Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among African‐American Students in a Southern University - Globetti, Gerald; Globetti, Elaine; Lo, Celia C.; Brown, Charles L. (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 1996)
This analysis of the circumstances of alcohol and other drug use among African‐American students at a predominantly White university indicated that the majority of these students drank in a responsible manner. Other drug use was almost nonexistent. Strong peer disapproval was exhibited toward drug users and alcohol abusers. Counselors dealing with such problems must be cognizant of the multicultural aspects of these behaviors.
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence of heart disease in school children in rural Kenya using colour-flow echocardiography. - Gm, Anabwani; Bonhoeffer, P (PubMed, 1996)
In a survey using colour-flow echocardiography and a portable generator, of one thousand one hundred fifteen children, three had clinical and echocardiographic evidence of rheumatic heart disease giving a prevalence rate of 27/1000. Sixty nine (6.2%) of the children examined had trivial mitral regurgitation (TMR). Of these, three had associated trivial aortic regurgitation. Isolated trivial aortic regurgitation was not seen. Four children had isolated mild-moderate regurgitation of the pulmonary valve. Congenital heart disease (CHD) was found in two children-one with secundum atrial septal defect and one with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis, giving a prevalence of 1.8/1000. One child had a bicuspid aortic valve and two persistent left superior vena cava. It is feasible to carry out an echocardiographic survey using a portable generator in schools where electricity is not available. The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is higher than previously found in Kenya. The prevalence of TMR is surprisingly high. This was associated with familial clustering reminiscent of RHD. The importance of these findings must await the results of further investigation.
Keywords: openalex:import

African Congress on Environmental Pollution, Food and Residues—The Inter-Relationship - Harington, J. S.; Campbell, Gayla (Nutrition and Health, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Literacy, Black self‐representation, and cultural practice in an elementary classroom: implications for teaching children of African‐Caribbean heritage - Henry, Annette (International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 1996)
This study examines literacy strategies used by Black teachers who aimed to create an environment in which African‐Canadian pupils could develop literacy skills as well as learn their social histories and personal identities as children of African heritage. The study site, located in a low‐income area of Ontario, Canada, was a school with a student population that was 80% Black. The data for the study were drawn from interviews with teachers about their pedagogy and from participant observations in their classrooms. Based on the findings, some implications for teacher education as well as for culturally supportive pedagogies for children of African heritage are considered.
Keywords: openalex:import

Disarmament in Mozambique: Learning the lessons of experience - Hill, Stephen (Contemporary Security Policy, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Negotiating a Democratic Order in South Africa: Learning from Mediation and Industrial Relations - Hirschsohn, Philip (Negotiation Journal, 1996)
Labor law reform in South Africa unintentionally precipitated the rapid growth of a powerful black trade union movement and institutionalized collective bargaining in the 1980s. Despite the political crisis, the Independent Mediation Service of South Africa helped to disseminate the culture and practice of negotiated order, developed in industrial relations, to the broader society and national politics. As a result of the negotiated transition, the new democratic order is characterized by inclusive, consensus‐building policy‐making processes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Negotiating a democratic order in South Africa: Learning from mediation and industrial relations - Hirschsohn, Philip (Negotiation Journal, 1996)
Labor law reform in South Africa unintentionally precipitated the rapid growth of a powerful black trade union movement and institutionalized collective bargaining in the 1980s. Despite the political crisis, the Independent Mediation Service of South Africa helped to disseminate the culture and practice of negotiated order, developed in industrial relations, to the broader society and national politics. As a result of the negotiated transition, the new democratic order is characterized by inclusive, consensus-building policy-making processes.
Keywords: openalex:import

African American Students and College Choice Decisionmaking in Social Context: The Influence of Race and Class on Educational Opportunity. - Horvat, Erin McNamara (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching about Africa. ERIC Digest. - Hume, Susan E. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Strengthening Auditing and Accounting Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa : The Education and Training Factors - Johnson, Sonia R. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1996)
This study provides an overview of the accounting profession and the education and training of accountants in Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa. It looks at: the profession; accounting examinations; accounting degrees; the education of accountants and accounting technicians; the training of accountants and accounting technicians; and continuing professional education (CPE). This study provides an overview of the accounting profession and the education and training of accountants in Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa. The study found that there were good and poor examples of accounting education in Anglophone Africa. On the good side are colleges like the Zambia Centre for Accountancy Studies (ZCAS) and the Strathmore College in Kenya, which are providing quality accounting education. In contrast, Uganda fares somewhat poorly. It has only just established an accounting body, it has no national examinations, and the accounting training institutions are struggling to prepare students for overseas examinations. External support for accounting education in Anglophone Africa has been reasonably successful, with donor-funded colleges such as ZCAS obtaining pass rates almost twice the worldwide average. Assistance however, is still required to help the profession develop.
Keywords: openalex:import

Science and technology in Africa: emphasis on education and research applications - Jugessur, S. (Science and Public Policy, 1996)
Science and technology in Africa: emphasis on education and research applications Get access S Jugessur S Jugessur Professor in STS/NRD, UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission For Africa), PO Box 3001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel: +25 1 517200; Fax: +25 1 514416 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Science and Public Policy, Volume 23, Issue 2, April 1996, Pages 123–124, https://doi.org/10.1093/spp/23.2.123 Published: 01 April 1996
Keywords: openalex:import

"Who'd Want To Walk Around Smelling Air That Stinks All the Time?: African American Parents' Views on the Environment and Environmental Education. - Kahn, Peter H.; Friedman, Batya (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Predictors of intention to be sexually active among Tanzanian school children. - Klepp, Knut‐Inge; Ndeki, Sidney; Thuen, Frode; Leshabari, Melkizedeck; Seha, A. M. (PubMed, 1996)
This paper presents the results from a study of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS risk behaviour conducted among primary school children in the Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions of northern Tanzania. The study was guided by the theory of reasoned action, and the decision to have or abstain from sexual intercourse was studied. All sixth and seventh grade pupils at eighteen schools were invited to participate. A total of 2,026 pupils (mean age 14.0 years) participated (participation rate of 85%), representing a wide variety of ethnic, socio-economic and urban-rural groups. Sixty-three percent of the boys and 24% of the girls reported having had their sexual debut. Attitudes, subjective norms and self-efficacy were all predictors of intention to have sexual intercourse within the next three months, but prior behaviour emerged as the strongest predictor of intention. Primary schools appear to be an important arena for HIV/AIDS education in Tanzania and it is recommended that such education be directed toward young adolescents.
Keywords: openalex:import

Contextualizing science teaching in Swaziland: some student reactions - Lubben, Fred; Campbell, Bob; Dlamini, Betty (International Journal of Science Education, 1996)
Although many theoretical arguments have been put forward for contextualizing the African science curriculum, little is known about students’ responses to science curriculum content and teaching methods designed to be locally relevant. This paper describes research in Swaziland. It presents reactions of Swazi junior secondary students to contextualized lessons on circuit electricity, air and respiratory processes using an application‐led teaching strategy. It identifies the characteristics of the lesson materials influencing (1) student motivation and interest, (2) student participation and (3) concept development. It is argued that a continuation of a teacher‐centred teaching style prevents students from gaining the maximum learning benefits from contextualized lesson materials.
Keywords: openalex:import

Early Diazepam Treatment Following Unilateral Labyrinthectomy Does Not Impair Vestibular Compensation of Spontaneous Nystagmus in Guinea Pig* - Martin, Jacelyn; Gilchrist, Darrin P. D.; Smith, Paul F.; Darlington, Cynthia L. (Journal of vestibular research, 1996)
Diazepam and other benzodiazepines are sometimes used to alleviate vertigo and dizziness following labyrinthine surgery in humans. While the results of some previous studies have suggested that the administration of diazepam and other CNS depressant drugs following unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) may impair the vestibular compensation process, the available evidence is unclear. The objective of the present experiment was to examine the effects of multiple injections of a high dose of diazepam (that is, 10 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min before and following UL (10 h or 10 and 20 h) on the static symptom, spontaneous ocular nystagmus (SN), in guinea pigs. Although diazepam-treated animals exhibited consistently lower average SN frequency compared to vehicle controls. neither SN frequency nor its rate of compensation were significantly different between the 2 groups. The time to complete SN compensation was also similar for the 2 groups, as estimated from the x intercepts derived from a linear regression analysis. These results suggest that even high doses of diazepam before and following UL do not result in an impairment of compensation of SN in guinea pig.
Keywords: openalex:import

Mortality associated with anaesthesia at Zimbabwean teaching hospitals. - McKenzie, Alistair G. (PubMed, 1996)
To determine and analyse peri-operative mortality with particular emphasis on avoidable factors, in the hope that this information will lead to an improvement in standards.Review of all anaesthetic-associated deaths (AADs) during the year 1992. All available records were scrutinised and further information was obtained from mortality meetings and confidential discussions.Harare Central and Parirenyatwa hospitals, which are referral centres.Out of 34,553 subjects presenting for surgical procedures, there were 89 deaths between 1 January and 31 December 1992.Incidence of AAD, avoidable mortality rate (AMR) and classification of avoidable surgical, anaesthetic and administrative factors.The incidence of AAD per 1,000 anaesthetics was 2.58. (AAD was defined as death within 24 hours of anaesthesia or failure of a patient, who was previously conscious, to regain consciousness.) There were avoidable factors in 45 (51%) of the deaths. The overall AMR was 1.34 per 1,000 operations (death classified as avoidable if mismanagement contributed to mortality). The AMR (surgical), AMR (anaesthetic) and AMR (administrative) were 0.80, 0.33 and 0.21 respectively. Scoring in each category of avoidability was done proportionately, with a maximum of one point per death awarded where there were avoidable factors). The commonest avoidable factors (in order of frequency) were uncontrolled haemorrhage, poor postoperative management, poor pre-operative management and anastomotic dehiscence.This audit reveals that there were avoidable factors in 51% of peri-operative deaths. It should be possible to reduce the mortality rate by developing preventive measures.
Keywords: openalex:import

New approach in research education to solve problems of dryland farming in Africa - Mungai, D.N.; Stigter, C.J.; Ng’ang’a, J.K.; Coulson, C.L. (Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 1996)
For quite some time now, Africa has faced food shortages that are largely due to deterioration of agricultural environments and high population growth rates, leading to a combination of production pressures. The agricultural problems are particularly pronounced in dryland farming, and the means to mitigate them have to be mainly of a low external input nature. A case study from Kenya of an integrated research education approach holds much promise for contributions to solve such food production problems in the drylands of Africa and other low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). The approach emphasizes interdisciplinary research education of local scientists by problem‐oriented research in tackling environmental hazards facing the farmers. Six primary sequential steps, from problem identification via field quantification to the contributions to solutions, are distinguished as essential. In the Kenyan example, it was possible to give a “weather advisory,”; that is, an extension message with strong agroclimatological components, on the biophysical and economic limits of alley cropping Cassia siamea with maize in a semiarid environment. Adaptation requirements of some commercial instruments under tropical conditions were also covered. Such a range of subjects is essential if research education is to contribute to protection from environmental hazards in dryland farming.
Keywords: openalex:import

Does Research Have Any Role in Information/Education/Communication Programs in Africa? An Insider's View - Nzyuko, Solomon (Journal of Health Communication, 1996)
A large gap exists between researchers professional health practitioners at the head/regional office and grassroots/rural practitioners. The forum for sharing research findings between researchers and practitioners is greatly wanting with rural practitioners tending to operate devoid of any pertinent research findings. Research work is mainly published in scientific journals or circulated among academic peers in academic circles which are mainly in urban areas. As such grassroots practitioners in rural Africa tend to be confined to routine service delivery procedures in working environments which provide neither the reading materials nor the motivation or means to search for reading materials. These practitioners therefore tend to degenerate to a near semiliterate level. One should not expect that these individuals are implementing theory-guided projects. Information education and communication programs are routinely implemented across Africa. However there is hardly any research establishing the effectiveness of these programs on the continent. It should be clear that the issues of and the relationship between research and program implementation are quite complex. The following is recommended to improve relations between researchers and practitioners: research activities must be treated as integral components of intervention programs and represent a true collaboration among all parties; research findings must be disseminated via innovative methods in language which is user-friendly to field practitioners; and clinics should be conducted in which researchers professional practitioners and rural practitioners update each other on what is happening in their areas of expertise and service delivery.
Keywords: openalex:import

Effect of training on the clinical management of malaria by medical assistants in Ghana - Ofori‐Adjei, David; Arhinful, Daniel (Social Science & Medicine, 1996)
Malaria accounts for over 40% of all outpatient consultations in Ghana. A common drug use problem associated with its treatment with chloroquine is over- and under-dosage and a preference for the intramuscular route of administration. Inadequate treatment is an important factor in the selection of resistant strains of malaria parasites. To ensure the proper management of diseases at health centres the Ministry of Health instituted an in-service training programme for medical assistants in 1987. We evaluated the effect of this training on the clinical management of malaria using a quasi-experimental design. Three methods of data collection were used; prescription survey, assessment questionnaires and focus group discussions. Our findings revealed that gains in knowledge following the training had deteriorated within a year. There was also a discrepancy between knowledge and practice of malaria treatment. This was shown by over- and under-dosing of chloroquine in children and adults respectively. There was also overwhelming preference (85% of all cases) for injections and a high tendency towards polypharmacy (average of five drugs per visit). The motivating reasons for these were mainly socio-cultural and included patient demand and attitudes, prescriber self interests and stereotypes and the daily practical challenges of the community. While paying greater attention to supervision of clinical work at health posts, consideration must be given to socio-cultural context of drug use in any such future training programmes if rational use of drugs is to be achieved.
Keywords: openalex:import

Gender-Related Differences in Error Analysis of Some Nigerian High School Students in Practical Biology. - Ogunsola-Bandele, Mercy F.; Lawan, Falilatu K. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

As Ye Sow, So Shall Ye Reap: From Consultant to Collaborator in the Development of a Teacher Preparation Program in Lesotho. - Rothenberg, Julia (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Foreign students at South African universities - Rouhani, Sepideh; Paterson, Andrew (Development Southern Africa, 1996)
This study provides an assessment of the potential impact of foreign students on the South African university system through an analysis of data on foreign student enrolments between 1986 and 1992. In 1992, there were more than 4 600 foreign students registered at South African residential universities. Of these 52 percent were from southern African countries. Since 1986, the proportion of foreign students from Africa has increased, while that from Europe has declined. In South Africa all university students irrespective of their nationality receive the same government subsidy. In 1992, the cost of subsidising foreign students was about R60 million. Policy on foreign‐student access will have to be formulated in the context of demand for equity in the South African university system, which is racially skewed, and where resources for redress are limited. The activities of universities, government departments and funding bodies concerned with foreign‐student entry, enrolment and support must be coordinated. There is a need to rationalise procedures cost‐effectively on a national basis in the interests of all.
Keywords: openalex:import

Archival photographs show no climate-induced changes in woody vegetation in the Sudan, 1943-1994* - Schlesinger, William H.; Gramenopoulos, N. (Global Change Biology, 1996)
Abstract An archive of satellite and aircraft photographs of the western Sudan showed no longterm (1943–1994) trends in the abundance of trees despite several decades of recent drought in this region. These data extend the extant historical record of vegetation change in the African Sahel, where recent fluctuations in vegetation greenness have been monitored with the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer since 1980. Despite substantial population turnover, woody vegetation is not yet indicative of the recent climate changes in this region.
Keywords: openalex:import

Diopside phenocrysts from nephelinite lavas, Napak Volcano, eastern Uganda; evidence for magma mixing - Simonetti, Antonio; Shore, Mark; Bell, Keith (Canadian Mineralogist, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Differential human immunodeficiency virus risk factors among female general nurses, nurse midwives and office workers/teachers in Zambia. - Siziya, Seter; Hakim, James (PubMed, 1996)
To determine whether the factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are the same among the general nurses, nurse midwives and office workers/teachers.Cross sectional.Schools, offices and hospitals.A total of 370 consenting females from each of the study groups.HIV seropositivity, medical and behavioural risk factors for HIV infection.HIV seropositive general nurses were more likely to report a history of sexually transmitted disease since 1980 (OR 5.17; 95pc CI 1.60 to 15.05), particularly genital ulcer (OR 3.59; 95pc CI 1.30 to 10.85), and they were also more likely to have more sexual partners (OR 4.08; 95pc CI 1.54 to 13.11). HIV seropositive nurse midwives were more likely to have had a blood transfusion (OR 2.17; 95pc CI 1.13 to 4.14), and HIV seropositive office workers/teachers were more likely to have scarification (OR 1.66; 95pc CI 1.07 to 2.57).Our findings support the importance of genital ulcers, blood transfusion and scarification as risk factors for HIV intervention studies should be specifically targeted to the sector of the population under study.
Keywords: openalex:import

Remedial classroom teaching and computer-assisted learning with science students in Botswana - Smit, Colleen; Oosterhout, M.; Wolff, P (International Journal of Educational Development, 1996)
The mathematical background of new science students in Botswana and the effectiveness of teaching is investigated through a series of test instruments. It is found that many mathematical concepts and techniques, theoretically covered in the school curriculum, are not well established. Further research shows that teaching remedial mathematics in class improves student results, but also that several misconceptions remain. Material for computer-assisted learning, specifically developed to promote conceptual change is shown to have a positive effect. Research data are analysed for different student ability groups.
Keywords: openalex:import

Effects of age, education, and gender on cerad neuropsychological test performance in an african American sample - Unverzagt, Frederick W.; Hall, Kathleen; Torke, Alexia M.; Rediger, Jeff D.; Mercado, Nenette; Gureje, Oye; Osuntokun, B. O.; Hendrie, Hugh C. (The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1996)
Abstract Eighty-three normal, healthy, African American men and women aged 65 and older completed the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease-Neuropsychological Battery (CERAD-NB). Regression analyses indicated powerful education and less marked age and gender influences on CERAD-NB test performance. Higher education was associated with better performance on nearly all CERAD-NB tests, age effects were noted only on the memory indices (younger subjects had better scores), and women performed slightly better than men on one index from the Word List Learning Test. Age and education interacted on the Word List Learning Test such that the best scores were obtained by younger subjects with more years of schooling; the other age-education combinations did not differ from each other. Factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution (i.e., a nonmemory general cognitive factor and a verbal memory factor) which accounted for 67% of the variance. Education-stratified normative data are presented for each of the CERAD-NB tests.
Keywords: openalex:import

A market outcomes approach to the external efficiency of education: A Papua New Guinea local study - Vlaardingerbroek, Barend (International Journal of Educational Development, 1996)
This paper presents and discusses the policy implications of a survey conducted in a Papua New Guinea Highlands town from the point of view of education system external efficiency as measured by market outcomes. The study deals with informal as well as formal sector incomes, and with academic achievement as well as attainment, and attempts to isolate the productivity-enhancing contributions of individual academic subjects at the lower secondary level.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching Community Psychology in Postapartheid South Africa - White, Aaronette M.; Potgieter, Cheryl (Teaching of Psychology, 1996)
Community Psychology can play an important role in the post-apartheid psychology curriculum as South Africa struggles to implement its Reconstruction Development Programme. A Community Psychology course was developed to address some of the pressing issues that face the Black majority in South Africa. The course perspective, course structure, reading materials, and assignments are described. The relevance of psychology during the postapantheid era and the challenges that psychologists face at historically Black South African universities are discussed. The course has been contextualized for South Africa; however, it can be adapted to suit any Community Psychology course taught in societies that struggle with racist, sexist, and economic forms of oppression.
Keywords: openalex:import

Integrating Water into an Economic Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Egypt - Yates, David (1996)
Recent research indicates that larger countries, with multiple agro-climatic zones, have the capacity to adjust to marginal climate changes which could occur over the next century. However, in countries with fewer adaptation options and with increasing dependency on imports to meet growing domestic demands, climate change might have significant impacts. To date, little has been done on assessing integrated impacts of climate change in developing countries. This motivates the need for improving and extending the research on the potential impacts of climate change on developing countries. An integrated assessment of climate change impacts on Egypt was performed; incorporating water resources, agronomics, land resources, socio-economics, and economic modeling into a consistent modeling framework. A monthly water balance model of the Nile basin was developed for determining water availability under climate change scenarios. A computable general equilibrium model of world agriculture was used and modified to address climate change issues in Egypt, with a focus on the water resources sector. Results indicated that continued structural transformation of the socio-economic system will be necessary to meet growing domestic demands for goods and services--caused by a growing population with a limited resource base. Three of four GCMs (Global Circulation Models) indicate increases in Nile flows which give rise to different development paths. This makes the issue of vulnerability and adaptation assessment difficult because there is a pressing need in Egypt to improve irrigation and agriculture efficiencies. Climate models forecasting increased Nile floods might serve only to delay the implementation of better management strategies through their bright outlook on available water resources.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sustaining Higher Education in Francophone West Africa: The Togolese Case - Biraimah, Karen L.; Ananou, David Kofi (The Educational Forum, 1996)
(1996). Sustaining Higher Education in Francophone West Africa: The Togolese Case. The Educational Forum: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 68-74.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education Reform in South Africa: Preparing for Higher Education beyond Apartheid. - Smith, Walter L. (1996)
From 1948 to 1994, the Republic of South (RSA) maintained 15 different departments of education and separate educational systems, signifying the inequality in educational opportunities throughout the era of apartheid. Even before the new democratic system of government ushered in with the 1994 elections, however, the possibility of establishing a community college system in the country had been explored. At a 1992 education conference, for example, it was recommended that South Africa's educational system be open to all and that there be flexibility between formal and non-formal training. Since tertiary institutions in the country had historically been designed to maintain a highly selective process in admitting students into the universities, the concept of open access community colleges was met with resistance from some of the leaders of higher education. With the opening of Funda Community College in fall 1995 as the first American-style community college in the RSA, however, the government has begun to take the concept of the colleges seriously. Currently, efforts are underway and legislation is in process to improve community college leadership and articulation; encourage partnerships with RSA universities and technikons, or vocational schools; and define national standards. Finally, American colleges and universities can play a vital role in helping the RSA deal with issues related to establishing funding mechanisms, training teachers, adjusting institutional missions, and developing curricula. (TGI) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Education Reform in South Africa: Preparing for Higher Education beyond Aparteid By Walter L. Smith University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Paper presented at a conference on Investing in South Africa (Costa Mesa, CA, March 19, 1996). 46.9 U.S. DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATION tV) office at Educabonal livsearcn and linpfdoment EDUCATIONA L RESOURCES INFORMATION ACENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organwation originating it si) CI Minor changes have boon made to inipreve reproduction quality Cr Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Keywords: openalex:import

African-American Family Involvement in Early Childhood Special Education Programs. - Tillmann, Jennifer D.; Ford, Laurie (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

96/02062 Environmental pollution management for Tanzania: Towards pollution prevention (Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 1996)
Although there are sufficient technical means for preventing waste water from becoming seriously polluted, in practice the implementation of preventive measures lags far behind the possibilities. Many reasons can be suggested for this, such as ignorance and economic uncertainties, but very little research, if any, has been carried out into the way in which entrepreneurs' behaviour can be influenced in practical situations. In a pilot study in The Netherlands, carried out by the Energy and Environmental Research study group at the University of Leiden, the Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA) investigated the attitudes within garage firms, the environmental aspects of management in garages regarding the working procedures within the firms, and in what way they are influenced by the social environment. To objectify attitudes and behaviour, the actual quality of the waste water was examined at the same time. This survey suggests that there is a great deal to be improved. However, in order to achieve this the entire section of industry must be influenced.
Keywords: openalex:import

Interest in Continuing Education Programmes Among Library and Information Science Educators in Anglophone Africa - Aina, L.O. (The International information & library review (Print), 1996)
AbstractContinuing education programmes in information technology were seen as important by a majority of library and information science educators in anglophone Africa. This conclusion is based on a survey of 60 educators in 25 schools from nine countries. Other areas of substantial interest include management, curriculum development and teaching methods, and rural librarianship.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education and agricultural productivity: evidence from Uganda - Appleton, Simon; Balihuta, Arsene M. (1996)
Existing evidence on the impact of education on agricultural productivity in Africa is mixed, with estimates usually insignificant although sometimes large. Analysis of the first nationally representative household survey of Uganda gives an estimate of the impact of household primary schooling on crop production comparable to the developing country average. In addition, the primary schooling of neighbouring farm workers appears to raise crop production and these external returns exceed the internal returns. Education complements capital and substitutes for labour. Further productivity increases arise through education increasing physical capital and purchased inputs, but effects via crop choice appear negligible.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Internship Programme in University-Level Public Management Education in Africa - Ayeni, Victor (International Review of Administrative Sciences, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Integrating African American Fiction into the Middle School Curriculum - Bacharach, Nancy; Miller, Terry (Middle School Journal, 1996)
ion: self-identity. on making the literature an integral part of the curricu lum and, in the process, making African American literary characters familiar heroes in middle school classrooms. Three example units are presented, with a description of the male and female heroes in each of the central novels for whole-class reading and a description of other posi tive characters in related novels for independent reading. Mystery or problem-solving units A popular unit in middle schools is based on a mys tery or problem-solving theme. Mystery stories and nov els appeal to young adolescents because the female and male detectives use courage, intelligence, and creativity to solve suspenseful and often dangerous mysteries. Middle School Journal • March 1996 37 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.212 on Wed, 08 Jun 2016 04:36:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Keywords: openalex:import

Improving drug use through continuing education: A randomized controlled trial in Zambia - Bexell, Anna; Lwando, E; Hofsten, Björn von; Tembo, Swede; Eriksson, Bo; Diwan, Vinod (Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1996)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of three continuing education seminars (within a period of 4 months) on the quality of patient management and rational drug use. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Prescribers in 16 general health centers were allocated to an intervention (eight health centers) or a control (eight health centers) group. A total of 5,685 patient cards was analyzed for quality of case management and rational drug use. In the intervention health centers the average number of drugs per patient decreased from 2.3 to 1.9 (p = 0.005) and the proportion of patients managed with nonpharmacological treatment increased from 1 to 13.2%. Recorded history taking, examination, and diagnosis improved in the intervention health centers. More drugs were correctly chosen in the intervention health centers compared to control health centers (p = 0.03). The proportion of patients prescribed antibiotics decreased and the proportion of patients adequately managed increased in the intervention health centers. Our conclusion is that continuing education in the form of repeated seminars is effective in influencing prescribers and in promoting rational drug use in primary care.
Keywords: openalex:import

Christian Education for the African American Community: Teacher Training in the Black Church - Chism, Keith A. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Have We Succeeded in Reducing Barriers to Medical Care for African and Hispanic Americans with Disabilities? - Cornelius, Llewellyn J.; Altman, Barbara M. (Social Work in Health Care, 1996)
There has been considerable progress in reducing barriers to care for African and Hispanics Americans. Yet current research indicates that overall African and Hispanic Americans are disproportionately encountering barriers to care. Unfortunately very little is known regarding the status of African and Hispanic Americans with disabilities. The purpose of this paper is to assess by using data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES), the degree of disability for African, Hispanic and Native Americans and the extent to which it is correlated with the use of services. The findings report that as in the case of other African and Hispanic Americans, African and Hispanic Americans with disabilities disproportionately encounter barriers to care. They are more likely than whites to lack insurance, a regular provider and less likely to see a doctor during the year. The implications of these findings for the care of persons with disabilities are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Promotion of breast feeding in the community: impact of health education programme in rural communities in Nigeria. - Davies‐Adetugbo, Anita A. (PubMed, 1996)
Breast feeding has been recognized as a child survival strategy, while breast feeding programmes have been increasingly implemented in many communities. This study assesses the effectiveness of a breast feeding education programme launched through the primary health care programme in the rural communities of Nigeria. Late trimester pregnant women were enrolled into the study and given a questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about breast feeding. Women in the study group (n = 126) received breast feeding counselling before and after delivery, while those in control group (n = 130) did not receive any counselling. Both groups were monitored after delivery and followed with the KAP questionnaire. The results of the study showed marked improvements in the intervention group for colostrum feeding (p = 0.0000). Moreover, 31.6% of the mothers in the intervention group practised timely initiation of breast feeding compared to 5.6% of the controls, and the prevalence of exclusive breast feeding at 4 months was 39.8% in the intervention group compared to 13.9% for the controls. Multivariate analysis showed that the intervention was a powerful and the only significant predictor of the increase in breast feeding behaviours (p = 0.0000), and that an early initiation of breast feeding is a strong predictor of exclusive breast feeding at 4 months of age. It is concluded that breast feeding promotion in rural communities is feasible and can lead to behavioural changes.During December 1993 to October 1994, in Nigeria, a breast feeding promotion project was implemented in Ife South Local Government Area (LGA), and its impact was evaluated. It consisted of training workshops on breast feeding for community health workers, breast feeding promotional posters displayed in prenatal care clinics and in homes, handouts on breast feeding, breast feeding talks in the clinics and in homes, and individual counseling on breast feeding before and after delivery. Pregnant women were enrolled in the program during the late trimester. During April-October 1994, researchers conducted a follow-up study of the effects of the breast feeding promotion program in the intervention area, by comparing relevant data from the intervention area and the control area Atakumosa LGA. The study methods were focus group discussions and interviews. The intervention group consisted of 126 women 15-44 years old. The control group consisted of 130 women 15-49 years old. Women in the study group were more likely to believe that infants should received colostrum after the intervention than before it (75% vs. 29.8%; p = 0.00001). More women in the study group put their infants immediately to the breast than women in the control group (31.6% vs. 5.6%). They were also more likely to be fully breast feeding at 4 months than mothers in the control group (39.8% vs. 13.9%). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine whether the breast feeding promotion program had a positive independent effect on early initiation of breast feeding and on full breast at 4 months. They revealed that the intervention was indeed a significant predictor of early initiation of breast feeding (odds ratio [OR] = 10.71) and of full breast feeding at 4 months (OR = 5.29). Further, initiation of early breast feeding was the strongest and most significant predictor of full breast feeding at 4 months (OR = 5.6). These findings suggest that breast feeding promotion in rural villages is feasible and improves breast feeding practices.
Keywords: openalex:import

Infant mortality in a deprived area of Papua New Guinea: priorities for antenatal services and health education. - Garner, Paul; Heywood, Patricia; Baea, M; Lai, D; Smith, Tristram (PubMed, 1996)
This cross-sectional study of women was conducted in a deprived area of Papua New Guinea with an estimated infant mortality rate of 133/1000 live births. Mortality patterns derived from birth histories showed that neonatal deaths contribute proportionally more to infant mortality than postneonatal deaths, emphasizing the need for better care at delivery. To examine possible mechanisms for intervention, pregnant women were interviewed to determine patterns of antenatal clinic use, antimalarial drugs and micronutrient supplements given, and how much the women smoked. The results showed that the health system was failing to implement current routine supplementation and prophylaxis regimens, and that there was a need to revise national guidelines. A large proportion of pregnant women smoked during pregnancy, and this behaviour could be a target for future public health campaigns and health worker promotion advice to women.A cross-sectional study conducted in 20 randomly selected villages in the impoverished Wosera Subdistrict, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in 1989 assessed infant mortality, antenatal attendance, and smoking during pregnancy in 1008 women. 60% of respondents had never attended school. The total fertility rate was 5.7/woman. The infant mortality rate was 133/1000 live births. Of the 3074 births reported by respondents, 52 were stillbirths (rate, 17/1000 births). The perinatal mortality rate was 80/1000, the neonatal mortality rate 88/1000, and the postneonatal mortality rate 45/1000. The finding that neonatal deaths contributed proportionately more to infant mortality than postneonatal deaths indicates a need for better care at delivery. Bacterial sepsis related to umbilical infection was common. Of the 109 women pregnant at the time of the survey, only 33 (30%) had been seen at the antenatal clinic. Few of these women were complying with chloroquine treatment (given every 6 weeks). 69% of pregnant women were current smokers of locally cultivated sun-dried tobacco and 68% chewed betel nut during pregnancy. Overall, these findings indicate a need for major changes, including improved implementation of routine supplementation and prophylaxis regimens during pregnancy, health education around the dangers of smoking during pregnancy, improved attendance at antenatal care, and attention to the major causes of infant mortality.
Keywords: openalex:import

Nature of Motivation for Educational Achievement among African American Female College Students - Hamilton, Carolyn Walden (Urban Education, 1996)
The purpose of this article is to explore the nature of motivational factors that have influenced the educational achievement of 11 African American female college students. It also investigates the extent to which these students' educational achievements are related to individual socioeconomic advancement versus collective socioeconomic advancement of African Americans. Sources used were transcripts from semi structured interviews and field notes from participant observations. The findings suggest that these women generally perceive the collective socioeconomic advancement of African Americans as a possible outcome of their individual socioeconomic achievement.
Keywords: openalex:import

Schools count : World Bank project designs and the quality of African primary education - Heneveld, Ward; Craig, Helen (World Bank Other Operational Studies, 1996)
The conceptual framework developed for this study used the review of the literature to identify eighteen key factors that influence student outcomes. The factors are divided into four inter-related categories that are themselves influenced by the institutional, cultural, political, and economic context surrounding the school. Within this context, the supporting inputs flow into each school where interaction among the enabling conditions, school climate, and teaching/learning process combine to produce student outcomes. The report concludes that investment programs for primary education in Africa need to accelerate the trend towards a greater focus on what happens inside schools, towards an even richer package of considerations of what makes education successful at the school level, and towards sectoral policies that empower schools and communities to control better the education of their children. The analysis of the Bank-supported projects leads to two major conclusions. First, the project designs analyzed address an array of inputs that are known to affect educational outcomes: community support, supervision, teacher development, textbooks, and facilities. Second, the project designs tend to ignore the process factors that characterize effective education within schools - school level autonomy, school climate, the teaching/learning process, and pupil evaluation and teacher feedback.
Keywords: openalex:import

Schools Count: World Bank Project Designs and the Quality of African Primary Education - Heneveld, Ward; Craig, Helen (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1996)
The conceptual framework developed for this study used the review of the literature to identify eighteen key factors that influence student outcomes. The factors are divided into four inter-related categories that are themselves influenced by the institutional, cultural, political, and economic context surrounding the school. Within this context, the supporting inputs flow into each school where interaction among the enabling conditions, school climate, and teaching/learning process combine to produce student outcomes. The report concludes that investment programs for primary education in Africa need to accelerate the trend towards a greater focus on what happens inside schools, towards an even richer package of considerations of what makes education successful at the school level, and towards sectoral policies that empower schools and communities to control better the education of their children. The analysis of the Bank-supported projects leads to two major conclusions. First, the project designs analyzed address an array of inputs that are known to affect educational outcomes: community support, supervision, teacher development, textbooks, and facilities. Second, the project designs tend to ignore the process factors that characterize effective education within schools - school level autonomy, school climate, the teaching/learning process, and pupil evaluation and teacher feedback.
Keywords: openalex:import

Multilingual Educational Reform and Teacher Training in Ethiopia - Honig, Benson (Language and Education, 1996)
Ethiopia has only recently emerged from decades of brutal and socially taxing civil war. The new government is a coalition faced with creating a modern pluralist nation-state upon an historical foundation of totalitarianism. Education generally, and language policy more specifically, continues to be one of the most contentious factors on the Ethiopian social and political scene. In a country with 82 distinctly different languages and ethnic groups, this is no small matter. After enduring centuries of rule by Amharic speaking 'Northerners', new regional authorities have elected to purge the Amharic language from the teaching curriculum, in favour of local languages for the primary years, and English in the secondary schools. The result has been one of the most dramatic attempts to reform a modern educational system ever undertaken, entailing the translation and publication of massive quantities of textbooks, the redeployment of former staff and teaching resources, and the development of new regional and local educational authorities. This article examines the political implications of linguistic policy, and reports on a recent visit to an Ethiopian Teachers' Training Institute (TTI). Utilising teacher training as an entry point, the article discusses many of the difficulties inherent in the imposition of major educational reform under severe resource constraints.
Keywords: openalex:import

Aid, Education and Cultural Penetration: the case of Botswana - Hopkin, A.G. (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Instructional Technology in Higher Education in Nigeria - Ibe‐Bassey, George S. (Journal of Further and Higher Education, 1996)
Most developing countries equate national development with the rapid and effective development of higher education. This paper will present the different forms of higher education, the present application of instructional technology in the institutions and the problems and advantages of the system. It will also provide suggestions for future development of instructional technology using Nigeria as a case study
Keywords: openalex:import

The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children. - Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (Contemporary Sociology, 1996)
Foreword to the New Edition. Preface. The Author. 1. A Dream Deferred. 2. Does Culture Matter? 3. Seeing Color, Seeing Culture. 4. We Are Family. 5. The Tree of Knowledge. 6. Culturally Relevant Teaching. 7. Making Dreams into Reality. Afterword. Appendix A: Methodology. Appendix B: Context. Notes. Index. Discussion Questions.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children. - Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (Contemporary Sociology, 1996)
Foreword to the New Edition. Preface. The Author. 1. A Dream Deferred. 2. Does Culture Matter? 3. Seeing Color, Seeing Culture. 4. We Are Family. 5. The Tree of Knowledge. 6. Culturally Relevant Teaching. 7. Making Dreams into Reality. Afterword. Appendix A: Methodology. Appendix B: Context. Notes. Index. Discussion Questions.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children. - Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (Contemporary Sociology, 1996)
Foreword to the New Edition. Preface. The Author. 1. A Dream Deferred. 2. Does Culture Matter? 3. Seeing Color, Seeing Culture. 4. We Are Family. 5. The Tree of Knowledge. 6. Culturally Relevant Teaching. 7. Making Dreams into Reality. Afterword. Appendix A: Methodology. Appendix B: Context. Notes. Index. Discussion Questions.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children. - Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (Contemporary Sociology, 1996)
Foreword to the New Edition. Preface. The Author. 1. A Dream Deferred. 2. Does Culture Matter? 3. Seeing Color, Seeing Culture. 4. We Are Family. 5. The Tree of Knowledge. 6. Culturally Relevant Teaching. 7. Making Dreams into Reality. Afterword. Appendix A: Methodology. Appendix B: Context. Notes. Index. Discussion Questions.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children. - Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (Contemporary Sociology, 1996)
Foreword to the New Edition. Preface. The Author. 1. A Dream Deferred. 2. Does Culture Matter? 3. Seeing Color, Seeing Culture. 4. We Are Family. 5. The Tree of Knowledge. 6. Culturally Relevant Teaching. 7. Making Dreams into Reality. Afterword. Appendix A: Methodology. Appendix B: Context. Notes. Index. Discussion Questions.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children. - Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (Contemporary Sociology, 1996)
Foreword to the New Edition. Preface. The Author. 1. A Dream Deferred. 2. Does Culture Matter? 3. Seeing Color, Seeing Culture. 4. We Are Family. 5. The Tree of Knowledge. 6. Culturally Relevant Teaching. 7. Making Dreams into Reality. Afterword. Appendix A: Methodology. Appendix B: Context. Notes. Index. Discussion Questions.
Keywords: openalex:import

SIMONSTOWN Cuban doctors take South Africa by storm - Lee, Nick (The Lancet, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Xerophthalmia and malnutrition among pre-school children in Agaro town south-west Ethiopia. - Lemma, F; Mariam, A. G. (PubMed, 1996)
A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in Agaro town to determine the magnitude of xerophthalmia and malnutrition in January 1993. 434 children (aged six months to six years), were selected randomly and by using the proportionate probability sampling technique from the eight 'kebeles' of the town. Data were collected by interviewing mothers/ care-takers of index children and by ocular and anthropometric examinations. From the total subjects studied, the proportion of males (54.6%) was higher than females (45.3%). Few mothers/ care-takers (24.5%) were found to be illiterate. According to the Waterloo classification, 18.6% were either wasted, stunted or both. The overall prevalence of xerophthalmia was 6.2%. Being malnourished and earning less than 700 birr / year were significantly associated with xerophthalmia (chi 2 = 6.23; P < 0.05). Finally, children with clinical signs of xerophthalmia and other eye diseases were treated accordingly and advice was given to mothers/care-takers of malnourished children.
Keywords: openalex:import

The characteristics of women presenting for abortion and complications of illegal abortions at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: an explorative study. - Likwa, Rosemary Ndonyo; Whittaker, Maxine (PubMed, 1996)
This paper describes the findings of a prospective study of women presenting with a request for termination of pregnancy with the diagnosis of abortion complications at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. The study identifies some socio-economic characteristics of these women, comparing those obtaining legal abortions with those obtaining illegal abortions. Women utilizing the legal abortion facilities tend to be older (20-29 years), married or single, multiparous, educated to secondary level or above, and received the termination under the medical indication of ¿risk of injury to physical or mental health of the pregnant woman¿. On the other hand, women who resorted to illegal abortion tended to be young (15-19 years), unmarried, nulliparous, and schoolgirls who indicated their reason for termination as ¿being a student¿. The majority of women had never used contraceptives and 5.5% of the women who had requested a legal termination had an unwanted pregnancy resulting from discontinuation of use of a contraceptive. About 11% of the illegal abortion seekers had had at least 1 illegal abortion previously. The majority of women in both groups had had a termination within the gestational age range of 8-12 weeks. Traditional health providers and/or traditional methods were the major source and method of illegal abortions. The paper makes recommendations for service deliverers, researchers, and policy-makers in Zambia to improve the present situation.
Keywords: openalex:import

Towards environment and health promoting South African schools. - Mathee, Angela; Byrne, Judith T (PubMed, 1996)
This article describes the activities of the Greater Johannesburg Healthy Schools Program of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Healthy Cities Project in South Africa. Healthy Cities projects emphasize community participation, intersectoral action, supportive environments for health, and a settings approach. Children in South Africa, are exposed to environmental and health hazards in the school setting including poor building design, poor equipment, and understaffing. The Healthy Schools initiative in Greater Johannesburg, is a pilot for enhancing environmental quality, health, and well-being among students. Schools include those in an informal settlement in an industrial area, an inner city district, and in a suburban area. The initiative includes research, establishment of environmental and health committees, development of an action plan, and evaluation and feedback. The plan aims to promote environmental and health sustainability, to empower children to become full participants in the community, and to support teachers and parents in the promotion of health-enhancing school environments. The program builds upon the lessons learned from several local school initiatives. Initiatives include an anti-smoking poster competition involving over 10,000 students, special environmental and health awareness days, consciousness raising among high school students about air pollution, and local efforts to engage students in environmental clean-up days.
Keywords: openalex:import

School Teaching and Higher Education: a Papua New Guinea case study - McLaughlin, Denis (Teaching in Higher Education, 1996)
Abstract Improving the quality of education in a developing country is often the. responsibility of those who teach in higher education. Such academics, often expatriates, have frustrated qualitative change by their uncritical promotion of Western educational innovations. It is argued that an appreciation of the complex educational context by academics is more likely to promote qualitative change. Consequently, the impact of school teaching and the experience of higher education within the Papua New Guinea cultural context invites examination. Such scrutiny can become the basis for appropriate policies and strategies to improve teaching in higher education and the education system in general.
Keywords: openalex:import

Strengthening patient education for ORT services in the Central African Republic - Naimoli, Joseph F.; Endsley, Scott; Roungou, Jean Baptiste; Parker, Kathleen; Bryce, Jennifer; Doutizonga, Ruth; Gbadjamo, Michel (Patient Education and Counseling, 1996)
This paper describes the design and implementation of a health worker training program in diarrhea case management and its effect on patient education in health facilities in the Central African Republic (C.A.R.). In 1989, a facility-based assessment of health worker practices in managing diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age documented serious deficiencies in patient education as performed by health workers. Based on these results, the Ministry of Health (MOH) designed an inservice training program that promoted education as an integral component of curative care. The training program was implemented in all five health regions of the country. An evaluation of the training's impact on the delivery of patient education indicated dramatic increases in the number of messages health workers communicated to mothers. This experience demonstrated that the patient education practices of health workers can be improved through inservice training that integrates the teaching of clinical and communication skills. Additional study in C.A.R. is needed to (1) further improve the quality of patient education for diarrhea and other childhood communicable diseases, (2) determine the impact of patient education on the care provided by mothers in the home following a clinic visit, and (3) assess how operational research can be conducted within the limitations of inservice training programs and routine clinical operations.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education For All by the Year 2000 (EFA 2000): Its Feasibility in Some Countries in Africa: Can Teacher Education Ensure Quantity, Quality, and Relevance for Education in the Year 2000? - Ndawi, Obert Paradzai (1996)
This paper assesses the feasibility of Education For All by the year 2000 in some countries in Africa. It identifies and explores three basic challenges which EFA 2000 poses to teacher education in Africa, that is: quality, quantity, and relevance: The paper briefly explores the problems faced by these countries and suggests possible ways in which teacher education could facilitate the attainment of some measure of success. Information and recommendations from a conference that the author attended and addressed on the subject are used to elucidate the arguments raised. The paper concludes that considering the amount of ground still to be covered, and the little time remaining it will not be possible to realise EFA 2000 in most African countries. It is conceded, however, that fairly high levels of educational provision will be attained so as to warrant active consideration of how teacher education could contribute to the improvement of the quantity, quality, and relevance of that education. Significantly, educationists in general, and teacher educators in particular, are challenged to take the responsibility to ensure that the education, which it is the business of their profession to give, measures up to the demands of quantity, quality, and relevance to the needs of every learner, not just to the needs of those few who will make it to university.
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal samples of some school children in Enugu State, Nigeria. - Okafor, J. I.; Okunji, Priscilla O. (PubMed, 1996)
A total of 373 stool samples comprising 38 watery stool and 335 normal formed samples, collected from primary school children in Enugu State, Nigeria, were processed for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The formalin-methylene blue staining techniques were employed for the concentration and identification of the Oocysts in each sample. The results obtained were subjected to cross-tabulation analysis. Cryptosporidium Oocysts were identified in 15 of the 38 watery stool samples and in 81 of the 335 formed stool samples. Analysis of the data obtained showed that there was no significant difference in carrier rate of the parasite between school children from the urban town of Nsukka and those from the rural towns of Ovoko and Obukpa (P = 0.441). However, the rate of occurrence of the Oocysts was significantly higher in the watery stool than in the formed stool samples (P = < 0.0001).
Keywords: openalex:import

A 10 year retrospective evaluation of cases of post neonatal tetanus seen in a paediatric unit of a university teaching hospital in south western Nigeria (1985 to 1994). - Oyelami, Oyeku Akibu; Aladekomo, T. A.; Ononye, F O (PubMed, 1996)
A review of 56 children with post neonatal tetanus admitted over a 10 year period (January 1985 t December 1994) was undertaken at the Wesley Guild Hospital, IIesa, South Western Nigeria. The male: female ratio was 1.8:1. About 64.3 pc of the cases were above six years of age (mean 7.6 years). Wounds on the lower limb were identified as portal of entry in 39.2 pc of cases and discharging Otitis media in 21.4 pc. Otitis media was the usual portal of entry among the pre-school children (six years) in 55 pc of the cases. The patients were managed with antibiotics, alternating does of diazepam, phenobarbitone and chlorpremazine and nasogastric tube feeding. It was noticed (in 1992) that the patients showed varying degrees of talkativeness and disinhibition during therapy, which tended to subside one to two weeks after discontinuation of chlorpremazine and phenobarbitone. One case had a relapse which occurred one week after complete cessation of the initial symptoms which had taken four weeks to nurse. Resolution of symptoms followed the removal of a foreign body from the left foot on the 58th day of admission. Mortality was recorded in 39.3 pc of cases. Only 12.5 pc of the survivors completed the scheduled immunization doses after discharge.
Keywords: openalex:import

Racial identity and perception of American ideals among African American and African students in the United States - Phinney, Jean S.; Onwughalu, Mukosolu (International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1996)
This study examined contextual factors in racial identity, by comparing 113 Black American college students and 93 Black African college students residing in the United States. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing racial identity, applicability of American ideals, and self-esteem. Racial identity scores did not differ between the two groups, but for the African students racial identity showed a significant increase with longer residence in the United States. For the Black Americans, self-esteem was positively correlated with racial identity, and negatively correlated with applicability of American ideals; for the Africans, self-esteem was unrelated to these variables. Although the Americans felt more strongly American, they perceived American ideals as less applicable to them than did the Africans. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of minority status.
Keywords: openalex:import

South Africa and Global Climate Change - Rowlands, Ian H. (The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1996)
Global climate change is now firmly on the international agenda. Although the heady days of the 1992 Earth Summit have been replaced by an atmosphere of greater caution, events in 1995 have nevertheless revealed that climate change is set to be one of the key international issues during the coming decades. Indeed, it is inevitable that global climate change – as both a physical phenomenon and a social institution – will have a tremendous impact on every nation's future.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching at a South African University - Ruth, Damian (Teaching in Higher Education, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

A survey of leprosy impairments and disabilities among patients treated by MDT in Burkina Faso. - Tiendrébéogo, Alexandre; Touré, Ibra; Pj, Zerbo (PubMed, 1996)
Since 1990, Burkina Faso, a West African country, has carried out a national leprosy control program treating with WHO/MDT nearly 12,000 patients between 1990 and 1994. A sample survey of 600 cases among these patients showed that 29.8% were disabled cases. There was a predominance of males, older patients, the multibacillary form of leprosy, and former cases treated with dapsone before MDT. The actual rate increased 8.5% compared to the frequency of disabilities at detection (21.3%). The need for disability care was estimated, respectively, at 24.4% and 5% for primary and secondary grades of disability. These important needs were so great that the authors recommend the planning and initiation of a physical rehabilitation and disability prevention program in this country.
Keywords: openalex:import

From Sacred Initiation to Bureaucratic Apostasy: Junior secondary school-leavers and the secularisation of education in southern Africa - Tournas, Stephen A. (Comparative Education, 1996)
In the country now known as Botswana, the history of Tswana culture prior to British colonialism in the nineteenth century shows a tribal or pre-urban spirituality, a strong kinship organisation and a systematic approach to the training of youth both informally and formally. This pre-colonial pedagogy defined the Tswana cosmology and the way future adults related to their society as productive members. The European missionaries who came at the eve of colonialism interpreted education and work in a manner that had less continuity with Tswana culture. This trend was developed further by secular educators and institutionalised by post-colonialist, independent Botswana. The Botswana government has been rapidly expanding its formal academic education system. Although practical programmes of education with production like the Brigades supported local development and the transition from the pre-colonial era, they are now facing obsolescence. Thousands of junior secondary school-leavers are being added to the ranks of the underemployed each year, while competition for academic credentials increases. Government reluctance to offer training for practical employment skills reflects a deference to secular Western education and production models and the need to understand better their effects on the tribal culture.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Impact of Structural Hypocrisy on the School Performance of Young African American Males. - Towns, Donna Penn (1996)
Reasons for the disproportionate failure rate of young urban African American males were studied in an ethnographic study of thirdand sixth-grade classrooms in a low-income African American community. The multimethod approach involved observing classroom sessions and school activities, interviewing students and teachers, and examining documentary evidence of student performance. In this school, the conflict between ideology and reality created a structural hypocrisy that was so pervasive and so deeply rooted that those who participated in it were not always aware of it. It is argued that the difference in socialization patterns of low-income Black males predisposes them to reject the hypocrisy as they move up in grade level. Hypocrisy was apparent in the overall culture of the school, the culture of the classroom, and in the language of the classroom. Students were aware of the difference between what was advocated and what was practiced, and their awareness increased as they grew older. Transcripts of conversations with students at both grade levels show many discrepancies between what the schools say they want to do for students and what they actually do. Statements revealing a lack of respect from the teachers were frequently made by the boys, and were often made by sixth graders. These students then responded to what they perceived as unfairness through failing grades and resisting authority. (SLD) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** The Impact of Structural Hypocrisy on the School Performance of Young African American Males. by Donna Penn Towns, Ph.D U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 0 This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality. e Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 01)1131.) 766tilS TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Spread of Tick-Borne Borreliosis in West Africa and Its Relationship to Sub-Saharan Drought - Trape, Jean‐François; Godeluck, Bruno; Diatta, Georges; Rogier, Christophe; Legros, Fabrice; Albergel, Jean; Pépin, Yannick; Duplantier, Jean‐Marc (The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1996)
In West Africa, tick-borne relapsing fever is due to the spirochete Borrelia crocidurae and its geographic distribution is classically limited to the Sahel and Saharan regions where the vector tick Alectorobius sonrai is distributed. We report results of epidemiologic investigations carried out in the Sudan savanna of Senegal where the existence of the disease was unknown. A two-year prospective investigation of a rural community indicated that 10% of the study population developed an infection during the study period. Transmission patterns of B. crocidurae to humans and the small wild mammals who act as reservoirs for infection were similar to those previously described in the Sahel region. Examination of 1,197 burrows and blood samples from 2,531 small mammals indicated a considerable spread of the known area of distribution of A. sonrai and B. crocidurae. The actual spread of the vector and the disease has affected those regions where the average rainfall, before the start of the extended drought in West Africa, reached up to 1,000 mm and corresponds to the movement of the 750-mm isohyet toward the south from 1970 to 1992. Our findings suggest that the persistence of sub-Saharan drought, allowing the vector to colonize new areas in the Sudan savanna of West Africa, is probably responsible for a considerable spread of tick-borne borreliosis in this part of Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Social Context of Emotion: Effects of Ethnicity and Authority/Peer Status on the Emotional Reports of African American College Students - Vrana, Scott R.; Roflock, David (Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1996)
The emotional impact of imagined and real interand intraethnic interactions with peers and authority figures was examined among African Americans. A total of 66 African American undergraduates rated their emotional responses to paragraphlong vignettes that varied the ethnicity (Black or White) and the peer/authority status of other actors in common inteipersonal situations within three emotional contexts (oy, anger, and neutral). Subjects encountered eitherAfi can American or White experimenters. Subjects reported more negative emotions in their imagined interactions with Whites and intensification of both positive and negative affect in imagined interactions with authority figures. The range of reported affect was more limited in the presence of White experimenters. Results are discussed in terms of contextual moderators of emotional responses among African Americans and their implications forfuture research.
Keywords: openalex:import

Talk about School: Education and the colonial project in French and British Africa (1860-1960) - White, Bob W. (Comparative Education, 1996)
As a study in comparative colonialism, this research attempts to identify similarities and differences in the French and British models of colonial education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Differences in colonial policy were conditioned to some extent by settlement patterns, the role of missionaries and variations in local politics and economies, but also by the moral stances underlying colonial practice. By calling attention to some of the 'signposts' of British and French colonial education policy, this research attempts to contrast British and French ideas about morality and the colonial project in Africa.
Keywords: openalex:import

Produced Water Disposal – A Learning Curve in Yemen - Wilkie, Dawson; Kennedy, W.L.; Tracy, K.F. (All Days, 1996)
Abstract The success of many oilfields depends upon efficient disposal of produced water. In the case of the Masila block in Yemen, the difficulty of water disposal was underestimated because the high permeability of the production wells led to expectations that high injection rates and economic subsurface disposal would be easily attained. A number of standard approaches were taken to obtain injection rates of 40,000 BWPD per well. After initial failures, a multi-disciplined team was formed to review the practical and theoretical aspects of formation damage and water quality. Successful injection at rates exceeding 80,000 BWPD per well were subsequently achieved by underbalanced drilling and improving water quality. Two orders of magnitude of increase in injectivity index. Optimizing the drilling and completion methods saved S14MMUS that would have been needed to dispose of water at hydraulic fracturing pressures. The learning curve and dead ends that led to the successful subsurface disposal of over 200,000 BWPD are described. Perforating, core flow tests, core analysis, corrosion, sand behavior, pressure measurement, drilling fluids, completion configuration, filtration and remedial stimulation are discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teacher Education and Pluralism in South Africa (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Learning shortcuts to success. Africa. (PubMed, 1996)
The exchange of experiences and lessons has been a feature of JOICFP's IP in Africa since the project's earliest days, particularly at the local level. At the end of 1995, this exchange system was expanded to the regional level with the swap of study teams between Zambia and Tanzania. Five personnel from Tanzania visited Zambia from October 14 to 28 and four IP personnel from Zambia visited Tanzania from November 4 to 18. For both teams the experience was one of learning and provided insights into different approaches to such areas as logistics, operational strategy, service delivery, organization setup, administration, income-generation and sustainability, data collection, analysis and reporting and cost-effectiveness. The Tanzanian team was impressed with the effective use of the health advisory committees at the village level in Zambia to reach local people. The steering committee structure ends at the ward level and not the village level in Tanzania. They also noted the strong involvement of men in the project and the dual existence of clubs for men and women. In one of the villages visited, the team joined an IP Open Day attended by over 5000. The study visit to Tanzania was also effective for the Zambian team, which was impressed with the IP system for the collection and analysis of CYP/CPR data. The members noted the close UMATI-government collaboration and joining of forces for FP service delivery. Tanzania's success with systematic CBD/CBS deployment was another impressive feature for the Zambians.
Keywords: openalex:import

Clinical experience with adolescent diabetes in a Nigerian teaching hospital. - Akanji, Abayomi O. (PubMed, 1996)
Diabetes mellitus presenting in adolescents age 10 to 20 years accounts for less than 5% of all diabetes in tropical African countries. Consequently, inadequate attention is paid to the medical and psychosocial problems attendant on adolescent diabetes in those countries. This article highlights our clinical experience in the management of 30 adolescent diabetic subjects who presented consecutively in the diabetic clinic of a major Nigerian teaching hospital. In these patients, adolescent diabetes appeared heterogeneous, comprising classical insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in approximately 80%; the remaining fraction (20%) was contributed variably by malnutrition-related diabetes (MRDM) and an "atypical" form of IDDM. The most common medical complications were recurrent hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, and infections. About 80% of the patients were poor, and up to two thirds had to withdraw from school or trade because of recurrent illness. One third of the girls had a history of unwanted pregnancies. Almost all (93%) had a history of general rebelliousness and clinic truancy. Therefore, the high prevalence of acute metabolic decompensation may be related to the increased frequency of psychosocial problems, especially poverty, in these patients. It is suggested that agencies in tropical Africa increase welfare facilities for adolescent chronic disease, and also establish and encourage clinics dedicated to adolescent diabetes care.
Keywords: openalex:import

HOW DOES FEMALE EDUCATION AFFECT FERTLITY? A STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR THE CÔTE D'IVOIRE† - Appleton, Simon (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1996)
A structural model relating fertility to its proximate is estimated for the Côte d'Ivoire. The assumption of exogeneity of the proximate determinants is rejected and shown to understate their influence. The model allows identification of the means through which female education affects fertility. Secondary schooling is found to have particularly strong effects, raising the age of cohabitation and reducing the duration of breastfeeding. The two transmission mechanisms are offsetting since delayed cohabitation limits fertility whilst shortened breast‐feeding increases it for older women. However, the impact via age at cohabitation dominates, except amongst the older cohorts.
Keywords: openalex:import

A Culturally Appropriate Cancer Education Program for African‐American Adolescents in an Urban Middle School - Barg, Frances K.; Lowe, Jane Isaacs (Journal of School Health, 1996)
ABSTRACT: This article describes an innovative transfer of cancer prevention information from a Comprehensive Cancer Center to the community and school setting. A cancer control curriculum, developmentally and culturally appropriate for middle school, African‐American children, was taught to seventh grade students in a public middle school in a large, northeastern city. By building partnerships among a university, an academic medical center, a public school district, and a non‐profit arts organization, students learned cancer control concepts in the context of their daily lives. Students increased their knowledge of cancer risk and demonstrated a positive attitude about their ability to affect their own health. Experience with this project enabled staff to identify additional education and support needs that exist among students who have family members with cancer.
Keywords: openalex:import

Basic Education for Girls in Yemen: Country Case Study and Analysis. Mid-Decade Review of Progress towards Education for All. - Beatty, Sharon E. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Somalia Country Case Study. Mid-Decade Review of Progress towards Education for All. - Bennaars, G.A.; Seif, Huda; Mwangi, Doris (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Exploring the Links Between Racial Identity Attitudes and Psychological Feelings of Closeness in African American College Students - Brookins, Craig C.; Anyabwile, Thabiti M.; Nacoste, Rupert W. (Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1996)
The relationship between racial identity attitudes and psychological closeness to various African American groups was examined in 171 African American college students at a predominantly White southeastern university. The data were collected using the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Helms & Parham, 1985), and a scale measuring Perceived Psychological Closeness to African Americans. The closeness scale is a 14‐item instrument that was found to represent (in this sample) psychological closeness to 4 African American groups. Internalized racial identity attitudes indicated positive feelings toward various groups of African Americans. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that internalized racial identity attitudes were predictive of psychological closeness to African Americans, although this varied somewhat depending on the subgroup.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adolescent sexual behaviour, knowledge and attitudes to sexuality among school girls in Transkei, South Africa. - Buga, G.A.B.; Amoko, D. H. A.; Ncayiyana, Daniel J (PubMed, 1996)
Teenagers make up a quarter of all mothers in Transkei, South Africa, and well over 75% of them are unmarried. Such a high rate of teenage pregnancy is indicative of a high level of unprotected adolescent sexual activity. We examined sexual behaviour, knowledge and attitudes to sexuality among adolescent school girls in Transkei, using a self-administered questionnaire, in order to establish the incidence of sexual activity, and associated risk factors. Of the 1072 respondents, 74.6% were already sexually experienced, and 21.0% were not. The majority of sexually experienced girls (SEGs) and sexually inexperienced girls (SIGs) were living with both their parents. There were no religious differences between the two groups of girls. The age of SEGs at first coitus correlated positively with the age of menarche, and the age at the first date, suggesting that sexual maturation and onset of dating were possible risk factors for initiation of sexual activity. Contraceptive use was low, and a third of SEGs had been pregnant at least once. The knowledge of reproductive biology among both groups of girls was generally poor, although SEGs were significantly more knowledgeable than SIGs. The majority of girls in both groups did not approve of premarital sex, and adolescent pregnancy. They also did not approve of the idea of introducing sex education in schools, or the provision of contraceptives by schools. Nearly a third of the respondents in both groups did not wish to get married in future. In conclusion, there is a high level of unprotected sexual activity among school girls in Transkei. The risk factors for this include early sexual maturation, early onset of dating, and poor knowledge of reproductive biology and contraceptives.In Transkei, South Africa, 25% of births are to teenagers, 75% of whom are unmarried. To investigate the factors associated with adolescent sexual activity and facilitate the design of preventive programs, a self-administered questionnaire was provided to 1025 females from 21 secondary schools. 800 (74.6%) were already sexually active; 18.7% had initiated coitus before menarche. Only 182 (23.5%) of these teens had ever used a modern method of contraception and 241 reported at least 1 pregnancy. Among sexually active teens, mean ages at menarche, first date, and first coitus were 13.91, 14.47, and 14.86 years, respectively. Major reasons cited for initiating coitus included forced by partner (28.4%), peer pressure (20.0%), carried away by passion (15.1%), to prove normality (11.7%), and to prove love of boyfriend (10.1%). The reasons provided by sexually inexperienced girls for delaying intercourse included religious values (25.4%), fear of pregnancy (23.8%), wish to wait for marriage (20.0%), fear of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (15.6%), not emotionally ready (8.6%), and fear of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS (6.4%). Knowledge of reproduction was low, with only 19% able to identify the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. The majority of experienced (64.0%) and inexperienced (73.5%) girls disapproved of premarital sex while still in school; only 27.6% and 11.4%, respectively, supported the inclusion of sex education in the school curriculum. Overall, these findings indicate that early sexual maturation, early onset of dating, and poor knowledge of reproductive biology and contraception represent risk factors for unprotected sexual activity in this population and suggest a need for school-based family life education introduced before girls initiate sexual activity.
Keywords: openalex:import

Relationship of Age, Education, and Occupation With Dementia Among a Community-Based Sample of African Americans - Callahan, Christopher M.; Hall, Kathleen; Hui, Siu L.; Musick, Beverly; Unverzagt, Frederick W.; Hendrie, Hugh C. (Archives of neurology, 1996)
To explore the relationship between age, education, and occupation with dementia among African Americans.Community-based survey to identify subjects with and without evidence of cognitive impairment and subsequent diagnostic evaluation of a stratified sample of these subjects using formal diagnostic criteria for dementia.Urban neighborhoods in Indianapolis, Ind.A random sample of 2212 African Americans aged 65 years and older residing in 29 contiguous census tracts.Subjects's scores on the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D), formal diagnostic clinical assessments for dementia, years of education, rural residence, primary occupation, self-reported disease, and alcohol and smoking history. Caseness was defined by four separate criteria: (1) cognitive impairment as defined by the subject's performance on the CSI-D cognitive scale; (2) cognitive impairment as defined by the total CSI-D score that included a relative's assessment of the subject's functional abilities; (3) dementia as defined by explicit diagnostic criteria; and (4) possible or probable Alzheimer's disease as defined by explicit diagnostic criteria.The mean age was 74 years (age range, 65 to 100 years), 65% of subjects were women, the mean education was 9.6 years (age range, 0 to 16 years), 98% of the subjects were literate, and 32% reported living in a rural area until age 19 years. Service, domestic, and production occupations accounted for 55.2% of the subjects' primary occupations with a mean of 25.8 years (range, 1 to 75 years) in the primary occupation. Years of education, rural residence to age 60 years, and primary occupation were highly correlated. Caseness defined by any of the four criteria was associated with functional impairment, but the frequency of impairment increased with increasing diagnostic specificity. Age, education, and rural residence to age 60 years were significantly independently associated with caseness for cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's type dementia. White-collar occupation was independently associated only with caseness for cognitive impairment. History of stroke was associated with caseness for cognitive impairment and dementia but not Alzheimer's disease, while history of smoking was negatively correlated with Alzheimer's disease.Education was independently associated with cognitive impairment and dementia among a representative community-based sample of African Americans and the association remains significant across a variety of sensitivity analyses designed to control for measurement and confounding biases. The potential protective role of education against the development of dementia among African Americans deserves further evaluation.
Keywords: openalex:import

Deep crustal earthquakes and active faults along the Rukwa trough, eastern Africa - Camelbeeck, Thierry; Iranga, Mwita Donatian (Geophysical journal international (Print), 1996)
Since June 1992, a seismic network of five digital stations has been operating in southwestern Tanzania, with the aim of investigating the seismic activity and its partitioning with regard to depth in the area between Lake Rukwa and Lake Malawi. During the period 1992 June 15 to 1994 December 31, a reliable location was obtained for 199 local earthquakes: 13 were recorded by all five seismic stations, 71 by four stations and 115 by three seismic stations, with both P-and S-wave arrival-time measurements.
Keywords: openalex:import

Gender and Achievement in Mathematics by Indigenous African Students Majoring in Mathematics - Cherian, Varghese I.; Siweya, James (Psychological Reports, 1996)
This study investigated gender differences in mathematics achievement of first-year B.Sc. Degree (mathematics major) students at the University of the North in South Africa. They were 214 male and female students. The ages of students ranged from 17 to 66 for 178 men ( M = 22.3) and 17 to 35 years for 36 women ( M = 21.5). With their marks in mathematics as the criterion measure, no significant difference in the mean achievement scores of the two groups was noted; however, a qualitative examination of the category-wise achievement scores of the two groups suggests further study of the bases for some women's achievement to be higher than the men's.
Keywords: openalex:import

What African-American women know, do, and feel about AIDS: a function of age and education. - Dancy, Barbara L. (PubMed, 1996)
Because African-American women tend to be studied as a homogeneous group, little data exist that report differences in what they know, feel, and do about AIDS. The purpose of this study was to compare African-American women across two age groups and four educational groups to discern if differences exist. African-American women who were 20 years of age or over were recruited in a variety of settings to obtain a heterogeneous sample. The sample totaled 281 women. Participation consisted of the completion of the AIDS Knowledge, Feelings, and Behavior Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that educational level influenced their knowledge and attitudes about AIDS, whereas age influenced not knowledge but attitudes and sexual behavior. Based on race alone, African-American women should not be treated as homogeneous in what they know, do, and feel about AIDS.
Keywords: openalex:import

Prescription writing in Gondar outpatient teaching hospital, Ethiopia. - Desta, Zeruesenay; Abdulwhab, Mohammedbrhan (PubMed, 1996)
A total of 19,119 prescriptions consecutively written between January-July 1992 were collected from Gondar outpatient hospital selling pharmacy and reviewed to determine physician's adherence to the basic principles of prescription order writing. In 36.6%, 16.8% and 12.4% of the prescriptions, respectively, age, sex and chart numbers of patients were not recorded. Twelve percent, 7%, 6.4%, 5.8% and 1.6% of the prescriptions did not indicate routes of drug administration, directions for drug use, frequency of drug administration, drug dose and duration of treatment, respectively. No prescription order had special advice or warnings to the patient and in 10.8% of the cases date was omitted. Out of the dispensed drugs, 82.9% were written in generic names and over 70% were included in the Essential Drug List of Ethiopia. The five most commonly dispensed individual drugs were ampicillin (10.4%), paracetamol (9.5%), TB 450 + isoniazid (7.4%), penicillin G (6.8%) and aspirin (5.8%). As therapeutic classes, antiinfectives were most common (47.8%) of which antibacterials constituted 38.1%, followed by analgesic-antipyretics (17.5%). Most drugs were prescribed by young medical interns and dispensed by less qualified personnel. Our preliminary survey indicates that essential components of a prescription order were omitted to a great extent and suggested to modify the existing undergraduate pharmacotherapeutic teaching in order to promote rational use and prescribing before bad habits get a chance to develop. The type of drugs dispensed at the selling pharmacy could not be beneficial to the patient without competent professional patient counselling, delivery of correct information as well as appropriate prescription monitoring.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Educational Psychologist as Organization Development Consultant in South African Schools - Druker, Belinda; Jong, Terry de (School Psychology International, 1996)
South Africa is currently undergoing a process of reconstruction and transformation, and educational changes constitute an integral part of this process. Organization Development (OD), could play a valuable role in such change. OD practices, when located within an ecosystemic framework, represent a departure from certain inadequacies of conventional educational psychology practice in South Africa, such as decontextualization and individualization. This paper is the product of a formative evaluation study and ongoing enquiry into school organization development in South Africa. Such research has indicated that particular issues tend to emerge as 'substantive' in the course of OD practice. The paper outlines and discusses a number of substantive issues and presents a framework for conceptualizing these issues in an integrated fashion. The framework is comprised of three interrelated components, namely the school, the consultant(s) and the interaction between them. These components exist within a particular micro and macro context which needs to be taken into account in any OD intervention. It is hoped that the framework will prove useful to OD practitioners in a variety of different contexts and provide a practical means of conceptualizing their situations.
Keywords: openalex:import

Career needs of Eastern Cape pupils in South Africa - Euvrard, George (British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 1996)
Abstract School guidance and counselling services ought to be designed and implemented to meet the needs of the pupils. The high school guidance programme should operate in a preventive way and attempt to equip pupils with information, skills and attitudes so that they can successfully negotiate the challenges of adolescence. If school group guidance lessons are to meet the pupils' needs and are to be experienced by the pupils as being relevant to their lives, then they must address the expressed needs of the pupils (apart from other issues considered important by appropriate authorities). A methodological approach to defining such needs is presented. It emphasises the importance of the pupils themselves describing their needs, and seeks to avoid the pupils having to respond in the form of ticks and checklists to the ideas of others. The pupil protocols were analysed in a qualitative manner and a number of categories and themes emerged. The needs relating to careers are outlined. Discussion centres on these results, on the differences between schools, and on the implications of these findings for a future single, non-racial education department in South Africa with a common curriculum for all.
Keywords: openalex:import

Career needs of Eastern Cape pupils in South Africa - Euvrard, George (British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Relationship between Racial Identity Attitudes, Worldview, and African American Graduate Students' Experience of the Imposter Phenomenon - Ewing, Kimberly M.; Richardson, Tina; James-Myers, Linda; Russell, Richard K. (Journal of Black Psychology, 1996)
The present study examined the relationships between African American graduate students' experience of the imposter phenomenon and their racial identity attitudes, worldview perspectives, academic self-concept, background characteristics, and graduate school environment. It was hypothesized that racial identity, Afrocentricity, academic self-concept, and certain demographic characteristics would differentially predict imposter feelings. The results of multiple regression analyses revealed support for some but not all of the hypotheses.
Keywords: openalex:import

The definition and functions of the family: Towards a rationale for teaching family values through schools in Botswana - Fako, Thabo T. (South African Journal Of Sociology, 1996)
Abstract This paper attempts to show that while the family continues to be an important value within the social fabric, and may continue to be idealized as the primary socializing agent, it does not have a sustained impact on matters that concern population and family life education. Its traditional functions are increasingly being taken over by schools (and other social welfare organizations) which are equipped with the necessary human and other resources to anticipate and effectively address the effects of separation of family members, scattered multiple residence, male absenteeism, family instability, and rapid socio-economic change on children. Through carefully prepared curricula, formal educational institutions are in a position to effectively provide young people with the mental and ideological frame of reference that could produce uniform social ideals and values regarding family life.
Keywords: openalex:import

An Empowerment-Centered, Church-Based Asthma Education Program for African American Adults - Ford, Marvella E.; Edwards, Gloria; Rodriguez, Juan L.; Gibson, Rose C.; Tilley, Barbara C. (Health & Social Work, 1996)
Journal Article An Empowerment-Centered, Church-Based Asthma Education Program for African American Adults Get access Marvella E. Ford, Marvella E. Ford Marvella E. Ford, PhD, is assistant research scientist, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Suite 3E, Detroit, MI 48202. Gloria Edwards, PhD, is associate director, University of Michigan Hospitals, Minority Health Care Initiative, Ann Arbor. Juan L. Rodriguez, MD, is allergy specialist, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Rose C. Gibson, PhD, is faculty associate, Institute for Social Research, and professor, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and editor-in-chief, The Gerontologist. Barbara C. Tilley, PhD, is director, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, and division head, Bio statistics, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. This work was supported by Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Grant No. B10450. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gloria Edwards, Gloria Edwards Marvella E. Ford, PhD, is assistant research scientist, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Suite 3E, Detroit, MI 48202. Gloria Edwards, PhD, is associate director, University of Michigan Hospitals, Minority Health Care Initiative, Ann Arbor. Juan L. Rodriguez, MD, is allergy specialist, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Rose C. Gibson, PhD, is faculty associate, Institute for Social Research, and professor, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and editor-in-chief, The Gerontologist. Barbara C. Tilley, PhD, is director, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, and division head, Bio statistics, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. This work was supported by Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Grant No. B10450. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Juan L. Rodriguez, Juan L. Rodriguez Marvella E. Ford, PhD, is assistant research scientist, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Suite 3E, Detroit, MI 48202. Gloria Edwards, PhD, is associate director, University of Michigan Hospitals, Minority Health Care Initiative, Ann Arbor. Juan L. Rodriguez, MD, is allergy specialist, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Rose C. Gibson, PhD, is faculty associate, Institute for Social Research, and professor, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and editor-in-chief, The Gerontologist. Barbara C. Tilley, PhD, is director, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, and division head, Bio statistics, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. This work was supported by Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Grant No. B10450. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rose C. Gibson, Rose C. Gibson Marvella E. Ford, PhD, is assistant research scientist, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Suite 3E, Detroit, MI 48202. Gloria Edwards, PhD, is associate director, University of Michigan Hospitals, Minority Health Care Initiative, Ann Arbor. Juan L. Rodriguez, MD, is allergy specialist, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Rose C. Gibson, PhD, is faculty associate, Institute for Social Research, and professor, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and editor-in-chief, The Gerontologist. Barbara C. Tilley, PhD, is director, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, and division head, Bio statistics, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. This work was supported by Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Grant No. B10450. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Barbara C. Tilley Barbara C. Tilley Marvella E. Ford, PhD, is assistant research scientist, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Suite 3E, Detroit, MI 48202. Gloria Edwards, PhD, is associate director, University of Michigan Hospitals, Minority Health Care Initiative, Ann Arbor. Juan L. Rodriguez, MD, is allergy specialist, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Rose C. Gibson, PhD, is faculty associate, Institute for Social Research, and professor, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and editor-in-chief, The Gerontologist. Barbara C. Tilley, PhD, is director, Center for Medical Treatment Effectiveness Programs, and division head, Bio statistics, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. This work was supported by Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Grant No. B10450. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Health & Social Work, Volume 21, Issue 1, February 1996, Pages 70–75, https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/21.1.70 Published: 01 February 1996 Article history Accepted: 15 November 1995 Published: 01 February 1996
Keywords: openalex:import

The state of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) training and research in South African universities - Hill, Trevor; Nel, Etienne (Development Southern Africa, 1996)
Geographical Information Systems or GIS has become one of the more prominent research and training tools in South African university departments in the 1990s. GIS developed in the 1970s in North America in response to the expanding capacity of computer systems and the need to integrate spatial and attribute data (Maguire et al, 1991). It was only in the mid‐1980s that the first systems were set up in South Africa, primarily at research institutions such as the Department of Water Affairs and the Institute for Natural Resources in Pietermaritzburg. Since then the use of the technology has grown exponentially and most of the country's major municipalities (Szecsei, 1990; Van Rensburg, 1992), government departments, town and regional planners (Zietsman, 1992; Venter, 1993), engineering concerns (Poolman, 1990) and universities have become regular users. At universities GIS is used more as a research tool than as a defined analytical procedure. This article reviews the development of GIS and its use in South African universities. It also discusses the advantages and impediments to the use of the technology and its development. Notes Department of Geography, Rhodes University. The assistance of the 1995 GIS Honours class at Rhodes University is gratefully acknowledged.
Keywords: openalex:import

General practice training in Uganda. Part 1: Setting, personnel, and facilities. - Jm, Ross (PubMed, 1996)
Making lasting changes to health care in developing countries is a challenge to industrialized nations. This two-part article outlines how a general practice training project was established in Uganda to prepare postgraduate students to work in rural hospitals. Part 1 covers the setting, those involved, and the facilities available to launch such a project.
Keywords: openalex:import

General practice training in Uganda. Part 2: Training program and clinical practice. - Jm, Ross (PubMed, 1996)
Enabling a developing country to become self-sufficient in health care is a major feat. This two-part article outlines how a general practice training project was established in Uganda to prepare postgraduate students to work in rural hospitals. The first part looked at the setting, personnel, and facilities. Part 2 outlines the curricula and clinical practice.
Keywords: openalex:import

Distance Education in Sub‐Saharan Africa: the Next Five Years - John, Magnus (Innovations in Education and Training International, 1996)
SUMMARY What prospects are there in sub‐Saharan Africa for distance education over the next five years? This paper analyses the political, economic and social forces that have affected the sub‐region over the past twenty‐five years in order to understand how they have determined the shape of distance and formal education in the present. The role of external agencies in the development of distance education is also examined.
Keywords: openalex:import

Supporting education in emergencies: A case study from southern Sudan - Joyner, Alison (Development in Practice, 1996)
Feedback. Also includes 'Training for urban development'. This article is hosted by our co-publisher Taylor & Francis.
Keywords: openalex:import

Gender studies and gender training in Africa - Kasente, Deborah (Development in Practice, 1996)
Viewpoint. Also includes viewpoints on 'Organisational capacity-building and the `quick and dirty' consultant', 'The World Bank derogates women's rights: outcomes from Beijing' and 'Demonstrating NGO performance: problems and possibilities'. This article is hosted by our co-publisher Taylor & Francis.
Keywords: openalex:import

Levels of autistic behaviour among the mentally handicapped children in Zimbabwe. - Khan, Nashi; Hombarume, J (PubMed, 1996)
The manifestation of autistic behaviours in relation to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) Revised Criteria for Autism was investigated among 18 mentally handicapped children. The Autistic Behaviour Checklist and the Behaviour Rating Instrument for Autistic (and other Atypical) Children were used to collect data. All the three major categories of the DSM III-R were observed in varying frequencies in the subjects. In addition other behaviours not described in the DSM III-R such as disturbances in perception and labile mood were also observed. Generally the DSM III-R categories are supported by empirical evidence as found in this and other studies. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of characteristics such as abnormal responses to sensory stimuli and disturbances in developmental rate in Category C of DSM III-R to make it more flexible to cater for non classical autism.
Keywords: openalex:import

FAMILY BACKGROUND, EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN ETHIOPIA† - Krishnan, Pramila (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1996)
Most studies suggest that family background has a strong effect on earnings both directly and indirectly through the returns to own education. However, such effects might reflect the influence of family background on entry into work rather than a productive effect on earnings. The paper uses data from a survey of 16–29 year olds in urban Ethiopia to examine the impact of family background on selection into work and earnings. Family background strongly influences entry into the public sector; accounting for such selection removes its impact on earnings. This contrasts with the persistence of family background effects on private sector earnings.
Keywords: openalex:import

Patterns of HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe: implications for health education. - Munodawafa, Davison; Gwede, Clement K. (PubMed, 1996)
Current patterns of HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe are examined using national surveillance data reflecting four main variables: age, gender, marital status, and residence. The data show that the distribution of cases by age and gender is consistent with the literature on the rest of sub-Sahara Africa. Distribution of cases by age is bimodal with incidence highest among sexually active young adults (20-39 years) and the very young (0-4 years), and the male-to-female ratio is nearly 1:1 among adults. However, among adolescents 15-19, the incidence among females is six times greater than their male counterparts. The data also show that married persons have the highest rate of HIV infection (51%), greater than single persons (34%). These patterns highlight the significance of heterosexual and perinatal transmission. These data suggest a need for expanded HIV testing, counseling, and education across gender and marital status in order to detect HIV infection earlier in the spectrum of the disease. Promotion of monogamy and proper condom use should be a major focus of the empowerment process. Further recommendations are provided for planning, implementation, evaluation, and coordination of a comprehensive national prevention strategy.
Keywords: openalex:import

Effects of air pollution on African-American and other minority populations - Olden, Kenneth (Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Effects of Air Pollution on African‐American and Other Minority Populations - Olden, Kenneth (Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 1996)
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryVolume 114, Issue 2 p. 255-255 Article Effects of Air Pollution on African-American and Other Minority Populations Kenneth Olden PhD, Corresponding Author Kenneth Olden PhD n/a@dne.dne National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North CarolinaReprint requests: Kenneth Olden, PhD, Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.Search for more papers by this author Kenneth Olden PhD, Corresponding Author Kenneth Olden PhD n/a@dne.dne National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North CarolinaReprint requests: Kenneth Olden, PhD, Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0194-59989670178-X Presented at the conference “Air Pollution Impacts on Body Organs and Systems” of the National Association of Physicians for the Environment, the National Press Club, Washington, D.C., Nov. 18, 1994. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume114, Issue2February 1996Pages 255-255 RelatedInformation
Keywords: openalex:import

Attitudes toward Sexual Behavior among Unmarried Zambian Secondary School Females - Pillai, Vijayan K.; Roy, Lindsay E. (The Journal of Social Psychology, 1996)
"Attitudes toward Sexual Behavior among Unmarried Zambian Secondary School Females." The Journal of Social Psychology, 136(1), pp. 111–112
Keywords: openalex:import

Dental caries, fluoride levels and oral hygiene practices of school children in Matebeleland South, Zimbabwe - Sathananthan, Kangaratnam; Vos, Theo; Bango, Gordon (Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 1996)
1386, 5-6-yr-old and 1326, 12-yr-old schoolchildren in the mainly rural province of Matebeleland South, in Zimbabwe, were examined for dental caries and interviewed about their oral hygiene practices. Fluoride contents of the drinking water source of the schools were determined and were found to be in the range 0.05-2.5 ppm. Among 5-6-yr-old children, 25.2% were affected with caries and the mean dmft score was 0.6 whereas 19.8% of the 12-yr-old children had caries, and the mean dmft score was 0.3. In both age groups low fluoride levels in drinking water (<0.8 ppm) were associated with higher prevalence of caries (5-6-yr-olds: OR 2.47; 12-yr-olds: OR 2.09). Chewing sticks were the most commonly applied oral hygiene practice. Children who reported using chewing sticks had fewer carious lesions than children who reported the use of toothbrush and toothpaste.
Keywords: openalex:import

Serotonergic antagonists impair arousal-induced phase shifts of the circadian system of the Syrian hamster - Sumová, Alena; Maywood, E.S.; Selvage, Dan; Ebling, Francis J. P.; Hastings, Michael H. (Brain research (Print), 1996)
Single episodes of arousal of Syrian hamsters 2 h before projected activity onset (i.e., CT 10) phase-advanced their free-running circadian rhythm of wheel-running. Serial arousal once every 23 h or once every 23.5 h for 7 days caused large composite phase-advances to the wheel-running rhythm, the latter period being more effective in supporting an interval of stable entrainment. Pre-treatment of hamsters at CT 6 with the serotonergic antagonist ritanserin (1-5 mg/kg, which acts at both 5-HT2 and the putative 5-HT7 receptor, impaired the phase-advancing response to arousal at CT 10 but the drug was without effect on phase advances induced by exposure to light. Pre-treatment with a second serotonergic antagonist, ketanserin (1-5 mg/kg), which is without effect at 5-HT7 but has high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors, was also effective in attenuating the phase advancing effect of arousal at CT 10. However, neither agent was able to achieve complete blockade of the phase advances. These results are discussed in relation to in vitro and in vivo studies in the rat which have identified a role for 5-HT7 receptors in serotonin-mediated circadian entrainment.
Keywords: openalex:import

A South African Assistant Principal Takes a Look at Some U.S. Schools - Thomas, Leonard R. (NASSP Bulletin, 1996)
While studying in Philadelphia on a Fulbright Scholarship last year, the author spent a semester observing elementary, middle level, and high school classes in this large urban school district. These are some of his impressions of school life in the eastern part of the United States.
Keywords: openalex:import

Pastoral Livelihoods in Danger: Cattle Disease, Drought, and Wildlife Conservation in Mursiland, South-Western Ethiopia - Turton, David (1996)
This report is the outcome of a field study carried out with cattle herders in northern Mursiland, Ethiopia, on behalf of Oxfam GB. Its immediate purpose was to seek the views of local herd-owners on how the pastoral economy could be strengthened, without external intervention, in a remote area prone to cattle disease and drought. A secondary focus, which emerged during the research, is the threat posed to pastoralists by government plans to encourage tourism and to construct dams on the Omo river for electricity generation. The paper considers ways of putting pressure on conservation bodies and civil authorities to protect the vital subsistence resources of the Mursi people.
Keywords: openalex:import

Produced Water Disposal - A Learning Curve in Yemen - Wilkie, D.I.; Kennedy, W.L.; Tracy, K.F. (Proceedings of SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

African American Students in East Baton Rouge Parish: How Have They Fared in Desegregated Schools?. - Fossey, Richard (1996)
Three generations of children have passed through the Baton Rouge (Louisiana) school system since the Brown decision (1954) and one generation since the federal court's 1981 desegregation order. The impact of school desegregation on African American children was studied in the East Baton Rouge School District. For the student body as a whole, graduation rates have declined slightly, stabilizing at about 607.. African American graduation rates have ranged from 30 to 657. over the time period. African American students have been, and remain, far more likely to be suspended than any other race. A'out half the African American students attending district middle Ichools in 1992-93 received at least one suspension. African American students are disproportionately represented in district special education programs. Racial isolation is increasing in the schools, with predominantly white gifted and talented students in one set of classes and the general school population, largely African American, in another set of classes. Increasing amounts of human and financial resources are being poured into the district, but it is evident that conditions have not improved for African American students in Baton Rouge. Findings suggest that now is the time to reexamine the way, African American students are being educated in Baton Rouge. (Contains 13 references.) (SLD) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS IN EAST BATON ROUGE PARISH: HOW HAVE THEY FARED IN DESEGREGATED SCHOOLS?
Keywords: openalex:import

Supporting curriculum changes in Namibian classrooms - Ottevanger, Wout; Akker, Jan van den (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

On the Roles of Long-chain Acyl Carnitine Accumulation and Impaired Glucose Utilization in Ischaemic Contracture Development and Tissue Damage in the Guinea-pig Heart - Clarke, Brendan; Wyatt, Katrina; May, Gillian R.; McCormack, James G. (Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 1996)
It has been proposed that the presence of increasing concentrations of fatty acids may accelerate the development of ischaemic contracture and cardiac damage, and that this may be due to long-chain acyl carnitine accumulation and /or impairment of glucose utilization. In isolated guinea-pig papillary muscles, palmitoyl (DL) carnitine was found to have a positive inotropic effect, with a slow onset of action suggestive of an intracellular site of action, and with a maximal effect of about two-fold at a concentration of 5 –10μm; higher concentrations led to decreased contraction, probably due to increasing detergent-like effects. In isolated fura-2-loaded chick cardiomyocytes, palmitoyl carnitine increased intracellular [Ca2 +]; it is proposed that this is the means by which it increases contraction. The main hypothesis above was studied using isolated guinea-pig hearts perfused with either 11.7 mmor 5 mmglucose, and either albumin alone (3 %) or albumin bound palmitate (1.5 mm) during low-flow ischaemia (92 % reduction in flow) for up to 60 min. With 11.7 mmglucose, the presence of palmitate caused contracture development and increased enzyme release during ischaemia. Contracture also developed when the glucose concentration was reduced to 5 mmin the absence of fatty acid, however, in its presence contracture developed to a greater extent and with increased enzyme release. Long-chain acyl carnitine accumulation was similar in both groups. These studies show that long-chain acyl carnitine accumulation has the potential to induce contracture during ischaemia, although a reduction in glucose availability may also contribute.
Keywords: openalex:import

The State of African Americans in Nursing Education (Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Status of African Americans at the Nation's Most Prestigious Boarding Schools (Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Vital Signs: The Statistics That Describe the Present and Suggest the Future of African Americans in Higher Education (Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Oppbygging av bistandsrelevant kompetanse: Vannforurensing - Gruveindustri. (Improvement of environmental expertise related to development aid. Water pollutions problems - mining industri. Report from a study tour in Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Namibia.) - Aanes, Karl Jan (81, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Integrated skills training for self-employment: the case of Ghana - Abban, Charles K. (1996)
This paper describes a case study based on a Ghana National Association of Garages' (GNAG) integrated program, based in three institutions and funded by the World Bank. It has three phases: apprenticeship, technical skills upgrading and management training for master mechanics. The program is a Government of Ghana project under the auspices of the Ministry of Transport and Communication, implemented by selected Vocational Technical Institutions (VTIs). The paper provides a detailed examination of both the program and the changing vocational and technical education system in Ghana.
Keywords: openalex:import

The challenges of education in an Ethiopian agro-pastoral society : Surma childhood in crisis - Abbink, G.J. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

TRANSACTION COST IMPAIRMENTS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE: LESSONS FROM EGYPT - ABDEL-LATIF, ABLA M.; NUGENT, JEFFREY B. (Contemporary Economic Policy, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Pan-African volcanism: petrology and geochemistry of the Dokhan Volcanic Suite in the northern Nubian shield - Abdel‐Rahman, Abdel‐Fattah M. (Geological Magazine, 1996)
Abstract The Late Proterozoic Dokhan volcanic suite (620 Ma) of the northern Nubian shield is the product of Late Pan-African volcanism. The suite covers the entire spectrum from basalt to high-silica rhyolite and occurs as two units: a dark-coloured unit containing basalt-andesite-dacite, and a light-coloured unit encompassing dacite-rhyodacite-rhyolite. The latter unit is made up largely of ash flow tuffs and ign-imbrites that are locally interstratified with basalt and andesite lava flows. The suite forms a continuum in composition with a wide range of Si0 2 (48–77 wt%), CaO (0.1–8.9 wt%), Sr (81–906 ppm), Zr (85–340 ppm) as well as most other elements, and is moderately enriched in incompatible elements, including rare earth elements (REE). The suite exhibits fractionated, subparallel REE patterns that are similar overall to Andean andesites and ignimbrites. Well-defined major and trace element trends and fractionated REE profiles are consistent with a fractionated basalt to rhyolite calc-alkaline magma series. It is a typical calc-alka-line orogenic complex and exhibits mineralogical-geochemical traits of arc-related volcanism. The suite neither resembles products of extensional nor transitional tectonic regimes as previously thought, but was produced in a subduction-related tectonic environment. The mafic nature of the least-evolved rocks of the suite, along with its relatively low initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio (0.7039) are considered to indicate a mantle source. A mantle-derived basaltic magma fractionated, with amphibole and plagioclase dominating the fractionating assemblage, to produce the more felsic varieties, as suggested by major and trace element fractionation modelling.
Keywords: openalex:import

Early childhood education of children with disabilities in Botswana - Abosi, C. O. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The imperative of retaining contact with the remote distance learner: A perspective from Uganda - Acer, Chris; Wrightson, Tony (1996)
Normal 0 false false false EN-NZ X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:auto; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:auto; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Developing countries confront major challenges in providing educational opportunities, particularly those ravaged by civil war, or poor in resources, or experiencing rapid population growth. In Uganda efforts are being made to revivify primary education in the northern regions of the country by training working primary teachers. The distance delivery system employed is described and the paper concludes that formal student support systems are by themselves insufficient to ensure success in learning at a distance.
Keywords: openalex:import

Contribution of Heavy Metals to the Air (Biosphere) Pollution in the Working Environment of Goldsmiths in Nigeria - Adesanmi, C.A.; Owolabi, SA; Balogun, F.A.; Ibitoye, F.I.; Oladipo, Akeem Adeyemi; Tubosun, I.A. (Journal of Environmental Systems, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Spatial Patterns of Droughts in Southwestern Nigeria - Adeyemi, Abiodun S. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Elements of International Education in the Social Studies Curriculum of Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana. - Adeyemi, Michael Bamidele (Canadian Social Studies, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The role of the University of Botswana in the moderation of teaching practice in affiliated institutions - Adeyemi, Michael Bamidele (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Justifying dance education in Ghana - Adinku, O. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The nutritional status of pre-school children, Kainji Lake communities, Nigeria: a baseline survey - Adu, F.A. (1996)
This survey was carried out to provide the Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project (KLFPP), whose overall goal is the improvement of the standard of living of fishing communities around Kainji Lake, Nigeria, and an increase in the availability of fish to consumers, with nutritional status baseline data for long-term monitoring and evaluation of the overall project goal. In a cross-sectional survey, baseline anthropometric data was collected from 768 children, aged 3-60 months in 389 fisherfolk households around the southern sector of Kainji Lake, Nigeria. In addition, data was collected on the nutritional status and fertility of the mothers, vaccination coverage of children and child survival indicators. For control purposes, 576 children and 292 mothers from non-fishing households around Kainji Lake were likewise covered by the survey. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect relevant information, while anthropometric measurements were made using appropriate equipment. Data compilation and analysis was carried out with DATAEASE registered and EPI-INFO registered software, using NCHS reference data for the analysis of anthropometric measurements. The prevalence of stunted children in fishing households was high at 40%, while the prevalence of wasted and underweight children was likewise high at 10% and 29% respectively. Children from non-fishing households had a marginally lower prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight with 37%, 7% and 25 % respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant. Considering the fact that the survey was carried out during a period of relative food abundance, the prevalence of wasting and underweight children is likely to be much higher during periods of food shortage. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight was relatively high for children aged 3 to 23 months, suggesting an increased risk of malnutrition during this period, most likely associated with inadequate weaning practices. The prevalence of malnourishment amongst women of child-bearing age was relatively high, irrespective of occupation of the household, with an average of 11% undernourished and 6% wasted. Vaccination coverage was very low while infant and child mortality were extremely high with about 1 in 5 children dying before their fifth birthday. Based on the ethical obligation to maximise the potential benefits of the survey, recommendations for activities to improve community nutrition and health were made for communication to relevant authorities. (PDF contains 52 pages)
Keywords: openalex:import

Women in development consultancy : Non-formal Education Division (NFED), Ghana : Ghana, February-March 1991 - Agarwal, Seema. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Women in development consultancy : Non-formal Education Division (NFED), Ghana : Ghana, February-March 1991 - Agarwal, Seema. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Context of Adult and Community Education in Papua New Guinea. - Ahai, Naihuwo (Australian Journal of Adult and Community Education, 1996)
The author gives a brief historical account of the context of adult and community education in Papua New Guinea, highlighting the needs and challenges facing adult and community education. Reference is made to recent studies appraising the need for structural change and capacity building. The paper suggests ways of strengthening adult and community education.
Keywords: openalex:import

Egyptian hispitality/tourism students' perception of tourism awareness and postsecondary education requirements - Ahmed, Mohsen Moustafa Fahmy (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Preprimary education programs in Ondo State, Nigeria: a case study - Aina, Emmanuel Olaiya. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

A review of the pollution of coastal waters in Nigeria. - Ajao, E. A.; Oyewo, E.O.; Unyimadu, JohnPaul (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Integrated English : a course for Ugandan secondary schools - Akabway, Stephen B. (1996)
This modern course for integrating language and literature, is designed especially for students in Ugandan secondary schools. Developed in conjunction with the National Curriculum Development Centre, the course draws on current developments from the field of teaching English as a second language. It integrates the skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing, teaches grammar in context, and involves the student in a variety of interactive work. The 11 units of Book 4 offer students opportunities to explore written and spoken passages and texts for speaking aloud. The texts are thematically integrated, as is the language work on structure, sounds and vocabulary. Book 4 focuses on writing to a greater extent then the previous levels, in response to the students' need to take an examination at the end of the year. The teacher's text provides the answers to exercises and suggestions on how activities might be handled. Some optional extra activities are also included.
Keywords: openalex:import

Audit of abdominal hysterectomies at University of Benin Teaching Hospital 1981–1987 - Akagbosu, Fidelis (Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1996)
SummaryIn the study period, abdominal hysterectomies represented 3·4 per cent of all gynaecological operations. The majority of’ patients (66 per cent) were grandmultiparae: 77 per cent were aged 40 or more years. Uterine fibroids were the commonest indication for hysterectomy, with a quarter of cases carried out for malignancy. Ureteral injury occurred in 2·6 per cent of cases. There were three deaths, one directly attributable to hysterectomy. The higher morbidity and mortality, compared with series from the Western world. is discussed. Patient education and counselling, adequate pre-operative investigations and improved surgical skill are recommended to improve outcome in this group of women.
Keywords: openalex:import

Cervical cerclage in pregnancy at University of Benin Teaching Hospital (1983–1987) - Akagbosu, Fidelis (Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1996)
SummaryIn a five year review of cerclage operations at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, patient characteristics and the influence of obstetric management on the reproductive outcome were analysed. Ninety-five patients (38.2 per cent) had a previous induced abortion. Cerclage operations were performed on 359 occasions giving an incidence of 38.6/1000 births. Comparing outcome of pregnancy from 28 weeks gestation showed that cervical cerclage led to a statistically significant increase in deliveries between 33 and 36 weeks gestation and an increased fetal salvage rate. Outcome was not influenced by whether or not the patients were prescribed Salbutamol. Complications were few but notably included a maternal death. Methods of prevention of trauma to the cervix in this community, with a high rate of induced abortions, are suggested.
Keywords: openalex:import

Equity as a Motive in University Continuing Education in Botswana. - Akinpelu, J. A. (Convergence, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Some factors influencing vocational training in the garment industry in Osun state, Nigeria - Akinwumi, D.A.; Ilori; Asaolu, M.O. (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 1996)
The study investigated some factors that could influence vocational training in the garment industry. Entry age and educational background appeared as strong factors affecting how fast training period could be. Entry age of 16 years and minimum educational background of J.S.S.C. were found to be suitable for successful training. The part played by other factors such as socio-economic background, natural endowment and frequent interruption of training were discussed. Policy guidelines were suggested to improve vocational training in the garment industry.
Keywords: openalex:import

Effectiveness of a Family Skills Training Program for Substance Use Prevention with Inner City African-American Families - Aktan, Georgia B.; Kumpfer, Karol L.; Turner, C. W. (Substance Use & Misuse, 1996)
AbstractThe effectiveness of the Safe Haven Program for the prevention of substance use, a family skills training program for African-American families, was evaluated through a nonequivalent comparison, repeated measures, quasi-experimental design which included pre- and posttest parent and child interviews, including the Moos Family Environment Scale and the Achenbock and Edelbrock Child Behavior Checklist. The results indicate that the Safe Haven Program is effective in increasing parenting efficacy and behaviors toward children, improving the childrens' risk and protective factors and behaviors, and supporting treatment reductions in the parent and family illegal substance use.Key Words: DrugsAlcoholPreventionAfrican-AmericanFamilies
Keywords: openalex:import

Speaking and Listening Requirements at Key Stage 2 and African-Caribbean Pupils. - Aldwin, Gail (Multicultural Teaching, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Outsiders-within: The professional development history of African-American tenured female faculty in the white research academy - Alfred, Mary V. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Patterns of Change and Continuity in Education in Sub-Saharan Africa - Amin, Julius A. (Transafrican Journal of History, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Ketso ea Bua/Action Speakes Community Development Association: a Proposal for a Land-Based Learning with Permaculture Center at Lekokoaneng, ha Souru Lesotho - Anderson, Craig A. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The International Forestry Students Association in Africa: the example of the Village Concept Project II in Ghana. - Andrian, Giorgio (Monti e Boschi, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching science in Nigerian secondary schools using a constructivist model - Anyanechi, Marie Emmanuela Carolyn (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

ORAL IN A BLACK PRE- SCHOOL SOUTH AFRICAN POPULATION - Arendorf, T. M.; Ross, Robert (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Assessment of knowledge,attitide and practice on Malaria among primary school children in kampala district ,Uganda - Arino, T.C.W. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Indigenous On-Farm Techniques of Coping With Droughts in the Sahel Region of Nigeria - Ariyo, J.A.; Gashua (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Code switching and collusion: Classroom interaction in Botswana primary schools - Arthur, Jo (Linguistics and Education, 1996)
The hierarchical values attached to languages in Botswana are reflected in educational policy: English occupies a prestigious position as the language of education beyond Standard 4, whereas Setswana and other indigenous languages are marginalized. Code switching by Standard 6 teachers is meant to encourage participation by pupils. However, pupils may not switch from English (the “on-stage” language). They are merely actors in the joint “staging” of ritualised question-and answer performances—as directors and co-actors teachers have access to Setswana (the “backstage” language). Some accounts claim that traditional cultural patterns of interaction underlie these institutionalised recitation routines. I argue instead that it derives from conventions imposed during colonial rule, including the requirement to use a foreign language in the classroom. Code switching in my data offers insights into the collusion of teachers and pupils in mutual face-saving over the adequacy of their classroom interaction for the achievement of teaching and learning.
Keywords: openalex:import

Higher education in francophone Africa : assessment of the potential of the traditional universities and alternatives for development - Assié-Lumumba, N’Drı Thérèse (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Role and Mission of African Higher Education: Preparing for the 21st Century and Beyond. - Assié-Lumumba, N’Drı Thérèse (South African journal of higher education, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

What is special needs education with reference to Uganda - Atim, Mary (Uganda Journal, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Crisis in Higher Education in Africa - Atteh, Samuel O. (Issue, 1996)
Africa is experiencing an educational crisis of unprecedented proportions in higher education. Having been hailed in the 1960s as agent of modernization, social mobilization, and economic growth, most African universities are now tumbling down under the pressures of diminishing financial resources. From all indications, Africa is lagging behind other developing regions in terms of public expenditures particularly on education, availability of educational facilities, equal access to education, adequate pools of qualified teachers, and sufficient numbers of professionals and skilled workers. Pertinent data show that most African governments in the 1960s and 1970s made comparable progressive accomplishments in higher education. However, these accomplishments steadily disappeared in the 1980s. What went wrong in the 1980s? Why is higher education now such a convenient target for African leaders/governments, when pressured to trim their overextended public sector? To what extent is the lack of multiparty democracies affecting the deteriorating state of higher education in Africa? Is the declining importance attached to education in sub-Saharan Africa a reflection of the lack of education among Africa’s tyrannical rulers, hence the low appreciation of education? What role did the foreign financial institutions play in the African educational system? How can we turn the educational crisis around? These questions not only address African educational issues but also help us to explain the scope of this crisis. In a comparative analysis, this study describes the main African higher educational problems, identifies the root causes of the problems, and finally examines the implications for the twenty-first century.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Crisis in Higher Education in Africa - Atteh, Samuel O. (Issue, 1996)
Africa is experiencing an educational crisis of unprecedented proportions in higher education. Having been hailed in the 1960s as agent of modernization, social mobilization, and economic growth, most African universities are now tumbling down under the pressures of diminishing financial resources. From all indications, Africa is lagging behind other developing regions in terms of public expenditures particularly on education, availability of educational facilities, equal access to education, adequate pools of qualified teachers, and sufficient numbers of professionals and skilled workers. Pertinent data show that most African governments in the 1960s and 1970s made comparable progressive accomplishments in higher education. However, these accomplishments steadily disappeared in the 1980s. What went wrong in the 1980s? Why is higher education now such a convenient target for African leaders/governments, when pressured to trim their overextended public sector? To what extent is the lack of multiparty democracies affecting the deteriorating state of higher education in Africa? Is the declining importance attached to education in sub-Saharan Africa a reflection of the lack of education among Africa’s tyrannical rulers, hence the low appreciation of education? What role did the foreign financial institutions play in the African educational system? How can we turn the educational crisis around? These questions not only address African educational issues but also help us to explain the scope of this crisis. In a comparative analysis, this study describes the main African higher educational problems, identifies the root causes of the problems, and finally examines the implications for the twenty-first century.
Keywords: openalex:import

Self Concept and Nigerian Teacher‐Trainees’ Attitude Toward Teaching - Awanbor, David (European Journal of Teacher Education, 1996)
Summary The declining quality of education is becoming a global concern. Teachers, no doubt, have been accused of poor attitude to work. How many teachers have dedication to the profession we do not know. This study examines self‐concept and teacher trainees attitude to the profession and found a convincing number of ‘false positive’ teachers in a teacher training college in Nigeria. Implications for teaching and quality of work done by such teachers were discussed.
Keywords: openalex:import

Urdu Education in South Africa - Aziz, Ahmed (Language Matters, 1996)
Abstract The importance of Urdu as a world language and its position in South Africa are briefly sketched and a rationale for teaching Urdu in South African schools is set out.
Keywords: openalex:import

b'A Critical Evaluation of the Religious Education Curriculum for Secondary School Students in Uganda' - b'Musiime, Reuben' (1996)
This study documents a critical evaluation of the religious education curriculum used in Uganda's secondary schools. The study focused on goals and objectives, methods, content, and public perception of religious education instruction. The evaluation was based on a qualitative investigation that employed three methods to collect data: document analysis, classroom observation, and interviews. The investigation was guided by a series of research questions that included the following: What are the overall goals and objectives of religious education instruction? What are the attitudes from the community regarding religious education? What are the roles of religious leaders during implementation of this curriculum? How does the curriculum prepare students for the pluralistic nature of the society? What qualifications and training do the teachers have? What are the politics involved in curriculum implementation? What is the philosophy of religious education instruction as defined by policy makers and how is it implemented?
Keywords: openalex:import

Expository Writing Patterns of African American Students - Ball, Arnetha F. (English Journal, 1996)
ting because of cultural differences in language-use patterns or differences inistyles of interaction used to demonstrate knowledge. In our rapidly changing society, this issue meets a critical interface in upper elementary and secondary urban classrooms with predominantly African American student populations. For many reasons, these culturally and linguistically diverse students have historically not fared well in the American educational system. In spite of the considerable rhetoric over the past several years, recent research indicates that African Americans and other students of color are still
Keywords: openalex:import

Expository Writing Patterns of African American Students - Ball, Arnetha F. (English Journal, 1996)
Preview this article: Expository Writing Patterns of African American Students, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/ej/85/1/englishjournal5200-1.gif
Keywords: openalex:import

In search of the lost tongue: Prospects for mother tongue education in Zambia - Banda, Felix (Language, Culture and Curriculum, 1996)
This paper highlights the major problems associated with the implementation of mother tongue education in Zambia where the majority are inclined to speak urban forms of Zambian languages (or English) and are not competent in the formal tribal/ethnic languages taught in schools. Particularly, urban Zambians appear to have lost their ‘roots’ in language and hence their social identity. This is also suggested by the results of a recent comparative study on language use, ethnicity and attitudes in Zambia, Kenya and Tanzania (Schmied, 1990). The argument is that the formal Zambian languages risk remaining ‘classroom’ and ‘village’ languages unless there is planned intervention to bridge the growing gulf between rural and urban forms of Zambian languages. The intervention can be in the form of re‐standardisation and ‘loading’ of the rural forms, taking advantage of the extensive repertoire of urban forms. The idea is that by narrowing the gap between town and country, Zambian languages will be more palatable to the majority of Zambians, unlike the current situation in which the use of the formal ‘mother tongues’ only serves to alienate the speakers from the mainstream.
Keywords: openalex:import

An Afrocentric Approach to Group Social Skills Training with Inner-City African American Adolescents - Banks, Reginald; Hogue, Aaron; Timberlake, Terri L.; Liddle, Howard A. (Journal of Negro Education, 1996)
This study compared the effectiveness for inner-city African American youth (N = 64) of two social skills training (SST) curricula focusing on problem solving, anger management, and conflict resolution. One curriculum was Afrocentric, incorporating discussion of Black history and cultural experiences and emphasizing an Afrocentric value system; the other was culturally relevant but not Afrocentric. It was hypothesized that social skills acquisition would be better facilitated by Afrocentric curricula and that exposure to Afrocentric values would enhance the benefits of SST for Black youth. Neither hypothesis was confirmed; both curricula yielded similar decreases in trait anger and increases in assertiveness and self-control. However, results support the effectiveness of Afrocentric SST as a preventive intervention and the need for further study. INTRODUCTION Violence-encompassing a variety of intentional or unintentional acts of harm such as stabbings, shootings, rapes, assaults, physical abuse, and homicide-is a critical social problem confronting American society. Since the early 1990s, violent crime rates in the United States have been the highest seen in decades, with the latest upswing in violence largely accounted for by youth under age 18 (Guerra, Huesmann, Tolan, Van Acker, & Eron, 1995). This trend disproportionately affects African American and other racial/ ethnic minority youth, who populate the urban neighborhoods in which much of this violence is concentrated, and who experience more violence than youth living in nonurban areas (Cooley, Turner, & Beidel, 1995). As Bell and Jenkins (1991) maintain, exposure to violence has become commonplace for inner-city African American adolescents. For example, in a study conducted in predominantly Black central Baltimore (Maryland), Garbarino, Durbow, and Pardo (1991) note that 24% of their adolescent sample (N= 168) indicated having witnessed a murder, while 72% maintained that they knew someone who had been shot. The homicide rate for African American adolescents is reportedly six to nine times higher than that for White adolescents (Cotten, Resnick, Brown, & Martin, 1994; Durant, Cadenhead, Pendergrast, & Slavens, 1994). Between 1978 and 1988, homicide was the leading cause of death for African American male and female youth, and often these crimes were perpetrated by other African American youth (Hammond & Yung, 1993). Family disruption, poverty, unemployment, and racism are environmental risk factors that contribute to violence in urban communities (McLoyd,1990). Complex urban environmental stressors such as family and community violence, victimization, and poverty contribute to feelings of low self-worth, anger, hopelessness, and aggression among the youth who live in these communities (Oliver, 1989). These constant stressors can prevent the development and use of socially acceptable ways to mediate violence. As a result, urban youth are placed at high risk of neither developing nor maintaining healthy social interaction skills, which Reed (1994) defines as (a) the ability to organize cognitions and behaviors toward an action that is culturally and socially acceptable, and (b) the ability to assess, modify, and maximize or reach particular goals. With regard to violence prevention and intervention particularly, these skills involve problem solving, conflict resolution, and anger management (Bulkeley & Cramer, 1990). Social skills training (SST) is a popular and effective means of prevention and intervention with adolescent populations (Reed, 1994; Waksman, 1985). It is frequently used as a preventive intervention to remediate problematic social behaviors while encouraging positive social interactions (Gresham & Elliott, 1990). Most SST programs involve formal teaching of the problem-solving and interpersonal skills required for surviving, living with others, and succeeding in a complex society. As such, they provide a broad base of prosocial skills training that includes awareness building, and development of situationspecific skills that foster interpersonal competency. …
Keywords: openalex:import

The Politics of Education for Self-Reliance in Tanzania: Lessons from Experience - Baregu, Mwesiga (The African Review, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

A Guide to the Archives of the Teachers’ Association of South Africa (TASA) by DrC.G. Henning. Durban, University of Durban-Westville Printer, 1995. 101 pp. ISBN 0-947-44529-3 - Barringer, Terry (African Research & Documentation, 1996)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adaptation of Food Production to Drought in the Senegal River Basin - Bass, Brad; Venema, Henry David; Schiller, Eric J. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The Effects of Preinstructional Activities in Enhancing Learner Recall and Conceptual Learning of Prose Materials for Preservice Teachers in Zimbabwe. - Bassoppo-Moyo, Temba C. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Exploring the Development of Postsecondary Education Plans Among African American and White Students. - Bateman, Mark D.; Hossler, Don (College and University, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Proceedings : 1993 African crane and wetland training workshop, 8-15 August 1993, Wildlife Training Institute, Maun, Botswana - Beilfuss, Richard D.; Tarboton, Warwick; Gichuki, Nathan (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Fuelwood, deforestation and drought in the Sahel: a case study from the Gourma region, Mali. - Benjaminsen, Tor A. (Sécheresse, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Motivation and learning preferences of Moroccan high school learners of English as a foreign language. - Benmansour, Naima (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Rates of return to education: Does the conventional pattern prevail in sub-Saharan Africa? - Bennell, Paul (World Development, 1996)
In his most recent review of rates of return to education (RORE), Psacharopoulos reaffirms that the conventional pattern of continent-wide aggregate social and private ROREs continues to prevail among both developed and developing countries. In particular, “primary education continues to exhibit the highest social profitability in the world regions” (Psacharopoulos, 1994). A detailed examination of individual RORE studies undertaken in sub-Saharan African countries reveals, however, pervasive theoretical and empirical shortcomings which seriously undermine the credibility of aggregate RORE estimates for the continent as a whole.
Keywords: openalex:import

Education and training outcomes: university graduates in Zimbabwe during the 1980s . The evaluation of teacher professional competencies in former non-white Namibian schools . The evaluation of teacher professional competencies in former non-whote Mamibian Schools . Schooling and the drought in Zimbabwe: the views and reactions of primary school senior teachers . Problems of conducting educational research in Zambia - Bennell, Paul; Ncube, Mkhululi; Mkandawire, Donton S.J.; Marira, Chipo; Shumba, Overson; Pattman, Rob; Shumba, Tamuka; Kasanda, Choshi D. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Governmental Measures to Mitigate Earthquake Impacts in Algeria - Benouar, Djillali (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Opportunities and challenges for extension in rural areas : Experience from the Mukono district (Uganda) with the training and visit extension model - Beraho, Emmy; Sheahan, Basil; Reeves, Tim (Quarterly bulletin of the International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists, 1996)
Cet article analyse les experiences de vulgarisation agricole des communautes rurales d'Ouganda entre 1989 et 1992, avant de donner un apercu des operations des groupes Landcare en Australie en 1993, ainsi que les resultats d'une etude realisee dans le district de Mukono en 1994. L'hypothese de base est qu'il faut des techniques de communication appropriees pour faire passer des messages significatifs en monde rural. Le document met en exergue les forces et les faiblesses du modele Formation et Visite (T&V), indique les defis des agences de vulgarisation face a un monde rural en pleine mutation, et suggere un modele qui pourrait etre adapte pour ameliorer les services fournis au monde rural. Ce modele est base sur l' experience du ministere de l'Agriculture de l'Ouganda qui utilise une organisation non-gouvernementale (ONG) locale liee aux groupes de producteurs. Le systeme de vulgarisation est constitue de trois sous-systemes: le, sous systeme des producteurs ruraux, des ONG et du Ministere de l'Agriculture. Ce systeme est structure de sorte que chaque acteurs ne realise que des actions pour lesquelles il a un avantage sur les autres acteurs pour renforcer la communication et l'utilisation de l'information agricole en milieu rural. Enfin, le document met en evidence la necessite de renforcer les institutions a la base afin de developper une capacite locale locale susceptible de soutenir durablement le developpement.
Keywords: openalex:import

Sole Marks and Combined-flow Storm Event Beds in the Brixton Formation of the Siliciclastic Archean Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa - Beukes, Nicolas J. (Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1996)
ABSTRACT Sole marks and associated storm event beds are described for the first time from the middle Archean Witwatersrand Supergroup. The sole marks are excellently preserved and include a variety of marks formed by combined flow: turnabout, curvilinear, and low-angle intersecting groove marks; bipolar prod marks; recurved flute marks; and shallow scour hollows. The sole marks are intimately associated with other sedimentary structures formed by combined flow or oscillatory flow, such as wave ripple marks, undulatory parallel lamination, hummocky cross-stratification, and hummock-and-swale structures. The storm event beds with sole marks were deposited in a transitional shelf setting and grade upwards into swaly and trough cross-bedded orthoquartzite deposited on the inner shelf. Interbedded storm event beds display a variety of sole mark assemblages, reflecting widely varying flow conditions in the storm-generated bottom boundary layer. Oscillatory currents were mainly oriented perpendicular to paleoshore and were combined in some cases with offshore-directed storm-surge relaxation currents. Some sole mark assemblages, specifically those with turnabout and low-angle intersecting groove marks, contain evidence for the presence of shore-oblique or shore-parallel geostrophic currents. The storm event deposits in the Witwatersrand Supergroup are thus compared with models derived from odern storm deposition.
Keywords: openalex:import

The adequacy of the legal and institutional frameworks to prevent and combat marine pollution in Mauritius - Bhowon, Premchand. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

The status of computing manpower and training in tertiary education in Southern African universities 1995 - Bishop, J.H. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Surviving Drought and Development: Ariaal Pastoralists of Northern Kenya (review) - Bizuneh, Belete (Northeast African studies, 1996)
Book Reviews 121 Andargachew's book provides an essential background study for any further analysis of contemporary Ethiopian politics. Jon Abbink Afrika-Studiecentrum Surviving Drought and Development: Ariaal Pastoralists ofNorthern Kenya Elliot Fratkin Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991. Pp. xv, 152. Until recently the study of pastoral societies has been a neglected field. The Sahelian drought of the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, gradually turned the attention of researchers towards pastoralists and the role they could play in national development. Unfortunately, many of these studies and projects were biased against pastoralists and the pastoral way of life. Pastoralism was seen as a backward and anachronistic system of production. The pastoralist was also seen as an avaricious herder, only interested in increasing the size of his herds causing desertification. In the last few years, a few other works have challenged this paternalistic view. Elliot Fratkin's Surviving Drought and Development is one such monograph. Since the 1970s, Fratkin has conducted research among the Ariaal, a livestock pastoralist group in northern Kenya. The book is divided into eight chapters. In chapters one to four, Fratkin mainly discusses various aspects of the Ariaal way of life such as their origin/identity, livestock production system, household and settlement pattern and age-set organization. In chapters five to eight he looks at the attempt of the Christian missions (both Catholic and Protestant) as well the UNESCO-IPAL (Integrated Project in Arid Lands) projects to carry out development work and their effect on the pastoralists of northern Kenya especially on the Ariaal and Rendille. Fratkin shows that both the missions as well as the UNESCO-IPAL projects were hastily carried out without taking into account the objective condition of the region and the needs of the pastoralists. Fratkin plausibly argues that although the missions had rendered important services in education, health and infrastructural development their short-sighted goal of "settling" the pastoralists in an area where the rain fall is less than 500 mm per year created the dependence of many pastoralists on relief-food and facilitated 122 Book Reviews the impoverishment and vulnerability of the pastoral communities. For different reasons, the various UNESCO-IPAL projects failed in their goal of saving the desert ecosystem and integrating the pastoral people into the market economy, basically because they started from the premise that pastoral production was primitive and incongruous in the modern world and hence had to be replaced by sedentary agriculture. The failure of these projects was aptly summarized by one of Fratkin's Rendille informants who remarked: "UNESCO came with promises, and they left with promises" (p. 96). Fratkin offers more reasonable approaches to development in pastoral areas. He stresses the need on the part of governments and agencies concerned with pastoral development to shed their bias against pastoralists and to accept that "Pastoral production systems are the results of generations of adaptive behaviour and knowledge by populations in Arid Lands" (p. 131). Fratkin also argues for increased access to veterinary services by pastoralists, expansion of conservation programs, the spread of water wells rather than having them in a few places and curtailing the movement of pastoralists, expansion of market infrastructures and involving pastoralists in development projects which affect them rather than looking at pastoralists as "objects to be changed, to be developed, to be saved" (p. 112). If these proposals rather than forced sedentarization schemes are carried out, Fratkin is optimistic that things would not "necessarily fall apart" for the pastoral communities. Fratkin has included a number of photographs, figures, tables and maps in his book that strengthen his arguments. With the exception of minor typographical errors Surviving Drought and Development is a well researched and produced book that should be read by pastoral development planners before they set out to implement projects in pastoral areas. Belete Bizuneh Addis Ababa University ...
Keywords: openalex:import

Hidden Stories: Teaching Health in the West Africa Tradition - Bland, Helen W. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Stillbirths and perinatal mortality at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Bobzom, D. N.; Unuigbe, Jacob A. (Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1996)
SummarySummaryThe causes of perinatal mortality in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, 1987 to 1989, is reviewed. The perinatal mortality rates for 1987, 1988 and 1989 were 44-0, 62-7 and 71-9 per 1000, respectively. Stillbirths contributed over 50 per cent of the perinatal deaths. The perinatal mortality for unbooked patients was eight times that of the booked patients (P < 0–001). The major causes were intrapartum asphyxia (20-6 per cent), prematurity (19-4 per cent) and abruptio placentae (13-9 per cent). The causes of perinatal death was unknown in 19-4 per cent. The perinatal mortality in Benin in 1989 was about six times the average in European countries for 1984. Socioeconomic factors are presumed to have played a role in the high perinatal mortality in Benin.
Keywords: openalex:import

Reading, writing and reaping in profits: what Africa can learn from the success of recent legislation in Colombia - Bogota, G.H. (African Publishing Review, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Student counselling services in a Nigerian University - Bojuwoye, Olaniyi (International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Drought, desertification, and water management in sub-Saharan Africa. - Bonkoungou, Edouard G. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Fifty years of library education in Ghana and the challenges of restructuring - Boye, Mary (Education for Information, 1996)
The article provides a historical background to the establishment of library education programmes in Ghana, and traces the development of the curriculum and current programmes of the University of Ghana. It notes that the curriculum has undergone man
Keywords: openalex:import

Policy Action and School Demand in Kenya - Bradshaw, York W.; Fuller, Bruce (International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 1996)
Comparative scholars are beginning to specify the conditions under which central states can act with independence vis-a-vis economic forces to penetrate local cultures and families, influencing parental demands placed on local institutions, such as demand for more schooling. Much less is known about (1) which specific forms of state action are efficacious in manipulating family demands, (2) whether boosting demand for more services can undercut their quality, and (3) why central political capacity to shape family action varies and may erode over time. To inform these issues we focus on two distinct periods in Kenya, stretching over the 1963-1990 post-independence era. We show, using time-series analysis, how the Kenyan regime initially boosted family demand for more schooling through discrete policy initiatives: reducing the private cost of school attendance, offering food supplements at school, and broadening secondary school opportunities for peripheral ethnic and class groups. But after two decades of efficacious state action, local demand for schooling began to falter, quality eroded severely, and stratification has again hardened. After identifying the early effects of these policies we detail how the Kenyan state has grown more fragile, less effective in shaping family demands and delivering quality education against the backdrop of a declining economy. The case of Kenya reveals weaknesses in Western sociological theories that fail to recognize domestic political and organizational constraints besetting centralized Third-World states, even those once considered strong.
Keywords: openalex:import

Policy Action and School Demand in Kenya: When a Strong State Grows Fragile1 - Bradshaw, York W.; Fuller, Bruce (International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 1996)
Debate continues over when central political actors can act independently to construct local institutions and manipulate demands placed on these organizations by the family (Weber, 1976; Thomas and Meyer, 1984; Rubinson, 1986; Tilly, 1986). The institution-building literature, from a variety of theoretical viewpoints, assumes that the state incorporates and rationalizes local collectivities in a deterministic, linear fashion (Weber, 1947; Carnoy, 1984; Meyer, 1992). A growing literature has opposed this perspective, however, asserting that states remain weak vis-a-vis local social organizations in the Third World and where the state is being deconstructed and reconstituted, as in eastern Europe (Migdal, 1988; Havel, 1988; Barkey and Parikh, 1991). Responding to these conflicting theoretical viewpoints, recent comparative research has helped to illuminate the conditions under which the state can and cannot act independently (of economic forces or local culture) to influence family demand for, or participation in, local institutions like schooling, health services, or economic innovation (Garnier et al., 1989; Grindle and Thomas, 1991; Fuller and Rubinson, 1992; Bradshaw, 1993). Lost in this debate are two questions addressed in this paper: (1) What specific forms of state policy shape local demands? And (2) what causes the central state's influence over local actors to rise or decline over time? To investigate these questions, we focus on how the Kenyan state has formulated and reformulated education policies in an effort to influence community-level institutions and families. Immediately following independence in 1963, the Kenyan state displayed impressive central strength, successfully sparking family demand for education and creating incentives for local communities to build schools at a rapid pace. The state demonstrated its strength in the education sector by constructing one of the Third World's most remarkable community self-help efforts. After two decades, however, the state's legitimacy and efficacy began to erode dramatically, just as the country's civil society had become more unified and (Rueschemeyer, 1992).(2) The state still attempts to shape local institutions and families, but its effectiveness in doing so has declined. By 1990, the Kenyan government was spending fully 39% of its recurrent budget on education, while primary-school enrollments were shrinking in absolute numbers, educational quality was declining at all levels, and university students were forcing political reforms (Sifuna, 1990; World Bank, 1992). We organize the paper into three sections. First, we review what is known about how the state attempts to penetrate local areas to influence demands or preferences expressed by families and communities. Second, we describe and empirically assess the effects of alternative policy measures on family demand for schooling, exercised by two successive Kenyan governments spanning the 1963-1990 period. Third, we discuss how and why the Kenyan state's local influence has declined, despite this initial display of strength. This leads to a more dynamic, interdependent conception of how one post-colonial state struggles with an increasingly dense and contentious civil society. We also demonstrate how formal modeling of the state's effects on local demands - changing add conditioned by macro-economic forces--moves us beyond simply categorizing regimes as strong or weak. Alternative Conceptions of State Action and Strength The Local Efficacy of Western States Government is not necessarily a major actor in the original formation nor in the long-term reproduction of local institutions. In the West, for instance, the early commitment to literacy and formal schooling held by many families long predated the rise of coherent and effective central states (Graff, 1987). Many Western scholars continue to emphasize society-centered conceptions of why families came to reject traditional forms of child socialization and began to demand places in formal schools. …
Keywords: openalex:import

Planning and construction of language in the national policy on education in Nigeria - Brann, Conrad Max Benedict (Africa, 1996)
Depuis la fin de la guerre civile, le Nigeria est passe par une reconsideration de ses structures nationales dans tous les aspects de la vie, et surtout dans l'education. La grande reforme de l'education mise en oeuvre depuis 1976, a fait l'objet, en 1979, d'un rapport gouvernemental qui commente l'application de la politique nationale du Nigeria en matiere d'education. L'A. examine ici ses implications sur la politique linguistique a tous les niveaux d'enseignement. Il explique ainsi certains concepts lies a la planification linguistique (planification du corpus, construction de la langue) tout en analysant les relations entre l'anglais et les langues nigerianes dans le choix de la langue d'enseignement
Keywords: openalex:import

De lagere school in Mali - Breedveld, Anneke (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Textbooks as an Agent of Change: Gender Aspects of Primary School Textbooks in Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe - Brickhill, Paul; Hoppers, Catherine A. Odora; Pehrsson, Kajsa (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Reliability and validity in qualitative research within education in Africa - Brock‐Utne, Birgit (International Review of Education, 1996)
This article discusses the problems of validity and reliability in qualitative research within education and relates this discussion to Africa. A main concern is the posing of the right research questions. The article attempts to bring into focus the voice of Africans, showing that the African researcher knows his/her environment better than any expatriate and will be more likely to ask the right questions provided that s/he is allowed to ask them and is not forced to work with questions of concern to Western donors, and provided that s/he trusts her/his own experiences and uses those to form concepts instead of merely transferring concepts formed in the West and based on experiences in the northern hemisphere. It argues for the need of secondary research to reanalyze from an Afro-centric viewpoint many of the accounts written by Western travellers and anthropologists. It further argues for the use of an autobiographical approach to secure data of high ecological validity. Validity is looked at as a more important concept than reliability and a mixing of qualitative and quantitative methods argued for.
Keywords: openalex:import

The role of the United States government in promoting higher education in Swaziland - Broderick, Albert (Economic Digest (Mbabane, Swaziland), 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

College adjustment of African-American students on a predominantly White college campus: The importance of gender, year in college, high school background and social support - Brown, Tamara L. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Language, education and social selection in Kenya : an ethnographic study of two schools - Bunyi, G. (1996)
Keywords: openalex:import

Social learning: An application to Kenyan Agriculture - Burger, C.P.J.; Collier, Paul; Gunning, Jan Willem (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1996)
Social learning is a phenomenon which has been investigated empirically in contexts as disparate as stock market pricing (Topol (1991)) and peasant agriculture (Case (1992) - See Loehlin (1987) for a survey). Two recent analytic models have provided an explicit framework in which agents supplement or even ignore their own information sets by imitating the decisions of others, (Ellison and Fudenberg (1993), Banerjee (1992), hereafter EF and B). In this paper we apply a variant of these analytic models to the adoption of coffee by Kenyan peasant farmers. Section 2 discusses options in the analytic modelling of the social learning process. Section 3 discusses the options which are feasible given our data set. Section 4 derives the econometric modelling design appropriate for these choices. Section 5 presents the results and Section 6 concludes.
Keywords: openalex:import

Substance Abuse in a Democratic South Africa: Current and future education and prevention policies and strategies - Burgh, Chris Van (Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 1996)
This paper provides an overview of current and future education and prevention policies and strategies aimed at dealing with the escalating problem of substance abuse in South Africa. It is suggested that the ambitious Reconstruction and Development Programme of the South African Government with its broad community development approach might well become jeopardized if the issue of substance abuse and the need for effective policy and strategy to combat and prevent such abuse is not kept in the national spotlight.
Keywords: openalex:import

The changing agenda in teacher education in Papua New Guinea - Burke, Clarrie (International Journal of Educational Development, 1996)
Abstract This paper presents a critical analysis of, and a practical response to, teacher education imperatives shaping the politics, policy, structure and operation of Community Teachers Colleges in Papua New Guinea today. Present Papua New Guinea educational realities call for a rethinking of the political socialisation that has characterised Community Teachers Colleges in the past. The evidence suggests that the predominantly unreflective (basic skills/behavioural objectives), centralised approach which has come to characterise the administration of Teachers Colleges, inhibits the capacity of teacher educators for the now essential task of developing ‘critical and analytical thinking’ in relation to college governance and program development and delivery. The approach taken to professional development is that of the Papua New Guinea (Primary) Teachers College Lecturers Professional Development Project (1990-94), in which critical understandings are developed in relation to the current and emerging needs and demands on Teachers College graduates. The Project approach has been developed so that Project experiences can be transformed into a self-sustaining professional development cycle.
Keywords: openalex:import

Post-apartheid attitudes of high school pupils towards the racial integration of schools in South Africa - Burkhalter, Holly (1996)
A research report submitted to the Faculity of Specialized Education, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education (Educational Psychology). Johannesburg, 1996.
Keywords: openalex:import

Teacher education offered at a distance in South Africa: problems and possibilities - Butcher, Neil (Open praxis: the bulletin of the International Council for Distance Education, 1996)
Keywords: openalex:import