Book Review: Perspectives on Mental Handicap in South Africa - Drower, Sandra J. (South African journal of psychology, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Phase relations of aenigmatite minerals in a syenitic ejectum, wonchi volcano, Ethiopia - Gaeta, Mario; Mottana, Annibale (Mineralogical Magazine, 1991)
Abstract Wonchi volcano (Ethiopia) is the second locality for wilkinsonite, the new mineral related to aenigmatite via the coupled substitution 2Fe 3+ = TiFe 2+ . Wilkinsonite occurs as relics surrounded by rims of riebeckite and biotite in a syenitic ejectum which also contains microphenocrysts of aenigmatite. The two minerals do not represent an equilibrium pair. They both formed in the magma chamber under plutonic to hypabyssal conditions, but during two following stages of crystallisation separated by a major drop in ƒ O 2 conditions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sullage disposal in rural Egypt ‐ the degree of pollution and potential health hazards - Gemmell, J.S.; Sebaie, Olfat El; Gaber, Amal; Smith, Paul (International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 1991)
As part of an overall research program concerning the broader aspects of policy development, in relation to liquid waste disposal in a developing nation, the need was identified to characterize the liquid wastes themselves. Only then can options be considered for disposal in relation to policy implementation and outcomes. This paper presents the results from the investigation of one of these liquid waste streams, that of sullage disposal in an Egyptian village. Results are presented for the physical and chemical characteristics of the waste together with the physical characteristics of the households and the socio‐economic characteristics of the inhabitants. Various relationships are investigated and the degree of pollution in relation to the environmental health of the populace is determined.
Keywords: openalex:import

Selection and Training of Technical Specialists in Papua New Guinea - Harrison, Alan (Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Controlling industrial pollution using EIA: Case study of a Kenyan tannery project - Hirji, Rafik; Ortolano, Leonard (The Environmentalist, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Migration, Education, and the Status of Women in Southern Nigeria - Hollos, Marida (American Anthropologist, 1991)
This article examines changes in the status of women migrants, educated and noneducated, to various urban centers in one Nigerian ethnic group. The migrants are examined in contrast to women who remained residents in the rural home community. The major focus is on male‐female relations in the household. Findings indicate an erosion of the private status or domestic power of educated urban women, living in monogamous, nuclear family households.
Keywords: openalex:import

STRATEGIES FOR EXTENDING NUTRITION EDUCATION TO RURAL NIGERIAN FAMILIES UNDER CHANGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS - Igbedioh, S.O.; Obinne, C. P. O. (Foodservice Research International, 1991)
Nigeria, like other countries faced with balance of payment difficulties and fall in commodity prices, started implementing a World Bank-sponsored structural adjustment program (SAP) as a strategy for economic recovery and growth. Available evidence has shown that the SAP has lowered real income value and increased malnutrition due to inaccessibility of the poor to nutritious food, with resultant nutritional consequences. Nutrition Education has been acknowledged as the most important method of combating malnutrition in developing countries, as it is possible to improve nutrient intake of individuals despite the absence of improvement in their status. This paper discusses the strategies of extending nutrition education to different groups in rural Nigeria taking into consideration local custom, food production pattern, post-harvest handling of agricultural produce, extent of malnutrition and the dietary needs of different age groups. The paper stresses the importance of the potential dietary changes to be within the economic resources of the rural families as this is critical to the effectiveness of the education program.
Keywords: openalex:import

The site of the lesion causing hearing loss in bacterial meningitis: a study of experimental streptococcal meningitis in guinea‐pigs - Kay, R. (Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 1991)
The pathological basis of hearing loss in bacterial meningitis was investigated using an animal model of Streptococcus suis meningitis. Forty guinea‐pigs were infected after their hearing had been assessed by brain stem auditory evoked potentials. In 17 animals, it was possible to repeat the procedure at the onset of meningitis; this included one animal with subclinical disease. Fifteen animals showed evidence of hearing loss, which on subsequent histological examination was found to be associated invariably with suppurative labyrinthitis. The remaining two animals without hearing loss had normal cochleas. It is suggested that cochlear sepsis rather than eighth cranial nerve involvement by meningeal sepsis is primarily responsible for hearing loss in bacterial meningitis, and that bacteria enter the cochlea via the cochlear aqueduct and not the internal auditory canal. The tissue within the lumen of the cochlear aqueduct may act as a barrier against invasion by micro‐organisms, and haemolytic streptococci could cause lysis of this barrier by the exotoxins they produce.
Keywords: openalex:import

Phosphate beneficiation experiments in the School of Mines, University of Zambia - Lombe, W. C. (Fertilizer research, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Media, media education and the development of South Africa - Louw, P. Eric (Screen, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Attitudes of teachers toward implementing AIDS prevention education programmes in secondary schools of Zimbabwe. - Munodawafa, Davison (PubMed, 1991)
Eighty-three secondary school teachers and headmasters from Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe responded to a questionnaire eliciting their opinions toward implementation of AIDS prevention education programmes in the school setting. Results show that although 79 teachers (95.2 pc) supported implementing AIDS prevention programmes in the school setting, teachers were divided as to what should be taught (content) and when it should be taught (timing). Specific content areas such as the use of condoms was found to be controversial and supported only by 53 teachers (63.9 pc). Further, the 53 teachers could not agree as to what educational level this should be taught. These findings suggest that teachers alone cannot determine the "what" or "when" of an AIDS prevention programme in the school setting. Formation of a health council comprising of community members, school and health officials within each school district is proposed in order to receive community input.Questionnaire data from 83 school teachers in Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe participating in and HIV/AIDS awareness workshop were analyzed to examine their attitudes toward starting AIDS prevention education programs in secondary schools. 79 teachers (95.2%) claimed to support such a program. 53 teachers (63.9%) agreed that AIDS prevention education should include discussions about condom use. 29 teachers (34.9%) believed teaching about condom use should begin in Form I (junior) level while the other 24 teachers (28.9%) thought it should begin in Form III level. Male teachers were more likely to want discussions about condom use included in the program than female teachers (39 male vs. 14 females; p=.028). 67.4% and 25.3% of teachers thought that AIDS prevention education should begin at Form I and Form III levels, respectively. It appeared that female teachers need to attend reorientation sessions about prevention education concerning reproductive health especially since female teenagers begin sexual activity at a younger age than do male teenagers. Based on these findings, it is suggested that a health council consisting of community members and health and school officials in each school district be formed to identify and satisfy health needs of students and community expectations. The council should develop a plan to garner community support and participation for starting HIV/AIDS education and that the program mirror community values. The sensitivity of HIV/AIDS must not deter schools from implementing the program because AIDS does exist.
Keywords: openalex:import

Perceived somatotype as related to self-concept in Nigerian adolescent high school students. - Olu, S S (PubMed, 1991)
Some 288 Nigerian high school male adolescents in two different age brackets were administered the perceived somatotype scale and the Tennessee self-concept scale to determine the trend of self-concept ratings among subjects differentiated according to perceived somatotype-self, ideal and self-ideal discrepancy. Series of one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in global self-concept among the perceived somatotype-self (PSS), the perceived somatotype-ideal (PSI) and perceived somatotype discrepancy (PSD) groups. Univariate analyses showed that the PSS groups differ significantly in all dimensions of self-concept except moral-ethical dimension. The PSI groups differed significantly on all self-concept dimensions except the behavioural and the moral-ethical self subscales. This study, which also revealed that perceived-ideal somatotype and self-ideal somatotype discrepancy differentiated markedly among measures of self-concept, is consistent with those obtained from other parts of the world.
Keywords: openalex:import

Oral hygiene, gingivitis and periodontal status of Libyan school children. - Omar, Sami; Pitts, Nigel (PubMed, 1991)
There is relatively little information about the dental health of Libyan children, so this study was initiated to assess the level of oral hygiene and the gingival and periodontal status in children living in urban and rural parts of Libya. Two thousands and fifteen children aged 7-16 years were examined during 1987 using World Health Organization criteria. The oral hygiene was found to be good (mean oral hygiene index = 0.12); boys demonstrated significantly worse oral hygiene than girls (P less than 0.001). Overall, gingival inflammation was categorised as mild (mean gingival index = 0.05). Boys had more gingivitis than girls (P less than 0.001). Periodontal pockets of more than 3.5 mm were found in 4.1 per cent of 15-16-year-old children.
Keywords: openalex:import

Salmonella and Shigella Gastroenteritis at a Public Teaching Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya - Paton, S.; Nicolle, L.; Mwongera, M.; Kabiru, P.; Mirza, N.; Plummer, F.; Wamola, I. (Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Salmonella and Shigella Gastroenteritis at a Public Teaching Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya - Paton, Shirley; Nicolle, Lorraine; Mwongera, Moses; Kabiru, P.; Mirza, Nazrat; Plummer, Francis A.; Wamola, Isaac A (Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1991)
To measure the proportion of nosocomial diarrhea cases associated with Salmonella and Shigella species.Prospective 6-month survey.Tertiary care center in a developing country.Pediatric and adult patients admitted with the previous 24 hours and all consenting adult or pediatric medical patients with nosocomial diarrhea.Prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from rectal swabs at admission and among subjects with nosocomial diarrhea.Salmonella species and Shigella species were isolated from 3.0% and 2.5%, respectively, of 667 patients screened on admission. All admission Salmonella isolates were identified in children under 13 years of age; Shigella prevalence was similar for children and adults. Children with Salmonella at admission were significantly older and more likely to have diarrhea, fever, and some indicators of malnutrition than those from whom Salmonella was not isolated. Salmonella and Shigella were isolated from rectal cultures in 36 (10%) and 9 (2.5%) of 360 nosocomial gastroenteritis cases, respectively. Nosocomial cases occurred equally in adults and children. In adults, nosocomial Salmonella acquisition was associated with sharing a room with a diarrhea patient and previous institutionalization. In children, it was associated with recent antimicrobial therapy, crowding at home, and age between 6 months and 6 years. Nine (41%) of 22 nosocomial Salmonella cases in adults occurred in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, while none of 79 HIV-1-positive patients had Salmonella isolated at admission.Salmonella is a frequent cause of nosocomial gastroenteritis in this tertiary care institution in a developing country. Risk factors appear to differ for children and adults, and HIV-1-infected subjects may be at increased risk of acquisition. Control measures feasible for the limited resources available to such institutions require evaluation.Researchers analyzed data on 667 patients admitted between March 9 and September 14, 1988 to the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya to verify the contribution of Salmonella and Shigella species to hospital acquired infections and to identify factors associated with admission and nosocomial infection. Laboratory personnel isolated Salmonella and Shigella in 12.5% (10% and 2.5% respectively) of the 360 patients with nosocomial diarrhea. Their overall prevalence was 3% and 2.5% respectively. These 2 bacteria were isolated from rectal swabs from 19 of the 27 hospital units. Most of the isolates were restricted to 5 units. All of the Salmonella isolates at admission were children under 13 years old (3.6% of 556 children). Shigella prevalence at admission was 2.5% for children and 3.6% for adults. The risk of nosocomial diarrhea caused by these 2 bacteria was much greater in children older than 6 months and younger than 6 years than in children of other ages (odds ratio [OR]=21.7; p=.006). The most significant variables which independently affected nosocomial diarrhea caused by these bacteria in children were recent antimicrobial therapy (OR=26.4; p=.001) and living in crowded homes (OR=1.2; p=.02). Another determinant was poor hair color indicating malnutrition (p=.03). Even though there were no significant differences between adults with nosocomial diarrhea caused by these bacteria and those with no nosocomial diarrhea, sharing a room with people with diarrhea, being in the hospital within the last 30 days, and being HIV-1 positive were factors that almost reached significance. In fact, 9 of their 22 (41%) adults with positive cultures of Salmonella were HIV=1 positive yet Salmonella was not isolated from any of the 70 HIV-1 positive patients at admission. Salmonella contributed greatly to nosocomial diarrhea at this hospital. The hospital should evaluate and redesign its control measures within available limited resources.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cross-Cultural Application of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: A Study of Black South African Students - Pretorius, Tyrone B. (Psychological Reports, 1991)
This article reports normative and psychometric data for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale when used with black South African students. Subjects were 450 undergraduate students in psychology. The reliability, validity, and factor structure of the scale were consistent with previously reported findings. The correlations of CES-Depression Scale scores with certain demographic variables are also reported.
Keywords: openalex:import

Feasibility of incorporating a social marketing nutrition module for child survival into education curricula in Ghana - Rankins, Jenice; Green, Nancy L. (Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 1991)
The feasibility of infusing social marketing teaching modules for child survival into school curricula was investigated in Ghana. The topic of the social marketing teaching module was Preventing Protein‐Energy Malnutrition for Child Survival (PEMCOM). The module was developed around a nationally endorsed weaning food, “Weanimix”. PEMCOM interactive lectures were conducted with students at Specialist Teacher Training College, Winneba to test the module. The students had no prior training in social marketing. Even so, 83% indicated that the three two‐hour interactive training sessions provided sufficient foundation for them to utilize the social marketing technique in teaching. When asked about the appropriateness of the module for use in Junior Secondary Schools, 84% of students ranked the module as good or excellent. All students indicated that they would utilize the social marketing strategy in teaching and that if the approach were applied widely in Ghana, it would make an important contribution to the reduction of PEM. Key words: Social marketingGhanaprotein energy malnutritionWeanimix
Keywords: openalex:import

The Façade of Precision in Education Data and Statistics: a Troubling Example from Tanzania - Samoff, Joel (Journal of Modern African studies (Print), 1991)
To understand what people do and why, we need to know something about what they have done. Rarely, however, are social scientists direct observers of all events of interest to them. Hence, most often we rely on information that someone else has collected, more or less systematically, usually for some other purpose. The behavioural revolution in the social sciences, with its shrill cries of ‘falsifiability!’ and ‘reproducibility!’, has pushed us towards the sort of evidence that can be recorded and stored in quantitative form. It has as well urged us towards increasingly complex, and perhaps sophisticated, techniques for exploring relationship within that evidence.
Keywords: openalex:import

Black Consciousness, Self-Esteem, and Satisfaction with Physical Appearance Among African-American Female College Students - Smith, Lori R.; Burlew, Ann Kathleen; Lundgren, David C. (Journal of Black Studies, 1991)
There is little doubt that American women are concerned with their appearance. Americans spend billions trying to improve their health, bodies, and appearance. In general we are healthier and more fit than ever, but less satisfied with the way we look (Cash, Winstead, & Janda, 1986). Despite their efforts to attain what is often an unattainable image, many women are dissatisfied with their own appearance. Psychological researchers have rigorously addressed the issue of physical appearance and its importance to women, namely White women. Notwithstanding the importance of such research, much of it has failed to examine these issues among African-American women. Failure to incorporate African-Americans as subjects in research on appearance detracts from the generalizability of prior findings to this group. The current research investigates the extent to which two variables, Black consciousness and self-esteem, are associated with satisfaction with physical appearance among African-American women. It is unclear who African-American women use as their reference group in defining their own attractiveness: the larger society, the
Keywords: openalex:import

Classroom Research in Botswana: Is Teacher Training Associated with Teachers' Classroom Behavior? A Study of Botswana Junior Secondary School Teachers [and] Classroom Affect and Complexity: Ecological Perspective of Botswana Junior Secondary Schools. Research Reports. - Snyder, Conrad W. (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Rural Nigerian Women With Highest Education Get Best Maternity Care - Turner, Raymond M. (International family planning perspectives, 1991)
The digest of research results from a study of rural Udi area Nigeria in 1988 is presented. 498 women (150 from Amaokwe 144 from Umuabi 120 from Obinagu and 84 from Akpakwume) who had been pregnant between 1986-88 were interviewed. The 25 community area is served by 2 hospitals and 6 maternity centers which do not have hemoglobin or urine analysis or intravenous infusion capability. 68% of the 459 usable interviews registered with a qualified prenatal care service for their last pregnancy (54% with traditional birth attendants TBAs and 35% with maternity centers). The rest used untrained practitioners. 93% used TBAs in order to obtain a solution for weight reduction and hence normal versus cesarean delivery. 96% using TBAs had a secondary or higher education 58% with a primary education and 67% with 4 previous contacts with a doctor while 76% visited a doctor 2-3 times and 30% had 1 or fewer visits. Within 1-3 km of a service 89% registered. Within 4-6 km of a service 60% registered. >7 km away only 32% registered. Civil servants were more likely to register (96%) compared to traders or seamstresses (76%) or farmers (59%). But among those not employed wives of farmers were more likely to register (70%) than wives of civil servants (62%) or artisans (57%). Only 44% registered in the 1st trimester. Women with a secondary or higher education were more likely to register. Of those employed civil servants 65% enrolled in the 1st trimester compared to 46% of traders or seamstresses or 20% of farmers. 49% of those with 1-2 previous births registered in the 1st trimester. The Akpakwume residents were more likely to register early (45%) than the Umuabi (30%) or Obinagu (8%). 38% made >8 visits for adequate care. Those with physician visits >4 times were more likely to receive adequate care (62%). Civil servants were more likely to receive adequate care (78%). 38% delivered with a trained provider 36% delivered with TBAs 24% delivered at home and 2% delivered in prayer houses. 80% with a >secondary education had a supervised delivery compared to 40% with a primary education. Akpakwume residents had the most supervised deliveries (67%). the lack of transportation and the cost of delivery were given as the reason for home delivery. Of supervised deliveries 42% were early admissions. Women with >secondary education those with >4 prenatal visits civil servants and the Umuabi were more likely to receive post natal care. The womens union in Akpakwume fined those not using trained medical staff and it was thought that womens organizations were important motivators in reducing maternal mortality.
Keywords: openalex:import

Factor Analysis of the Career Decision Scale on South African High School Students - Watson, Mark; Foxcroft, Cheryl D.; Stead, Graham B. (Psychological Reports, 1991)
A factor analytic study of the Career Decision Scale—High School version of Hartman and Hartman on 312 white South African adolescents from Grades 11 and 12 was undertaken. A simple two-factor structure emerged which accounted for 47.36% of the total variance in the scores. These results support the use of the version as a differential measure of career indecision and indicate that the number and structure of factors can change across populations. The implications of these results for research in South Africa are considered.
Keywords: openalex:import

Audit of 'surgery in general' in an African teaching hospital. - Watters, David; Bem, Chris; Echun, D. A.; Ahmed, Arkan T. (PubMed, 1991)
A 1-year prospective audit of 2233 operations performed by one general surgical unit in a Central African teaching hospital is presented. In addition to the usual 'general surgical' procedures, operations also included emergency craniotomy, reconstructive surgery for open fractures, and hysterectomy. There were 37 (1.7%) postoperative deaths and 45 other deaths in non-operated patients. Ten of 14 deaths due to sepsis in the 20-40-year age group were associated with HIV infection. The implications for teaching and training of surgical specialists in the tropics are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

A note on wind-driven replacement flow of the bottom layer in Saldanha Bay, South Africa: implications for pollution - Weeks, Scarla J.; Monteiro, Pedro M. S.; Nelson, Gary A.; Cooper, RJ (South African journal of marine sciences, 1991)
Abstract The unexpected effect of a synoptic-scale event (passage of a cold front) on the advection of water across the mouth of Small Bay, Saldanha Bay, is recorded. From a current-meter record, it is shown how the strength (> 15m·s−1) and direction (NNE) of the wind relative to the mouth set up a stratified shear flow whereby the out-flowing surface water is replaced by in-flowing bottom water. The potential environmental implications for this type of event are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Psychological Predictors of Condom Use to Prevent HIV Transmission Among Zimbabwean Students - Wilson, David J.; Manual, Adele; Lavelle, S. (International Journal of Psychology, 1991)
Psychologists have much to contribute to HIV prevention. It is important to identify predictors of HIV preventive behaviour and to incorporate this information in AIDS education. The Health Belief Model is an established model of health behaviour that has recently been applied to AIDS prevention. It originally posited that perceptions of susceptibility to, severity of, and solutions to, illness predicted health behaviour. It thus emphasized “disease” dimensions of illness. It was expanded to include barriers to, cues to, and social support for, health behaviour. The enlarged model thus incorporated “social” dimensions of health behaviour. Because preventing AIDS involves a partner and considerable social risks and skills, inclusion of social components may improve the capacity of the Health Belief Model to predict HIV preventive behaviour. An inventory measuring condom use and the enlarged Health Belief Model was completed by 181 male and 171 female teacher‐trainees. Data were analysed using multiple regression with hierarchical entry, first of disease dimensions (susceptibility, severity, solution), then social dimensions (barriers, cues, social support). Addition of social dimensions to the disease dimension equation yielded a significant F ‐change among both sexes and increased the variance explained from 16% to 30% among males, and from 4% to 14% among females. The full regression was significant only among males. The implications of these results for intervention goals, messages and strategies among both sexes are elucidated.
Keywords: openalex:import

Reestablishment of water uptake by succulents after drought potometric field determinations in the richtersveld cp. rep. south africa - Eller, B. M.; Ruess, B. R.; Ferrari, Simone (Botanica Helvetica, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Pedagogy of Domination: Toward a Democratic Education in South Africa. Mokubung Nkomo - Allman, Jean (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsPedagogy of Domination: Toward a Democratic Education in South Africa. Mokubung Nkomo Jean M. AllmanJean M. Allman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 4Nov., 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447072 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
Keywords: openalex:import

Traditional medicine and an inclusive model of health seeking behaviour in Zimbabwe. - Ap, Cavender (The Central African journal of medicine, 1991)
This paper examines research conducted in Zimbabwe over the past three decades on the patterns of use of traditional medicine in Zimbabwe. While much is known about patterns of choice between traditional vs. orthodox medicine, little is known about when and under what circumstances Zimbabweans use other medical therapies. A more inclusive model of health seeking behaviour that entails a more encompassing definition of traditional medicine and a broader spectrum of health care alternatives is advocated.
Keywords: openalex:import

Psychological Factors Influencing Physical Health in African American College Students - Belgrave, Faye Z.; Molock, Sherry Davis; Kelley, Keith S.; Nana-Sinham, Patrick (Journal of Black Psychology, 1991)
The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of stress, health beliefs, health behaviors, and gender on physical health outcomes of African American college students. Measures of physical symptoms experienced and perception of health were used as indicators of physical health. The paper presents a model of the relationships among psychological and physical health variables and discusses support (and lack of support) for aspects of the model. Subjects were 59 African American students attending two universities in the Eastern region of the United States. A questionnaire that assessed health beliefs, health behaviors, stress, physical symptoms, and perception of health was administered to each subject. The results of regression analyses indicated that health beliefs and stress explained a significant amount of the variance of physical symptoms and that health behaviors explained a significant amount of the variance in perception of health. Physical symptoms and perception of health were not related to each other suggesting that these are independent concepts.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Miocene Gilbert-type fan-delta from a volcanically influenced lacustrine basin, Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya - Bestland, Erick A. (Journal of the Geological Society, 1991)
A lacustrine, volcanically influenced fan-delta is recognized in the Kulu Formation of the Miocene Rusinga Group in western Kenya. In the Nyamsingula Gully area on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria, mapped lithologic units include the classic topset, foreset (mega-foreset) and bottomset structure of a Gilbert-type delta. A distinctive mega-breccia unit of colluvial origin interfingers laterally with the delta deposits and consists of pyroclastic and sedimentary rock fragments derived from underlying and laterally adjacent strata. The breccia formed from the bevelling of a fault escarpment, from which the fan-delta also originated. Away from the fan-delta axis, slumping of fault-scarp colluvium into the lake produced matrix-supported debris flows that are interbedded with lacustrine shales. In the topset beds of the delta, clasts of a distinctive melilitite–nephelinite tuff of airfall origin can be identified and traced down a palaeoslope through laterally adjacent units from the original bedded tuff, into the mega-breccia unit, and finally into debris-flow deposits in the foreset and bottomset beds. During resedimentation the tuff behaved in a brittle fashion due to quick cementation as a result of its water soluble, ultra-alkaline composition. The Kulu Formation is a distinctive facies that interfingers with the lowermost Hiwegi Formation. Both formations are part of the Rusinga Group. The bulk of the Rusinga Group, excluding the Kulu Formation, represents braidplains and alluvial aprons that flanked the Miocene volcano of Kisingiri. The braidplain and alluvial apron deposits have primary dips away from the volcano and were derived from material erupted and eroded from the volcano. The Kulu Formation, in contrast, was deposited in two small, elongate lacustrine basins separated by a small horst (approximately 5 km long and 2–3 km wide), from which the deposits were largely derived. The fan-delta systems prograded symmetrically away from the horst margins, into the adjoining lacustrine basins. The long dimensions of the horst and lake basins roughly parallel the local slope of the Kisingiri volcano, and therefore deposition in the Kulu Formation was perpendicular to deposition of the other Rusinga Group formations in the vicinity
Keywords: openalex:import

Traditional medicine and an inclusive model of health seeking behaviour in Zimbabwe. - Cavender, Anthony (PubMed, 1991)
This paper examines research conducted in Zimbabwe over the past three decades on the patterns of use of traditional medicine in Zimbabwe. While much is known about patterns of choice between traditional vs. orthodox medicine, little is known about when and under what circumstances Zimbabweans use other medical therapies. A more inclusive model of health seeking behaviour that entails a more encompassing definition of traditional medicine and a broader spectrum of health care alternatives is advocated.
Keywords: openalex:import

Medical education and primary health care in Nigeria: the Sokoto University experience. - Co, Akpala (PubMed, 1991)
Despite the acknowledgement and adoption of the Alma-Ata declaration by majority of the countries of the world as a strategy for achieving Health For All, medical educational systems often remain as ivory towers from the health service system. This traditional system of medical education does not adequately prepare doctors in developing countries for their expected leadership role in meeting the health needs for their communities through primary health care. In Nigeria, primary health care forms the basis for an official health policy aimed at meeting the health care needs of the entire population particularly those in the rural areas. This article, while highlighting the need for integration of medical education and the primary health care services, also examines the structural relationships between the two components at the Sokoto University in Nigeria, a West African country with one of the oldest medical educational system in the area.Sokoto University in northeastern Nigeria has integrated primary health care (PHC) with its medical curriculum. The faculty exposes students to community and primary health care throughout their 6-year training. Initially they follow the traditional preclinical courses (anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry) as well as courses in behavioral sciences, environmental health, and human ecology. They intermittently visit public health institutions, especially in relation to their environmental health course. Clinical training occurs at the teaching hospital and within the community using the PHC concept. The department of community medicine also involves each medical student in ward rounds and follow-up visits to people in Sokoto. Then each student must do a case report incorporating the physical, biological, and social effects on the patient's pathology. Students must also serve in a rural community for 8 weeks during the final years of medical training. Here they need to apply what they learned about community health and PHC. The intent of the Sokoto medical training program is to prepare PHC physicians. The community medicine department covers treatment of endemic diseases at a rural health center and referral of relevant cases to general and specialist hospitals, identification of community health problems and finding solutions, maternal and child health programs including family planning, and follow-up home visits for health education purposes. Medical faculty continually assess student knowledge and skills. In 1986-87, a community medicine faculty member evaluated student satisfaction with the community and PHC program and the rural posting experience. Even though students looked favorably on their experiences, they believed that these experiences occurred too early in the curriculum. They also objected to lack of basic social amenities at rural postings such as potable water.
Keywords: openalex:import

The state of training in public policy management in Ghana - Dotse, F. Mawuena (Public Administration and Development, 1991)
Abstract This paper discusses the relevance and state of training in public policy management in Ghana. The author argues that the lack of an institutional base for policy analysis is evident in the abdication and paralysis of policy‐making, as well as the inability of the management development institutions to institutionalize training programmes in public policy management. Recognizing politicians and bureaucrats as complementary actors in the policy process, it is argued that organizing training programmes for them could contribute to improved policy‐making. The content, methodology, duration, target group and impact of current training programmes in public policy management are analysed. Although the dearth of relevant local reading material on policy issue is identified as a problem in the teaching of public policy in Ghana, reference is made to some available publications on local public policy issues which could supplement Western‐biased reading materials. Other problems discussed are the heterogeneous background of course participants and the non‐involvement of faculty members in policy making. The paper concludes with recommendations on policy preview workshops; seminars for politicians and senior bureaucrats; development of policy analysts; and complementarity among the local management development institutions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education for liberation and development: a comparison of Cuban and Zimbabwean educational practices - Dzvimbo, K. P. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1991)
The aim of this paper is to examine the contradictions experienced by Zimbabwean policy makers in their efforts to use education in the socialist transformation of a post-colonial state in which capitalism was the dominant mode of production. Zimbabwe, like most settler colonial countries in Sub-Saharan Africa inherited a well developed European educational system, and an underdeveloped African educational system which had been used by various colonial and settler governments to oppress the African majority and marginalize them from major political and economic activities in the country. The new regime of Robert Mugabe that came into power in 1980 after fourteen years of a protracted guerrilla warfare also inherited an underdeveloped rural sector were 80% of the population lived and a well developed urban oriented economic structure that was dominated by a small white settler community of 250,000 people. For comparative purposes, Cuba will be used as an example (not as an ideal type) of a developing nation in the process of consolidating its socialist revolution, now threatened by events in Eastern Europe. For both Zimbabwe and Cuba, centralized planning was adopted instead of a free market economy in which the laws of supply and demand would prevail. This paper will also examine the problems associated with centralized planning in education since participation of civil society in policy making is difficult to realize in command economies like the one the Zimbabwean regime has tried to establish. In both countries, mass education was seen as the major vehicle for the transition to socialism.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teachers Rituals, Organized Sacrilege: The Classroom Institution in Southern Africa. Research Reports Series. - Fuller, Bruce (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Classroom Help-Seeking Behavior of African-American Children - Gall, Sharon Nelson-Le; Jones, Evan (Education and Urban Society, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Role of Historically Black Colleges in Facilitating Resilience among African-American Students - Garibaldi, Antoine M. (Education and urban society, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The School in the Service of Evangelization. The Catholic Educational Impact in Eastern Nigeria 1886-1950 - Garvey, Brian; Omenka, Nicholas Ibeawuchi (Journal of Religion in Africa, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Computers and the learning of biological concepts: Attitudes and achievement of Nigerian students - Jegede, Olugbemiro J.; Okebukola, Peter Akinsola; Ajewole, Gabriel Adeniyi (Science Education, 1991)
Science EducationVolume 75, Issue 6 p. 701-706 Article Computers and the learning of biological concepts: Attitudes and achievement of Nigerian students Olugbemiro J. Jegede, Olugbemiro J. Jegede Distance Education Centre, University College of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Akinsola Okebukola, Peter Akinsola Okebukola Department of Curriculum Studies, Lagos State University, Lagos, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this authorGabriel A. Ajewole, Gabriel A. Ajewole Lagos State College of Education, Oto-Ijanikin, Lagos, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author Olugbemiro J. Jegede, Olugbemiro J. Jegede Distance Education Centre, University College of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Akinsola Okebukola, Peter Akinsola Okebukola Department of Curriculum Studies, Lagos State University, Lagos, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this authorGabriel A. Ajewole, Gabriel A. Ajewole Lagos State College of Education, Oto-Ijanikin, Lagos, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1991 https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730750609Citations: 12AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume75, Issue6November 1991Pages 701-706 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Academic Behaviors among High-Achieving African-American Students - Lee, Valerie E.; Winfield, Linda F.; Wilson, Thomas C. (Education and Urban Society, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Language planning: preferences of a group of South African students - Louw‐Potgieter, Joha; Louw, Johann (South African Journal of Linguistics, 1991)
Hierdie studie het die voorkeure van 'n groep Suid-Afrikaanse studente aangaande taalbeplanning deur middel van 'n simulasie-oefening ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat beide Afrikaans- en Engelsmoedertaalsprekers 'n taalbeleid van diversiteit verkies het (dit wil sê Afrikaans, Engels en Xhosa as die drie amptelike tale), terwyl Xhosamoedertaalsprekers twee-taligheid verkies het (dit wil sê Engels en Xhosa as die amptelike tale). Al drie taalgroepe het 'n voorkeur getoon vir aanvanklike moedertaal- en uiteindelike amptelike taalonderrig op skool, terwyl die taal van onderrig op universiteitsvlak die demokraties-verkose amptelike taal/tale behoort te wees. Afrikaans- en Engelsmoedertaalsprekers het aangedui dat hulle sou verkies het om die vraelys in hul onderskeie moedertale te beantwoord, terwyl Xhosamoedertaalsprekers in hierdie geval Engels verkies het, omdat dit 'n internasionale taal is.
Keywords: openalex:import

Leadership resistance to the implementation of new ideas acquired through training in the Nigerian civil service - Maduabum, Chuks P. (Public Administration and Development, 1991)
Abstract Staff training and development have received such widespread attention in the Service that it can be safely said that it has become a way of life of Nigeria's federal bureaucracy. We posit, however, that these efforts will not achieve the desired results if ample opportunities are not provided for the trained to apply skills and ideas acquired from their training. The efforts of those who are their superiors and can thus encourage the implementation of new ideas are the subjects of this study. A survey was conducted of 300 trained officers, and 60 Departmental Training Officers (DTOs) in the Nigerian Civil Service. The emerging data were computer‐processed and analysed using 2‐variable chi‐square (χ 2 ) statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficient ( r ). The findings are that superior officers generally tend to resist innovative ideas emanating from their trained subordinates. However, where superior and subordinate officers are similarly exposed to a training course the tendency is for the superior officer to support the implementation of ideas acquired from the course. To improve the situation, therefore, we prescribe: (a) the expansion of training activities so that more staff can benefit; and (b) the creation of opportunities for the trained to occupy senior positions in the Service.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching English in Zimbabwe Secondary Schools: The Importance of Preparation - Moyana, Rosemary (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1991)
This paper reports on a survey that was carried out in 1988 -1989 on the teaching of English in Zimbabwean secondary schools with special emphasis on the teachers' preparation for their lessons. First the school, teachers' academic and professional data are discussed because they form an important background to the survey.Different aspects of lesson preparation by teachers of English are reported on thereafter. While we begin with a hypothesis that there will be apparent differences in the way teachers prepare for their lessons based on experience, academic and professional qualifications, we conclude by rejecting that hypothesis because the results of the survey do not confirm it. Therefore, more research is needed to collect more data from a bigger sample of teachers and perhaps using different methods of data collection in order to confidently comment on the way teachers prepare for their English lessons. The effectiveness of such teaching preparations on pupil achievement is not covered by this report. That will be a necessary follow-up to such an investigation as this one.
Keywords: openalex:import

Community Contributions to School Outcomes of African-American Students - Nettles, Saundra Rice Murray (Education and urban society, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

A Comparative Analysis of the Quality of Primary Education in Zimbabwe by School Type - Nyagura, Levi (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1991)
This study investigates differences in the quality of primary education offered by five different school types. 6927, Grade 7 pupils who wrote national examinations in 86 schools in November 1990, their teachers and heads of schools participated in the study. The evidence in this study shows that there are significant differences in the quality of primary education offered by the different school types in Zimbabwe. Three levels of quality education were identified, namely high quality education offered by high fee paying schools and government former group A schools, average quality education offered by low fee paying schools and government former group B schools, and low quality education offered by rural community schools. Major causes of the differences in the quality of education include differences in levels of instructional resources such as textbooks, pens and pencils, chalk and library books; differences in the number of trained and qualified teachers; large school sizes and teacher-pupil ratios in the poorly resourced schools; heavy teaching loads for teachers in the poorly resourced and administered schools, and differences in academic emphasis, especially in mathematics. A number of policy options are recommended in order to raise the quality of education in the disadvantaged schools: a.increase government per capita grants to disadvantaged schools to increase the acquisition of instructional resource; b.improve housing and amenities in rural schools in order to attract and retain qualified teachers c. intensify staff development of untrained teachers in order to improve the quality of teaching in diadvantaged schools; d. improve the management and supervision of schools by providing adequate and financial resources and transport, and e. reduce teacher-pupil ratios to facilitate effective implementation of the intended curriculum
Keywords: openalex:import

Emerging Music Education Trends in Africa - Oehrle, Elizabeth (International Journal of Music Education, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Relationship Between School Climate and Academic Achievement in the Schools of Nursing in Oyo State, Nigeria - Oyeleye, Babatunde Atanda (Journal of Nursing Education, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Stamp Maps in the Classroom: An Egyptian Example - Rantanen, Donna M. (The Journal of geography, 1991)
Abstract This article examines how Egypt has utilized stamps, particularity stamp maps, to document its political history and how these stamps can serve as learning tools in the classroom. Starting with the year 1948, when Egypt issued its first stamp map, to 1986, stamp maps depicting momentous historical events are listed chronologically with brief descriptions of their cartographic contents along with the reasons behind their issuance. Examples of some of the stamp maps mentioned are included. In addition to being utilitarian objects, stamps and stamp maps from any country are useful supplements to world geography and world history textbooks and lessons. Suggestions for specific excercises involving stamps and stamp maps are given.
Keywords: openalex:import

DEGREE 0F PREPARATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ADDIS ABABA FOR THE ETHIOPIAN SOHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION I AN EMPIRICAL STUDY - Zewdie, Girma (The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Job Satisfaction of African-American Faculty in Higher Education in the South. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. - Patitu, Carol Logan; Tack, Martha W. (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Upgrading epidemiology training in South Africa. Report of an Epidemiological Society of Southern Africa seminar: Medical Research Council Campus, July 12 1991, Cape Town. (PubMed, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Psychotropic Drug use in Medical and Surgical Wards of a Teaching Hospital in Northern Nigeria - Abiodun, Olatunji A.; Ogunremi, O. O. (The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1991)
The overall prescription rate of psychotropic drugs in a Nigerian teaching hospital was 33.1%. This was slightly higher among surgical than medical patients. It is suggested that more attention needs to be paid to psychotropic drug education in developing countries in order to ensure a more rational use of these drugs.
Keywords: openalex:import

Continuing Education for Librarians in Ghana: Problems and Expectations - Alemna, A.A. (IFLA Journal, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The requirements for engineering education in South Africa - Besaans, L.J. (Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Nutritional status and umbilical hernia in Nigerian school children of different ethnic groups. - Ebomoyi, E. William; Parakoyi, D B; Omonisi, M K (PubMed, 1991)
The relationship between nutritional status and umbilical hernia was assessed among Hausa and Yoruba school children in rural areas of Kwara State, Nigeria. The prevalence of umbilical hernia in the rural school pupils was 19.4%. The Yoruba school children had a higher prevalence rate of 22.0%, while the prevalence rate for Hausa pupils was 16.9%. The association between umbilical hernia and primary school class was statistically significant. More school children suffering from protein energy malnutrition presented with umbilical hernia. The association between umbilical hernia and nutritional status was weak. The school health component of the national primary health program should be intensified to screen school children regularly for umbilical hernia. The school health environment of rural Nigerian schools should be improved through government efforts.
Keywords: openalex:import

An initial approach to predicting the sensitivity of the South African grassland biome to climate change - Ellery, M.T.; Scholes; Mentis, R.J. (South African Journal of Science, 1991)
The grassland biome in South Africa can be distinguished from neighbouring biomes on the basis of three climatic indices which are considered to be biologically meaningful. The indices are 'days of growth opportunity' based on soil water availability and calculated using a water budget model, the mean temperature on days when sufficient water is available for plant growth, and the mean temperature on days too dry for growth to occur. The difference between the growth and no-growth temperatures provides an indication of the degree of rainfall seasonality. These indices have also been used successfully to differentiate the five other biomes in South Africa (forest, fynbos, nama-karoo, savanna and succulent karoo) in a 'biome model' presented as a decision-tree. This model provides a simple method of predicting possible vegetation responses to climatic change.
Keywords: openalex:import

Mass Education, Islamic Revival, and the Population Problem in Egypt - Faust, Kimberly A.; Bach, Rebecca; Gadalla, S; Khattab, Hind; Gulick, John (Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 1991)
This article focuses on social change among Indians in South Africa since their arrival as ‘indentured’ and ‘passenger’ Indians fr,om India, 130 years ago. It concentrates on the concept of the joint or extended family, its developmental cycle, causes of segmentation and the status and acculturation of women in a rapidly changing society subjugated by a white minority government.
Keywords: openalex:import

Anaesthesia Training in Malawi - Fenton, PM (Tropical Doctor, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

African-American Males: Education or Incarceration. - Green, Robert L. (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Variation in suspended sediment concentration during storm discharges in three small streams in upper osun basin, Central Western Nigeria - Jeje, L.K.; Ogunkoya, O. O.; Oluwatimilehin, J. M. (Hydrological Processes, 1991)
Abstract The suspended sediment concentration response of three small streams draining quartzites and quartz‐schists in southwestern Nigeria to storms of varying magnitude are presented. A total of 1468 water samples from 62 storm responses with peak stream discharge values ranging from 80 to 120 l s −2 were analysed and storm and suspended sediment concentration hydrographs and hysteresis loops were used to depict the response patterns. The six different types of responses identified include the single and multiple discharge peak rises with sediment lead and lag and also the mixed response patterns. Both valley slope and channel erosion constituted important sources of suspended sediment. However, sediment availability, exhaustion, and flushing effects determined the variation in the different response types.
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher education in eastern and southern Africa - Maliyamkono, T. L. (PROSPECTS, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Need and Priority Areas for Continuing Education for Sub and Professional Information, Library and Archives Personnel in Tanzania - Nawe, Julita (IFLA Journal, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Teacher Education Innovation in Zimbabwe - Nziramasanga, Caiphas T. (Action in Teacher Education, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Managing drought and locust invasions in Africa - Odhiambo, Thomas R. (Land Use Policy, 1991)
The two most critical African natural disasters, drought and locust outbreaks, are least understood in terms of the four activities considered essential to long-term disaster reduction: hazard prediction, risk assessment, disaster preparedness and disaster management. In finding a solution to the drought and desertification that plague Africa's Sudano-Sahelian belt, planners would do well to study indigenous adaptations to the unpredictable Sahelian ecosystem. The key to solving the problem of locust swarms may lie in the work being done by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) which hopes to find a way to dampen the locusts' swarming cycle and intensify their solitary cycle so that locust populations can maintain a relatively sedentary, grasshopper-like lifestyle.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education, Employment and Human Resource Development. Report of a Sub-regional Intensive Training Course (Buea, Cameroon, April 2-13, 1991). - Sanyal, Bikas C. (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Intercultural Training through Global Education: An Alternative to Media Images of Africa. - Skow, Lisa M. (1991)
Growing out of the belief that children need to acquire tools that eAll help them understand and interact with people from different cultures, a study examined the effect of a global education unit about Africa on the images of Africa held by sixth grade students, specifically investigating whether such instruction uld reduce existing stereotypes and enhance children's general knowledge of Africa. Subjects were 51 fifthand sixth-grade students at two elementary schools .n southern California. A pretest, two cultural assignments, and a posttest were administered to the test and control groups over a 4.5 month period. The test classroom received a cultural unit on Africa at the beginning of the researGh study. Results showed that students' perceptions of Africa became less stereotypical, more diverse, and more positive, partially as a result of the cultural unit on Africa. Results a/so showed that cultural assignments illustrated a gradual change ir children's images of Africa iormed over the same period. (Two figures and three tables of data are included; 35 references are attached.) (SR) *111*********************ft**********M**************W********************* * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the beat that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************:************:
Keywords: openalex:import

Primary Health Care in Africa: Implications for Teacher Education - Tambo, Leke (Action in Teacher Education, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

African-American Males in Middle School: One School's Efforts at Empowerment - White-Hood, Marian (The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 1991)
(1991). African-American Males in Middle School: One School's Efforts at Empowerment. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 4-8.
Keywords: openalex:import

Drought and Famine Relationships in Sudan: Policy Implications - Teklu, Tesfaye; Braun, Joachim von; Zaki, Elsayed Ali Ahmed (The research reports, 1991)
Sudan is one of the few countries where famine still persists. Why? What are the determinants of famine in Sudan? What is the role of drought, especially in the context of economic policy failure and war? Who is affected by famine? What needs to be done to mitigate and prevent famine? These are some of the questions addressed in Drought and Famine Relationships in Sudan: Policy Implications, Research Report 88, by Tesfaye Teklu, Joachim von Braun, and Elsayed Zaki. The research is particularly concerned with quantitatively tracing the drought-production-consumption-nutrition linkages under famine conditions at the household level in order to identify effective means of alleviating and preventing famine.... while famine is often strongly linked to drought, this research finds that even under the severe economic constraints of Sudan, suitable government planning and action can forestall that linkage.
Keywords: openalex:import

Knowledge and attitudes relating to condoms on the part of African High School children around Johannesburg - Frame, G; Ferrinho, P. L. G. M.; Evian, C (Curationis, 1991)
Senior high school children completed a self-administered questionnaire on sexual activity, knowledge of family planning methods, condoms and use of condoms. The study highlighted some useful and interesting information though its value is limited by a poor response rate.
Keywords: openalex:import

Present Early Childhood Educare Policy in South Africa. National Education Policy Integration. - Atmore, Eric (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Eritrea: breeding for adversity. How Beni-Amer cattle herders have changed breed standards to cope with war and drought - Fre, Zeremariam (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

European Economic Community-France-Morocco-Portugal- Spain: Final Act of the Conference for the Protection of Coasts and Waters of the Northeast Atlantic against Pollution Due to Hydrocarbons or Other Harmful Substances, and Accord of Cooperation (International Legal Materials, 1991)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Keywords: openalex:import

Training trainers: South Africa. "Things are serious". (PubMed, 1991)
An AIDS educator in Natal recently commented: "Things are looking really serious here. We are picking up 100 new HIV cases a week and have an estimated 150,000-300,000 people infected with the virus in Natal alone. This figure is currently doubling around every 6-9 months." In an attempt to address this problem, the AIDS Training, Information and Counselling Center (ATICC) in Durban has developed a 7-day "train the trainer" workshop and manual. The ATICC course helps participants to return to their business or community organization with the confidence and skills to plan, implement and evaluate the AIDS awareness and education program, including training additional AIDS educators locally. Skills building activities for carrying out effective and relevant programs include: how people learn and the theory of experience-based learning; assessment of self as an educator; analysis of target groups; the importance of clear aims and objectives; education techniques and methods; facilitation of group interaction and the use of facilitators' notes. By day 6 of the course, participants present and AIDS awareness session to a local group. By the end of the course, participants are able to plan an AIDS education program suitable for their organization.
Keywords: openalex:import

Comparative nutritional assessment of children in military and private schools in nigeria - Abidoye, R.O.; Randle, O. (Nutrition Research, 1991)
The study involved children aged 7–14 in two schools, Command Children School, Onike (private) and Fazil-I-Omar Primary School, Iwaya (public). The nutritional status of the children showed that 48% in Command Children School and 74% in Fazil-I-Omar were malnourished. The prevalence of anaemia for all the children was 26% and there was no iron deficiency. Socio-economic factors played a great role in this state of malnutrition. Though all the children ate three square meals, family type and family size must have influenced the quantity of food eaten. The educational level of mothers and occupation of fathers had statistically significant association (P<0.05) with the state of nutrition of the children. Most children from Fazil-I-Omar School regularly ate high carbohydrate diet diet while those in Command School ate a fairly balanced diet. The knowledge and practice of use of balanced diet is important here. Nutritional education as part of a health education programme will go a long way to improve the nutritional state of the children which is needed for normal growth, and improved mental state necessary for scholastic prowess.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education for library and information work in Ghana: Challenges of the new decade - Boye, Mary (International Library Review, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Democratic Pluralism: Placing African-American Student-Athletes in the Context of a New Agenda for Higher Education - Edwards, Harry (NACADA journal, 1991)
Harry Edwards delivered the NACADA Journal symposium lecture at the 1990 NACADA National Conference. He was invited by the Journal's editors to expand the ideas he presented into an article to give the entire membership an opportunity to examine these ideas. We have also included responses from several professionals who are actively involved in exploring the issues that Edwards deals with. The editors welcome further responses to this article. The character and dynamics of developments at the interface of intergroup relations, education, and sport are shown to be deeply embedded in the historical evolution and intertwined with the contemporary complexities and contradictions of race and ethnic relations more generally in American society. The proposition is developed that African-American student-athletes' patterned negative outcomes can be reliably understood and effectively addressed only if due consideration is given social, cultural, and political forces that serious-impact but that emanate far beyond the institutional functioning of academia and sport. Established and broadly accepted African-American advancement strategies and goals are critiqued and evaluated relative to their past viability and future remedial potential as adjunctive influences upon the content, contours, and direction of African-American education. Competing educational philosophies and methods are analysed and assessed as to the appropriateness and promise of each in a postindustrial, ever more ethnically diverse America. Democratic pluralism is posed as an alternative to both established Black liberal and incipient Black neoconservative integration/assimilation dispositions and change regimens, as well as to various Black separatist and separate development strategems relative to African-American individual and collective advancement in sport, education, and society. Broad perspectives and guidelines pertaining to the role responsibilities and realms of accountability of educational administrators (particularly college presidents and chancellors), counselling supervisors and academic advisors, teachers, African-American communities and families, and African-American student-athletes are discussed against a background of longstanding and ongoing Black/White intergroup tensions and heightened athletic and academic pressures upon the student-athlete.
Keywords: openalex:import

Primary Schooling in Burundi and Kenya: Preparation for Secondary Education or for Self-Employment? - Eisemon, Thomas Owen; Schwille, John (Elementary School Journal, 1991)
Primary school expansion in African countries during the independence period has exacerbated a dilemma confronting educators and policy-makers since colonial times: should the purpose of primary schooling be to educate an elite for secondary schools, or should it be, instead, to prepare students for self-employment? Findings are reported from a series of studies of primary schooling conducted in Burundi and Kenya since 1985. Both countries employ selective examinations for admission to secondary schools that emphasize academic achievement in subjects taught in metropolitan languages, notwithstanding reforms that promote vernacular language instruction and prevocational studies. As long as some children go on to secondary school, primary schooling will not be reformed on the sensible premise that it is the terminal stage of schooling for most children. Nevertheless, the opposition between prevocational and academic education may be a false dichotomy; academic instruction can be organized in ways that facilitate self-employment, whereas prevocational training can be strengthened by linking its objectives and content more closely to subjects that are central to preparation of students for secondary education.
Keywords: openalex:import

New approaches to skills training in Nigeria and Trinidad - Frost, Dennis J. (Small Enterprise Development, 1991)
This article describes two programmes for training young people for skilled employment or self-employment. Both programmes have target groups among the disadvantaged: the Relevant Training workshops of Nigeria train young people who have little or no education beyond the primary level, and SERVOL in Trinidad accepts drop-outs from society who often have anti-social attitudes and need to be encouraged to develop a positive attitude to work. The programmes concentrate more on practical skills than paper qualifications, but their success in producing employable artisans is being increasingly recognized by the government, which in SERVOL's case is providing support for extending the programme, and which is adopting the RT workshops in Nigeria.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching communicative skills in English in Zambia - Mpepo, Musonda (Language Learning Journal, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Education for subordination: African education in colonial Kenya - Mwiria, Kilemi (History of Education, 1991)
(1991). Education for subordination: African education in colonial Kenya. History of Education: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 261-273.
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning the hard way: Allenby in Egypt and Palestine, 1917–19 - Newell, Jonathan (Journal of Strategic Studies, 1991)
(1991). Learning the hard way: Allenby in Egypt and Palestine, 1917–19. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 363-387.
Keywords: openalex:import

Student protests in sub-Saharan Africa - Nkinyangi, John A. (Higher Education, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Distance learning for rural medical officers in Kenya: the first pilot project. - Pm, Nyarango (PubMed, 1991)
Representatives from the Ministry of Health, the University of Nairobi and the Kenya Medical Association arranged a workshop in Nairobi in September, 1987 to ensure that policy makers, civil servants, academics and senior members of the medical profession would feel fully informed about the purpose and nature of distance learning. A further meeting was arranged for the supervisors and tutors who would be involved in the pilot project which was designed to validate the usefulness of distance learning materials prepared in London and to evaluate the organisational and educational aspects of the local system for distance learning. Ten rural medical officers, selected by the Ministry, met to be inducted at a briefing workshop in Mombasa. The medical officers were invited to study with three modules at their place of work during a period of six months and to complete a field project during the next six months. They were asked to keep a dairy, to use a notebook for critical comments on each module, and to complete two questionnaires. Their pre-test performance was compared with post-test performance. The results were analysed with a view to improving the modules and the local distance learning system.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Continuing Education and Training of Agricultural Extension Staff in Namibia with Special Reference to Distance Learning: An Exercise in Participatory Curriculum Development. - Rogers, Alan (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Community Influences on the Relation of Family Statuses to Adolescent School Performance: Differences between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites - Dornbusch, Sanford M.; Ritter, Philip L.; Steinberg, Laurence (American Journal of Education, 1991)
Parental education and family structure are less predictive of high school grades for African Americans than for whites. Community socioeconomic status predicts grades for both groups. The failure of family statuses to predict grades for African Americans appears related to the ethnic mix, and not socioeconomic status, in the residential community. Living in a census tract with a substantial proportion of minority residents affects whites as well as African Americans, reducing the influence of family statuses. That most African Americans live in such census tracts and fewer whites do explains the ethnic difference in the influence of family statuses on adolescent grades.
Keywords: openalex:import

Low maternal CD4 count at inception of gestational cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and impaired humoral response: Effect on congenital CMV infection in the guinea pig - Harrison, Christopher J.; Bürger, Reinhard (Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 1991)
In humans, the rate and clinical expression of disease in congenitally cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected infants is modified by maternal immunity to CMV. We used the guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection to compare maternal CD4+ T-cell numbers in nonpregnant animals to those in pregnant dams just before and 7-14 days after inoculation with guinea pig CMV (gpCMV) very early, early, or late in gestation. We also examined ELISA antibody responses to gpCMV in the inoculated nonpregnant and pregnant animals. When compared to nonpregnant uninfected animals, CD4 counts were lower in very early and in late uninfected gestation. CD4 counts also dropped further in the postinoculation period. Compared to nonpregnant gpCMV-inoculated animals, initial antibody responses to gpCMV were also decreased in gpCMV-infected pregnant dams. The group of dams inoculated very early in pregnancy experienced delays in seroconversion to gpCMV, persisting low titers throughout gestation, in utero fetal resorptions, and CNS-infected pups. The group of dams inoculated late in gestation had the lowest geometric mean titers at delivery (almost 50% with no detectable antibody) and a high rate of vertical gpCMV transmission and postnatal pup death. Significantly lower rates of both congenital infection and postnatal pup deaths were observed in litters of late gestation-infected dams that had gpCMV antibody at delivery. Thus, decreased circulating maternal CD4+ T cells very early and late in gestation were further decreased after gpCMV inoculation and were associated with delayed and depressed maternal antibody responses, all of which were associated with poor outcome after primary maternal gpCMV infection, the expression of which varied by time in pregnancy when gpCMV was acquired.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education, Work and Pay in East Africa - Hazlewood, Arthur (British Journal of Educational Studies, 1991)
Issues the economies, education and the labour-market source and presentation of the data demographic and educational characteristics of employees in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam educational attainment and the urban labour-market in Kenya who gets schooling in Kenya education and rural-urban links in Kenya educational attainment and the urban labour-market in Tanzania who gets schooling in Kenya educational attainment and the urban labour-market in Tanzania who gets schooling in Tanzania Nairobi and Dar es Salaam - similarities and contrasts education, employment and wages - the major relationships.
Keywords: openalex:import

Normal fault earthquake off the northern Mozambique: A possible isotropic source - Honda, Sawao; Yomogida, Kiyoshi (Geophysical research letters, 1991)
An earthquake which occurred off the northern Mozambique gives a peculiar feature of P‐waves recorded by WWSSN long period instruments. All the P‐waveforms can be divided into two parts: the amplitude of the first arriving phase varies from station to station, which is consistent with the normal fault type solution of the Harvard CMT solution determined by the long period GDSN data. The amplitude of the second phase, in contrast, is fairly constant over all the stations, inconsistent with the normal fault solution. From these observations and data analyses, we propose that the source process of this event is a combination of a normal fault and a subsequent isotropic source starting with an explosion followed by a contraction or a corruption with each net moment of 2 ∼ 3 × 10 25 dyne.cm at the assumed depth of 7.5 km. Our image of these source mechanisms is consistent with the known geological setting around the epicenter: grabens with many dikes or intrusions.
Keywords: openalex:import

Making the Hidden Curriculum the Formal Curriculum: Vocational Training in South Africa - Kraak, André (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessMaking the Hidden Curriculum the Formal Curriculum: Vocational Training in South AfricaAndre KraakAndre Kraak Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 3Aug., 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447045 Views: 10Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Kara Brown What is Curriculum Studies? Thoughts from the Field of Comparative Education, Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy 5, no.22 (Dec 2008): 42–45.https://doi.org/10.1080/15505170.2008.10411703Megan Che Domestic and international power relations in a Cameroonian mission school system, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.66 (Nov 2008): 640–655.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.09.001S. Megan Che Technical and Vocational Education in Cameroon and Critical Avenues for Development, Research in Comparative and International Education 2, no.44 (Jul 2016): 333–345.https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2007.2.4.333Andre Kraak Transforming South Africa's Economy: From Racial-Fordism to Neo-Fordism?, Economic and Industrial Democracy 17, no.11 (Feb 1996): 39–74.https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X96171003Andre Kraak South Africa's Segmented Labour Markets: Skill Formation and Occupational Mobility Under Apartheid, 1979-1993, Work, Employment and Society 9, no.44 (Jun 2016): 657–687.https://doi.org/10.1177/095001709594003
Keywords: openalex:import

Food‐choice and nutrient‐intakes of male Nigerian students in Aberdeen - Lockie, Gillian M.; Dickerson, J. W. T. (Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 1991)
Fifty‐one male Nigerian students completed a questionnaire on their food‐habits in Aberdeen and Nigeria. Few changes to food‐habits were made during their stay in Aberdeen. Forty‐five of the subjects used a food‐diary to record their food‐intake, Portion‐weights from weighed intakes carried out by male Nigerian students were used to calculate nutrient‐intake. The results differed from those reported in studies on Caucasians. Intake of some vitamins was low. Fibre‐intake was a little lower than that reported for Africans by other researchers and the same as that reported for European students. The amount of energy supplied by carbohydrate, fat and saturated fat was in line with current recommendations for the United Kingdom.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sex-Related Differences in Spatial Ability in a Group of South African Students - Oosthuizen, Stanley (Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1991)
Many recent studies have reported a convergence in the scores of males and females on spatial tests; however, these studies also indicate different amounts of convergence. There are indications that spatial differences continue to exist. It was decided to study such differences in spatial ability on two different tests for two groups of South African first-year university students (ns = 60), one from arts and one from the sciences. In all comparisons statistically significant differences were found between the sexes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Parasitic infection in Sennores primary school, El-Fayum Governorate, Egypt. - Sabry, Abanob (PubMed, 1991)
Sennores Center has not been examined for parasitosis. In this paper, a total of 252 pupils in Sennores primary school were examined. The commonest parasite was S. haematobium (29.4%) and the least common was T. saginata (1.2%). Single infection was in 50.4% and double infection was in 40.1%. One case showed triple infection. The whole results were discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Impaired binding of low density lipoprotein to hepatic membranes from uremic guinea pigs - Shapiro, R. Jean (Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 1991)
Chronic renal failure is associated with abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism that may contribute to premature atherosclerosis and early mortality in patients on dialysis. In previous studies, we found that plasma clearance of radiolabelled low density lipoprotein (LDL) was retarded in nephrectomized guinea pigs left with one-sixth of normal functioning renal mass. To elucidate potential mechanisms of delayed LDL clearance, we compared binding of LDL to hepatic membranes from both normal and uremic guinea pigs. One hundred micrograms of the 8000 – 100 000 × g hepatic microsomal protein was incubated with 125 I-labelled normal guinea pig LDL (10–150 μg/mL) for 1 h at 37 °C, and the membrane washed and pelleted by centrifugation in a Beckman Ti 42.2 rotor. Parallel incubations with excess unlabelled LDL were done to determine specific binding. LDL specific binding to uremic hepatic membranes was significantly impaired compared with normal ones. The major abnormality, as determined by Scatchard transformation of the binding data, was a reduction of the apparent maximal binding of LDL to uremic membranes, with an average B max of 4.1 μg/mg protein compared with 6.6 μg/mg protein for normal hepatic microsomes. The affinity of LDL for uremic liver membranes was only slightly diminished with a mean apparent K d of 35.2 μg/mL in comparison with 21.8 μg/mL for normal liver membranes. These results provide a biochemical explanation for the diminished LDL clearance in uremia and may account for the dyslipidemia of renal failure.Key words: hepatic microsomes, low density lipoprotein, uremia.
Keywords: openalex:import

African-American versus White Children and the Transition into Junior High School - Simmons, Roberta G.; Black, Ann; Zhou, Yan (American Journal of Education, 1991)
This study aims to investigate differences between African-American (black) and white children as they make the transition from childhood to adolescence, from elementary to junior high school. Twelve K-6 schools from a midsize city were randomly drawn, and 512 children were followed from grades 6-7 for this analysis. Repeated measures analysis of variance is used on each of 71 dependent variables with race, gender, and grade in school as independent variables. Social class and age are controlled. On most variables there are no statistically significant racial differences in change from grade 6 to 7. Where there are significant differences, they indicate that African-American males differ from the other race/gender groups. Differences suggest an earlier adoption of behaviors and attitudes consistent with the stereotype of adolescence. They show greater indications of conflict (e. g., school problem behavior, school suspensions, and conflict with parents over friends), earlier entry to heterosexual relationships and greater expectation from parents and friends that they will date early, and greater indications of gender intensification. Also, African-American boys and girls show greater decreases in grade point average (GPA) and liking of school at entry to junior high school. On the other hand, black youths show advantages in aspects of self-image and college aspirations.
Keywords: openalex:import

Helmsing, A. H. J. and Wekwete, K. H. (eds.), "Subnational Planning in Southern and Eastern Africa: Approaches, Finance and Education" (Book Review) - Simon, Dávid (Third World Planning Review, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Ecto and endoparasites in two primary schools in Qualyob City, Egypt. - Tosson; Morsy, Ayman T A; Am, Farrag; Ah, Sabry; Mm, Salama; Ma, Arafa (PubMed, 1991)
Ecto and endoparasites are still one of the public health problems in Egypt. This is particularly true among school students who are exposed to the parasitic infections or infestations by autoinfection or by contagious. In this paper, two primary schools were selected in Qualyob City, Qualyobia Governorate (in the Nile Delta). Examination of 486 school children (6-12 years old) revealed pediculosis (16.04), schistosomiasis (8.8%), amoebiasis (7.81%), giardiasis (9.05%), taeniasis saginata (0.41%), ascariasis (9.05%), enterobiasis (0.9%) and hymenolepiasis nana (9.87%). It was found that ectoparasites (lice) represented 17.8% of the total parasites detected in the children. Endoparasites transmitted by autoinfection represented 43.02%, those transmitted by skin penetration represented 9.84%, those transmitted by meat consumption represented 0.45% and by other modes of infection represented 28.8%. It was concluded that school children are the group of individuals at risk. They spend long time outside their homes in a crowd area. Besides, they convey the parasites, particularly those transmitted by contagious and autoinfection to their family members.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cross-Cultural Cross-Validation of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire among Zimbabwean School Children - Wilson, David J.; Panditji, Lena (Psychological Reports, 1991)
For 568 boys and 698 girls (ages 8 to 17 years), Neuroticism scores were reliable and factorially valid for both sexes but reliability and validity for Extraversion were modest and, while reliable, 45% of Lie scale items did not load on their factor of origin. Also, Psychoticism scores were unreliable and factorially invalid. Careful item analyses must be undertaken and the construct of psychoticism verified.
Keywords: openalex:import

Mass Phenomena at a Black South African Primary School - Wittstock, Bernadette; Rozental, Lydia; Henn, Charlene (Psychiatric Services, 1991)
The current study has important implications in the South African context. The team acted as a bridge between the department of education and the school and community systems, establishing links for future negotiations between them. The ecological systems approach facilitated openness to both traditional and Western concepts of mental health by the team, the school community, and the department of education. This approach resulted in a healing method rooted in the realities of the community, realities that must be recognized if the goal is to develop effective mental health services and community outreach programs in South Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Perinatal mortality and cesarean section in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Wright, E.A.; Kapu, M. M.; Onwuhafua, H.I. (International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics, 1991)
The experience on perinatal mortality among 757 patients who underwent cesarean section in Jos University Teaching Hospital serving a high risk urban and rural population in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria is presented. During the 2 years of study the cesarean section rate was found to be 4.4%. There were 69 stillbirths, 107 deaths during the first week of life giving a perinatal mortality rate of 235 per 1000. The possible factors responsible for this high rate are discussed and suggestions made to improve on this figure. These results were also compared with figures from studies carried out in other parts of Nigeria, and in other countries.
Keywords: openalex:import

A study of the grammatical errors in standard eight pupils' written work in English in four city schools in Kenya - Wilfred, Maina J. (1991)
This research project is a study of the grammatical errors in standard eight pupils' written work in English. The specific objectives of this study were as 'follows: 1. To establish the types of grammatical errors in the pupils' written work. 2. To assess the comparative frequency of the different types of errors. 3. To infer the cause(s) of the most frequent type of grammatical error. We chose a heterogeneous group of a hundred and twenty subjects from four city schools. In order to obtain the required data, the subjects wrote a composition. We marked it noting the systematic deviations, or errors, for our analysis. Various types of errors were determined. Verb group errors (past tense errors) had the highest frequency count and we also observed that the psycholinguistic strategy of overgeneralization was their main cause. We then attempted a specification of the possible pedagogic implications of these findings. In our view, this research project is significant in a number of ways. Being the first of its kind in Kenya, its findings will be of great use to practising teachers of English in our schools. This is because the findings point out the priority areas of content to focus on as well as its weightage. In the same vein, the findings will be of use to would-be writers of standard eight English textbooks and curriculum developers at K.I.E ..
Keywords: openalex:import

A bibliography on education in development and social change in Subsaharan Africa (World Development, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Cape of storms: a personal history of the crisis in South Africa (Choice Reviews Online, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Oral hygiene practices, oral cleanliness and periodontal treatment needs in 12-year old urban and rural school children in Ghana. - Addo-Yobo, C.; Williams, Sonia; Curzon, M.E.J. (PubMed, 1991)
The aim of the present study was to inquire into oral cleaning practices, and to determine levels of oral cleanliness and periodontal treatment need among 12-year-old Ghanaian school children living in urban and rural areas. Of the 985 children examined, 38 per cent claimed to use a toothbrush, 31 per cent chewing sticks, 17 per cent plantain and 14 per cent the chewing sponge. In rural areas, traditional methods were preferred, and only 8 per cent used a toothbrush. On examination, oral debris was present in 84 per cent of the sample, and more than three quarters had calculus deposits. Children in urban areas, and particularly those attending private schools, had the cleanest mouths and the lowest periodontal treatment need. Multiple regression analysis showed that the social class background of the child, which reflects motivation and awareness for good oral health, was the most significant predictor for levels of oral cleanliness and CPITN, whereas the method or frequency of cleaning employed were not significant variables.
Keywords: openalex:import

Library education and rural information provision in Ghana - Alemna, A.A. (Information Development, 1991)
Examines the role that the Department of Library and Archival Studies of the University of Ghana might play in assisting the establishment of rural libraries in Ghana. Reviews the present state of rural information provision in Ghana. The present curriculum of the Department of Library and Archival Studies is not designed to produce librarians able to meet the needs of rural people. Makes suggestions for improvements in the curriculum while maintaining a balance between national needs and international standards.
Keywords: openalex:import

Regular, deep seismicity beneath Mt Cameroon volcano: lack of evidence for tidal triggering - Ambeh, W. B.; Fairhead, J. D. (Geophysical Journal International, 1991)
Mt Cameroon is an active basanite composite volcano on the West African coast which has erupted five times this century, the latest in October/November 1982. An interesting aspect of Mt Cameroon region seismicity is the regular occurrence of deep, near-constant magnitude, low-frequency microearthquakes near the volcano. The near-regularity of occurrence of these limited magnitude range microearthquakes in a relatively small area, and the closeness of the region to the equator, where tidal deformation is greatest, suggests that a test for possible earth-tide triggering of these events is a good idea. An examination of these deep events for semidiurnal tidal correlation, however, shows conclusively that no correlation exists between their time of occurrence and the tidal phase.
Keywords: openalex:import

Spectral characteristics and source parameters of microearthquakes from the Mt Cameroon volcanic region, West Africa - Ambeh, W. B.; Fairhead, J. D. (Geophysical Journal International, 1991)
Estimates of source parameters (seismic moment, source radius and stress drop) for a representative sample of 33 Mt Cameroon region microearthquakes, with magnitudes in the range MD = 0.8–2.8, have been obtained from the analysis of their far-field displacement amplitude spectra. The spectral character of these events seems to be characterized by a lack of high frequencies. The computed seismic moments lie between 1011 and 1011 N m and vary linearly with magnitude, albeit with some scatter. Source radii are relatively large, in the range 135–703 m. The stress drops are small (0.4–19 bar) and roughly constant, independent of seismic moment, thus suggesting that the property of self-similarity seems to hold over this moment range for this area.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Algerian earthquake of 24 June 1910: A case history - Ambraseys, N. N.; Vogt, Jean; Adams, R. D. (Tectonophysics, 1991)
Abstract In Algeria, as in many other places, the lack of reliable macroseismic and instrumental information makes the study of long-term seismicity difficult. The earthquake of 24 June 1910 provides an example of these difficulties, and demonstrates the uncritical way in which such information is often used in the preparation of earthquake catalogues. This earthquake, with a magnitude ( M s ) of 6.6. is equal in size to the Orleansville (El Asnam) earthquake of 9 September 1954, and is the second largest shock in Algeria this century.
Keywords: openalex:import

Introducing the South African student to the social work profession - Bernstein, Andrea; Gray, Marilyn (International Social Work, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Summary of Papers on Water Pollution in Eastern Africa - Grau, P.; Puhakka, Jaakko A.; Rintala, Joni (Water Science and Technology, 1991)
The paper reviews the state-of-the-art papers and posters on water pollution in Eastern Africa presented during the symposium.
Keywords: openalex:import

Medical education in the community: a Nigerian experience - Hamilton, John D.; Ogunbode, O. (The Lancet, 1991)
Central to the curriculum of the University of Ilorin's medical school is the Community-Based Education and Service (COBES) program. This program is consistent with the emphasis of the government health care system on primary health care services targeted at problems such as poor nutrition, parasitic disease, and infection, especially among mothers and children. The CORES program, instituted in 1978, places medical students in both urban and rural clinics to impart awareness of the unique problems in each setting. In their 1st COBES posting, students study the demographic structure of the community and make a "community diagnosis." They organize a health education day and a public health action (e.g. immunization). At the end of this posting, students present suggestions for action to village leaders. The 2nd posting is centered around the World Health Organization's theme for that year. Postings 3 and 4 emphasize the development of clinical skills in basic primary care. At all times, students are taught to understand the impact of the local culture on the interpretation and treatment of illness. The COBES experience has stimulated numerous related developments, including establishment of an African Chapter of the Network of Community Oriented Institutions for Health Sciences, proposals for reforms in medical education by the 1989 African Inter-Ministerial Conference, and the introduction of similar programs at Ogun State and Bayero Universities.
Keywords: openalex:import

A pilot sociometric survey of friendships among visually handicapped and sighted pupils in an integrated secondary school in Zambia - Kalabula, Darlington M. (British Journal of Visual Impairment, 1991)
Once they are in an Integrated school, visually handicapped pupils become members of groups of age-mates, usually within the same class The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the pattern of friendships of three blind pupils in grade 12N of a prestigious secondary school in Zambia The conclusion reached is that functional interaction does not guarantee social interaction, and that the needs of the visually handicapped pupils may be construed by their sighted peers as interfering with their own goals and ambitions The implications of this viewpoint are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

An Approach to the Use of West African Musics in the Classroom Based on Age and Gender Classifications - Kwami, Robert (British Journal of Music Education, 1991)
This article proposes age and gender as a way of classifying music; it raises awareness of the importance of age–gender classifications of West African musics; and introduces examples of West African musics. It is argued that the classifications could help in selecting musics for curricular use: they could be used as a framework to choose African musics for school curricula; while the musical examples may be of some use to teachers. Three curricular perspectives – musical, intercultural and multidisciplinary – are suggested, the first of which draws on African drumming procedures and creative work.
Keywords: openalex:import

Surface Water Quality Monitoring and Pollution Control in Ghana - Larmie, Seth A.; Osafo, Rose; Ayibotele, N. B. (Water Science and Technology, 1991)
Developing nations like Ghana, cannot afford to adopt a “wait to see” policy with their water environment. We must develop and/or strengthen infrastructure needed to maintain a healthy environment. In our eagerness to industrialize, care must be taken not to repeat mistakes of industrialized nations. Water quality monitoring activities should be streamlined and properly coordinated to develop good pollution control measures. We must research into and provide pollution control alternatives suitable for our particular environment.
Keywords: openalex:import

The effects of the November 1, 1755 “Lisbon” earthquake in Morocco - Levret, Agnès (Tectonophysics, 1991)
The “Lisbon” earthquake of November 1, 1755, the effects of which have been described at length in the Iberian Peninsula, was likewise strongly felt in Morocco, especially on the Atlantic coast, which was laid waste not only through the direct agency of seismic waves, but also through that of a formidable tsunami. The study of these effects in Morocco, based on a critical analysis of European and Arab sources entailing, whenever possible, a consultation of the original sources, has lead to the hypothesis that two distinct destructive earthquakes would have followed the main shock of November 1; one, on November 18, 1755, was probably an aftershock of the November 1 event and originated in the Gorringe Bank; the other, on November 27, 1755, was located in the Meknes area and is supposed to have destroyed that town. The values of intensities interpreted from the observations of the November 1 event have been compared with the values derived from the attenuation laws obtained from the recent earthquake of February 28, 1969 originating at the same source, the Moroccan isoseismals of which are well established. Extrapolated isoseismals for the effects of the November 1, 1755 event in Morocco as derived from this study are then assigned
Keywords: openalex:import

Rainfall, Temperature and Dust Storm Anomalies in the African Sahel - Littmann, Thomas (The Geographical Journal, 1991)
Since dust storm frequency in the African Sahel is considered an indicator of drought phases, this paper points out basic interrelations of annual and interannual dust storm, rainfall and temperature variability in the region, as well as some large-scale patterns of atmospheric control. The normal seasonal pattern is characterized by a temperature maximum in June/July, a rainfall maximum in August, and a dust storm maximum in April which is linked to a negative soil water budget towards the end of the dry season. However, the dust storm minimum is reached as late as October, i.e. after sufficient soil water infiltration and vegetation cover increase. Thus, seasonal parameter interrelation reflects seasonal shifts in regional atmospheric circulation. Interannual variability, however, seems to occur with periodicities around 2-4 years, 6 years, 11-12 years and 25 years, a result that applies when modelling temperature, rainfall and dust storm series. Further statistical analysis provides insight into the internal structure of the short-term oscillations. Positive springtime dust storm anomalies are preceded by one or two dry years with above-normal summer temperatures. In this case, the evolution of a secondary dust storm maximum in winter is most likely. Over a sequence of 2-3 dry years, dust storm anomalies increase from spring to the following winter. When considering possible atmospheric controls, it was observed that higher summer temperatures in a Sahelian dry year are followed by increased zonal flow in the mid-latitude circumpolar vortex, and colder winters in the Sahel itself. The summer and winter relationship implies these processes to be an effect of meridional transport of excess latent heat after suppression of the West African Walker cell in early summer, and an oversteepened pressure gradient with increased surface trades during the following winter.
Keywords: openalex:import

Functional and structural impairment in human, rat and guinea-pig atrial muscle in response to in vitro calcium overload: a cytochemical study on cellular calcium distribution - Liu, G S; Ravens, Ursula; Sadony, V.; Vandeplassche, G; Borgers, M. (Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 1991)
Critical accumulation of cellular calcium in ischaemic myocardium is involved in irreversible cell damage. In human right atrial trabeculae and in rat and guinea-pig left atria, we investigated whether direct calcium overload by increasing the extracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]o, leads to similar impairment of function and ultrastructure as observed after ischaemia. The force of contraction was measured during two consecutive cumulative increases in [Ca2+]o (1-25 mmol/l) separated by 30 min of incubation at low [Ca2+]o. Compared to the first Ca2+ challenge, the positive inotropic effect of increasing [Ca2+]o was depressed during the second one and the after-contractions, and the increase in resting tension developing with high [Ca2+]o tended to be larger. The ultrastructure of the tissue fixed immediately after excision was well preserved. When fixed after the second Ca2+ challenge, half of the cells were severely damaged with various signs of cellular Ca2+ overload similar to those observed after ischaemic damage: the sarcolemma lost its Ca(2+)-binding properties, sarcomeres showed contraction band necrosis, the mitochondria had disrupted cristae and contained either large clusters of Ca2+ precipitate or amorphous densities (Jennings granules). In many cells, calcium precipitates were present in the cytoplasm. The morphological and functional changes were similar in the three species studied. Our results suggest that the deterioration of atrial myocardium after challenge with high [Ca2+]o or after severe ischaemia may be traced back to a common mechanism, i.e. the sarcolemma loses its competence as a permeable barrier for Ca2+ and therefore facilitates excessive Ca2+ entry. However, for the direct demonstration of calcium precipitates as a sign of cytosolic Ca2+ overload, high [Ca2+]o are required with are not normally present in the myocardium.
Keywords: openalex:import

Improved Industrial Water Pollution Control in Botswana – From Strategy to Practical Implementation - Mäkelä, Timo (Water Science and Technology, 1991)
Botswana is at the moment industrializing and developing rapidly due to favorable economical conditions. Unfortunately, this development has also some negative impacts. Pollution hazards are increasing and more systematic and sound approach to pollution control is needed. Recently the new strategy for water pollution control was developed. Several areas of development were identified. Actions plans are based on rather practical and pragmatic approach with parallel activities in several areas so that delays in some areas will not hamper achievements in other areas. The areas of development are policy formulation, legislation, practical principles for handling pollution cases, inspection and monitoring activities, systematic guidelines, filing and reporting systems and cooperation with polluters and between different authorities. The paper presents chosen approach and some practical work already done to develop water pollution control work in the Department of Water Affairs.
Keywords: openalex:import

African-American Science Student Learning Style, Halifax County, North Carolina. - Melear, Claudia T.; Pitchford, Flora (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Thyrotoxicosis in an Ethiopian teaching hospital. - Mengistu, M (PubMed, 1991)
Between August 1986 and July 1989, a total of 70 patients (M:F = 1:6) with thyrotoxicosis were prospectively studied at a weekly endocrine clinic of Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital (T.A.H.) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 39 patients (55.7%) had Graves' hyperthyroidism, 20 (28.6%) had toxic multinodular goitre while the rest had toxic adenoma (7.1%), Jodbasedow phenomenon (5.7%) and thyroiditis (2.9%). The mean age was 29.4 +/- 9.8 years for Graves' cases and 48.0 +/- 10.9 years for toxic multinodular goitre cases. The clinical presentation was similar to the ones already known and all responded to propylthiouracil therapy. Two Graves' cases, however, had discordant hypothyroxinaemia and hypertriiodothyroninaemia while on therapy. Eight patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy of whom 1 became hypothyroid 1 year later while 6 remained euthyroid 2 1/2 years after surgery; the other patient did not return subsequently. The result of this study shows that thyrotoxicosis is not as rare as it was previously thought.
Keywords: openalex:import

Parental education and child mortality in Burundi - O'Toole, Josephine; Wright, Robert E. (Journal of Biosocial Science, 1991)
This paper examines the relationship between parental education and child mortality in Burundi using data collected in the 1987 Demographic and Health Survey. Proportional hazards models are estimated to examine this relationship, while holding constant other known child mortality determinants. Parental education proves to be a key factor in explaining differences in child mortality, the effect of maternal education being particularly strong compared to paternal education.Data collected in Burundi as part of the 1987 Demographic and Health Survey confirm an inverse relationship between parental education and child mortality that persists even when a variety of socioeconomic factors are controlled. Burundi is characterized by low levels of educational attainment (80% of women have never attended school and 65% are illiterate) and high child morality (185.5/1000 live births in 1977- 86). There were 8895 births to the 3970 respondents in the 1987 survey, and 1415 (16%) of these children had died by their 5th birthday. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of maternal education on child mortality. Control variables included father's education, mother's age at time of birth, rural-urban residence, region, child's gender, period of birth, and length of the preceding birth interval. The relative risk of a child death was 0.43 among mothers with a secondary education and 0.90 for those with a primary education compared to a baseline value of 1.0 for those with no education. Paternal education demonstrated the same effect, but was not as significant as maternal education. A surprising finding was the unimportance of birth order, when demographic and socioeconomic variables were held constant, to child survival status. Other variables that conferred a lower (although not as significant) child mortality risk were urban residence, maternal age 20-34 years, birth between 1983-1987, and birth intervals exceeding 2 years.
Keywords: openalex:import

Susan Hoben, School, Work, and Equity: educational reform in Rwanda. African Research Studies No. 16, Boston, Mass.: African Studies Center, Boston University, 1989, 150 pp. - Pottier, Johan (Africa, 1991)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Keywords: openalex:import

Processed based analysis of semi-arid watershed erosion dynamics. Conservation tillage for agricultural drought mitigation in semi-arid Kenya. - Stroosnijder, L.; Biamah, E.K (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Counseling Effects on African American College Student Graduation. - Trippi, Joseph; Cheatham, Harold E. (Journal of College Student Development, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

A comparative study on the preparation of senior secondary school teachers in Ethiopia: 1962/63-1988/89 - Husain, Abraham (The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 1991)
Studies indicate that teaching has become a complex and demanding task it lies within the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains. Because .of' itscomplexity and demanding nature, the teaching profession requires people with moral, physical · and intellectual qualities, and professional competence,which can only be acquired through special training. It is the responsibility of specific training establishements to provide this. Regarding the preparation of' senior secondary School teachers in Ethiopia, the approaches have been experienced, .one from 1962/63 - 1978/79,and another from 1979/80 - 1988/89. This study was undertaken to compare them in the light of their role of producing teachers with prDf'essiDnal knowledge and skills. In conducting the study, various methods and materials have been used. The findings indicate that the 1962/63-1978/79 approach was more appropriate in producing teachers  with moral and physical qualities, and professional competence, than that of  1979/80-1988/89. Some recommendations have been made which the writer hopes encourage those concerned with the 'quality' of secondary teacher education in Ethiopia to conduct further studies on the problem.
Keywords: openalex:import

In-service training needs of nutrition field workers and community nutrition technicians in Kiambu District in Kenya - Miring'u, Lucy N. (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Bromocriptine inhibits the seasonally occurring obesity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance in the Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus - Cincotta, Anthony H.; Schiller, B; Meier, Albert (Metabolism, 1991)
Seasonally obese-hyperinsulinemic female Syrian hamsters were injected daily with bromocriptine or saline for a period of 34 days to test for effects of bromocriptine on body fat store levels, hepatic triglyceride secretion, glucose tolerance, and plasma insulin and glucose concentrations. The effects of bromocriptine on body fat store levels, as well as on plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, in seasonally obese hamsters were compared with the levels of body fat, plasma insulin, and plasma glucose observed in seasonally lean hamsters. Bromocriptine treatment substantially improved glucose intolerance and reduced the total and stimulated areas under the glucose tolerance curve by 33% after 14 days of treatment. After 34 days of treatment, bromocriptine reduced body fat store levels by 36% and hepatic triglyceride secretion by 40% without any concurrent change in food consumption. Furthermore, bromocriptine reduced the plasma insulin level by 70%, while slightly reducing plasma glucose concentration (ie, 68% reduction in the insulin to glucose ratio). The reductions of body fat, plasma insulin, and plasma insulin to glucose ratio produced by bromocriptine in seasonally obese hamsters are equivalent to those observed in seasonally lean hamsters. Shifts in phase relationships of circadian neuroendocrine rhythms have been demonstrated to regulate annual cycles of metabolism in vertebrates, including the Syrian hamster. The effects of bromocriptine can also be explained as an alteration of such a circadian mechanism.
Keywords: openalex:import

Restoring the natural vegetation on strong eroded volcanic soils of Cape Verde (West-Africa) - Cotthem, Willem Van; Beel, C. R.; Danneels, P; Keyzer, J. De; Vyvey, Q. (Soil Technology, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Impaired cell-mediated immunity in Papua New Guinean infants. - Cs, Witt; Mp, Alpers (PubMed, 1991)
Immune function was studied in Papua New Guinea highland infants with pneumonia, healthy highland controls and expatriate controls under the age of 15 months. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin was depressed in highland pneumonia patients and highland controls as were CD4/CD8 T-lymphocyte ratios. The differences between highland and expatriate infants were more pronounced after 6 months of age, suggesting an environmental effect. Serum immunoglobulin and complement concentrations were higher in highland infants than in expatriate controls. Indices of nutritional status were similar in highland and expatriate infants but iron deficiency was more common in the highland infants in the study.17 highland Papua New Guinean infants (PNG) and 19 expatriate infants were matched with 20 0-14 month old infants from the highlands with moderate or severe pneumonia admitted to the Goroka Hospital in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea to evaluate their immune systems to determine the factors that may affect their ability to begin and maintain an effective immune response. Both the PNG controls and patients tended not to respond to a delayed-type hypersensitivity challenge with tuberculin, especially the 6-14 month old infants. Specifically, all of the expatriate 6-14 month old infants responded while only 3 of the 8 PNG controls and 2 of the 10 pneumonia patients did. Moreover the CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratios for the PNG controls were significantly lower than those of the expatriate controls for both the O-5 and 6-14 month old infant groups (p.02), but especially in the 6-14 month group. In addition, both the PNG controls and patients exhibited more iron deficiency than the expatriates (p.02), again especially among the 6-14 month old infants. Other nutritional status indices were the same in both PNG and expatriate controls. The differences in PNG controls were more extreme in the patients. These findings suggested that cell-mediated immunity is depressed in Papua New Guinea. On the other hand, infants humoral immune systems were very active. The difference in delayed-type hypersensitivity and CD4/CD8 ratios was larger in the 6-14 month old group than in the 0-5 month old group, suggesting than an environmental effect had a gradual influence on cell-mediated immunity. Since cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs early in life in developing countries, increases CD8 lymphocyte numbers, and may induce temporary diminished reactivity to specific antigens, it was hypothesized that CMV may be the environmental effect.
Keywords: openalex:import

Introducing Media Education into Sub‐Saharan Africa - Domatob, Jerry Komia (Educational Media International, 1991)
Abstract Although at first sight this article may not appear to be precisely connected to the theme of this issue, it gives a very clear indication of the problems which must be faced before media education can be embarked upon in the Sub‐Saharan countries. The article looks at the lack of media education in this area, the need for it, the problems involved in providing it and the policy options for establishing it.
Keywords: openalex:import

[The African and Malagasy Council for higher education: objectives and programs]. - Doutre, L P; Kiniffo, H V (PubMed, 1991)
The African and Malgach Council for University Education is an inter-african institution. The anthors remind its organisation and show its aim and basic programms: recognition and equivalence of the degrees--teaching of the traditional medication--establishment of inter-african comettees--organisation of concors for associated professors in laws and medicine.
Keywords: openalex:import

Institutional Objectives and the Pursuit of Higher Education in Nigeria - Ekpo, Okon E. (Journal of Further and Higher Education, 1991)
Abstract Nigerian Universities seem to be so conscious of the tremendous roles they claim to perform that little attempt is made to find out what they have actually achieved. This study was designed to investigate the role of Nigerian Universities in performance of their institutional objectives which are spelt out in the National Policy on Education. The results of the study reveal that the performances in three of the objectives fall short of expectations. These are the objectives of teaching, research and dissemination of information. Storage of knowledge, the fourth objective considered in the study has been realised. But it is questionable whether the knowledge stored by Nigerian Universities is relevant to the development of the country. That seems to be a possible area for further research.
Keywords: openalex:import

The African-American medical student: 1990 and beyond. - Ellington, Matt (PubMed, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Health education in Nigerian secondary schools - Fabiyi, Amos K.; Blumenthal, Daniel S. (Journal of Community Health, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

“Droughts have Different Tails”: Response to Crises in Mukogodo Division, North Central Kenya, 1950s‐1980s - Herren, Urs (Disasters, 1991)
In this essay I discuss the response to crises of Maasai speaking pastoralists in Mukogodo Division, North Central Kenya. I begin with the reminder that the Maasai term currently translated as “drought”, olamei, refers primarily to any situation of want of which meteorological drought is only one possible cause. It is therefore preferable to speak of crises, rather than of “droughts”. 1 then review the crises which have affected Mukogodo pastoralism since the turn of the century in a wider socioeconomic and political perspective. I then show how the crises of 1981 and 1984 have led to a process of stratification, which locks the poorer half of the population into an unviable and residual “labour reserve pastoralism” with declining chances of recovery.
Keywords: openalex:import

Multi‐Cultural education and the heritage of white fear and sexual racism in building the ‘New South Africa’ - Hugo, Pierre (Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

In Search of Quality Education for African-American Children - Jagers, Robert J.; Slaughter, Diana T.; Johnson, Deborah J. (Educational researcher, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

UNESCO Seminar on Distance Education in Africa, Arusha, Tanzania, 24‐28 September 1990. - John, Magnus (Open learning, 1991)
"UNESCO Seminar on Distance Education in Africa, Arusha, Tanzania, 24‐28 September 1990.." Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 6(2), pp. 62–63
Keywords: openalex:import

University Training Abroad: Sub-Saharan Africa - Kidd, Charles V. (Higher Education Policy, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Student-Institutional Fit for the African American Student: Do College Retention Programs Facilitate Academic and Social Access?. - Martin, Oneida L.; Williams-Dixon, Roslin (1991)
This :tudy examined the personal-environment relationship from a social-cognitive perspective for black college students (N=90) at two southern, nearly all-white institutions. The study employed observational learning models in relations to academic and social integrated behaviors of black college students. The study postulated that tte persistence or withdrawal of black students was influenced by cognitive processes. The data showed that thelfirst level of black students' processes occurred more in academic settings than in social systems of the college. Students applied negative feedback in classes to other campus situations. Students also formed opinions of white students fromeacademic experiences which made it difficult for the black students to believe that blacks were not intruders in the environment. These negative experiences affected the perception of the college. The presence of black faculty models provided positive feedback mechanisms for the black students. Finally, the students concluded that the college environment was unsupportive to black students and was not a place of racial harmony. Surpris:_ngly, many would not have attended another college if they had the resources. Included are 25 ref,drences. (JB) *********************************x************************************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** THE STUDENT-INSTITUTIONAL FIT FOR THE AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENT: DO COLLEGE RETENTION PROGRAMS FACILITATE ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL ACCESS? Oneida L. Martin, Principal Author Tennessee Technological University Cookeville, Tennessee Roslin Williams-Dixon, Co-Author The University of Southwestern Louisiana Lafayette, Louisiana A paper presented at the 4th Annual National Conference on Racial & Ethnic Relations in American Higher Education, San Antonio, Texas, May 31-June 4, 1991 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Oneida Martin TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). 9 U.S. DEPARTMENTor EDUCATION Office ot Educational Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) VThis doCumOnl has been reproduced as received from Ihe person or orgenualion originating II r Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view of opinions staled in this dotti meml do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy BEST COPY AVAILABLE
Keywords: openalex:import

The Hermeneutical Dilemma of the African American Biblical Student - Myers, William H. (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

South Africa: Cape of financial storms - Nikkerk, J.P. de V van (The Lancet, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Educational Services for Visually Impaired Adults in Kenya - Njoroge, Michael (Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Guinea pig model of congenital CMV-induced hearing loss: a review. - Nk, Woolf (PubMed, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

African Education in the Age of Student Revolt - Nkinyangi, John A. (Higher Education Policy, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Dental status of children in a primary and secondary school in rural Zambia. - Noar, Joseph; Portnoy, Sara (PubMed, 1991)
This study reports the findings of a survey carried out in Zambia by a UK charity. 'Project Teeth Relief', which aims to provide basic pain relief and dental health education to the rural areas of Zambia. The survey investigated the dental health status of schoolchildren from two rural schools: 354 pupils aged 13-22 years from a secondary school and 121 pupils aged 7-18 years from a primary school. The results show a high level of dental disease in both samples. The results are discussed in relation to the differences between the two schools and to the changes in the social and economic climate in Zambia.
Keywords: openalex:import

Causes of blindness and visual handicap in the Central African Republic. - Potter, Andrew R (British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1991)
The causes of bilateral blindness (best visual acuity less than 3/60) in 1371 people in--the Central African Republic seen between 1985 and 1989 who attended eye clinics in 10 out of the 16 prefectures across the country are given.The main causes of bilateral blindness were cataract (51%), glaucoma (12.7%), and onchocerciasis (8.1%).In 710 patients with unilateral blindness the main causes were cataract (38%), glaucoma (10%), iritis (7-5%), and trauma (6.3%).Bilateral blindness in children was rarely seen.The causes of visual impairment (vision between 6/18 and 3/60) in 424 patients were cataract, including aphakia (38%), maculopathy (14%), and onchocerciasis (7%).The Central African Republic is considered one of the poorest 20 countries in the world with a gross national product of 290 US$ per head in 1986.It is a large landlocked country 622436 km2, two and a half times the size of the United Kingdom but with a population of less than 3 million in 1988.Life expectancy is estimated at 44 years, with a child mortality rate of 232.Health care is provided by the government medical service through hospitals in the larger towns and by an extensive network of voluntary church based hospitals and dispensaries.The majority of people live by subsistence farming.The main crops are cassava, peanuts, bananas, plantains, maize, and rice.In certain areas cotton, coffee, and tobacco are produced as cash crops.In addition timber and diamonds are also exported.The climate is tropical with little variation.Rains except in the far north of the country, are adequate, with an average of 60 inches (1500 mm) per year.The rainy season is from March until October.
Keywords: openalex:import

Normative and Comparative Data on the Career Decision Scale: An Initial Study with a Sample of South African Students - Pretorius, Tyrone B. (Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1991)
The purpose of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of a translated version (Afrikaans) of the Career Decision Scale (CDS) for use with black South African students. A total of 104 Afrikaans-speaking senior high school students (53 males and 51 females) completed an Afrikaans version of the CDS. The internal-consistency reliability estimate obtained was 0.77 for the Certainty Scale and 0.82 for the Indecision Scale. The means of the sample on the two scales of the CDS as well as the distribution of percentile ranks as compared to a grade equivalent sample in the United States are also reported. The findings provided initial support for the use of the CDS with South African students.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Effect of a Computer-Assisted Career Guidance System on the Career Development of South African Students - Pretorius, Tyrone B.; Heyns, P.M.; Broekmann, Neil C. (South African Journal of Psychology, 1991)
In this study the authors focused on the effect of a newly developed computer-assisted career guidance (CACG) system in South Africa on the career maturity, career certainty, career indecision and problem-solving appraisal of South African students. A Solomon four-group design was used and 84 final year high-school students were randomly assigned to two experimental and two control groups. The Attitude Scale of the Career Maturity Inventory, the Career Decision Scale and the Problem Solving Inventory were used as outcome measures. A two-way ANOVA indicated that exposure to the program had no effect on the outcome measures used. In a follow-up study 49 students in a lower grade level (Std 9) were randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group and the same outcome measures were used. An analysis of covariance indicated that exposure to the program had an effect on attitudinal career maturity and career indecision, but no effect on the career certainty and problem-solving appraisal of subjects. The results of the two studies suggest that CACG interventions need to take into account the career development stage and career readiness of students.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education, Tradition, and Household Labor among Rendille Pastoralists of Northern Kenya - Roth, Eric Abella (Human Organization, 1991)
A research topic relevant to anthropology and demography is the role of mass education in cultural change. A less frequently examined topic pertains to parental criteria for selecting which offspring should attend school. Such decisions are particularly important when education removes children from the household labor pool in societies featuring familial modes of production. This study employs multivariate categorical data analysis to construct and test a predictive model of Rendille parental decision making with respect to offspring education. Cultural traditions, subsistence patterns, and household characteristics are viewed as possible determinants of parental decision making. Results are interpreted in light of anthropological concepts of egalitarianism as well as the demographic wealth flows model.
Keywords: openalex:import

Training in Entomology for Middle-Level Technicians at the CILSS Regional Crop Protection Training Centre in Niger - Sagnia, Sankung B. (International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Blind and Visually Impaired Adults in Kenya - Sewe, O.P. (Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Values of Zimbabwean and United States Students - Wilson, David J.; Sibanda, Pauline; Torris, Carole (The Journal of Social Psychology, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher education in the Republic of Yemen : the University of Sana'a - Selvaratnam, Viswanathan (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1991)
Enrollment in the University of Sana'a grew gradually from fewer than 100 students in 1970, shortly after it opened, to about 4,500 in 1979. Government policy at first tried to balance the university enrollment with the capacity of the marketplace to absorb university graduates. University enrollment began to increase at an outstanding rate after 1985, following the heavy expansion of secondary education in the country in the late 1970s. From 1987 to 1991, total enrollment expanded from about 17,000 to 44,000 students. If the present rate of intake continues, total enrollment is projected to reach 79,000 students by the year 2000. This explosive growth has created numerous problems, including overcrowded classrooms, insufficient staff resources, deteriorating physical plant and equipment, inadequate educational materials and equipment, and a low level of absorption of graduates into the labor force. These developments threaten the quality of degree programs in several disciplines. The government should act immediately to develop a strategy to protect its investment in higher education. The policy should consider the country's medium and long-term needs, the constraints on its resources, and the growing social aspirations of its people. The goal of this assessment should be to design a strategy that will make higher education a more effective investment to serve the needs of the country and to protect its resources.
Keywords: openalex:import

Training in entomology for middle-level technicians at the CILSS regional crop protection training centre in Niger - Sagnia, S. B. (Insect science and its application, 1991)
The CILSS (French acronym for “Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel”) regional crop protection training centre in Niger provides a 2-year training programme in crop protection for middle-level field technicians as one of its major activities. The training is open to candidates from all the nine CILSS member countries. It deals with all aspects of plant protection. The success of this training programme depends to a great extent, on a well-formulated and objective-oriented programme catered to the backgrounds and needs of the trainees. As insect pests are an important limiting factor in agricultural production in the Sahel, the entomology subjects constitute an important part of the programme. This paper describes the contents of the entomology programme and strategies and constraints in its delivery. The future role of applied research in supporting and strengthening this programme is also outlined.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education of the African American adult: an historical overview (Choice Reviews Online, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR LIBRARY MANAGEMENT IN GHANA - Alemna, A.A. (Library Management, 1991)
The importance of good management in information organisations is discussed, together with the need for management education for information professionals. Using the situation in Ghana as an example, the types of education being offered in both the library school and other continuing education programmes are explored. An examination is made of the weaknesses of the programme as well as future trends. It is concluded that, although the teaching of management is important in African library schools, every effort should be made to ensure that the academic levels and local situations are taken into account when planning management education programmes.
Keywords: openalex:import

School Programs for African American Male Students. Trends and Issues No. 15. - Ascher, Carol (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

School Programs for African American Males. ERIC CUE Digest No. 72. - Ascher, Carol (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Disparities and equity in regional access to school education in Zimbabwe - Edwards, Glyn; Tisdell, Clem (Development Southern Africa, 1991)
(1991). Disparities and equity in regional access to school education in Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 171-192.
Keywords: openalex:import

Vocal Teachers, Silent Pupils? Life in Botswana Classrooms - Fuller, Bruce; Snyder, Conrad W. (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessVocal Teachers, Silent Pupils? Life in Botswana ClassroomsBruce Fuller, and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr.Bruce Fuller Search for more articles by this author , and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 2May, 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447018 Views: 13Total views on this site Citations: 45Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nozomi Sakata, Mano Candappa, Moses Oketch Pupils’ experiences with learner-centred pedagogy in Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 8 (Jun 2021): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1941769Fernanda Soares and Kirsten Galisson Toward a Deeper Understanding: Testing a Multidimensional Framework of Professional Learning Communities in Sub-Saharan African Schools, Comparative Education Review 65, no.11 (Feb 2021): 76–103.https://doi.org/10.1086/712179Eta Varani-Norton Critical Reflection and the Question of Epistemology: Is Fiji “On the Ball”?, (Jul 2020): 105–118.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6483-3_9Ulrike Burger, Kiran Trehan , Action Learning: Research and Practice 15, no.22 ( 2018): 126.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2018.1462144Sarah Dryden-Peterson and Bethany Mulimbi Pathways toward Peace: Negotiating National Unity and Ethnic Diversity through Education in Botswana, Comparative Education Review 61, no.11 (Dec 2016): 58–82.https://doi.org/10.1086/689614Sheelagh Chadwick Working towards educational transformation through action research with Botswana's music teachers, British Journal of Music Education 32, no.33 (Nov 2015): 247–258.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051715000327Jacob Marriote Ngwaru, Mary Oluga EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE ACCESS TO SCHOOLING AND OUTCOMES: THE CASE OF EARLY LITERACY DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN TANZANIA, Africa Education Review 12, no.11 (Jul 2015): 88–108.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2015.1036570M. Commeyras, L. E. Ketsitlile A review of the literature on reading in Botswana primary schools, Africa Education Review 10, no.22 (Jun 2013): 204–223.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2013.808794Tamara Webb, Sarah Mkongo Classroom Discourse, (Jan 2013): 149–168.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-224-2_9Wangui Mburu Indigenous Conceptions of Civic Education, (Jan 2012): 175–193.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-702-8_11Gerard Guthrie Formalism In Developing Countries, (Jun 2011): 21–42.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_2Gerard Guthrie Classroom Teaching And School Effectiveness, (Jun 2011): 77–101.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_5Jacob Marriote Ngwaru, Kwasi Opoku-Amankwa Home and school literacy practices in Africa: listening to inner voices, Language and Education 24, no.44 (Jun 2010): 295–307.https://doi.org/10.1080/09500781003678985Frances Vavrus The cultural politics of constructivist pedagogies: Teacher education reform in the United Republic of Tanzania, International Journal of Educational Development 29, no.33 (May 2009): 303–311.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.05.002Francina Moloi, Nomusic Morobe, James Urwick Free but inaccessible primary education: A critique of the pedagogy of English and Mathematics in Lesotho, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.55 (Sep 2008): 612–621.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.12.003Frank Hardman, Jan Abd-Kadir, Fay Smith Pedagogical renewal: Improving the quality of classroom interaction in Nigerian primary schools, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.11 (Jan 2008): 55–69.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.02.008Jo Arthur, Peter Martin Accomplishing lessons in postcolonial classrooms: comparative perspectives from Botswana and Brunei Darussalam, Comparative Education 42, no.22 (May 2006): 177–202.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060600628009Caroline Pontefract, Frank Hardman The discourse of classroom interaction in Kenyan primary schools, Comparative Education 41, no.11 (Feb 2005): 87–106.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060500073264Ailie Cleghorn Language Issues in African School Settings: Problems and Prospects in Attaining Education For All, (Jan 2005): 101–122.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403977199_6David K J Mtetwa, Ailie Cleghorn Structuraf aspects of primary mathematics lessons in Zimbabwe: Prospects for change?, Education as Change 8, no.22 (Dec 2004): 92–104.https://doi.org/10.1080/16823200409487093Nelofer Halai, Derek Hodson Munazza's story: Shedding light on a science teacher's conceptions of the nature of science through a life history study, Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education 4, no.22 (Apr 2004): 193–208.https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150409556605RICHARD TJOMBE TABULAWA Geography students as constructors of classroom knowledge and practice: a case study from Botswana, Journal of Curriculum Studies 36, no.11 (Jan 2004): 53–73.https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027032000129532Annette Thijs, Ellen van den Berg Peer coaching as part of a professional development program for science teachers in Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 22, no.11 (Jan 2002): 55–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(00)00078-XJo Arthur Perspectives on Educational Language Policy and its Implementation in African Classrooms: A comparative study of Botswana and Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 31, no.33 (Jul 2010): 347–362.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920120098482Claudia Buchmann, Emily Hannum Education and Stratification in Developing Countries: A Review of Theories and Research, Annual Review of Sociology 27, no.11 (Aug 2001): 77–102.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77Michelle Griffiths Learning for All? Interrogating children's experiences of primary schooling in Mauritius, Teaching and Teacher Education 16, no.77 (Oct 2000): 785–800.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00025-1 Greetje Van Der Werf , Bert Creemers , Rob De Jong , and Elizabeth Klaver Evaluation of School Improvement through an Educational Effectiveness Model: The Case of Indonesia's PEQIP Project Werf, et al., Comparative Education Review 44, no.33 (Jul 2015): 329–355.https://doi.org/10.1086/447617 Cynthia B. Lloyd , Barbara S. Mensch , and Wesley H. Clark The Effects of Primary School Quality on School Dropout among Kenyan Girls and Boys Lloyd, Mensch & Clark, Comparative Education Review 44, no.22 (Jul 2015): 113–147.https://doi.org/10.1086/447600Stephen Harvey Phasing science InSET in developing countries: reflections on the experience of the Primary Science Programme in South Africa, International Journal of Science Education 21, no.66 (Jun 2010): 595–609.https://doi.org/10.1080/095006999290462 Arjun S. Bedi and Jeffery H. Marshall School Attendance and Student Achievement: Evidence from Rural Honduras Bedi, Economic Development and Cultural Change 47, no.33 (Jul 2015): 657–682.https://doi.org/10.1086/452423JO ARTHUR Institutional Practices and the Cultural Construction of Primary School Teaching in Botswana, Comparative Education 34, no.33 (Jun 2010): 313–326.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050069828162Maria Teresa Tatto Reconstructing teacher education for disadvantaged communities, International Journal of Educational Development 17, no.44 (Oct 1997): 405–415.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(97)00010-2Richard Tabulawa Pedagogical classroom practice and the social context: The case of Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 17, no.22 (Apr 1997): 189–204.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(96)00049-1Jo Arthur Code switching and collusion: Classroom interaction in Botswana primary schools, Linguistics and Education 8, no.11 (Jan 1996): 17–33.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-5898(96)90004-2Kuzvinetsa P. Dzvimbo Qualitative research in African education: notes and comments from Southern and Eastern Africa, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 7, no.33 (Jul 1994): 197–205.https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839940070302Bruce Fuller, Conrad W. Snyder, David Chapman, Haiyan Hua Explaining variation in teaching practices? Effects of state policy, teacher background, and curricula in Southern Africa, Teaching and Teacher Education 10, no.22 (Mar 1994): 141–156.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(94)90009-4Bruce Fuller, Prema Clarke Raising School Effects While Ignoring Culture? Local Conditions and the Influence of Classroom Tools, Rules, and Pedagogy, Review of Educational Research 64, no.11 (Jun 2016): 119–157.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543064001119EUGENE C. SCHAFFER, PAMELA S. NESSELRODT, SAM STRINGFIELD The Contributions of Classroom Observation to School Effectiveness Research, (Jan 1994): 133–150.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-042392-0.50012-7Jean Davison School attainment and gender: Attitudes of Kenyan and Malawian parents toward educating girls, International Journal of Educational Development 13, no.44 (Oct 1993): 331–338.https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(93)90044-ZStephen W. Raudenbush, Suwanna Eamsukkawat, Ikechuku Di-Ibor, Mohamed Kamali, Wimol Taoklam On-the-Job Improvements in Teacher Competence: Policy Options and Their Effects on Teaching and Learning in Thailand, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 15, no.33 (Nov 2016): 279–297.https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737015003279Robert B. Prophet, Patricia M. Rowell Coping and control: science teaching strategies in Botswana, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 6, no.33 (Jul 1993): 197–209.https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839930060302Maria Teresa Tatto, H.Dean Nielsen, William Cummings, N.G. Kularatna, K.H. Dharmadasa Comparing the effectiveness and costs of different approaches for educating primary school teachers in Sri Lanka, Teaching and Teacher Education 9, no.11 (Feb 1993): 41–64.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(93)90014-8Ailie Cleghorn Sociolinguistic perspectives on the quality of instruction in African primary classrooms, Southern African Journal of Applied Language Studies 1, no.22 (Nov 1992): 45–63.https://doi.org/10.1080/10189203.1992.9724604BRUCE FULLER Raising Literacy under Fragile State Institutions, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 520, no.11 (Sep 2016): 133–142.https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716292520001014Beatrice Avalos Education for the Poor: Quality or relevance?, British Journal of Sociology of Education 13, no.44 (Aug 2006): 419–436.https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569920130402
Keywords: openalex:import

Vocal Teachers, Silent Pupils? Life in Botswana Classrooms - Fuller, Bruce; Snyder, Conrad W. (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessVocal Teachers, Silent Pupils? Life in Botswana ClassroomsBruce Fuller, and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr.Bruce Fuller Search for more articles by this author , and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 2May, 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447018 Views: 13Total views on this site Citations: 45Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nozomi Sakata, Mano Candappa, Moses Oketch Pupils’ experiences with learner-centred pedagogy in Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 8 (Jun 2021): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1941769Fernanda Soares and Kirsten Galisson Toward a Deeper Understanding: Testing a Multidimensional Framework of Professional Learning Communities in Sub-Saharan African Schools, Comparative Education Review 65, no.11 (Feb 2021): 76–103.https://doi.org/10.1086/712179Eta Varani-Norton Critical Reflection and the Question of Epistemology: Is Fiji “On the Ball”?, (Jul 2020): 105–118.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6483-3_9Ulrike Burger, Kiran Trehan , Action Learning: Research and Practice 15, no.22 ( 2018): 126.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2018.1462144Sarah Dryden-Peterson and Bethany Mulimbi Pathways toward Peace: Negotiating National Unity and Ethnic Diversity through Education in Botswana, Comparative Education Review 61, no.11 (Dec 2016): 58–82.https://doi.org/10.1086/689614Sheelagh Chadwick Working towards educational transformation through action research with Botswana's music teachers, British Journal of Music Education 32, no.33 (Nov 2015): 247–258.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051715000327Jacob Marriote Ngwaru, Mary Oluga EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE ACCESS TO SCHOOLING AND OUTCOMES: THE CASE OF EARLY LITERACY DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN TANZANIA, Africa Education Review 12, no.11 (Jul 2015): 88–108.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2015.1036570M. Commeyras, L. E. Ketsitlile A review of the literature on reading in Botswana primary schools, Africa Education Review 10, no.22 (Jun 2013): 204–223.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2013.808794Tamara Webb, Sarah Mkongo Classroom Discourse, (Jan 2013): 149–168.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-224-2_9Wangui Mburu Indigenous Conceptions of Civic Education, (Jan 2012): 175–193.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-702-8_11Gerard Guthrie Formalism In Developing Countries, (Jun 2011): 21–42.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_2Gerard Guthrie Classroom Teaching And School Effectiveness, (Jun 2011): 77–101.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_5Jacob Marriote Ngwaru, Kwasi Opoku-Amankwa Home and school literacy practices in Africa: listening to inner voices, Language and Education 24, no.44 (Jun 2010): 295–307.https://doi.org/10.1080/09500781003678985Frances Vavrus The cultural politics of constructivist pedagogies: Teacher education reform in the United Republic of Tanzania, International Journal of Educational Development 29, no.33 (May 2009): 303–311.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.05.002Francina Moloi, Nomusic Morobe, James Urwick Free but inaccessible primary education: A critique of the pedagogy of English and Mathematics in Lesotho, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.55 (Sep 2008): 612–621.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.12.003Frank Hardman, Jan Abd-Kadir, Fay Smith Pedagogical renewal: Improving the quality of classroom interaction in Nigerian primary schools, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.11 (Jan 2008): 55–69.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.02.008Jo Arthur, Peter Martin Accomplishing lessons in postcolonial classrooms: comparative perspectives from Botswana and Brunei Darussalam, Comparative Education 42, no.22 (May 2006): 177–202.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060600628009Caroline Pontefract, Frank Hardman The discourse of classroom interaction in Kenyan primary schools, Comparative Education 41, no.11 (Feb 2005): 87–106.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060500073264Ailie Cleghorn Language Issues in African School Settings: Problems and Prospects in Attaining Education For All, (Jan 2005): 101–122.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403977199_6David K J Mtetwa, Ailie Cleghorn Structuraf aspects of primary mathematics lessons in Zimbabwe: Prospects for change?, Education as Change 8, no.22 (Dec 2004): 92–104.https://doi.org/10.1080/16823200409487093Nelofer Halai, Derek Hodson Munazza's story: Shedding light on a science teacher's conceptions of the nature of science through a life history study, Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education 4, no.22 (Apr 2004): 193–208.https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150409556605RICHARD TJOMBE TABULAWA Geography students as constructors of classroom knowledge and practice: a case study from Botswana, Journal of Curriculum Studies 36, no.11 (Jan 2004): 53–73.https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027032000129532Annette Thijs, Ellen van den Berg Peer coaching as part of a professional development program for science teachers in Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 22, no.11 (Jan 2002): 55–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(00)00078-XJo Arthur Perspectives on Educational Language Policy and its Implementation in African Classrooms: A comparative study of Botswana and Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 31, no.33 (Jul 2010): 347–362.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920120098482Claudia Buchmann, Emily Hannum Education and Stratification in Developing Countries: A Review of Theories and Research, Annual Review of Sociology 27, no.11 (Aug 2001): 77–102.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77Michelle Griffiths Learning for All? Interrogating children's experiences of primary schooling in Mauritius, Teaching and Teacher Education 16, no.77 (Oct 2000): 785–800.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00025-1 Greetje Van Der Werf , Bert Creemers , Rob De Jong , and Elizabeth Klaver Evaluation of School Improvement through an Educational Effectiveness Model: The Case of Indonesia's PEQIP Project Werf, et al., Comparative Education Review 44, no.33 (Jul 2015): 329–355.https://doi.org/10.1086/447617 Cynthia B. Lloyd , Barbara S. Mensch , and Wesley H. Clark The Effects of Primary School Quality on School Dropout among Kenyan Girls and Boys Lloyd, Mensch & Clark, Comparative Education Review 44, no.22 (Jul 2015): 113–147.https://doi.org/10.1086/447600Stephen Harvey Phasing science InSET in developing countries: reflections on the experience of the Primary Science Programme in South Africa, International Journal of Science Education 21, no.66 (Jun 2010): 595–609.https://doi.org/10.1080/095006999290462 Arjun S. Bedi and Jeffery H. Marshall School Attendance and Student Achievement: Evidence from Rural Honduras Bedi, Economic Development and Cultural Change 47, no.33 (Jul 2015): 657–682.https://doi.org/10.1086/452423JO ARTHUR Institutional Practices and the Cultural Construction of Primary School Teaching in Botswana, Comparative Education 34, no.33 (Jun 2010): 313–326.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050069828162Maria Teresa Tatto Reconstructing teacher education for disadvantaged communities, International Journal of Educational Development 17, no.44 (Oct 1997): 405–415.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(97)00010-2Richard Tabulawa Pedagogical classroom practice and the social context: The case of Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 17, no.22 (Apr 1997): 189–204.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(96)00049-1Jo Arthur Code switching and collusion: Classroom interaction in Botswana primary schools, Linguistics and Education 8, no.11 (Jan 1996): 17–33.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-5898(96)90004-2Kuzvinetsa P. Dzvimbo Qualitative research in African education: notes and comments from Southern and Eastern Africa, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 7, no.33 (Jul 1994): 197–205.https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839940070302Bruce Fuller, Conrad W. Snyder, David Chapman, Haiyan Hua Explaining variation in teaching practices? Effects of state policy, teacher background, and curricula in Southern Africa, Teaching and Teacher Education 10, no.22 (Mar 1994): 141–156.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(94)90009-4Bruce Fuller, Prema Clarke Raising School Effects While Ignoring Culture? Local Conditions and the Influence of Classroom Tools, Rules, and Pedagogy, Review of Educational Research 64, no.11 (Jun 2016): 119–157.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543064001119EUGENE C. SCHAFFER, PAMELA S. NESSELRODT, SAM STRINGFIELD The Contributions of Classroom Observation to School Effectiveness Research, (Jan 1994): 133–150.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-042392-0.50012-7Jean Davison School attainment and gender: Attitudes of Kenyan and Malawian parents toward educating girls, International Journal of Educational Development 13, no.44 (Oct 1993): 331–338.https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(93)90044-ZStephen W. Raudenbush, Suwanna Eamsukkawat, Ikechuku Di-Ibor, Mohamed Kamali, Wimol Taoklam On-the-Job Improvements in Teacher Competence: Policy Options and Their Effects on Teaching and Learning in Thailand, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 15, no.33 (Nov 2016): 279–297.https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737015003279Robert B. Prophet, Patricia M. Rowell Coping and control: science teaching strategies in Botswana, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 6, no.33 (Jul 1993): 197–209.https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839930060302Maria Teresa Tatto, H.Dean Nielsen, William Cummings, N.G. Kularatna, K.H. Dharmadasa Comparing the effectiveness and costs of different approaches for educating primary school teachers in Sri Lanka, Teaching and Teacher Education 9, no.11 (Feb 1993): 41–64.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(93)90014-8Ailie Cleghorn Sociolinguistic perspectives on the quality of instruction in African primary classrooms, Southern African Journal of Applied Language Studies 1, no.22 (Nov 1992): 45–63.https://doi.org/10.1080/10189203.1992.9724604BRUCE FULLER Raising Literacy under Fragile State Institutions, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 520, no.11 (Sep 2016): 133–142.https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716292520001014Beatrice Avalos Education for the Poor: Quality or relevance?, British Journal of Sociology of Education 13, no.44 (Aug 2006): 419–436.https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569920130402
Keywords: openalex:import

Vocal Teachers, Silent Pupils? Life in Botswana Classrooms - Fuller, Bruce; Snyder, Conrad W. (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessVocal Teachers, Silent Pupils? Life in Botswana ClassroomsBruce Fuller, and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr.Bruce Fuller Search for more articles by this author , and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 2May, 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447018 Views: 13Total views on this site Citations: 45Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nozomi Sakata, Mano Candappa, Moses Oketch Pupils’ experiences with learner-centred pedagogy in Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 8 (Jun 2021): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1941769Fernanda Soares and Kirsten Galisson Toward a Deeper Understanding: Testing a Multidimensional Framework of Professional Learning Communities in Sub-Saharan African Schools, Comparative Education Review 65, no.11 (Feb 2021): 76–103.https://doi.org/10.1086/712179Eta Varani-Norton Critical Reflection and the Question of Epistemology: Is Fiji “On the Ball”?, (Jul 2020): 105–118.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6483-3_9Ulrike Burger, Kiran Trehan , Action Learning: Research and Practice 15, no.22 ( 2018): 126.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2018.1462144Sarah Dryden-Peterson and Bethany Mulimbi Pathways toward Peace: Negotiating National Unity and Ethnic Diversity through Education in Botswana, Comparative Education Review 61, no.11 (Dec 2016): 58–82.https://doi.org/10.1086/689614Sheelagh Chadwick Working towards educational transformation through action research with Botswana's music teachers, British Journal of Music Education 32, no.33 (Nov 2015): 247–258.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051715000327Jacob Marriote Ngwaru, Mary Oluga EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE ACCESS TO SCHOOLING AND OUTCOMES: THE CASE OF EARLY LITERACY DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN TANZANIA, Africa Education Review 12, no.11 (Jul 2015): 88–108.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2015.1036570M. Commeyras, L. E. Ketsitlile A review of the literature on reading in Botswana primary schools, Africa Education Review 10, no.22 (Jun 2013): 204–223.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2013.808794Tamara Webb, Sarah Mkongo Classroom Discourse, (Jan 2013): 149–168.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-224-2_9Wangui Mburu Indigenous Conceptions of Civic Education, (Jan 2012): 175–193.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-702-8_11Gerard Guthrie Formalism In Developing Countries, (Jun 2011): 21–42.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_2Gerard Guthrie Classroom Teaching And School Effectiveness, (Jun 2011): 77–101.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_5Jacob Marriote Ngwaru, Kwasi Opoku-Amankwa Home and school literacy practices in Africa: listening to inner voices, Language and Education 24, no.44 (Jun 2010): 295–307.https://doi.org/10.1080/09500781003678985Frances Vavrus The cultural politics of constructivist pedagogies: Teacher education reform in the United Republic of Tanzania, International Journal of Educational Development 29, no.33 (May 2009): 303–311.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.05.002Francina Moloi, Nomusic Morobe, James Urwick Free but inaccessible primary education: A critique of the pedagogy of English and Mathematics in Lesotho, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.55 (Sep 2008): 612–621.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.12.003Frank Hardman, Jan Abd-Kadir, Fay Smith Pedagogical renewal: Improving the quality of classroom interaction in Nigerian primary schools, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.11 (Jan 2008): 55–69.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.02.008Jo Arthur, Peter Martin Accomplishing lessons in postcolonial classrooms: comparative perspectives from Botswana and Brunei Darussalam, Comparative Education 42, no.22 (May 2006): 177–202.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060600628009Caroline Pontefract, Frank Hardman The discourse of classroom interaction in Kenyan primary schools, Comparative Education 41, no.11 (Feb 2005): 87–106.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060500073264Ailie Cleghorn Language Issues in African School Settings: Problems and Prospects in Attaining Education For All, (Jan 2005): 101–122.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403977199_6David K J Mtetwa, Ailie Cleghorn Structuraf aspects of primary mathematics lessons in Zimbabwe: Prospects for change?, Education as Change 8, no.22 (Dec 2004): 92–104.https://doi.org/10.1080/16823200409487093Nelofer Halai, Derek Hodson Munazza's story: Shedding light on a science teacher's conceptions of the nature of science through a life history study, Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education 4, no.22 (Apr 2004): 193–208.https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150409556605RICHARD TJOMBE TABULAWA Geography students as constructors of classroom knowledge and practice: a case study from Botswana, Journal of Curriculum Studies 36, no.11 (Jan 2004): 53–73.https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027032000129532Annette Thijs, Ellen van den Berg Peer coaching as part of a professional development program for science teachers in Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 22, no.11 (Jan 2002): 55–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(00)00078-XJo Arthur Perspectives on Educational Language Policy and its Implementation in African Classrooms: A comparative study of Botswana and Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 31, no.33 (Jul 2010): 347–362.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920120098482Claudia Buchmann, Emily Hannum Education and Stratification in Developing Countries: A Review of Theories and Research, Annual Review of Sociology 27, no.11 (Aug 2001): 77–102.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77Michelle Griffiths Learning for All? Interrogating children's experiences of primary schooling in Mauritius, Teaching and Teacher Education 16, no.77 (Oct 2000): 785–800.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00025-1 Greetje Van Der Werf , Bert Creemers , Rob De Jong , and Elizabeth Klaver Evaluation of School Improvement through an Educational Effectiveness Model: The Case of Indonesia's PEQIP Project Werf, et al., Comparative Education Review 44, no.33 (Jul 2015): 329–355.https://doi.org/10.1086/447617 Cynthia B. Lloyd , Barbara S. Mensch , and Wesley H. Clark The Effects of Primary School Quality on School Dropout among Kenyan Girls and Boys Lloyd, Mensch & Clark, Comparative Education Review 44, no.22 (Jul 2015): 113–147.https://doi.org/10.1086/447600Stephen Harvey Phasing science InSET in developing countries: reflections on the experience of the Primary Science Programme in South Africa, International Journal of Science Education 21, no.66 (Jun 2010): 595–609.https://doi.org/10.1080/095006999290462 Arjun S. Bedi and Jeffery H. Marshall School Attendance and Student Achievement: Evidence from Rural Honduras Bedi, Economic Development and Cultural Change 47, no.33 (Jul 2015): 657–682.https://doi.org/10.1086/452423JO ARTHUR Institutional Practices and the Cultural Construction of Primary School Teaching in Botswana, Comparative Education 34, no.33 (Jun 2010): 313–326.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050069828162Maria Teresa Tatto Reconstructing teacher education for disadvantaged communities, International Journal of Educational Development 17, no.44 (Oct 1997): 405–415.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(97)00010-2Richard Tabulawa Pedagogical classroom practice and the social context: The case of Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 17, no.22 (Apr 1997): 189–204.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(96)00049-1Jo Arthur Code switching and collusion: Classroom interaction in Botswana primary schools, Linguistics and Education 8, no.11 (Jan 1996): 17–33.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-5898(96)90004-2Kuzvinetsa P. Dzvimbo Qualitative research in African education: notes and comments from Southern and Eastern Africa, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 7, no.33 (Jul 1994): 197–205.https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839940070302Bruce Fuller, Conrad W. Snyder, David Chapman, Haiyan Hua Explaining variation in teaching practices? Effects of state policy, teacher background, and curricula in Southern Africa, Teaching and Teacher Education 10, no.22 (Mar 1994): 141–156.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(94)90009-4Bruce Fuller, Prema Clarke Raising School Effects While Ignoring Culture? Local Conditions and the Influence of Classroom Tools, Rules, and Pedagogy, Review of Educational Research 64, no.11 (Jun 2016): 119–157.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543064001119EUGENE C. SCHAFFER, PAMELA S. NESSELRODT, SAM STRINGFIELD The Contributions of Classroom Observation to School Effectiveness Research, (Jan 1994): 133–150.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-042392-0.50012-7Jean Davison School attainment and gender: Attitudes of Kenyan and Malawian parents toward educating girls, International Journal of Educational Development 13, no.44 (Oct 1993): 331–338.https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(93)90044-ZStephen W. Raudenbush, Suwanna Eamsukkawat, Ikechuku Di-Ibor, Mohamed Kamali, Wimol Taoklam On-the-Job Improvements in Teacher Competence: Policy Options and Their Effects on Teaching and Learning in Thailand, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 15, no.33 (Nov 2016): 279–297.https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737015003279Robert B. Prophet, Patricia M. Rowell Coping and control: science teaching strategies in Botswana, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 6, no.33 (Jul 1993): 197–209.https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839930060302Maria Teresa Tatto, H.Dean Nielsen, William Cummings, N.G. Kularatna, K.H. Dharmadasa Comparing the effectiveness and costs of different approaches for educating primary school teachers in Sri Lanka, Teaching and Teacher Education 9, no.11 (Feb 1993): 41–64.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(93)90014-8Ailie Cleghorn Sociolinguistic perspectives on the quality of instruction in African primary classrooms, Southern African Journal of Applied Language Studies 1, no.22 (Nov 1992): 45–63.https://doi.org/10.1080/10189203.1992.9724604BRUCE FULLER Raising Literacy under Fragile State Institutions, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 520, no.11 (Sep 2016): 133–142.https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716292520001014Beatrice Avalos Education for the Poor: Quality or relevance?, British Journal of Sociology of Education 13, no.44 (Aug 2006): 419–436.https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569920130402
Keywords: openalex:import

Vocal Teachers, Silent Pupils? Life in Botswana Classrooms - Fuller, Bruce; Snyder, Conrad W. (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessVocal Teachers, Silent Pupils? Life in Botswana ClassroomsBruce Fuller, and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr.Bruce Fuller Search for more articles by this author , and Conrad W. Snyder, Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 2May, 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447018 Views: 13Total views on this site Citations: 45Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nozomi Sakata, Mano Candappa, Moses Oketch Pupils’ experiences with learner-centred pedagogy in Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 8 (Jun 2021): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1941769Fernanda Soares and Kirsten Galisson Toward a Deeper Understanding: Testing a Multidimensional Framework of Professional Learning Communities in Sub-Saharan African Schools, Comparative Education Review 65, no.11 (Feb 2021): 76–103.https://doi.org/10.1086/712179Eta Varani-Norton Critical Reflection and the Question of Epistemology: Is Fiji “On the Ball”?, (Jul 2020): 105–118.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6483-3_9Ulrike Burger, Kiran Trehan , Action Learning: Research and Practice 15, no.22 ( 2018): 126.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2018.1462144Sarah Dryden-Peterson and Bethany Mulimbi Pathways toward Peace: Negotiating National Unity and Ethnic Diversity through Education in Botswana, Comparative Education Review 61, no.11 (Dec 2016): 58–82.https://doi.org/10.1086/689614Sheelagh Chadwick Working towards educational transformation through action research with Botswana's music teachers, British Journal of Music Education 32, no.33 (Nov 2015): 247–258.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051715000327Jacob Marriote Ngwaru, Mary Oluga EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE ACCESS TO SCHOOLING AND OUTCOMES: THE CASE OF EARLY LITERACY DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN TANZANIA, Africa Education Review 12, no.11 (Jul 2015): 88–108.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2015.1036570M. Commeyras, L. E. Ketsitlile A review of the literature on reading in Botswana primary schools, Africa Education Review 10, no.22 (Jun 2013): 204–223.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2013.808794Tamara Webb, Sarah Mkongo Classroom Discourse, (Jan 2013): 149–168.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-224-2_9Wangui Mburu Indigenous Conceptions of Civic Education, (Jan 2012): 175–193.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-702-8_11Gerard Guthrie Formalism In Developing Countries, (Jun 2011): 21–42.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_2Gerard Guthrie Classroom Teaching And School Effectiveness, (Jun 2011): 77–101.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_5Jacob Marriote Ngwaru, Kwasi Opoku-Amankwa Home and school literacy practices in Africa: listening to inner voices, Language and Education 24, no.44 (Jun 2010): 295–307.https://doi.org/10.1080/09500781003678985Frances Vavrus The cultural politics of constructivist pedagogies: Teacher education reform in the United Republic of Tanzania, International Journal of Educational Development 29, no.33 (May 2009): 303–311.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.05.002Francina Moloi, Nomusic Morobe, James Urwick Free but inaccessible primary education: A critique of the pedagogy of English and Mathematics in Lesotho, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.55 (Sep 2008): 612–621.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.12.003Frank Hardman, Jan Abd-Kadir, Fay Smith Pedagogical renewal: Improving the quality of classroom interaction in Nigerian primary schools, International Journal of Educational Development 28, no.11 (Jan 2008): 55–69.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.02.008Jo Arthur, Peter Martin Accomplishing lessons in postcolonial classrooms: comparative perspectives from Botswana and Brunei Darussalam, Comparative Education 42, no.22 (May 2006): 177–202.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060600628009Caroline Pontefract, Frank Hardman The discourse of classroom interaction in Kenyan primary schools, Comparative Education 41, no.11 (Feb 2005): 87–106.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060500073264Ailie Cleghorn Language Issues in African School Settings: Problems and Prospects in Attaining Education For All, (Jan 2005): 101–122.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403977199_6David K J Mtetwa, Ailie Cleghorn Structuraf aspects of primary mathematics lessons in Zimbabwe: Prospects for change?, Education as Change 8, no.22 (Dec 2004): 92–104.https://doi.org/10.1080/16823200409487093Nelofer Halai, Derek Hodson Munazza's story: Shedding light on a science teacher's conceptions of the nature of science through a life history study, Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education 4, no.22 (Apr 2004): 193–208.https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150409556605RICHARD TJOMBE TABULAWA Geography students as constructors of classroom knowledge and practice: a case study from Botswana, Journal of Curriculum Studies 36, no.11 (Jan 2004): 53–73.https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027032000129532Annette Thijs, Ellen van den Berg Peer coaching as part of a professional development program for science teachers in Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 22, no.11 (Jan 2002): 55–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(00)00078-XJo Arthur Perspectives on Educational Language Policy and its Implementation in African Classrooms: A comparative study of Botswana and Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 31, no.33 (Jul 2010): 347–362.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920120098482Claudia Buchmann, Emily Hannum Education and Stratification in Developing Countries: A Review of Theories and Research, Annual Review of Sociology 27, no.11 (Aug 2001): 77–102.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77Michelle Griffiths Learning for All? Interrogating children's experiences of primary schooling in Mauritius, Teaching and Teacher Education 16, no.77 (Oct 2000): 785–800.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00025-1 Greetje Van Der Werf , Bert Creemers , Rob De Jong , and Elizabeth Klaver Evaluation of School Improvement through an Educational Effectiveness Model: The Case of Indonesia's PEQIP Project Werf, et al., Comparative Education Review 44, no.33 (Jul 2015): 329–355.https://doi.org/10.1086/447617 Cynthia B. Lloyd , Barbara S. Mensch , and Wesley H. Clark The Effects of Primary School Quality on School Dropout among Kenyan Girls and Boys Lloyd, Mensch & Clark, Comparative Education Review 44, no.22 (Jul 2015): 113–147.https://doi.org/10.1086/447600Stephen Harvey Phasing science InSET in developing countries: reflections on the experience of the Primary Science Programme in South Africa, International Journal of Science Education 21, no.66 (Jun 2010): 595–609.https://doi.org/10.1080/095006999290462 Arjun S. Bedi and Jeffery H. Marshall School Attendance and Student Achievement: Evidence from Rural Honduras Bedi, Economic Development and Cultural Change 47, no.33 (Jul 2015): 657–682.https://doi.org/10.1086/452423JO ARTHUR Institutional Practices and the Cultural Construction of Primary School Teaching in Botswana, Comparative Education 34, no.33 (Jun 2010): 313–326.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050069828162Maria Teresa Tatto Reconstructing teacher education for disadvantaged communities, International Journal of Educational Development 17, no.44 (Oct 1997): 405–415.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(97)00010-2Richard Tabulawa Pedagogical classroom practice and the social context: The case of Botswana, International Journal of Educational Development 17, no.22 (Apr 1997): 189–204.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(96)00049-1Jo Arthur Code switching and collusion: Classroom interaction in Botswana primary schools, Linguistics and Education 8, no.11 (Jan 1996): 17–33.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-5898(96)90004-2Kuzvinetsa P. Dzvimbo Qualitative research in African education: notes and comments from Southern and Eastern Africa, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 7, no.33 (Jul 1994): 197–205.https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839940070302Bruce Fuller, Conrad W. Snyder, David Chapman, Haiyan Hua Explaining variation in teaching practices? Effects of state policy, teacher background, and curricula in Southern Africa, Teaching and Teacher Education 10, no.22 (Mar 1994): 141–156.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(94)90009-4Bruce Fuller, Prema Clarke Raising School Effects While Ignoring Culture? Local Conditions and the Influence of Classroom Tools, Rules, and Pedagogy, Review of Educational Research 64, no.11 (Jun 2016): 119–157.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543064001119EUGENE C. SCHAFFER, PAMELA S. NESSELRODT, SAM STRINGFIELD The Contributions of Classroom Observation to School Effectiveness Research, (Jan 1994): 133–150.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-042392-0.50012-7Jean Davison School attainment and gender: Attitudes of Kenyan and Malawian parents toward educating girls, International Journal of Educational Development 13, no.44 (Oct 1993): 331–338.https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(93)90044-ZStephen W. Raudenbush, Suwanna Eamsukkawat, Ikechuku Di-Ibor, Mohamed Kamali, Wimol Taoklam On-the-Job Improvements in Teacher Competence: Policy Options and Their Effects on Teaching and Learning in Thailand, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 15, no.33 (Nov 2016): 279–297.https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737015003279Robert B. Prophet, Patricia M. Rowell Coping and control: science teaching strategies in Botswana, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 6, no.33 (Jul 1993): 197–209.https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839930060302Maria Teresa Tatto, H.Dean Nielsen, William Cummings, N.G. Kularatna, K.H. Dharmadasa Comparing the effectiveness and costs of different approaches for educating primary school teachers in Sri Lanka, Teaching and Teacher Education 9, no.11 (Feb 1993): 41–64.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(93)90014-8Ailie Cleghorn Sociolinguistic perspectives on the quality of instruction in African primary classrooms, Southern African Journal of Applied Language Studies 1, no.22 (Nov 1992): 45–63.https://doi.org/10.1080/10189203.1992.9724604BRUCE FULLER Raising Literacy under Fragile State Institutions, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 520, no.11 (Sep 2016): 133–142.https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716292520001014Beatrice Avalos Education for the Poor: Quality or relevance?, British Journal of Sociology of Education 13, no.44 (Aug 2006): 419–436.https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569920130402
Keywords: openalex:import

Schooling, Skills, and the Returns to Government Investment in Education: An Exploration Using Data from Ghana - Glewwe, Paul (1991)
Investments in schooling are often regarded as essential for economic development, which implies that such investments have high rates of return in developing countries. This paper examines the accuracy and usefulness of estimates of rates of return to formal schooling based on the standard human capital model of Becker and Mincer. Regarding accuracy, it investigates whether failure to account for differences in ability and school quality across a random sample significantly biases estimates of the private return to schooling derived from estimates of wage equations. This is done using an unusually rich data set from Ghana. When years of schooling are used to measure the accumulation of human capital, there are virtually no returns to schooling in the private sector. Replacement of years of schooling by reading and mathematical ability does show positive returns to acquired skills. However, these rates of return may be of little use to governments when making schooling investment decisions because such decisions are much more complex than the investment decisions of individuals. In particular, many government investments in education are designed to raise rates of return to schooling by raising school quality, but decisions by individuals assume that both rates of return and school quality are exogenous.
Keywords: openalex:import

Mainstreaming: The challenge for teachers in South Africa - Green, Lena (Support for Learning, 1991)
As usual, we are delighted to publish accounts of developments overseas. We feel this article, on South Africa, will be of particular interest to our readers. Lena Green is an educational psychologist and experienced teacher‐trainer and in an excellent position to comment on the changes taking place in her country at this present, turbulent time. Her contrast in the provision for white and black pupils is particularly illuminating. As South Africa moves relentlessly towards dramatic constitutional change education inevitably will rise up the political agenda. Lena demonstrates the problems but also the opportunities.
Keywords: openalex:import

Nephelinite-carbonatite liquid immiscibility at Shombole volcano, East Africa: Petrographic and experimental evidence - Kjarsgaard, Bruce A.; Peterson, T D (Mineralogy and Petrology, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

On Public Expenditures and Delivery of Education in Sub-Saharan Africa - Ogbu, Osita; Gallagher, M. (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessFocus on Public FinanceOn Public Expenditures and Delivery of Education in Sub-Saharan AfricaOsita M. Ogbu, and Mark GallagherOsita M. Ogbu Search for more articles by this author , and Mark Gallagher Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 2May, 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447019 Views: 24Total views on this site Citations: 12Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Adesoji Oladapo Farayibi, Oludele Folarin Does government education expenditure affect educational outcomes? New evidence from sub‐Saharan African countries, African Development Review 33, no.33 (Jul 2021): 546–559.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12588Jamie M Sommer, Kathleen M Fallon The Pathway to Improving Human and Economic Development: Girls’ Secondary Education, Governance, and Education Expenditures, Social Forces 99, no.11 (Jan 2020): 205–229.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz143Nathaniel Mayengo, Jane Namusoke, Barbara Dennis The testimony of neoliberal contradiction in education choice and privatisation in a poor country: the case of a private, undocumented rural primary school in Uganda, Ethnography and Education 10, no.33 (Jul 2015): 293–309.https://doi.org/10.1080/17457823.2015.1050687Minzee Kim, Elizabeth Heger Boyle Neoliberalism, Transnational Education Norms, and Education Spending in the Developing World, 1983-2004, Law & Social Inquiry 37, no.22 (Nov 2011): 367–394.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01267.xElizabeth Heger Boyle, Hollie Nyseth Why the Underutilization of Child Rights in Global Mobilization? The Cases of Female Genital Cutting Practices and User Fees for Education, (Mar 2015): 91–119.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1059-4337(2011)0000056007Edith Mukudi Omwami, Edmond J. Keller Public Funding and Budgetary Challenges To Providing Universal Access To Primary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, International Review of Education 56, no.11 (Jan 2010): 5–31.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-009-9149-9Sanjeev Gupta, Marijn Verhoeven, Erwin R Tiongson The effectiveness of government spending on education and health care in developing and transition economies, European Journal of Political Economy 18, no.44 (Nov 2002): 717–737.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00116-7Oluyele Akinkugbe Higher education financing and equality of educational opportunities in Swaziland, International Journal of Social Economics 27, no.1111 (Nov 2000): 1074–1097.https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290010352461Marijn Verhoeven, , Sanjeev Gupta, , Erwin Tiongson, Does Higher Government Spending Buy Better Results in Education and Health Care?, IMF Working Papers 99, no.2121 (Jan 1999): 1.https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451843897.001Jerry Komia Domatob Policy Issues for African Universities, Issue: A Journal of Opinion 24, no.11 (May 2016): 29–34.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1548450500004923Jerry Komia Domatob Policy Issues for African Universities, Issue: A Journal of Opinion 24, no.11 (Aug 2021): 29–35.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047160700502145Frances Stewart Education and Adjustment: The Experience of the 1980s and Lessons for the 1990s, (Jan 1994): 128–159.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23138-6_8
Keywords: openalex:import

School, Work and Equity: Educational Reform in Rwanda. Susan J. Hoben - Peil, Margaret (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsSchool, Work and Equity: Educational Reform in Rwanda. Susan J. Hoben Margaret PeilMargaret Peil Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 2May, 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447030 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Landsat analysis of range conditions in the Botswana Kalahari drought - Ringrose, Susan; Matheson, Wilma (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1991)
Abstract An analysis was undertaken of range conditions in the Botswana Kalahari during the 1980-1987 drought. Information from Landsat MSS print and tape data was field-checked both aerially and on the ground through two wet seasons. Comparison of 327 field and digitized aerial photograph sites with spectral data on MSS4, 5 and 7 in relation to hues on Landsat colour composite print data revealed three main spectral-vegetation types. Type 1 darkened areas comprise green tree and shrub vegetation, shown as varying tones of blue-green hues. The rate of darkening varied with the soil substrate but regression analysis showed that higher green vegetation densities occurred at lower MSS4 and 5 reflectance values. Type 2 areas combine darkened areas with areas of high near-infrared reflectance. Vegetation indices do not predict green leaf cover in type 1 or type 2 areas. This is best achieved through density slicing on MSS5. Type 3 areas show high near-infrared and low red reflectance. Green leaf cover can be predicted both by density slicing on MSS5 and through vegetation-index analysis. Since 70 per cent of the Kalahari exhibited darkening, an attempt was made to resolve darkening components using a hand-held radiometer. Results indicated that the within-plant shadow components on thinly leaved trees and shrubs gave rise to darkening. An assessment made of the remaining plant material (browse) showed that large areas of the Kalahari were suffering from poor to intermediate range conditions during the mid to late drought period.
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher Education in the Republic of Yemen: The University of Sana'a. Policy, Research, and External Affairs Working Papers Series. Education and Employment. - Selvaratnam, Viswanathan; Regel, Omporn (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Politics in African Education. Clive Harber - Watson, Keith (Comparative Education Review, 1991)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsPolitics in African Education. Clive Harber Keith WatsonKeith Watson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 2May, 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447033 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
Keywords: openalex:import

Tertiary Level Education and Training in Water and Environmental Control Technology: African Perspectives - Iwugo, KO (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Deep structure of an arc‐continent collision: Earthquake relocation and inversion for upper mantle P and S wave velocities beneath Papua New Guinea - Abers, G. A.; Roecker, S. W. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 1991)
We examine mechanisms of lithospheric growth and modes accommodating subcrustal convergence following the cessation of subduction, by analyzing the seismicity and upper‐mantle velocities in the New Guinea arc‐continent collision. Earthquakes in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) region from 1967 to 1984 have been relocated in a joint inversion with seismic velocities, using P and S wave arrival times recorded by seismographs in PNG. A total of 957 well‐recorded earthquakes were chosen for use in three‐dimensional velocity inversions from an initial catalog of 12,960 events, based on the stability of initial hypocenter relocations. Constant velocity blocks were defined as irregular polyhedra to give fine detail in heavily sampled areas without introducing a large number of poorly controlled parameters, and to exploit a priori knowledge of the geometry of velocity anomalies. Spherical geometry was used to accurately calculate long ray paths (up to 1500 km in length). Most of the ∼700 best located hypocenters from the PNG data set are in the upper mantle beneath the Finisterre‐Huon (FH) ranges (the newly accreted island arc terrane), beneath the Papuan Peninsula, and in the New Britain seismic zone (an oceanic subduction system). These hypocenters show a well‐defined seismic zone dipping vertically or steeply to the north beneath the northern FH ranges from 125‐ to 250‐km depth, continuous along strike with the New Britain seismic zone to the east (which shows earthquakes to 600 km depth). The steeply dipping intermediate‐depth seismicity flattens near 100 km depth beneath the FH ranges and forms a subhorizontal seismic zone beneath the FH ranges. By contrast, seismicity continues upward to the surface beneath New Britain where the arc has not yet collided with New Guinea. The 100‐km‐deep flat zone does not continue south of the FH ranges but appears to be truncated below the eastern and southern boundaries of the island arc terrane, and no clear evidence for a south‐dipping seismic zone could be found. The relationship of the flat part of the slab 100 km beneath the FH ranges and surface faulting is difficult to discern; the apparent surface suture bounding the south side of the FH ranges is 100 km directly above the southern termination of intermediate‐depth seismicity. Nowhere in PNG could clear evidence for arc polarity reversal be found from seismicity. All of the well‐located subcrustal earthquakes beneath the Papuan peninsula lie in a narrow horizontal line between 125‐ and 175‐km depth that follows the center of the peninsula, and are distinctly separated from the FH seismic zone to the north. These events do not require a southward subducting plate beneath the Papuan peninsula. An alternate and reasonable explanation for these events is that they are a result of unstable thickening of the lithosphere. Information on lateral heterogeneity in the mantle is limited because large variations in crustal velocities dominate the observed pattern of travel time residuals. Allowing for only crustal heterogeneity reduces travel time residual variances by 40% from a simple one‐dimensional structure, while allowing for additional mantle heterogeneity results in ≤ 10% further reduction for the various parameterization s attempted here. Inversions with several different block geometries show low velocities at 35‐ to 171‐km km depth beneath the Bismarck Sea back‐arc basin and high velocities just south of the intermediate depth FH seismic zone. The pattern of lateral heterogeneity supports the inference from seismicity of north‐dipping slabs beneath both northeast New Guinea and New Britain.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Teaching Profession As Perceived by African-Americans. - Page, Jane; Page, Fred M. (1991)
A study examined factors contributing to the decline in numbers of African-American teachers, with four objectives: (1) to identify factors encouraging and discouraging them to consider teaching as a career; (2) to determine differences in their perceptions by background variables; (3) to determine factors influencing them to leave the profession; and (4) to identify recommendations for recruitment and retention of African-American teachers. From 1989-1990, researchers gathered data from 64 schools in southern Georgia, and they selected 16 African-American college students and 11 educators for interviews. Part 1 of a questionnaire asked for background data on preparation, teaching position, and personal characteristics. Part 2 allowed teachers to identify their perceptions of teaching as a career. The interview process let them analyze findings from the survey research. Results suggest the major deterrent to majoring in education is salary. Both college students and teachers emphasized the importance of encouraging students to consider teaching when they are young. Subjects listed the consistent assignment of African-American teachers to low-level classes and/or classes with behavior problems as a reason many leave the profession. Four appendixes offer the survey instrument, three tables, a case study based on a teacher interview, and a list of 17 references. (SM) ***************************************************************7(******* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************A************************************** c:4 THE TEACHING PROFESSION AS PERCEIVED BY AFRICAN-AMERICANS Jane A. Page Fred M. Page, Jr. Georgia Southern University A Paper Presented at the American Educational Research Association's 1991 Annual Meeting Session 5:15 April 3, 1991 Chicago, Illinois This research was partially funded by The University System of Georgia Regents Special Initiative Funding Grant PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY e TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). BEST COPY AVAILABLE U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Ottce 01 Educahom l Resaatch and Imptovernent EDUCATIONAt RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Cl tms document has been httotoduced 38 tecetved from the Person Ot Of ni.ynalng n Mrsof Oanges have been made to motOve ,e0tOduCtiOn duality POnts 01 wee. Or op.n.ons staled at th,8 docu men! do not nOCOSMInly t80,8Sen1 Ofbcal OEM posmon ot poky
Keywords: openalex:import

Characteristics and careers of past post-graduate diploma students of the Department of Library and Archival Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, 1981/82–1987/88 - Alemna, A.A. (Education for Information, 1991)
This paper summarises the findings of a survey of the careers and characteristics of past postgraduate diploma students of the Department of Library and Archival Studies, University of Ghana between 1981/82 and 1987/88. It examines issues such as the
Keywords: openalex:import

Zimbabwe: Steps Ahead — Community Rehabilitation and People with Disabilities - Allchurch, Patricia (Physiotherapy, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Earthquake hazard in the Kenya Rift: the Subukia earthquake 1928 - Ambraseys, N. N. (Geophysical journal international (Print), 1991)
The Subukia Valley earthquake in East Africa, magnitude 6.9, occurred on 1928 January 6. This is a little known earthquake associated with a 38 km long surface break that showed normal faulting with a small component of left lateral motion. Maximum throw was 240cm with an average along the rupture of less than 100cm. The earthquake triggered rockfalls and minor landslides and exhibited long-period effects at large distances. Considering the magnitude of the earthquake, the amount of damage it caused was not as great as it could have been. This is directly attributable to the sparsity of dwellings and the inherent resistance to earthquake shaking of the local type of huts. In the process of studying this earthquake, the seismicity of the (Gregory) Kenya Rift Valley has been re-evaluated. It is shown that relatively large but infrequent earthquakes do occur in the Kenya (Gregory) Rift Valley, a slowly extending region of low apparent seismicity, and that the seismic hazard of this part of East Africa, deduced from data of the last 95 years, is significant.
Keywords: openalex:import

Instrumental (operative) vaginal deliveries: vacuum extraction compared with forceps delivery at Ilorin University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. - Anate, M (PubMed, 1991)
In a four-year period (1984 to 1987) a total of 141 Nigerian women who had instrumental vaginal deliveries at term in the Obstetric unit of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, were studied. Out of this number 79 had forceps delivery while 62 had vacuum extraction. The forceps delivery rate had fluctuated between 0.11% and 0.46% while the vacuum extraction rate had steadily increased from 0.08% to 0.39% (Table 1) in our unit over the 4-year period. With the exception of fetal distress, there were no significant differences found in the indications for forceps delivery and vacuum extraction. The preapplication station, position and cervical dilatation differ in both groups (Table 4). There was less maternal trauma in vacuum extraction than forceps (Table 5). The vacuum extraction was more associated with cephalhaematoma and neonatal jaundice but less with neonatal mortality compared with forceps (Table 7). Vacuum extraction had gradually assumed more prominence as an alternative to midforceps delivery in our unit in the study period. There was no maternal mortality in the two groups.
Keywords: openalex:import

Health teaching in the context of culture: nursing in East Africa. - Blair, Jim (PubMed, 1991)
A nurse from the US worked as a community health nurse with the Mennonite Central Committee in East Africa from 1981-1983. She addressed the importance of health care providers being able to incorporate the context of culture, religion, and socioeconomic status into identifying health care needs and intervention. This was complicated by differences in values and beliefs between the urban and rural populations. Many people believed that spirits of the dead influence their behavior and sense of family. Indeed many thought that spirits or mystical events cause illness. This made health education difficult. For example, people in rural Uganda believed infestation of guinea worm was due to mystical causes. Therefore they were not motivated to filter their water and visited traditional healers for treatment. Many in rural East Africa did not eat any meat so the nurse tried to find sources of protein for their diet, such as ground nuts and insects. Unlike urban areas, large families were preferred in rural areas so she promoted maternal and child health by child spacing. In fact, birth control in urban areas was used often. Rural women were often tired because of many demands on them. For example, they fetched 90% of the water involving 3-4 hours/day and planted 80% of the food. When wells were dug closer to the women, they had less time to interact socially which meant more work in the field. In urban areas, however, women had a higher status. Urban dwellers faced different values and individual priorities than rural dwellers. For example, the tribe and family did not have such a strong hold, but some tried to live an urban and a rural lifestyle. Rural-urban migration has created many social problems such as labor shortages.
Keywords: openalex:import

A review of education and training in Zimbabwe - Dersey, Betty Jo; Matshazi, Meshack; Nyagura, Levi (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The 1954 and 1980 Algerian earthquakes: Implications for the characteristic-displacement model of fault behavior - Dewey, James W. (Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1991)
Joint epicenter determination of earthquakes that occurred in northern Algeria near Ech Cheliff (named Orleansville in 1954 and El Asnam in 1980) shows that the earthquake of 9 September 1954 ( M = 6.5) occurred at nearly the same location as the earthquake of 10 October 1980 ( M = 7.3). The 1954 main shock and earliest aftershocks were concentrated close to the boundaries of segment B (nomenclature of Deschamps et al. , 1982; King and Yielding, 1984) of the 1980 fault system, which was to experience approximately 8 m of slip in the 1980 earthquake. Later aftershocks of the 1954 earthquake were spread over a broad area, notably in a region north of the 1980 fault system that also experienced many aftershocks to the 1980 earthquake. The closeness of the 1954 main shock and earliest aftershocks to the 1980 segment B implies that the 1954 earthquake involved either (1) rupture of segment B proper, or (2) rupture of a distinct fault in the hanging wall or footwall block of segment B. The first interpretation cannot be accommodated in the characteristic-displacement model of fault behavior but instead requires a model, such as the time-predictable model, which would permit slip in 1954 to have released only a fraction of the elastic strain that was stored on segment B and which would later be released in 1980. The second interpretation, specifically with rupture in the hanging-wall block of segment B, accounts more directly than the first interpretation for differences in the focal mechanisms and ground deformations associated with the two main shocks; this interpretation is therefore preferred. The second interpretation is consistent with a characteristic-displacement model of the 1980 fault system. No matter how it is modeled, the Algerian episode provides an example of an earthquake (1954) that was large enough to perhaps be judged the culminating event of the seismic cycle in a regionally important fault zone but that was followed instead by an even larger shock (1980). The space-time characteristics of the episode are unusual enough that they cannot represent the most likely mode of strain release on reverse-fault systems in general, but the episode should be viewed as one possible scenario for the evolution of seismicity on other such fault systems.
Keywords: openalex:import

Climate and induced changes in relation to shoreline migration trends at the Nile delta promontories, Egypt - Frihy, Omran E.; Khafagy, A. A. (CATENA, 1991)
An analysis of changing shoreline positions has been conducted for the Rosetta and Damietta Nile promontories. The analysis was based on several shoreline positions over the 19th and 20th centuries. The shoreline positions were determined from ground surveys, maps, and aerial and satellite photos. Generally, the analysis reveals two remarkable shoreline migration trends: prograding shorelines during the 19th century, and a more recent retrograding shoreline trend during the 20th century. A relationship exists between shoreline changes, Nile hydrology and rainfall indicators which indicates that the change from progradation to retrogression was partly controlled by the annual fluctuation of high or low Nile floods in early historical times because of climatic changes (precipitation) and partly by human induced changes. Differences in precipitation patterns in east Africa altered the hydrology of the Nile including the sediment load, the water level and discharge. A remarkable difference occurred in the Nile hydrology around 1900. The prograding shoreline trends coincided with higher Nile floods during the 19th century; the retrograding shorelines with low floods during the 20th century.
Keywords: openalex:import

Hurricane-borne African Locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) on the Windward Islands - Howard, Richardson C.; David, J Nemeth (GeoJournal, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The requirements for engineering education in South Africa - Kirsten, H.A.D. (Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1991)
The skills differential between manpower supply and demand is due to deeply rooted socio- and politico-educational misconceptions that can be remedied only by a concerted cooperative effort on the part of the general public, the State, organized industry, organized engineering, and engineering education. This will require the general public to recognize that the reasons for the shortages in engineering manpower should be regarded as critical. Public perceptions of engineering, of the vocational and educational prospects in engineering, and of the skills required are poor. The spectrum of engineering vocations, the corresponding function profiles, the interaction between the vocations and the relative proportions of the vocations in the engineering team are in general not adequately appreciated. The recruitment and training of students and teaching staff, teaching facilities, educational curricula, practical training, qualifications, professional registration, and financing are aspects of engineering education that should be brought to the attention of all concerned. In addition, the educational curricula for the various vocations need to be specified clearly and definitively if the overall mission of engineering education is to be properly appreciated. The uncertainties between university and technikon education and the pursuant vocations need to be resolved. This can be done only by defining the respective curricula in terms of the mental skills and scientific techniques required. The remedial actions with regard to the rationalization of engineering education comprise informing of the public; establishment of an active political lobby; revision of existing education policy; rationalization of existing educational infrastructure; promotion, development, and guidance of engineering student intake; financing of engineering education; accelerated creation of new employment opportunities; and monitoring of the supply and demand of high-level manpower. The parties required to initiate these remedial actions are various State departments and corporations involved in engineering and industry, various departments of education, the Directorate of Technology of the Department of Trade and Industry, organized engineering education, organized engineering, organized industry, and the Human Sciences Research Council. Only if these interest groups actively initiate the various actions under the coordinated guidance of organized engineering will the required results be achieved. The South African Engineering Association has proposed a comprehensive programme as strategy to solving the problem, and has obtained broad consensus from various State departments, organized engineering education and research, and the private sector. A joint venture between the Foundation for Research Development, the South African Engineering Association, and organized industry has been charged by the State President with the task of launching the programme.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cryptosporidiosis among children attending the Maternity and Paediatrics Teaching Hospital, Wad Medani, Central Region, Sudan. - Km, Hassan; Fe, Ali; Ma, Bella (PubMed, 1991)
Modified Ziehl Neelson staining technique was used to identify Cryptosporidium species oocysts in stool specimens. Faecal samples from 166 children with diarrhoea and from a control of 95 children, were submitted for examination. 13 children from among those with diarrhoea and none from the control group were found to have Cryptosporidium species oocysts. The majority of these 13 positive children presented with abdominal pain, nausea, low grade fever and anorexia.
Keywords: openalex:import

Some observations of peak expiratory flow in normal school children in northern Nigeria. - M, Abid Ali; Kv, Vahalia (PubMed, 1991)
Peak expiratory flow rate and anthropometric measurements were made on 248 healthy secondary school children in Northern Nigeria. The male children have significantly higher values (P less than 0.01) of peak expiratory flow rate in comparison to female children. The peak flow rate measurements both in male and female children show positive correlation with height and weight and body surface area. It was observed that results obtained in the present study were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than the predicted values derived from the formulae based on age and height of American children.
Keywords: openalex:import

[Integration of population education into agricultural extension services in Rwanda]. - Ngendakumana, M (PubMed, 1991)
Rwanda's National Office of Population (ONAPO) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, has recently completed a survey of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of agricultural workers and agricultural extension agents concerning fertility. The survey was also intended to identify the needs felt by the population regarding the health, social, and economic infrastructure and to formulate goals for a project to integrate population and agricultural development projects. The survey was conducted in 5 communes of Gitarama Prefecture. 43% of the 228 respondents had at least 2 children and 27% had 6 or more. The average respondent had 3.5 children. 33% of respondents were single and did not report any children. 81% of respondents married before age 25. The average number of children for households in the area was 7.20, but the number considered ideal or desirable was only slightly over 4. Intermediate sized families with 3-6 members with many small children not yet able to work appeared to have the greatest difficulty in satisfying their needs. 60% of respondents reported that they were unable to save any funds and 64% that their lands were insufficient to provide food self-sufficiency. 60.9% of respondents stated that the socioeconomic, health, and cultural services and facilities at their disposal were sufficient or satisfactory. The health services were most often seen as inadequate. 3/4 of the agricultural extension agents were satisfied with the means of transportation they used to visit the population. The results of focus group interviews with a wide variety of participants including men and women, young and old, educated and illiterate, have indicated that perceptions of the advantages of large families are slowly changing.
Keywords: openalex:import

Training for rural extension workers in Tanzania: problems and prospects - Ngoitiama, Z. N. (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Computer Revolution and Adult Education. Growth Prospects in Africa. - Oduaran, Akpovire (1991)
Most African countries are presently overburdened by their debts, declining economies, and quality of living as well as abiding struggles for the restoration of democracy. However, they have noted the global revolution in the development and application of computers. Most Africans believe that computers and intensive and relevant education for all provide opportunities for speeding up the development process. Although most education in African nations is directed at youths, computers could be applied to many aspects of African adult education, such as retaining students, providing information systems, retraining, computer literacy, distance education, and computer conferencing. Conwrcely, several problems could deve: p in the use of computers in adult education, such as computer-related crimes, policy setbacks, the presence of nontechnical admi-istrators, an inadequate supply of personnel, an inadequate infrastlIcture, costs, technical issues, and suspicion of computers. Surmounting such problems requires concerted international cooperation in fostering the use of computers in Africa, training adults in computer use, and promoting adult education research. (20 references) (KC) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************
Keywords: openalex:import

Pattern of vulval warts at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria - Ozumba, Benjamin C.; Megafu, U (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 1991)
A retrospective analysis of 45 cases of condyloma acuminata seen at the gynecology clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital between January 1976 and December 1985 was carried out. The prevalence of condyloma acuminata was found to be highest in the single, young and sexually active age group. There was no definite trend in the yearly incidence of vulval warts. Marked association with moniliasis and trichomoniasis was found. Gonorrhea was detected in two patients, but there was no confirmed case of syphilis seen. The mainstay of treatment was the application of 25% podophyllin resin in benzoin tincture either alone or in combination with cold knife excision or diathermy excision. The overall response to all methods of treatment was 64% while treatment with podophyllin alone gave a success rate of 80% and 60% in mild and moderate cases, respectively. The overall incidence of condyloma acuminata was 2.7 per 1000 women seen.
Keywords: openalex:import

[Psychological disorders in Ethiopian university students--problems in transcultural psychiatry]. - Pavlovský, P; Novotná (PubMed, 1991)
In the course of the ten-year period 1979-1988 the authors subjected to psychiatric examination or hospitalized 52 Ethiopian university students. The authors were concerned with the problem whether in the development and character of the psychopathological symptoms factors of the different cultural environment participated. University students sent to Czechoslovakia are a specific group which is not representative of the Ethiopian population. This may be the reason why the revealed symptoms did not differ markedly from conditions in the local population. This applies in particular to neurotic disorders, among which the neurasthenic syndrome predominated. In 14 hospitalized students schizophrenia was diagnosed 6 times, endogenous depression 6 times and neurotic symptoms due to maladaptation twice. The schizophrenic attacks presented classical symptoms, after their regression there was however, complete remission and thus the original diagnosis was somewhat doubtful.
Keywords: openalex:import

Training and Trading: the Influence of Tuition and the Art Market in the Work of Some South African Sculptors - Rankin, Elizabeth (de arte, 1991)
(1991). Training and Trading: the Influence of Tuition and the Art Market in the Work of Some South African Sculptors. de arte: Vol. 26, No. 43, pp. 5-25.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teacher's Perceptions of the Status of Nigerian Primary Schools. - Sunal, Cynthia Szymanski (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Study in Tanzania of Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Methodological Myth? - Swai, A. B. M.; McLarty, D.G.; Kitange, H. M.; Kilima, Peter; Masuki, Gabriel; Mtinangi, Bernard I; Chuwa, L.M.; Alberti, K. G. M. M. (Diabetes, 1991)
During a study of diabetes prevalence in six rural Tanzanian communities, a repeat oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out in 514 subjects greater than or equal to 15 yr of age within 1 wk of an initial 75-g OGTT. In 498 subjects, blood glucose was measured 2 h after the glucose load on both occasions, and in 175 subjects, fasting blood glucose measurement was also repeated. Of the 498 subjects, 245 had normal glucose tolerance in the first test and were selected at random for further testing; 223 subjects had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 30 had diabetic values. Diabetes and IGT were diagnosed on the basis of the 2-h blood glucose values. In the second test, 241 (98.4%) of the 245 subjects with normal tolerance continued in this category and 4 (1.6%) showed IGT. Of the 223 with IGT in the first test, 171 (76.2%) reverted to normal on the second test, 7 (3.1%) had diabetic values, and 45 (20.2%) persisted with IGT. Of the 30 subjects diagnosed as diabetic in the first test, 8 (26.7%) remained with diabetic values, 11 (36.7%) had IGT, and 11 (36.7%) were normal. Based on the second test, the population-prevalence rates of diabetes and IGT would have been 0.5 and 3.3% vs. 1 and 7.6% based on the first test. There was a significant downward trend in the mean 2-h blood glucose values in all three diagnostic groups. Regression toward the mean could not account for the downward shift in blood glucose values observed on retesting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Keywords: openalex:import

Study in Tanzania of impaired glucose tolerance. Methodological myth? - Swai, A. B.; McLarty, D. G.; Kitange, H. M.; Kilima, P. M.; Masuki, G.; Mtinangi, B. I.; Chuwa, L.; Alberti, G. M. (Diabetes, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Training engineering supervisors for small-scale irrigation development in Nigeria - Vaishnav (Waterlines, 1991)
Peoples' programme A very significant feature of the small-scale irrigation programme is that with a bit of ingenuity and tact it can be made a 'peoples' programme', and the community's active participation can be secured in its implementation. This will not only cut the costs of such schemes substantially, but will also encourage the people to think of these schemes as their own, which is very important to the success of any programme undertaken in the public sector. Obviously such a personal attachment is missing in any largescale project. Separate small-scale irrigation departments need to be set up in both the federal and state governments to encourage development. The benefits of small-scale irrigation should not be overlooked, and the The ultimate aim is the optimum use of the soil and water resources, and the adoption of appropriate technology within the framework of the particular socio-economic structure. Only the careful use of both surface and groundwater together will have a dramatic effect on increased food production. Small-scale schemes are attractive because the initial outlay involved is small, they can be executed quickly and yield quick results, they normally require no special expertise or equipment, and local expertise and resources (including human resources) can be easily mobilized for their execution. The disadvantages, however, are their cost of maintenance, their relatively short life, and the limited protection they afford. Because of the current funding constraints; the urgent need to curb food imports; the lack of well-trained, technical personnel and sophisticated construction equipment; and the need to make full use of our human and material resources; these smallscale schemes are often very appropriate. where large projects are suitable, and there are others where only small schemes are possible. Still others may offer a chance to blend the two. In the northern part of the country a large number of seasonal streams could be tapped by constructing small storage tanks made of earthen dams and their canal systems, while in the south numerous perennial streams could be harnessed by constructing masonry THE CONFLICTING roles of the large-scale and small-scale irrigation schemes in the green revolution programme, and the economics of such schemes, are often questioned. There should in fact be no conflict between these two types of schemes, because they are complementary to and not competitive with each other. In a large, geographically varied country like Nigeria, there should be ample scope for both. There are parts of the country
Keywords: openalex:import

Child Health, Nutrition, and School Participation. Report of the Government of Kenya/UNESCO National Planning Workshop (Nakuru, Kenya, October 29-November 2, 1990). - Vynckt, Susan Van der; Nkinyangi, John A. (1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Business Education: Meeting the Needs of the African-American Student - Waters, Harry (Journal of Education for Business, 1991)
Keywords: openalex:import

Psychological Predictors of HIV-Preventive Behavior Among Zimbabwean Students - Wilson, David J.; Lavelle, S.; Greenspan, Ruth; Wilson, Christopher (The Journal of Social Psychology, 1991)
This report is based on a study of 852 sexually active volunteer student teachers in Zimbabwe who were assessed on their AIDS risk reduction behavior and the Health Belief Model of Janz and Becker. The model posits that behavior modification occurs if there is knowledge of the disease and its severity, susceptibility, effective prevention, self- efficacy for prevention, accessible health care and advice, normative support for behavior change, and few barriers to action. Behavior change is measured by reduced numbers of sexual partners, increased condom use, and decreased prostitute contact. The 404 women showed no sex differences from the 448 men, except that men reported lower self- efficacy. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that for men the Health Belief Model was significant and explained 15% of the variance (F=7.50, p.0001). Behavior risk reduction was predicted by self-efficacy (B=.10, p.0001), perceived barriers to action (B=-.19, p.01), and belief in the effectiveness of preventive practices (B-.10, p.001). The women's model was also significant and explained 12% of the variance (F=4.06, p.001). Preventive behavior was predicted by perceived susceptibility to infection (B=.19, p.01), access to health care and advice (B=.09, p.05), and belief in the efficacy of preventive measures (B=.06, p.05). Future research in planned to try to augment the Health Belief Model results by including the following variables: contact with AIDS-affected persons and specific barriers to action such as dependence on paid sex, the breakdown in traditional values, familial separation, and attitudes toward monogamy. Also, the role of alcohol and drugs in the context of sexual behavior will be considered. Other alternative models will also be examined, such as Bandura's social learning theory and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action. New theories which are uniquely applied to AIDS may need to be formulated.
Keywords: openalex:import