic ratios (whole rocks-206Pb204Pb: 18.45-21.51; 207Pb204Pb: 15.61-15.88; 208Pb204Pb: 38.62-41.02), from the Mount Elgon lavas, best fit a model involving mixing between EM I and HIMU mantle components, and correlations in Pb-Sr and Pb-Nd isotopic plots partly support this interpretation. The isotopic data from Mount Elgon and Napak nephelinites suggest complex evolutionary histories involving magma mixing, and support the presence of a heterogeneous sub-continental source beneath eastern Uganda, similar to that documented for various types of peralkaline nephelinite lavas from the only active carbonatite-nephelinite volcano, Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania (Bell and Dawson, 1995) and other East African volcanoes (e.g. Vollmer and Norry, 1983). The chemical data and large variation in isotopic ratios for the Mount Elgon nephelinites suggests that each lava flow may represent a discrete partial melt derived from an isotopically inhomogeneous upper mantle. In the cases of the Mount Elgon and Napak lavas, magma mixing may have occurred between newly formed, ascending nephelinitic liquids and slightly older nephelinitic melts that ponded at shallower levels.
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the hexis of interpretation: Islam and the body in the Egyptian popular school - Starrett, Gregory (American Ethnologist, 1995)
This article examines how travelers, colonial officials, and educators have treated prayer and other body rituals in Egyptian popular schools. Once the object of colonial critiques of indigenous pedagogy, body ritual has now become the focus of a functionalist discourse that reads bodily postures and movements as natural manifestations of social, ideological, and cosmological structures. Starting from Bourdieu's notion of hexis, the literal embodiment of ideology, the article examines how Egyptians—and anthropologists—extract meaning from ritual behavior.
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Connecting the Geology of Africa with the Prehistoric, Historical, Political, and Economic Evolution of the Continent as a Strategy for Teaching Introductory Geology and Attracting Minority Students to Geology - Tewksbury, Barbara J. (Journal of Geological Education, 1995)
An innovative introductory geology course entitled The Geology and Development of Modern Africa was developed and offered at Hamilton College for the first time during 1994–95. The aims of the course are three-fold: 1) to attract African American students to take geology, 2) to help students draw connections between geology and non-science topics with which they are more familiar, and 3) to teach students rigorous geology in a setting that minimizes lecture and emphasizes hands-on investigative activities, self and group learning, and peer teaching. The course is structured around a series of geologic topics that have direct relevance to particular prehistoric, historical, political, or economic issues in Africa. The course emphasizes how an understanding of the geologic context allows a deeper understanding of the reasons for the prehistoric, historical, political, and economic evolution of Africa. In this course, students delve deeply into a limited number of topics: past and present fluvial processes o...
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Classroom environment and approach to learning in State and international schools in Nigeria - Watkins, D. Neil; Akande, Adebowale (Research in Education, 1995)
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Natural resource extraction, pollution intensive spending and inequities in the Middle East and North Africa - Larsen, Bjørn (1995)
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Attitudes of African American Accounting Students Toward Graduate Education - Birkett, Brenda S.; Kiel, Mark J. (American Journal of Business, 1995)
To increase the number of African Americans in the accounting profession in the 21st century, more accounting majors must be recruited into graduate programs so that they will meet the 150 hour education requirement ofthe AICPA and a large number of states. Effective graduate program recruitment strategies should consider the influences and perceived benefits that motivate African Americans to pursue advanced degrees. This study surveyed African American undergraduate accounting majors to determine their opinions on certain influen‐tial factors and benefits. The major influence on thedecision to attend graduate school was the respondent’sown personal and professional goals. Greater upward mobility was the most important benefit perceived by survey participants.
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Initiatives. Mauritius: a right to know. MFPA launches sex education in primary schools. (PubMed, 1995)
The Mauritius Family Planning Association (MFPA) launches sex education in selected primary schools in the country. This move has received support from parents and teachers after a strong advocacy campaign and MFPA had collected data and evidence to back up its campaign. Through focus group discussions with students, MFPA was able to obtain useful data for the development of an appropriate curriculum, in collaboration with a Task Force, parents, and teachers. The content of the curriculum included The Family, Population Education, Human Growth and Development, Adolescent Problems, and Health and Health and Education. To effectively implement this initiative, volunteer schoolteachers underwent training sessions to arm them with the necessary knowledge on what and how to teach young people. A participative approach was preferred for the training. So far, there have been 8 schools involved in the pilot project: 3 urban and 5 rural schools, with each school having 1 working session per semester. In the future, the Sexual Education Curriculum will be expanded to all primary schools and the adolescents in these schools will have acquired their right to know.
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Prophylactic endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVL) versus sclerotherapy (ES) for the prevention of variceal bleeding: An interim report of a prospective randomized controlled trial in schistosomal portal hypertension , Departments of Medicine, Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, and Ain Shams University School of Medicine*, Cairo; Egypt (Hepatology, 1995)
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Seasonal ataxia in western Nigeria: evaluation of the impact of health education on hospital prevalence. - Adamolekun, B (Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1995)
Abstract Background Evidence to date has shown that inequality in health, and vaccine coverage in particular, can have ramifications to wider society. However, whilst individual studies have sought to characterise these heterogeneities in immunisation coverage at national level, few have taken a broad and quantitative view of the contributing factors to heterogeneity in vaccine coverage and impact. This systematic review aims to highlight these geographic, demographic, and sociodemographic characteristics through a qualitative and quantitative approach, vital to prioritise and optimise vaccination policies. Methods A systematic review of two databases (PubMed and Web of Science) was undertaken using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords to identify studies examining factors on vaccine inequality and heterogeneity in vaccine coverage. Inclusion criteria were applied independently by two researchers. Studies including data on key characteristics of interest were further analysed through a meta-analysis to produce a pooled estimate of the risk ratio using a random effects model for that characteristic. Results One hundred and eight studies were included in this review. We found that inequalities in wealth, education, and geographic access can affect vaccine impact and vaccine dropout. We estimated those living in rural areas were not significantly different in terms of full vaccination status compared to urban areas but noted considerable heterogeneity between countries. We found that females were 3% (95%CI[1%, 5%]) less likely to be fully vaccinated than males. Additionally, we estimated that children whose mothers had no formal education were 28% (95%CI[18%,47%]) less likely to be fully vaccinated than those whose mother had primary level, or above, education. Finally, we found that individuals in the poorest wealth quintile were 27% (95%CI [16%,37%]) less likely to be fully vaccinated than those in the richest. Conclusions We found a nuanced picture of inequality in vaccine coverage and access with wealth disparity dominating, and likely driving, other disparities. This review highlights the complex landscape of inequity and further need to design vaccination strategies targeting missed subgroups to improve and recover vaccination coverage following the COVID-19 pandemic. Registration Prospero CRD42021261927
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Mathematics Education Research on Minorities from 1984 to 1994: Focus on African American Students. - Ajose, Sunday A. (1995)
Judged by its results, the current system for educating African American students in mathematics is a distinct failure. For years, educators either ignored this problem or simply blamed the failure of the system on its victims. In 1984 the Journal for Research in Mathematics Education drew national attention to the problem by devoting an entire issue to articles and reviews of available research on how America's ethnic minorities learn and perform in mathematics. For the present paper, 24 research studies reported since 1984 and involving African American students were reviewed, and several parent-, student-, and school-related factors that might influence performance and participation in mathematics were identified. Following up on that work, this paper reviews studies that have been done on this subject since 1984. Most were correlational studies. (Author/MKR) *********************************************************************** Ic Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Mathematics Education Research on Minorities from 1984 to 1994: Focus on African American Students
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Screening upland rice germplasm for drought resistance in south Nigeria - Akomeah, Peter; Mensah, John Victor; Eruotor, P. G. (Tropical Agriculture, 1995)
Laboratory and field studies were conducted on rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) of about 12% moisture content to screen six upland cultivars grown in south-western Nigeria for drought resistance. Maximum germination in the laboratory, and plant height, number of tillers per plant, leaf area, dry weight, and seed yield in the field at all levels of water stress were obtained for the three cultivars : Ekpoma local, FARO-11, and ITA-315. The study showed that germination tests using mannitol can be used to screen rice germplasm for drought resistance. Susceptibility to water stress was shown by decreased germination percentage, reduction in root length, reduced leaf area, and stunted growth compared to the resistant cultivars. Chlorophyll and relative water content of the leaves also showed that FARO-11, Ekpoma local, and ITA-315 are drought-resistant genotypes.
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Intended response of caretakers of pre-school children to acute respiratory infection in a rural district in Ghana. - Amofah, George; Essegbey, Ivan T; Opoku, Sampson; Oduro, Joseph Kojo (PubMed, 1995)
Caretakers of pre-school children were interviewed in Afigya Sekyere district, Ghana. Over 46% (n = 400) will buy drugs and 33% will use various herbs for mild ARI at home. Food is withheld during ARI episodes and few will attempt to treat perceived severe ARI at home. No association was found between knowledge of signs or causation of ARI and intended practice for mild and severe ARI. Finance and poor attitude of health workers were major concerns expressed by caretakers in seeking help from the orthodox health system.
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Earthquake activity in the Aswan region, Egypt - Awad, Mohamed; Mizoue, Megume (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 1995)
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Dynamic source parameters of the 12th October 1992 earthquake, Cairo, Egypt - Badawy, Ahmed; Mónus, Péter (Journal of Geodynamics, 1995)
On 12th October 1992 Egypt was hit by one of the largest earthquakes in its recent history with magnitude of mB = 5.8. This event shook Cairo and the northern part of the Nile valley and was felt in much of Egypt from Alexandria to Aswan causing widespread damage. The intensity in the epicentral area was of VIII degree on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. The focal mechanism solution indicates a normal faulting with a strike-slip component. Dynamic source parameters derived from P-wave spectrum shows stress drop of about Δσ = 11 bar, seismic moment of M0 = 0.04 ∗ 1025 dyn ∗ cm, fault length of L = 6.01 km and relative displacement of 16.5 cm.
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Text Design Patterns in the Writing of Urban African American Students - Ball, Arnetha F. (Urban Education, 1995)
This article focuses on the expository writing patterns of four academically successful African American high school students. Through detailed text analyses, the research examines subtle and often overlooked culturally influenced text design patterns that these academically successful bidialectal students bring into the classroom. Although the research looks specifically at literacy practices of urban African American writers, the findings have implications for a broad range of culturally diverse students and demonstrate writing strategies that composition teachers can call upon in their attempts to design more effective writing instruction for diverse groups of students.
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Text Design Patterns in the Writing of Urban African American Students - Ball, Arnetha F. (Urban Education, 1995)
This article focuses on the expository writing patterns of four academically successful African American high school students. Through detailed text analyses, the research examines subtle and often overlooked culturally influenced text design patterns that these academically successful bidialectal students bring into the classroom. Although the research looks specifically at literacy practices of urban African American writers, the findings have implications for a broad range of culturally diverse students and demonstrate writing strategies that composition teachers can call upon in their attempts to design more effective writing instruction for diverse groups of students.
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[Nursing education in the Seychelles. Between coconuts and bananas]. - Bauschert, Bernard (PubMed, 1995)
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Adaptation of an adsorptive solar refrigerator to Moroccan climates - Bentayeb, F.; Lemmini, F.; Guilleminot, J. J. (Renewable Energy, 1995)
Abstract In this paper, we introduce a model taking account of the real operation of an adsorptive solar refrigerator using activated carbon-methanol pairs, as a function of the climatic conditions: ambient temperature and insolation. The model is used to simulate the operation of the refrigerator in two Moroccan climates: Rabat, temperate and humid, and Marrakech, dry and hot. The numerical simulation shows that the behaviour of the refrigerator is different from one climate to the other. In Rabat, which has a Mediterranean climate, the cold room temperature can be maintained at a value practically always less than 5°C; whereas in Marrakech, which has a pre-Saharan climate, an overheating problem can arise in the summer season and temperatures in the cold room can reach 17°C. Results also show that in both climates we are confronted with the problem of freezing because the cold room temperatures can be less than 0°C and reach − 15°C in the winter.
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Pollution of Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya: A case study for preliminary risk assessment - Calamari, D.; Akech, Migai; Ochumba, Peter B. O. (Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable Use, 1995)
Abstract A preliminary risk assessment was undertaken on the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria to identify the major causes of degradation of water quality. Urban, industrial and agricultural loads were quantified and related to geographical and climatic conditions. A few analyses of persistent contaminants were carried out on fish. Monthly limnological investigations were conducted together with river water quality analyses. Phosphorus loads and consequent eutrophication were identified as the major causes of water quality degradation.
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Acute Intoxication from Newly-Introduced Cassava during Drought in Mozambique - Cliff, Julie; Coutinho, Jacqueline Viana (Tropical Doctor, 1995)
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Teacher Education for Independent Namibia: From the liberation struggle to a national agenda - Dahlström, Lars (Journal of Education for Teaching, 1995)
This article starts with some reflections about the context for educational reform in Namibia after independence in 1990. It elaborates on the development of a teacher education programme, the Integrated Teacher Training Programme (ITTP), as part of the liberation struggle during the pre-independence period. It looks into the national teacher education programme after independence, the Basic Education Teacher Diploma (BETD), as a merger of ideas about teacher education in the context of a new philosophy of education in sharp contrast to the mainstream and prevailing educational traditions in Namibia. It also addresses the relation between the pre-independence efforts in exile and the national agenda for teacher education reform and the questions of consistency and whether/how the former have affected the present situation. It is the on-going struggle against the conservative forces in Namibia which will show how far teacher education can contribute to social change in a society stigmatized by a previous racist policy. There is evidence that the experiences from exile had an impact on the direction of teacher education in Namibia after independence. There is also evidence of the transformation of progressive educational notions into practices more suited to the conservative agenda.
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The impact of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation on measles-induced sensorineural hearing loss in the western area of Sierra Leone. - Do, Wright; Leigh, Bailah (PubMed, 1995)
Measles was found to be responsible for 46.1% of acquired sensorineural hearing loss in children in a study conducted in the western area of Sierra Leone between 1975 to 1985. 125 children with acquired sensorineural hearing loss were seen and investigated in this study, which was conducted to determine the impact of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation and measles-induced hearing loss. 17 children had sensorineural hearing loss consequent to an attack of measles. A progressive drop in the number of cases seen from 6 in 1986 to 0 in 1989 was observed. During the same period the measles immunisation coverage in Sierra Leone increased from 21% in 1986 to 75% in 1990. Given that measles and some other causes of sensorineural hearing loss were preventable, it was hypothesised that lower incidence of these diseases would result in lower rates of acquired sensorineural hearing loss. This study demonstrated an inverse relationship between the incidence of measles induced sensorineural hearing loss and the increased immunisation coverage when Universal Child Immunisation (UCI) was attained in 1990.
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Sudan -- Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile by J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins - Fluehr‐Lobban, Carolyn (Middle East Journal, 1995)
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Teaching and performing surgery in Africa. A volunteer's perspective. - Gm, Gordon (PubMed, 1995)
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Teaching "Nature versus Nurture": The Case of African-American Athletic Success - Gnida, John J. (Teaching Sociology, 1995)
Les debats sur l'opposition entre nature et education aboutissent souvent a la conclusion que les explications sociologiques permettent mieux de comprendre le comportement humain que les explications genetiques. Un phenomene semble aller a contre-courant de ces analyses : il s'agit du succes des athletes de couleur dans certains sports comme le basket-ball ou le football americain. L'A. estime que l'analyse de ce phenomene peut jouer un role fondamental en ce qui concerne l'enseignement et l'etude des rapports entre nature et culture. Il presente une analyse «biologique» et sociologique de ce phenomene
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112-PA12 Tuberculosis training at Alert, Ethiopia - Groenen, Guusje; Asnake, Mengistu; Saunderson, Paul (Tubercle and Lung Disease, 1995)
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) affects one third to one fourth of the human population and is the reservoir for a significant proportion of emerging active tuberculosis (TB) cases, especially in low incidence countries. The World Health Organization launched in 2015 the END-TB strategy that aims at TB elimination and promotes, for the first time ever, the management of LTBI. The preventive package, basically consisting of testing and treatment for LTBI in groups at high risk of reactivation, is a mainstay of the first pillar of the strategy, alongside prompt diagnosis and early treatment of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB disease. Testing and treatment for LTBI should be pursued with a programmatic perspective. This implies strong political commitment, adequate funding and an effective monitoring and evaluation system. People living with HIV and children under five years of age who are household contact of a contagious TB cases are primarily targeted in all epidemiological setting. In high resource and low incidence setting, additional at risk populations should also be the target for systematic LTBI testing and treatment. Research is urgently needed to develop diagnostic tests with higher predictive value to identify individuals that progress from infection to disease. Similarly, shorter and safer treatment regimens are needed to make the trade-off between potential benefits and harms more favourable for an increasing proportion of infected individuals.
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Adult Education & Training in South Africa. A Selected Chronology from 1910 to 1995. - Gush, Cathy; Walters, Shirley (1995)
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Child maltreatment as perceived by Arab students of social science in The West Bank - Haj‐Yahia, Muhammad M.; Shor, Ron (Child Abuse & Neglect, 1995)
There is a dearth of knowledge about the problem of child maltreatment in Arab societies. In the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the Palestinians are facing the challenge of establishing their own social welfare system as a result of signing the Declaration of Principles with Israel. In creating services for families and children, the helping professionals in these areas find that one of the main challenges is to integrate and apply knowledge accumulated in Western countries into a different sociocultural context. Another challenge is to develop knowledge on this subject congruent with their own cultural background. Because of this lack of knowledge, a study was conducted among 353 students in the helping professions in the West Bank. An instrument constructed for this study was utilized to examine the following subjects: (a) students' perceptions of situations of child maltreatment; (b) their awareness of signs of maltreated children; (c) their awareness of risk factors which could be related to this problem; and (d) their willingness to report cases of child maltreatment. The results indicate a high level of agreement among students in viewing situations of abuse as well as neglect as maltreatment. Differences were found in their willingness to report situations of maltreatment. A higher tendency was found to report situations of abuse rather than neglect. An inclination was found among students to minimize social and cultural factors as risk factors and to disregard signs that did not contain explicit signals of danger as characteristics of maltreated children. Implications for the development of services in Arab societies are discussed.
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Schools Count: World Bank Project Designs and the Quality of Primary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa - Heneveld, Ward Craig (1995)
This study reports on the extent to which project designs of World Bank-supported primary education projects in sub-Saharan Africa take into account the school characteristics that are necessary for effective education. Using a conceptual framework that summarizes research findings on the characteristics of effective schools, the report presents an analysis of how well twenty-six project preparation documents incorporate community support, supervision, teacher development, textbooks, and facilities into their designs. Based on the analysis, the report draws conclusions about the potential effectiveness of the projects' planned interventions in improving student learning, and it recommends changes in the way the World Bank assists governments in planning and implementing educational reform.
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African Literature in the Secondary English Language Arts Classroom - Kazemek, Francis E. (English Journal, 1995)
cluding stanza to Why the Old Woman Limps by the Malawian poet Lupenga Mphande (1990, 153) captures the physical hardships that many Ghanaians and other Africans face. It is the Africa we know from television, newspapers, magazines, and those unsolicited requests for money to save starving children. It is the Africa of poverty, war, tribal conflicts, and coups. It is Rwanda; it is South Africa; it is Somalia.
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African Literature in the Secondary English Language Arts Classroom - Kazemek, Francis E. (English journal, 1995)
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The Education and Training of Artisans for the Informal Sector in Tanzania. Education Research. Serial No. 18. - Kent, David; Mushi, Paul S. D. (1995)
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A Culturally Based Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching African American High School Students Skills in Literary Interpretation - Lee, Carol D. (Reading Research Quarterly, 1995)
Cette etude porte sur les implications de la signification, une forme de discours social de la communaute afro-americaine, en tant qu'etayage pour l'enseignement de l'interpretation litteraire. Cette investigation est reliee a la question plus large de l'efficacite d'un enseignement attentif a la culture d'origine
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A Culturally Based Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching African American High School Students Skills in Literary Interpretation - Lee, Carol D. (Reading Research Quarterly, 1995)
Cette etude porte sur les implications de la signification, une forme de discours social de la communaute afro-americaine, en tant qu'etayage pour l'enseignement de l'interpretation litteraire. Cette investigation est reliee a la question plus large de l'efficacite d'un enseignement attentif a la culture d'origine
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A Culturally Based Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching African American High School Students Skills in Literary Interpretation - Lee, Carol D. (Reading Research Quarterly, 1995)
Cette etude porte sur les implications de la signification, une forme de discours social de la communaute afro-americaine, en tant qu'etayage pour l'enseignement de l'interpretation litteraire. Cette investigation est reliee a la question plus large de l'efficacite d'un enseignement attentif a la culture d'origine
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A Culturally Based Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching African American High School Students Skills in Literary Interpretation - Lee, Carol D. (Reading Research Quarterly, 1995)
Cette etude porte sur les implications de la signification, une forme de discours social de la communaute afro-americaine, en tant qu'etayage pour l'enseignement de l'interpretation litteraire. Cette investigation est reliee a la question plus large de l'efficacite d'un enseignement attentif a la culture d'origine
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Evaluation needs in South African education: A policy perspective - Meyer, Susan M.; Hofmeyr, Jane (Evaluation and Program Planning, 1995)
National evaluation needs in South Africa are explored in the light of current education policy proposals and expected developments in education. The focus is on the role which evaluation must play with regard to reforms in the five phases of education and training, in multi-sectoral initiatives and in the processes of policy development. In relation to these areas of work, various types of evaluation are considered, including educational assessment and examinations, system quality control, teacher appraisal, programme evaluation and international comparisons. Some suggestions are made concerning appropriate paradigms and methodologies to address urgent and diverse evaluation needs.
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Government and African Control of Education in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1928‐48 - Mgadla, P.T. (Educational studies, 1995)
Summary The educational development of the Bechuanaland Protectorate has always been controlled by the London Missionary Society (LMS). The latter however, was not in a strong enough financial position to direct the system of education throughout the territory. By 1928 and due to pressure from the LMS, the colonial government took over the control and direction of education by introducing school committees, systematizing the primary school syllabus, regularizing payment and training teachers and introducing cattle post schools. Significant though these efforts were, the Africans were still dissatisfied with the development of education in the country. They sought education that went beyond the primary school level. African and denominational initiatives to build secondary schools within the country were designed to address this need. Perhaps a dark spot in the educational history of the Protectorate is marked by the somewhat blatant discrimination exercised by the colonial government in the development of European to the detriment of African education and the apparent disregard by all educational parties concerned to offer anything new for women. Women were regarded as inferior to men and no significant efforts were made to enhance their status, income and role in decision making bodies.
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School mathematics, out‐of‐school mathematics, and Zimbabwean youngsters - Mtetwa, David; Jaji, Gail (International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 1995)
Abstract Problem solving is a buzz phrase in conversations, workshops, and conferences on mathematics education in many parts of the world. Largely influenced by the constructivist ideology of knowing, research in problem solving has led to a recognition by many educators that (a) beliefs about the nature and practice of mathematics can exert a strong influence on the problem‐solving process, and (A) both school‐based and out‐of‐school‐based (cultural) mathematical experiences contribute in shaping the kinds of beliefs and conceptions about mathematics that students cultivate. Findings from a recent exploratory study investigating beliefs about mathematics held by Zimbabwean secondary school students indicate that the students believe “traditional” ethnomathematics exists; is legitimate mathematics; is the foundation upon which school mathematics expanded; but is too elementary, basic, and routine to be regarded as serious mathematics. Such beliefs, of course, need to be interpreted within the context of the students’ own epistemic worldview of mathematics as a form of knowledge.
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A Review of Non‐formal Environmental Education in Uganda - Mucunguzi, Patrick (Environmental Education Research, 1995)
Summary Non‐formal environmental education and training in Uganda is reviewed and a new approach proposed. Contemporary environmental education has been characterised by a top‐to‐bottom approach, which has resulted in a dependence syndrome. It has not allowed for better perception and conceptualization of the ideas learned by the people. It has less emphasis on the roles of social change, economics and politics in environmental crisis. The new approach emphasises the adoption of multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, people‐centred and participatory programmes in environmental concerns. It should embrace the diversity of the biophysical, social and economic environments and be closely associated with permanent, developmental and functional literacy programmes. Special emphasis should be given to youth, women and policy makers. The five basic functions for participation, which are identification, out‐reach, dialogue, assimilation and feed‐back, are discussed.
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South African Graduate Students' Locus of Control, Gender Differences, and Academic Performance - Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. (Psychological Reports, 1995)
To explore whether locus of control scores of South African university students show sex differences and differences in academic achievement, 73 subjects (46 women and 27 men) whose mean ages were 36.5 yr. for women and 35.0 yr. for men were given Rotter's Locus of Control scale. Scores students obtained on a final examination in an educational psychology course were recorded. A gender difference was statistically significant, with men scoring internally oriented and women scoring externally oriented. There was no significant difference in academic performance between internally and externally controlled subjects.
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Buried treasure: The community newspaper as an empowerment strategy for African American high school students - Novek, Eleanor M. (Howard Journal of Communications, 1995)
The student press can be a potent force for teaching African American adolescents about the power of communication and its role in building community. The “buried treasure” of newsmaking—the social relations involved in the gathering, construction and presention of news—can teach young people important sociopolitical lessons about recognizing their own shared interests and working together as a community. This article describes the experiences of young African Americans who took part in a research project conducted by the author at an inner‐city high school in the mid‐Atlantic United States. Over a period of 19 months, some 97 high school students wrote and published a youth newspaper focusing on their own community. The article concludes that newsmaking, though not a remedy for the structural constraints of poverty, racism, or other social inequities, is a strategy that can be used successfully by young African Americans to connect with one another and thereby to take more self‐directing roles in their lives.
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475-PA11 Risk factors for asthma in Kenya school children - Odhiambo, Joseph; Ng’ang’a, Lucy; Mungai, Maureen; Gicheha, C.; Nyamwaya, J.; Mwawasi, Gibson M; Becklake, Margaret R.; Menzies, R.; Macklem, Peter T. (Tubercle and lung disease, 1995)
Laryngomalacia is the condition responsible for 75% of the cases of stridor in children aged up to 30 months, in which there is supraglottic collapse during inhalation. Inspiratory stridor is a characteristic telltale. As many as 20% of the patients are severely affected and require surgery. Supraglottoplasty is the procedure of choice and the presence of comorbidities is the most relevant prognostic factor for surgery success.To describe a series in a tertiary pediatric hospital, its success rates, and surgery prognostic factors.This retrospective cohort study enrolled 20 patients submitted to supraglottoplasty between July 2007 and May 2011.Thirteen (65%) patients were males; mean age at the time of the procedure was 6.32 months. Endoscopic examination showed that 12 subjects had combined forms of laryngomalacia, 40% had associated pharyngomalacia, and three also had tracheomalacia. Thirteen subjects had isolated laryngomalacia and seven had gastroesophageal reflux disease. Fifteen (75%) patients underwent aryepiglottic fold resection. After the procedure, eleven patients were asymptomatic and two required tracheostomy. Presence of comorbidities was the strongest predictor of unfavorable postoperative outcome (p = 0.034).Supraglottoplasty is a safe therapeutical procedure for select patients with laryngomalacia.
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Nature of worldview presuppositions among science teachers in botswana, indonesia, japan, nigeria, and the philippines - Ogunniyi, Meshach B.; Jegede, Olugbenro J.; Ogawa, Masakata; Yandila, Cephas David; Oladele, Femi K. (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1995)
Abstract The focus of this study was to identify the nature of worldview presuppositions held by a group of science teachers from five non‐western cultures. The results show that the subjects, irrespective of their cultural backgrounds, hold identical worldview presuppositions. It is not clear at this exploratory stage to what extent the subjects' alternative viewpoints influenced their scientific outlook or their science teaching. However, an analysis of the subjects' viewpoints suggests either poor conceptualizations of the nature of science or a form of collateral thinking, whereby an individual accepts or uses both mechanistic and anthropomorphic explanations depending on the context in question and without exhibiting any sign of cognitive dissonance. The implications of such a scenario for the teaching‐learning process are highlighted.
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Family Configuration and Motivation of African American High School Students. - Presmeg, Norma (1995)
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Diabetes, Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Asian Indian Bhatia Community Living in Tanzania and in the United Kingdom - Ramaiya, Kaushik; Denver, E.; Yudkin, John (Diabetic Medicine, 1995)
A population‐based cross‐sectional survey was carried out to study potential environmental risk factors contributing to diabetes and cardiovascular risk in the same homogeneous group in the United Kingdom and in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In Dar es Salaam, 222 members of the Bhatia community aged 15 years and over were studied. In the UK, 180 randomly selected subjects aged 15 years and over participated. Age, sex, and body mass index adjusted mean levels of fasting glucose (5.5 mmol l −1 vs 5.1 mmol l −1 ( p < 0.001)) and 2 h glucose (6.8 mmol l −1 vs 6.0 mmol l −1 ( p < 0.001)) were significantly higher in Tanzanian subjects than in UK subjects. Mean levels of serum triglycerides (1.5 mmol l −1 vs 1.3 mmol l −1 ( p < 0.05)) and systolic blood pressure (135 mmHg vs 127 mmHg ( p <0.05)) were significantly higher in subjects in the UK. The age and sex adjusted prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (28.4 % vs. 11.4 % ( p < 0.001)), newly diagnosed diabetes (8.6 % vs 1.5 % ( p < 0.01)), hypercholesterolaemia (9.9 % vs 1.5 % ( p < 0.001)), and smoking (12.1 % vs 3.9 % ( p < 0.01)) were significantly higher in subjects in Tanzania compared to subjects in the UK. The prevalence of known diabetes, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypertension, and obesity did not show significant differences between subjects in Tanzania and those in the UK. Within the same homogeneous community with the same likely genetic predisposition, there are substantial geographical differences in cardiovascular risk factors, the causes of which remain to be determined.
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Achievement for African-American Students: Strategies for the Diverse Classroom - Reglin, Gary (1995)
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Impaired inositol trisphosphate generation in carbachol-stimulated submandibular gland acinar cells from ascorbate deficient guinea pigs - Sawiris, Peter G.; Chanaud, Norman P.; Enwonwu, Cyril O. (The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 1995)
Ascorbic acid (AA) is a ubiquitous component of animal tissues which is sequestered by cells achieving very high concentrations not only in the neurohormonal secreting cells of the hypothalamus and in endocrine cells of the pituitary and adrenal glands but also in the acinar cells of salivary glands. The ascorbate-dependent processes occurring in salivary glands are not clear. We hypothesized that AA might have some physiological role in the secretory processes of neurotransmitters in salivary glands. Using a guinea pig model of marginal ascorbate deficiency not complicated by anorexia with its attendant problems of reduced intakes of energy, protein, and other essential nutrients, we examined the specific role of vitamin C in stimulated salivary gland exocytosis in vitro. Ascorbate deficiency elicited prominent reductions in stimulated whole saliva flow rate (35.0 ± 6.0 compared with 80.0 ± 8.1 μL/min in control; P < 0.025). The ascorbate concentration in the deficient gland was only 4.4% of the control level (P < 0.002). Muscarinic-cholinergic receptor stimulation of dispersed submandibular gland acinar cells with carbachol (20 μM) yielded a mean IP3 generation (percent of unstimulated sample) of 236 ± 32 in the control animals, which was significantly (P < 0.025) higher than the mean of 120 ± 11 for the deficient guinea pigs. In ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs refed an adequate vitamin C diet for 2 to 7 days (mean of 5 days), mean stimulated IP3 generation (188%) showed marked recovery. An equally prominent impairment in [Ca2+]i elevation was associated with reduced IP3 production in ascorbate deficiency (292 ± 31 nM in deficient animals versus 578 ± 36 for the control group). The resting level of [Ca2+]i was nonsignificantly higher in the control than in the malnourished group. Our data supported the conclusion that impairment in the muscarinic-cholinergic transmembrane signaling cascade system, particularly the metabolism of phosphatidylinositol phosphates, could explain the hyposalivation in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs. The difficulty of extrapolating findings from experimental animals to humans notwithstanding, it should be noted that most of the seemingly unrelated factors/conditions implicated in the genesis of xerostomia (dry mouth) in the human promote increased requirement for and/or tissue depletion of vitamin C.
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476-PA12 Training for change: Introduction of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme and the re-training of health staff in Egypt - Schothorst, P.M. (Tubercle and Lung Disease, 1995)
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Administering education in Namibia: The colonial period to the present - Smith, Renée (International Journal of Educational Development, 1995)
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Analysis of the use of oral rehydration therapy corner in a teaching hospital in Gondar, Ethiopia. - Teka, Telahun (PubMed, 1995)
Children under five years of age attending the Paediatrics Department, Gondar College of Medical Sciences, oral rehydration therapy (ORT) corner for acute diarrhoea in the year 1988-90 are analysed using only eight variables. Of 1003 children, 38.1% presented with no dehydration, 61.3% with some dehydration and 0.6% with severe dehydration. Eighty four percent of the children were below two years of age. Ninety seven per cent of the dehydrated children were managed with oral rehydration solution and only 3% required admission and intravenous therapy. September to October were the peak months of diarrhoeal episodes. Malnourished children had a four fold higher risk of developing dehydration than well nourished children. The diarrhoea pattern and its association with nutritional status, degree of dehydration and outcome are discussed. Establishment of an ORT corner and the wide use of ORS in all health care facilities are recommended.
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Grass-root health education strategies in Malawi - Tembo, K.C. (Journal of the Royal Society of Health, 1995)
Various health education strategies have been observed to be practiced at the grassroots level in Malawi. One approach to communicate health knowledge and information in health education is by teaching people directly by a lecture that may be delivered at prearranged meetings. Generally, lectures stress the value of: good housing, good sanitation practice, personal hygiene, food and nutrition, child care, use of potable water, communicable disease control, and use of available health services in their communities. Another approach to health education is through the use of mass media (radio and newspapers and leaflets). There are articles on health issues in local newspapers. Their disadvantage is that there is delayed feedback with room for misunderstanding the messages; Malawi has a literacy rate of only 30% for women and 60% for men. Health education messages are further disseminated by using visual aids: posters, films, models, flip charts, and photographs. The Ministry of Health and many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) produce very good visual aids for teaching. Posters on AIDS are displayed in schools and colleges. Other widely practiced methods of communicating health messages to people include role playing through drama and singing health songs in promoting maternal and child health, nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene at clinics. Primary health care started in Malawi in 1979 by embracing both curative, preventive, and promotive aspects of health. Primary health workers (PHWs) in the villages are trained in basic curative medicine, public health work, and health education methods. Village health committees (VHCs) conduct health education. Women's groups, chiefs, church leaders, schools, farmers' clubs, and business associations publicize proposed health education programs in rural and urban communities.
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The Mean Dynamical and Thermodynamic Fields for July 1989 over Tropical North Africa and Their Relationship to Convective Storm Activity - Thorncroft, Chris D.; Haile, M. (Monthly Weather Review, 1995)
Dynamic and thermodynamic fields from ECMWF analyses have been presented for the tropical north African region for July 1989. Except for the region equatorward of 10°N, it has been shown that the pattern of mean low-level θe has a striking correspondence with the propagating storm statistics obtained from Meteosat in that region, with mean high θe corresponding to more propagating storm activity, and vice versa. Considerable correspondence is also found with the cold cloud duration pattern and observed rainfall. The low-level θe pattern poleward of 13°N has been shown to be strongly influenced by the low-level meridional wind v. The v = 0 contour at low levels, for example, has been shown to have a marked northwest-to-southeast tilt between about the zero meridian and 25°E. Superimposed on this is a marked sinusoidal variation in the latitudinal position of the contour associated with the orography in this region. The low-level θe pattern is consistent with these variations with higher values of θe associated with southerlies and lower values with northerlies. Especially low θe values found around 25°E appear to be associated with low-level northerlies emanating from a region of descent in the eastern Mediteranean. A comparison of ECMWF-analyzed mean vertical velocity at 500 mb. a measure of mean model diabatic heating, with satellite-derived variables and rainfall indicates two 1ocations of significant model discrepancy: a region of ascent close to the Air Mountains that was not consistent with observations and a region near the Dafur Mountains with no significant ascent but where the observations indicate the opposite.
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Urinary Bilharziasis among Nigerian school children: a study in the Agulu Lake Basin, Anambra State of Nigeria. - Wi, Onuigbo; Ma, Ukeje; Er, Ezeome (PubMed, 1995)
Following the observation of cases of haematuria among a secondary school population near Agulu Lake, an area not previously regarded as an endemic focus of schistosomiasis, a field study on urinary Bilharziasis was carried out among primary school pupils in the three towns surrounding Agulu Lake which was suspected to be the source of the infection. It was discovered that the area is an endemic focus of Schistosoma haematobium with prevalence rates ranging up to 77.6% among the primary school populations in one school. Schools in the parts of the three towns, (Agulu, Nri and Adazi) closest to the Lake proved to be highly endemic with Agulu having the highest prevalence rate (47.2%), followed by Nri 29.9% and Adazi 2.4%. Males were affected slightly more than females and the prevalence increased steadily in both sexes with age in the primary school population studied (5-15 years). Most of the cases were asymptomatic (54.6%). Macroscopic haematuria was noted to be the most sensitive criteria for clinical diagnosis. Interview of the subjects suggested that other areas outside the zone might also be involved.
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Relationship between sexual experience and non-sexual behaviours among secondary school students in Arusha, Tanzania. - Wl, Lugoe; Ki, Klepp; Rise, Jostein; Skutle, Arvid; Pm, Biswalo (PubMed, 1995)
A sexual behaviour study was conducted among 655 secondary school students to assess the association between sexual experience and non-sexual behaviours. Among students aged 15-19 years, the prevalence of nonvirginity increased with age, from 58.8% to 85.6% for males, and from 21.9% to 44.9% for females. Sexual experience correlated positively with measures of problem behaviours (r = .31) and negatively with a measure of church or mosque attendance (r = -.09). Overall, the relationship between sexual experience and non-sexual behaviours demonstrated the conventionality-unconventionality polarity suggested by problem behavior theory. The observed relationships were relatively stronger at young ages and declined with increasing age, suggesting the developmental functions of these behaviours. Hence, the relations between sexual experience and non-sexual behaviours provided empirical support of the potential utility of the theory of problem behaviour in HIV/AIDS prevention and control among students in Arusha, Tanzania.
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Girls and schools in Sub-Saharan Africa - Odaga, Adhiambo (1995)
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Volcanology of the diatreme-rich carbonatitic Gross Brukkaros volcanic field and of the nearby Gibeon kimberlite province, Namibia - Lorenz, Volker; Kurszlaukis, S.; Stachel, Thomas; Brey, G.; Stanistreet, Ian G.; Franz, Leander (1995)
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A Community‐Based Clinical Pharmacy Teaching, Research, and Service Program in Zimbabwe - Maponga, Charles C.; Feresu, Shingairai A. (Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 1995)
In an effort to optimize limited resources, a community‐based clinical pharmacy program was initiated to promote service, teaching, and research. This program sponsored the recruitment of pharmacy personnel to carry out distributive and clinical functions. This service enabled the development of new clinical attachment sites for pharmacy students. Students on these attachments carried out supervised projects that enhanced their learning while providing essential services to the community. This program resulted in the enhancement of stock levels of drugs and medical equipment, improvement in the drug budget through on‐site manufacturing and proper stock management, and the creation of a favorable working partnership with other health professionals as well as the community. A number of research projects were initiated and completed, and a teaching program was established. This program demonstrated that integration of the triple functions of clinical pharmacy service, teaching, and research is feasible in a rural setting and can achieve goals that are mutually beneficial to all facets of the pharmacy profession.
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95/05379 Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of urban topsoil in Ibadan City, Nigeria (Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 1995)
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A young Kenyan male with fever, hepatomegaly and hydropneumothorax. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh. (PubMed, 1995)
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African women and development: a history: the story of the African Training and Research Centre for Women of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (Choice Reviews Online, 1995)
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Intellectual Leadership and the Influence of Early African American Scholars on Multicultural Education - Banks, Cherry A. McGee (Educational policy (Los Altos, Calif.), 1995)
Key aspects of multicultural education and early African American scholarship are selectively examined to broaden, deepen, and refine our understanding of the link between the transformative nature of multicultural education and early African American scholarship. The exploration of the roots of multicultural education provides a basis for understanding contemporary issues in multicultural education within a historical context. Intellectual leadership is one of the most significant ways in which multicultural education and early African American scholarship are linked. Intellectual leadership is characterized by knowledge that is connected to action and societal reform. Early African American scholars exercised intellectual leadership by challenging the meta-narrative, by encouraging perspective taking, and by providing an intellectual foundation for questioning the status quo and building a just society. Scholars in multicultural education are continuing those activities as they exercise intellectual leadership in a contemporary context.
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Oral‐health‐related knowledge and behaviour of a group of 15‐year‐old school‐children from Damascus, Syria - Beiruti, N.; Tayfour, D.; Boles, W.; Poulsen, Sven (International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 1995)
International Journal of Paediatric DentistryVolume 5, Issue 3 p. 187-188 Oral-health-related knowledge and behaviour of a group of 15-year-old school-children from Damascus, Syria N. Beiruti, N. Beiruti W.H.O. Regional Demonstration, Training and Research Centre for Oral Health, Damascus, Syrian Arab RepublicSearch for more papers by this authorD. Tayfour, D. Tayfour W.H.O. Regional Demonstration, Training and Research Centre for Oral Health, Damascus, Syrian Arab RepublicSearch for more papers by this authorW. Boles, W. Boles Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syrian Arab RepublicSearch for more papers by this authorS. Poulsen, S. Poulsen Department of Oral Epidemiology and Public Health, and W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Oral Health Planning and Research in Third World Countries, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author N. Beiruti, N. Beiruti W.H.O. Regional Demonstration, Training and Research Centre for Oral Health, Damascus, Syrian Arab RepublicSearch for more papers by this authorD. Tayfour, D. Tayfour W.H.O. Regional Demonstration, Training and Research Centre for Oral Health, Damascus, Syrian Arab RepublicSearch for more papers by this authorW. Boles, W. Boles Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syrian Arab RepublicSearch for more papers by this authorS. Poulsen, S. Poulsen Department of Oral Epidemiology and Public Health, and W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Oral Health Planning and Research in Third World Countries, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1995 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.1995.tb00305.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume5, Issue3September 1995Pages 187-188 RelatedInformation
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Cycles of Doming and Eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya - Bestland, Erick A.; Thackray, Glenn D.; Retallack, Gregory J. (The Journal of Geology, 1995)
Volcanic cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri volcano produced three sedimentary cycles recorded in the volcaniclastic strata of Rusinga and Mfangano Islands, Lake Victoria, Kenya. Each of the three cycles began with the deposition of cobble and boulder conglomerates shed from the volcanically domed Precambrian basement, followed by deposition of pyroclastic and volcaniclastic strata, representing nephelinite-carbonatite eruption of the Kisingiri volcano. Volcanogenic strata produced by the first two cycles (lower two-thirds of the Rusinga Group) are predominantly fine-grained tuffs and medium-grained volcaniclastic deposits, indicating alluvial deposition from a low-relief volcanic edifice. The third cycle is dominated by boulder debris flows, lava flows, and minor tuffaceous beds (upper part of the Rusinga Group and overlying Kisingiri Group). This last cycle records the formation of the high-relief Kisingiri stratocone, much of which is preserved in the dissected flanks of the volcano. The first two cycles are recorded in distal apron deposits but are not well preserved in the core of the volcano. Second-order sedimentary cycles, consisting of fining-upward sequences (5-10 m thick) of granular tuffaceous sandstones and conglomerates that fine into siltstones, stacked floodplain paleosols, and airfall tuff beds, dominate the strata of the first two cycles. These fining-upward sequences represent alluvial aggradation that accompanied and followed eruptive episodes that were much shorter in duration than the main cycles of doming and eruption.
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Faulting mechanism of the El Asnam (Algeria) 1954 and 1980 earthquakes from modelling of vertical movements - Bezzeghoud, Mourad; Dimitro, D.; Ruegg, Jean; Lammali, K. (Tectonophysics, 1995)
Since 1980, most of the papers published on the El Asnam earthquake concern the geological and seismological aspects of the fault zone. Only one paper, published by Ruegg et al. (1982), constrains the faulting mechanism with geodetic measurements. The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the faulting mechanism of the 1954 and 1980 events by modelling the associated vertical movements. For this purpose we used all available data, and particularly those of the levelling profiles along the Algiers-Oran railway that has been remeasured after each event. The comparison between 1905 and 1976 levelling data shows observed vertical displacement that could have been induced by the 1954 earthquake. On the basis of the 1954 and 1980 levelling data, we propose a possible model for the 1954 and 1980 fault systems. Our 1954 fault model is parallel to the 1980 main thrust fault, with an offset of 6 km towards the west. The 1980 dislocation model proposed in this study is based on a variable slip dislocation model and explains the observed surface break displacements given by Yielding et al. (1981). The Dewey (1991) and Avouac et al. (1992) models are compared with our dislocation model and discussed in this paper.
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