Private initiatives in higher education in Kenya - Eisemon, Thomas Owen (Higher Education, 1992)
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This issue: Literacy and the African‐American Learner/The Struggle between Access and Denial - Gadsden, Vivian L. (Theory Into Practice, 1992)
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African Rainfall as a Precursor of Hurricane-Related Destruction on the U.S. East Coast - Gray, William M.; Landsea, Christopher W. (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1992)
This paper describes a predictive relationship between West African rainfall and U.S. hurricane-spawned destruction, which is based on information for the 42-yr period 1949–90. It is shown that above-average rainfall during the previous year along the Gulf of Guinea, in combination with above-average rainfall in the western Sahel during June and July, is linked to hurricane-spawned destruction along the U.S. East Coast occurring after 1 August, which is 10–20 times greater than in years when pre-1 August precipitation for these West African regions is below average. Similar hurricane-spawned damage along the U.S. Gulf Coast shows only a negligible relationship with African rainfall. Hurricane-caused deaths for both U.S. coastal regions also show a similar association with West African rainfall.
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Oncology nursing education in Southern Africa. - Grobbelaar, Wim (PubMed, 1992)
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Book Review: Life in South Africa: Personal Views: Native Life in South Africa, Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life: A South African Autobiography, Facing the Storm: Portraits of Black Lives in Rural South Africa, the Unbreakable Thread: Non-Racialism in South Africa - Hoskins, Linus A. (A Current bibliography on African affairs, 1992)
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Reproductive knowledge, and contraceptive awareness and practice among secondary school pupils in Bagamoyo and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. - Kapiga, Saida H.; Hunter, David J.; Nachtigal, G. (PubMed, 1992)
Reproductive knowledge, and contraceptive awareness and practice were assessed among secondary school pupils in Bagamoyo and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Four classes from four government secondary schools were randomly selected within strata of year of schooling, and students were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. All 490 pupils in selected classes participated in the study. Of 481 respondents with complete data, 315 (65.5 pc) were males and 166 (34.5 pc) were females; 256 (53.2 pc) were from Dar-es-Salaam while 225 (46.8 pc) were from Bagamoyo. Two hundred and ninety three (60.9 pc) respondents reported they were sexually active. However, only 77 (17.0 pc) pupils knew the "safe period" within the menstrual cycle and 329 (68.4 pc) pupils were able to spontaneously mention at least one method of contraception. Less contraceptive awareness was noted among respondents below 18 years of age particularly among females in both study areas. Only 45 (15.4 pc) pupils had ever used a contraceptive method. Despite a reasonable level of awareness and a positive attitude towards contraception, only a small proportion of sexually active pupils had ever used contraceptives. More research is required to identify the barriers to contraceptive use in the presence of knowledge.
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Effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection on mental test scores of Kenyan school children. - Kimura, Eizen; Moji, Kazuhiko; Uga, Shoji; Kiliku, F. M.; Migwi, D. K.; Mutua, W. R.; Muhoho, Ngethe D.; Aoki, Yoshiki (PubMed, 1992)
Adverse effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection on mental activities were studied at a primary school in rural Kenya, where the intensity of infection was light (the average egg count: < 50/10 ml of urine). The school children received three kinds of mental tests, which examine attentiveness and concentration, before and a month after treatment with a single dose of praziquantel. A pretreatment analysis showed that test scores became worse as egg counts of children increased. The praziquantel treatment improved the scores of all three tests among children who got high scores in the first tests. The study showed that even the light infection caused adverse effects on mental activities, which were detectable using simple mental tests.
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Teacher Education from Classroom Broadcasts for the New South Africa - Moja, Teboho (Educational Media International, 1992)
Abstract This article considers the educational problems as South Africa enters a new phase, and looks at how educational resources could be used to optimum effect. The use of educational technology is considered, to see how it can promote effective learning for students, teachers and the total community. Countless township schools resemble the ruins of Jericho as a self‐destructive, silent war against ‘the system’ rages on ... schools have been stripped bare by squatters and even pupils, in full view of the community. Roofs, doors, windows, electrical appliances and even toilet bowls and basins have been ripped out of schools . . . ‘This is rapidly becoming a bad culture that we, unfortunately, will take into the new South Africa’ said a teacher1.
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The Impact of Behavior Modeling Training on Self-Reports of White Supervisors in Two South African Mines - Nunns, Christopher G.; Bluen, Stephen D. (The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1992)
The present study assessed whether behavior modeling training would improve the self-reports of white, first-line supervisors in relation to their black subordinates in two South African mines. Self-reports of behavior were elicited from 50 supervisors equally split into experimental and control groups. Controlling for retraining differences, the 25 supervisors trained in behavior modeling reported significantly greater improvements in supportive behaviors than the control group of 25 untrained supervisors, selected from the same departments at the two mines. Conversely, controlling for retraining scores, no differences were found for changes in abusive supervisory behavior The importance of adopting a broad, multimodal attitudinal and behavioral intervention approach to dealing with improving race relations is discussed.
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LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA - Ogunna, A. E. C. (Caderno de Resumos da ... Feira de Iniciação em Engenharia de Limeira, 1992)
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Making Sexuality Education and Prevention Programs Relevant for African‐American Youth - Pittman, Karen; Wilson, Pamela M.; Adams-Taylor, Sharon; Randolph, Suzanne M. (Journal of School Health, 1992)
ABSTRACT: A demographic and cultural profile of African‐American youth is presented. Culturally‐based differences in decision‐making are reviewed. Attitudes and cultural values related to identity and self‐image, gender role socialization, contraception, marriage and parenthood, homosexuality, and HIV/AIDS are described. Recommendations and strategies to make sexuality education and pregnancy prevention programs relevant to African‐American youth are offered.
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An enriched mantle source for potassic basanites: evidence from Karisimbi volcano, Virunga volcanic province, Rwanda - Rogers, Nick; Mulder, M. De; Hawkesworth, Chris J. (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1992)
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Growth Charts Only Marginally Improved Maternal Learning from Nutrition Education and Growth Monitoring in Lesotho - Ruel, Marie T.; Habicht, Jean‐Pierre (The Journal of Nutrition, 1992)
A study done in Lesotho in 1985–1986 assessed whether growth charts increased the impact of nutrition education and growth monitoring on maternal learning about weaning practices and diarrhea. Seven hundred and seventy six mothers were given three monthly sessions of group nutrition education along with growth monitoring of children and individual counseling. Growth charts, which were taught to one of two groups, fostered learning but only on issues related to diarrhea and only among new clinic attendants, mothers with less than secondary schooling and mothers of malnourished children. These benefits, however, were small (differences <10%) compared with the overall impact of the nutrition education and growth monitoring intervention (increases between baseline and post-intervention were >50% for some questions). Our findings suggest that well-designed clinic-based nutrition education and growth monitoring can have a significant impact on maternal nutrition knowledge. Teaching growth charts to mothers may not be necessary for obtaining such results in programs conducted under ideal conditions. More research is needed to determine under what circumstances, for what purposes and for whom growth charts may be beneficial.
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Coping with drought: Responses of herders and livestock in contrasting savanna environments in Southern Zimbabwe - Scoones, Ian (Human Ecology, 1992)
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Urinary tuberculosis: Experience of a teaching hospital in Syria - Shammaa, M. Z.; Hadidy, S.; Al-Asfari, R; Siragel-Din, M. N. (International Urology and Nephrology, 1992)
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The reform of higher education in Egypt - Shann, Mary H. (Higher Education, 1992)
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Inquiry and urban classrooms: A female African‐American teacher in search of truth - Sims, Michele Jean (Theory Into Practice, 1992)
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Indigenous African Education as a Means for Understanding the Fullness of Life - Tedla, Elleni (Journal of Black Studies, 1992)
The intention of this article is to prompt a serious interest in indigenous African education in order to forge a new future that builds on (a) the positive aspects of our past and (b) carefully selected and imported ideas and methods. To this end, our discussion will focus on the richness of indigenous education. Indigenous African learning plays a vital role in the transmission of values that Africans consider to be essential in understanding and experiencing the fullness of life. Because it is interwoven in the fabric of African life, indigenous education is inseparable from traditional African religious thought and practices -there is no dichotomy between religious and secular thought or values (Mbiti, 1990). Thus Africans do not speak of education as a process or institution separate from everything else in life. There is no distinction between formal, nonformal, or informal education. In fact, the term education is a Western concept that does not speak to the traditional African reality, in which the entire community is continually engaged in learning and teaching. In traditional Africa, learning begins very early in life, soon after birth, and continues to old age. As Menkiti (1984) describes it, the whole of life is a process of learning to become fully human, to attain personhood:
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Falling asleep and failure among African‐American students: Rethinking assumptions about process teaching - Walker, Emilie V. Siddle (Theory Into Practice, 1992)
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Distance education in anglophone Africa : experience with secondary education and teacher training - Murphy, Paud (1992)
This book consists of papers presented at a seminar for senior policy-makers held in Zimbabwe from May 7-11, 1990. The seminar is concerned mainly with distance education as an alternative to secondary education and current practices in teacher training in Africa. It covers world trends in distance education at the secondary level, current use of and effectiveness of distance education systems in Africa, and alternative options for improving distance education systems. The greatest educational challenge facing African countries today is how to design a system or a learning package that both meets individual country's priorities and also maximizes learning in a cost-effective way using the resources available. A distance education system that combines radio and correspondence techniques could be Africa's salvation. The stark and unfortunate situation in many of our countries is that people across the board regard nonformal avenues of secondary schooling, such as distance education, which provides a second chance to all those who dropped out or were pushed out of school, as a second-rate education. The reality is that distance education can and should be a more efficient and cost-effective method of education. In order for this system to work, distance education in Africa must be closely aligned to governments overall educational policies, and whenever possible integrated with the national system of education.
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Contemporary conflict in black teachers politics: The role of the Africanization of the Apartheid education structure, 1940-1992 - Vilardo, Philip (1992)
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Experimental Research Into High Barometric Oxygen Prevention of Guinea Pig Hearing Loss, - Jiacai, Yin; Sun, Fuchun (1992)
Abstract : Two groups of guinea pigs were exposed to an acoustical field of 125 dBSPL one kilohertz for three hours. One of these groups breathed high barometric oxygen at two atmospheres for three times prior to exposure and on 21 continuous days following exposure. They breathed this pure oxygen for one half hour each time. The other group was control and was not given pure oxygen. The indexes used to judge the results we induced potential hearing threshold of the hearing regions of the cerebral cortex and cochlea pathology. After exposure to sound, the average hearing loss of the high barometric oxygen group was 35 to 50 dB. That of the control group was 60 to 70 dB (P<0.01). The average total length of cochlear damage and the length of serious damage of the high barometric oxygen group were 80 microns and 34 microns while that of the control group was 267 and 210 microns respectively (P<0.01). The results indicate that high barometric oxygen acts to prevent and cure hearing loss.
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Foreign Language Lesson Discourse Analysis: The Teaching and Learning of English in Tunisian Schools - Abdesslem, Habib (1992)
This volume examines the major trends in linguistics from the beginning of the 20th century to the early 1990s. It traces the developments from system-sentence analysis to research in text-linguistics and spoken discourse analysis. It looks in particular at the contributions of the philosophers of language, ethnographers of communication, social dialectologists, ethnomethodologists, and students of artificial intelligence to the domains of discourse analysis, language acquisition research, syllabus design, methodology, and classroom research. Reference to the Tunisian context is made throughout, discussing the linguistic community, educational system, textbooks, and students' attitudes toward English and the way it is taught.
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Reappraisal of major African earthquakes, south of 20°N, 1900–1930 - Ambraseys, N. N.; Adams, R. D. (Tectonophysics, 1992)
The Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi (TRM) rift segment in western Tanzania is a key sector for understanding the opening dynamics of the East African rift system (EARS). In an oblique opening model, it is considered as a dextral transfer fault zone that accommodates the general opening of the EARS in an NW–SE direction. In an orthogonal opening model, it accommodates pure dip-slip normal faulting with extension orthogonal to the rift segments and a general E–W extension for the entire EARS. The central part of the TRM rift segment is well exposed in the Ufipa plateau and Rukwa basin, within the Paleoproterozoic Ubende belt. It is also one of the most seismically active regions of the EARS. We investigated the active tectonic architecture and paleostress evolution of the Ufipa plateau and adjacent Rukwa basin and in order to define their geodynamic role in the development of the EARS and highlight their pre-rift brittle tectonic history. The active fault architecture, fault-kinematic analysis and paleostress reconstruction show that the recent to active fault systems that control the rift structure develop in a pure extensional setting with extension direction orthogonal to the trend of the TRM segment. Two pre-rift brittle events are evidenced. An older brittle thrusting is related to the interaction between the Bangweulu block and the Tanzanian craton during the late Pan-African (early Paleozoic). It was followed by a transpressional inversion during the early Mesozoic. This inversion stage is the best expressed in the field and caused dextral strike-slip faulting along the fault systems that now control the major rift structures. It has been erroneously interpreted as related to the late Cenozoic EARS which instead is characterized by pure normal faulting (our third and last stress stage).
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The Predictive Strength of Social Studies for Achievement in Government Classes in Nigerian Schools - Busari, Adekunle Alade (The Social Studies, 1992)
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Sickness absenteeism in a Nigerian teaching hospital. - Ea, Bamgboye; Ai, Adeleye (PubMed, 1992)
The sickness absence records of employees in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria were examined over a period of three years. The health records of the hospital workers showed a preponderance of junior and intermediate workers. An overall proportion of absentee workers was 15.8% with an average of 3 spells of sickness per year per absentee while the duration of sickness per absentee was 5.6 days per year. The younger employees less than 35 years of age and those with short duration of employment with the hospital have significantly higher spells and duration of sickness absence than others. While a lower spell of sickness and duration of sickness absence were observed among nurses, senior employees especially doctors had no records of sickness absenteeism in any of the 3 years of study.
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Zambia: Drought in Monze - Foster, Susan D. (The Lancet, 1992)
In Monze District, Zambia, the population must face the drought of 1991-92, corridor disease (tick-borne East Coast fever), and AIDS. The Ministry of Agriculture in Lusaka acted quick in securing available world stocks in maize which are being targeted to households most at risk of starvation. Food and other interventions are also being targeted to AIDS families to help avoid family breakup and economic ruin. The tradition is that a dead man's relatives may seize belongings, even cooking pots, which may mean the widow and children are left with no means of support. This situation occurs in Monze District despite legislation prohibiting the claiming of possessions. Women are in a difficult position as both planters and weeders of maize and as caretakers of the ill AIDS patients. Men caring for the sick or taking over women's work is necessary in order to prevent a labor shortage for the production of maize. Stocks of mealie meal are needed for families until the next harvest. Seed will be needed in October for planting. With adequate rain, agriculture could return to normal in 1-2 years, unless the impact of AIDS is significant. It is worrisome because 33% of families are expected to have had 1 family member who dies from AIDS by 1997. At present in a population of 160,000, 3600 cases of AIDS have appeared. In adjusting to the drought, the population has had to sell off livestock and their main assets, which has depressed the market value. In addition, 33% of the animals in the southern district have died from corridor disease. The loss of trained oxen will affect ploughing next year. Relief maize is the only hope for subsistence farmers with little or no money, no food in the granary, and no prospect for improvement. Wealthy farmers have had their difficulties also. One man borrowed money to buy fertilizer and maize seed and lost his investment. Maize seed production has been reduced by 50% as a result of the drought, although government authorities have reassured farmers that sufficient seed will be available. This has been the worst drought since 1923-24, and has been acerbated by AIDS in the population.
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Regional geodynamic implications of the May–July 1990 earthquake sequence in southern Sudan - Gaulon, R.; Chorowicz, J.; Vidal, Gérard; Romanowicz, Barbara; Rouit, G. (Tectonophysics, 1992)
Several large earthquakes occurred in the south of the Sudan in May and July 1990. The focal mechanism solution of the main shock (May 20, 1990), one of the largest events in Africa ever recorded, shows left-lateral strike-slip faulting. One of the nodal planes is parallel to the Aswa fault zone, a major Proterozoic tectonic feature. A line connecting the epicenters of the main events of May and July also strikes in the same direction. Field observations and satellite imagery also indicate left-lateral horizontal reactivation movement along this large structural feature during Cenozoic times. The fault plane solutions of the Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor catalog for earthquakes between 1977 and 1989 in the East African Rift System show extensional horizontal slip component striking about northwest-southeast. All these facts lead the interpretation of this wide, diffuse fault zone as an active intracontinental transform area linking the two main branches of the rift system. If one considers this displacement and the slip directions obtained from the centroid moment tensors solutions as characterizing the motion between the Nubian and Somalian plates, new constraints on the regional geodynamics can be inferred; the Somalian block appears to be moving southeastwards relative to the African block. The rupture occurred in at least three steps, affecting a zone roughly 50 km long. The large aftershocks of 24th May have significantly different fault plane solutions, indicating the complexity of the rupture process. Nevertheless, the tension axes of the main aftershocks always strike N–S. Thus there is an exchange of the intermediate and pressure axes for the aftershocks on May 24 relative to the main shock.
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Waveform modelling of the May 20, 1990 Sudan earthquake - Giardini, Domenico; Beranzoli, Laura (Tectonophysics, 1992)
Very-broad-band seismic waveforms were modelled to derive the moment tensor, the source time function and the depth of the May 20, 1990 Sudan earthquake. Long-period body waves, surface waves and broad-band displacement, recorded by the MedNet regional network, were merged with digital data from global seismic networks, to compare fault geometries obtained by different methods and assess associated uncertainties. Our analysis indicates that the May 20 earthquake had a seismic moment of 5.3 × 1026 dyne · cm and a depth of about 10 km; the focal mechanism shows a mixture of transcurrent geometry, with one plane striking NW-SE, and a smaller dip-slip component with the T axis oriented in the N–S direction. The fault geometry agrees with models calling for the recent re-activation of the NW-SE trending Aswa transform zone, marking the northern termination of the western branch of the rift. In contrast, the N–S tensional component, which also dominates the focal mechanisms of the aftershocks (Dziewonski et al., 1991), supports the evidence for the rotation of the regional Quaternary stress field to the north, in contrast with simple two-plate models of rifting in East Africa. The Juba event allowed us to test the capability of the MedNet regional seismic network to provide an accurate real-time description of the seismic source.
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The Malawi earthquake of March 10, 1989: A report of the macroseismic survey - Gupta, Harsh K. (Tectonophysics, 1992)
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Major element chemistry of recent eruptive products from Nyamuragira volcano, Africa (1976–1989) - Hayashi, Shigenari; Kasahara, Minoru; Tanaka, Kazuo; Hamaguchi, Hiroyuki; Ndontoni, Zana (Tectonophysics, 1992)
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The paradox of Black pupil enrolment growth rates in South African schools - Hosking, Stephen (Development Southern Africa, 1992)
In this paper, an outline is presented of a paradoxical feature of past trends in the demand for and supply of schooling to the Black population of South Africa. The paradox is that demand for Black schooling increased despite disincentives to do so under the apartheid policy. As background, a brief historical review of the provision of schooling to Blacks is also presented.
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A review of the late Archean volcano-sedimentary Dominion Group and implications for the tectonic setting of the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa - Jackson, Michael (Journal Of African Earth Sciences, 1992)
The Dominion Group is a volcano-sedimentary sequence of Archeaan age underlying the Witwatersrand Supergroup in northern South Africa. New radiometric dating and recent petrologic studies make a review appropriate at this time. This review of the Group highlights its potential importance in understanding the tectonic setting and derital source of the economically important Witwatersrand Supergroup. The sequence consists of a basal clastic sedimentary unit, with conglomerate containing placer Au and U, overlain by mafic amydaloidal lavas and capped by massive feldspar-phyric felsic volcanics, recently dated at 3074 Ma. The mafic volcanics are amygdaloidal lavas deposited in subaerial or shallow subaqueous conditions. The felsic volcanics are mainly lavas or welded pyroclastic flows with interbedded volcaniclastic sediments. Geochemically, the Dominion volcanics are a bimodal sequence with subalkaline mafic tholeiitic basalts to andesites and low-silicarhyolite. The mafic volcanics are believed to have formed by partial melting of enriched mantle sources followed by fractionation. Relative depletions of Nb and other high field strength elements, along with Nd isotpic data, suggest a “subduction component” in the mantle source of the mafic magmas. The felsic volcanics were probably generated by partial melting of lower crustal sources. The Dominion volcanics, along with contemporaneous granitoid intrusions, represent a period of extensive magmatic activity on the tectonically-active northwestern flank of the Witwatersrand basin in a continental rift zone. If detrial gold in the Witwatersrand sediments was locally derived from exhalative or shallow-level lode deposits, Dominion Group magmatism could have been the driving force of the hydrothermal system producing the gold-bearing sulphide deposits along with contemporaneous hydrothermally-altered granites.
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Pollution studies of Nigerian rivers: trace metal levels of surface waters in the Niger delta area - Kakulu, Samuel E.; Osibanjot, Oladele (International Journal of Environmental Studies, 1992)
The Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn levels of surface waters and industrial effluents in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria were determined. The concentrations of most metals in these surface waters were generally lower than international levels in freshwaters and international drinking water standards. With the exception of Pb, metal levels in petroleum effluents were within the range found for European refineries. The level of Pb in these effluents could be due to its higher value in gasoline in Nigeria compared with those in UK and USA. In spite of the metal levels being within the safety limits in these waters, there is still the need to control the discharge of industrial effluents into these rivers.
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Space requirements & needs of the practical oriented learning activities in Kenyan Primary Teachers Training Colleges - Ndiacha, Lawrence I (1992)
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Education and Cultural Development: Policies and Practices in the Africa Region. - Obanya, Pai (1992)
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Sexual Behavior Among Secondary School Going Adolescent Women in Zambia - Palka, Karen (1992)
Adolescent fertility is a problem that is urgent in developing countries due to rapid population growth rates. To gain a better understanding of adolescent fertility within developing countries a study was undertaken to examine adolescent sexual behavior among teens within a developing country, Zambia. A self-administered questionnaire was given to secondary school going teenage women in Zambia. The sample population consisted of 503 women between the ages of 12 and 19. The survey was analyzed using both regression and univariate analysis of the data. The findings revealed that a high percentage of the teens have initiated sexual activity; yet few (4.2%) have ever used modern contraceptive methods. Suggestions were made for family planning programs that would involve both parents and their children.
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Self-Esteem and Anger among African-American Students. - Ryujin, Donald H.; Abitia, Fred B. (1992)
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Usefulness of nuclear and atomic-based analysis techniques in air pollution studies in Nigeria - Spyrou, N. M.; Arshed, Waheed; Farooqi, A. S.; Ibeanu, G. I.; Akanle, O. A.; Jeynes, C.; Asubiojo, O. I.; Obioh, I. B.; Oluyemi, E. A.; Oluwole, A. F. (Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 1992)
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Influence of Parental Style and Child Duties on School Performance of African-American Students. - Taylor, Leslie K. (1992)
Previous research has indicated that African-American students, particularly those from low-income environments tend to be at greater risk for low academic achievement. However, income level is only one factor that contributes to low academic achievement. This study investigated the influence of other factors, including parental use of nurturant behavior and child household duties on the academic performance of at-risk African-American students. Data was obtained from a subset utilized in the National Survey of Family and Household (NSFH) data, consisting of African-American families with at least one child aged 5-18. Respondents provided information on a total of 566 students. Nurturance, control, demand, punishment, and household responsibilities were selected as the independent variables. These variables were comprised of composite scores on relevant items from the NSFH quettionnaire. The analysis suggests that both high nurturance or high punishment are important for academic success. However, the best combination appears to be high nurturance and high punishment. The worst combination is clearly, low nurturance with low punishment. Although rigid control and high expectations of obedience may seem severe for middle America, such measures may be in the best interest of the child in certain environments, such as high poverty areas. As predicted child household responsibilities were negatively related to academic performance. More insight is needed on parental influences and the distribution of household responsibilities that promote academic resilience. The variables associated with positive academic outcomes for these resilient African-American students need to be isolated and analyzed. (ABL) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** School Performance 1
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Rift-related volcanic hazards in Tanzania and their mitigation - Tesha, Aloyce L.; Ebinger, C. J.; Nyamweru, Celia (Tectonophysics, 1992)
The Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SSZ) is considered as an important region for gold exploration in the western sector of Iran. Its mountainous topography and unpaved routes make its study challenging for researchers and raise the costs for mining companies strating new exploration plans. Gold mineralization mainly occurs as irregular to lenticular sulfide-bearing quartz veins along shear zones in deformed mafic to intermediate metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. In this investigation, ASTER data are used for mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals and to better discriminate geological structural features associated with orogenic gold occurrences in the area. Image transformation techniques such as specialized band ratioing and Principal Component Analysis are used to delineate lithological units and alteration minerals. Supervised classification techniques, namely Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Spectral Information Divergence (SID) are applied to detect subtle differences between indicator alteration minerals associated with ground-truth gold locations in the area. The directional filtering technique is applied to help in tracing along the strike the different linear structures. Results demonstrate that the integration of image transformation techniques and supervised classification of ASTER data with fieldwork and geochemical exploration studies has a great efficiency in targeting new prospects of gold mineralization in the SSZ. The approach used in this research provides a fast, cost-efficient means to start a comprehensive geological and geochemical exploration programs in the study area and elsewhere in similar regions.
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Analysis of Job Prospects and the Relevance of Printing Education to the Printing Industry: A Case of Nigeria - Unuigbey, Oloruntoba P. (1992)
The overall purpose of this study was to determine the job prospects and relevance of printing education to the printing industry. The study was conducted in four Nigerian cities—Lagos, Kaduna, Kano and Benin City.
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Language and Education in Africa: A Select Bibliography, 1980-1990 - Westley, David (Comparative Education Review, 1992)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBibliographic EssayLanguage and Education in Africa: A Select Bibliography, 1980-1990David WestleyDavid Westley Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 36, Number 3Aug., 1992 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447131 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 6Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1992 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Birgit Brock-Utne Language-in-Education Policies and Practices in Africa with a Special Focus on Tanzania and South Africa, (Sep 2021): 609–627.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66003-1_35Michele Penner Angrist Language Policy and Girls’ Education in Francophone West and Central Africa, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 26, no.33 (Dec 2018): 475–500.https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxy036Birgit Brock-Utne Language-in-Education Policies and Practices in Africa with a Special Focus on Tanzania and South Africa, (Nov 2014): 615–631.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9493-0_36David S. Brown Democracy, Colonization, and Human Capital in Sub-Saharan Africa, Studies in Comparative International Development 35, no.11 (Mar 2000): 20–40.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02687449Paul Bélanger Literacy and literacies: Continuity and discontinuity, Language and Education 8, no.1-21-2 (Jan 1994): 87–94.https://doi.org/10.1080/09500789409541381Birgit Brock-Utne Language-in-Education Policies and Practices in Africa with a Special Focus on Tanzania and South Africa — Insights from Research in Progress, (): 549–565.https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2960-8_34
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Marxist Perspectives on the Education Policy of the State in South Africa: Some Comments - Hosking, Stephen (Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 1992)
In this paper evidence supporting a classical Marxist perspective on the education policies of the state in South Africa is examined. Following an outline of the relevant theory on the state, attention is focused on applications of it to the South Africa case. The evidence cited in support of these applications is not found to be convincing.
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Colonial education for Africans: George Stark's policy in Zimbabwe (Choice Reviews Online, 1992)
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The World Bank and education in Africa (Race & Class, 1992)
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A South African perspective on distance teaching. - Beukes, Marthinus (PubMed, 1992)
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Climate change and vulnerable places: global food security and country studies in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Senegal and Chile - Downing, Thomas E. (1992)
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A Multifaceted Approach to Health Education: A Case Study from Rural Egypt - El-Katsha, Samiha; Watts, Sheldon (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1992)
This article describes and evaluates an environmental health education project, focusing on water and sanitation issues, which was carried out in two Egyptian villages in the Nile delta. The study is multifaceted as it involves various hygiene education strategies carried out by health unit staff, teachers, graduate volunteers and local village leaders who deliver simple environmental health messages in a variety of different settings. The project is also multifaceted in that it looks at health education in relation to specific health interventions, in this case in water and sanitation; it identifies the full context of relevant local behavior; and it collaborates with local people, especially women, in the design and implementation of the program. Based on the experience gained during this project, a broad based model for health education is presented.
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Crossing boundaries: Dissolution as a secondary message of education in Papua New Guinea - Fife, Wayne (International Journal of Educational Development, 1992)
In Papua New Guinea, community schools are sometimes faced with the threat of school closure. Less dramatically, individual teachers contribute toward a hidden curriculum of dissolution through actions that emphasize structural weakness and the possibility of entropy. When certain forms of educational boundaries are crossed, students learn that formal schooling may be more flexible than educators often pretend. Although researchers have generally ignored these secondary forms of hidden curriculum, they encode important messages regarding the ways ‘traditional’ cultures affect Western-style educational systems in developing countries.
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The American Achievement Ideology as Perceived by Urban African-American Students - Ford, Donna Y. (Urban Education, 1992)
A study was conducted to explore gender differences in the American achievement ideology among 148 gifted and nongifted African-American males and females in an urban school district. Also explored were the perceptions these students had regarding social, cultural, and psychological determinants of achievement and underachievement. Results did not indicate differential determinants of under-achievement by gender; however, statistically significant differences were found by academic program (gifted and nongifted). Gifted students expressed the greatest support for the achievement ideology. Implications are drawn and recommendations are offered for urban educators and those working with African-American children.
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The head louse in Sierra Leone: an epidemiological study among school children, in the Njala area. - Gbakima, Aiah A; Lebbie, Aiah (PubMed, 1992)
A survey of five primary schools in the Njala area, Sierra Leone showed that Pediculus humanus capitis infestation is wide-spread. The overall prevalence was 6.8% among 1007 school children examined. Infestation rates varied between schools from 1.4% to 14.6% and the prevalence of infestation increased with age, from 3.1% among class I children to 10.2% among class IV and decreased to 4.9% among class VI children. Females had a higher infestation rate (8.3%) than their male counterparts (5.4%). The infestation rate was higher' in children whose fathers were Farmers (9.4%) followed by Traders (7.8%), Artisans (6.5%) and Professionals who had the lowest infestation rate of (5.8%). Sharing of beds, beddings and combs had a significant effect (P < 0.01) on the rate of infestation. The infestation was light, therefore, impetigo was minimal. Overcrowding at home is the main factor facilitating the transmission of the infestation from one head to another among these children.
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Interpersonal Education by Rural Yemeni Women for Promoting Child Survival and Maternal Health - Haider, Syed Jahangeer; Al-Hamly, Mohammad; Barakat, Adel; Elder, John P.; Roberts, Anne H. (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1992)
This study reports the results of an evaluation of an education and training effort for promoting diarrheal control, nutritional health and general maternal and child health among rural Yemeni women. Eight hundred and five volunteer women and men from twenty Yemeni villages in the governorates of Al Beida and Hajja, were trained to disseminate basic health messages to friends and neighbors in their villages. Evaluators visited four villages that had received the training and two that had not, to determine whether the dissemination had actually occurred. Mothers contacted by their recently-trained neighbors correctly responded to all knowledge and practice questions related to diarrhea control, oral rehydration therapy and breast feeding, whereas mothers in control villages averaged 60 percent correct responses. The results suggest the potential for interpersonal education for improving child survival and maternal health in Yemen.
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The Effectiveness of Career Development Seminars on African American Premedical Students: A Program Evaluation Using the Medical Career Development Inventory - Henry, Paúl; Bardo, Harold R.; Henry, Carol A. (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 1992)
The authors examined the impact of a structured career planning program on the career maturity scores of 61 African American premedical students as measured by the Medical Career Development Inventory.
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The relationship of academic performance and social support to graduation among African-American and White university students: A path-analytic model - Hershberger, Scott L.; D’Augelli, Anthony R. (Journal of Community Psychology, 1992)
The influence of perceived social support on differential graduation rates of African-American and White students at a predominantly White university was assessed through path analysis. In the path model, precollege academic performance, first-year college grade-point average (CGPA), and general adjustment variables were hypothesized to affect graduation. Although this initial model provided an adequate fit to the data, the direct path from social support to CGPA was not significant. In a revised model, only the influence of CGPA directly influenced graduation. Further research must be conducted to clarify the interaction of academic and social-behavioral variables in influencing graduation patterns.
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Loss of lung function associated with exposure to silica dust and with smoking and its relation to disability and mortality in South African gold miners. - Hnizdo, Eva (Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1992)
The data from a lung function study on 2209 white 45-54 year old South African gold miners in 1968-71 and at a five year follow up examination, were analysed to establish the actual loss of lung function associated with exposure to silica dust and with smoking. Ex-smokers were excluded from the analysis. Of the remaining 1625 subjects, 1249 had the five year follow up test of lung function. The estimated excess loss of lung function for a 50 year old gold miner, associated with 24 years of underground dust exposure of an average respirable dust concentration of 0.30 mg m-3 (14.4 ghm-3) was 236 ml of FEV1 (95% confidence interval (95% CI 134-337) and 217 ml of FVC (95% CI 110-324). By comparison, the effect of smoking one packet of cigarettes a day over 30 years was associated with an estimated loss of 552 ml of FEV1 (95% CI 461-644) and 335 ml of FVC (95% CI 170-500). The cumulative dust exposure was not associated with the longitudinal loss of FEV1 or FVC when the initial FEV1 and FVC were adjusted in the models. According to the predicted values, however, gold miners appear to have a greater loss of lung function from 50 to 55 years of age than that predicted for a general population.
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Tracer Study Of The Zimbabwe Science Teacher Training Project - Hodzi, Richard A.; Jaji, Gail (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1992)
Evidence from a tracer study of Bachelor of Education graduates from the Department of Science and Mathematics Education over the period from 1986 through 1990 is presented in this paper. The main findings were: 1. The group were experienced teachers with 5 to 10 years experience on average. The majority had less than five years experience in their present schools and about one third of them had spent less than one year in their present positions. Most of them held positions of responsibility. 2. Very few of the respondents were teaching A-level. More former Chemistry students were teaching A-level than any other group while fewer former Biology students were teaching A-level than any of the other groups. 3. Most of the respondents felt that the content courses had equipped them well for their present positions. They were less positive about education courses but still felt the education courses had equipped them well for their present positions. 4. Many respondents recommended the introduction of an educational administration course in their programme. 5. Most respondents felt the course was very good just as it stood. 6. Headmasters considered the B.Ed. teachers to be useful and well trained and making positive contributions to their schools
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Gender, Academic Achievement, and Preferences for Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning Among African-American Adolescents - Johnson, Charlene; Engelhard, George (The Journal of Psychology, 1992)
ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the relationships among gender, academic achievement, and student preferences for cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning in a sample of 136 African-American adolescents enrolled in sixth and seventh grades in a school in Georgia. We used the Learning Preference Scale for Students (LPSS; Barnes, Owens, & Straton, 1978) to measure cooperative, competitive, and individualistic preferences. Three two-way ANOVAs (Gender × Academic Achievement) were conducted, in which the three learning preferences were the dependent variables. Gender had a significant effect on the preference for cooperative learning, with girls reporting a higher preference for this method than boys did. For the other two learning preferences, no significant gender differences were found. Academic achievement did not correlate significantly with any of the three learning preferences. A two-way interaction between gender and academic achievement was observed for competitive learning preferences. Girls' preferences for competition increased as academic achievement increased; boys' preferences for competition decreased as academic achievement increased.
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Environmental Education in South Africa in Light of the Tbilisi and Moscow Conferences - Loubser, Callie; Ferreira, Johanna G. (The Journal of Environmental Education, 1992)
Abstract In this article, the authors compare the situation in South Africa to the recommendations of the 1977 Tbilisi international conference on environmental education, with reference to the human environment, education, research, and incorporation in the educational system. The needs and priorities of environmental education that emerged from this conference were addressed at the Moscow international conference, held 10 years later. The authors relate the situation in South Africa to the Moscow conference proceedings, which include such aspects as international cooperation in the field of environmental education, environmental education as part of the entire educational process, and the interdisciplinary nature of environmental education. The authors list some of the international strategies for environmental education and training in future years that were proposed at the Moscow conference and discuss their relevance to South Africa.
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Psychological Well-Being among African American University Students. - Nottingham, Carolyn Robin (Journal of College Student Development, 1992)
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[Prevalence of asthma and respiratory diseases in schools in Bouake (Ivory Coast): preliminary results]. - Roudaut, M.F.; Ah, Meda; Séka, A.R.; Fadiga, D; Pigearias, B.; Osei‐Akoto, Alex (PubMed, 1992)
Using an auto-administered questionnaire, a cluster sample survey was carried out in January 1990 among 2433 secondary schoolchildren in Bouake (Cote d'Ivoire). The prevalence rate of asthma was fairly high (10.8%), as well as that of wheezing (19.8%), dyspnea (42.8%), broncho-pulmonary diseases (25.8%) and smoking habit (14.5%). The results are discussed with regard to the published data.
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Out of Africa…into Hastings – Reflections on African Week at William Parker School, April 1991 - Ruffer, David (British Journal of Music Education, 1992)
The Report of the Working Group for Music on the National Curriculum suggested that music teachers should incorporate music from non-Western cultures into their programmes of study. African Week proved to be an ideal opportunity to introduce the idea of music and dance from Africa to both students and the wider community in a predominantly white area, as well as to address the vexed problem of how to teach combined arts without diluting standards in the individual art forms.
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Positive approaches to education for sexual health with examples from Asia and Africa - Senanayake, Pramilla (Journal of Adolescent Health, 1992)
Some approaches to health education are presented based on experiences in Asia and Africa. Consideration in project design should be given to methodology, location, timing, and target group. There is no one correct approach. Qualitative evaluations are possible. Outreach to a larger population such as the out-of-school unemployed is an important goal, as well as directing Family Life Education (FLE) to the primary school level, when children are still in school. Sexual health is defined as state of physical and psychological well being including sexuality. FLE is a culturally sensitive approach to sexual health education. The avoidance of sexual terms promotes acceptance in countries such as Sri Lanka. The problem of sexuality and adolescence and the current protracted period is that adults view this period as an inconvenience rather than an inevitability. The needs of youth need to be recognized in spite of the resistance some cultures may feel about sex education encouraging promiscuity. The example is given of the government of Mali, which in conjunction with the International Planned Parenthood Federation, trained 150 workers to mobilize youth and introduce them to FLE. The prerequisite is mental preparation of the adult population through training programs. An example of an effective method of role play presentation by youth of major youth issues was used in creating a positive feeling for youth among World Health Assembly delegates, who are Ministers of Health and Senior Government Health Officials. The Youth Counseling Services and Family Education Project in Ethiopia is described. It was a youth-designed and youth-implemented project which took into consideration working hours, staff attitude, and hospitality toward youths. Other methods described are: 1) drama, 2) songs, 3) role play, 4) literature, 5) videos and film shows, 6) radio, and 7) telephone. Integration of FLE can be positive when it is combined with youth centers, income-generation projects, and nongovernmental organizations. Examples are given for type of project.
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Contradictory developments in the teaching and practice of human rights law in Tanzania* - Shivji, Issa G. (Commonwealth law bulletin, 1992)
The Bill of Rights is a novelty in Tanzania.2 As is well-known, Tanzanian Constitutions from independence to 1984 did not contain a bill of rights.3 Partly for this reason, legal discourse, whether in teaching or in practice, did not centre on rights issues particularly in relationship between state and citizen. At Faculty of Law, University of Dar es Salaam, there developed an approach to teaching which university calendar refers to as the historical, method. The socioeconomic emerged in contrast to and development approach which was a manifestation of modernization theory on legal plane.4 Neither of these revolved around question of rights. Put rhetorically, and development saw law essentially as an instrument of social change while method regarded law as an instrument of ruling class. This may be a little over-simplified, but I believe broadly represents main points of departure of, and contention between, two schools-at least at that time at Dar es Salaam Faculty. The instrumentalist view of law left both schools seriously handicapped in their understanding as well as teaching of law. For example, in practice, socio-economic concentrated mostly on political economy verging on economism. Law was seen as a part of superstructure reflecting economic relationships tout court. Many subjects had long introductions on five modes of production and role of law and state therein. Then followed teaching of rules which, in
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Experiential learning for critical thinking: a viable prospect for distance education in South Africa? - Smith, Jo Ewart; Castle, Jane (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1992)
Attacking widespread under‐education with limited resources in the scattered, oppressed adult population of South Africa is a formidable challenge. One way of meeting this challenge could be to develop adults’ critical thinking skills, using their own experience as their main educational resource. Experiential learning technology, facilitated from a distance, could provide a means of achieving this aim. Research carried out at a conference on experiential learning at Natal University, Durban, provided an opportunity to assess the viability, desirability and usefulness of this educational method and aim. Participants’ responses indicate that the method is promising, although further experiment and development are necessary, particularly with different groups. Three issues are discussed in this paper: the nature of the South African educational context, the promotion of critical thinking skills as an adult education aim, and the potential of employing experiential learning technology, facilitated from a distance, as a method of developing critical thinking skills.
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Childhood malignancies in an Ethiopian teaching hospital. - Teka, Telahun (PubMed, 1992)
A retrospective study for the ten year period 1981 to 1990 was done to determine the pattern of childhood malignant diseases in the Paediatrics Department of the Gonder College of Medical Sciences, Gonder, Ethiopia. The 71 children identified represented 0.66% of the total paediatric admissions. Ages ranged between 4 months and 14 years with the male to female ratio 3.4:1. Lymphoma was the commonest tumour (25.4%) followed by bone and soft tissue sarcomas (19.7%) and retinoblastoma (15.5%). Leukaemia accounted for 11.3% of the cases. The findings are compared with those from other countries.
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Articulation Test Performances of Low-Income, African-American Preschoolers With Communication Impairments - Washington, Julie A.; Craig, Holly K. (Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 1992)
Culturally valid speech and language testing measures for use with African-American children who are speakers of Black English (BE) are limited. An alternative to developing new tests for use with this population is to adapt currently available tests designed for use with standard English speakers. The purpose of this study was to compare the responses of 28 low-income, urban African-American preschoolers from Metropolitan Detroit who were speakers of BE on the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale, using a standard English and a BE scoring procedure. The findings indicated that this test does not require a BE scoring adjustment for northern children who are speakers of BE.
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Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long Term Responses to Drought - Wilson, R.T. (Journal of Arid Environments, 1992)
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Toxic metal pollution in Africa - Nriagu, Jerome O. (Science of The Total Environment, 1992)
The available information suggests that the concentrations of toxic metals in many ecosystems of Africa are reaching unprecedented levels. Because of the heavy load of contaminated dusts in the air of the overcrowded cities, the ambient concentrations of toxic metals are now among the highest being reported anywhere. Lead pollution from the increasing number of automobiles and cottage industries represents a major health hazard, and it is estimated that 15–30% of the infants in some urban areas may already be suffering from lead poisoning. The cultural and lifestyle determinants of lead exposure and the greater susceptibility of African populations to environmental metal poisoning are highlighted. The suggestion is made that the environmental health criteria for toxic metals in the developed countries may not provide adequate protection for many African communities.
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Brain drain among academicians in two higher education institutions in Ethiopia - Seyoum, Tewodros (The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 1992)
To date the issue of brain drain among academicians in higher education institutions in Ethiopia has not been seriously treated. This is, therefore, a preliminaryattempt to determine its magnitude as well as to probe into its causes. Accordingly, a study was conducted and the findings show inter alia that the magnitude of the brain drain is quite sizeable and its major causes lie in political andjob satisfactionfactors. Consequently, its remedies also lie in the amelioration of these conditions.
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Inequality of opportunity for higher education in Ethiopia: a challenge to a plural society - Wondimu, Habtamu (The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 1992)
Socio-economic and educational disparities exist between various regions and social groups in Ethiopia. The disparities in higher education opportunities between the sexes, regions, and urbani rural locations in Ethiopia were investigated. Also a brief assessment of the disparities in general education wasmade. Data for over seven years, show that the most advantaged groups are the males when compared with the females; Addis Ababa, Eritrea, Tigray and Gojjam regions when compared with the rest of the regions; and 10 major cities (Addis Ababa, Asmara, Dire Dawa and Gonder being the top ones) when compared with the rest of the country (rural locations). Their higher education admission ratios were about 87% (males), 55% (4 regions), and 56% (urban)respectively, while their population ratios in Ethiopia are only about 50%, 23% and 6% respectively. It is argued that though having academic excellence and equity together might seem contradictory, there is a need for the development of some measures which accommodate academic and socio-political standards ijregionally, ethnically and gender balanced socioeconomic development is expected in Ethiopia.
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[Training programmes to regionalise agricultural planning in Tunisia] - Labonne, M. (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 1992)
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Mesozoic acid volcanics from southern Angola: petrology, Sr-Nd isotope characteristics and correlation with the acid stratoid volcanic suites of the Paranà basin (south-eastern Brazil) - Alberti, Antonio; Piccirillo, E. M.; Bellieni, G.; Civetta, L.; Comin-Chiaramontí, P.; Morais, Eduardo (European Journal of Mineralogy, 1992)
The Angolan Mesozoic volcanic suites are concentrated along the continental margin and are characterized by voluminous sheet-like acid rock-types overlying stratoid tholeiitic basalts. The acid volcanics closely correspond in terms of stratigraphy, petrology and Sr-Nd isotope compositions to those of Lower Cretaceous age (135±3 Ma) in the northern Parana basin (SE-Brazil). The Mesozoic tholeiitic volcanic suites of Angola (and Namibia), which crop out close to the continental margin represent the easterly extension of the vast volcanic activity of the Parana basin which occurred before the opening of the S. Atlantic ocean
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The Effect of Education and Economic Activity on Sex Differentials in Employment in Egypt (المجلة المصرية للسکان وتنظيم الأسرة, 1992)
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The Harambee movement in Kenya: self-help, development and education among the Kamba of Kitui district (Choice Reviews Online, 1992)
A fieldwork study of the social organization of community self-help, which focuses on Kenya's harambee self-help movement. Its origins lie in traditional community work parties and colonial forced labour. The author explores this movement, its principles, political processes, social stratification and developmental planning. The book is intended for students of anthropology, African studies, and development studies.
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Survey on Distance Education in Ghana. A Report for the Deputy Secretary (Higher Education Division), Ministry of Education of the Republic of Ghana. - Aggor, R. A. (1992)
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Eye lesions, blindness and visual impairment in the Taraba river valley, Nigeria and their relation to onchocercal microfilariae in skin - Akogun, Oladele (Acta Tropica, 1992)
2876 persons in fourteen communities in the Taraba River Valley, Nigeria were examined for eye lesions and tested for visual acuity using the ‘tumbling E’. The individuals were also examined for microfilaria of Onchocerca volvulus. More than one-tenth of the population were blind, while another 16.1% had visual impairment. The prevalence of blindness was in excess of 20% in six communities, with one community recording 71.9% blindness rate. All forms of visual involvement increased with age but were similar between sexes. Eye lesions were related to the level of vision. Both eye lesions and vision deteriorate with increase in age. Vision seems to worsen with increase in prevalence and intensity of O. volvulus. Large microfilarial loads were associated with severe eye damage and blindness. These findings indicate that the Taraba river valley could be one of West Africa's worst foci of onchocercal blindness.
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The Interaction Between Disability Status and the African American Experience: Implications for Rehabilitation Counseling - Alston, Reginald J.; Mngadi, Simphiwe (Journal of applied rehabilitation counseling, 1992)
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Prevalence of smoking in secondary schools in the greater Accra region of Ghana - Amonoo-Lartson, R.; Pappoe, Matilda (Social Science & Medicine, 1992)
Tobacco smoking is fast becoming a public health problem in Ghana and the youth are at a greater risk of becoming victims of it. A survey of nine secondary (high) schools in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana showed that 31.1% of students have smoked before and that 10.3% smoke cigarettes regularly. A significant number of those who had ever smoked (32.6%) came from high socio-economic homes as exemplified by the level of education of the father. Advertising appears to be a factor as to why students start to smoke. Most students (59.4%) appear to know smoking is injurious to health. There is need to motivate secondary school students about not smoking. There is also need to legislate in Ghana to prevent the sale of tobacco products to young people and prohibit smoking in schools and in public places.
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Relapses in leprosy patients after release from dapsone monotherapy; experience in the leprosy control program of the all Africa Leprosy and Rehabilitation Training Center (ALERT) in Ethiopia. - Becx-Bleumink, M (PubMed, 1992)
Before implementation of multidrug therapy (MDT), leprosy patients who were clinically inactive, skin-smear negative and had been treated with dapsone monotherapy for at least 5 years (paucibacillary patients) or for at least 10 years (multibacillary patients) were released from treatment. An analysis was made of self-reporting relapses in 1081 paucibacillary (PB) patients and 1123 multibacillary (MB) patients who had been released in Addis Ababa and two rural districts of the leprosy control program of the All Africa Leprosy and Rehabilitation Training Center (ALERT). During an average period of 6.6 years after stopping dapsone, 44 relapses were diagnosed among the PB patients and 148 relapses among the MB patients. The overall relapse rate was 4.1% or 7.2 per 1000 patient-years after release from treatment for PB patients and 13.2% and 24.8, respectively, for MB patients. The annual relapse rate in PB patients did not differ significantly from year to year. However the relapse rate for MB patients was significantly lower during the fifth to seventh years after stopping treatment compared with the first 4 years. Based on clinical findings there was a strong suspicion of relapse with dapsone-resistant bacilli in 40.4% of MB relapses. It is concluded that the relapse rate for PB patients is acceptable. However, the relapse rate for MB patients is considered too high. It is strongly recommended to administer to all MB patients, including those who have been on long-term treatment with dapsone and have become clinically and bacteriologically inactive, a 2-year course of MDT.
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Occurrence of reactions, their diagnosis and management in leprosy patients treated with multidrug therapy; experience in the leprosy control program of the All Africa Leprosy and Rehabilitation Training Center (ALERT) in Ethiopia. - Becx-Bleumink, M; Berhe, Derbew Fikadu (PubMed, 1992)
This paper reports on reactions in leprosy patients who were treated with multidrug therapy (MDT) in the leprosy control program of the All Africa Leprosy and Rehabilitation Training Center (ALERT) in Ethiopia. Only those reactions which occurred in patients who had not been treated with dapsone before MDT and which required treatment with prednisolone were included. Until the end of the second year of MDT a reversal reaction had been diagnosed in 43.6% of 266 borderline lepromatous (BL) patients and in 19.2% of 109 lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients, and an erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reaction in 2.7% and 11.1% of the patients, respectively. The reversal reactions were observed in 4.9% of the BL patients and in 0% of the LL patients at the time of diagnosis of leprosy, in 26.3% and 12.8% of the patients during the first year of MDT, and in 12.4% and 6.4% during the second year of MDT. ENL reactions were seen in 0.8% of BL patients at diagnosis, 1.1% in the first year and 0.8% in the second year and 2.8% at diagnosis, 5.5% in the first year, and 2.8% in the second year for LL patients. During a 3 1/2-year period, a total of 405 reactions were diagnosed among multibacillary (MB) patients on MDT; 365 of these reactions (90.1%) were reversal reactions and only 40 (9.9%) were ENL reactions. The point in time of the reversal reactions showed that the risk of reversal reaction is highest during the first year of MDT. Thereafter there is a gradual decline, although reactions were still observed during the fifth year of MDT. A reversal reaction was diagnosed in 21.0% of 438 BT patients; in 3.4% of the patients the reaction was present at the time of diagnosis of leprosy; in 10.3% it occurred during MDT, and in 7.3% during the first year after release from MDT. During a period of 3 1/2 years a total of 183 reversal reactions were diagnosed among BT patients. The point in time showed a declining trend in the risk of reversal reaction after starting MDT. The risk is highest during MDT, followed by the first 6 months after stopping MDT. However, reactions, although few, still occurred during the fourth year after stopping MDT. The analysis of the results of prednisolone treatment in 161 patients who were treated for nerve function loss in the field showed that 142 patients (88.2%) regained complete or partial recovery of the nerve function(s), while no improvement was observed in 19 patients (11.8%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Fostering High Achievement in African American Children: Home, School, and Public Policy Influences. Trends and Issues No. 16. - Bempechat, Janine (1992)
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Oral health habits and periodontal health among a group of university students in Kenya. - Chindia, ML; Valderhaug, J; Ng’ang’a, P M (PubMed, 1992)
The purpose of this study was to determine the oral health habits and periodontal health among a group of university students in Kenya. The study comprised 243 randomly selected first year students, mean age 23 years, at the University of Nairobi. Questionnaire response showed that 39% of the participants had visited a dentist before, mainly for extraction. Sixteen per cent said they visited a dentist at least once a year and 96% said they brushed daily. Clinical examination was done in a room with natural daylight using the WHO criteria. Plaque was visible on 35% of the surfaces. 11% of gingival sites examined bled on probing. Only one participant had pocket depth greater than or equal to 4 mm. Supra- and sub-gingival calculus was recorded at 18% of index tooth surfaces. The study will be considered as a baseline for later studies on oral health trends in similar populations.
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Student loans in Nigeria - Chuta, Enyinna (Higher education (Amsterdam. Print), 1992)
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Drought frequency analysis of annual rainfall series in central and western Sudan - Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (Hydrological sciences journal, 1992)
Abstract Rainfall is the most important water resource in central and western Sudan, a region affected by the recent drought in Africa. A general methodology for studying the annual rainfall process is presented and applied to data from central and western Sudan. It is assumed that certain time series models adequately describe the annual rainfall process in the region. Based on this assumption, the drought frequencies are calculated in the subregions with stationary series. The theory of runs is applied in calculating drought frequencies using a data generation method.
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Drought and Development in Marsabit District, Kenya - Fratkin, Elliot (Disasters, 1992)
Extensive drought in the 1970s and 1980s prompted national and international development efforts aimed at the pastoralist populations of Marsabit District of Kenya. Famine relief efforts by the Catholic Church and the African Inland Mission contributed to the settling of former nomads and the growth of small towns, while international development efforts, including UNESCO's Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL) focused on range conservation and the improvement of livestock marketing. The sedentarization of pastoralists has led to greater access to health care, education, and other social services, but has also contributed to economic differentiation and rural proletarianization. Local economies are now based on a combination of subsistence pastoralism, livestock marketing, and wage‐labor, indicating that the process of sedentarization is a complex one with varying consequences for different sectors of the population.
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Debt, Drought, Death and Deferral: A Modest Interim Proposal and After for Southern Africa - Green, Reginald H. (1992)
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Isotopic compositions of late Cenozoic volcanics from southeast Papua New Guinea: Evidence for multi-component sources in arc and rift environments - Hegner, E.; Smith, I. E. (Chemical Geology, 1992)
Transition from collisional to extensional tectonics in eastern Papua New Guinea (PNG) is reflected in cessation of arc-type volcanism and eruption of rifting-related transitional basalts. Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions for 28 samples representing these volcanic suites and subordinate high-K trachytes of unknown origin reflect melting and mixing of three distinct magma sources. The arc volcanics have high La/Nb, low Ce/Pb and overabundances of LILE relative to the LREE consistent with melting of subduction-modified sources. 87Sr86Sr and 143Nd144Nd ratios are moderately heterogeneous (ϵNd = + 2.8 to + 6.3) and plot in the upper OIB field. Pb isotopic ratios are similar to modern Pacific sediment. Melting of a depleted MORB-type mantle containing up to 1.5% of Pacific sediment can account for the isotopic trends. The modeled amount of sediment is higher than that generally observed in Pacific arcs but lower than that suggested for Indonesia. Rift basalts have 87Sr86Sr and 143Nd144Nd (ϵNd = + 5.3 to + 7.8) intermediate between Pacific MORB and associated arc volcanics. 207Pb204Pb and 206Pb204Pb ratios form a mixing trend and define Pacific MORB and sediment as end-members. High La/Nb and low Ce/Pb are further evidence for an important influence of subduction-modified sources at mantle and/or crustal levels. 143Nd144Nd and 87Sr86Sr ratios in the high-K trachytes plot near those of the most enriched arc volcanics but low 206Pb204Pb and high 208Pb204Pb indicate an old source that had evolved with low 238U204Pb and high Th/U. These characteristics are similar to those in inferred lower crust from northeast Australia and EM 1 mantle sources; however, high La/Nb and low Ce/Pb ratios suggest additional source modification. Moderately radiogenic 207Pb204Pb ratios preclude a significant contribution from crustal material much older than 2 Ga. We suggest that the trachytes inherited their isotopic signatures either from lower crust that was recycled into the upper mantle possibly during Mesozoic rifting of the Australian craton, or from a yet not recognized ancient continental block within the Late Cretaceous basement of PNG.
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Financing of higher education in Uganda - Kajubi, W. Senteza (Higher Education, 1992)
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Opportunities for the promotion of enterprise among students – the South African case - Kirby, David A. (Small Enterprise Development, 1992)
It is obvious that there is a great need for small business and self-employment in both developed and developing countries. This article looks at the situation in South Africa, in particular, where there is an urgency to create a good environment for potential entrepreneurship among the black communities, and suggests change, using the experiences of programmes in the UK. Two placement and training programmes are analysed for their potential in raising student awareness of small business, and it is proposed that much could be adapted to suit the situations in developing countries.
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Student loans in Ghana - Kotey, Nii Ashie (Higher Education, 1992)
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A 40Ar39Ar geochronological study of komatiites and komatiitic basalts from the Lower Onverwacht Volcanics: Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa - López-Martı́nez, Margarita; York, Derek; Hanes, J. A. (Precambrian research, 1992)
40Ar39Ar step-heating analyses have been carried out on domatiites and komatiitic basalts from the Komati Formation, the uppermost formation of the Tjakastad Subgroup in the Barberton Greenstone Belt. The results for the komatiites fall into two groups, which have integrated ages either greater than 3.3 Ga or less than 3.0 Ga. The most precise plateau ages in the first group correspond to an age of ∼3.49 Ga, which we take to be the age of metamorphism since the whole rocks analysed are composed of metamorphic minerals. Other samples in the first group appear to preserve a record of a later event at ∼3.43 Ga. Evidence of this younger age is also seen in the only komatiitic basalt displaying a stable age spectrum. The second group of komatiites (integrated ages less than 3.0 Ga) on a 40Ar39Ar correlation diagram suggest that a 3.3 Ga event may have introduced paleoatmospheric argon with a 40Ar39Ar ratio of ∼190 into some of the komatiites. Comparison of the results of detailed electron microprobe analyses with the Ca/K spectra obtained in the step-runs, suggests that tremolite is the mineral tenaciously recording the great ages of the komatiites, while hornblende is the dominant argon retainer in the komatiitic basalts. The argon ages are completely consistent with recently published U-Pb ages of zircons from the Barberton Greenstone Belt and suggest that the original metamorphism of the komatiites occurred shortly after their eruption.
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Financing higher education in Botswana - Mokgwathi, G. M. G. (Higher Education, 1992)
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Pluralistic education in sub-Saharan Africa - Mulusa, Thomas (PROSPECTS, 1992)
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Improving African Children's Cognitive Development through Training - Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. (Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1992)
According to Piaget, cognitive development can be realized with maturation and environmental experience, but he attached some significance to training as a means of facilitating cognitive development. This paper gives brief summaries of eight studies carried out in Africa clearly showing that cognitive development can be facilitated by training.
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Interpersonal skills training for health workers in the management of childhood diarrhea in the Central African Republic - Naimoli, Joseph F.; Parker, Karen M.; Doutizonga, Ruth; Endley, S. (Patient Education and Counseling, 1992)
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A Content Analysis of From South Africa: Nontraditional Literature in the Teaching of Minority Politics - Nicolay, John G. (PS: Political Science & Politics, 1992)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
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A Content Analysis of From South Africa: Nontraditional Literature in the Teaching of Minority Politics - Nicolay, John G. (PS: Political Science & Politics, 1992)
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A Reevaluation of African Education - Okafor, Victor Oguejiofor (Journal of Black Studies, 1992)
Why is there a proliferation in American cities of able-bodied, apparently mentally healthy men of African descent who engage in begging as a means of a living? How is it that predominantly African American neighborhoods in Philadelphia are served by businesses owned and operated mainly by Asian Americans or European Americans? Why is it that generally speaking Africans tend not to believe in themselves, and that they are confused about who they are, in contrast to their proud, disciplined, self-reliant, and creative ancestors of the Kemetic epoch? Carter G. Woodson (1933) provides a cogent and forceful explanation for these and other questions about the place of the African in the U.S. scheme of things, if not in the world itself, in his The Mis-Education of the Negro. An Afrocentric and thought-provoking exposition of the effects of the Great Enslavement and inappropriate education on the African American psyche, this book must be read by anyone who wants to understand why things are the way they are. By inappropriate education, I mean an education that tends to exclude and demean the cultural and historical experiences of the recipient but valorizes a culture which seeks hegemony within a body politic characterized by ethnic heterogeneity. Woodson (1875-1950), an African American himself, was a Harvard-educated scholar, educator, and writer of distinction. He contends in this book that African Americans are exposed to an educational system that is constructed to benefit the dominant American culture but is harmful to their interests and those of their race.
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Ethiopia: A tale of two teachers - Potts, Malcolm (The Lancet, 1992)
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Integrating guidance, counselling, and counsellor education in Botswana: A consultation model - Rollin, Stephen A.; Witmer, J. Welvin (International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 1992)
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Conservation of Distance in African Children from Rural and Urban Schools - Sawyerr, Ebun S. (Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1992)
This paper contains a review of the small literature on the association of rural/urban residence and attainment of distance conservation among African children and an account of a study of the age at which children in Sierra Leone, West Africa, attain conservation. 150 children from the ages of 8 to 18 years, from rural and urban schools, were assigned Piagetian tasks to judge their conservation of distance. Analysis showed that at 11 + years, conservation was observed and that there was no significant difference between the urban sample and the rural one. Several confounds in the data limit conclusions but use of the children's own languages was possible in some experiments.
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Evaluation of Water Pollution in Industrial Towns and People's Awareness of the Problem: The Case of Kafue River in Zambia - Simuunza, Iness (1992)
Increasing urbanization, industrialization and population growth in developing countries will potentially increase pollution of freshwater ecosystems unless suitable effluent and water resource management policies are promulgated. The present study was undertaken from September 1991 to December 1991, to identify the main polluters and pollutants of Kafue River at Kafue Township. The study sought to ascertain the quality of untreated water of Kafue River at Kafue Township in relation to the various uses the river is put to. An evaluation of the people's awareness of the pollution problem in the area was also undertaken. 'An industrial survey, informal discussions and secondary sources were employed to identify the main polluters and pollutants of Kafue River.' To ascertain the quality of the river water at Kafue Township physical and chemical analyses of water samples from four locations along the river, and two industrial effluent sites were undertaken. The observed concentration levels of relevant quality characteristics were compared with the World Health Organisation Standards for water quality suitable for drinking, fisheries and irrigation .. To asses the local people's awareness of water pollution in the area, a socio-economic and awareness survey (by questionnaire) was utilized .. The results of the present study indicate that at Kafue Township, the Kafue River receives various pollutants from industries located in the area. These include a fertilizer factory, tannery, textile, yeast factory and a brewery. These factories pollute the river by discharging effluent with high levels of pollutants into the river either directly of indirectly via the Kafue Sewage Treatment Plant. ' Mean concentration levels of quality characteristics in the surveyed reach of the river were asfollows: DO, (7.0-12.5 mgll), colour, (10.0-18.3 units), turbidity, (0.8-8.4 units), pH, (7.9-8.5), total alkalinity, (100-112), TSS, (5.0-20.3 mg/l), TDS, (140-193 mg/l),calcium, (22.0-27.3 mg/l), magnesium, (8.5-11.2 mg/l), calcium hardness, (116-172 mg/l), and total hardness, (196-214 mg/l). On the basis of World Health Organization Standards for water to be usedfor domestic (drinking) purposes, fisheries and agriculture (irrigation), the quality of Kafue River water at Kafue Town is acceptable for these uses. However, industrial wastewater was found to significantly contribute to increased concentration levels of most quality characteristics in the river.> Mean pH (7.9-8.5), colour (10-18.3) and turbidity (0.8-8.4) were found to exceed the permissible limits for quality of water abstracted for drinking purposes. , The socio-economic and pollution awareness survey indicated that there was a moderate level (51%) of awareness of water pollution by the residents of Kafue Town. Differences in awareness were significant among the people from socio-economically and geographically different residential areas. Residents from residential areas closest to the industrial area (the main polluter), were more aware of water pollution than those living away from the industrial area. , Education, gender and age were found to have a bearing on awareness of water pollution in Kafue Town. Well-educated people were more aware of pollution than the less well-educated. Men were more aware of water pollution than women and the middle aged were found to be more aware of water pollution than the younger age groups.
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The development of a system of non-formal education : implications for the regional services councils in the Republic of South Africa - Soer, J. W. A. (1992)
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Construct Validity of the Commitment to Career Choices Scale among South African University Students - Stead, Graham B.; Watson, Mark (Psychological Reports, 1992)
Factor analysis of 190 South African university undergraduates' responses to the Commitment to Career Choices Scale showed considerable similarity of factors with those in Blustein, et al.'s 1989 work and supports the construct validity of the scale. However, omission of certain items from the two dimensions is recommended.
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Drought and Famine Relationships in Sudan: Policy Implications - Teklu, Tesfaye; Braun, Joachim von; Zaki, Elsayed Ali Ahmed (Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 1992)
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African American Students' Self-Awareness Through Kiswahili Language - Temu, M.L. Nambuo (Journal of Black Studies, 1992)
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Smoking behaviour and attitudes of medical students towards smoking and anti-smoking campaigns: a survey in 10 African and Middle Eastern countries - Tessier, J.F.; Fréour, P; Nejjari, Chakib; Belougne, D.; Crofton, John (Tobacco Control, 1992)
Objective To assess the behaviour, knowledge, and attitudes towards smok ing of medical students in Africa and to stimulate interest in the problem among both students and their teachers. Design As part of a global survey, first and final year medical students in one centre in each of five sub-Sahar?n Afri can (southern Africa) and five North African and Middle Eastern countries (northern Africa) replied anonymously to a multiple choice questionnaire in French or English according to country. Subjects 87 % of first year students and 84% of final year students participated in the survey. A total of 1564 replies were analysed, 875 from first year students and 689 from final year students. Women comprised 37 % of the overall sample, but with considerable differences between countries. Results In northern Africa the preva lence of daily smoking (both sexes com bined) was 8 % among first year students and 19% among final year students; in southern Africa the corresponding figures were 9% and 20%, respectively. For men the figures were 13% and 22%; for women, 2 % and 6 %. Combining daily with occasional smoking, overall figures for both sexes combined were 19% for the first year and 27 % for the final year. 9 % of male students were ex-smokers in northern Africa and 20% in southern Africa; for women the corresponding figures were 5 % and 12 %, respectively. A serious attempt to quit had been made by 53% of smokers; 49% thought that they would no longer smoke in five years' time. Over 80% of students thought smoking was harmful to health, but there was considerable underestimation of its causal role in a number of diseases notably, oral, laryngeal, and bladder cancer; emphysema; coronary and peri pheral arterial disease; and neonatal mortality. There were important defects both in knowledge and motivation re garding counselling patients to stop smoking. Only a minority appreciated the value of tobacco taxation in de creasing consumption. Conclusions The proportion of daily smokers in male medical students was similar in Africa to that in Europe, previously reported, but in females the rate was much lower. As in Europe, overall there was much ignorance of smoking as a cause of specific diseases; lack of knowledge and motivation re garding counselling patients; and only a partial grasp of preventive measures. We hope that the survey will stimulate rel evant improvements in medical educa tion.
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The dating of the ‘Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year’ of 749 C.E. in Palestine - Tsafrir, Yoram; Foerster, Gideon (Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992)
In the mid eighth century, towards the end of the Umayyad regime, a major earthquake occurred in Palestine and the East, of which we know from Christian, Jewish and Muslim sources. Archaeologists relate to destruction by this earthquake layers in several sites, such as Jerusalem, Gerasa in Arabia, and sites mostly along the Jordan valley, among them Kh. Mefjer near Jericho, Pella, Capernaum, Sussita-Hippos, and recently, Bet Shean-Scythopolis (see below). The exact date of this earthquake is controversial; some scholars date it to 746, others to 747 or 748, In 1960, M. Margaliot suggested that the earthquake took place in 749. In this article we present new archaeological and numismatic evidence in support of this later date (see below p. 234, and pl.II).
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Structured management training in the U.K. and Ugandan civil services - Tumwine, Immaculate Nabifo-Wamimbi (1992)
The aim of the research was to discover strategies for increasing the responsiveness of civil service management training in Uganda in light of the U. K. experience in civil service management training between 1979 and 1991. While the literature has tended to advance theory on management development and training, and to outline characteristics of good management training programmes, there is need to relate the theory much more to the type of organisation. Using Case Study method, the study investigated the development of management training in six U. K. and Ugandan Civil Service organisations, with a view to testing the conjecture that the existence of structured management training in a civil service organisation is evidence that there has been a trigger for change to which top management has responded by instituting a radical change programme, one that involves transformation of policies, structures, processes, products etc.; and an indication that there has been a fundamental change in the way top management perceive the role of management training. Fieldwork findings led to the construction of a new model for understanding the development of structured management training in a civil service organisation. This states that, for structured management training to develop, there must be a trigger for change, perceived as a crisis that requires a significant top management response in the form of a radical transformation of the organisation; the definition of the response to the trigger in management terms by top, rather by senior or middle managers; top management commitment to the implementation of the change; a clear organisational vision, held by the top, shared by key groups, and which incorporates a management development strategy that involves setting up Supporting mechanisms and deliberately developing features of structured management training; sufficient autonomy; financial resources and resources of expertise. Recommendations for the U.K. relate to fostering the ongoing development of mechanisms, while those for Uganda focus on the need to implement the radical change programmes-that have already been proposed as a result of the recent Public Service Review.
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THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD: ADMINISTRATIVE TRAINING IN POST-COLONIAL PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Turner, Mark (Australian Journal of Public Administration, 1992)
Australian Journal of Public AdministrationVolume 51, Issue 2 p. 176-183 THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD: ADMINISTRATIVE TRAINING IN POST-COLONIAL PAPUA NEW GUINEA Mark Turner, Mark TurnerSearch for more papers by this author Mark Turner, Mark TurnerSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.1992.tb00235.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume51, Issue2June 1992Pages 176-183 RelatedInformation
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Education of the African American adult: A historical overview - Urban, Wayne J. (Economics of Education Review, 1992)
Barnard thought that it was possible to improve effectiveness and efficiency through formal organization. He was trying to understand how to obtain organizational survival “maintaining equilibrium of complex character in permanent turbulent environment of physical, biological and social materials and elements and forces” within the organization, exploring in parallel the outer powers to which the organization must adapt on all levels and analysing the functions which in that context are performed by executive directors in the organization as a whole system. This paper explores the influences of Chester Barnard on Blake and Mouton's leadership-management network, Hersey-Blanchard's situational leadership and Maslow's motivational theory, as well as on organisational purpose, communication and team work. This paper examines the relevance of the principles and theories developed by Barnard from the point of today's managers and leaders. According to Barnard, this can be achieved through linking Barnard's central ideas with new concepts of management and leadership. Our opinion is that even today Barnard represents a very important part of the chain of examination and exploration of management and leadership thought.
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IV drugs: assessing pupils in Botswana. - Savage, Angela Ruth (PubMed, 1992)
This small study set out to establish the abilities of a group of pupil nurses in a rural hospital in Botswana to accurately calculate intravenous driprates and drug dosages, and how targeted teaching could improve their performance. Thirteen pupils were asked to complete a seven-item questionnaire comprising set questions on intravenous therapy, then take a second questionnaire after receiving targeted teaching. Comparison revealed that two specific problems, related to dripsets and dilutent displacement, remained after teaching, but that improvements in scores in the 'incorrect with little immediate risk' and 'correct' categories had been achieved. The author suggests that formal testing and targeted teaching are appropriate methods of helping pupil nurses evaluate and improve their skills and knowledge base.
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Soil loss and sediment transport during the storms and landslides of May 1988 in Ruhengeri prefecture, Rwanda - Byers, Alton C. (Natural Hazards, 1992)
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Some Problematical Issues in the Restructuring of History Education in South African Schools - Cuthbertson, Greg; Grundlingh, Albert (South African Historical Journal, 1992)
(1992). Some Problematical Issues in the Restructuring of History Education in South African Schools. South African Historical Journal: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 154-171.
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In‐service Training in Swaziland and Malawi: Application of a Process Model for Development Education - Daniels, Kate; Halamandaris, P.G. (International Journal of Educational Management, 1992)
Describes two international development education projects in the context of requirements for project success and in terms of a project design model developed by the authors. The first section assesses conditions for project initiation and sustainability for in‐service education projects in Swaziland and Malawi, Africa. An analysis of each project indicated that factors such as the significance of key individuals as the locus of intervention, objectively measurable outcomes, and logical sequencing of project events contributed to project success. In the last section, describes the parameters of the international developmental educational model (IDEM).
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African-American Students and Foreign Language Learning. ERIC Digest. - Davis, James J. (1992)
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Community co-operatives and adult education in Scotland and Ghana: Some lessons from the developed and developing world - Fiagbey, Emmanuel D. K. (International Review of Education, 1992)
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Bulimia in an Egyptian Student: A case study - Ford, Kathryn A. (The International journal of eating disorders (Print), 1992)
The diagnosis and treatment of bulimia in underdeveloped countries is not well documented. The following is a case study of a young Egyptian woman who met the diagnosis for bulimia according to DSM-/I/-R (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, American Psychiatric Association, 1987) and was treated in her native country of Egypt. The study examines individual and familial issues relevant to the disorder as well as hypotheses about the effects of conflicts engendered by cross-cultural and sociocultural factors on the etiology of the disorder.
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Take Care of Public Telephones: Moral Education and Nation-State Formation in Papua New Guinea - Foster, Robert J. (Public Culture, 1992)
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The African-American Student: At Risk - Gill, Glenda E. (College Composition and Communication, 1992)
If we all suffer and survive among those marginalized, as some readers of this piece may want to say, then my response to that is that AfricanAmericans do so differently. Caucasian women are in need of positive reinforcement as are those of the underclass and the non-traditional older student. So are Asians and Hispanics and Native Americans. I am not arguing this point. But with African-American students, there are many differences that do not, generally, apply to others. A case in point occurred yesterday afternoon when a well-bred, calm, quiet African-American male from Detroit came to my office, by appointment, to ask me to go over the paper he had just turned in. Much of what he said could be applied to any student. He was not sure he would survive in college. Any number of students may feel that way. However, this young man comes from the oral tradition, as dictated by the black church, slavery, barber shop ritual, and popular culture appeal. While African-Americans are found in all classes of society, the vast majority come from homes where a social letter may never have been written by anyone in the family. Telephone calls are common. There is conversation at the high school reunion or the family reunion, but writing is not a process in which many engage. The written word, for many, is the language of an unknown tongue. Secondly, this young African-American student is one of four children in a single-parent home headed by a mother who does not work. He aspires to be an engineer. His mother supports him in this goal emotionally, but she is not a woman with formal training. While there are a number of productive, well--
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The African-American Student: At Risk - Gill, Glenda E. (College composition and communication, 1992)
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Mozambique: Food Deficit, Aid, Diversions, Markets and Drought - Green, Reginald H. (1992)
May have been Presented at the UNICEF internal Policy Seminar on Africa, 03-04 March 1992. UNICEF, New York.
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Mozambique: Food Deficit, Aid, Diversions, Markets and Drought - Green, Reginald H. (1992)
May have been Presented at the UNICEF internal Policy Seminar on Africa, 03-04 March 1992. UNICEF, New York.
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Malawi : Determinants of girls' participation and persistence in school - Kapakasa, Anjimile Mtila (1992)
This is a study of parental attitudes to schooling for girls (compared to boys) at the Primary and secondary level. The study was limited to three districts in Malawi: Mulanje, Mangochi, and Lilongwe. The study examined the economic and social and cultural factors that influence girls' participation and persistence in school. Parents were interviewed about their opinions and attitudes toward educating girls in contrast to boys. They were asked about the educational choices they had made for their children of both sexes, their perceptions of gender differences in .academic ability, their educational and career aspirations for their children and the reasons for daughters having left school. There were questions to explore differences in claims on the time of girls and boys, particularly of domestic chores. The study finds that initiations play an important role. Although low female primary enrollments (59% vs 73% for males in 1988) and high dropout rates are due to many factors, there is evidence that initiations contribute significantly. The importance attached to initiation is illustrated by the parents' willingness to pay more for initiation of their daughters than for regular schooling. Parents think that formal schooling is expensive, though annual fees and related costs are less than one-quarter of the estimated cost for an initiation ceremony. The academic curriculum is felt to have little relevance to dally life, whereas the traditional education is seen as necessary.
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[Maternity and child care education in the jungles of Uganda]. - Leinonen, E (PubMed, 1992)
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Oxygen isotope composition of natural phosphates from volcanic ash soils of the Great Rift Valley of Africa and east Java, Indonesia - Mizota, Chitoshi; Domon, Y.; Yoshida, Naohiro (Geoderma, 1992)
Volcanic ash soils of the Great Rift Valley of Africa and east Java, Indonesia, are highly fertile due to an ample supply of available phosphorus. The origin of the natural phosphates has been determined from oxygen isotope analyses (δ18O) which reflect the formation temperature of the PO bond. The δ18O values of phosphates extracted from fourteen surface, or near-surface, soil samples ranges from + 10.1 to +24.8‰. The values are higher than those of recent volcanic ashes from Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania and Merapi, Indonesia (δ18O = + 5.3 to +6.2‰), and those of igneous apatites from carbonatites, geodes and hydrothermal deposits (δ18O = +0.2 to + 12.2‰, n = 10). The soils with δ18O values at the lower end of the range are from Ngorongoro Crater Highlands and the footslope of Mt. Meru, northern Tanzania (+ 10.4 to +15.9‰) and east Java, Indonesia (+ 10.1 to +16.9‰), respectively, where the soil surfaces have both been rejuvenated by frequent deposition of volcanic phosphates in recent ashes. Higher δ18O values (+ 16.7 to +24.8‰), which are comparable with those of wild mammal's skeletons (δ18O = +18.6 to +24.0‰), are observed for soils in advanced stages of pedogenesis. Oxygen isotope fractionation between phosphate and associated calcite has been evaluated for selected soil samples. The resulting isotopic temperatures are unreasonable, however, and indicate that the soil phosphates are not in isotopic equilibrium with the fluids responsible for authigenic calcite. Available phosphorus in the soils studied is derived from both of biogenic (plants and mammal bones) and volcanic sources.
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Library and Information Science: Training and Personnel Development in Tanzania - Nawe, Julita (Library Review, 1992)
Highlights problems of training and personnel development in the context of inadequate training facilities, and inadequately defined skills resulting in failure on the part of the professional to meet the needs of users. Covers the key attributes and attitudes required for the identification of skills in the context of African librarianship in general, and that of Tanzania in particular. Stresses the need for a concrete and appropriate training and personnel development programme.
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Investigation of impaired coronary vasodilator reserve in the guinea pig heart with pressure induced hypertrophy - O'gorman, D. J.; Thomas, P. C.; Turner, Mark A.; Sheridan, Desmond J. (European Heart Journal, 1992)
Impaired coronary reserve and increased minimal coronary resistance have been documented in several animal models of left ventricular hypertrophy. There is controversy whether the increased minimal coronary resistance is due to vascular or extravascular causes. To test the hypothesis that pressure-overloaded left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with a vascular defect, studies were performed using isolated buffer-perfused guinea pig hearts taken 72 ±6 days post-aortic banding (L VH n=13) and compared to sham-operated controls (n=12). The pressure flow relationship was determined over the range 30–70 mmHg. We defined an extravascular compression index as the percentage increase in flow during maximal arteriolar dilation when systolic forces were excluded during prolonged diastole (2±0.2s). In LVH, coronary reserve was reduced (141±5.5% v 231.7 ±24.1%) P <0.01 and minimal coronary resistance was increased (4.55± 0.44 v 3.70±0.37 mmHg. ml−1. min−1. g−1) P<0.05. The extravascular compression index was increased in LVH (36.8± 1.4 v 30.5±2.3%) P<0.05. Systole caused a greater increase in resistance in the LVH group than in controls (l.73±0.26 v 0.95±0.14 mmHg. ml−1. min−1.g−1) P<0.05. These data indicate that during diastole there is impaired minimal coronary resistance of vascular origin. Systole impaired flow to a greater extent in hypertrophied hearts, further reducing the coronary reserve.
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Essentials for school library development: some worthwhile considerations for an African nation - Ocholla, Dennis N. (New Library World, 1992)
Addresses the purposes of school libraries by pinpointing their emotional, mental, and spiritual benefits for young learners. Discusses their requirements by considering typical organizational deficiencies and situations in Africa, particularly Kenya. Concludes with a summary of some of the existing contributions made towards the achievement of school library development in Africa. Acknowledges that specific steps exist to develop school libraries in Kenya but that these steps have lacked direction, co‐ordination, and goals. School libraries can be developed with limited operational infrastructure, so long as their establishment and development can be planned and co‐ordinated. So‐called problems of school library development are embedded in the underdeveloped attitude to recorded information and libraries in Africa, which is commonly disguised by “lack of resources”.
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A development perspective on the role and function of black colleges of education in South Africa - Orbach, Eliezer (Development Southern Africa, 1992)
Abstract The training of black teachers in South Africa has greatly expanded in recent decades. The expansion resulted from a strong demand for teachers in black schools and from an even stronger and greatly unrealistic demand for places in teacher training colleges. The demand for teachers developed as a result of growing enrolment and an attempt to lower the pupil‐teacher ratios. The demand for places in teacher training colleges in turn developed only partly as a result of the demand for teachers. To a very large extent it developed also as a response to a set of social, economic and political conditions which prevailed in South Africa during the apartheid era. These conditions have influenced not only the numbers of high school graduates seeking training as teachers and the actual numbers of teachers trained, but also the quality and direction of training delivered over the years. The quality of training has been generally poor, and the choice of levels as well as teaching subjects by trainee‐teachers has not been in line with the needs of the schools. To address these three aspects of teacher training — the quantity of teachers trained, the direction in which they are trained, and the quality of their training — it will be necessary to reform the existing system. Notes The term 'black' is used in this paper to refer to Africans. The paper deals only with colleges of education which were set up to train African teachers. It does not deal with coloured or Indian colleges. Group Manager: Human Resource Development, Development Bank of Southern Africa.
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Gender, Education and Employment in Côte d'Ivoire. Simon Applegate , Paul Collier , Paul Horsnell - Robertson, Claire (Comparative Education Review, 1992)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook Reviews Gender, Education and Employment in Côte d'Ivoire . Simon Applegate , Paul Collier , Paul Horsnell Claire RobertsonClaire Robertson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 36, Number 2May, 1992 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447111 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1992 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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Responses to the education crisis in South Africa - Soudien, Grain (International Review of Education, 1992)
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Responses to the education crisis in South Africa - Soudien, Grain (International Review of Education, 1992)
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Tomographic study of local earthquake data from the Lake Bogoria region of the Kenya Rift Valley - Tongue, Jane Anthea. (Geophysical Journal International, 1992)
The 3-D P-wave and S-wave velocity structure in the upper crust beneath the Lake Bogoria region of the Kenya Rift Valley is obtained by the simultaneous inversion of local earthquake arrival-time data for velocity and hypocentral parameters. The data were obtained from seismograms recorded by the KRISP85 (Kenya Rift International Seismic Project 1985) Lake Bogoria earthquake network and inverted using a modified version of Thurber's 3-D iterative simultaneous inversion program. The results are consistent with the inversion of teleseismic traveltime residuals from the same network and correlate with the mapped surface geological features. There is a high-velocity anomaly located at depth beneath the Goituimet volcanic region in the southwest of the study area which may be associated with basic igneous intrusives or metamorphism. There is a low-velocity anomaly in the north of the study area which can be correlated with the geothermal activity around the southern shores of the lake. The main feature is the variation in velocity across the Legisianana—Emsos—Bogoria fault, with velocities up to 5 per cent higher than the average to the east and up to 2.5 per cent lower to the west.
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Black South Africans in the United States: An Analysis of Their Educational and Practical Training Experiences. - Crawford, Beth S.; Kreidle, Ann M. (1992)
A study was done of the experiences of Black South Africans who came to the United States for education and training. The research studied 140 individuals who participated in two programs between 1980 and 1991. Data were collected from the student files and from standard university data from Profiles of American Colleges by Barron's Educational Series. The study focused on three outcomes: personal and academic satisfaction and academic achievement. The results indicated that, in general, satisfaction ratings were high with regressional analysis showing that the less satisf'ed degree candidates included male students, married students, and those at low-cost universities. Undergraduates preferred a rural location and graduate students preferred warm climates. Female undergraduates demonstrated higher levels of academic achievement, while all graduates performed better in cold climates. Results also indicated that for those obtaining practical experience, a good mentor was the most important factor. A qualitative analysis showed that program participants gained self-confidence and maturity . Degree candidates sensed a coldness from Americans and were surprised to find racism in the United States. Those obtaining practical training recount eye-opening experiences as a result of meeting and observing counterparts. They hope to incorporate these innovative teaching techniques or progressive management styles into their work places back home. Included are five tables and seven appendixes with additional information. (11 references) (JB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original docur2nt.. *********************************************************************** Black South Africans in the United States: An Analysis of their Educational and Practical Training Experiences Beth S. Crawford and Ann M. Kreidle U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION orke of Educetionar Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Trutt document has peen reproduced AS received from Ihe Person or organization originating it Ncnor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinion! slated in this docu ment do not neCesearily represent official April 28, 1992 BEST COPY AVAILABLE PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Beth S. Crawford Ann M. Kreidle TO THE EDI;CATIONAL RESOIIRCES INFORMA1:ON CENTER (ERIC): SUMMARY Over one million diverse students study abroad each year. In order to draw conclusions about this population, it is important to study students from individual countries or similar backgrounds. This paper reflects the experiences of 140 black South Africans. Sponsored by the Institute of International Education, the students come to the United States to obtain university degrees or practical training. Student and institution characteristics that affect satisfaction and achievement are analyzed. Common concerns and highlights are noted. In general, mean satisfaction ratings are quite Liigh. Results of a regression analysis show the following degree candidates less satisfied: male students, married students, and those at low-cost universities. Undergraduates prefer rural locaticns, and graduate students prefer rural or urban locations in warm climates. Female undergraduates demonstrate higher levels of academic achievement, while all grJduates perform better in cold climates. Results of a regression analysis for those obtaining practical experience show that being assigned a good mentor is more important than any other student or university characteristic. A qualitative analysis shows that participants gain selfconfidence and maturity. Degree candidates sense a coldness from Americans and are unpleasantly surprised to encounter racism in the U.S. Those obtaining practical training recount eye-opening experiences as a result of meeting and observing counterparts. They hope to incorporate these innovative teachins techniques or progressive management styles into their work places back home.
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The Perception of Nigerian Students in Kano State of Other Nations and Other People. - Haas, Mary E.; Inuwa, Ahmed R. (1992)
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Gender, education, and fertility: A cross‐national analysis of sub‐Saharan African nations - Adamchak, Donald J.; Ntseane, Peggy Gabo (Sociological Spectrum, 1992)
According to the demographic transition theory and the wealth flows model, it is expected that fertility will decline with socioeconomic development, manifested in part through increasingly greater proportions of the population with formal education. Since their independence in the 1960s, most sub-Saharan African nations have experienced rapid changes in educational levels. However, recent estimates indicate that high levels of fertility are being maintained as reflected in the high rates of population increase of approximately 3%/year. Controlling for socioeconomic development as measured by per capita energy consumption and percentage of labor force in agriculture, this article examines the relationship between education and fertility for men and women in 37 sub-Saharan nations. Results indicate that primary school enrollment in 1960 and 1980 for both males and females had a weak negative and nonsignificant relationship with the total fertility rate 15-30 years later. Secondary school enrollment in 1960 for both males and females had weak relationships with the total fertility rate. However, secondary school enrollment for males in 1980 had a significant negative effect on the total fertility rate 10-25 years later. Implications are discussed.
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Conception of AIDS and its Prevention Among Students in a Nigerian University - Ai, Odebiyi (The journal of the Royal Society of Health, 1992)
This study examines AIDS awareness, knowledge of transmission and prevention among students, who not only belong to the sexually active age bracket, but who are the future leaders of the nation. The student population was stratified into those in the health and non-health disciplines and an accidental sampling technique was used to obtain the respondents from the 2 strata. 60 students were interviewed from each stratum. A majority of the medical students, 58.3% as against 48.3% of the non-medical students, perceived AIDS as a dreadful disease that is sexually transmitted. Next among the non-medical students were those who felt that AIDS was God's punishment for man's sexual excesses (20.0%), while only 3.3% of the medical students gave that response. Of importance in the study is that none of the students attributed AIDS to mystical forces, an issue which could be linked to their educational exposure. Some students associated the disease with affluence, an issue that had been documented by other researchers. Another point worthy of note in the study is the fact that even though 89% and 61.2% of the medical and non-medical students, respectively, believed that AIDS can be prevented by the use of condoms, most of them were not favourably disposed towards the use of condoms. This study thus reveals an area that needs attention, ie that apart from emphasising the level of awareness, there should be a focus on how to effect behavioural change among a knowledgeable population
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The Color of Success: African-American College Student Outcomes at Predominantly White and Historically Black Public Colleges and Universities - Allen, Walter R. (Harvard Educational Review, 1992)
Black students' participation in higher education has experienced periods of growth and decline. The recent resurgence and proliferation of racial incidents on college campuses,coupled with a floundering economy, signals a need to place this issue at the forefront of our educational agenda once again. In this article, Walter R. Allen presents the results of a quantitative study on the differences in the college experience between Black undergraduates who attended historically Black colleges and universities and those who attended predominantly White colleges and universities. Building on the results of a number of related studies and analyzing data from the National Study on Black College Students, Allen further examines the effects of key predictors on college outcomes among these two groups of students. He thus sets the stage for some provocative conclusions, with implications that extend beyond the boundaries of academia.
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The recent earthquakes of South Cameroon and their possible relationship with main geological features of Central Africa - Ateba, Bekoa; Nfomou, Ntepe; Ekodeck, Georges Emmanuel; Soba, D.; Fairhead, J.D. (Journal Of African Earth Sciences, 1992)
Three moderate earthquakes with a maximum intensity IV were felt in the Kribi region in September 1987. Though there were no major damages reported, the phenomenon appeared quite strange to the local authorities and population. Two years later, in July 1989 another light earthquake was felt in the area. This prompted the analysis of the causes of that recent activity which is thought to be associated to the mobile zone/Congo craton margin of Central Africa. Trois séismes modérés avec une intensité maximale de IV ont été ressentis dans la région de Kribi Septembre 1987. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas eu de degats importants, le phénoméne est apparu étrange aux populations et aux autorités locales. Deux années plus tard, en Juillet 1989, un autre petit séisme était ressenti dans la région. Tout ceci nous a poussé analyser les causes de cette récente activité que nous pensons associée au contact zone mobile/Craton du Congo en Afrique Centrale.
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The cultural transformation of Western education in Sierra Leone - Bledsoe, Caroline H. (Africa, 1992)
Abstract The introduction of European schooling into West Africa in the late eighteenth century set in motion a profound cultural transformation. The Mende of Sierra Leone, the target of some of the earliest educational experiments in West Africa, began to reinterpret the Western ideals about the free dissemination of knowledge that were imposed on them. Focusing less on what is taught than how it is taught, the article shows that the Mende have transformed ideals about imparting knowl-edge according to local cultural tenets about secrecy and the control of knowledge. These tenets hold that, since valued knowledge is a key economic and political commodity, teachers, as proprietors of knowledge, deserve compensation for imparting it: a model of education manifested most strikingly in the region's famous secret societies. As was the case with more ‘traditional’ knowledge, the chief cultural idiom by which children acquire ‘civilised’ knowledge in school, and thus advance in the modern world, is through ‘buying’ or ‘earning’ blessings from those who teach them. By addressing ideologies of knowledge, power, and secrecy, the article sheds new interpretive light on the evolution of education in a country—indeed, among the very ethnic group—that comprised a keystone of nineteenth century British educational experiments in Africa.
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From Crisis to Transformation: Education in Post-Apartheid South Africa - Christie, Pam (Australian Journal of Education, 1992)
As South Africa moves towards political change at the start of the 1990s, issues of educational transformation have assumed new prominence for post-apartheid planners. This article outlines the crisis of provision in black education, arguing that the challenge is to develop equity policies to redress historical imbalances between races. Using Gramscian theory, the article also explores the crisis of legitimacy in black education. It suggests that the state has relied on coercive measures to contain resistance in black education and that it has focused on maintaining control rather than meeting demands for change. It is on the basis of this twofold crisis that post-apartheid planners are working towards a new educational dispensation.
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An Analysis of African-American First-Year College Student Attitudes and Attrition Rates - Clark, Sanza B.; Crawford, Sandie L. (Urban Education, 1992)
Viewing persistence in college as a function of the harmony between the student and the institutional environmen4 this study was designed to assess the attitudes and perceptions of incoming African-American first-year students enrolled at a predominantly White urban college during the fall of 1989. A second major component of this study was the comparison of the attrition rates of these 1989 African-American students with their 1984 counterparts. The findings show that despite the initial favorable perceptions and attitudes held about their campus, many of these students did not experience a positive first year. Comparisons of the attrition rates of the 1984 and 1989 African-American first-year classes indicate that the attrition rates have only marginally declined. Success within supportive programs varied according to gender and age.
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STRENGTHENING RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES - Eismon, Thomas O.; Davis, Charles H. (McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill, 1992)
Universities represent one of the most important kinds of scientific institutions in Africa. In addition to offering advanced scientific training, they account for a significant proportion of national research and development activities. But African countries are increasingly unable to support their systems of innovation, including universities, and they are falling behind other developing countries in the production of science. This paper examines the establishment of higher education in Africa, trends in educational expansion, the high costs of scientific training, and the politicization of universities. Strategies for strengthening postgraduate training and research capacities in African universities must take into account the inter-relationships between postgraduate and undergraduate education and the poor quality of science education from primary to university levels. Attention is drawn to the need for diversification of university systems, reduced reliance on government funding, and better integration of universities into national research and development efforts. RESUME Les universites figurent au premier rang des etablissements scientifiques en Afrique. En plus de dispenser une formation scientifique avancee, elles effectuent un volume important d'activites de recherche-developpement. Mais les pays africains ont de plus en plus de mal a epauler leurs systemes d'innovation, notamment les universites, et ils trainent derriere d'autres pays en developpement au chapitre de la production scientifique. Cet article analyse l'implantation de l'enseignement superieur enAfrique, les tendances en matiere d'expansion, les coutes eleves de laformation scientifique et la politisation des universites. Les strategies visant a renforcer le potentiel de formation et de recherche au niveau des 2e/3e cycles et de jer cycle et de la pietre qualite de l'enseignement des sciences depuis le primaire jusqu'a l'universite. L'auteur fait etat du besoin de diversifier les systemes universitaires, de moins compter sur les fonds gouvernementaux et de mieux integrer les universites dans les activites nationales de recherche-developpement.
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Essay Review: Education for an Apartheid-Free South Africa - Evans, Ivan (Harvard Educational Review, 1992)
Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Ivan Evans; Essay Review: Education for an Apartheid-Free South Africa. Harvard Educational Review 1 April 1992; 62 (1): 66–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.62.1.05418013885151h3 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search
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Improving education for information at the University of Papua New Guinea – the search for resources - Evans, John A. (Education for Information, 1992)
Has a long history of coping, getting by and making do, created in SLIS an inability to allow the mind to expand to comprehend the nature and the extent of the resources and equipment they need to create an ideal information education provision? To the well-fed, gourmet meals are expected and demanded. At the starvation end of the eating range even a cold, old sausage seems a feast. SLIS have been living in hopes of cold sausages for years. Their collective digestion is not, perhaps, able any more to conceive of anything better.
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Community theater and AIDS education in South Africa. - Evian, C (PubMed, 1992)
Community theater is being effectively utilized as a vehicle for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) education by the Johannesburg City Health Department. A drama developed and produced by the Department's AIDS Prevention Program in 1989 has been presented to over 20,000 people, at factories, canteens, clinics, parks, and community events. The drama, which revolves around a group of friends living in an urban South African township, includes scenes at the workplace, a health clinic, and disco. A central theme is negotiation of condom use. The event concludes with a discussion period with the actors, all of whom are health workers. Questions that frequently emerge in these discussions are worked into subsequent presentations of the drama. The drama allows the awkwardness of using a condom for the first time to be demonstrated in a way that is nonthreatening to the audience and does not evoke the intimidation often present in the health worker-client relationship. In addition to overcoming problems of information inaccessibility and unreliability, drama offers a means of conveying AIDS prevention messages in a culturally sensitive manner.
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III. Profile and Prevalence of the Brain Fag Syndrome: Psychiatric Morbidity in School Populations in Africa - Guinness, E. A. (The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1992)
The profile and prevalence of a syndrome of somaticised anxiety associated with education in Africa was explored by survey of 2040 senior secondary school students in different types of school: rural, urban, and elite. Response to two different screening methods, an open question to elicit symptoms spontaneously, and the SRQ-24, was compared. Symptom prevalence was higher in rural schools, 34%, than periurban, 22%, and elite, 6%, but the central urban school serving a shanty town was also high at 35%. Three categories of the culturally relevant symptoms were identified - somatic, cognitive and ‘spiritual’ - with affective symptoms sparsely represented in the cultural idiom. The SRQ-24 items screening for psychosis were associated with a range of spontaneous symptoms representing anxiety. This ‘spiritual’ expression of neurosis reflects the world views and beliefs of the culture. Intensification under stress could produce the picture of transient reactive psychosis.
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Why Did We Choose Teaching Careers and What Will Enable Us To Stay? Recruitment and Retention Insights from One Cohort of the African-American Teaching Pool. - King, Sabrina Hope (1992)
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Zambian Civil Service Structures, Training Programmes and Transnational Inducement of Administrative Reforms - Mukwena, Royson M. (Indian Journal of Public Administration, 1992)
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The impact of a parent training program on inner-city African-American families - Myers, Héctor F.; Alvy, Kerby T.; Arlington, Angela; Richardson, Mark A.; Marigna, Marilyn; Huff, Robbin; Main, Michael L.; Newcomb, Michael D. (Journal of Community Psychology, 1992)
The Effective Black Parenting Program (EBPP), a culturally adapted, cognitive-behavioral parenting skill training program, was field tested on two cohorts of inner-city African-American parents and their first– and second-grade children. Pre-post changes on parental acceptance-rejection, family relationships, and on child behavior problems and social competencies were compared in a quasi-experimental design on two cohorts totalling 109 treatment and 64 control families over 1 year. Results from Cohort I indicated that the EBPP produced selected significant improvements in parental rejection, in the quality of family relationships, and in child behavior outcomes. These findings were partially confirmed in the Cohort II sample, which also included changes in the use of specific parenting behaviors. A 1-year follow-up indicated that the reductions in parental rejection and in selected child behavior problems were maintained, though a regressive trend toward more coercive parenting practices was also noted. Implications of these results are discussed, and recommendations for future research on community-based parenting programs are offered.
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Preferred sources of information on AIDS among high school students from selected schools in Zimbabwe - Ndlovu, R; Sihlangu, Ruth H (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1992)
Following various national HIV and AIDS awareness campaign activities under the auspices of the Ministries of Health and Education, Zimbabwe, an AIDS KABP survey was undertaken. The study sample comprised 478 high school students randomly selected and stratified to represent sex and Forms 1 through to 6. The study instrument was a 31-item questionnaire designed to assess the students' knowledge, attitudes, practices and sources of information in relation to HIV syndrome. This report reviews only that part of the study dealing with sources of information. Newspapers, television, radio and magazine were the most frequently cited sources of first information. Classmates were cited by 20% to over 30% of respondents as first sources of information. Authority figures like health workers, parents, teachers, the Church did not emerge as significant sources of first information. Doctors were identified as the most preferred source of information in future. Sources of first information were related to age, form level, sex and location of school attended. There were notable differences between boarding school respondents and day scholars. No regional differences were noted.478 students from 4 sub-urban coeducational schools from Mashonaland region and Matabeleland region, Zimbabwe, were surveyed on their knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to AIDs in October-December, 1990. The sample was randomly selected and stratified by sex and grade level. Information was obtained on their first source of sources of information on HIV infection and AIDs, the most informative source, and the most preferred source. A national awareness campaign, begun in 1987, informed the general population and distributed 3 booklets on HIV infection and AIDs to high school students. Differences were reflected by sex, grade level, school location, and geographical region in the use of newspaper, television, and booklets. The findings were that health care providers were of minimal significance in providing information, although 20% cited these professions as preferred sources of information. 49% of the students cited the newspaper as their first source of information. Following newspapers in order of preference were television, radio, and magazines which were identified as the first source by 36-45% of the students. Only 25% gave booklets as the first source of information. 20% cited classmates as the first source of information. First sources may not always be the most informative. Higher grade levels more frequently cited newspapers as their first source, but television was the most frequently cited as the first source in grades 1-3. Higher grade levels (5-6) also cited classmates as an important first source. Girls tended to cite as first sources classmates and radio, while boys cited newspapers and magazines. Sources of first information followed a school location pattern and socioeconomic setting. Classmates were the higher first source in the boarding school, while television and magazines had the lowest scores in the school with mostly low income families. Magazines were considered the most informative source for 17% and newspapers and magazines for 32%. Nurses and relatives were considered the least informative. Only 12.2 cited parents as the first source and only 3% cited them as a good source. 10% preferred booklets. Several proposals for the nursing practice are given. The rural population and appropriate networks needs to be examined.
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Prevocational subjects in primary schools in the 8-4-4 education system in Kenya - Sifuna, Daniel N. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1992)
It is argued that education policy in Africa in the last several decades has favoured curriculum change towards practical or vocational subjects. In Kenya this policy started to emerge in the mid-sixties leading to the launching of the 8-4-4 education system in 1985 with the objective of increasing the scope of vocational subjects in the school system at all levels. The article investigates the state of prevocational subjects in the primary school curriculum with a particular focus on the teaching facilities and materials, and whether the subjects provide useful vocational skills as stated in the objectives of the new education system. It is concluded that the teaching of prevocational subjects is hampered by a lack of basic resources, and their teaching has not shifted pupils' inclinations away from academic studies in favour of vocational skills training and practically oriented occupations.
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Climate change and implications for agriculture in Niger - Sivakumar, M. V. K. (Climatic Change, 1992)
Five-year moving averages of annual rainfall for 21 locations in Niger showed a decline in the annual rainfall after 1960. Correlation coefficients of the moving averages of monthly rainfall with annual rainfall showed significant correlations between the decline in the annual rainfall with decreased rainfall in August. Analysis of daily rainfall data for rainy season parameters of interest to agriculture suggested that from 1965 there was a significant decrease in the amount of rainfall and in the number of rainy days in the months of July and August, resulting in a decreased volume of rainfall for each rainstorm. In comparison to the period 1945–64, major shifts have occurred in the average dates of onset and ending of rains during 1965–88. The length of the growing season was reduced by 5–20 days across different locations in Niger. The standard deviation for the onset and ending of the rains as well as the length of the growing season has increased, implying that cropping has become more risky. Water balance calculations also demonstrated that the probability of rainfall exceeding potential evapotranspiration decreased during the growing season. The implications of these changes for agriculture in Niger are discussed using field data.
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Work Attitudes among a Sample of Black South African Students - Stones, Christopher R.; Philbrick, Joseph L. (The Journal of Social Psychology, 1992)
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The structure of vocational interests for African-American college students - Swanson, Jane L. (Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1992)
The purpose of the present study was to examine the structure underlying the measured interests of African-American college students. The Strong Interest Inventory (SII; Hansen & Campbell, 1985) was administered to 357 subjects (189 females and 168 males). Intercorrelations among the General Occupational Theme (GOT) scales were (a) compared to correlations computed in the SII reference groups and (b) subjected to a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) to examine the configuration of the RIASEC scales in a two-dimensional space. MDS stimulus coordinates then were used to examine distances predicted by the hexagonal structure of Holland's (1985) model. Results indicated support for the validity of Holland's (1985) model.
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Participation and Degree Attainment of African-American and Latino Students in Graduate Education Relative to Other Racial and Ethnic Groups: An Update from Office of Civil Rights Data - Thomas, Gail E. (Harvard Educational Review, 1992)
In this article, Gail Thomas uses 1988-1989 degree completion data from the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights Survey to track the number of Black and Latino students awarded graduate degrees in engineering, mathematics, and science by U.S. institutions of higher education. Her study reveals the severe underrepresentation of Black and Latino students in graduate programs in these fields. Given the changing racial composition of the United States and projected shortages of science and engineering professionals and faculty by the year 2010, Thomas's findings challenge higher education administrators and policymakers to examine and correct the conditions that hinder the participation of U.S.-born minorities in science, mathematics, and engineering graduate programs and professions.
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The Role of School Libraries in Nigeria′s New Education Policy - Umunnakwe, U.S. (Library Review, 1992)
Outlines the Nigerian Government′s new 6‐3‐3‐4 system of education and emphasizes the vital role of libraries in implementing such a policy. Describes the poor state of and provision for libraries in Nigeria and makes recommendations to improve the situation.
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Education in Africa: Search for realistic alternatives - Unterhalter, Elaine (African Affairs, 1992)
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University Students' Felt Alienation and Their Attitudes toward African-Americans, Women and Homosexuals - Wells, Joel W.; Daly, Alfrieda (Psychological Reports, 1992)
177 respondents attending a midwestern state university reported greater alienation from the wider society when they held more positive attitudes than negative ones toward women and homosexuals. Alienation and attitudes toward African-Americans, women, and homosexuals were not influenced by gender or religiosity.
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The Management Development of Black School Principals: A South African Experience. - Westhuizen, Philip C. van der (1992)
Prior to April 1993, the educational system in South Africa consisted of five separate departments of education. The Department of Education and Training (DET) governed education for the 10 black groups., excluding independent states and self-governing states. This paper describes the DET's inservice training policy for senior personnel, particularly the Top-Down Program and the Farm School Program. In the Top-Down Program, school inspectors trained group facilitators, who then trained principals. The program consisted of a core curriculum, coaching, and development of everyday competencies. In a questionnaire administered to 38 principals, a majority of respondents reported that the program had helped them improve their planning, organizational, leadership, and supervisory skills. The Farm School Program was a national program for the education of rural black children. Farm-school management was the joint responsibility of the DET and the farm owner. The aims of the Farm School Management and Teacher Development Project were to improve the professional skills and competencies of farm-school principals and teachers, and to uplift the educational experiences of farm school pupils. An evaluation of the project indicated that it and the Top-Down Progran were up to standard and innovative. Three tables and one figure are included. Contains 15 references. (LMI) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************
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The culturo-historical and personal circumstances of some 19th-century missionaries teaching in South Africa - Walt, J.L. Van der (Koers (Potchefstroom), 1992)
Broadly speaking, two approaches to missionary education in South Africa can be distinguished: a facts and figures approach featuring mainly the historical facts, statistics and other data concerning this period in education, and a rather more critical approach intended to prove the point that missionary education was instrumental in alienating the blacks from their traditional cultural heritage and in employing black labour in the class-dominated capitalist society of South Africa. A third approach is followed in this article: the period of missionary' education is approached by way of an analysis of the prevailing Zeitgeist in South Africa, Europe and elsewhere early in (he 19th century and of the concomitant philosophical and theological trends al Ute time. The personal motives and circumstances of the missionaries are also scrutinized. By following this approach a fuller and more illuminating view of missionary’ education in the 19th-century is assured, a view which can fruitfully be applied in conjunction with the other two approaches.
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African Graduate Student Fellowship Announcement (Culture & agriculture, 1992)
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Nigerian secondary school teachers: a pilot survey of views and knowledge about drug abuse. - Adelekan, Moruf L.; Ogunlesi, Adegboyega; Akindele, M. O. (PubMed, 1992)
The views and knowledge level of 135 randomly selected Secondary School teachers in the Abeokuta Local Government area of Ogun State on drug abuse were sought through a self report anonymous questionnaire. They were mostly male teachers (59.3%) under the age of 30 years (89.6%). The majority (59.3%) were never exposed to drug education as students whilst less than 20% have been exposed since qualifying as teachers. 72.6% do not currently teach their students Drug education. Although the majority had a good concept of the definition of drug abuse, their view on the potential drugs of abuse and the concept of "drug dependence" were inadequate. Respondents recently exposed to drug education were more likely to identify salicylate analgesics as potential drugs of abuse at a statistically significantly level (p less than 0.05). 85.9% of the respondents chose "guidance counselling" as the approach to the management of student drug abusers despite the dearth of this professional cadre in the schools. The disquieting implications of these findings in relation to the National Campaign aimed at stemming the increasing tide of drug abuse among youths in the country were discussed and suggestions proffered on ways of rectifying these. Finally the authors gave suggestions on the pattern and content of teacher-targetted formal drug education programme in the light of the findings.
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College in Black and White: African American Students in Predominantly White and in Historically Black Public Universities. - Allen, Walter R.; Epps, Edgar G.; Haniff, Nesha Z. (Contemporary Sociology, 1992)
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Keeping Pace with Development: The Evolving Role of Training in Botswana - Charlton, Jacqueline (Teaching public administration, 1992)
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Technical education in post-independent Zimbabwe: conditions of service - Chivore, B. R. S. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1992)
This article is based on a research survey carried out in 1987. This pilot study was done at Harare Polytechnic. Other technical colleges involved were: Bulawayo Technical College, KweKwe Technical College, Gweru Technical College, Masvingo and Mutare Technical College. In fact only one technical college - Kushinga Phikelela was not involved. The study concentrated on the Automotive, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Departments. This study investigated general problems experienced by technical colleges since independence. From all the technical colleges, the most important and crucial problem mentioned, related to salaries.
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Neogene tectonics and volcanicity in the North Tanzania sector of the Gregory Rift Valley: contrasts with the Kenya sector - Dawson, J. B. (Tectonophysics, 1992)
The Neogene tectonics and volcanism in the rift area of northern Tanzania are intimately related. A major phase of late Tertiary faulting, giving rise to a broad tectonic depression, was followed by extrusion of large amounts of basaltic to trachyte magmas from large shield volcanoes. This was separated by a second major phase of faulting at about 1.2 Ma from a Late Pleistocene-Recent phase of small volume, explosive nephelinite-phonolite-carbonatite volcanism that contrasts with the earlier phase in its volume, dominant magma type and eruptive style. In both its tectonic expression and contemporaneous magmatism, the northern Tanzania province contrasts with the southern Kenya sector of the Rift Valley. The area of tectonic disturbance is considerably broader in Tanzania where ultrabasic-basic magmatism predominates. The major episodes of basaltic magmatism. representing major thermal perturbations of the mantle, have moved southwards down the rift since the mid Tertiary.
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A comparative study of the learning style preferences among gifted African‐American, Mexican‐American, and American‐born Chinese middle grade students - Ewing, Norma J.; Yong, Fung Lan (Roeper Review, 1992)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether significant group, gender, and grade differences existed in the preferred learning styles of gifted minority students. The Learning Style Inventory (Dunn, Dunn, & Price, 1987) was administered to 54 African‐American (20 males, 34 females), 61 third‐generation Mexican‐American (26 males, 35 females), and 40 third‐generation American‐born Chinese (25 males, 15 females) students. A three‐way analysis of variance on the LSI raw scores of gifted African‐American, Mexican‐American, and American‐born Chinese students indicated significant group differences in preferences for noise, light, visual modality, studying in the afternoon, and persistence. Significant gender differences were found in preferences for the tactile modality and intake. Finally, significant grade differences were found in preferences for temperature (warm/cool environment) and mobility. Findings support and extend past research regarding the learning styles of gifted students.
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Female education, age, parity, and reproduction cessation in Ghana - Fn, Dodoo (Biodemography and Social Biology, 1992)
Data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey is employed to determine the existence of a relationship between the amount of education a woman has and her intent to cease childbearing. The findings are that with increasing levels of education, a female's desire to cease reproduction also increases. However, this relationship is obscured if parity is not controlled.The Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, 1988, was used to examine responses from 2490 fecund women aged 20-49 with no education, some primary education (7.7 years), and some secondary education (11.8 years). The objective was to examine the relationship between female education and intentions not to bear another child. The hypothesis was that educated females have more interest in ceasing reproduction than the less educated or uneducated. Ghana has experienced increases in female education to 62% in 1984, and relatively stable fertility of 6.11 in 1985-88. There is evidence from other high fertility countries that increases in female education can account for as much as a 25% drop in fertility. A profile of the sample population in provided, i.e., the mean of the uneducated was 32.8 years, some primary education was 29.8 years, and some secondary education was 29.6 years. Fertility was 4.7 births and 3.8 living children for those uneducated, 3.7 births and 3.2 alive for primary educated, and 2.3 births and 2.0 alive for the secondary educated. 23% of either those uneducated or secondary educated intended not to have another child, and 25% of primary educated did not want another child. When age and parity of living children are taken into consideration, it is apparent that after 3 births women desire to terminate reproduction, and there is an inverse relationship between education and intentions after controlling for parity. There is a higher level of desired stops of childbearing at all parities 1 and levels of education. Among the uneducated, at all parities of 6 children, 50% desire no more children. Among primary educated, 50% desire no more children at parity 5, and among secondary educated, parity 4. The results of the logistic regression without controlling for parity show that level of schooling does not significantly alter the odds of stoppage of childbearing. When controlling for parity, the log odds of the intention to cease childbearing increased with rising levels of education. Primary school increases the log odds by .74 compared with uneducated women, and secondary educated 1.49 compared with the uneducated. Sub-Saharan African women are interested in fertility limitation, contrary to popular claims. More research into the relationship between intentions and behavior change is needed.
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A preliminary report of an experiment on vegetation recovery of drought deciduous woodland in Kitui, Kenya - Hayashi, Ichiroku (African Journal of Ecology, 1992)
Summary The drought‐deciduous woodlands in Kitui, Kenya are dominated by Commiphora africana and Acacia spp. including Acacia senegal, A. tortilis and A. mellifera . The 1990 density was 329 trees, 3571 shrubs and 1442 seedlings per hectare of Acacia species. Trees of Commiphora africana have survived because the tree is useless for firewood or timber. Only a few trees of Acacia species, which are useful for fuel, remained, because people cut the trees selectively. The dominant species in the shrub layer were Hermannia oliveri, Aspila mossambicensis and Solanum incanum, Chloris roxburghiana and Sporobolus fimbriatus became re‐established on the bare ground after one year's exclusion from livestock grazing. The average diameter increment of the trees was 0·5 cm per year with a standard deviation of 0·3 cm. The mean height of Acacia mellifera seedlings in the herb layer increased from 14·7 to 23·8 cm. Résumé Les forêts, décidues en saison sèche, de Kitui (Kenya), sont dominées par Commiphora africana et Acacia spp., y compris Acacia senegal, A. tortilis et A. mellifera . En 1990, la densitéétait de 329 arbres, 3571 buissons et 1442 jeunes plants d'acacias par hectare. Les arbres de Commiphora africana ont survécu parce qu'ils ne servent ni pour le feu ni pour la construction. Mais il ne reste que peu d'acacias, qui servent de combustible, parce que les gens coupent ces arbres sélectivement. Les espèces dominantes dans les buissons sont Hermannia oliveri, Aspila mossambicensis et Solanum incanum, Chloris roxburghiana et Sporobolus fimbriatus recolonisent en un an les sols dénudés par le bétail. L'augmentation annuelle moyenne du diamètre des arbres était de 0,5 cm. avec une déviation standard de 0,3 cm. La hauteur moyenne des jeunnes plants d' Acacia mellifera dans la couche herbeuse est passée de 14,7 à 23,8 cm.
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Eurocentric Media Training in Nigeria - Jimada, Usman (Journal of Black Studies, 1992)
Many scholars, especially in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, have been attracted to the study of dependency theory in economics and have recently extended such theories to their criticism and attacks on social and cultural imperialism. The mass media in particular, as a technoindustrial mechanism for transmitting information and entertainment to a potential mass audience, are seen as an important element in this global process. Although dependency theory is widely used in Africa as the basis of criticism of Western media domination, there has been little success in suggesting viable alternative models, specifically in the area of education, training, and socialization of journalists for the African media. Peter Golding (1979) suggests that it is the ideology, but not the practice of professionalism, at least in its ideal form, that is transferred. Similarly, Rita Cruise O'Brien (1979) suggests that media professionalism in the so-called Third World is an incorporation of the Third World into the metropolitan base. This integration, it is argued, is achieved through the mechanism of institutional transfer, training, and education, and the diffusion of occupational ideologies (Golding, 1979). Of these mechanisms, education and training of media personnel has had the most pro-
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The Impact of Drought on Production, Consumption and Nutrition in Southwestern Kenya - Kennedy, Eileen (Disasters, 1992)
In this paper I compare the effects of the 1984 drought on agricultural production, income, food consumption, and nutrition of farm and non‐farm households in South Nyanza District, Kenya. Survey work covered the period 1984 to 1987. It was the late arrival of the long rains in spring 1984, rather than an absolute shortfall in rain, that caused most of the fluctuations in agricultural production. Agricultural households who were least affected by the drought were able to cope by increasing the amount of cultivated land and by relying more on coarse grain production. Coping strategies for the landless households in South Nyanza were more limited and this group of households therefore experienced greater fluctuations in income between the drought and non‐drought periods than did most types of agricultural households. Surprisingly, changes in food consumption between the drought and non‐drought periods were small for most households. In spite of differences in production, food availability and incomes, however, the health and nutritional status of pre‐school‐aged children was not significantly different in the two time periods. Differences in health and nutritional status appear to be influenced more by community‐level health and sanitation factors than by differences in agricultural production and incomes in drought and non‐drought years.
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Lexical knowledge and mathematics education in science and technology in Papua New Guinea - Marshall, Stewart; Gilmour, Marion; Lewis, Don (International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 1992)
For mathematics students in schools and universities in Papua New Guinea, English is usually a second (or third or fourth) language. Often, the difficulties that these students have with mathematical questions arise not because they have problems with the required mathematical operations but because they have problems with reading English. This seems to be the case even at tertiary level. Research on other second language learners seems to show that inadequate lexical knowledge is very often the origin of poor reading comprehension. This paper describes some of the results of an investigation of students’ comprehension of sub‐technical words used in science classes in Papua New Guinea. For many of the mathematical words the results showed that students lacked the required comprehension and often confused the words with others.
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Quality of education and the rise in returns to schooling in South Africa, 1975–1985 - Moll, Peter (Economics of Education Review, 1992)
In the South African context, the returns to schooling of young African males between 20 and 29 years of age increased significantly between 1975 and 1985, while the returns enjoyed by older African males improved negligibly if at all. Evidence is presented suggesting that an improvement in the quality of schooling of Africans between the early sixties and the early seventies is partly responsible for the rise in schooling returns. The implications for wage levels of the breakdown of the educational system during the 1980s are pointed out.
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Gender perspectives in African Higher Education - Namuddu, Katherine (1992)
This paper discusses three main issues, namely (a) some basic facts on the access of females and males to higher education in Africa (b) participation of men and women with higher education in the labour market particularly, in the civil service, higher education and in entrepreneurial activities; and (c) some of the reasons why there is disparity in the percentages of men and women who have access to higher education. These issues are explored with emphasis on the social and cultural impediments, and the dis-empowering effects of the curriculum and methodology of education. Emphasis is placed on what takes place in the home at primary and secondary school, and during higher education. It is concluded that once females have overcome the cultural and social impediments at the household level, education itself becomes a stumbling block in their progress through school. This is because the curriculum and methodology at all levels of the system teaches technical knowledge and skills without ensuring that students acquire basic skills in social justice and developmental work.
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Gender perspectives in African Higher Education - Namuddu, Katherine (1992)
This paper discusses three main issues, namely (a) some basic facts on the access of females and males to higher education in Africa (b) participation of men and women with higher education in the labour market particularly, in the civil service, higher education and in entrepreneurial activities; and (c) some of the reasons why there is disparity in the percentages of men and women who have access to higher education. These issues are explored with emphasis on the social and cultural impediments, and the dis-empowering effects of the curriculum and methodology of education. Emphasis is placed on what takes place in the home at primary and secondary school, and during higher education. It is concluded that once females have overcome the cultural and social impediments at the household level, education itself becomes a stumbling block in their progress through school. This is because the curriculum and methodology at all levels of the system teaches technical knowledge and skills without ensuring that students acquire basic skills in social justice and developmental work.
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Pollution chemistry of the river Niger and its tributaries: Characteristics of industrial waste effluents - Nwokedi, G. I. C.; Obodo, G. A.; Nwankwo, S. I. (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1992)
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Layman's perception of antimicrobial agents: a challenge to health education strategy in Zimbabwe. - Nz, Nyazema; Chavunduka, D; Dzimwasha, M; Mafana, E; Madondo, Fortunate; Mbewe, Allan Rabson (PubMed, 1992)
In many developing countries there has not been any systematic analysis of societal beliefs and attitudes towards drug entities, the meaning which is attributed to drugs and their effects and how such meanings might influence drug consumption and health seeking behaviour. It is in many developing countries that a lot of antimicrobial agents are available freely over the counter or on the street. This is said to make the assessment of the therapeutic outcome during their use often very difficult. The present study has shown that continued health education while at the same time paying attention to societal beliefs and attitudes towards infectious diseases and medicines used, is required. The specific aims must be to reinforce beliefs that facilitate appropriate use of antimicrobial agents and to discourage those that impede it.
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Nigeria Since Independence: The First 25 Years, Vol III, Education - Peil, Margaret (Higher Education Policy, 1992)
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The geomorphology of the Southwest Guinea Margin: tectonic, volcanic, mass movement and bottom current influences - Rossi, Sergio; Westall, Francès; Mascle, J. (Marine Geology, 1992)
Slope morphology controls were examined in two topographically different areas on the southern transform margin of the Guinea Plateau (Sectors G1 and G2). Tectonic control is manifested by steep, faulted slopes in both study areas, and by basement warping in Sector G1 and magmatic emplacements in Sector G2. Sediment deposition and the formation of bedforms such as sediment waves on the margin are influenced by topographically intensified bottom currents within the intermediate-deep water mass, the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), as well as in the shallower Equatorial Surface Water (ESW)/ Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) at the uppermost slope/plateau-edge level. Thus, unconsolidated sediments are eroded from steep slopes (the upper and lower slopes, canyon walls and the slopes of the volcanic cones) and concentrated into slope-parallel depocentres in Sector G1, and ponded in moats between the volcanic cones in Sector G2. Surficial sediment waves, which are apparently oriented at an angle to the slope, range from 0.5 to 2 km in wavelength and up to 100 m in height. Mass movement of the sediment cover is significant on the lower slopes of both sectors and is the result of slope steepness and instability caused by the continuing tectonic activity.
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Zimbabwe: drought, food and adjustment - Sachikonye, Lloyd (Review of African Political Economy, 1992)
(1992). Zimbabwe: drought, food and adjustment. Review of African Political Economy: Vol. 19, No. 53, pp. 88-94.
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[The evaluation of sexual behavior and knowledge of AIDS in the schools of Burkina Faso. A Knowledge, Attitude, Belief and Practice (KABP) survey in Banfora among 474 adolescents of 14-to-25-years old]. - Sicard, J. M.; Kanon, S; Ouedraogo, Laurent; Chiron, J.P. (PubMed, 1992)
The results of a survey carried out in 1990 on the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practice (KABP) concerning AIDS are presented and discussed. The population surveyed was a random sample of 474 secondary school students (SSS), aged 14-25, in Banfora (Burkina Faso). Among the SSS, a high level of general knowledge about AIDS as a sexually transmitted disease (92.2%) and about condoms (83.1%) is noted. More specific knowledges however, such as the notion of seropositivity, is less well understood (36.7%). Their sources of information are essentially the radio (57.8%) and newspapers (45.4%). The SSS are afraid of AIDS and report that they have changed their behaviour (71.7%). Sexual experiences at young age and risky sexual behaviour (no use of condoms) are however reported. The place of residence, religion, and job and income of their parents or other relatives they are living with, seem to have no effect on the age of the first sexual experience. At present, the SSS of Banfora are aware of the AIDS problem but have not changed their sexual behaviour accordingly, even if they report having done so. The SSS are a prime target population group for any AIDS prevention program.
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Seismicity distribution from temporary earthquake recording networks in Kenya - Tongue, Jane Anthea.; Maguire, P. K. H.; Young, P. G. (Tectonophysics, 1992)
The seismic activity associated with the Cenozoic rift valley in Kenya generally consists of seismic events of magnitudes ML < 3, whilst that associated with the western branch of the East African Rift System includes many higher magnitude (Ms > 4) events, indicating a difference in the manner of energy release between the eastern and western branches. This paper combines the results from recent temporary seismic networks within Kenya and analyses the coverage of small-scale seismicity to date. The seismicity distribution derived from temporary local networks is primarily associated with the Kenya Rift and the east-west-trending Nyanza trough on the western flank of the Kenya dome. There is a scattered distribution to the east of the Rift, apparently originating in regions suffering recent volcanism and possibly associated with a shallowing of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The principal concentrations of activity are in the Nyanza trough, the Suguta valley and its continuation to the north into southern Lake Turkana, and in the Lake Bogoria region where the activity appears to be linked to the large-scale structural features of the rift. Generally, the activity can be correlated with geothermal and volcanic regions and the large-scale structural features of the main rift. The Lake Bogoria area has a higher frequency of events than other areas of the rift and has a lower b value, indicating an area of higher stress concentration. In order to determine the local fault kinematics to constrain models of the rifting process, accurate determination of the focal mechanisms of the larger events is required. This can only be achieved by deploying a larger-scale network on a more permanent basis.
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ASSESSING THE APPROACHES TO LEARNING OF NIGERIAN STUDENTS - Watkins, David; Akande, Adebowale (Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 1992)
ABSTRACT The reliability and validity of the Study Process Questionnaire (Biggs, 1987) is investigated for 352 Nigerian undergraduates. The concepts involved in the SPQ are relevant to Nigerian students and the SPQ scales and subscales were found to be of adequate internal consistency reliability for research purposes. This conclusion was further enhanced by the meaningful factor structure of responses to the SPQ subscales found for the Nigerian sample. However, doubt is cast as to the metric equivalence of SPQ scales across cultures making it difficult to Interpret direct cross‐cultural comparisons of mean scale scores.
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Mathematics and science attitudes of African‐American middle grade students identified as gifted:gender and grade differences - Yong, Fung Lan (Roeper Review, 1992)
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether significant gender and grade differences existed in the mathematics and science attitudes of 117 African‐American middle grade students identified as gifted using the Fennema‐Sherman Mathematics Attitudes Scales (Fennema & Sherman, 1976) and Attitude Survey of Junior High Science (Fisher, 1973). Subjects came from communities that were culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverse, and had lower middle to middle socioeconomic class backgrounds. They ranged in age from 11 to 13 years. They were pulled out from their classes and administered both instruments in groups. A two‐way analysis of variance revealed significant gender differences in attitude toward success in mathematics and perceptions of mathematics as a male domain. No significant grade differences or interactions were found in any of the variables.
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Guidelines for education and training in environmental information systrems in Sub-Saharan Africa : some key issues - Genderen, van Mhp Marcel; John, Lupala (1992)
The crucial need for environmental data in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), requires that data be collected, managed, and used in a systematic manner. The establishment of the Programme on Environment Information Systems (EIS) in SSA, helped set-up operational EIS, to meet priority demands of resource users, planners, and decision makers for better renewable resource management. The Programme supports the assessment of priority needs in terms of environment, and land information, and analyzes the technical, institutional, and legal and economic issues that may hamper implementation of such needs. Education and training are essential components to build skills on information gathering, scientific application, technical assistance, and capacity in applying new environmental technologies. This paper presents guidelines in an attempt to establish national EIS for international agencies supporting EIS work, and, analyzes case studies. It offers an EIS directory with information on current training options, on documentation sources, and on relevant software.
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Burnout locus of control and mental health of teachers in eastern province of Kenya - Kamau, Catherine (1992)
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Using examinations to improve education : a study in fourteen African countries - Kellaghan, Thomas (1992)
This report outlines the findings, issues and recommended improvements from fourteen individual studies undertaken on primary and secondary school examinations. Considerable reliance has been placed on public examinations in African education as a means of ensuring that teachers and students cover a common curriculum, and accordingly as a particularly effective instrument for raising academic standards. However, it has also been argued that while public examinations may help raise academic standards, they may also give rise to problems in the educational system. The findings of the fourteen studies confirm this point. It is clear that public-examination systems can exert a highly positive influence not only on the nature of assessment, but much more importantly on the nature of teaching and learning. While examinations cannot change the educational system, they can be made to reflect the objectives of curriculum developers and educational planners. The authors give recommendations that will play critical roles in improving the quality of education.
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Higher education in Egypt - Richards, Alan (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1992)
Egypt's policy on higher education, the author argues, must take account of the realities of declining government budgets and employment and increasing reliance on the private sector, which must become more competitive internationally. Education in Egypt must increase Egyptians' ability to cope with economic disequilibria: to respond quickly and effectively to changing technological and market opportunities. The Government of Egypt's strategy for achieving this goal is to stabilize the number of university students and raise the quality of instruction. This fundamentally sound strategy, pursued since the mid-1980s, has required considerable courage of policymakers, who are struggling to correct a longtime, inequitable misallocation of educational resources. The Nasser regime greatly expanded higher education and guaranteed jobs to university graduates. As a result of rapidly growing enrollment in the 1970s and 1980s, the quality of education seriously deteriorated. Classes are too big and resources too scarce for anything but professorial salaries, so learning amounts to little more than memorization and repetition. The system does not foster the development of synthesizing, problem-solving, or creative thinking abilities. And with tertiary institutions over-enrolled, academic success requires the use of tutors, whose fees are beyond the reach of students of modest means.
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Cognitive style and sex as mediators of biology retention-test performance of students exposed to two instructional modes in Benin City, Nigeria - Adeyemi, Martina A. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1992)
The effect of cognitive style, sex and instructional modes on students' Biology Retention-Test Performance was investigated. Two hundred and fifty-eight biology students were non-randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design model. The subjects were exposed to an eight-week instructional treatment. A three-way analysis of covariance indicated that field independent students exhibited a very high level of retention while the field dependent group performed poorest on the retention-test. Furthermore, an inspection of the adjusted retention-test cognitive achievement mean scores of the two treatment groups showed that the retention difference between the experimental and control groups was in favour of the experimental group. In other words, the experimental group retained material learned during the course of treatment at the retention stage better than the control group. Educational implications of the findings were also
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Bilingual and Multilingual Education in Nigeria: - Ajidahun, Clement Olujide (Library Review, 1992)
The Nigerian national policy on education emphasizes the use of mother tongues both as media of instruction and as school subjects in the curriculum. Considers these educational language objectives in relation to the lack of human and material resources to support them. Offers suggestions which might help enhance the success of the policies.
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Towards a more communicative approach to the teaching of African languages, particularly Xhosa, as second languages - Baai, Zinnia N. (Southern African Linguistics And Applied Language Studies, 1992)
Abstract The changes taking place towards a non-racial South Africa and the acceptance of English as a lingua franca should be accompanied by the promotion of African languages for communication. This means that there is to be a need for teaching methodologies that equip learners not only with the knowledge of grammar but also with knowledge of use of the languages in social contexts. It appears that there are very few Xhosa non-mother tongue speakers who can communicate effectively in the language. This is the case with all other African languages. This paper examines the underlying problems of this lack of communicative competence. Drawing from experience as a second language teacher, the author argues that motivation, attitudes towards the language, the status of the language in society, and exposure to the language through interaction with mother tongue speakers are keys to communicative competence. Classroom teaching methods should therefore reflect those communicative activities that the learner is most likely to engage in outside the classroom; these should be naturalistic and meaningful. In this manner, as Canale and Swain (1980) assert, students will have not only knowledge of morphology, phonology, syntax and semantics, but will also have sociolinguistic competence. Language should be taught as a whole and not be decontextualiscd.
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Pattern of road traffic accident cases in a Nigerian university teaching hospital between 1987 and 1990. - Balogun, Jeremiah Ademola; Abereoje, O K (PubMed, 1992)
This retrospective study was undertaken to obtain recent information on the pattern of road traffic accidents (RTA) and the associated disabilities in Nigeria. We reviewed the medical records of RTA related cases recorded between 1987 and 1990 at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife. Over the 4-year period, 2667 cases of RTA were recorded and this constitutes 5.3% of the total medical and surgical emergencies seen at the hospital. Furthermore, RTA cases accounted for 8.1% (range = 1.3-29.30%) of the total medical and surgical emergency deaths. Only 353 (13.2%) of the total number of RTA cases required hospitalization. About 12.7% of the patients spent less than 2 days in the hospital while 24.6% of the patients were hospitalized for more than 2 months. The 20-40 years age group recorded the highest incidence of RTA requiring hospitalization and males were twice as prone to RTA as females. Pedestrian casualties accounted for 28.3% of the RTA cases. The majority (67.4%) of the hospitalized RTA patients sustained a fracture and 12.2% died during admission. Our findings if extrapolated to all the hospitals in Nigeria confirm the speculation that RTA is one of the leading causes of death in Nigeria.
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Training for self-employment?: The performance of rural training centres in Zimbabwe - Bennell, Paul; Nyakonda, David. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1992)
This article presents the results of recently completed research which assesses the extent to which post-school, pre-employment training initiatives in Zimbabwe have achieved their central objective of promoting rural self-employment. Past outputs from two government and one NGO training centres were successfully traced using conventional tracer survey techniques.
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Pedagogical discourse, teacher education programmes and social transformation in South Africa - Flanagan, Wendy (International Journal of Educational Development, 1992)
This paper focuses on pedagogical discourse, specifically that which is current in primary education in South Africa. It represents critical reflection on (rather than findings about) two research projects in primary schools in Cape Town in which the author was engaged. It shows how psychometry and the production of development as pedagogy inform the common sense understandings of how teachers go about their work. With a new political dispensation being negotiated in South Africa, it is argued that if the democratic education movement in South Africa wishes to give definition to the democratic ethos of People's Education for People's Power, current pedagogical discourse will hinder this process. A different form of pedagogy will require a different discourse, one which reflects a critical attitude to prevailing (oppressive) discursive practices about pedagogy. This requirement has direct implications for teacher education programmes.
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Helping Dreams Survive: The Story of a Project Involving African-American Families in the Education of Their Children - Garlington, Jocelyn A. (1992)
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Education, production and inequality. The East African natural experiment - Garvey, Brian (International Journal of Educational Development, 1992)
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[Anne, nursing student in Chad. Interview by Claire Manicot]. - Labat, Aline (1992)
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