Attributional analysis of mathematics achievement-related behaviour among secondary school students in Lesotho - Nenty, H. Johnson (1998)
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A study of dietary patterns, nutritional status and dental caries in pre-school children in Nairobi, Kenya - Ngatia, Edith M. (1998)
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Environmental issues in engineering courses in South African engineering schools - Nguyen, Duyen Q; Pudlowski, Zenon J (1998)
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The perspective of African students on environmental education in engineering courses in the Republic of South Africa - Nguyen, Duyen Q; Pudlowski, Zenon J (1998)
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BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN STUDENTS' BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT CONDOMS - Nicholas, Lionel (Psychological Reports, 1998)
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Holocene playas as sedimentary evidence for recent climate change in the presently hyperarid western desert, Egypt - Nicoll, Kathleen (1998)
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The Quality of Education: Some Policy Suggestions Based on a Survey of Schools--Zambia. An Interim Report. SACMEQ Policy Research Report. - Nkamba, Manasseh; Kanyika, Joe (1998)
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Error of Refraction In Primary School Children In Enugu, Nigeria - Nkang, D. G.; Dolin, Paul (Mary Slessor Journal of Medicine, 1998)
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BROADENING THE ENVIRONMENTAL VISION OF AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS THROUGH TRAINING: A CASE STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL TRAINING AT THE ELSENBURG COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SOUTH AFRICA - Nowers, Riaan; Schreuder, Danie (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
Some perspectives on the tertiary educational process of the Elsenburg College of Agriculture are given. The challenges of promoting and ensuring sustainable farming practices are central to the training of future agriculturists. This training needs to acknowledge the fact that agriculture function within a broader system and that it cannot be isolated from its environment. Sustainable agriculture is an approach or philosophy based on human aims, which incorporates land stewardship with agricultural activities. The problem is that it is too often seen merely as an outcome - rather than a process of change. Although agricultural education is but one of many factors shaping the professional role of farmers, this process does play a fundamental role in the process of re-orientation towards sustainable agricultural production. Education and training should help the farmer develop a deep awareness of his role in the ecology - understanding, insight, and the sldlls necessary to participate in the sustainable utilisation and management of his environment. A course named Environmental Management was developed. Through action research a 'horizontal' approach was used for this, with participants evaluating the current status of the agricultural environment and themselves maldng suggestions and/or finding appropriate solutions to certain agricultural issues. The researcher functioned as a facilitator in this stimulating process. To strengthen the attempt to influence value systems of students, additional actions were taken: themes were developed, workshops were organised, video material was utilised, a Wildlife Society was founded, hildng trips were undertaken, etc. The article briefly summarises the development of the course. It warns that no single course has the power to truly change values of students towards multidisciplinary or holistic thinldng. To be able to really activate a positive change towards sustainable agricultural practice, the help of the full complement of subjects presented at colleges is needed.
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Broadening The Environmental Vision Of Agricultural Students Through Training: A Case Study Of Sustainable Agricultural Training At The Elsenburg College Of Agriculture, South Africa - Nowers, Riaan; Schreuder, Danie (1998)
Some perspectives on the tertiary educational process of the Elsenburg College of Agriculture are given. The challenges of promoting and ensuring sustainable farming practices are central to the training of future agriculturists. This training needs to acknowledge the fact that agriculture function within a broader system and that it cannot be isolated from its environment. Sustainable agriculture is an approach or philosophy based on human aims, which incorporates land stewardship with agricultural activities. The problem is that it is too often seen merely as an outcome - rather than a process of change. Although agricultural education is but one of many factors shaping the professional role of farmers, this process does play a fundamental role in the process of re-orientation towards sustainable agricultural production. Education and training should help the farmer develop a deep awareness of his role in the ecology - understanding, insight, and the sldlls necessary to participate in the sustainable utilisation and management of his environment. A course named Environmental Management was developed. Through action research a 'horizontal' approach was used for this, with participants evaluating the current status of the agricultural environment and themselves maldng suggestions and/or finding appropriate solutions to certain agricultural issues. The researcher functioned as a facilitator in this stimulating process. To strengthen the attempt to influence value systems of students, additional actions were taken: themes were developed, workshops were organised, video material was utilised, a Wildlife Society was founded, hildng trips were undertaken, etc. The article briefly summarises the development of the course. It warns that no single course has the power to truly change values of students towards multidisciplinary or holistic thinldng. To be able to really activate a positive change towards sustainable agricultural practice, the help of the full complement of subjects presented at colleges is needed.
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Misplaced Priorities in Nigerian Education: Tackling the Causes of Technological Under-Development - Nwankwo, Jason C. (1998)
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Heavy metal pollution in marine mollusks from the coastal waters of Accra, Ghana - Nyarko, Elvis; Evans, Sue (Journal of the Ghana Science Association, 1998)
Studies of heavy metals in four marine mollusks, Thais haemastoma, T. nodosa, Nerita senegalensis and P. perna, have been conducted. This involved the assessment of levels of heavy metal pollution from point sources in the Korle lagoon and the determination of the extent to which these metals are transported by longshore currents to neighbouring areas (i.e. La and Teshie). Samples were prepared following the method described in UNEP (1993) Reference methods for Marine Pollution Studies and analysed with a (Philips Pye Unicam) atomic absorption spectrophotometer for cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc. The results indicate that the levels of some metals notably lead, copper and cadmium exceeded the WHO recommended limits. Since coastal communites harvest at least whelks, but probably also other mulluscs for food, they are clearly under threat. No gradient patterns were detected from the Korle lagoon along the coast, suggesting that metal pollution in the study areas are from a variety of sources. There is some evidence of biomagnification of zinc and copper along the food chain. Implications on human health are discussed. JOURNAL OF THE GHANA SCIENCE ASSOCIATION Volume 1 Number 1, July (1998) pp. 105-112
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The disease pattern of elderly medical patients in a teaching hospital in Nigeria - Obionu, CN (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 1998)
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Industrial pollution abatement in the city of Nairobi, Kenya - Obudho, R. A (1998)
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Indicators III on Primary Education in Eastern and Southern Africa: With Special Reference to the Education of Girls - Obura, Anna P.; Spring, Kate A.; Cristofoli, Vigdis (1998)
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Some Associations of African Students in Britain prior to the West African Students' Union - Ochiai, Takehiko (Afurika kenkyū, 1998)
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The use of instructional technology in teaching children with low vision in Ghana - Ocloo, Mark Anthony (1998)
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Education Inequality and Poverty in Kenya - Octavian, Gakuru. (1998)
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An assessment of the perceived economic benefits and attitudes toward vocational education programs in Nigeria : a comparative analysis / - Oguamah-Okojie, Mabel Chibuzor Philip (1998)
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Pre-admission legal education in South Africa : an assessment of the dominant patterns influencing the transmission of legal knowledge. - Ogúnrónbi, Sunday Oládókun. (1998)
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Building resource capacity for IT education and training in schools — the case of Botswana - Ojo, Samson Abayomi; Awuah, Baffour (1998)
Botswana provides an interesting case study of some issues and challenges in building the human resource capacity necessary for a programme of IT education and training in schools. Present and future education and training options for building capacity are discussed. A framework for building appropriate human resource capacity is also proposed in form of recommendations. The issues and challenges raised in Botswana’s program of IT education and training in schools are not unique to Botswana, and, consequently, the proposed framework can be generalized, with appropriate adaptations, to different contexts in developing countries.
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The status of disability rehabilitation centres in Enugu State, Nigeria: an appraisal - Okeke, Bethel A. (1998)
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The acquisition and application of science process skills and technology by school pupils and workers in the informal sector in Kenya - Okere, Mark I. O. (Egerton Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 1998)
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Proceedings of the Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (22nd, Stellenbosch, South Africa, July 12-17, 1998.) Volume 1. - Olivier, Alwyn; Newstead, Karen (1998)
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Proceedings of the Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (22nd, Stellenbosch, South Africa, July 12-17, 1998). Volume 2. - Olivier, Alwyn; Newstead, Karen (1998)
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Proceedings of the Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (22nd, Stellenbosch, South Africa, July 12-17, 1998). Volume 3. - Olivier, Alwyn; Newstead, Karen (1998)
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Proceedings of the Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (22nd, Stellenbosch, South Africa, July 12-17, 1998.) Volume 4. - Olivier, Alwyn; Newstead, Karen (1998)
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Higher education and the demands of manpower development in the Nigerian manufacturing sector: An empirical study of Enugu and Anambra states - Omeje, Kenneth; Ugwuonah, G. E. (1998)
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Adult Education Research in Africa: A Discourse on West African Initiatives Since 1949 - Omolewa, Michael (Paedagogica Historica, 1998)
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Astronomy Teaching and Research in Nigeria - Onuora, L. I. (Highlights of astronomy, 1998)
Astronomy research and teaching has been actively carried out in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka for the past 20 years and before that, in the Department of Mathematics. Economic problems, lack of recent journals, text books and computing facilities, and very poor communications have made it increasingly difficult for these programmes to continue. Added to these problems there is often unrest in the Universities resulting in frequent closures and almost constant uncertainty about payment of the already poor salaries. It is a wonder that anyone could be even thinking of astronomy.
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Astronomy Teaching and Research in Nigeria - Onuora, L. I. (1998)
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The Underachievement of African American Teachers in Research Methodology Courses: Implications for the Supply of African American School Administrators - Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. (The Journal of Negro education, 1998)
This study compared academic achievement of African American (n = 29) and European American (n= 145) teachers in research methodology courses. It found that African American teachers obtained lower overall course averages compared to White teachers and scored below Whites on research article evaluations, written research proposals, and midterm and final examinations. Effect sizes ranged from 0.60 to 1.37 standard deviations. This suggests that underachievement in research methodology courses may prevent African American teachers from successfully completing their theses and dissertations, thereby restricting numbers of Blacks who subsequently obtain graduate degrees and/or obtain certification for positions as school administrators. The implications of these findings for efforts aimed at increasing numbers of African American school administrators are discussed. INTRODUCTION Students from ethnic minority backgrounds typically have highest poverty rates and highest school dropout rates in United States (Williams, 1992). As such, Aldair (1984) contends that these students need support of teachers from their own cultures who have an understanding of cultural and family customs and behaviors and who can serve as role models for educational attainment. African American students are similar to European American students inasmuch as their performance is affected by teacher perceptions, expectations, and interactions. Unfortunately, however, researchers have found that teachers of students with backgrounds different from their own tend to hold lower expectations for these students' performance and subsequently tend to deliver less praise and positive reinforcement (Hilliard, 1989). Moreover, Aaron and Powell (1982) report that European American teachers provide negative feedback to African American students two-and-one-half times more frequently than do African American teachers. Given that low expectations and negative feedback adversely affect students' performance (Persell, 1977; Rist, 1970), it is not surprising that students of color are disproportionately represented among low-ability groups (Oakes, 1985). Stewart, Meier, and England (1989) assert that because African American teachers frequently share similar racial experiences with African American students, these teachers are more likely to be supportive of African American students who require emotional or cognitive assistance. According to Stewart et al. (1989), African American teachers are less likely to use inappropriate discipline measures on African American students or to conclude that African American students belong in low-ability tracks. For these reasons, England and Meier (1985) conclude that African American teachers can play an important role in improving quality of education provided to African American students. Indeed, Martinez (1991) contends that a shortage of minority teachers could culminate in the underachievement of minority students, provide little incentive for minority students to advance in school, and negatively affect [minority students'] career and life aspirations (p. 24). Currently, approximately 13 million students, or 30% of school-aged population in United States, are ethnic minorities (i.e., Alaskan, Native American, Latino, African American, or Asian American) (Clarke, Nystrom, & Perez, 1996). Minorities in Mississippi, New Mexico, and California now represent majority of children of school age in those states (Quality Education for Minorities Project, 1990). Persons of color constitute majority of students enrolled in 23 of nation's 25 largest school districts (Gay, 1989; Newby & Dorrah, 1993; Villegas, 1991), with most urban school districts being comprised of more than 50% minority students. Demographers predict that by turn of century, students of color will average 46% of school-aged youth nationwide. In stark contrast, proportion of minority teachers is expected to decline from 10% in 1987 to a mere 5% of all U. …
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Study habits skills among African students: the case of Botswana - Onyewadume, Mary Adeola (1998)
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The role of psychological tests in education in South Africa: Issues, controversies, and benefits - Owen, KA (1998)
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Report on the 1997 General Elections in Kenya(ed) (Nairobi, Institute for Education in Democracy, Catholic Justice and Peace Commission and National Council of Churches of Kenya) - Owiti, Maurice D Okech (1998)
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Factors contributing to African Americans graduating high school - Pallotta, Robert (1998)
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Final Report and Recommendations from the Evaluation of Teaching Materials for Lower Primary Education in Mozambique : I. General Issues - Palme, Mikael (1998)
Final Report and Recommendations from the Evaluation of Teaching Materials for Lower Primary Education in Mozambique : I. General Issues
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Textbook usability in Basic Education in Tanzania - Palme, Mikael; Höjlund, Gunilla (1998)
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Survey of current status of distance education in Cameroon - Pecku, N K (1998)
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A study of informal breaches of confidentiality among a sample of South African clinical, counselling, and educational psychologists, in the light of aspects of ethical education and of countertransference phenomena. - Peel, Malcolm (1998)
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AIDS AWARENESS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA - Peltzer, Karl (Psychological Reports, 1998)
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ATTITUDES TOWARD SUICIDE AMONG SOUTH AFRICAN SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS - Peltzer, Karl (Psychological Reports, 1998)
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BRAIN FAG SYMPTOMS IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICAN SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS - Peltzer, Karl (Psychological Reports, 1998)
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Planning and Financing Sustainable Education Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Education Research Paper. Reports. - Penrose, Perran (1998)
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The development of writing competence in Grade Nine Papua New Guinea high school students : an investigation of the relationship between personal history narrative, imagined story narrative and persuasive writing - Phillip, Angie (1998)
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Comments on the Position of School Governing Bodies in Terms of the New South African Schools Act, 1996, with Special Reference to the Admission and Language Policies of Schools - Potgieter, Johanna Maria (1998)
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Milieu deprivation and its implications for education in the Republic of South Africa. - Pretorius, Jack W. M.; J, le Roux (PubMed, 1998)
Due to milieu deficiencies and psychosocial handicaps, some groups are caught in a spiral of poverty and experience serious obstruction to optimal self-actualization and to the achievement of a satisfactory quality of life. This article describes the problem of educating milieu-deprived students in the Republic of South Africa, as well as the implications for educational reform.
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MEASURING LIFE EVENTS IN A SAMPLE OF SOUTH AFRICAN STUDENTS: COMPARISON OF THE LIFE EXPERIENCES SURVEY AND THE SCHEDULE OF RECENT EXPERIENCES - Pretorius, Tyrone B. (Psychological Reports, 1998)
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Participatory Learning in Rural Africa: Towards Better Decisions for Agricultural Development - Pretty, Jules (1998)
Natural and social capital are vital for sustainable agricultural development. But past attempts to improve rural people’s livelihoods have meant that these two types of capital asset have been run down. There are now participatory methodologies, processes and policies that can improve both of these public good capitals. It is possible to increase natural capital. It is possible to develop systems that devolve decision-making. It is possible to make the state more efficient and more responsible. None of this will be easy. Much needs to change at all levels. But where the empirical evidence currently points is to the lowest levels. This is where significant transformations are occurring, and they are affecting higher levels of bureaucracies. It remains to be seen whether governments are able to see this as an opportunity or threat to their power and authority.
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Accommodation and Critique in the School Lives of Six Young African-American Men - Price, Jeremy N. (Curriculum Inquiry, 1998)
This article considers the complex nature of the experiences of school for six young African-American men who were from different social class backgrounds and attended four different schools. Through extended interviews over the course of the 1992–1993 school year, I learned that while all the young men were committed to acquiring a high school diploma, they simultaneously critiqued aspects of their experiences in school. The critique included the disengaging pedagogy and curriculum they experienced in classrooms and the Eurocentric focus of their history curriculum. Notwithstanding the pattern of critique and accommodation among the young men, there was variation in what they chose to critique and accommodate.My examination of the ways in which they critiqued and accommodated school includes a consideration of the different kinds of choices the young men made, the different kinds of futures they imagined for themselves, their different ideas about what was important to know, and their different meanings of success. I argue that their different meanings of school, schooling, and the diploma in a large measure can be explained through examining their differential access to power and privilege, the ways in which they encountered inequality, and the ways in which they experienced the structure and culture of school. I further argue that the intermingling of interconnected systems of race, class, and gender in the context of their daily school lives can be a powerful explainer of the differences, and at times the similarities, in the meanings they made of school.
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Marine pollution assessment near Alexandria, Egypt by Thematic Principal Components (TPC) - Raey, Mohamed El; Ahmed, Syed Ijlal; Korany, E. (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1998)
This work deals with the detection, identification and mapping of different types of pollutants in the marine environment through the application of a refined image processing technique. The technique is based on the use of already available information on each theme. Classification routines, based on selection of training areas and application of thematic principal components (TPC) analysis, are carried out. The procedure, results, and accuracy testing are presented and discussed. Application to the problem of identification of pollution in Lake Maryout, Egypt, is presented using SPOT images. Results indicate better separability and higher accuracy than traditional techniques.
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Themes for Discussion:The Literature of Southern Africa in the Language Classroom - Railsback, Joel Dabney (愛知県立大学外国語学部紀要 言語・文学編, 1998)
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An investigation into the social identity of the South African deaf community : implications for the education of deaf learners. - Ram, Ansuya. (1998)
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The epidemiology of injuries in South African high school soccer players - Ramathesele, Jonas Ramorwesi (1998)
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From Orthodoxy to Orthodoxy: The Study of Education at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, 1910–1980 - Randall, P. J. (Paedagogica Historica, 1998)
(1998). From Orthodoxy to Orthodoxy: The Study of Education at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, 1910–1980. Paedagogica Historica: Vol. 34, History of Educational Studies, pp. 163-173.
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German Language Instruction at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and the Future of German in (African) American Higher Education. - Rankin, Walter (1998)
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Why do girls in Botswana senior secondary schools under-achieve in science?: perceptions of pre-entry science course students at the University of Botswana - Ray, Howard N. (Mosenodi, 1998)
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Sexual Behavior, Knowledge of HIV Transmission and HIV Seroprevalence Among College Students in N'Djamena, Chad - Richard, Vincent; Belingar, F. Vounki; Boyer, Jessica; Koyalta, Donato (1998)
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African Education in Colonial Mozambique - Rita-Ferreira, António (1998)
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Training in food processing technologies in Peru; Fruit processing training in South Africa - Rodriguez, Carmen; Colquichagua, Diana; Rodriguez, Daniel; Heijster, Pim; Rios, Walter; Isaacs, J.; Moggee, Laetitia; Fourie, Pieter (1998)
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Developing entrepreneurship through education in Southern Africa - Ronan, Nessan J. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1998)
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Education for the Environment in the Post-Apartheid South African School System: An Overview. - Rooyen, Van (International Journal of Environmental Education and Information, 1998)
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Getting Books to School Pupils in Africa - Rosenberg, Diana; Radebe, Thuli; Sidibé, Amadou Békaye; Amaral, Wanda do; Odini, Cephas (1998)
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Getting books to school pupils in Africa. Case studies from Ghana and Tanzania. - Rosenberg, Duška; Sidibé, Amadou Békaye; Radebe, Thuli; Amaral, Wanda do; Odini, Cephas (1998)
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Variability of initial growth, water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in seedlings of Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev., a multipurpose tree of semi-arid Africa. Provenance and drought effects - Roupsard, Olivier; Joly, Hélène; Dreyer, Erwin (Annales des sciences forestières, 1998)
The panafrican provenances of #Faidherbia albida# display contrasting growth and survival rates in semi-arid zones of western Africa, when they are compared in multi-local field trials. In order to identify some potential causes for such differences, we recorded the genetic variability of ecophysiological traits (including water-use efficiency, W, and carbon isotope discrimination, A) in seven provenances from contrasting habitats of western and south-eastern Africa. Provenance and drought effects were tested on potted seedlings in a greenhouse. After 6 months, the total dry mass of the well-irrigated seedlings ranged from 31 to 86 g, and the total water-use from 8 to 18 kg. Both initial growth and water consumption were strongly correlated with leaf area. We displayed a significant inter-provenance variability, and exhibited the highest values in the south-east African provenances, which were the most vigourous, but also presented the poorest survival rates in field trials. It was negatively con-elated with the leaf-to-total dry mass ratio, LMR, and to A. The mild drought significantly reduced gas-exchange rates, leaf area, growth, water-use, specific leaf area, and A in all provenances. It also increased the intrinsic water-use efficiency, A/g, and the root-to-total dry mass ratio, but did not affect W or LMR. No provenance x drought interaction was found in any variable. The initial rate of leaf area establishment probably plays a major role in explaining the contrasting water-use strategies of the provenances. (Resume d'auteur)
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DROUGHT AVOIDANCE BY ASYNCHRONOUS FLOWERING IN PEARL MILLET STANDS CULTIVATED ON-FARM AND ON-STATION IN NIGER - Rouw, Anneke de; Winkel, Thierry (Experimental Agriculture, 1998)
The effects of pre-flowering drought on millet were studied in two experiments, an on-station, dry-season trial under irrigation and an on-farm trial where drought was induced by natural rainfall regimes (one wet, two dry years). The on-station experimental conditions were adjusted to those of Sahel farms, particularly through low plant density, low soil fertility and an irrigation regime that simulated the natural rainfall pattern. The replanting (5–10%) of missing hills in the on-farm trial increased stand variance significantly, whereas small quantities of applied N reduced it. Grain yield and grain number were equally seriously affected by drought in both experiments; yields were 700–800 kg ha −1 in the control years compared with 200–300 kg ha −1 in drought years. Both experiments showed sub-populations of early-, intermediate- and late-flowering millet plants. Fertile tillers were concentrated in the group of early-flowering plants. Only this group when subjected to moisture stress could secure part of the grain production by delaying, to a maximum of 18 d, the development of fertile tillers beyond the period of stress. Later-flowering plants, mostly uniculm, would be either sterile or unaffected by drought, depending on the exact coincidence of panicle development and drought. Drought did not alter the number of fertile hills per stand, because earlier- or later-flowering plants in the same hill compensated for sterile plants. The period of flowering in a stand was stretched over 40–45 d independently of drought, and this occurred both in the on-station experiment comprising 19 plants per treatment and in the on-farm experiment comprising about 700 hills. Although stand variance was reduced by better crop management and resulted in more fertile hills, more panicles per hill, and taller hills of more uniform height, the spread in flowering period of the millet population tended to be unaffected. Stand variability therefore appeared to be of paramount importance in accounting for drought avoidance.
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Adult learning through religious music in an African American church - Rowland, Michael L. (1998)
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The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American high school and college students - Rowley, Stephanie J. (1998)
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The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American high school and college students - Rowley, Stephanie J. (Deep Blue (University of Michigan), 1998)
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The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students. - Rowley, Stephanie J.; Sellers, Robert M.; Chavous, Tabbye M.; Smith, Mia A. (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998)
The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity was used to examine the relationship between racial identity and personal self-esteem (PSE) in a sample of African American college students (n = 173) and a sample of African American high school students (n = 72). Racial identity was assessed using the Centrality and Regard scales of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, whereas the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to assess PSE. Four predictions were tested: (a) racial centrality is weakly but positively related to PSE; (b) private regard is moderately related to PSE; (c) public regard is unrelated to PSE; and (d) racial centrality moderates the relationship between private regard and PSE. Multiple regression analysis found that racial centrality and public racial regard were unrelated to PSE in both samples. Private regard was positively related to PSE in the college sample. Racial centrality moderated the relationship between private regard and PSE in both samples, such that the relationship was significant for those with high levels of centrality but nonsignificant for those with low levels.
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Education in the Development of Tanzania, 1919-1990 - Roy-Campbell, Zaline M.; Buchert, Lene (African Economic History, 1998)
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The needs and challenges of Information Systems education — the case of Nigerian Universities - Ruohonen, Mikko; Adelakun, Olayele (1998)
Inadequate human resource capacity for IT development militates against effective IT adoption and utilisation in developing countries. Educational institutions play key roles in providing intellectual resources for society. Many of the organisational, management and development issues which are included in Information Systems (IS) education are not represented in the curricula of higher education institutions in developing countries. Our study examines the Nigerian perspective as one representative example of African IS university education, and examines the level and quality of IS education in Nigerian federal universities as well as the cuniculum development challenges.
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Gender vs. socio-economic status and school location differences in grade 6 reading literacy in five African countries - Saito, Makina (Studies in Educational Evaluation, 1998)
The importance of reading literacy as a foundation for academic success is widely acknowledged. What is less well understood is why gender patterns in reading literacy emerge so early and continue throughout learners’ educational careers. This paper adds to this literature by investigating the gender patterns of reading literacy (why girls outperform boys) in South African primary schools and whether changes in the schooling system can result in favourable changes in this gender reading gap. Compatible with international trends, girls in primary schools were significantly better readers than boys during the period of investigation. We found strong links between material and human resources and achievement in reading. The link between increased resource availability and improved educational outcomes was stronger for girls than for boys and therefore increased the female academic advantage. This finding remained consistent across socioeconomic levels. The implication is that either the school resources available in South African primary schools are more suitable for teaching girls how to read or that girls appear to be able to make use of the available resources more effectively to improve reading. Policy interpretations are discussed in the context of improved resourcing of schools.
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Changing Lives in Changing Times: Preservice Teacher Education in Postapartheid South Africa - Samuel, Michael (TESOL Quarterly, 1998)
* This conceptual analysis addresses some of the challenges of preparing English language teachers during the reconstruction and development of the South African education system in the postapartheid society (after 1994). The legacy of the apartheid education system and its impact on language teaching and learning are the backdrop to the policy initiatives promulgated in 1997. The article describes what it means to educate teachers in a transforming society. The response to the problems of apartheid school education is to develop teachers who can view themselves critically as products of separatist ideologies within the school and the society and as agents for the achievement of new, liberating ideologies of teaching and learning languages within their (future) classrooms. In this way, teacher education can contribute to the renewal of the education system and the society in general.
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Development of health promoting schools in Papua New Guinea - Saweri, Wila (Australian journal of nutrition and dietetics, 1998)
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Inclusiveness and participation in discourses of educational governance in South Africa - Sayed, Yusuf; Carrim, Nazir (International Journal of Inclusive Education, 1998)
The abolition of apartheid has, for the first time, made it possible for South Africa to enter into discourses of inclusiveness on all levels of society: constitutionally, legislatively and in terms of policies and processes of implementation. Given the white supremacist and exclu‐sivist nature of apertheid, current transformation processes are explicitly aimed at redressing the imbalances and inequities caused by apartheid iself. The new Constitution of the Republic of South Africa is a clear testimony to this. Given the inclusiveness of the new Constitution, current legislations, policies and mechanisms of and for implementation attempt to realize such inclusiveness in the actual lives of all South Africans, across all social spheres. This paper focuses particularly on the educational sphere and analyses the extent to which the recently (1996) adopted South African Schools Act (SASA) is inclusive, how it frames inclusiveness and problems and prospects within it. Using SASA as the basis for our discussion, we argue that inclusiveness is inextricably tied to discourses about democracy, which privilege the notion of participation, through which it is assumed inclusiveness will be achieved in ways that are considered to be appropriate. We demonstrate that rather than actually realizing the full extent of inclusiveness made possible by the new Constitution, SASA circumscribes such inclusiveness in ways that may potentially marginalize the historically marginalized in South Africa (inter alia, black, working‐class and rural people), and rather than redressing past inequities, may perpetuate and further exacerbate them.
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Leprosy and disability control in the Guéra Prefecture of Chad, Africa: do women have access to leprosy control services? - Schäfer, Johannes (Leprosy review, 1998)
In a retrospective study, data from the Guéra Leprosy and Disability Control Project in Chad, covering the years from 1992 to 1996, were analysed in order to determine whether there was any indication that the quality of care provided to female leprosy sufferers is inferior to the care provided for male patients. Data from a total of 741 patient registered for MDT, of whom 351 were newly diagnosed cases, are presented and discussed. The data indicate that women have access to diagnosis and treatment and health education. They do not present for treatment later than men, disability rates are lower and they have slightly higher treatment completion rates. Both women and men benefit from footwear and loan programs. More women than men are involved in patient self-help groups. The study shows that in this part of central Chad, there is no evidence of disadvantage for women with leprosy in either diagnosis, treatment or follow-up, but more qualitative data is needed to confirm these findings.
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Learning from Rwanda: Addressing the Global Institutional Stalemate in Refugee Crises - Schafer, Leslie E (Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 1998)
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Learning throughout life in a changing Society - The Challenges in Namibia - Schemmann, Michael (Internationales Jahrbuch der Erwachsenenbildung, 1998)
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Learning to talk about space. The acquisition of Dutch as a second language by Moroccan and Turkish adults - Schenning, Saskia (1998)
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The Value of Methylprednisolone in the Treatment of an Experimental Sensorineural Hearing Loss Following Drill-induced Ossicular Chain Injury: A Randomized, Blinded Study in Guinea-Pigs - Schneider, W.; Gjurić, Mislav; Katalinic, A; Buhr, Wolfgang; Wolf, Stephan (Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1998)
In a previously established animal model a standardized drill-induced injury to the body of the incus was applied, and the effects on hearing were characterized by electrocochleography. In a placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded study methylprednisolone showed no protective effect in reducing or improving the auditory threshold shifts, which occurred within seconds after drilling and remained stable throughout the 5-week observation period. Therefore the otologic surgeon must pay close attention to avoiding any contact of a rotating burr with an ossicle in an intact ossicular chain.
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Education and training of water practitioners in South Africa: Needs and programmes - Schutte, C. F. (Water Science and Technology, 1998)
South Africa is facing severe water supply and water quality problems as a result of its limited water resources and other complicating factors. Adequately educated and trained water practitioners are needed to address these problems to ensure economic prosperity and a reasonable standard of living for all South Africans. Training and education needs are analysed in this paper and available programmes and initiatives to deliver the water practitioners needed are discussed. The main areas where training and education is needed include education at community level to educate local water committee members and community support personnel; training of technical staff to operate and maintain water treatment and supply schemes; and education of high-level scientists and engineers to develop new technologies, to improve performance, design and management of processes, plant and projects.
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Lifelong education: the case of Tanzania - Seckwao, N.V. (1998)
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Participatory Appropriation of Health Science and Technology: A Case Study of Innovation in Basic Education in a Rural District of Zambia - Serpell, Robert; Mwape, Gertrude (African Social Research, 1998)
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UNEP/GEF Climate Change Study in Lesotho – Project Number GF/2200-96-16: Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory Report for the Base Year 1994 - Services, Lesotho Meteorological (1998)
This report of the inventory of emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases is an initiative towards meeting Lesotho s obligation under article 4 of the Convention.
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Outcome of ruptured uterus at University Teaching Hospital Aleppo, Syria - Sh, Bakour; Nassif, B; Ec, Nwosu (Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1998)
A 10-year review of ruptured gravid uterus at the University Teaching Hospital, Aleppo, Syria showed an incidence of one ruptured uterus in 565 deliveries. This is an average figure compared with published studies but is still high compared with developed countries. Sixty-four per cent of the cases of ruptured uterus had no antenatal care. It is no surprise therefore that maternal and fetal mortality was highest amongst the unbooked labouring women. In survivors the morbidity was also higher. Ruptured uterus is therefore a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity in Syria. The overall hospital maternal and perinatal mortalities for the period under review were 4.3% and 2.6% respectively. The main risk factor identified is scarring from previous caesarean sections. Other risk factors are discussed.
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"I Studied with the Nuns, Learning to Make Blouses": Gender Ideology and Colonial Education in Mozambique - Sheldon, Kathleen (International Journal of African Historical Studies, 1998)
Testimony from Mozambican garment workers and nurses about how they valued their own experiences of colonial mission schooling represents one aspect of the complex ideologies related to domestic science education for African women.' Criticism of the gender bias of such programs ignores the reality that some women were able to use that education to enter into new arenas of work during and after the colonial era. In this paper I will examine the history of girls' education in colonial Mozambique in order to better explain the opportunities for schooling offered to African families and the choices they made for their daughters. Portuguese colonial officials and mission teachers believed that education was an opportunity to improve Mozambican women, and some Mozambican girls and women also saw schooling as a route to better lives. Yet very few boys or girls were able to attend any school, so that at the end of colonialism Mozambique had an exceptionally high rate of illiteracy.2 In that larger context, girls had fewer opportunities than boys to attend school regularly, and the girls' curriculum featured a gender-differentiated course of study that emphasized domestic science skills. It might appear that the introduction of Western ideas about female domesticity would bring restrictions to women who previously had had the primary responsibility for agricultural production in their communities. However, that approach discounts the fact that some girls greatly valued the benefits accruing from their education. In particular, women in an advantageous class position were able to
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Education as a site of political struggle in Sierra Leone - Shepler, Susan (Antropológicas, 1998)
This article investigates the example of a state-funded secondary school in colonial Sierra Leone to get at the natutre of political struggles over education and over knowledge, power, and identity more broadly. Bo School was formed as a school for indigenous chiefs' sons and intended to create a more modern chieftancy to aid in British indirect rule. However, the participants remade the school to suit their own strategic goals. The essay problematizes a simplistic notion of school as a manipulable machine for the skill and knowledge transfer and rather situates the institution historically and politically in everyday practice. Connections are mode to the ongoing civil war in the region.
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The analysis of anti-racist perspectives and policies of the new education dispensation in South Africa - Shezi, Nomusa Hottentia (1998)
Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment ofthe requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in the Department of Philosophy of Education at the University of Zululand, 1998.
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Guest Editorial: Raising a Village: White Male Teachers as Role Models for African American Male Students - Shreffler, Michael R. (1998)
An African proverb says, It takes an entire village to raise a child. I first heard this proverb a few years ago when I began my secondary school teaching career at a virtually all-Black high school in the Everglades region of Florida. Since that time, I have often pondered the question, But who will raise the village? In the United States, most of our impoverished inner-city villages lack the qualities necessary for raising healthy, well-balanced children who are adequately prepared to meet life's challenges in positive, constructive ways. All too often the youth brought up in these settings find themselves in the midst of violence (domestic and otherwise), illiteracy, and poverty. Too many of these communities' young men lay dead in the streets riddled with bullet holes, while too many of their young ladies are strapped with two or three children by the age of 18. These young people often believe that somehow they can magically escape this negative realm and make new lives for themselves. More often than not, however, many of them emerge from high school (if they make it that far) with no clue as to how to achieve this or any other of their life goals. Those who do escape frequently find their ways back to the urban havoc in which they grew up, simply because they could not cope with the almost-foreignlike norms and expectations of the larger society. A few-a very few-do make it out, and when they do, they often vow never to return to the villages that were once their homes. Growing up in a dysfunctional or abusive home and / or community can have a devastating effect on children. Couple this with a lack of self-esteem, a lack of belief in one's ability to succeed, the absence of positive role models, and an abundance of negative role models-and the equation results in an often deadly mix, especially for poor African American males. For these latter youth in particular, stable male role models are almost nonexistent; indeed, some have called such Black men an endangered species (Gibbs, 1988). According to Louv (1993), more than one half of the babies born in the United States in the 1990s can expect to live in a home where the female is the head of the household. In nearly 40% of these cases, the children have not seen their fathers in over a year. Louv further notes that men between the ages of 20 and 49 spend about seven years living with their children, a 50% decline over the past 30 years. Given these dismal statistics, the probability of a poor, urban young Black male having a stable adult male role model in his life seems slim. When these boys and young men turn to the schools, they find very few males there, either. Female teachers make up 70% of public and 78% of private school instructors, while 86% of elementary school teachers and 61% of middle school teachers are women (McNergney & Herbert, 1995). In Palm Beach County, Florida, the 15th largest school district in the nation, of 3,056 elementary school teachers, only 345 are males (Profile, 1998). The field evens out slightly in the high school setting, but not much; of 2,889 secondary school teachers, 1,134 are men. Only slightly more than one-third of all Palm Beach County's school-based administrators are men, and more females than males are assuming administrative roles. Respectable men from the African American community and society at large must step forward to fill vital role model positions for at-risk Black male youth. Male teachersBlack, White, and other-are in the most opportunistic position to do so, yet few Black men presently serve as teachers in inner-city schools. Thus, many would beg the question, Can White male teachers serve as positive role models for African American male students? The answer to this question, in my view, is a resounding Certainly!-if they are men of integrity in their own homes and communities, if they are willing to step into this critical role, and if they are willing to take the risks associated with doing so. …
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Rainfall variability, drought and implications of its impacts on Zambia, 1886-1996 - Sichingabula, Henry M. (IAHS-AISH publication, 1998)
The theory of runs was used in the investigation of frequency of occurrence, duration, magnitude and severity of drought in 46 districts of Zambia, 1886-1996. The 30-year normal rainfall was used as the threshold for drought occurrence with most analyses restricted to the 1921-1970 period. Analysis revealed that rainfall variability, indicated by increasing 11-year coefficients of variation (CVs) for selected stations and decreasing rainfall trends observed in southern Zambia after 1975, was not extraordinary as similar conditions were experienced before the turn of 19th century. What was new, however, is that the decreasing rainfall after 1975 seems to be related to the accelerated global warming associated with anthropogenic activities. Implications of impacts of drought were assessed from scenarios of drought occurrence under the threat of rising global warming. Various drought adaptation measures are discussed. It is concluded that, in Zambia drought is a chronic phenomenon which requires pre-planned measures for minimizing its impacts.
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Developing training for the Namibian fishing industry - Simataa, S. (Namibia Brief, 1998)
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Volcanic caves of East Africa - an overview - Simons, Jim W. (International Journal of Speleology, 1998)
Numerous Tertiary to recent volcanoes are located in East Africa. Thus, much of the region is made up volcanic rock, which hosts the largest and greatest variety of East Africas caves. Exploration of volcanic caves has preoccupied members of Cave Exploration Group of East Africa (CEGEA) for the past 30 years. The various publications edited by CEGEA are in this respect a treasure troves of speleological information. In the present paper an overview on the most important volcanic caves and areas are shortly reported.
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Memory and Becoming Chosen Other; Fundamentalist Elite-Making in a Zambian Catholic Mission School - Simpson, Anthony; Werbner, Richard (1998)
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Teaching About Technology and African American History - Sinclair, Bruce (OAH Magazine of History, 1998)
Teaching About Technology and African American History Bruce Sinclair Bruce Sinclair Bruce Sinclair is a historian, recently retired from the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he was Melvin Kranzberg Professor of the History of Technology. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar OAH Magazine of History, Volume 12, Issue 2, Winter 1998, Pages 14–17, https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/12.2.14 Published: 01 January 1998
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Teaching gender in English literature at a South African secondary school in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) - Singh, Naveen (1998)
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A survey of primary school educators' attitudes towards child sexual abuse in a South African black community. - Sithole, Njabulo Bongekile. (1998)
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EDUCATIONAL GOALS OF EDUCATORS AND TEACHERS IN SOUTH AFRICA - Skuy, Mervyn (Psychological Reports, 1998)
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Closing the gap between face‐to‐face and distance learning: The South African challenge - Smith, Elizabeth; Smith, John (Tertiary Education and Management, 1998)
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An evaluation of the 'Into Science' programme and materials designed by the Open University, using perceptions of South African Colleges of Education students taking this programme. - Sokhela, Nompumelelo Kitty Hellen. (1998)
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Improving the teaching and learning of science and technology in South Africa : congruence between North West science teachers and science Expo students - Sokopo, Zoleka N (1998)
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Training of manpower management officers and local government reform programme in Tanzania: problems and prospects - Sola, Nazar; Njunwa, M. (1998)
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A historical analysis of religious education in Malawi with a focus on specific institutions - Spencer, Stephen T. (1998)
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Bend the saplin' : a language-literacy approach for academic achievement among African-American high school students - Stallworth, Corsandra (1998)
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How stereotypes influence the standardized test performance of talented African American students - Steele, CM; Aronson, Joshua (1998)
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An examination of the characteristics associated with at-risk African-American students experiencing success in high school mathematics - Stemn, Blidi S. (1998)
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Minority group education in South Africa: a comparative perspective - Steyn, Hennie; Vanderstraeten, Raf (South African Journal of Education, 1998)
Education provision according to the particular needs of minority groups is internationally recognised as one of their most important rights. Two principles guide education provision for minority groups, namely that of non-discrimination and that of differential treatment. In this article it is indicated that in, for example, Belgium and other European states the implementation of these principles resulted in the establishment of own schools, with state support, because of ethnical, religious, or cultural differences, It is also indicated that planning instruments exist in Belgium to ensure the cost-effective feasibility of these schools. It is evident from a brief analysis of the South African situation that South African minorities can also expect state support to establish their own schools. Measures should, however, be taken to make sure that these schools constitute a way of differentiation without discrimination. The effective provision in the particular educational needs of minority groups will rather promote than harm national unity.
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An Historical Reflection on the Paradigm Shift in Philosophy of Education as a Discipline: A South African Perspective - Steyn, Johann C. (Paedagogica Historica, 1998)
(1998). An Historical Reflection on the Paradigm Shift in Philosophy of Education as a Discipline: A South African Perspective. Paedagogica Historica: Vol. 34, History of Educational Studies, pp. 265-274.
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Project Sediba: a programme for upgrading physical science and mathematics teachers in Southern Africa - Steyn, Pieter; Wesi, Rufus (Chemistry international, 1998)
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A New Direction for Religious Education in South Africa? The Proposed New RE Policy - Stonier, J. (Journal for the Study of Religion, 1998)
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The Influence of Integrated and De Facto Segregated Schools on the Racial Attitudes of White Students toward African Americans. - Strefling, Amy J. (1998)
The relationship between the existence of integrated and de facto segregated public schools and the racial attitudes of White students toward African Americans was studied by comparing the attitudes of white college freshman from racially integrated or de facto segregated public high schools. The Multifactor Racial Attitude Inventory (MRAI), developed by J. Woodmansee and S. Cook (1967), was used to study the attitudes of 64 graduates of integrated schools and 64 graduates of de facto segregated schools. Students experiencing a de facto segregated public school education held less favorable attitudes toward African Americans than students who experienced an integrated public school education. While it is not possible for educators to control where people live, they can provide the opportunity for chiidren cs; -tual1y-integra-tedse-tngthat_prqm1otes cultural acceptance and racial harmony. Ten appendixes contain the cover letters and questionnaires used in the study. (Contains 2 figures, 4 tables, and 93 references.) (SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** The Influence of Integrated and De Facto Segregated Schools on the Racial Attitudes of White Students Toward African Americans 1998 University Council for Administration Convention St. Louis, Missouri PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY ArN6 U1vv TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 Amy J. Strefling Arizona State University U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) a This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. CI Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Birsgir COPY AVAHABLE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY
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Towards an Inclusive Democratic Educational Theory and Practice in South Africa: Mediating Individualism and Collectivism, Difference and Commonality - Subotzky, George (1998)
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Language Policy in Education and the Future of Indigenous Languages in Post-Apartheid South Africa - Sukumane, Joyce B.G. (1998)
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The Epic of Sundiata: Using African Literature in the Classroom. - Sullivan, Margaret Lo Piccolo (Social Education, 1998)
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Promoting Girls' Education in Africa: The Design and Implementation of Policy Interventions - Swainson, Nicola; Bendera, Stella J.; Gordon, Rosemary; Kadzamira, Esme (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
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The transformation of teacher education in Namibia : the development of reflective practice - Swarts, Patricia Sophy (1998)
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The challenge of university training in the new South Africa: an outsider's perspective - Switzer, Les (Scrutiny2, 1998)
(1998). The challenge of university training in the new South Africa: an outsider's perspective. Scrutiny2: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 3-19.
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Pedagogical styles as paradigms: towards an analytical framework for understanding classroom practice in Botswana - Tabulawa, Richard (Mosenodi, 1998)
This paper argues that this technicist approach to the problem of pedagogical change is simplistic and inadequate since it disregards fundamental questions relating to the value assumptions inherent in the two pedagogical paradigms-teacher-centredness and learner-centredness. These are informed by incongruent epistemological assumptions. To expect teachers and students to easily move from one to the other is necessarily to expect them to make a paradigm shift which is never easy.
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Improving Drought Management and Planning through Better Monitoring in Africa - Tadesse, Tsegaye (1998)
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Phenology and mortality of common woody plants during and after severe drought in south-eastern Zimbabwe. - Tafangenyasha, Clifford (Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific Association, 1998)
The phenological patterns of 14 woody species that are common components of deciduous woodland in a southern African lowveld region were studied in the Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Biweekly assessments of the number of leaf buds, young, mature and dead leaves, flower buds, open flowers, unripe and ripe fruits showed a gradual deterioration in the food supply in a season of low rainfall. Production of vegetation followed a simila, but less marked, pattern of environmental variation. The tree population in the major vegetation types declined because a large proportion of the woody species was killed during the 1991-92 drought. This suggests that climatic extremes are more important to plants than the average conditions. Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific AssociationVolume 72 1998, pp. 1-6
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Sexual activity of out-of-school youth, and their knowledge and attitude about STDs and HIV/AIDS in Southern Ethiopia - Taffa, Negussie (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 1998)
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey on sexual activity of out-of-school youth (15-24 years), and their knowledge and attitude towards STDs and HIV/AIDS was done in Awassa in June 1995. Most (94.4%) study subjects knew about HIV/AIDS, whereas, a lesser proportion of them knew the common STDs other than HIV/AIDS. Few of them were aware that the two are inter-related, one facilitating the transmission of the other. Forty-nine percent of the respondents (mean age 17+2 years) claimed to have started sex before the study date. Of these, 27.6% reported condom use during their most recent coitus. Thirty-six percent of the sexually active subjects admitted to have had more than one sex partner during the past 6 months (mean = 2.9+2). Lack of adequate knowledge, being careless often times, fear that condom will reduce sexual excitement, and pressure from sex partners appeared to be the common reasons for less use of condom during sex. The majority (91.0%) agreed that sex education and family life education for young people should be started early in life; in fact a quarter of them suggested as early as 10-12 years. It was concluded that out-of-school youth are sexually active; a considerable number of the sexually active are not practicing safe sex; and even if they have information about HIV/AIDS and STDs, it was not strong enough to bring about any significant behavioral change. This warrants the need for a continued expansion of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) linked with services to the youth, particularly the out-of-school youth which are at a higher risk. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1998;12(1):17-22]
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A generation in transition : understanding stress-related disorders in African black university students - Taljaard-Plaut, Janet; Strauss, Rosanna (Psycho-analytic Psychotherapy in South Africa, 1998)
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Education with production programs and attitudinal change: the Tanzanian experience - Tema, E.B. (Papers in Education and Development, 1998)
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How do we get a better school in the Gambia? : an evaluation of the work of the Gambiagrupperna in the Gambia - Thelin, Jakob (1998)
How do we get a better school in the Gambia? : an evaluation of the work of the Gambiagrupperna in the Gambia
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The correlates of low nutritional status among 7–8 year old school going children in Eldama Ravine, Kenya - Toroitich‐Ruto, Cathy (International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 1998)
It has been recognised that malnutrition is a major cause of death among young children in many developing countries, and the fourth major cause of death among pre-schoolchildren in Kenya (Jansen et al 1987, Pollitt 1990). Children deprived of an adequate diet do not grow or learn well, and they do not develop important social skills and effective responses. The well-being of the citizens of a country includes good nutritional status and has to be viewed therefore as a measure of development.An extensive literature review showed a similarity in factors affecting nutritional status (Wenlock 1980, Carloni 1985, Goldstein 1971, Walingo 1990). This paper is based on findings from a field study carried out among 7–8 year old schoolchildren in Eldama Ravine, Baringo district, Kenya. The results revealed that 19.8% of the children in the survey were stunted (anthropometry) and the dietary food survey showed that 43% of the children had total energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate and calcium below the recommended values. Correlation analysis of anthropometry and dietary survey showed that 9.4% of the subjects were malnourished.The significant contribution of this work is the coordinations deduced from the field work between the proven incidence of malnutrition and a range of socio-economic, cultural and demographic factors. This work contributed to an identification of specific aspects (ethnic group, storage facility for storing non-perishable food, boiling drinking water, house ownership and type of house) deemed responsible for differences in nutritional status. The outcome of this study provides a basis for policy intervention measures that government officials can use for planning purposes.
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Evaluation of a Learner-Produced Photocomic in South Africa - Toroyan, Tamitza; Reddy, Priscilla (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1998)
The use of participatory research in developing culturally appropriate health promotion media is now universally recognized. However, although much has been written with respect to the effects of this process on the participants themselves, little evaluation has been conducted on their effectiveness with the larger target group. The photocomic "Between Us" was produced with South African youth to address the issue of communications as it relates to safe sex and non-violent conflict resolution. This article considers its qualitative evaluation. The article first addresses the theory behind the comic's development, and its objectives. It then examines the qualitative results with respect to these objectives: the evaluation showed the comic to be successful in that it elicited identification among youth with the comic's characters and issues presented. This type of medium offers much potential as a Health Promotion tool to be used in educational settings.
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Planning for Drought in Mozambique: Balancing the Roles of Food Aid and Food Markets - Tschirley, David L. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
This paper first traces the progress the country has made in food security during the past five years, focusing on the role that markets have played in improving food access for households. It then highlights the enormous challenges the country continues to face in this regard before turning to the issue of planning for drought in 1998 and succeeding years. It draws heavily from the 1992 experience in Mozambique, and emphasizes the need to rethink emergency and commercial food aid response to protect the progress already achieved in the private food marketing system and encourage its further development.
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Training Rural Doctors: The Seychelles Experience and Curriculum - Udonwa, Katharine; Shamloye, C (South African Family Practice, 1998)
The Republic of Seychelles, located in the Indian Ocean, comprises 115 islands spread over 400 000km, with a total land area of only 444km. 99,6% of the total estimated population of 76 417 live on the three main islands of Mah6, Praslin and La Digue.
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Training Rural Doctors: The Seychelles Experience and Curriculum - Udonwa, Katharine; Shamloye, C (South African Family Practice, 1998)
The Republic of Seychelles, located in the Indian Ocean, comprises 115 islands spread over 400 000km, with a total land area of only 444km. 99,6% of the total estimated population of 76 417 live on the three main islands of Mah6, Praslin and La Digue.
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Philosophy of Education as a Means to Educate Humanity in a Diverse South Africa - Venter, Elza (1998)
In pre-democratic South Africa, people never learned to listen to the stories of their fellow human beings because that was seen as a threat rather than a challenge. With the long-awaited political and constitutional changes taking place, a different societal structure is being established and a new democratic value system formally and officially being embraced. It would, however, be naive to imagine that policy changes would transform deeply-rooted attitudes, practices and existing structures overnight. The change into a democratic society does not mean, unfortunately, that a political, social and educational utopia is being created instantly. All learners will have to develop the skills, knowledge competence and attitudes to function effectively in a culturally diverse society. It will require a major paradigm shift from most educators, philosophers of education, and teacher trainers, as well as parents. I will argue for a pluralistic, problem-centered approach to teacher education and training that would be helpful in educating students to respect others and diversity.
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Health Promoting Schools In South Africa: Needs And Prospects - Vergnani, Tania; Filsher, Alan J.; Lazarus, Sandy; Reddy, Priscilla; James, Shamagonam (Southern African journal of child and adolescent mental health, 1998)
Abstract This paper discusses the need for health promoting schools in South Africa and presents an overview of the present situation in this regard. It further examines priorities for the future and identifies strategies for creating health promoting schools in South Africa. These strategies include: advocacy; inter-sectoral collaboration; rationalisation of existing services; a holistic approach to health; “whole school development”; lifeskills education; addressing the attitudes and practice of education and health personnel; community participation; research; and the development of demonstration programmes.
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The Rights and Duties of Pupils (Learners): Some Basic South African Principles - Visser, P.J. (1998)
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Teaching practice at the University of Botswana: an analysis of outcomes for the 1998 PGDE cohort - Vlaardingerbroek, B. (Mosenodi, 1998)
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Recent historical climate change and its effect on land use in the eastern part of West Africa - Voortman, R.L. (Physics and chemistry of the earth, 1998)
There are indications that low rainfall, drought periods and famine become more frequent in West Africa. This may in part be a rather early expression of the effect of global warming but it is very likely that local factors such as drastic changes in land cover due to expanded cultivated area, as required by a growing population, play an important role. Before studying the causative mechanisms of climate change, it first needs to be established that climate did indeed change significantly, and if so, its nature, extent and magnitude have to be quantified. To this effect time series of annual rainfall (1950–1992) for 42 synoptic climate stations in eastern West Africa, covering 5 countries, were analyzed. The data were subjected to several statistical tests for the entire time series and parts thereof. The outcomes were interpolated in a GIS environment to assess the spatial pattern of change. The time series and spatial analysis reveals that climate change is indeed significant in the northern part of the study area and that the degree of change shows a spatial pattern that can be related to the weather system in combination with topography. A remarkable feature is that the change in rainfall is not a gradual one, but consists of a trend break with zero trend before and after the break. This is unexpected because it might imply that causal factors have to be sought under those that do not change gradually. The year of occurrence of the break is around 1970 but varies in time, again according to a geographic pattern. The reduction of rainfall shortens the length of the growing period (LGP) and has a considerable impact on potential crop yields and their variability. The paper shows the serious implications of recent historical climate change for land use in the semi-arid region of West Africa.
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Recent historical climate change and its effect on land use in the Eastern part of West Africa - Voortman, R.L. (Physics and Chemistry of The Earth Part A-solid Earth and Geodesy, 1998)
There are indications that low rainfall, drought periods and famine become more frequent in West Africa. This may in part be a rather early expression of the effect of global warming but it is very likely that local factors such as drastic changes in land cover due to expanded cultivated area, as required by a growing population, play an important role. Before studying the causative mechanisms of climate change, it first needs to be established that climate did indeed change significantly, and if so, its nature, extent and magnitude have to be quantified. To this effect time series of annual rainfall (1950-1992) for 42 synoptic climate stations in eastern West Africa, covering 5 countries, were analyzed. The data were subjected to several statistical tests for the entire time series and parts thereof. The outcomes were interpolated in a GIS environment to assess the spatial pattern of change. The time series and spatial analysis reveals that climate change is indeed significant in the northern part of the study area and that the degree of change shows a spatial pattern that can be related to the weather system in combination with topography. A remarkable feature is that the clmnge in rainfall is not a gradual one, but consists of a trend break with zero trend before and after the break. This is unexpected because it might imply that causal factors have to be sought under those that do not change gradually. The year of occurrence of the break is around 1970 but varies in time, again according to a geographic pattern. The reduction of rainfall shortens the length of the growing period (LGP) and has a considerable impact on potential crop yields and their variability. The paper shows the serious implications of recent historical climate change for land use in the semi-arid region of West Africa. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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The impact of pollution on Kenyan coastal marine environment - Wachirah, Abidjah Ndegwa (1998)
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Adult education as a pedagogy for social transformation in Lesotho - Wagana, J. (1998)
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Collegial Dialogue: A Procedure Towards Reconceptualizing an Inadequate Understanding of Resource-Based Learning (RBL) at Higher Education Institutions for Distance Learning in South Africa. - Waghid, Yusef (South African journal of higher education, 1998)
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African-American Student Achievement Research Project. - Wagstaff, Mark; Melton, Jerry; Lawless, Brenda; Combs, Linda (1998)
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Strengthening farmers' participation in village development activities: the role of training institutions in Tanzania - Wambura, R.A.; Kasimila, B.J.; Rutatora, D. F.; Ndunguru, Philibert C. (1998)
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[Hepatitis B virus infection in the school milieu of Kiffa and Selibaby, Mauritania]. - Wang, Rui; Baïdy, B. Lo; Ndiaye, Maimouna (PubMed, 1998)
Our survey was concerned with searching for different markers of Hepatitis B virus infection in 267 primary and secondary school children in two Mauritanian sites in the south and south-east of the country. The results showed that for the surveyed subjects, 16.8% were carriers of HBs antigen, 21% of anti-HBs antibodies, 50.2% of anti-HBc antibodies and 45.4% of anti-HBe antibodies. Furthermore, 28.9% of the carriers of HBs antigen were also of HBe antigen. In all, 32.2% of the subjects had not been exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. These results confirmed the serious problem posed to public health by Hepatitis B infection and should prompt a programme to combat it.
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Teaching Astronomy at the University of South Africa - Wargau, W.; Cunow, Barbara; Schutte, C. J. H. (Colloquium, 1998)
The University of South Africa celebrates its 50th anniversary this year. Over this period it grew, becoming one of the largest tertiary distance education institutions and the largest university on the African continent. South Africa always had a mixed racial population with each group having its own culture. This difference between people is further aggravated by differences in the level of “westernisation”. Furthermore, South Africa also suffers from an extreme urbanisation problem where on the one hand we find modern cities and on the other tribal groups. All these factors led to a differentiation of the population into a first world and third world component.
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Working together to develop our teaching, a report on the in-service workshops for junior secondary English, Mathematics and Science teachers of the Gambia - Weeden, Paul; Woodfield, Helen (1998)
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School Factors Associated with African American Students Who Thrive in College-Preparatory Mathematics. - Wells, Barbara G. (1998)
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The case for a 'case-study' approach to theological education in Africa - Wendland, Ernst R. (Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology, 1998)
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Aspects of waste management and pollution control in Olkaria geothermal field, Kenya - Were, Joshua (1998)
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Teaching and researching in the information age, with specific reference to African languages - Wessels, E. M. (South African Journal of African Languages, 1998)
In order to survive and flourish in the information age today a society needs to be able to handle information adequately. Of particular importance is the ability of members of a society to transform information into knowledge that can be utilized in the process of decision making, to the benefit of the whole society. Since universities are the major creators and disseminators of knowledge in the form of scientific research and training in a society, they can play an important role in this regard. In the case of developing countries, this role becomes crucial, since developing countries are to a large extent dependent on knowledge imported from the major developed countries of the world. Similar to other developing countries, there is a need in South Africa for high-quality research to be undertaken so that a body of indigenous knowledge can be generated that addresses local needs. Given the prominent role that African languages have been afforded by the new language policies and the new education system, scholars in African languages have an important role to play in generating research that can be utilized to address current needs. In this manner they can contribute to the development of South Africa into an information society that will survive and flourish in the information age.
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Frequency of color blindness among Nigerian school children in Lagos - Williams, G.O.; Taylor, F.E.; Odidika, Irene I.; Amusa, K.O. (American Journal of Human Biology, 1998)
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Frequency of color blindness among Nigerian school children in Lagos - Williams, G.O.; Taylor, Frances E.; Odidika, Irene I.; Amusa, Kafayat (American Journal of Human Biology, 1998)
Plates 1-15 of the Ishihara tests for color blindness were administered to 5,580 boys and 5,405 girls in primary and secondary schools in Lagos. The difference between males and females in the frequency of total color blindness was not significant. The frequency of total color blindness among the children was 0.19%. However, the frequencies of red-green color blindness, which were 3.60% and 0.81% among the males and females, respectively, were significantly different. Deutans occurred at a higher frequency than protans among both male and female red-green color blind individuals, but the differences among males and also females were not significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between the sexes in the occurrence of deutans and protans. Although the frequency of red-green color blindness detected among males in this study is significantly lower than that reported for Lagos in another survey, which gave a frequency similar to that for Caucasians, the frequency obtained in the present study is similar to frequencies reported for other populations of Blacks of African Ancestry. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:283-288, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Vision 2016: meeting the pre-school needs in Botswana - Williams, Martha M. (Mosenodi, 1998)
Early childhood education in Botswana is privately operated and serves 20,000 children. This represents approximately seven percent of the pre-school population. Early Childhood Care programmes were started three decades ago by groups of women concerned about the care of young children whose mothers were employed away from the home. After a decade of operation, the government followed with a national policy on day care, and council bye-laws used to license and monitor established pre-school programmes. The components of a high quality programmes have been documented through many studies. A relatively widespread consensus shows that essential high quality factors are associated with: (1) staff to child ratio; (2) structure and group size; (3) staff training; (4) children's experiences; (5) staff continuity and (6) management competence. Each of the quality factors will be discussed with documentation and applied nationally.
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Overview: African American Participation in Higher Education - Wilson, Reginald (1998)
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Effects of exercise training on aerobic fitness in African-American females. - Wj, Duey; Wl, O'Brien; Ab, Crutchfield; La, Brown; Hn, Williford; Sharff-Olson, M (PubMed, 1998)
Physical inactivity, a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is more prevalent within the African-American population. Unfortunately, only a few investigators have documented the effects of exercise training studies on cardiovascular fitness in this cohort. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six-week endurance exercise training program on aerobic fitness (VO2peak) in African-American females. Twenty-five women (16 treatment, 9 controls, mean age 23.1+/-3.9) participated in the study. The six-week exercise training protocol consisted of exercising three times a week on a cycle ergometer between 60-70% VO2peak for 20 minutes. No significant changes in aerobic fitness were observed in the control group. However, the relative and absolute VO2peak significantly increased by 18% and 19%, respectively, in the treatment group, 21.7+/-2.6 to 25.6+/-2.8 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P<.01) and 1.77+/-2.7 to 2.11+/-3.8 L x min(-1) (P<.01). The maximal heart rates and respiratory exchange ratios were not significantly different between pre- and post-training, suggesting that similar efforts were given. These results document the fact that significant increases in aerobic fitness are possible with a moderate exercise training regime in an African-American female population.
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The masters of Pietersburg: Association of University English Teachers of South Africa Conference. University of the North, July 1997 - Wood, Felicity; Blatchford, Mathew (Scrutiny2, 1998)
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Distance education and the training of primary school teachers in Tanzania - Wort, Michael A. A. (1998)
Tanzania has been using distance education to train its teachers for twenty years. Thefirst programme, which began in 1976 and ended in 1984, was highly innovative inits approach. It provided both professional and up-grading studies within the primaryschools to try and meet the demand for universal primary education. The secondmajor programme used more conventional correspondence studies to up-date itsprimary school teachers and still continues today.The study explores why, and how, distance education has developed in Tanzaniaand why it has vigorously pursued this method as a major tool in training its primaryschool teachers. Historical, cultural socio-economic and political contexts werehelpful in understanding the motivations, origins and developments of the two majorprogrammes beginning in 1979. The empirical material in the study covers twomajor distance teacher education programmes for primary school teachers inTanzania. The first programme, the Distance School based Teacher Trainingprogramme from 1976-1984 was critically re-analysed using former evaluationstudies. The second programme, 1984 to date was evaluated using a frame-process-outcome' model and is also presented.A new framework for the provision of distance education was developed usingthe important interactive elements of the educational process - teacher, learner(s) andcontent. The framework focuses upon the intended learning and incorporatededucation and adult education theories. Ten framework categories were developedfor reappraisal and analyse of the Tanzanian distance teacher education programmes.Finally suggestions were made, using the framework model for a new approach todistance education and teacher training.The outcomes suggests the need for a more decentralised authority and a greaterdifferentiation of tasks in administration, the setting up of school cluster and learnergroups and the provision of more responsive support systems. Framework categoriessuggested a move towards interdependency in their working, within a distributivemodel of distance education.
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Demography: Textbook for the South African student - Wp, Mostert; Js, Oosthuizen; Be, Hofmeyr (1998)
The purpose of [this volume] is to introduce students to demographic methods and concepts on the basis of South African examples.... Three themes underlie all the chapters. The first is that population dynamics in South Africa reflect the demographic situation in other countries of the world. The second theme is the interrelatedness of economic social political environmental and population variables. The third is the need for demographers to treat available data with care and to assess information and adapt it where necessary to different situations. (EXCERPT)
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Improving practice: a whole school approach to raising the achievement of African Caribbean youth - Wright, CY; Weekes, Daniel Buckner (1998)
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Report on Oku Volcanic Field (Cameroon) - Wunderman, Richard (Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 1998)
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Recent economic events in Papua New Guinea: a continuing drought in development. - Yala, Charles; Levantis, Theodore (Pacific Economic Bulletin, 1998)
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Selective impairment of HCO3−-dependent pHi regulation by lysophosphatidylcholine in guinea pig ventricular myocardium - Yamaguchi, Seiichi; Tamagawa, Masaji; Nakajima, Nobuyuki; Nakaya, Haruaki (Cardiovascular Research, 1998)
The aim was to examine the effects of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), an amphiphilic lipid metabolite in ischemic myocardium, on intracellular pH (pH(i)) regulatory systems in guinea pig papillary muscles.In CO2/HCO(3-)-buffered Tyrode solution, pH(i), intracellular Na+ activity (aNai) and membrane potential of isolated guinea pig papillary muscles were measured using ion-selective microelectrode and conventional microelectrode. Standard ammonium prepulsing with 20 mM NH4Cl was used to produce an intracellular acid load, and effects of LPC on the pH(i) recovery from acidosis were evaluated in the absence and presence of a transport inhibitor.LPC acidified the resting pH(i) by 0.03 +/- 0.01 pH units (n = 15, p < 0.01) concomitantly with a slight decrease in resting membrane potential and an increase in aNai in quiescent preparations. The pH(i) recovery rate from an intracellular acid load was decreased to 83 +/- 4% of the control value by 30 microM LPC (n = 8, P < 0.05) but not by 30 microM phosphatidylcholine (PC). In the presence of 10 microM 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride (HMA), a Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibitor, LPC still slowed pH(i) recovery from an intracellular acid load to 77 +/- 4% of the control (n = 5, P < 0.05). However, LPC failed to alter the pH(i) recovery rate in the presence of 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 0.5 mM), a Na(+)-HCO3- symport inhibitor.LPC impairs Na(+)-HCO3- symport but not Na(+)-H+ exchange, and LPC may potentiate its arrhythmogenic action by intensifying the intracellular acidosis in ischemic myocardium.
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The West African Students Union and its Contribution to the Anti-Colonial Struggle - Yusuf, Ahmad A. (Africa quarterly, 1998)
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Selecting students for mathematics and science: the challenge facing higher education in South Africa - Zaaiman, Hermien (1998)
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A perspective on paradigm change in tertiary agricultural education and training in South Africa. - Zÿl, Johan van; Barnard, Robert C.; Botha, C. A. J. (1998)
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Unheard voices : drought, famine and God in Ethiopian oral poetry - ʾAzaza, Faqāda (1998)
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THEORY AND PRACTICE OF LAW LIBRARIANSHIP THROUGH CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE - Jegede, Olugbemiro J. (1997)
The essay is the three parts. The first part deals with issues/indicators for the need of the continuing professional education (CPE) for librarians working in law libraries. The next segment of the essay discusses the introduction of the CPE programme: objectives, whom is it designed for? etc. Reasons for choosing the faculty members are analysed. The changes in the course-content reflect the changing needs of the librarians. The concluding part advocates that the CPE programmes should commensurate with the general level of the practice of librarianship in the individual countries. What is important however is that each CPE programme should be continuously evaluated to make sure its original objectives are achieved. The CPE programme by the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, serves not only the librarians from the law libraries and later on the librarians from other special libraries to up date their knowledge and practice of librarianship; but also serves library users, and policy makers to achieve better library and information services for national development.
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CLOSING THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GAP: TYPICAL TRAINING CONCERNS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY IN THE 1990s - Walker, Clare M. (1997)
This paper describes approaches to developing and maintaining a staff training and CPE programme in the Library of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (Wits Library).
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Telling It like It Is about the African-American Students' Plight - Todd, Leon W. (Education 3-13, 1997)
The most segregated time of every week in America, it has been said, eleven o'clock on Sunday mornings. On the Sunday morning of January 12, 1992, Milwaukee School Superintendent J. Howard Fuller made his way to Mount Carmel Lutheran Church, on the Northwest Side, to talk about what he was trying to accomplish in the public schools. As an ongoing part of the Crusade to Save Our Children, Fuller had been doing this pretty much every Sunday, but on this particular one his cool composure finally cracked. It happened during the question-and-answer period that followed his talk and it had to do with Chapter 220, the program that allowed students from city schools to attend suburban ones and vice versa. Since its inception in 1976, the program had been, like so much else that involved the tentacles of race, an intricate flash point of anger, resentment, and opportunity. Many people wanted to see the program abolished altogether. A Teacher Explains Problem In any case, a woman stood up and identified herself as a member of the faculty at Shorewood Middle School. She was concerned, she said, that there wasn't enough money in their budget so that `your kids' could stay around after school to get extra help and still have a bus to take them home. My view, Fuller said, is that when a kid comes into your school district, that your She didn't respond to that. She simply said it was her understanding that nothing could be done about the situation. Fuller didn't agree. The question what do you think ought to be done for those children and what do you do for the children in your district? They Are Suburban Students a Milwaukee kid decides to come to a suburban school, in my opinion that kid now belongs to that suburban district, just like any other kid. If you all think that these kids should all have these experiences, they are your kids, so you should think about how you are going to come up with the resources to be sure that your kids have what they ought to have, because they are your kids. If they are sent to your school district and they are not your kids, then whose kids are they? Fuller Wanted All Children to Come First This was why Fuller took the job of superintendent, to make sure that all children came first, and that their interests were served. To know intellectually that a Shorewood or a Wauwatosa was reluctantly opening its hallowed halls but not allowing Milwaukee kids to feel fully welcome was one thing, but to hear a teacher so openly raise the polarizing issue of whom they belonged to was quite another. It was more than Fuller could stand. Children deserved more, much more, than being caught up in an endless spiral of red tape and bureaucracy, than being viewed as outcasts, surrounded by bickering and hair splitting about who was responsible for them. What galled Fuller about the situation was the overall fact of its inequity: MPS guaranteed that 10% of the spots in their magnet schools be reserved for suburban schools only admitted kids from Milwaukee based upon availability (making it far too easy to say there's no room at the inn). Excuses Instead of Solutions The Catch-22s of race the multitude of ways in which barriers and hurdles, fine print and caveats, rear their sinister beads and scuttle attempts to level the playing field would appear to be limitless. In education, in housing, in employment, in obtaining a loan: someone, somewhere, was always at the ready, it seemed, lurking in the background, in possession of some ingenious scheme that enabled institutional racism to continue. Wasn't it bad enough that a child had to be labeled a 220 kid? But to not have a bus there so that a child could stay later and get extra help especially when blacks had borne so much of the brunt of busing seemed yet one more bitter irony. Was it any wonder that Howard Fuller wanted to ultimately get rid of busing altogether? …
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Boredom Proneness in African-American College Students: A Factor Analytic Perspective - Vodanovich, Stephen J.; Watt, John; Piotrowski, Chris (Education 3-13, 1997)
A review of the research literature points to the unavoidable fact that the majority of African-American college/university students perceive their experience during higher education negatively (Berry & Asamen, 1989; Gardner, Keller, & Piotrowski, 1996; Keller, Piotrowski, & Sherry, 1982). In terms of adjustment these investigations concluded that African-American students perceive greater racial tensions and hostility, express lower levels of satisfaction, experience greater levels of isolation, and feel less identified with institutions of higher education than do their White counterparts (see Thompson & Fretz, 1991 for a review). The problem of adjustment to college/university life for African-American students is frequently attributed to extrinsic factors (e.g., racism, Anglo-European values, poor academic advising.) To date, however, little attention has been given to intrinsic personality factors that may contribute to adaptive capacity in the psychosocial and academic environment of higher education. One personality construct that may shed some light on the poor adjustment of African-American students to college life is boredom proneness. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of research on the relationship of race and boredom proneness, although earlier studies have reported that African-Americans scored lower on the Boredom Susceptibility subscale of the Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, 1979). More recently, Watt and Vodanovich (1992a) found that African-Americans possessed significantly higher scores on the Boredom Proneness Scale (Farmer & Sundberg, 1986). Greater boredom levels have also been reported among females, younger individuals, and those from less industrialized countries (e.g., Polly, Vodanovich, Watt, & Blanchard, 1993; Sundberg, Latkin, Farmer, & Saoud, 1991; Vodanovich & Kass, 1990b). In essence, researchers speculate that individuals from impoverished or restrictive environments may experience greater boredom. Review of the Boredom Construct Boredom has been identified as a contributing factor in a myriad of health and social problems. For instance, it has been associated with substance abuse (Johnston & O'Malley, 1986; Paulson, Coombs, & Richardson, 1990), eating disorders (e.g., Ganley, 1989), poor academic and work performance, (e.g., Drory, 1982; Maroldo, 1986; O'Hanlon, 1981; Robinson, 1975), and a variety of negative affective states (e.g., Farmer & Sundberg, 1986; Vodanovich, Verner, & Gilbride, 1991; Watt & Vodanovich, 1992b). Despite the above review, limited research has been devoted to the measurement of boredom. Studies that have been conducted in this area have traditionally measured boredom as a unidimensional construct. For instance, the widely used Boredom Susceptibility subscale of the Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, 1979), and the more recent Boredom Proneness Scale (Farmer & Sundberg, 1986) both yield a single score that is indicative of the tendency to experience boredom. Singular boredom scores are also provided by instruments that assess specific aspects of the construct such as job boredom (e.g., Grubb, 1975; Lee, 1986) and boredom coping (Hamilton, Haier, & Buchsbaum, 1984). The assessment of boredom as a unitary construct is discrepant with the literature that has described boredom in multidimensional terms (e.g., Drory, 1982; Geiwitz, 1966; Hill & Perkins, 1985). In addition, earlier factor analytic work suggests that boredom, and the BPS in particular, may be multidimensional in nature. For instance, Ahmed (1990) factor analyzed the scores of 154 Canadian undergraduate students on the BPS, and found evidence for the existence of two factors which he labeled Apathy and Inattention. Another factor analysis of the BPS conducted on responses from a sample of American undergraduate students (N = 385) revealed the existence of at least five factors (Vodanovich & Kass, 1990a). …
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Quantifying the role of biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks in climate change: coupled model simulations for 6000 years BP and comparison with palaeodata for northern Eurasia and northern Africa - Texier, D.; Noblet, Nathalie de; Harrison, Sandy P.; Haxeltine, Alex; Jolly, Dominique; Joussaume, Sylvie; Laarif, F.; Prentice, I. Colin; Tarasov, Pavel E. (Climate Dynamics, 1997)
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The color of pumice: case study on a trachytic fall deposit, Meidob volcanic field, Sudan - Paulick, Holger; Franz, Gerhard (Bulletin of Volcanology, 1997)
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[Child for child: sensitization of eight thousand school children in the Lukula district of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]. (PubMed, 1997)
Many children in Africa drop out of the country¿s formal educational system before finishing elementary school. Young students in Africa are often saddled with household chores, including taking care of the youngest children in the household while their mothers manage other household responsibilities. However, many problems and accidents can occur while the mother leaves her children at home. The best way to help these school-aged children take care of their younger brothers and sisters is to train them for that function. The ¿Child-to-Child¿ approach aims to teach children typical scholastic disciplines, but also to train them in hygiene, health, and disease prevention so they can apply what they learn in the community with their families and friends. 8000 students in 43 Mayumbe primary schools, their 315 teachers and heads, and community members were trained accordingly. The intervention took place in the Lukula area of Congo. The project was made possible through the financial support of 3 nongovernmental organizations. Project implementation, motivating teachers, and project evaluation are discussed. Project evaluation demonstrated students¿ capacity to differentiate between facts and beliefs, and that this educational approach is a valid, long-term investment.
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Improving FP education in Tunisia. (PubMed, 1997)
JOICFP contributed expertise to a Japanese Evaluation Team of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), which was in Tunisia during September 16-30 to evaluate the implementation and achievements of the Project for the Promotion of Family Planning Education. The project, which is geared to promoting family planning (FP) education, was initiated in Tunisia in early 1993 by the National Office for Family and Population of Tunisia with technical cooperation from JICA. The team was headed by Dr. Takefumi Fukuhara, managing director, Medical Cooperation Department, JICA, and included five members from Japan. Ryoichi Suzuki, director, Information Division, JOICFP, contributed expertise on reproductive health as a resource person. During its stay, the team held discussions, exchanged views, and visited the field for firsthand observation. To promote FP education, the project has focused on such areas as improving the quality and quantity of video materials through the Audio Visual Center completed in Tunisia in 1995. The project has also emphasized the training of staff and implemented activities in two pilot areas. In summing up the achievements of the project, the team noted that the CPR in the remote pilot areas of Tataouine and Kasserine had increased from 33.7% and 35.8% in 1994 to reach 38% and 39.1% in 1996. Based on such achievements, the Japanese team and Tunisian side agreed to have further discussions for future collaboration in coordination with international agencies and donors such as UNFPA and the EU.
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Knowledge and misconceptions about malaria among secondary school students and teachers in Kassala, Eastern Sudan - Ag, Elzubier; Eh, Ansari; Mh, el Nour; Bella, Hassan (The journal of the Royal Society of Health, 1997)
This study reports the responses of high secondary school students and teachers to a questionnaire on their knowledge and misconceptions about malaria. Knowledge about symptoms and cause of malaria seems to be adequate. However, there were deficiencies regarding knowledge of the seriousness of malaria in primigravidas and children. There was an exaggerated belief that chloroquine may cause abortion. There were also important misconceptions regarding the causation of malaria by the plant Unkoleeb ( sorghum saccharatum), the belief that the local beverage Aradaib ( Tramindus indica) cures malaria, as well as beliefs that chloroquine injections are more effective than tablets, that intravenous fluids are essential for treatment of every attack, and that multi-vitamins may prevent the disease. The study throws light on areas where health education should be focused.
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The reliability of self‐reported blood in urine and schistosomiasis as indicators of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children: a study in Muheza District, Tanzania - Ansell, Juliet; Guyatt, Helen; Hall, Andrew; Kihamia, Charles M.; Kivugo, Joyce; Ntimbwa, Perpetua; Bundy, Donald (TM & IH. Tropical medicine and international health (Print), 1997)
The use of self-reported blood in urine and schistosomiasis by school children was investigated as a tool to estimate the prevalence of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and to identify infected individuals. A general questionnaire about common health problems, including questions about blood in urine and schistosomiasis, was administered by teachers to 25443 children in 137 primary schools in Muheza District, Tanzania. The prevalence of reported schistosomiasis was calculated for each school and used to select 15 schools across a range in prevalence. All children in the 15 schools (n = 2370) were interviewed again by a nurse and gave a urine sample which was subjected to a quantitative microscopical examination for the eggs of S. haematobium by filtration. The prevalence of reported schistosomiasis by the interview in the 15 schools correlated strongly with the prevalence reported during the questionnaire survey. The prevalence of reported schistosomiasis in the interview was strongly correlated with the prevalence of infection determined by microscopy and consistently under-estimated the latter by around 20% across a range in prevalence from 22% to 93%. The sensitivity of diagnosis by an interview increased almost linearly with the prevalence of infection, so that when the prevalence was high, more infected children reported schistosomiasis. The percentage of children who were correct in their self-diagnosis was independent of the prevalence of infection and of the mean concentration of eggs in urine, and averaged 75%. These findings suggest that self-reported schistosomiasis is a useful method to estimate the prevalence of infection in schools and might be used to identify infected individuals.
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'There Must Be Something Undiscovered Which Prevents Us From Doing Our Work Well': Botswana Primary Teachers' Views on Educational Language Policy - Arthur, Jo (Language and Education, 1997)
In a small-scale survey of Botswana primary teachers' views on educational language policy there was overwhelming support for English as the medium of instruction. The survey forms part of a wider research project (Arthur, 1995), in which classroom observation revealed classroom communication difficulties created by the use of English, which is effectively a foreign language for the majority of Botswana teachers and pupils. This paper discusses the apparent paradox of teachers' support for English medium, taking account both of the symbolic role of English as the language of educational achievement and its practical role in the national examination system. Parallels are drawn with the reasserted prestige of ex-colonial languages in other African countries over the last decade. Despite the clear overall support for English, the opinions of the teachers surveyed were by no means monolithic. There are variations in the findings which appear related to the language background of respondents. Speakers of minority languages, while acknowledging the prestige of English, apparently experience a conflicting need for access through the education system to Setswana, the politically dominant national language. There is also some evidence that younger teachers may be less in favour of English as the sole medium and more open-minded towards alternatives such as a language-by-subject option.
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The Teacher Crisis in South Africa: Quitting, Shirking and ‘Inferior Substitution’ - Black, P.A.; Hosking, Stephen (South African Journal of Economics, 1997)
South African Journal of EconomicsVolume 65, Issue 4 p. 232-236 The Teacher Crisis in South Africa: Quitting, Shirking and ‘Inferior Substitution’ P.A. BLACK, P.A. BLACK School of Economics, University of Cape Town, and Department of Economics University of Port Elizabeth, respectively. Paper read at the biennial conference of the Economic Society of South Africa, Potchefstroom, September 1997. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance given by the South African Network for Economic Research.Search for more papers by this authorS.G. HOSKING, S.G. HOSKING School of Economics, University of Cape Town, and Department of Economics University of Port Elizabeth, respectively. Paper read at the biennial conference of the Economic Society of South Africa, Potchefstroom, September 1997. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance given by the South African Network for Economic Research.Search for more papers by this author P.A. BLACK, P.A. BLACK School of Economics, University of Cape Town, and Department of Economics University of Port Elizabeth, respectively. Paper read at the biennial conference of the Economic Society of South Africa, Potchefstroom, September 1997. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance given by the South African Network for Economic Research.Search for more papers by this authorS.G. HOSKING, S.G. HOSKING School of Economics, University of Cape Town, and Department of Economics University of Port Elizabeth, respectively. Paper read at the biennial conference of the Economic Society of South Africa, Potchefstroom, September 1997. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance given by the South African Network for Economic Research.Search for more papers by this author First published: 22 August 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1997.tb01377.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume65, Issue4December 1997Pages 232-236 RelatedInformation
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Student attitudes to dentistry in South African dental schools. - Brand, A A; Chikte, Usuf (PubMed, 1997)
The present study investigated student motives for choosing dentistry in five South African dental schools. An attitude questionnaire was complied and administered to all entering students at these schools. The study population comprised 161 students, 92 males and 69 females. Results indicate that in spite of the changing student populations at all universities, the motives for studying dentistry remain essentially the same. Similarities in attitudes to dentistry tend to outweigh differences. Similarities are shown with respect to service, the need for status, independence and financial security. Differences are reflected in the contradictions between service and status, service and regular working hours, service and financial security. The question these findings raise, is how and to what extent students selected for training, based on their current motivation and attitudes will best adapt to changes in the practice of dentistry, health policies, and increased population demands.
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Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity by Short-term Exercise Training in Hypertensive African American Women - Brown, Michael D.; Moore, Geoffrey E.; Korytkowski, Mary T.; McCole, Steve D.; Hagbèrg, James M. (Hypertension, 1997)
Abstract African American women have a high prevalence of insulin resistance, non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension that may be linked to low levels of physical activity. We sought to determine whether 7 days of aerobic exercise improved glucose and insulin metabolism in 12 obese (body fat >35%), hypertensive (systolic blood pressure ≥140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) African American women (mean age 51±8 years). Insulin-assisted frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed at baseline and 14 to 18 hours after the 7th exercise session. There was no significant change in maximal oxygen consumption, body composition, or body weight after the 7 days of aerobic exercise. The insulin sensitivity index increased (2.68±0.45 · 10 −5 to 4.23±0.10 · 10 −5 [min −1 /pmol/L], P =.02). Fasting (73±9 to 50±9 pmol/L, P =.02) and glucose-stimulated (332±58 to 261±45 pmol/L, P =.05) plasma insulin levels decreased. Additional measures related to the insulin resistance syndrome also changed with the 7 days of exercise: basal plasma norepinephrine concentrations were reduced (2.46±0.27 to 1.81±0.27 nmol/L, P =.02) and sodium excretion rate increased from 100±13 to 137±7 mmol/d ( P =.03); however, there was no change in potassium excretion or 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. We conclude that a short-term aerobic exercise program improves insulin sensitivity in African American hypertensive women independent of changes in fitness levels, body composition, or body weight. The present study indicates that short-term exercise can improve insulin resistance in hypertensive, obese, sedentary African American women and confirms previous reports that a portion of the exercise-induced improvements in glucose and insulin metabolism may be the result of recent exercise.
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‘Sit down, you haven't reached that stage yet’: African Caribbean children in Leicester schools 1960‐74 - Chessum, Lorna (History of Education, 1997)
(1997). ‘Sit down, you haven't reached that stage yet’: African Caribbean children in Leicester schools 1960‐74. History of Education: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 409-429.
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The Integrated Rural Nutrition Project, Kawambwa, Zambia: successes of a nutrition education programme. - Friedrich, John A. (PubMed, 1997)
This article presents some findings from an evaluation of the Integrated Rural Nutrition Project (IRNP) in Kawambwa, Zambia. The IRNP was initiated in 1985. The program relied on a multisectoral approach by the Ministries of Health, Education, Agriculture, and Community Development. The program aimed to reduce the rate of malnutrition. Breast feeding was encouraged, and farmers were encouraged to increase production of beans and groundnuts. Extension workers were trained. Findings indicate that nutrition education programs had a significant, positive effect on the nutritional status of children aged under 5 years. The nutrition education component, which aimed at improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices, was more successful than the activities that aimed at increasing food availability. A continuing question was raised by program staff about whether training of extension workers, social marketing, mass education, or direct extension were capable of having an impact on nutrition without addressing food productivity issues. The availability of legumes improved throughout the intervention period. The length of the hunger season was shortened. However, increased food availability did not improve anthropometric measurements, and some children, who were not part of the seed multiplication program, showed improved anthropometric measurements. Children in the intervention area were exposed to better breast-feeding practices: breast feeding for longer periods and fewer introductions to non-milk liquids. After the first month, under 20% of children in the project area and 80-95% in the non-project areas had received breast milk substitutes. Young children in the project area had better weight-for-height, after controlling for wealth, access to services, maternal and paternal education, gender, and age. 3-year-old children in the project area weighed 0.3 of a z-score more than non-project children.
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Pattern of surgical admissions in Gondar Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia. - Ghebrat, K (PubMed, 1997)
A retrospective study based on the principal discharge diagnosis of 4121 surgical in-patients, who were admitted to Gondar College of Medical Sciences Hospital over a three year period, is made to document the commonest surgical conditions prevalent in the north west region of Ethiopia. Intestinal obstruction was the commonest cause of surgical admission followed by head injury and soft tissue injury.
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Determining the source of nitrate pollution in the Niger discontinuous aquifers using the natural ratios - Girard, Pierre; Hillaire‐Marcel, Claude (Journal of Hydrology, 1997)
In the semi-arid Niamey area (Niger), more than 10% of the deep wells exploiting the fracture network of the Precambrian aquifer are contaminated by nitrates, with concentrations as high as 10 meq l−1. In order to identify the source(s) of this pollution, nitrate and 15N contents in the polluted wells were monitored over a 20-month period. Potential sources of nitrate contamination were also analyzed for their 15N content. The isotopic compositions of nitrate in polluted waters were > + 12‰ and in rare cases exceeded +17‰. Latrines (∼ + 15‰) may be the major nitrate source for wells showing δ15N values above +15‰. Below this value, waters may be polluted by a combination of nitrates from both latrine and soil sources (∼ + 10‰). In some cases, the soil may account for up to 85% of the groundwater nitrate load. This mode of groundwater pollution is thought to be a consequence of deforestation. Despite their reputation as polluting agents, fertilizers (+0.5 < δ15N < + 3.6‰) which are used in rice paddies close to the contaminated areas, do not appear to be a significant source of nitrate contamination. Denitrification is probably not a significant process in the study area. Results suggest that nitrate contamination of the aquifer is a consequence of unregulated urbanization (home-made latrines) and deforestation. While latrines are limited to the urban zones, intensive cutting of the forest to meet the city dwellers' wood demand occurs in an ever increasing area around the capital, threatening the local water supply.
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Development Education Programme African Environmental Law Togo-Benin - Grimeaud, David; Mols, G.P.M.F.; Oğuş, Ayla; Schwarz, Carolyn (1997)
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Stereotype Vulnerability in Elementary Aged African American Students - Jandrucko, Sarah K. (1997)
This study explores a link between stereotype vulnerability and the documented under performance of African American students on standardized tests. The subjects were 41 third grade African American students matched according to language arts grades with 41 third grade Anglo students. The students were from predominately middle class suburban schools, with similar educational experiences. The data suggest that third grade African American and Anglo students from predominately middle class schools, with approximately equivalent language arts grades and similar educational experiences, will score comparably to one another regardless of testing conditions. The data also suggest that this sample of third grade students are confident in their academic ability and are not affected by negative stereotyping.
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Reconstruction Years Are the Best Years: establishing good school libraries in South Africa - Kakoma, Albert K. (Information Development, 1997)
The school library scene in Southern Africa is not impressive. Even where the picture is slightly better the school library does not play a meaningful role in the school curriculum. For most of the countries in the region the battle for establishing this educational component which contributes to the image of a good school needs to be restarted from the drawing board. South Africa has to learn from the mistakes of these countries in order to avoid similar pitfalls. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) which has been put in place by the Government of National Unity (GNU) to redress the various imbalances of the apartheid era should be taken advantage of by all those in positions of influence who take strong exception to lack of good school libraries. Policies should be formulated not only for the provision of purpose-built school library structures but also to ensure that the school library becomes an integral part of the school curriculum. The reasons why it is necessary to do so are given. The long-term advantages of having good school libraries are also stated. Further, the thinking why it is crucial to earmark the development of school libraries during the reconstruction years is explained.
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Responses of African livestock and wild herbivores to drought - Kay, R.N.B. (Journal of Arid Environments, 1997)
The ways in which herbivores regulate their energy and water balance under hot, dry conditions are briefly reviewed. Cattle account for about two-thirds of the biomass of domestic stock in Africa, but their Eurasian origin means that their physiology and grazing behaviour are not wholly adapted to the natural pastures and climate of Africa, especially when drought strikes. In general, most herbivores can withstand heat and water shortage quite well, provided conditions do not become extreme. However, malnutrition will inevitably develop as pasture productivity declines under drought and overgrazing. This will affect most seriously animals that cannot range far from water and that depend mainly on drought susceptible grasses rather than on more resistant shrubs and trees.
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AIDS education in Tanzania: promoting risk reduction among primary school children. - Klepp, Knut Inge; Ndeki, Sidney; Leshabari, Melkizedeck; Hannan, Peter J.; Lyimo, Babuel A. (American Journal of Public Health, 1997)
The purpose of this study was to test the effects of an education program in Tanzania designed to reduce children's risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to improve their tolerance of and care for people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).A randomized controlled community trial including baseline and 12-month follow-up surveys was employed. Public primary schools in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions of Tanzania were stratified according to location and randomly assigned to intervention (n = 6) or comparison (n = 12) conditions. Of the 1063 sixth-grade students (average age: 13.6 years) who participated at baseline, 814 participated in the follow-up survey.At follow-up, statistically significant effects favoring the intervention group were observed for exposure to AIDS information and communication, AIDS knowledge, attitudes toward people with AIDS, and subjective norms and behavioral intentions toward having sexual intercourse. A consistent positive but nonsignificant trend was seen for attitudes toward having sexual intercourse and for initiation of sexual intercourse during the previous year (7% vs 17%).It is feasible and effective to train local teachers and health workers to provide HIV/AIDS education to Tanzanian primary school children.
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Volcanic vents rooted on extension fractures and their geodynamic implications in the Ethiopian Rift - Korme, Tesfaye; Chorowicz, J.; Collet, Bernard; Bonavia, F. F. (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1997)
Most of the extension fractures located in the Ethiopian rift are related to rift dynamics, and they have consistently similar orientations for hundreds of kilometers. The orientation of extension fracture gives the local extension direction which is perpendicular to its horns (end segments of an extension fracture). We have established clear geometrical relationships between tectonics and volcanism in the Main Ethiopian Rift by interpreting high-resolution images obtained from Landsat-TM and SPOT satellites and by quantitatively analyzing the geometry of extension fractures, elongated vents and linear volcanic clusters. Applying the relationships obtained, we show that extension fractures in the rift served as channels for magma rising to the surface, and that extension fractures underlie most of the elongated volcanic vents and linear volcanic clusters. The geometry of extension fractures beneath volcanic edifices can be deduced from the shape of elongated vents and pattern of linear volcanic clusters rooted on them. Utilizing the orientations of extension fractures directly observed and those inferred from elongated volcanic vents and linear clusters, we found that the extension direction of the Main Ethiopian Rift is northwest–southeast and that the direction has been rotated clockwise for about 20° in the time interval 2.83 to 0.023 Ma. The Recent axis of rift opening is oriented N40° and located closer to the southeastern escarpment giving an asymmetric geometry to the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER).
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It Doesn't Add Up: African American Students' Mathematics Achievement - Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 1997)
Mathematics education has been heralded for its leadership role in the U.S. school reform effort (Stein, Grover,&Henningsen, 1996; Grant, Peterson, & Shojgreen- Downer, 1996). Prominent in the reform of mathematics education is the call for students not merely to memorize formulas and rules and apply procedures but rather to engage in the processes of mathematical thinking, that is, to do what mathematicians and other professional users of mathematics do. The revamped mathematics education program is based on engaging students in problem posing and problem solving rather than on expecting rote memorization and convergent thinking. These changes in mathematics education suggest that mathematics teaching must build on students' learning and on their ability to pose and solve problems previously considered too difficult for their age-grade levels (Carpenter&Fennema, 1988; Fennema, Franke, Carpenter,&Carey, 1993).
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It Doesn't Add up: African American Students' Mathematics Achievement - Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (Journal for research in mathematics education, 1997)
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Comagmatic A-Type Granophyre and Rhyolite from the Alid Volcanic Center, Eritrea, Northeast Africa - Lowenstern, Jacob B. (Journal of Petrology, 1997)
Granophyric blocks within late-Pleistocene pyroclastic flow ejecta from the Alid volcanic center, northeast Africa, are the rapidly crystallized, intrusive equivalent of pumice from the pyroclastic flow. Phenocryst compositions and geochemical characteristics of the pumice and granophyre are virtually identical. Silicate melt inclusions and other geochemical and geological constraints reveal those processes leading to development of the granophyric texture. Rhyolitic (A-type) magma with ∼2.6 wt % dissolved H2O and a temperature near 870°C was intruded to within 2–4 km of the surface, causing deformation and structural doming of shallow marine and subaerial strata. Eruptions of crystal-poor rhyolite from this shallow magma chamber caused degassing, which forced undercooling and consequent granophyric crystallization of some of the magma remaining in the intrusion. The most recent eruption from Alid excavated the crystallized granitic wall of the magma chamber, bringing the granophyric clasts to the surface.
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Comagmatic A-type Granophyre and Rhyolite from the Alid Volcanic Center, Eritrea, Northeast Africa - Lowenstern, Jacob B.; Clynne, Michael A.; Bullen, Thomas D. (Journal of petrology (Print), 1997)
vermicular to cuneiform (Barker, 1970).Typically, the Granophyric blocks within late-Pleistocene pyroclastic flow ejecta from the Alid volcanic center, northeast Africa, are the rapidly groundmass feldspars radiate off pre-existing feldspar crystallized, intrusive equivalent of pumice from the pyroclastic flow.phenocrysts, with which they are in optical continuity Phenocryst compositions and geochemical characteristics of the (Dunham, 1965).Some workers prefer the term pumice and granophyre are virtually identical.Silicate melt inclusions 'micrographic' for highly regular, interlocking arand other geochemical and geological constraints reveal those processes rangements of quartz and feldspar, as in the coarser leading to development of the granophyric texture.Rhyolitic (Agraphic granite (Fenn, 1986;Lentz & Fowler, 1992).type) magma with ~2•6 wt % dissolved H 2 O and a temperature Though Schloemer (1964) has shown that some graphic near 870°C was intruded to within 2-4 km of the surface, causing textures can grow by replacement [see also Augustithis deformation and structural doming of shallow marine and subaerial (1973)], most workers agree that phenocryst-bearing strata.Eruptions of crystal-poor rhyolite from this shallow magma granophyres typically form by rapid and simultaneous chamber caused degassing, which forced undercooling and consequent crystallization of quartz and feldspar from a melt (Smith, granophyric crystallization of some of the magma remaining in the 1974).Such crystallization is generally believed to be due intrusion.The most recent eruption from Alid excavated the cryto pronounced undercooling of the silicate liquid (Vogt, stallized granitic wall of the magma chamber, bringing the grano-1930;Dunham, 1965); not necessarily at eutectic temphyric clasts to the surface.peratures or compositions (Fenn, 1986;London et al., 1989;Lentz & Fowler, 1992).Granophyric textures are common in epizonal granitic bodies, particularly those associated with volcanic rocks (Buddington, 1959;Dunham, 1965).On occasion, they erupt as comagmatic ejecta in pyroclastic deposits (e.g.
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Ecological determinants of intestinal parasitic infections among pre-school children in an urban squatter settlement of Egypt - Mahfouz, Ahmed A. (Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1997)
Population growth in Egypt has led to the creation of several urban squatter settlements. The aim of the present work was to study the prevalence and some potential risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections among preschool children in a randomly chosen urban squatter settlement in Alexandria, Egypt. A house to house cross-sectional survey was conducted during late 1995. Data were collected through questionnaire interview regarding socio-demographic and environmental conditions from 1324 families residing in the settlement. Stool samples were collected from 658 preschool children below 5 years of age and examined for intestinal parasites. Overall, the prevalence rates of infections with the intestinal Helminths and Protozoa were 47.3 and 31.5 per cent, respectively, which were very high compared to previously reported figures for this age group in Egypt. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that certain groups of preschool children were much more likely to develop the infection with both groups of intestinal parasites. They included children over 2 years of age (OR = 2.75, 95 per cent CI = 1.23-4.12 and OR = 2.65, 95 per cent CI = 1.70-3.45 for Helminths and Protozoa, respectively), whose families had pools of sewage around houses (OR = 2.13, 95 per cent CI = 1.22-3.19 and OR = 2.83, 95 per cent CI = 1.45-3.95 for helminths and protozoa, respectively) and shared toilets with another family (OR = 1.95, 95 per cent CI = 1.38-2.75 and OR = 1.65, 95 per cent CI = 1.06-2.58 for Helminths and Protozoa, respectively). In addition, certain groups of children were much likely to develop protozoal infections including children whose families lacked tap water inside dwelling (OR = 1.85, 95 per cent CI = 1.26-2.77) and disposed human excreta in septic tank very close to the dwelling (OR = 2.17, 95 per cent CI = 1.43-3.75). Efforts to reduce intestinal parasites should focus on reducing exposures. Improvement in domestic water supplies with the introduction of piped sewerage system is likely to have a marked decreasing effect on the prevalence of infection among this age group.
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Multicultural education in secondary schools in South Africa : an analysis of teachers' needs - Merwe, Ann-Marie Van der (1997)
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THE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN CONTROLLING POLLUTION IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN LEATHER INDUSTRY / DIE UITWERKING VAN EKONOMIESE INSENTIEWE OP DIE BEHEER VAN BESOEDELING IN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE LEERBEDRYF - Mowat, Shaun Phillip; Antrobus, G.G.; Fraser, Gavin (Agrekon, 1997)
Pollution of the environment is becoming an increasingly serious problem. A large contributor to this is industry which generates effluent as a by-product of its production process. Two methods of controlling the pollution generated by industry are the so-called “command and control” techniques and economic incentives. In theory, economic incentives promise a more economically efficient and equitable means of pollution control. This paper sets out to ascertain whether this would hold in practice by applying environmental economic theory to the practical problem of controlling the effluent generated by one particular industry, viz the South African leather industry.
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The Kenyan Government and the Kikuyu Independent Schools: From Attempted Control to Suppression, 1929–1952 - Natsoulas, Theodore (The Historian, 1997)
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Senegal: Defining and implementing priorities in the education sector - Ndoye, Mamadou (PROSPECTS, 1997)
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Women and Education in Eritrea: A Historical and Contemporary Analysis - Stefanos, Asgedet (Harvard Educational Review, 1997)
In this article, Asgedet Stefanos examines women and education in the east African nation of Eritrea. She tackles as her central questions whether, and to what extent, Eritrean women have been achieving emancipation; and, if so, what role education has played in that process. Stefanos begins by providing a historical overview that delineates Eritrean women's general social condition and access to education in pre-colonial traditional society and during the eras of Italian and British colonialism. She then evaluates developments during Eritrea's protracted national liberation struggle against Ethiopia and the four years since independence. Stefanos documents significant advances in the emancipation of women and highlights education as a vital arena for change. She observes shortcomings in the Eritrean political leadership's strategy to establish effective educational equity for women, as well as disparities between the goals and assessments of policymakers and the aspirations and experiences of women. Her discussion of contemporary Eritrea is informed by policies and commentary of political leaders and interviews with a diverse sample of Eritrean women. Stefanos concludes by asserting that the current situation confronting an independent Eritrea promotes new obstacles and challenges to a vigorous pursuit of female rights and gender equality, and that the prospects for expanding women's gains in education are very much in the balance.
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Conceptions of fair learning practices among low-income African American and Latin American children: Acknowledging diversity. - Thorkildsen, Theresa A.; Schmahl, Cindy M. (Journal of Educational Psychology, 1997)
African American and Latin American elementary students (ages 6-12) from low-income, urban neighborhoods were interviewed about the fairness of 4 teaching practices. Five conceptions of fairness, identified in previous studies with Caucasian students, were evident. This suggests that, to some degree, American children from diverse ethnic groups agree on how the learning process should be organized. Nevertheless, sociocultural variation was also evident. Consistent with previous studies, most children rated peer tutoring as fairest, but some African American and Latin American children equated peer tutoring with cheating. The children of color, when justifying their positions, introduced 4 new educational issues (worry about grades, solitary work, work quality, and resistance to schoolwork): They saw learning situations as taking on some of the properties of tests. Findings support a sociocultural approach to the study of moral reasoning, and measurement that is respectful of individual as well as group variability.
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Conceptions of fair learning practices among low-income African American and Latin American children: Acknowledging diversity. - Thorkildsen, Theresa A.; Schmahl, Cindy M. (Journal of Educational Psychology, 1997)
African American and Latin American elementary students (ages 6-12) from low-income, urban neighborhoods were interviewed about the fairness of 4 teaching practices. Five conceptions of fairness, identified in previous studies with Caucasian students, were evident. This suggests that, to some degree, American children from diverse ethnic groups agree on how the learning process should be organized. Nevertheless, sociocultural variation was also evident. Consistent with previous studies, most children rated peer tutoring as fairest, but some African American and Latin American children equated peer tutoring with cheating. The children of color, when justifying their positions, introduced 4 new educational issues (worry about grades, solitary work, work quality, and resistance to schoolwork): They saw learning situations as taking on some of the properties of tests. Findings support a sociocultural approach to the study of moral reasoning, and measurement that is respectful of individual as well as group variability.
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Conceptions of fair learning practices among low-income African American and Latin American children: Acknowledging diversity. - Thorkildsen, Theresa A.; Schmahl, Cindy M. (Journal of Educational Psychology, 1997)
African American and Latin American elementary students (ages 6-12) from low-income, urban neighborhoods were interviewed about the fairness of 4 teaching practices. Five conceptions of fairness, identified in previous studies with Caucasian students, were evident. This suggests that, to some degree, American children from diverse ethnic groups agree on how the learning process should be organized. Nevertheless, sociocultural variation was also evident. Consistent with previous studies, most children rated peer tutoring as fairest, but some African American and Latin American children equated peer tutoring with cheating. The children of color, when justifying their positions, introduced 4 new educational issues (worry about grades, solitary work, work quality, and resistance to schoolwork): They saw learning situations as taking on some of the properties of tests. Findings support a sociocultural approach to the study of moral reasoning, and measurement that is respectful of individual as well as group variability.
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