Globalisation and the curriculum: Proposals for the integration of education and training in South Africa - Christie, Pam (International Journal of Educational Development, 1996)
In South Africa, the post-apartheid government has committed itself to an integrated approach to education and training. This article addresses South African policy debates, illustrating that global trends such as integration are shaped by significant local influences in the production of specific policy positions. The integration debate in South Africa reflects both equity and human resource development concerns, and is more fully developed in adult basic education and training than in formal post-compulsory education. The article analyses the proposals for integration as part of a complex policy agenda, arguing that the implementation of integration proposals will not be straightforward. This is due to the genesis of the integration debate in training rather than both education and training, its assumptions about economic development, and the contested nature of the policy process.
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From Classroom to Cell Blocks: How Prison Building Affects Higher Education and African American Enrollment in California. - Connolly, Kathleen; McDermid, Lea; Schiraldi, Vincent; Macallair, Dan (1996)
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A Population-Based Study of the Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Adults in Northern Sudan - Elbagir, Murtada; Eltom, Mohamed; Elmahadi, Elmahadi Ma; Kadam, I; Berne, Christian (Diabetes Care, 1996)
To study the prevalence of glucose intolerance in adult urban and rural populations in the northern parts of Sudan.A sample of 1,284 subjects aged > or = 25 years was selected using a multistage cluster method and underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.The crude prevalence was 3.4% (men, 3.5%; women, 3.4%) for diabetes and 2.9% (men, 2.2%; women, 3.3%) for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The highest crude prevalence was in the northern parts of Sudan (5.5%) and the lowest in the western desert-like parts (0.9%). Diabetes and IGT rates were not different between the urban and rural populations. New cases (2.2%) were almost twice as prevalent as previously known cases (1.3%). Family history of diabetes, obesity, and advanced age were associated with higher rates of diabetes.The results showed a high prevalence of diabetes in the adult population of Sudan, with a wide difference among the different areas. The high ratio of newly discovered to previously known diabetic cases may reflect poor public awareness and medical services. These findings will certainly have far-reaching implications for diabetes care delivery in this country.
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Sexual behaviour, and knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS among out of school youth in Bahir Dar Town, northwest Ethiopia. - Fantahun, Mesganaw; Chala, Feyissa (PubMed, 1996)
Intervention to control the spread of HIV/AIDS in out of school youth is under way in Bahir Dar Town. This survey was therefore conducted in April 1994 to provide baseline data on sexual behaviour, knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. A total of 1115 out of school young people from eight randomly selected kebeles of the town were interviewed. Fifty one (4.6%) respondents said they have never heard of AIDS. Mean number of sexual partners for those who practised sex was 3.9 +/- 2.5. Knowledge scores were better than attitude and practice scores. Age, sex, marital status, educational status and occupation were significantly related with knowledge, attitude and practice scores (p < 0.05). The association of knowledge scores with attitude and practice scores was not statistically significant; p = 0.056 and p = 0.07, respectively. In addition to improving knowledge, emphasis should be given to other measures such as making the services accessible to the youth. A similar survey is recommended after the intervention programme is over.
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Evaluation of a Supplementary Retention Program for African-American Baccalaureate Nursing Students - Hesser, Al; Pond, Elizabeth; Lewis, Lloyd; Abbott, Bernie (Journal of Nursing Education, 1996)
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the Minority Academic Advising Program (MAAP), a supplementary retention program established for African-American students enrolled in a southern state health sciences university's baccalaureate nursing program. The evaluation method merged a quasi-experimental with a time-series design. A group of 114 black students were included in the study. A comparison group consisting of 608 nursing student cohorts who were predominantly white was incorporated for control purposes. Although the students who were MAAP participants had significantly lower SAT scores, reduced PreAdmission GPAs, and included a contingent of 11 students at high risk of failing, the following enhancements were identified: their retention-to-graduation rate increased 5.3 percentage points to 97.1%, their nursing program GPA increased nearly one-quarter letter grade, their time-per8isted-in-program increased 0.7 months, and their nursing board examination pass rate increased 15 percentage points.
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DROUGHTS OVER SOUTHERN AFRICA IN A DOUBLED‐CO2 CLIMATE - JOUBERT, A. M.; MASON, S. J.; Galpin, Jackie (International Journal of Climatology, 1996)
The southern African region is susceptible to climatic extremes and particularly to extended dry periods. Possible changes in the probability of dry years under doubled-CO2 conditions are examined using output from the CSIRO nine-level general circulation model. Changes in annual mean rainfall are not expected to be significant. However, the model simulates an increase in the probability of dry years in the tropics, to the south-west of the subcontinent, as well as over the western and eastern parts of South Africa and southern Mozambique, where large percentage increases in the most intense dry spells are indicated. A decrease in the frequency of dry years is simulated over much of the interior of the subcontinent south of 10°S. In regions where the frequency of dry years decreases, the most severe events occur less often. The CSIRO nine-level model indicates a shift in the frequency distribution of daily rainfall events under doubled-CO2 conditions. A small change in the frequency distribution of daily rainfall events may have further implications for the frequency of mid-summer droughts during the peak summer rainfall period of December–February. Increases in the frequency of mid-summer droughts are simulated over the eastern part of the subcontinent south of 20°S.
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DROUGHTS OVER SOUTHERN AFRICA IN A DOUBLED-CO2 CLIMATE - Joubert, A. M.; Mason, Simon J.; Galpin, Jacqueline S. (International Journal of Climatology, 1996)
The southern African region is susceptible to climatic extremes and particularly to extended dry periods. Possible changes in the probability of dry years under doubled-CO2 conditions are examined using output from the CSIRO nine-level general circulation model. Changes in annual mean rainfall are not expected to be significant. However, the model simulates an increase in the probability of dry years in the tropics, to the south-west of the subcontinent, as well as over the western and eastern parts of South Africa and southern Mozambique, where large percentage increases in the most intense dry spells are indicated. A decrease in the frequency of dry years is simulated over much of the interior of the subcontinent south of 10°S. In regions where the frequency of dry years decreases, the most severe events occur less often. The CSIRO nine-level model indicates a shift in the frequency distribution of daily rainfall events under doubled-CO2 conditions. A small change in the frequency distribution of daily rainfall events may have further implications for the frequency of mid-summer droughts during the peak summer rainfall period of December–February. Increases in the frequency of mid-summer droughts are simulated over the eastern part of the subcontinent south of 20°S.
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Missionary Education In Africa In Perspective: Against The Theory Of Benevolence - Makuvaza, Ngoni (1996)
There is disagreement between colonial and post-colonial Africanist historiographies on Africa over the role of missionaries in Africa especially their provision of education to the Africans prior and during colonization. Precisely, controversy emanates from the possible motive behind missionary provision of education to the Africans. Colonial historiography, maintaining benevolence as the prime motive, a position unacceptable especially to post colonial Africanist historians who argue that the motive and provision of education to the Africans can only be construed within the context of the ‘womb’ the missionaries came from. The purpose of this paper therefore, is to critically examine the motive behind missionary provision of education to the Africans in view of the two conflicting positions from the 'north' and the ‘south’ respectively.
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Community Service Learning as Democratic Education in South Africa and the United States - Mendel‐Reyes, Meta; Weinstein, Jeremy M. (Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning, 1996)
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The Role Of The Zimbabwe Teachers’ Association (ZIMTA) In The Professional Growth And Development Of Teachers - Moyo, Celestine L.P. (1996)
The study describes and evaluates the role of the Zimbabwe Teachers’ Association in the professional and academic development of teachers. The aim of the study is to increase the reader’s knowledge and understanding of the association and to explore its changing role. Having been an active member of the Southern Rhodesia African Teachers’ Association (S.R.A.T.A.) from 1961 to 1964, the author also attempts to assess the progress that has been made over the past thirty years and to describe the possibilities and problems of the association. Information was obtained through a study of the association’s published documents, literature searches on professional education and organizations, personal contacts and interviews with some members of the association and the National Executive in Harare. The study revealed that whereas teachers were trying to assume control of their own professional development, they were, to a large extent, unable to influence their conditions of service, partly because ZIMTA is an association as opposed to a union and partly because of Zimbabwe’s desire to make education one of the basic rights in the country. This has entailed the recruitment of everyone who is willing and able to teach and with the minimum academic and professional qualifications. Entry into and exit from the profession has thus become difficult to control. The study further revealed that the association has not yet gained a strong and relevant role in the vetting of unsuitable and under-qualified members. It was also noted that the existence of the Zimbabwe Teachers’ Union (ZITU) prevented the articulation of a unified position on a number of important issues. The problems that militate against professionalism were identified as many and varied. They include hot seating, the low status enjoyed by the teaching profession because of uncompetitive salaries, the fragmentation of the teaching force as evidenced by membership either to ZIMTA or ZITU, inadequate support in the classroom, inadequate parental support and ill-conceived teacher development and inservice programmes. The author argues that in order for ZIMTA to be regarded as representative of the majority of teachers, it will have to embark on a vigorous and sustained membership drive, draft a constitution which articulates the aspirations of a wide spectrum of teachers with varying qualifications and interests, achieve a standardisation of entry qualifications for all teacher preparation programmes, continue to provide opportunities for its members to acquire concepts, attitudes, skills, knowledge and dispositions necessary for effective teaching, lobby parliamentarians for the enactment of education legislation in which teaching will be recognised as a genuine profession. Above all, it will have to work more zealously for the professional, social and material welfare of its members. Failure to maintain the delicate balance between its professional and trade union roles would result in depressed morale and act as a disincentive to professional development.
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Financing of higher education in Kenya: The 'case for a selective student loan programme. - Mugun, John Boit (1996)
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A Discourse Of Text Materials In Primary Mathematics For Second Language Learners In Developing Countries: A Case Study For Zimbabwe - Munetsi, Cribert (1996)
In this article being a literature review, defines an agenda for research which will identify problems within existing mathematics text, material used by teachers and pupils in primary school in developing materials and better mathematics learning by children. The agenda will be defined by reference to existing research knowledge as it relates to the seven main areas of difficult set out above.
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Agricultural education and training in South Africa: An overview - Rooyen, Van; JohanBarnard; Zyl, RobinVan; Johan, C (Development Southern Africa, 1996)
Major political, economic and social changes are in progress in South Africa. The present agricultural education, training, extension and research systems will have to be restructured to allow for an expanding clientele base and a better coordinated system. The process of democratisation is expected to influence such systems fundamentally. The demand for participation in programme design and evaluation will require outreach programmes linking rural communities to laboratories, lecture rooms and policy‐making. Affirmative action programmes, to enable a more representative professional corps, will direct training programmes to include part‐time and distance‐training systems, as well as short course presentations. The proliferation of agricultural training policies and institutions should be attended to urgently, partly because it is costly and partly owing to the inequities of the present system. The demand for trained agriculturists in Southern Africa provides a basis for cooperation in the subcontinent. It is expected that cooperation will be mainly between universities at postgraduate level along the lines already introduced by the SADC universities and will comprise joint research activities. Cooperation between South Africa and the Southern African Centre for Cooperation in Agricultural Research and Training (SACCAR) and other international organisations (eg, IFPRI, SPAAR and ICRISAT) will be important.
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Knowing and doing: an integrated approach to education and training in South Africa - Schütte, Lauren Blythe; Silverman, Lorraine (Public Administration and Development, 1996)
The Postgraduate Diploma in Management at the Graduate School of Public & Development Management (P&DM), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, arises from our enthusiasm for a paradigm shift in the education of entry level public sector managers in South Africa; this is an approach that has developed out of moves towards a new public service that is development friendly and customer-oriented. The move away from traditional lecture-based classroom activities to interactive learning methods has given rise to much reflection on teaching, learning and appropriate assessment at P&DM. This has resulted in an appreciation for continuous learning as we pursue our quest to improve our facilitation in line with the needs of a student group that will graduate to face the immense challenges of making institutions work in a newly democratic polity. Our graduates are tasked with transformation in a rapidly moving environment. For them, a commitment to life-long learning is the most important attitude they can develop and for us it is the most important outlook we can nurture. This article focuses on three integrated areas: the Administrative Skills Course, which aims at establishing underlying skills on which students should build throughout the year; the Case Study Programme, which provides a simulation of real problems and issues faced by managers in the public sector; and the Internship Programme, which provides the opportunity for the integration of classroom learning and workplace practice. We focus primarily on the teaching methods and the integrative nature of these courses and programmes, highlighting aspects that have worked well and those that have not. The ongoing development of these programmes has been informed by relatively informal evaluations. We feel that the time has come for more rigorous investigation into the effectiveness of our teaching and both have research in progress. The design and findings of research in progress will be published at a later date.
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[Smoking in students in secondary schools in Burkina Faso]. - Sondo, Blaise; Testa, J.; Soura, Y (PubMed, 1996)
A multi-centre enquiry in 12 of 30 provinces of Burkina Faso was carried out to study smoking in pupils at secondary schools. The prevalence of smoking was 13.6 per cent. Amongst the smokers, occasional smoking was the most common, involving 62 per cent. Boys smoked more than girls. The average age of starting smoking was early, at 13.4 years. The majority of smokers consumed less than five cigarettes a day and the favourite place for consumption was the home of their parents or guardian and at school. The determinants of school smokers were above all environmental: the influence of friends and advertising. The students showed a good knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking. This knowledge was linked to their educational level and to their status as a smoker or non-smoker. The proportion of pupils who had obtained good results in the term which preceded the enquiry was more significant amongst the non-smokers than amongst the smokers. An awareness of the significance of smoking amongst pupils by their parents, guardians and teachers involves health education and rigorous legislative measures on advertising and these would contribute to some reduction in the extent of the phenomenon in educational establishments.
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The impact of health education to promote cloth filters on dracunculiasis prevalence in the Northern Region, Ghana - Tayeh, Ahmed; Cairncross, Sandy; Maude, G. H. (Social Science & Medicine, 1996)
This paper describes a health education intervention which was conducted during the 1990 dry season in 3 study villages in the Northern Region of Ghana, to reduce dracunculiasis prevalence in that area by promoting the use of cloth filters for drinking water and avoidance of water contact by sufferers. The impact of the intervention in reducing dracunculiasis prevalence was examined by comparing the period prevalence of infection in 1990 and 1991. The findings demonstrate that the intervention had a measurable but limited impact on dracunculiasis prevalence. Face-to-face health education was successful in persuading 56% of households to buy filters. Ownership of at least one filter for every 10 people in the household was associated with a reduction of at least 20% in the risk of dracunculiasis.
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The financing of secondary education in Mezam division, North West province, Cameroon: An uneasy partnership between family and state? - Tembon, Mercy (International Journal of Educational Development, 1996)
The government of Cameroon like that of many sub-Sharan African countries is faced with dwindling public revenues and cannot provide the required finances for the education sector. Since many other developing countries are facing similar financial constraints, policy options have been proposed for the recovery of costs as a way of revitalizing and improving the quality of education in these countries. The introduction of user charges is one of the more prominent options that applies to all levels of education. In light of the educational financing situation in Cameroon, this study sets out to assess the possibility of implementing this option. It, therefore, seeks to analyse how secondary schools are financed and to measure private direct costs of secondary education so as to determine parental willingness to spend on schooling.
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Diversity in South African dental schools. - Um, Chikte; Aa, Brand (PubMed, 1996)
The present paper investigates the demographic distribution of incoming undergraduate dental students in 5 South African dental schools. Biographical data was acquired in 1992 using a questionnaire administered to students in each of the dental schools. Data for 1994 was obtained from the Department of Health. The students were categorized in terms of population group and gender. Frequency distributions for these categories were computed. The results indicate that there are wide discrepancies with regard to population groups in all schools suggesting a lack of representativeness in terms of the wider population. A number of recommendations are made to redress these imbalances.
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Kenya : Micro and small enterprise training and technology - Liang, Xiaoyan (1996)
The Kenyan economy now faces a formidable employment challenge as a result of slow economic growth combined with rapid expansion of population. It is not possible for the entire labor force to be employed in the formal sector. Recognizing this, the Kenyan Government is actively encouraging workers to participate in the informal sector. One such strategy employed by the government is turning to the private sector to offer training in entrepreneurial and technical skills. This note explains that the Bank-funded Kenyan Micro and Small Enterprise Training and Technology Project is born under such macroeconomic and employment context. The long term aims of the project are to enhance entrepreneurial development in the private sector and, more specifically, reduce constraints to employment promotion and income enhancement in the micro- and small enterprise (informal) sector in Kenya
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Dimensions and predictors of condom use beliefs among Ethiopian high school adolescents - Haile, Dereje; Mulatu, Mesfin S. (1996)
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An Investigation of Reasons for Professional Career Choice among African-American College Students - Place, A. William; Payne, Charles; Rinehart, James S. (Education 3-13, 1996)
The proportion of our nation's teachers that are persons of color has been decreasing, specifically African American teachers (Graham, 1987). Concomitantly, it was reported that the number of children of color in our schools is increasing (Graham, 1987). Graham indicated that all students need teachers of color to serve as positive role models. Even though white teachers have been very good role models, educators need to diversify the teaching force to affirm the social reality of today. We cannot tolerate a future in which both white and minority children are confronted with almost exclusively white authority figures in school (Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy's Task Force on Teaching as a Profession, 1986, p. 32). The terms used in the literature to describe the portion of the population that is not white are varied and sometimes problematic (Hodgkinson, 1995). A term can be used inappropriately generalizing from one group to all people of color or it can convey the wrong image. For example 'nonwhite' maybe a common term that describes what a group of people are not, but conveys nothing of what they are. However, some of the general literature is applicable, therefore some of the discussion in this paper will be of a general nature even though our data and emphasis is on the African American population. Graham (1987), Garibaldi (1989), Stewart, Meier, La Follette, and England (1989) suggested that major improvements in elementary and secondary education are needed to increase the pool of teachers of color. These advancements are undeniably urgent and require a policy which is long-range in planning and effect. However, enhanced educational opportunities do not specifically answer the question of how we motivate a more diverse population to choose teaching as a career. Stimulating minorities to make education a career is problematic. Astone and Nunez-Wormack (1990) reported that the proportion of African Americans (and Hispanics) enrolling in college has dropped. They stated, fact, the gap between minority and majority students entering college was wider in 1988 than it was in 1976 (Astone & Nunez-Wormack, 1990, p. iii). Not only is there a lower proportion of African American students going to college, but fewer of those in college are choosing education as a college major. Specifically, the percentage of African Americans student choosing education went from 23% in 1966 to 6.8% in 1978 (Dorman, 1990). A few studies have examined the motivation (Wood, 1978) and characteristics (Roberson, Keith & Page, 1983) of those who have chosen to enter the field of teaching as well as some hypothesizing about why students are not entering the field of education. In particular, some authors have theories about why African American students chose fields of study other than education. However, there seems to be a void of research which specifically builds on what has been written about career development choices to examine the issue of African American recruitment into education. Even in the broader field of motivation of African Americans, Graham (1994) has noted the deficiency in number of review articles dealing with any aspect of psychological functioning of Blacks. This pattern of neglect undoubtedly reflects the demise of published research on African Americans in mainstream psychology and educational psychology as a whole (p. 55). Therefore, to address a specific void in empirical research, this study used one prominent career development theory (Holland, 1985). Brown and Brooks (1991) stated that Holland developed one of the leading theories of occupational choice (p. 4) and Despite the centrality of personality in career development theory, only Holland has instruments to measure his personality constructs (p. 117). Isaacson (1985) in discussion about Holland's instrument, The Self-Directed Search (SDS) (Holland, 1977) stated Summary: The very wide usage of the SDS suggests that many counselors believe the instrument is helpful for their clients. …
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Theatre for Development as a Non‐formal Method of Education in Nigeria - Abah, Oga Steve (Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance, 1996)
Abstract Theatre for Development (TFD) has emerged in Nigeria, as it has in many other parts of Africa, as an alternative practice to mainstream theatre. It has, therefore, developed as an interaction with ordinary people. TFD has, in consequence, become a vehicle as well as a strategy in the way it uses indigenous forms as elements of its practice. It has, however, acknowledged the presence of the mainstream and integrated aspects of it into its practice. The appeal and ability of TFD to analyse and strategise for action, and its democratic structure, put ordinary people in control from the stage of problem identification through to community action. It is these aspects of participation, analysis and questioning which allow us to discover an interconnection between TFD and Drama in Education (DIE). Like TFD, DIE is engaged in the exercise of critical reinterpretation of social issues by and with children. In essence, therefore, both practices are about interrogating society.
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Social scaling in children's drawings of classroom life: A cultural comparative analysis of social scaling in Africa and Sweden - Aronsson, Karin; Andersson, Simon (British Journal of Development Psychology, 1996)
This paper reports on a cultural comparative study of children's representations of themselves and their teachers in drawings of classroom life. Three settings, two in Africa and one in Sweden, have been chosen to represent cultural variation in pedagogic practices and child rearing ideologies. A total of 329 children in a traditional school setting in Tanzania, an ANC refugee settlement and a Swedish small‐town setting drew pictures illustrating “When I'm working in my classroom”. The Swedish children produced more self‐centred (child‐centred) representations of classroom life (larger‐scale pupils, more detailed, central pupils, and less distance between teacher and pupil figures) than either of the African groups. The children in the traditional teacher‐centred culture (the Tanzanian group) drew the most socio‐centric and least child‐centred representations, whereas children in the ANC settlement produced drawings that were intermediate. Differences in social scaling (size, detailing, centrality and distance scaling) were thus related to cultural differences in pedagogic practices and child‐rearing ideologies. The results are discussed in terms of cultural variation in representations of social space.
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Towards a Formulation of a Philosophical Base for Education in South Africa - Beyers, Eefke (South African Journal of Psychology, 1996)
The reconstruction of educational practice in South Africa, should have as an aim the accommodation of local realities. It is argued that this can be achieved when educational practice is inspired by a specific idea of what it means to be fully human. A definition is given of what is meant by the term ‘humanness’ in the following terms: Full humanness exists where a person achieves agency. Agency can be conceptualized in terms of the three phenomena — autonomy, reflexivity and mutuality, the latter being the situational condition for the existence of the former. Autonomy and reflexivity develop on two conditions: (1) where the intersubjective experiences of a person are open and take place in a spirit of mutuality and through talk; and (2) where the moral order which regulates the intersubjectivity, protects both autonomy and reflexivity. In turn, the moral order should also be protected by the intersubjective context. Two paradoxical positions are therefore emphasized: humanness as an expression of agency and the moral order which supports the agency. Further thoughts are given on how this idea of full humanness differs from what has up to now dominated the educational scene, also on why it should lead to its improvement.
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Sex education to grade seven students in Papua New Guinea, yes or no? - Bouten, M (PubMed, 1996)
This paper discusses the provision of sex education to grade 7 students in Papua New Guinea. Since officials in both the government and the Church are still hesitant on the question of including sex education in the curriculum, the author cites the reasons why there is a need to provide factual information about sexuality, STDs, and AIDS to everyone. Among the reminders given to decision-makers are the following: 1) nobody has ever become pregnant or become infected with an STD due to knowledge; 2) preventing people from gaining knowledge is a violation of their basic human rights; 3) there is no evidence to show that sexual knowledge itself leads to sexual experimentation, but there is much evidence that ignorance in this area leads to problems (e.g., abuse by peers, vulnerability to STDs, and pregnancy); 4) young people need to grow up and gain self-confidence; 5) true religion does not withhold knowledge. In the last part of this paper, some methods and practical advice on providing sex education are discussed.
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The Impacts of Climate Variability and Future Climate Change in the Nile Basin on Water Resources in Egypt - Conway, Declan (International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1996)
This paper describes the application of hydrologic models of the Blue Nile and Lake Victoria sub-basins to assess the magnitude of potential impacts of climate change on Main Nile discharge. The models are calibrated to simulate historical observed runoff and then driven with the temperature and precipitation changes from three general circulation model (GCM) climate scenarios. The differences in the resulting magnitude and direction of changes in runoff highlight the inter-model differences in future climate change scenarios. A 'wet' case, 'dry' case and composite case produced +15 (+12), -9 (-9) and + 1(+7) per cent changes in mean annual Blue Nile (Lake Victoria) runoff for 2025, respectively. These figures are used to estimate changes in the availability of Nile water in Egypt by making assumptions about the runoff response in the other Nile sub-basins and the continued use of the Nile Waters Agreement. Comparison of these availability scenarios with demand projections for Egypt show a slight surplus of water in 2025 with and without climate change. If, however, water demand for desert reclamation is taken into account then water deficits occur for the present-day situation and also 2025 with ('dry' case GCM only) and without climate change. A revision of Egypt's allocation of Nile water based on the recent low-flow decade-mean flows of the Nile (1981-90) shows that during this period Egypt's water use actually exceeded availability. The magnitude of 'natural' fluctuations in discharge therefore has very important consequences for water resource management regardless of future climate change.
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The Impacts of Climate Variability and Future Climate Change in the Nile Basin on Water Resources in Egypt - Conway, Declan (International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1996)
This paper describes the application of hydrologic models of the Blue Nile and Lake Victoria sub-basins to assess the magnitude of potential impacts of climate change on Main Nile discharge. The models are calibrated to simulate historical observed runoff and then driven with the temperature and precipitation changes from three general circulation model (GCM) climate scenarios. The differences in the resulting magnitude and direction of changes in runoff highlight the inter-model differences in future climate change scenarios. A 'wet' case, 'dry' case and composite case produced +15 (+12), -9 (-9) and + 1(+7) per cent changes in mean annual Blue Nile (Lake Victoria) runoff for 2025, respectively. These figures are used to estimate changes in the availability of Nile water in Egypt by making assumptions about the runoff response in the other Nile sub-basins and the continued use of the Nile Waters Agreement. Comparison of these availability scenarios with demand projections for Egypt show a slight surplus of water in 2025 with and without climate change. If, however, water demand for desert reclamation is taken into account then water deficits occur for the present-day situation and also 2025 with ('dry' case GCM only) and without climate change. A revision of Egypt's allocation of Nile water based on the recent low-flow decade-mean flows of the Nile (1981-90) shows that during this period Egypt's water use actually exceeded availability. The magnitude of 'natural' fluctuations in discharge therefore has very important consequences for water resource management regardless of future climate change.
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The Impacts of Climate Variability and Future Climate Change in the Nile Basin on Water Resources in Egypt - Conway, Declan (International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1996)
This paper describes the application of hydrologic models of the Blue Nile and Lake Victoria sub-basins to assess the magnitude of potential impacts of climate change on Main Nile discharge. The models are calibrated to simulate historical observed runoff and then driven with the temperature and precipitation changes from three general circulation model (GCM) climate scenarios. The differences in the resulting magnitude and direction of changes in runoff highlight the inter-model differences in future climate change scenarios. A 'wet' case, 'dry' case and composite case produced +15 (+12), -9 (-9) and + 1(+7) per cent changes in mean annual Blue Nile (Lake Victoria) runoff for 2025, respectively. These figures are used to estimate changes in the availability of Nile water in Egypt by making assumptions about the runoff response in the other Nile sub-basins and the continued use of the Nile Waters Agreement. Comparison of these availability scenarios with demand projections for Egypt show a slight surplus of water in 2025 with and without climate change. If, however, water demand for desert reclamation is taken into account then water deficits occur for the present-day situation and also 2025 with ('dry' case GCM only) and without climate change. A revision of Egypt's allocation of Nile water based on the recent low-flow decade-mean flows of the Nile (1981-90) shows that during this period Egypt's water use actually exceeded availability. The magnitude of 'natural' fluctuations in discharge therefore has very important consequences for water resource management regardless of future climate change.
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The Impacts of Climate Variability and Future Climate Change in the Nile Basin on Water Resources in Egypt - Conway, Declan (International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1996)
This paper describes the application of hydrologic models of the Blue Nile and Lake Victoria sub-basins to assess the magnitude of potential impacts of climate change on Main Nile discharge. The models are calibrated to simulate historical observed runoff and then driven with the temperature and precipitation changes from three general circulation model (GCM) climate scenarios. The differences in the resulting magnitude and direction of changes in runoff highlight the inter-model differences in future climate change scenarios. A 'wet' case, 'dry' case and composite case produced +15 (+12), -9 (-9) and + 1(+7) per cent changes in mean annual Blue Nile (Lake Victoria) runoff for 2025, respectively. These figures are used to estimate changes in the availability of Nile water in Egypt by making assumptions about the runoff response in the other Nile sub-basins and the continued use of the Nile Waters Agreement. Comparison of these availability scenarios with demand projections for Egypt show a slight surplus of water in 2025 with and without climate change. If, however, water demand for desert reclamation is taken into account then water deficits occur for the present-day situation and also 2025 with ('dry' case GCM only) and without climate change. A revision of Egypt's allocation of Nile water based on the recent low-flow decade-mean flows of the Nile (1981-90) shows that during this period Egypt's water use actually exceeded availability. The magnitude of 'natural' fluctuations in discharge therefore has very important consequences for water resource management regardless of future climate change.
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Book Reviews : Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History, by Mary Lefkowitz. New York: A New Republic of Books, 1996 - Conyers, JR James L. (Journal of Black Studies, 1996)
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Drought and survival in rural Namibia - Devereux, Stephen; Næraa, Trine (Journal of Southern African Studies, 1996)
The 1992 drought in southern Africa reduced national grain harvests to less than half of 1991 levels, caused substantial livestock mortality and severely compromised rural livelihoods. This paper disaggregates the impact of the drought on three vulnerable socio‐economic groups in Namibia — smallholder crop farmers, livestock rearers and commercial farmworkers. A modified entitlement framework is adopted: as well as examining entitlement‐generating strategies (including credit, overlooked by Sen), the paper also considers ‘indirect’ entitlement‐protecting strategies, such as dietary change, consumption rationing and demographic adjustments at the household level. Although Namibia did not experience a decline in aggregate food availability during the drought — commercial imports plus food aid offset the production shock — hunger and malnutrition did affect certain groups who suffered ‘direct entitlement declines’ (crop farmers), ‘trade entitlement declines’ (livestock rearers) or ‘derived destitution’ (farmworkers), and were unable to secure adequate food through alternative sources such as extended family support, credit or food aid. Namibia's experience confirms the dangers of supply‐side analyses of food security. When the composition of a country's food supply changes dramatically, there are likely to be some groups whose food security is negatively affected because they cannot be guaranteed access to available food, even when supplies are sufficient in aggregate terms.
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The Development of Higher Education and Social Change: An Ethiopian Experience - Dreijmanis, John; Wagaw, Teshome G. (African Studies Review, 1996)
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Structural adjustment and drought in Sub-Saharan Africa - Elbadawi, Ibrahim (Journal of International Development, 1996)
The extremely severe droughts which have hit Africa in recent years appear to have impacted negatively on its development much more seriously than droughts in other regions of the developing world. Such droughts, it appears, both acted as a trigger to the adoption of structural reforms in some countries and aggravated the initial adverse effects (including environmental effects) of such reforms. The policy implication of the latter finding is that the reform requirement for drought-prone countries needs to be more flexible to climatic conditions, and that in some countries reform of land tenure population policy and research and extension policy need to accompany reform of trade and pricing policies.
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The Prevalence of Skin Disease Among School Children in Rural Ethiopia—A Preliminary Assessment of Dermatologic Needs - Figueroa, Jose I.; Fuller, L. C.; Abraha, Aynalem; Hay, Roderick J. (Pediatric Dermatology, 1996)
It is always assumed that the prevalence of skin diseases in developing countries is very high, and that infestations and skin infections are highly endemic in poor rural communities; however, very few epidemiologic reports verify these assumptions. As part of a continuing study of dermatologic needs in southwestern Ethiopia, and to estimate the prevalence of treatable skin disease in children, a school survey was undertaken in Shebe. In October 1992, 112 children were examined by a team of dermatologists and their conditions were recorded. Twenty-two children (19.6%) were considered healthy and 90 (80.4%) had one or more skin diseases. A total of 140 conditions were identified and considered treatable in 98% of children. Infestations were the most prevalent skin pathology, 81.2%, followed by fungal infections, 13.4%.
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Climate Change and Global Agricultural Potential Project: A Case of Kenya - Fischer, G.; Velthuizen, H.T. van (1996)
Kenya is endowed with a wide range of agro-ecological conditions, varying from hot arid lowlands to cool humid highlands. As expected, the results of the impact analysis of climate change and increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide, therefore show a wide spectrum of impacts on land resources make-up and agricultural production. At the sub-national level results of impacts on agricultural productivity vary substantially both in terms of magnitude and direction. At present, agricultural production in the low altitude areas in Kenya is mainly constrained by water availability, highland areas are constrained by low temperatures and locally by water availability, while in parts of central and western Kenya rainfall in excess of optimal levels occurs. Rising temperatures, without corresponding increases in precipitation to balance the increased plant water requirements due to higher evapotranspiration may lead to dramatic reductions in agricultural production potential, especially in eastern and southern Kenya, i.e., in parts of Eastern province, North-Eastern province and Coast province. In central and western Kenya temperature increases would result in larger extents of lands with cultivation potential, because some higher altitude areas would become suitable for cropping. This, together with potentials for higher cropping intensities in these highland areas, more than outweighs effects of diminished moisture conditions, even in scenarios assuming no change in precipitation. Under such conditions in the presently humid areas (>270 days of growing period), diminished wetness, in instances, could reduce the potential impact of pest and disease constraints. Results of the impact assessment suggest that the national level food productivity potential of Kenya may well increase with higher levels of atmospheric CO2 and climate change induced increases in temperature, provided this is accompanied by some increase in precipitation as predicted by several global circulation models. If no balanced increase in precipitation were to take place then the impact on agricultural productivity in the semi-arid parts of Kenya could be devastating. Although land productivity in Kenya as a whole appears most likely positively affected by climate change, impacts vary considerably depending on location. Negative impacts are expected to occur in Coast province and North-Eastern province. The main reasons being: -- Exceeding optimal temperature ranges for photosynthesis and growth; -- Shortening of cereal growth cycles and periods of yield formation; -- Increased water stress. For Central province, Nairobi area, important parts of Eastern province, Nyanza province and Western province the impacts are mostly positive. However, some negative impacts in western Kenya may occur due to pest and disease damage and worsening of workability conditions due to increased wetness. The high-potential agricultural lands in central and western Kenya will dominate the agricultural production potential even more under projected climate change conditions. The main reasons of positive impacts appear to be: -- Temperature increase in the mid/high altitudes, enlarging the area with crop production potential; -- Increased cropping intensity potentials; -- CO2 fertilization. In Rift Valley province, comprising of a wide range of thermal and moisture conditions, impacts are mixed. Negative impacts are, for instance, expected in Laikipia and Narok while positive impacts are anticipated in Nakuru and West Pokot. Despite of overall positive effects for Kenya as a whole, impacts of climate change on land productivity may intensify regional disparities. Therefore, preparedness is critical in order to: -- take advantage of potential blessings of climate change and increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations; -- mitigate likely negative impacts in low-lying and semi-arid areas; -- cope with the socio-economic consequences of changing patterns of land productivity. These observations are consistent with short and medium term considerations for sustainable development, emphasizing the critical need for careful planning and protection of high potential areas.
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Assessment of HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of high school students in Papua New Guinea. - Friesen, Hanny; Danaya, Robert T.; Doonar, P; Kemiki, Adedayo D.; Lagani, William; Mataio, G; Rongap, T.; Vince, John (PubMed, 1996)
To assess the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of high school students (grade 10) with regard to HIV infection and AIDS.A self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out in 21 high schools in 6 different provinces. The questionnaire was anonymous and contained questions about HIV transmission, preventive measures, attitudes towards HIV infection and a few questions about personal sexual behaviour.A total of 1811 students completed the questionnaire. 46% were female. The average age was 17 years. Over 98% knew what AIDS and HIV were. 97% knew that HIV was sexually transmitted, but many misconceptions existed: one-third thought that HIV was transmitted by mosquitoes, 7% that HIV-infected persons were a danger in the classroom. 72% knew that using a condom at every sexual encounter was a way of protection from HIV infection. Approximately 25% reported to have had sexual contacts, and of 15-year-old students 14% were sexually active. Although STD/AIDS education is part of the curriculum for grade 8 the principals of the majority of the schools reported that no formal teaching was done.Although the majority of students knew that HIV is sexually transmitted, basic knowledge about STDs is lacking and is not taught as part of the curriculum in most of the schools. Teaching about STDs and HIV needs to be enforced and safe sexual practices need to be discussed with the students.
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The utilization, depoloyment and management of primary teachers in Africa South of the Sahara - Göttelmann-Duret, Gabriele; Hogan, J.S. (PROSPECTS, 1996)
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Effects of cement-kiln dust pollution on the vegetation and seed-bank species diversity in the eastern desert of Egypt - Hegazy, Ahmad K. (Environmental Conservation, 1996)
Summary There is very little information on effects of particulate pollution from cement factories in the Middle East and northeastern Africa. Variations of natural vegetation, germinable soil seed bank and species diversity were therefore investigated amongst four study sites situated at different distances from the Suez Cement Company factory, south of Suez, Egypt. The composition of plant life-forms was similar in both vegetation and seed-bank communities, with only site-dependent differences in their proportional values. For the standing vegetation, chamaephytes attained the highest relative density and cover, while hemicryptophytes and geophytes exhibited the lowest values. Germinable soil seed bank of all life-forms tended to increase with distance from the cement-dust pollution source. Vegetation, seed rain and seed banks of hemicryptophytes and geophytes were the most affected by cement-kiln dust accumulation in the area. The ratios of seed-bank/seed-rain in all life-forms were less than unity, with a narrow range of variation amongst sites and species. The germinable seed bank was more affected by cement-kiln dust accumulation than the seed rain in all species and life-forms. The species diversity of perennial plants was greater than that of annuals, with values increasing as distance increased from the cement-dust pollution source. Diversity in the standing vegetation Was higher than that of the germinable seed bank. Differences in the standing vegetation and seed-bank reserves were observed in the different study sites. According to their response to cement-dust accumulation, the plant species (listed in text) in the study area were separated into four major groups: (1) tolerant species; (2) non-tolerant species; (3) species having intermediate tolerance; and (4) indifferent species. Management considerations for the conservation of vegetation in cement quarrying sites and around cement factories were put forward to optimize recovery and restoration of vegetation in sites polluted by cement dust.
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Vegetation history and climate changes in West Equatorial Africa during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, based on a marine pollen diagram from the Congo fan - Jahns, Susanne (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 1996)
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Failing Grade 1: South African Children's First Encounters with School* - Liddell, Christine (Psychology and Developing Societies, 1996)
Since educational statistics were first collated in South Africa, more than 30 years ago, roughly a quarter of children from the majority groups of the nation have failed Grade 1 each year. This represents one of the highest Grade 1 wastage rates in the world. This paper examines the assumed correlates of early school failure, and then pieces together a mosaic of information from a variety of sources, which calls much of this received wisdom into question. The paper provides evidence that confirms the existence of a substantial home-school divide for these children, demonstrable in the contexts and conditions under which learning takes place at home and at school, and also calls into question whether the sorts of qualities which children might need to succeed in Grade 1 are in fact the sorts of qualities which it would be wise for educationists to nurture.
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Tanzania Registers Declines in Levels of Impaired Fertility - Mahler, K (International family planning perspectives, 1996)
This article summarizes Larsens findings based on an analysis of data from the 1973 Tanzania Demographic Survey and the 1991-92 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey on fertility and subfertility. The rates of childlessness in Tanzania declined among women aged 30-49 years from 10-11% to 3%. The effects of infertility on the total fertility rate (TFR) varied among Tanzanias 20 regions. In regions where TFR was over 6.8 children per woman in 1973 fertility declined. The range in decline was from 25% in Mbeya to 6% in Kagera. Fertility also declined in some regions with low contraceptive prevalence. Fertility declined 3% in Mara and 25% in Kilimanjaro. In most regions TFR remained the same or increased even in the three regions with increased contraceptive prevalence. Larsen suggests that these changes may be due to decreases in childlessness and subfertility. Three regions with low fertility in 1973 experienced further fertility decline in 1991-92. In Dar es Salaam TFR was 4.7 in 1973 and 4.1 in 1991-92 and contraceptive prevalence was 11% in 1973. In Mtwara TFR declined from 5.2 to 3.9 and childlessness and infertility were among the highest in 1973. Larsen suggests that fertility decline in these regions may be due to high rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In regions with both fertility decline and high contraceptive prevalence fertility transition may be underway. Larsen mentions that rural levels of childlessness declined over time and that variations between regions may be due to variability in STD prevalence. Declines in childlessness and subfertility may be due to improvements in malaria and STD treatment and treatment of pregnancy complications. Childlessness among urban women declined from 14% to 5%. In 1973 childlessness was high in the Tabora plateau lake basin and coastal regions. By 1991-92 subfertility in coastal regions remained high and actually increased among women aged 25-29 years.
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Prevalence of otitis media, hearing impairment and cerumen impaction among school children in rural and urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - Minja, B M; Machemba, A. (International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 1996)
Eight hundred and two (802) primary school children in rural and urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, were examined to determine the prevalence of otitis media, hearing impairment and cerumen impaction by otoscopy and pure tone audiometry. Ear disease was found in 222 (27.7%) of the children. One hundred and twenty six (15.7%) had cerumen impaction, 70 (8.7%) had sensorineural hearing loss and 21 (2.6%) had chronic suppurative otitis media. Cerumen impaction was found in 20.45% of the rural school children and in 14.8% of the urban school children. This difference in prevalence between the two groups was not statistically significant. The prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media (COM) was 9.44% among the rural school children and 1.3% among the urban school children, the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.001). Sensorineural hearing impairment was found in 14.1% of the rural school children and in 7.7% of the urban children, this also being statistically significant (P < 0.05). The low prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media among the urban school children is ascribed to better medical services which facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media. This emphasizes the need to improve the health services in the rural areas so that acute otitis media is diagnosed and treated at the primary level of health care. This will in turn prevent hearing impairment due to chronic suppurative otitis media.
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Towards new forms of regulation in higher education: the case of South Africa - Moja, Teboho; Cloete, Nico; Muller, Johan (Higher Education, 1996)
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Apoptosis: a Mechanism of Cell Killing and Lymphoid Organ Impairment During Acute African Swine Fever Virus Infection - Ramiro-Ibáñez, F.; Ortega, Ana; Escribano, José M.; Alonso, Covadonga López (Journal of General Virology, 1996)
Induction of programmed cell death has been described during infection with many different viruses. We have investigated the influence of African swine fever virus (ASFV) on apoptosis of different cell populations during in vitro and in vivo infection. We observed apoptosis in ASFV-infected monocyte/macrophage and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Apoptosis was demonstrated in these cells by DNA fragmentation, DNA staining and DNA-associated histone fraction detection assays. Flow cytometry analysis of infected cultures also showed morphological and functional alterations, including changes in the cell cycle and percentage of cell fractions stained with propidium iodide. After in vivo infection with three different virulent strains of ASFV, apoptosis of infected cells from the mononuclear phagocytic system and closely related elements from different tissues was observed. Additionally, infected pigs showed an intense degree of apoptosis of lymphocytes, which are not infected by the virus. In lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs, broad bands of apoptotic cells presented typical nuclear changes under light microscopy. The occurrence of DNA fragmentation was confirmed in these tissues using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling. These findings, together with the pathological observations in infected pigs of a depletion in cell populations in lymphoid organs, suggest that virus interference with programmed cell death plays a central role in pathogenesis of this disease, being responsible for lymphoid organ impairment in acute ASFV infection.
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Measurements of the air pollution effects on the color portions of solar radiation at Helwan, Egypt - Shaltout, Mosalam; Ghonim, M.M.; Hassan, A.H. (Renewable Energy, 1996)
Abstract The paper contains examples on the distribution of the color percentage or the color portion during very clear days and others polluted days for each season from sunrise (SR) to sunset (SS) and the difference between them. Some important parameters such as the clearness index (KT), diffuse fraction (KD), relative humidity (R.H) and temperature (T) effect on the direct color portions. The monthly variation are given for the four major color bands B1 (530 nm > λ), B2 (530 nm 695 nm) due to the meteorological and the environmental factors as T, R..H, and visibility. The data measurements are carried out through two years from June 1991 to May 1993, at Helwan, (Lat. 29° 52′ N, Long. 31° 20′ E), which is considered as the largest industrial region in Egypt.
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Determinants of academic and clinical performance in the physiotherapy education programme at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. - Sl, Amosun; Balogun, Joseph A.; Oo, Alawale (PubMed, 1996)
A retrospective study was conducted to determine the best predictors of academic and clinical performance in the physiotherapy education programme in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Reviewing the records of 94 students enrolled in the programme between 1983 and 1987, multiple and stepwise regression analyses revealed that pre-admission requirements were not significantly related to academic and clinical performance. When all the predictor variables were included in the multiple and stepwise regression analyses, the variance accounted for by the predictor variables was dismally low: 33.8% and 21.3% for academic achievement and clinical performance, respectively. We concluded that the pre-admission requirements are not viable predictors of academic and clinical performance in the programme.
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Deterrence and learning in an enduring rivalry: Egypt and Israel, 1948–73 - Stein, Janice Gross (Security Studies, 1996)
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Caesarean section deliveries at Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia. - Tadesse, Eyob; Adane, M.; Abiyou, M. (PubMed, 1996)
This prospective hospital-based study was done at Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital (TATH) between July 1991 and July 1992 in order to obtain base-line data on the rates of caesarean section, pregnancy out-come, major indications for caesarean and caesarean section complications. Out of a total of 3237 deliveries conducted during the study period, 318(10%) were caesarean section. The leading or the major indication for abdominal deliveries were: repeat caesarean section, 103(32.4%), cephalo-pelvic disproportion, 93(29.2%), placenta previa and abruptio-placentae 40(12.6%). Age ranged from 15-40 years, 58(18.2%) were women under the age of 20, and 182(57%) were between 20 and 30 years of age which is the safest period to bear children. Eighty one (25%) of the mothers were primiparae, 158(50%) were between para one and para four, 79(25%) were grand multiparae. Seventy six (24%) of the cases were not registered for antenatal care in any health institutions. Two hundred and fifteen (67.6%) of the mothers had primary caesarean section. The chance of repeat caesarean section was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Fifty seven (18%) had elective caesarean section and 261 (82%) were emergency caesarean section. On eight (2.5%) of the patient, obstetric hysterectomy was performed. There were five maternal deaths among the caesarean section cases. The main cause of maternal death was failure to control bleeding during the caesarean section. These were preventable deaths in experienced hands. There were nine (2.8%) stillbirths and 15(4.7%) early neonatal deaths. A foetal wastage of 24(7.5%) was noted in the study. The mean birthweight among booked caesarean section were 3108 grams and unbooked caesarean section were 2991 grams. The major obstetric complications in the cases were antepartum haemorrhage, and 34(11%), pregnancy induced-hypertensive disorder, 32(10%). Sixty one (19%) had blood transfusion. The blood loss was significantly more in operations done by residents compared to consultants even using the most crude measurement as estimated by the operator at the time.
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Adult Education for Independence: The Introduction of University Extra-Mural Work into British Tropical Africa - Thompson, John T.; Titmus, Colin; Steele, Tom (British Journal of Educational Studies, 1996)
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Whose language? What power? A universal conflict in a South African setting. Frank Smith. New York: Teachers College Press, 1993. Pp. 177. $38.00 cloth, $16.95 paper. - Vassen, Robert D. (Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1996)
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Whose language? What power? A universal conflict in a South African setting. Frank Smith. New York: Teachers College Press, 1993. Pp. 177. $38.00 cloth, $16.95 paper. - Vassen, Robert D. (Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1996)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
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Development of Special Education in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries - Vodounou, Victor A. (Rural Special Education Quarterly, 1996)
African countries South of the Saharan Desert are predominately rural. A review of literature on current trends in special education in selected Sub-Saharan African countries indicates a changing attitude toward individuals with disabilities. Modern practices have been influenced by the development of basic education, the enactment of national policies, and heightened public awareness created by the United Nations' International Year (1981) and Decade of the Disabled (1981–1991). This work provides an overview of the historical development of special education in several Sub-Saharan countries, describes current conditions, and makes recommendations for further positive change.
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Modeling economy-wide climate change impacts on Egypt: A case for an integrated approach - Yates, David; Strzepek, Kenneth (Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 1996)
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Future population and education trends in the countries of North Africa. - Yousif, H.M.; Goujon, Anne; Lutz, Wolfgang (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1996)
The report provides a concise and comprehensive review of available data on past demographic trends in the region and combines this analysis with expert opinion on alternative future demographic trends (as described in Lutz, 1996) to calculate likely ranges of future population growth. A very important and innovative feature of this study is that it explicitly includes the educational status of the population in its projections. This is done by multistate population projections, a method that largely originated at IIASA. Educational projections are an important task in themselves because education, as the major component of human capital, is a key factor in national development and in society's ability to cope with arising problems. But the projection of education is also particularly suitable for the demographic cohort-component method because it is the past and the present school enrollment of the young cohorts that largely determines the future educational composition of the population. It turns out that, due to the large educational fertility differentials and the inter-cohort differences in education in the countries of North Africa, an explicit inclusion of education makes population projections more accurate. The study is not only relevant for the North African region and its neighbors; it also demonstrates that in general it is feasible and very useful to explicitly include education in population projections.
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Pregnancy-Related School Dropouts in Botswana. Final Report. - Meekers, Dominique; Ahmed, Ghyasuddin (1996)
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Earthquake‐induced flooding and paleoseismicity of the El Asnam, Algeria, fault‐related fold - Meghraoui, Mustapha; Doumaz, Fawzi (Journal of Geophysical Research, 1996)
Late Quaternary activity of the El Asnam thrust fault (responsible for the October 10, 1980, M S = 7.3 earthquake and 36‐km coseismic faulting) is explored through diverse paleoseismological field methods. We trenched through the main and secondary 1980 coseismic scarps, made an analysis of earthquake‐induced flood deposits, conducted a geomorphic study of leveling profiles and offset geological units across thrust and normal scarps, and considered the geomorphology of the active fold. Twenty‐five radiocarbon ages from colluvial and alluvial deposits, along with conventional (fossils and artefacts) dating of geological units, show the timing of successive net vertical displacements on the thrust‐related fold and bending‐moment faults. Previous work showed that eight pre‐1980 earthquakes occurred in clusters during the late Holocene. Cumulative net vertical slip that amounts to 3 times the 1980 displacement is observed on multiple thrust fault scarps and offsets of geological units on bending‐moment faults. Maximum cumulative vertical displacements, which are visible in different zones along the fault segments, can reach 10 to 25 times the 1980 coseismic displacements. The late Quaternary uplift rate on the El Asnam fault is 0.6 mm/yr, and taking into account slip variation along the fault, this rate may range between 0.25 – 1.6 mm/yr, from which we obtain a shortening rate of 0.17 – 1.2 mm/yr. Because the Tell Atlas mountains exhibit comparable seismogenic fault‐related folds with parallel and sequential structures of active faults, a total average shortening rate of 2.05 mm/yr during the late Quaternary represents part of the convergence accommodated along the Africa‐Eurasia plate boundary.
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Teaching crystallography for physics students in Egypt - El‐Sayed, Karimat (Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances, 1996)
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South African medical students to do two extra years - Sidley, Pat (BMJ. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 1996)
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The Effects of Music and Movement Opportunity on the Analogical Reasoning Performance of African American and White School Children: A Preliminary Study - Allen, Brenda A.; Butler, Lisa (Journal of Black Psychology, 1996)
This study sought tofurther establish that contextualfactors informed by cultural experiences could influence performance on a learning task. Low-income African American and middle-income White children listened to stories read under two contexts thatdiffered in the degree to which movement and music were integrated with the presentation of the stories. The high-movement expressive (HME) context allowedfor children to coordinate movement with a musical accompaniment while listening to the stories, and the low-movement expressive (LME) context allowed for little movement opportunity and no music was played. Performance was measured via a multiple-choice test designed to assess the amount of information the children processed about the stories. Results revealed that whereas African American children perform better under the HME than the LME context, White children perform better under the LME than the HME context. The results are discussed in relation to future research.
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Perspective on noise induced hearing loss in Africa. - Amedofu, Geoggrey Kwabla (PubMed, 1996)
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) occurs everyday in both occupational and non-occupational settings in developed and developing countries. The good news is that NIHL is preventable through industrial control laws and programmes. In this paper, an attempt has been made to discuss the problem of NIHL, its relevance to African countries and strategies for its prevention.
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Pregnancy outcome in elderly primigravidae at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. - Anate, M; Akeredolu, O (PubMed, 1996)
The outcome of pregnancy in 120 elderly primigravid patients (35 years and above) managed at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin over a 5 year period has been studied and compared with 140 randomly selected group of young primigravid patients (20-25 years) managed during the same period in the same centre. All the patients were Nigerians. There was no significant difference in the incidence of abortion, mean gestational age, preeclampsia/pregnancy related hypertension, instrumental delivery and mode of onset of labour in the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of foetal malpresentational (elderly 5%, young 1.4% P < 0.001), postpartum haemorrhage (elderly 1.7%, young 0.7%, P < 0.001), caesarean section (elderly 36.7%, young 6.9% P < 0.001), foetal abnormality (elderly 1.7%, young 5.7% P < 0.001), perinatal morbidity (elderly 26.7%, young 12.9% P < 0.05) and perinatal mortality (elderly 4.2%, young 1.4% P < 0.05). The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Oral soft tissue lesions in a black pre‐school South African population - Arendorf, T. M.; Ross, Robert (Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 1996)
Community Dentistry and Oral EpidemiologyVolume 24, Issue 4 p. 296-297 Oral soft tissue lesions in a black pre-school South African population Trevor Matthew Arendorf, Corresponding Author Trevor Matthew Arendorf WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health, University of the Western Cape, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, Private Bag X08, Mitchells Plain 7785, Cape Town, South AfricaDep. of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X08, Mitchells Plain 7785, Cape Town, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorReza van der Ross, Reza van der Ross WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health, University of the Western Cape, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, Private Bag X08, Mitchells Plain 7785, Cape Town, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this author Trevor Matthew Arendorf, Corresponding Author Trevor Matthew Arendorf WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health, University of the Western Cape, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, Private Bag X08, Mitchells Plain 7785, Cape Town, South AfricaDep. of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X08, Mitchells Plain 7785, Cape Town, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorReza van der Ross, Reza van der Ross WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health, University of the Western Cape, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, Private Bag X08, Mitchells Plain 7785, Cape Town, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1996.tb00863.xCitations: 19AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Knapp, MJ. Oral disease in 181,338 consecutive oral examinations. J Am Dent Assoc 1971; 83: 1288– 93. 2 Axéll T. A prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in an adult Swedish population. Odontol Revy 1976; 27: Suppl 36. 3 Bouquot JE. Common oral lesions found during a mass screening examination. J Am Dent Assoc 1986; 112: 50– 7. 4 Sedano HO, Carreon-Freyre T, Garza DE Le Garza M, et al. Clinical orodental abnormalities in Mexican children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989; 68: 300– 11. 5 Axéll T, Zain RB, Siwamogstham P, Tantiniran D, Thampipit J. Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in out-patients at two Malaysian and Thai dental schools. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1990; 18: 95– 9. 6 Central Statistical Services. Population Census 1991. Republic of South Africa. N003-01-12, 1991; 233. 7 World Health Organisation. Guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral-mucosal diseases and conditions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1980; 8: 126. 8 Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ. White lesions. In: J Dyson, ed. Oral pathology. Clinical pathologic correlations. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders, 1989: 84– 124. 9 Redman RS. Prevalence of geographic tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis and hairy tongue among 3,611 Minnesota schoolchildren. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1970; 30: 390– 5. 10 Soames JV, Southam JC. Oral Pathology 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, 1993; 188– 9. 11 Wray D, Dacc; JH. Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs. In: JH. Jones, DK. Mason, eds Oral manifestations of Systemic Disease. London : W B Saunders, 1990; 660– 713. 12 Kleinman DV, Swango PA, Pindborg JJ. Epidemiology of oral mucosal lesions in United States schoolchildren: 1986–87. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994; 22: 243– 53. 13 Jorgenson RJ, Shapiro SD, Salinas CF, Levin S. Intraoral findings and anomalies in neonates. Pediatrics 1982; 69: 577– 82. 14 Baker BR. Pits of the lip commissures in Caucasoid males. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1966; 21: 56– 60. 15 Everett FG, Westcott WB. Commissural lip pits. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1961; 14: 202– 209. 16 Chosack A, Zadik D, Eidelman E. The prevalence of scrotal tongue and geographical tongue in 70 359 Israeli schoolchildren. Community Dent Oral Epidemial 1974: 2: 253– 7. 17 Enwonwu CO. Cellular and molecular effects of malnutrition and their relevance to periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1994: 21: 643– 657. 18 Sheiham A. An epidemiological survey of acute ulcerative gingivitis in Nigerians. Archs Oral Biol 1966; 11: 937– 42. 19 Kardarchi BJR, Clarke NG. Aetiology of acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis: a hypothetical explanation. J Periodontol 1974; 45: 830– 832. Citing Literature Volume24, Issue4August 1996Pages 296-297 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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Greenhouse gases emission inventory and vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation assessment to climate change in Ethiopia - AUTHOR_ID, NULL (1996)
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Language Learning and Use by African American Children - Battle, Dolores E. (Topics in Language Disorders, 1996)
The study of speech and language used by African American children has traditionally focused on descriptions of the features of African American English and their contrasts from standard American English. This article focuses on recent investigations of the development of phonology, morphology, semantics, and pragmatics. Clinical implications aid the distinction among normal language development, the legitimate use of the features of African American English, and language disorders in African American children.
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Is "Learning-by-Exporting" Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico and Morocco - Clerides, Sofronis; Lach, Saul; Tybout, James (1996)
Is there any empirical evidence that firms become more efficient after becoming exporters?Do firms that become exporters generate positive spillovers for domestically-oriented producers?In this paper we analyze the causal links between exporting and productivity using firm-level panel data from three semi-industrialized countries.Representing export market participation and production costs as jointly dependent autoregressive processes, we look for evidence that firms' stochastic cost processes shift when they break into foreign markets.We find that relatively efficient firms become exporters, but firms' unit costs are not affected by previous export market participation.So the well-known efficiency gap between exporters and non-exporters is due to selfselection of the more efficient firms into the export market, rather than learning by exporting, Further, we find some evidence that exporters reduce the costs of breaking into foreign markets for domestically oriented producers, but they do not appear to help these producers become more efficient.
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Changing patterns of corneal disease and associated vision loss at a rural African hospital following a training programme for traditional healers. - Courtright, Paul; Lewallen, Susan; Kanjaloti, Steve (British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1996)
Use of African traditional eye medicines (TEM) is associated with the presence of corneal disease, delay in presentation, and vision loss. An interactive training programme was conducted with traditional healers in Chikwawa District, Malawi and changes in the pattern of corneal disease assessed in patients presenting to the district hospital after the training.All patients presenting to the district hospital with corneal disease for a 15 month period before intervention and a 12 month period after intervention were enrolled in the study. Interviews and examinations were carried out by the same person using a standardised, pretested form.Among the 175 pre-intervention and 97 post-intervention patients, delay in presentation improved only slightly. Blindness among patients reporting the use of TEM decreased from 44% to 21%; bilateral corneal disease in patients using TEM decreased from 31% to 10%. Multivariate analysis demonstrates that poor vision in corneal disease patients continues to be associated with TEM use and distance from the district hospital.As there were no other relevant eye health programmes in the district it is believed that this collaborative eye care programme with the traditional healers was likely to have been responsible for many of the changes in the pattern of corneal disease in the district. Although the changing patterns are encouraging and are likely to improve with additional collaboration, distance to a district hospital will continue to be a barrier to timely use of Western eye care services.
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Effects of African American Family Structure on School Attitudes and Performance - Heiss, Jerold (Social problems, 1996)
A test is made of the idea that variations in family structure (mother-only vs. two-parent families) have a major effect on the school attitudes and behavior of African American high-school students. Data from the High School and Beyond study show that coming from mother-only families has a small negative effect on education aspirations and expectations, task preparedness, grades, and the likelihood of staying in school. The effect of family structure is substantial only in regard to disciplinary problems. These results occur, in part, because the assumed socio-economic intervening variables — income and mother's work history — have a weak relationship to the dependent variables. Furthermore, another potential intervening variable, parental involvement, which is strongly related to the dependent variables, has only a weak relationship to family structure. When the analysis is limited to African American males the results are similar. Whites show about the same pattern as Blacks, and contrary to expectations, the effects are not consistently stronger for whites.
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Effects of African American Family Structure on School Attitudes and Performance - Heiss, Jerold (Social Problems, 1996)
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Praziquantel side effects during treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infected pupils in Kibwezi, Kenya. - Jaoko, Walter; Muchemi, G.; Oguya, Francis (PubMed, 1996)
Four hundred and thirty six pupils in two primary schools in Kibwezi, Kenya aged between seven and sixteen years and positive for S. mansoni were treated as follows: 320 pupils with a single dose of praziquantel at 40 mg/kg body weight and 116 controls with a placebo. Immediate and delayed side effects of praziquantel were observed. The main side-effects were abdominal pain (36.3%), headache (35.3%) and nausea (13.1%). There was correlation between frequencies of these side-effects and intensity of infection measured as eggs per gram of faeces. Other side-effects included dizziness (9.7%), fever (7.8%), urticaria and bloody diarrhoea. Overall, the side-effects of praziquantel were mild and transient, and did not require any intervention. For ethical reasons, all pupils who served as controls were treated with praziquantel after the study.
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Students' ranking of and opinions about the standards of learning in Nigerian Science Education Program - Jegede, Olugbemiro J.; Okebukola, Peter Akinsola (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1996)
The purpose of this study was to investigate how postsecondary school science education students rank some identified science education program standards, as well as to seek their opinions regarding their perception of the desirability and achievement of the standards in Nigeria. A total of 265 final-year science education students in 10 colleges of education selected through stratified random sampling participated in the study. The Science Education Program Assessment Model containing 13 identified program standards of science education was used for data gathering. The instrument developed for use in Virginia State science education and adapted for the Nigerian situation was found to be highly reliable using the internal consistency and test-retest procedures. The results indicated that encouraging students to become self-directed learners and emphasizing the utilization of scientific values were prioritized as first and last, respectively. Paired t-test comparing opinions of the students about the desirability and achievement of standards indicated significant differences at p < .01. No significant gender differences were found in the study sample's perception of the desirability and achievement of the science education program standards in Nigeria. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Students' ranking of and opinions about the standards of learning in Nigerian Science Education Program - Jegede, Olugbemiro J.; Okebukola, Peter Akinsola (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1996)
The purpose of this study was to investigate how postsecondary school science education students rank some identified science education program standards, as well as to seek their opinions regarding their perception of the desirability and achievement of the standards in Nigeria. A total of 265 final-year science education students in 10 colleges of education selected through stratified random sampling participated in the study. The Science Education Program Assessment Model containing 13 identified program standards of science education was used for data gathering. The instrument developed for use in Virginia State science education and adapted for the Nigerian situation was found to be highly reliable using the internal consistency and test-retest procedures. The results indicated that encouraging students to become self-directed learners and emphasizing the utilization of scientific values were prioritized as first and last, respectively. Paired t-test comparing opinions of the students about the desirability and achievement of standards indicated significant differences at p < .01. No significant gender differences were found in the study sample's perception of the desirability and achievement of the science education program standards in Nigeria. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Substance use among rural secondary schools in Zimbabwe: patterns and prevalence. - Khan, Noor Muhammad; Arnott, Robert (PubMed, 1996)
To survey drug use among rural secondary school students.Self reported questionnaires developed by the World Health Organisation and translated into Shona were distributed to randomly selected students from 36 schools.Nyanga District secondary schools, Zimbabwe.1,000 secondary school students, males and females, forms one to six.Demographic variables, prevalence rates, frequency of drug use, first time usage, breakdown by age, sex and school type.Alcohol was the commonest "ever taken" substance (34.9pc), followed by tobacco (18.5pc), solvents (6.9pc) and cannabis (34.9pc). Frequency of use was low and use of other categories of drugs was negligible.Appropriate educational programmes need to be formulated and tailored to meet the needs of rural adolescents.
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Substance use among rural secondary schools in Zimbabwe: patterns and prevalence. - Khan, Noor Muhammad; Arnott, Robert (PubMed, 1996)
To survey drug use among rural secondary school students.Self reported questionnaires developed by the World Health Organisation and translated into Shona were distributed to randomly selected students from 36 schools.Nyanga District secondary schools, Zimbabwe.1,000 secondary school students, males and females, forms one to six.Demographic variables, prevalence rates, frequency of drug use, first time usage, breakdown by age, sex and school type.Alcohol was the commonest "ever taken" substance (34.9pc), followed by tobacco (18.5pc), solvents (6.9pc) and cannabis (34.9pc). Frequency of use was low and use of other categories of drugs was negligible.Appropriate educational programmes need to be formulated and tailored to meet the needs of rural adolescents.
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Teachers' Views towards Corporal Punishment in Lesotho Schools - Monyooe, Lebusa A. (Psychological Reports, 1996)
To examine randomly selected teachers' views regarding corporal punishment at secondary schools in Lesotho 36 women and 24 men whose ages ranged from 23 to 60 years responded to a questionnaire. Analysis of responses confirmed that corporal punishment was the most frequently used disciplinary method although dismissal from class, retention after school, and verbal reprimand were used.
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Attitudes towards business ethics held by South African students - Moore, Robert; Radloff, Sarah E. (Journal of Business Ethics, 1996)
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Participatory Appropriation of Health Science by Primary School Students in Rural Zambia. - Mwape, Gertrude; Serpell, Robert (1996)
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The Effect of Personal Philosophy on Orientation Toward School: African American Students' Views of Integrationist Versus Nationalist Philosophies - Nelson, J. Ron; Nicholls, John G.; Gleaves, Kenneth A. (Journal of Black Psychology, 1996)
A total of 130 African American students in Grades 4 through 8 were interviewed about the merits and educational consequences of adopting the philosophies of integrationism and nationalism. Simplified presentations of the perspectives of Shelby Steele and Malcolm X were used to represent these philosophies. The students generally responded positively to the communal aspect of Malcolm X's position and Steele 's suggestion that no grudges should be heldforpast injustices by Whites. Students believed that adopting a particular philosophy would influence an individual's orientation toward learning and motivation for school. Overall, students believed that persons who adopted the philosophy of Malcolm X would be more motivated to do schoolwork and more willing to collaborate with classmates in learning. Students, however, tended to expect more positive consequences from the philosophy they preferred. Older students, more than younger ones, rejected the notion that teachers should promote one particular philosophy over the other
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Inheritance of Characters Important to Drought Tolerance in New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri) - Quené, Robert W.; Strefeler, Mark S.; Strope, Kerry M. (Hortscience, 1996)
The study was designed to provide information on the inheritance of certain characters important to drought tolerance in New Guinea impatiens. Seven genotypes, three were drought tolerant and four drought susceptible, were crossed in a full diallel with selfs. Drought tolerance of parents was estimated using stomatal conductance. At least 55 seedlings per cross were grown in the greenhouse for 2 months and evaluated for drought tolerance. Leaf fresh weight (LFW) leaf area (LA), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), and leaf thickness (LT) were measured using 10 leaves from each plant (parents plus progeny). From these measurements, we calculated LFW/LA and LL/LW. Stomatal conductance was measured on parents plus progeny of three crosses (drought tolerant × drought tolerant, drought tolerant × drought susceptible and drought susceptible × drought susceptible). Heritabilities and nonadditive and additive genetic variance for each trait were determined. All characters were significantly different between families. LFW/LA and LT was positively correlated with drought tolerance. The heritabilities for these traits were high, indicating that these characters can be used for selecting for drought tolerance in New Guinea impatiens and that rapid progress can be and was made in improving drought tolerance in New Guinea impatiens.
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Perceptions of Discrimination and Achievement in African American Students. - Rowley, Stephanie J. (1996)
AUTHOR Rowley, Stephanie Johnson TITLE Perceptions of Discrimination and Achievement in African American Students. PUB DATE Aug 96 NOTE 13p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (104th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, August 9-13, 1995). PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Achievement; *Black Students; College Students; Grades (Scholastic); *High School Students; High Schools; Higher Education; Prediction; *Racial Identification; Self Esteem; *Social Discrimination; Social Mobility; *Student Attitudes IDENTIFIERS *African Americans
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Ethnicity, gender identity, stress, and coping among female African-American medical students. - Shervington, Denese; Bland, Irma J.; Myers, Ashley C. (PubMed, 1996)
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Sexual debut and predictors of condom use among secondary school students in Arusha, Tanzania - Wl, Lugoe; Ki, Klepp; Skutle, Arvid (AIDS Care, 1996)
A cross-sectional survey was conducted using interviews among 852 students attending seven secondary schools in the Arusha region, Northern Tanzania, to predict determinants of sexual debut and recent condom use among students. Schools were sampled according to location, school size and ownership criteria. Subjects were randomly sampled within grade-level and gender through use of class registers. Altogether, 528 students were sexually active. Males were more likely than females to report their sexual debut status (82.0% versus 33.3%; OR = 8.78; 95% CI: 6.17-12.49). Among males, incidence of sexual debut increased with grade-level, but decreased according to religious affiliation. None of the socio-demographic predictor variables used in this study had a significant association with sexual debut among females when age was controlled for. Of the sexually active students, 26.8% reported having ever used a condom and 21.5% reported use of condoms during their most recent sexual encounter. Late sexual debut, prolonged duration of dating before intercourse and having only one sex partner were significantly associated with increased condom use during the most recent occasion. Condom use increased with levels of education, but gender was not significantly linked to increased condom use. Condom use was particularly infrequent among casual sex partners. We observed a marked gender difference among students with respect to their sexual debut status, but no such difference was found in relation to condom use.
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AIDS education program targeting African communities in Canada - Baah, Esther Ruth (1996)
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Coping with the Principalship: Health Challenges of African-American Female School Principals and the Implications for Principal Training Certification Programs at Colleges and Universities. - Walker, Doris McEwen; Hudson, Johnetta (1996)
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Sexual risk behaviour and condom use among Ethiopian high school adolescents - Mulatu, Mesfin S.; Haile, Dereje (Abstracts, 1996)
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Sedimentology, geochemistry and palaeogeographic implications of volcanic rocks in the Upper Archaean Campbell Group, western Kaapvaal craton, South Africa - Altermann, Wladyslaw (Precambrian Research, 1996)
Tuffs and lava interbedded in Campbell Group carbonates and shales are investigated for their sedimentological and geochemical properties. The most proximal tuffs occur at the southwestern margin of the Kaapvaal craton, in Griqualand West. They were deposited in a shallow-marine to tidal carbonate environment from hydroclastic eruptions. The tuffs along this margin are subdivided into two main facies types: (1) graded fallout-lapilli to ash tuffs, containing accretionary lapilli; and (2) current-reworked, laminated and rippled lapilli to ash tuffs. Calculation of water depth from settling velocities of tuff particles indicates deposition in depth of a maximum of some 30 m. The tuff beds generally thin out towards the north and northwest, but distal tuff layers are widespread in the Campbell Group and allow for some lateral correlation within regionally narrow limits. Single zircon age dates suggest that correlation over the entire basin is unreliable. Two geochemical groups of tuffs are tentatively distinguished. One group includes andesites and basalts and tends to concentrate in higher stratigraphic levels than the other, which consists exclusively of basalts. Volcanism was of a tholeiitic, within-plate character, situated in a rifted cratonic setting that failed to develop an oceanic basin. Geochemical similarity to some Karoo volcanic rocks is striking. A cratonic rift basin model for the Griqualand West depository in which carbonate sedimentation in shallow environments prevailed is discussed. The sedimentation of carbonates was periodically interrupted by hydroclastic eruptions along a rifting graben or half graben system.
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Age at menarche amongst school girls in a high altitude Nigerian town. - Ba, El Hadji Makhtar; Eu, Udoeyop; Ja, Otubu (PubMed, 1996)
Menarche, the first menstrual period is believed to be influenced by many factors including altitude. The data of 331 school girls in Jos (1,300 m above sea level), a high altitude Nigerian town, that attained menarche between January 1989 were analysed. The mean menarcheal age for these school girls is 13.21 +/- 1.01 years. This value was not significantly different from 13.02 +/- 1.28 years found amongst school girls at Calabar (20 m above sea level) a Nigerian sea level resident sample. Perhaps, Jos is not situated at a high enough altitude to significantly affect the age at which menarche is attained.
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Maternal Education, Breastfeeding Behaviours and Lactational Amenorrhoea: Studies Among Two Ethnic Communities in Ile Ife, Nigeria - Davies‐Adetugbo, Anita A.; Ojofeitimi, E.O. (Nutrition and Health, 1996)
Breastfeeding is an important child survival strategy. This report aims to describe the unique contributions of education, ethnicity, and other variables to breastfeeding outcomes. The study was conducted among two groups of lactating mothers in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria, using structured questionnaires focusing on their breastfeeding history and current practice. Breastfeeding initiation was delayed in both groups, and primary education is the most significant predictor of initiation of breastfeeding within 6 hours of delivery (OR = 3.92, p = 0.0117). Breastfeeding duration (SD) was 13.7 (4.3) months for the Yorubas and 17.5 (3.4) for the Hausas. Its only significant predictors are education (p < = 0.0001), with an average decrease in breastfeeding duration of 3.2 and 6.6 months with mother's education to the primary and post-primary levels respectively, compared with mothers with no education. In turn, breastfeeding duration is the most significant predictor of the duration of lactational amenorrhoea (p = 0.0000). Mothers with some formal education are also more likely to start feeding human milk substitutes at 2 weeks (OR = 3.83, p = 0.024). The most important variable determining breastfeeding in this study is education. The educated mother is more likely to be involved in economic activity away from the home. To protect breastfeeding in these communities, there is a need for programmes to support the breastfeeding mother who works.
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Not out of Africa: how Afrocentrism became an excuse to teach myth as history - Eichel, Jessika (Choice Reviews Online, 1996)
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Training for Palestinian engineers to face the challenges of multinational enterprises in the Gaza Strip - Enshassi, Adnan (Building Research and Information, 1996)
Continuing education and training is a normal part of all engineers’ professional responsibility and despite the relatively high number of Palestinian universities (six in the West Bank, including an Open University and two in the Gaza Strip) there is an awareness that, in this special situation, training should be considered as a part of the implementation strategy and a national training institute should take responsibility for such work, preferably with feasibility studies to determine real needs and aims for further professional engineering training.
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Uganda — Keeping a country clean through its schools and communities - Faul-Doyle, Regina C.; Doyle, Brendan (Waterlines, 1996)
This is a brief story about Uganda. Since colonial rule, efforts ranging from coercion in villages to persuasion in schools have been made to encourage its citizens to build, maintain, and use latrines, keep themselves and their environment clean, and use clean sources of water. With what results?
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Utility of Mini-Mental State Exam Scores in Predicting Functional Impairment Among White and African American Dementia Patients - Ford, Greg R.; Haley, William E.; Thrower, Shawna L.; West, Constance A. C.; Harrell, Lindy E. (The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 1996)
Background. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is widely used to assess cognitive impairment. Although education and race have been shown to affect the validity of the MMSE in detecting dementia, whether race and education influence the validity of the MMSE in gauging severity of dementia is unknown.
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Perceptions and Use of the Male Condom among African American University Students - Harvey, S. Marie; Beckman, Linda J.; Wright, Catherine C. (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1996)
This study examines differences in condom use among female and male African-American young adults; investigates how perceptions of contraceptive characteristics vary by gender; and determines which combination of contraceptive attitudes best discriminates between condom users and nonusers. In a classroom setting, 244 African-American college students completed the Contraceptive Attributes Questionnaire-2. Significantly more men than women reported condom use, both actual and intended. Women and men differed in the importance they place on contraceptive characteristics and in their perceptions of both the condom and the contraceptive pill. Finally, perceived contraceptive attributes significantly differentiated men and women who used condoms from those who did not and predicted those who reported that they definitely intend to use condoms from those who do not. These findings suggest that prevention efforts to promote condom use must be gender specific as well as culture specific if they are to be effective.
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Tanzania oral health workers' views on the relevance of their training to their duties. - Hj, Mosha; Ne, Mgalula (PubMed, 1996)
Oral health care in Tanzania is provided by three types of dental personnel, namely dental therapist, assistant dental officers and dental officers assisted by dental surgery assistants and dental technicians. The training of dental therapists under the Ministry of Health dates back to 1955 and takes three years after completion of secondary school education. Assistant dental officers are usually dental therapists who have at least five years of professional experience. They can seek admission to the school of Assistant Dental Officers in Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam and their training is of two years duration. The main objective of the dental school in Dar-es-Salaam is to train students in their local environment and create dentists who are better suited for working in Tanzania. The purpose of the study was to study Tanzanian oral health workers opinions of their undergraduate training programme in relation to their professional duties. A structure questionnaire was completed by 85 oral health care workers. Most of the subjects, especially the specific dental disciplines, taught during the training were considered very important. Only minor differences were found among the three categories of dental personnel. In general the participants' reported their level of theoretical knowledge and level of competence to be rather high.
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Targeted anthelminthic treatment of school children: effect of frequency of application on the intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in children from rural Nigerian villages - Holland, Celia V.; Asaolu, S. O.; Crompton, D. W. T.; Whitehead, R.R.; Coombs, I. (Parasitology, 1996)
A study to compare the effects of different frequencies of targeted chemotherapy with levamisole (Ketrax: JAGAL Pharma, Lagos, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals UK) as an action for the control of Ascaris lumbricoides was carried out in 3 communities in rural Oyo State, Nigeria. The targeted group comprised children, age 5 to 15 years, attending primary school within their village. Treatment was provided within the school with the assistance of the school teachers. Three frequencies of targeted treatment were offered. In one village targeted treatment was provided on 1 occasion in 1 year, in another village at two 6-monthly intervals and in the third village every 4 months. Prevalence and intensity (e.p.g.) of A. lumbricoides infection were determined immediately before and after the period of intervention using a modified Kato-Katz technique. In the villages which received treatment once and at 6-monthly intervals, a reduction in post-treatment intensity of A. lumbricoides was observed in the total population but this failed to attain statistical significance. In contrast, within the village which received 4-monthly targeted chemotherapy, a significant reduction in post-treatment intensity of A. lumbricoides was observed in the total population and in the targeted children. In general, reductions in the intensity of A lumbricoides after intervention were not particularly pronounced in untreated children (aged 0-4 years) even in the 4-monthly targeted village, whereas in untreated adults, reductions approached statistical significance in villages which received targeted treatment once and at 4-monthly intervals.
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Who misses out with school-based health programmes? A study of schistosomiasis control in Egypt - Husein, Mohamed Hasan; Talaat, Maha; Elsayed, Medhat K.; Elbadawi, Abdulateef; Evans, David B. (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1996)
There has been a recent revival of interest in school-based health programmes in developing countries as a means of reducing the morbidity observed in school-aged children, of improving their physical growth and cognitive development, and of controlling transmission of disease in the community at large. This study used data collected from a large epidemiological survey of schistosomiasis in Egypt to examine what proportion of infected children missed treatment from an established national school-based schistosomiasis control programme simply because they did not attend school. It showed that children who were not enrolled in school had a higher prevalence of infection and were more intensely infected than children who attended school. At the extreme, over 80% of infected girls in one part of Egypt could not be treated by the existing school programme because they did not attend school. If these trends are similar in other countries where school-based programmes are being developed, school-based delivery may exacerbate existing inequalities in society and ways of expanding services to children who do not attend school regularly need to be explored.
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Changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol following exercise training in Nigerian hypertensive subjects. - Iyawe, V. I.; Ighoroje, A. D. A.; Iyawe, H. O. (PubMed, 1996)
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Patient satisfaction. A case study of a South African teaching clinic. - Jamison (1996)
Patient satisfaction is a pre-requisite to successful clinical practice. While an efficacious treatment is an important consideration, other variables are recognized to contribute to clinical satisfaction. This case study of a South African teaching clinic identifies and compares variables perceived as essential, important and unnecessary by chiropractic students and their patients. Method: A case study of the chiropractic student clinic at Technikon Natal was undertaken. A non-random sample of chiropractic patients and student clinicians were requested to respond to a questionnaire. Participants were requested to select 12 from a total of 27 closed questions and allocate 4 items to each of the three listed categories. Results: Forty-three(43) patients and 17 student clinicians completed the questionnaire. Behavoiurs considered essential to chiropractic practice largely focused on listening carefully to the patient’s description of their problem and explaining how the problem could be avoided in the future. Patients and student clinicians were also agreed about the relative importance of the duration of the clinical consultation, the necessity for patients to choose how they wish to be treated and the desirability of a narrow/broad focus on the patient’s problem. Conclusions: The importance of providing an understandable and comprehensive clinical discussion about the patient’s problem emerged in both this and a similar Australian Study. It is suggested that competence in communication skills be considered as an integral component of the undergraduate chiropractic curriculum.
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Patient satisfaction. A case study of a South African teaching clinic. - Jamison, Jennifer R. (PubMed, 1996)
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Five years gone: A case study of education policy implementation in the transition to democracy in South Africa - Kahn, Michael (International Journal of Educational Development, 1996)
Abstract This paper marks the fifth anniversary of the unbanning of various liberation movements in South Africa. A new form of power-sharing is embodied in the Government of National Unity. The paper examines the history, vision, planning and implementation of the SYSTEM programme: Students and Youth into Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. This provides a case study of the policy process in the transition to democracy. A picture emerges of a process connected both to individuals and movements, with the need both for political legitimacy and planned evaluation. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
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Some research issues and findings concerning funding policy for science and mathematics education in South Africa - Kahn, Michael (International Journal of Science Education, 1996)
This paper considers the outcomes of a sector study on science and mathematics education (Kahn, 1993) carried out in order to develop funding policy for a major donor. The first part of the paper sets the background to donor involvement in mitigating the effects of the apartheid education system. Next the difficulties in carrying out the sector study are discussed: the problems faced, the methodology and methods employed, how the outcomes were arrived at, and in particular how the conflicts of interest among various stakeholders were dealt with. The final part presents outcomes and teases out the policy implications of these for donors, deliverers and future departments of education.
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Pattern of outpatient laboratory service consumption in a teaching hospital in Gondar, Ethiopia. - Kassu, Afework; Aseffa, Abraham (PubMed, 1996)
A one year laboratory service analysis for outpatient service consumers of Gondar College of Medical Sciences Hospital was done. Data were gathered through a daily registry prospectively. 17,471 patients visited the laboratory between October 1994 and September 1995. 47.9% were from Gondar town. 72.5% paid for the services. Children under 15 made up only 11.8% of service consumers. In the year, a total of 27,982 laboratory tests were requested, 48% of which were in urinalysis and parasitology. Most of the requests could be handled by upgraded peripheral laboratories leaving room for the unit to act as a training and back-up centre.
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Accreditation of OD training in South Africa. Part 3: magic, prayer or ignorance? - Mann, Pete (Industrial and Commercial Training, 1996)
The first part of this article discussed the challenges of organizational development being transmitted into management education and training; setting up and operation of the Programme for Organizational Development in South Africa (PODSA), for non‐governmental organizations. Explains some of the difficulties ensuing from departures from traditional academic procedures. This third and final part reviews the difficulties of accommodating PODSA with conventional academic assessment.
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Paediatric plastic surgery in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: a 13-year audit - Nath, Samir Ranjan; Jovic, Goran (British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 1996)
An audit of paediatric plastic surgical procedures performed over a period of 13 years (1981-1993) at the University Teaching hospital, Lusaka, Zambia is presented. There are few publications of precise data from developing countries and no audit of this nature has been published from the area of Africa encompassed by this study. The purpose of the audit was to analyse the number and pattern of paediatric plastic surgical cases and to identify problems associated with their management. The pattern could be considered representative of the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to the audit, the basic principles of management and associated problems of some of the conditions have been outlined with particular respect to the local circumstances. It is hoped that an audit such as this will serve to upgrade the plastic surgical services and lead to the subject being incorporated into the undergraduate and postgraduate curriculums. It might also form the basis for establishing regional and provincial paediatric plastic surgical units. A balanced improvement in the provision of both general and plastic surgery within the health care services of the African continent is seen as important. Finally, this audit might enable surgeons in more developed nations to understand the pattern of disease and need in Africa and familiarise those who intend to work in the continent with the situation.
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Breast Self-Examination among Female Students in Tertiary Institutions in a Nigerian City - Oladepo, Oladimeji; Adegoke, Florence (International quarterly of community health education (Print), 1996)
The breast self-examination (BSE) of 690 female students in two tertiary institutions of a cosmopolitan city was investigated. The students were interviewed about their BSE practices including variables that might have influenced their BSE behavior. Results revealed that although 84.6 percent of the respondents were aware of BSE, 65.1 percent did not know the correct step and sequence of BSE. While respondents attitudinal disposition to BSE was generally favorable, only 11.6 percent of the respondents correctly practiced BSE in the last six months and standing before the mirror position was the most popular technique employed (29.6%). In addition, previous breast problems were found to affect BSE but not history of breast cancer in the family. Of the 234 respondents (33.9%) who had never practiced BSE, 23 percent attributed it to lack of knowledge and 18 percent felt it was not important. Based on these findings we recommend that school based BSE educational programs should be organized with the participation of student and non-student associations.
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Tourism Education in Kenya - Sindiga, Isaac (Annals of Tourism Research, 1996)
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Comparative Levels of Expressed Academic Motivation Among Anglo and African American University Student-Athletes - Snyder, Peter L. (Journal of Black Studies, 1996)
For some years, news reports have revealed low graduation rates for college athletes who participate in revenue-generating sports such as football, basketball, and baseball (N.C. State Players, 1993). The embarrassment that such reports cause the involved universities has stimulated administrators and concerned faculty members to search for the reasons behind such performances. Particularly disturbing is an analysis of athletes' academic performances and results when they are categorized by ethnicity. A survey of research literature on this subject suggests that one aspect of athletes' academic performance that has received little attention has been that of these students' motivation to succeed in their sports in contrast to their motivation to succeed in their academic studies. Critics have argued that because National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I sports serve as training and recruiting agencies for professional sports, those sports become increasingly professionalized, encouraging participants to direct their primary attention to performing well at their sports in deference to doing well academically. The standard index for measuring academic performance uses graduation rates. This study starts with previous student-athlete graduation data research as background in reporting African American academic performance. In addition, it probes two possible causal
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Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with sickle cell anaemia in Kenya. - Tsibulevskaya, G; Oburra, Herbert; Aluoch (PubMed, 1996)
The auditory function of sixty two Kenyan sickle cell anaemia patients aged seven to thirty years was compared to age-matched fifty five healthy controls with haemoglobin AA. Sensorineural hearing loss of 30 db and above was demonstrated in 25 (40%) of sickle cell anaemia patients and in three (5.5%) control subjects. Both sexes were equally affected. Bilateral lesion registered in 16%. Hearing threshold level was normal in 97% of the sickle cell group. High frequencies were commonly affected with hearing loss of 30-40 db. Two cases with severe unilateral deafness at all frequencies had severe recruitment suggestive of cochlea lesion. There were no cases of acoustic reflex decay in all study patients. The hearing loss was of slow onset. The high risk of deafness in Kenyan sickle cell anaemia patients may be a reflection of the severe course of the disease due to specific Kenyan haematological profile (haplotype 20 with low Hb F level), the level of medical care available and the geographical distribution in the tropics together with other factors.
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First steps: reconstructing library and information science education in South Africa - Underwood, Peter G.; Nassimbeni, Mary (Education for Information, 1996)
A discussion of the pattern of library and information science (LIS) education in South Africa, with a consideration of the effects of the political changes implemented by the Government of National Unity which follow from the first democratic nation
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Ethnographic Report of an African American Student in Japan - Yamashita, Sayoko (Journal of Black Studies, 1996)
When I was teaching Japanese at K University in Saitama, Japan, during the mid 1970s, international exchange programs were still a relatively new phenomenon. During the first 3 years of the exchange program, there were no significant accommodation problems involving exchange students. It was arranged for each exchange student to have a 3-month homestay with a Japanese family. During the fourth year of the exchange program, 1 Black student, a female, came in a group of about 20 students. The program office had no problem finding homestay families for all the students except for the lone Black student. The exchange program coordinators tried very hard to find a family that would accept her into its home, but they were unable to find one. They ended up pairing her off with a blue-eyed, blond-haired girl to persuade a family to accept her in a kind of package deal. For me, it was a sickening decision and the first time that I can remember ever encountering a problem involving racial prejudice in connection with my duties as a Japanese-language instructor, but this was the beginning of my interest in the issue. Years later, Craig Dandridge was a student in two of my classes at International Christian University (ICU): Intermediate Japa-
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Managing cross‐cultural challenges: a pre‐K lesson for training in the Gaza Strip - Zaharna, R. S. (Journal of Management Development, 1996)
Contends that as the race for training ventures grows increasingly global trainers may find their cultural skills are as valuable as their own particular expertise. Uses a case study from the Gaza Strip to explore the cross‐cultural challenges that emerged to shape the project design and dictate critical training solutions. Although Gaza is an atypical training context, given the current political situation, the experience provided valuable lessons that others may use in working in high‐stress training locales.
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Some alternative predictors of freshman GPA along with the ESLCE in Ethiopian institutions of higher learning - Melesse, Fantu; Fekadu, Zelalem; Tefera, Belay (The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 1996)
The issue of student selectionfor hjgher education in Ethiopia remains to be a subject of scientific inquiry despite the various attempts of researchers totackle the problem. This paper is a further attempt to shade light on this pressing issue. More specifically, it is designed to (I) assess the predictive validity of th.eexisting admission criterion (i.e. ESLCE GPA), (2) explore other possible potent predictors of achievement and aptitude, (3) find out if there is a need to fit separate regression equation for the various faculties, and (4) determine the effect of certain background variables on the selected predictor.a for inclusion in the regression equation. Subjects of the study include 256 randomly selectedfreshman students from the three faculties of AA U (Medicine, /itltural Science, and Social Science) and Alemaya Agricultural University in f99I. The analysis is carried out using the correlation and regression mf)(fels along with other descripti,ve and inferential statistical techniques. Resuffs show that three alternative measures have significant predictive power with differing weights across faculties, the two sexes, and the place high school is attended ImplicatiOns are discussed and suggestion are given.
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Volatile emissions from the crater and flank of Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania - Koepenick, K. W.; Brantley, Susan L.; Thompson, J. M. T.; Rowe, Gary L.; Nyblade, A. A.; Moshy, C. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 1996)
As a comparison to airborne infrared (IR) flux measurements, ground‐based sampling of fumarole and soil gases was used to characterize the quiescent degassing of CO 2 from Oldoinyo Lengai volcano. Aerial and ground‐based measurements are in good agreement: ∼75% of the aerially measured CO 2 flux at Lengai (0.05–0.06 × 10 12 mol yr −1 or 6000–7200 tonnes CO 2 d −1 ) can be attributed to seven large crater vents. In contrast to Etna and Vulcano Island, where 15–50% of the total CO 2 flux emanates diffusely through the volcanic flanks, diffuse emissions were measured only within 500 m of the crater rim at Lengai, contributing <2% of the total flux. The lack of extensive flank emissions may reflect the dimensions of the magma chamber and/or the lack of a shallow fluid flow system. Thermodynamic restoration of fumarole analyses shows that gases are the most CO 2 ‐rich and H 2 O‐poor reported for any volcano, containing 64–74% CO 2 , 24–34% H 2 O, 0.88–1.0% H 2 , 0.1–0.4% CO and <0.1% H 2 S, HCl, HF, and CH 4 . Volatile emissions of S, Cl, and F at Oldoiyno Lengai are estimated as 4.5, 1.5, and 1.0 × 10 7 mol yr −1 , respectively. Accuracy of the airborne technique was also assessed by measuring the C emission rate from a coal‐burning power plant. CO 2 fluxes were measured within ±10% near the plant; however, poor resolution at increased distances caused an underestimation of the flux by a factor of 2. The relatively large CO 2 fluxes measured for alkaline volcanoes such as Oldoinyo Lengai or Etna may indicate that midplate volcanoes represent a large, yet relatively unknown, natural source of CO 2 .
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Professional Development and Clinical Up-date Programme for a Nursing Staff in Nigeria - Saunders, M; Watters, Peter (All Days, 1996)
M.J. Saunders MSc. MA, BEd, DMS, RGN, RNT, RCNT, P. Watters, BSc, DPSN, RGN, RNT Abstract This paper describes the Professional Development and Clinical Update programme for the nursing staff working within Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL). This was a pioneering venture between CNL and Thames Valley University, London, which enabled participants to obtain academic credit from a programme of study which could be used towards future educational qualifications e.g. diploma, degree. The programme was designed to specification following discussion between two University lecturers, the Medical Director and the Regional Nursing Supervisor at CNL. The programme was delivered in Nigeria by two University lecturers visiting four times in a twelve month period and comprised of one weeks intensive input followed by a period of three months during which each participant was required to implement a quality improvement/initiative in their practice area. This was succeeded by a further three day attendance during which each participant gave a presentation of their project to colleagues in order to share innovations. In total forty two nursing staff completed the programme. The outcomes for the programme will be discussed. These include update in specified areas of nursing practice involving review of procedures and protocols and professional update in areas relating to quality management. Conclusions and elaboration on the results of the programme obtained from detailed evaluation will be discussed within the framework of raising standards of health care from the employees of CNL and their dependants. These will include improved morale and increased motivation amongst nursing staff and the desire for on-going education and professional development. The issues of adult leaning and the validity of delivering such a programme in Nigeria rather than removing staff will also be discussed. An action plan for future developments will be identified to meet the on-going changing provision of health care provision within CNL. Introduction The Wolfson School of Health Sciences at Thames Valley University was approached at the beginning of November 1994 by Norman Walker, the Regional Nursing Supervisor, Chevron UK Limited, to discuss the School providing some Educational and Clinical Development programmes for Nursing Staff employed by Chevron Nigeria Limited. Initial discussions took place to clarify the aims and expected outcomes of such a venture for both the Company and Thames Valley University. It was clear from these discussions that the aims were twofold, to update both the clinical skills and professional knowledge of the nursing staff employed by Chevron in Nigeria. Following discussions within the School Executive around the issues of planning and delivering such a programme, a number of lecturers with the required skills and experience were identified within the School. These members of staff were approached regarding their interest in taking part in this innovative venture and their willingness to teach in Nigeria for the required periods to complete the programme throughout 1995. As this was the first such venture for the School it was important that the lecturers were able to maintain a commitment to the project in order to maintain continuity. The first planning meeting took place on 17th November 1994, at which the following were agreed:-TVU would provide a two week programme for 20 nurses to commence in late January 1995 in Lagos Nigeria. The programme to consist of 5 days for each group of 10 nurses followed by a period of three months for students to work on a project in their workplace. The lecturers to return to Nigeria in May 1995 to assess the first two groups of students, and to deliver the programme to a third group of students.Two lecturers would provide the programme, one of whom would take responsibility for the clinical update during the morning sessions. P. 359
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Study of Hydrology and Drought in the Flood Region of Sudan - Alvi, Shamsul Hague; Elagib, Nadir Ahmed (Water International, 1996)
ABSTRACT An attempt is made to thoroughly investigate the important hydrological features ofhe flood region that is located in the southern part of Sudan. The hydrologic data that were used in the study include temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration. radiation, humidity, wind speed, and evaporation. The investigation also includes the stream flow records of the Nile River in the region. In this region, a huge amount of the Nile water is lost by evaporation and overspilling. The hydrological data of Malakal meteorological station, taken as the index station, and the long-term flow data of the White Nile and its principal tributary, the Sobat, have been analyzed. The effect of changes in the behavior of the hydrological factors on the degree of aridity is also assessed. The study clearly indicates significant changes in the hydrological behavior of the region characterized by an increase in temperature levels and a substantial reduction in rainfall and river flows.
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Qualitative and quantitative perspectives on voter empowerment in South Africa: the Matla Trust voter education project - Booysen, Susan (Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 1996)
ABSTRACT This article presents an applied comparison of qualitative and quantitative research data on voter empowerment in South Africa. It focuses on the period leading up to the April 1994 South African elections. The article is based on focus group and large‐scale national survey sections of the Matla Trust Voter Education Research Project, 1992–1994. Information on the dimensions of empowerment versus disempowerment to vote was selected for this article. Empowerment refers to the personal motivation, the extent of social and political facilitation, and the skills to participate in the elections and political process. The focus group findings provided insights into the voters’ feelings about and perceptions of voting, elections and democracy. It helped develop an inclusive conceptualisation of “disempowerment”. It illuminated feelings about election participation in turbulent times. Yet, it could not replace the detailed demographic understanding and regional breakdown of voter empowerment, gained from the quantitative research. This part of the study identified and detailed the “demographic fault lines” in empowerment to vote, and holds various lessons for future South African elections.
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Peace education in postcolonial Africa - Brock‐Utne, Birgit (Peabody Journal of Education, 1996)
This article tries to illuminate the following central questions: Are the efforts of donor agencies and Third World governments toward achieving basic education for all likely to lead to a further development of peace education programs in Africa? Are the outcomes of the Education for All (EFA) conference in Jomtien, Thailand, March 5 to 9, 1990, likely to lead to positive peace'-that is, a situation where violence is not built into the structures, where equality of opportunity is strived for and self-fulfillment and self-worth enhanced? Is the new EFA strat-
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Exploring peace education in South African settings - Dovey, Valerie (Peabody Journal of Education, 1996)
The Youth Project of the Centre for Resolution (CCR)-formerly known as the Centre for Intergroup Studies, an autonomous institute associated with the University of Cape Town-focuses on the field of constructive conflict resolution and peacemaking empowerment for young South Africans and is one of the pioneers in this field in South Africa. In 1992, the Human Sciences Research Council initiated a cooperative research program into South African youth and the problems and challenges they face. Among the program objectives were the initiation and support of research into South African youth, and the generation of academically sound research results with significant policy implications. CCR was commissioned to participate and submit a report titled Conflict Resolution and Peacemaking Among Youth. The report was
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Structural Adjustment and its Effects on Health and Education in Tanzania - Earth, Barbara (Canadian Woman Studies, 1996)
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Beliefs regarding force and motion: a longitudinal and cross‐cultural study of South African school pupils - Enderstein, L. G.; Spargo, P. E. (International Journal of Science Education, 1996)
The perceived link between force and motion was investigated in a longitudinal and cross‐cultural study involving 2326 pupils in schools in the Cape Province and Transkei areas of the Republic of South Africa using a multiple choice questionnaire designed for the purpose. Pupils of all ages and academic groups overwhelmingly selected options which indicate a belief in the need for the presence of a force acting in the direction of motion in order to sustain motion. Results are presented, some secondary findings are extracted, conclusions are reached and the implications of the findings are discussed.
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An interpretation of boron contents within a Palaeoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary succession: Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa - Eriksson, P.G.; Reczko, B. F. F.; Piper, D.P. (Precambrian Research, 1996)
Boron contents of sedimentary rocks were measured in three profiles through the Palaeoproterozoic Pretoria Group. Enhanced boron values occur at a number of stratigraphic levels across much of the preserved basin, and only these anomalies are considered significant. Evaluation of the various possible factors controlling these high boron concentrations suggests that inherited boron, sedimentation rate, detrital tourmaline, silica and carbonate dilution, metamorphism and evaporitic borates were relatively unimportant. A major role is indicated for the preferential uptake of boron by clay minerals, and for both andesitic volcanic and related hydrothermal activity as a source of boron. The dilution of boron concentrations due to organic coating of clay minerals may also be important in the case of the Pretoria Group. Stratigraphically expressed boron anomalies which cannot be explained by these various factors, are inferred to represent enhanced palaeosalinity of the waters of deposition. The suggested marine transgression is supported by sedimentological data.
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Career Counseling and Development Strategies for African Americans with Disabilities - Feist‐Price, Sonja; Harley, Debra A. (Journal of applied rehabilitation counseling, 1996)
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Social Skill Assessment of Inner City Asian, African, and European American Students - Feng, Hui; Cartledge, Gwendolyn (School psychology review, 1996)
A multimethod, multidimensional approach, consisting of teacher ratings, self-ratings, sociometric ratings, direct observations, and semistructured interview, was used to assess the social skills of fifth-grade Asian, African, and European American students. Inter-and intragroup differences were found on several of the measures. Teachers attributed characteristic internalizing and externalizing behaviors to Asian and African American students, respectively. Teacher perceptions were only partially supported through direct observations and self-reports. European and Asian American students differed significantly on the sociometric ratings, and Asian American students engaged in proportionately more outergroup social communications. The findings are discussed in terms of the implications for viewing the social skills of culturally and racially different inner city students.
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Reflections on the causes and manifestations of violence in South African schools - Fraser, Walter J.; Meier, Carolyn; Potter, Catherine; Sekgobela, E.; Poore, A. (PROSPECTS, 1996)
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Physical Mechanisms for the Association of El Niño and West African Rainfall with Atlantic Major Hurricane Activity - Goldenberg, Stanley B.; Shapiro, Lloyd J. (Journal of Climate, 1996)
Physical mechanisms responsible for the contemporaneous association, shown in earlier studies, of North Atlantic basin major hurricane (MH) activity with western Sahelian monsoon rainfall and an equatorial eastern Pacific sea surface temperature index of El Niño are examined, using correlations with 200- and 700-mb level wind data for the period 1968–92. The use of partial correlations isolates some of the relationships associated with the various parameters. The results support previous suggestions that the upper- and lower-level winds over the region in the basin between ∼10° and 20°N where most MHs begin developing are critical determinants of the MH activity in each hurricane season. In particular, interannual fluctuations in the winds that produce changes in the magnitude of vertical shear are one of the most important factors, with reduced shear being associated with increased activity and stronger shear with decreased activity. The results show that most of these critical wind fluctuations are explained by their relationship to the SST and rainfall fluctuations. Results confirm previous findings that positive (warm) eastern Pacific SST and negative (drought) Sahelian rainfall anomalies are associated with suppressed Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity through an equatorially confined near-zonal circulation with upper-level westerlies and lower-level easterlies that act to increase the climatological westerly vertical shear in the main development region. SST and rainfall anomalies of the opposite sense are related to MH activity through a zonal circulation with upper-level easterly and lower-level westerly wind anomalies that act to cancel out some of the climatological westerly vertical shear. The results also show that changes in vertical shear to the north of the main development region are unrelated to, or possibly even out of phase with, changes in the development region, providing a possible physical explanation for the observations from recent studies of the out-of-phase relationship of interannual fluctuations in MH activity in the region poleward of ∼25°N with fluctuations in activity to the south. The interannual variability of MH activity explained by Sahel rainfall is almost three times that explained by the eastern Pacific SSTs. It is demonstrated that a likely reason for this result is that the SST-associated vertical shears are more equatorially confined, so that the changes in shear in the main development region have a stronger association with the rainfall than with the SSTs.
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Comment: training in leprosy: the training needs for Africa, and the role of large training institutions. - Groenen, Guusje; Alldred, Neil; Nash, Justin M. (PubMed, 1996)
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Educational violence and education for peace in Africa - Harber, Clive (Peabody Journal of Education, 1996)
Children who are lectured to learn how to lecture; if they are admonished, they learn how to admonish; if scolded, they learn how to scold; if ridiculed, they learn how to ridicule; if humiliated, they learn how to humiliate; if their psyche is killed, they will learn how to kill-the only question is who will be killed: oneself, others or both. (Alice Miller) But good gracious you've got to educate him first. You can't expect a boy to be vicious till he's been to a good school. (Saki-Hugh Hector Munro)
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A Resource Guide To Teaching about Africa. ERIC Resource Guide. - Hume, Susan E. (1996)
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Distance education in sub‐Saharan Africa: the promise vs the struggle ‐ Part 1 - John, Magnus (Open learning, 1996)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsMagnus JohnIn this first article of two, Magnus John, of the International Centre for Distance Learning based at the OU UK, reviews the history and development of distance education in Africa, in particular the anglophone and francophone centres. The author demonstrates the crucial importance of the infrastructural environment where local or national shortcomings remove the possibility of effective management on a long term basis. Secondly, increasing co‐operation and partnership which are in particular the focus of external international organisations working in this field provide new ways of managing old problems.
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The Educational Psychologist and School Organization Development in the Reconstruction of Education in South Africa: Issues and Challenges - Jong, Terry de (South African Journal of Psychology, 1996)
In South Africa, as the myriad of ‘apartheid holy cows’ are buried, so the opportunity for reconstruction takes on an unprecedented challenge. The renewal of South Africa's dishevelled education system is central to the country's renaissance. Against this backdrop, this article briefly describes some current positions on systems thinking and educational psychology service delivery in the South African context. Derived mainly from a formative evaluation of a Cape Town-based teacher in-service project which focuses on whole school development, three substantive issues related to school organization development are raised. They are the issue of effecting a paradigm shift from a positivistic to a systemic worldview; the issue of the relationship between power and organization development, and the issue of sustainability of organization development. These issues are discussed with particular reference to the challenges that they present to educational psychologists as school organization development consultants in South Africa's education reconstruction process.
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Health Education in Jinja, Uganda - Kater, Vered (Image--the journal of nursing scholarship, 1996)
A community-based health care program in Uganda is described. Perceived learning needs of a group of adults with 3-4 years of elementary school education were assessed and prioritized. A decision was made to teach a few subjects in depth as opposed to many superficially after hearing the large amount and type of topics requested. Teaching sessions included practical applications based upon the availability of materials and local practices and beliefs. Basic needs, such as the need for food and water, were continuously addressed. Traditional ways of healing were only encouraged when these did not endanger health. Teaching a group of adults with limited knowledge of anatomy or physiology was a challenge that demanded simplification of complex problems and the use of interventions that were sometimes unusual.
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Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in the region of Segou, Mali. A baseline survey for a primary eye care programme - Kortlang, C.; Koster, Joachim; Coulibaly, Sidi; Dubbeldam, R. (Tropical Medicine & International Health, 1996)
Summary A community‐based cross‐sectional study on the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment was conducted between July and August 1990 in three rural districts in Ségou region, Mali. The study population consisted of 5871 villagers. In the study area, the overall prevalence of bilateral blindness was 1.7% (standardized rate for age 2.0%± 0.4%), of bilateral visual impairment 1.7% (2.1%± 0.4%), of unilateral blindness 1.7% (2.2%± 0.4%) and of unilateral visual impairment 1.0% (1.2 ± 0.3%). No important differences were found between districts. Cataract was the most common cause of visual loss (54%) and was most prevalent among those over 50 years of age. In 43%, unilateral blindness was associated with trauma. Other major eye diseases accounting for high percentages of visual impairment were trachoma and glaucoma. Xerophthalmia appeared to be a major public health problem among children in the age group 0–5. It was concluded that blindness is a major public health problem in this region. Some recommendations are given for strengthening integrated primary eye care at the district level in Ségou region.
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Teaching And Researching Language In African Classrooms. Casmir M. Rubagumya (Ed.). Philadelphia: Multilingual matters, 1994. Pp. x + 160. $79.00 cloth, $29.95 paper. - Meyer, Adam (Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1996)
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Training African Librarians for the New Information Age: progress in Botswana - Moahi, Kgomotso H. (Information Development, 1996)
Describes the principles and programmes for teaching information technology in the Department of Library and Information Studies of the University of Botswana. Discusses the question of why to teach information technology, the changing situation of information technology in developing countries and issues and problems in teaching information technology. Reviews the future of information technology training in the Department.
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Liquefaction During the October 12, 1992 Dahshour, Egypt, Earthquake and Its Potential in the Nile Valley and Delta - Mossaad, Mostafa (Soils and Foundations, 1996)
Reconnaissance studies carried out following the October 12, 1992 Dahshour earthquake, near Cairo, Egypt indicated significant sand-boil activities and liquefaction at several locations on both sides of the Nile River near the earthquake epicenter. The study reported in this paper gives a brief account of liquefaction activities during the Dahshour earthquake and reviews the geological and geotechnical characteristics of the Nile Valley and River Delta and the associated seismicity of this region in order to identify areas and formations that may be prone to liquefaction. Data from some 50 sites within the study area were analyzed for a preliminary assessment of liquefaction potential under seismic conditions similar to those associated with Dahshour earthquake. The analysis was made using two different methods, namely, Seed's method, and the Chinese Code method. Contrary to results reported for strong earthquakes, the agreement between the two methods at prescribed moderate ground shaking was found to be relatively poor, as Seed's method appears to underestimate the liquefaction potential whereas the Chinese Code method tends to be more conservative. The results, however, generally indicate that, under seismic conditions similar to the Dahshour earthquake, liquefaction potential should be considered at sites having saturated sand layers with SPT-N values less than 15 blows/300 mm within the top 15 m. The results also emphasize the need for more accurate seismic zoning in Egypt as well as the incorporation of a considerably larger amount of field data to produce reliable liquefaction risk zoning information.
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Dreams of Wholeness and Loss: critical sociology of education in South Africa - Muller, Johan (British Journal of Sociology of Education, 1996)
Abstract South African sociologists of education are living through a momentous and highly particular transition at the same time as they participate in global trends and debates. This paper reviews changes in their framing concerns as they move from an oppositional positionality to afar more ambiguous space that seems to require of them to choose between critique and reconstruction. The resultant re‐positioning and the changing forms of appropriation of international themes as local priorities shift is the central concern of this review.
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Black South African College Students' Views of Freud's Interpretation of the Phallic Psychosexual Stage - Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. (Psychological Reports, 1996)
The purpose of this study was to explore black South African college students' views of Freud's claim that during the phallic stage, boys have a special sexual interest in their mothers commonly known as the Oedipus complex and that, similarly, girls have such interest in their fathers commonly referred to as the Electra complex. In response, 30 of the 90 students ( M age = 21.9 yr., SD = 2. 8 yr.) agreed with Freud's interpretation, whereas 60 rejected it. Both groups of students supported their stance with various reasons. Notwithstanding students' differences and the controversial nature of Freud's view, there is adequate evidence for the conclusion that Freud's view cannot easily be dismissed as a fabrication of imagination.
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Social Desirability Scores of South African and Canadian Students - Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. (Psychological reports, 1996)
The purpose of this study was to assess the scores of 161 African (97 girls and 64 boys) and 190 Canadian students (107 girls and 83 boys) on Eysenck's social desirability scale which indicates the extent to which one is Likely to describe his personality favourably. Analysis showed South African students scored higher than Canadian students, both boys and girls, but there were no gender differences between African or Canadian boys and girls. Cross-cultural differences may be attributable to cultural and child-rearing practices of South Africans and Canadians.
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Imbalances and inequities in South African education : a historica-educational survey and appraisal - Naicker, Inbanathan (1996)
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Nursing Education and Administration in Nigeria - Olade, Rosaline A. (JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 1996)
This column is edited by Jean Nagelkerk, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan. Rosaline A. Olade, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Division of Nursing, University of Texas, Tyler.
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Persisting and Common Stereotypes in U. S. Students' Knowledge of Africa: A Study of Preservice Social Studies Teachers - Osunde, Egerton O.; Tlou, Josiah; Brown, Neil L. (The Social Studies, 1996)
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Our students, ourselves: Lessons of challenge and hope from the African American community - Peterson, Elizabeth (New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 1996)
Abstract The African American community's struggle for literacy occurs in the context of liberation.
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Irrational beliefs that can lead to academic failure for African American middle school students who are academically at-risk - Sapp, Marty (Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 1996)
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Professional Development and Clinical Up-date Programme for a Nursing Staff in Nigeria - Saunders, M.J.; Watters, P. (Proceedings of SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference, 1996)
Professional Development and Clinical Up-date Programme for a Nursing Staff in Nigeria M.J. Saunders; M.J. Saunders _ Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar P. Watters P. Watters _ Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1996. Paper Number: SPE-35804-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/35804-MS Published: June 09 1996 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Saunders, M.J., and P. Watters. "Professional Development and Clinical Up-date Programme for a Nursing Staff in Nigeria." Paper presented at the SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1996. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/35804-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability Search Advanced Search M.J. Saunders MSc. MA, BEd, DMS, RGN, RNT, RCNT, P. Watters, BSc, DPSN, RGN, RNTAbstractThis paper describes the Professional Development and Clinical Update programme for the nursing staff working within Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL). This was a pioneering venture between CNL and Thames Valley University, London, which enabled participants to obtain academic credit from a programme of study which could be used towards future educational qualifications e.g. diploma, degree.The programme was designed to specification following discussion between two University lecturers, the Medical Director and the Regional Nursing Supervisor at CNL. The programme was delivered in Nigeria by two University lecturers visiting four times in a twelve month period and comprised of one weeks intensive input followed by a period of three months during which each participant was required to implement a quality improvement/initiative in their practice area. This was succeeded by a further three day attendance during which each participant gave a presentation of their project to colleagues in order to share innovations. In total forty two nursing staff completed the programme.The outcomes for the programme will be discussed. These include update in specified areas of nursing practice involving review of procedures and protocols and professional update in areas relating to quality management.Conclusions and elaboration on the results of the programme obtained from detailed evaluation will be discussed within the framework of raising standards of health care from the employees of CNL and their dependants. These will include improved morale and increased motivation amongst nursing staff and the desire for on-going education and professional development.The issues of adult leaning and the validity of delivering such a programme in Nigeria rather than removing staff will also be discussed.An action plan for future developments will be identified to meet the on-going changing provision of health care provision within CNL.IntroductionThe Wolfson School of Health Sciences at Thames Valley University was approached at the beginning of November 1994 by Norman Walker, the Regional Nursing Supervisor, Chevron UK Limited, to discuss the School providing some Educational and Clinical Development programmes for Nursing Staff employed by Chevron Nigeria Limited.Initial discussions took place to clarify the aims and expected outcomes of such a venture for both the Company and Thames Valley University. It was clear from these discussions that the aims were twofold, to update both the clinical skills and professional knowledge of the nursing staff employed by Chevron in Nigeria.Following discussions within the School Executive around the issues of planning and delivering such a programme, a number of lecturers with the required skills and experience were identified within the School. These members of staff were approached regarding their interest in taking part in this innovative venture and their willingness to teach in Nigeria for the required periods to complete the programme throughout 1995.As this was the first such venture for the School it was important that the lecturers were able to maintain a commitment to the project in order to maintain continuity.The first planning meeting took place on 17th November 1994, at which the following were agreed:-TVU would provide a two week programme for 20 nurses to commence in late January 1995 in Lagos Nigeria. The programme to consist of 5 days for each group of 10 nurses followed by a period of three months for students to work on a project in their workplace. The lecturers to return to Nigeria in May 1995 to assess the first two groups of students, and to deliver the programme to a third group of students.Two lecturers would provide the programme, one of whom would take responsibility for the clinical update during the morning sessions.P. 359 Keywords: nursing supervisor, prograrnme, health & medicine, programme, nurse, nursing staff, student, nigeria, norman walker, clinical update programme Subjects: Professionalism, Training, and Education This content is only available via PDF. 1996. Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
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Using African American Perspectives to Promote a More Inclusive Understanding of Human Communication Theory - Schnell, Jim (Ethnic studies review, 1996)
This article addresses the use of African American Perspectives as a means of promoting a more inclusive understanding of human communication theory. It describes contributions by African American scholars as they relate to providing a framework for inclusion of other under-represented cultures in U.S. society (i.e. Asian American, Latin American, etc.). This objective is becoming more and more relevant because of the increased percentage of U.S. citizens who are of non-European origin. Common sense supports the position that an inclusive curriculum, representative of the many cultural groups that compose the U.S., will appeal to the diverse audience educated in the U.S. today and tomorrow.
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The Big Picture: An Inquiry Into the Motivations of African-American Teacher Education Students to Be or Not to Be Teachers - Shaw, Carla Cooper (American Educational Research Journal, 1996)
The current study investigates the motivations of African Americans with regard to precollege teaching as a career. The study’s participants are one female and one male Afican American, both of whom had strongly considered pursuing secondary certification at the graduate level but decided instead to pursue doctorates in order to teach at the college level. The study, which extended over the course of nearly a year, is narrative life history and as such situates the lives of the individual participants within broader societal and cultural contexts. This article presents condensed versions of Vera’s and Van’s life stories from childhood up until they decided to forego precollege teaching. Their reasons for initially considering and ultimately deciding against teaching are discussed, as are their views about the reasons for the scarcity of African Americans entering teaching. The article continues with an interpretation of the study’s findings in light of relevant research and theory. Finally, building on this interpretation, a tentative explanation of possible attractions and deterrents to teaching for African Americans is developed. Central to this explanation are reinterpretations of Lortie’s (1975) themes of service and continuation and the addition of a new theme: social, political, and historical forces which may operate at an individual, psychological level.
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Attitudes of white teachers towards racial integration of schools in South Africa - Skuy, Mervyn; Vice, Hilary (Educational Research, 1996)
Summary Until recently, schools in South Africa were strictly segregated according to race. And particularly in ‘government’ (state) schools, white teachers taught white children only. With the dismantling of apartheid, schools are becoming integrated. This study surveys the attitudes of teachers at certain previously segregated English‐medium secondary schools towards racially integrated schooling. Further, their attitudes were compared with those of teachers at private schools which had already undergone a minor or major degree of integration respectively. The sample comprised 276 teachers at 12 government and six private schools. The overall results obtained on a specially devised Teacher Questionnaire indicated that a significant but small majority of 59 per cent generally supported the integrated approach. A multivariate analysis indicated main effects for the level of integration of the private schools, the age, qualifications and home language of the teachers. The most negative attitudes to integration were demonstrated by teachers speaking Afrikaans (the language of the dominant group under the apartheid regime), with 75 per cent of Afrikaans‐speaking teachers expressing opposition to racially integrated schooling, as compared with 31 per cent of their English‐speaking counterparts. Notwithstanding their positive attitudes, the majority of the sample anticipated problems in implementing integrated schooling. This was, however, not the case for the more integrated private schools.
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Economic and Social Adaptations to Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources: A Case Study of Egypt - Strzepek, Kenneth (International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1996)
Literature is em erging on the adaptation of water resource systems to climate change (Stakhiv, 1995; Strzepek & Sm ith, 1995). These adaptations are generally discussed at either the sectoral or at the micro-economic level. However, little has been said about the macro-economic adaptation to shifts in water resources due to climate change. This lack of discussion is primarily due to the fact that very few countries have been able to make a com prehensive national assessment of climate change im pacts on water resources at the same scale as a macro-economic modelling analysis. W here macro-economic m odelling has been done, the water resource systems are highly regional and difficult to aggregate to a single national im pact. W here homogenous water resources systems exist, m acro-econom ic impact modelling has not incorporated water resources. This paper examines the macro-economic adaptations to climate change im pacts on national water resources. Because of the problems listed above, a 'laboratory' country was chosen. Egypt has a single water resource- the Nile- and a substantial portion of Egypt's economic activity is related to this river. Changes in Nile discharges can be directly linked to macro-economic accoun ts, yet obviously more strongly linked to the agricultural sector. For this reason, a macro-economic m odel has been used which contains a disaggregated agricultural sector and a highly aggregated non-agricultural sector. A discussion of technical adaptations to climate change-induced reductions in Nile flows is presented. W hile these technical adaptations of the N ile are important, the macro-economic impacts of decreases or increases in Nile River discharge are shown to be minor compared with fu ture socioeconomic development and domestic policy strategies. The paper concludes with a discussion of anticipatory econom ic and policy adaptations that appear to be more significant than technical adaptations for Egypt.
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Trauma life support education: a didactic and caprine laboratory course for Nigerian physicians - Tortella, Bartholomew J.; Swan, Kenneth G.; Donahoo, James S.; Tischler, Charles D.; Marangu, J.A. Makena; Orjiako, A.B.C.; Sharples, C.; Swan, Belinda; Hill, DavidM. (Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured, 1996)
The purpose of this study was to introduce the principles of initial hospital assessment and treatment of injured patients, tailored to the facilities and resources available in Nigeria. A 3-day didactic and laboratory course was presented by four trauma surgeons. The didactic session stressed the initial assessment and treatment of injured patients. The caprine laboratory taught the performance of common resuscitation manoeuvres: cricothyroidotomy, tube thoracostomy, i.v. cutdown, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, etc. The mean pre-course test score was 49.3 per cent and the mean post-course test score was 69.5 per cent: 93.5 per cent of the 124 participants increased their test scores. This represents a significant increase in knowledge in Nigerian physicians. Academic medical centres are encouraged to make such courses available in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to introduce the principles of initial hospital assessment and treatment of injured patients, tailored to the facilities and resources available in Nigeria. A 3-day didactic and laboratory course was presented by four trauma surgeons. The didactic session stressed the initial assessment and treatment of injured patients. The caprine laboratory taught the performance of common resuscitation manoeuvres: cricothyroidotomy, tube thoracostomy, i.v. cutdown, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, etc. The mean pre-course test score was 49.3 per cent and the mean post-course test score was 69.5 per cent: 93.5 per cent of the 124 participants increased their test scores. This represents a significant increase in knowledge in Nigerian physicians. Academic medical centres are encouraged to make such courses available in developing countries.
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Improving the Nutrition of Refugees and Displaced People in Africa: workshop in Machakos, Kenya, 5–7 December 1994. Theme: how to reduce persistent and elevated rates of mortality and malnutrition of refugee and displaced populations in Africa.1 Discussion topics included: quality and quantity of the general ration, micro‐nutrient deficiencies, selective feeding programmes, public health issues, information systems, training and follow‐up to the meeting. - Wallace, Jane; Mason, John (Disasters, 1996)
DisastersVolume 20, Issue 2 p. 157-158 Improving the Nutrition of Refugees and Displaced People in Africa: workshop in Machakos, Kenya, 5–7 December 1994. Theme: how to reduce persistent and elevated rates of mortality and malnutrition of refugee and displaced populations in Africa.1 Discussion topics included: quality and quantity of the general ration, micro-nutrient deficiencies, selective feeding programmes, public health issues, information systems, training and follow-up to the meeting. Jane Wallace, Jane Wallace ACC/Sub-committee on NutritionSearch for more papers by this authorJohn Mason, John Mason ACC/Sub-committee on NutritionSearch for more papers by this author Jane Wallace, Jane Wallace ACC/Sub-committee on NutritionSearch for more papers by this authorJohn Mason, John Mason ACC/Sub-committee on NutritionSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb00526.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume20, Issue2June 1996Pages 157-158 RelatedInformation
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Reading in Two Languages at Year Five in African Primary Schools - Williams, Eddie (Applied Linguistics, 1996)
Journal Article Reading in Two Languages at Year Five in African Primary Schools Get access EDDIE WILLIAMS EDDIE WILLIAMS Reading University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Applied Linguistics, Volume 17, Issue 2, June 1996, Pages 182–209, https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/17.2.182 Published: 01 June 1996 Article history Received: 01 July 1995 Revision received: 01 July 1995 Published: 01 June 1996
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AN AFRICAN‐AMERICAN PATHWAY TO HOPE: RELIEF FORMATION THROUGH USES OF NARRATIVE IN CHRISTIAN EDUCATION - Wimberly, Anne Streaty (Religious education, 1996)
Data from observations, participant responses, and anecdotal records of an African‐American adult church‐school group and inter‐generational family cluster were assessed for ways persons explored beliefs and hope through story‐Unking. Participants linked personal stories with biblical and African‐American heritage stories to decide future life directions. In that process, participants, often according to age and story circumstance: (1) used an inductive “Soul Method” entailing recall of cultural proverbs and songs to help articulate and shape beh'efs and hope; (2) engaged in symbolic conversation with God; and (3) entered into critical reflection on stories and constructive exploration of alternative and hopeful life directions.
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Learning from the poor : a participatory poverty assessment in Kenya - Narayan, Deepa Nyamwaya (1996)
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Development of the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory with African Americans - Westefeld, John S.; Badura, Amy S.; Kiel, Jeffery T.; Scheel, Karen R. (Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 1996)
Abstract Eighty African American college students completed the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory (CSRLI) and reported on their self-perceived level of suicidal risk. Results indicate that the CSRLI holds promise for predicting suicidal risk among African American college students. These data are contrasted with a pre-existing Caucasian study of college students, and the implications are discussed.
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Glutathione depletion impairs transcriptional activation of heat shock genes in primary cultures of guinea pig gastric mucosal cells. - Rokutan, Kazuhito; Hirakawa, Tetsuya; Teshima, Shigetada; Honda, Susumu; Kishi, Kazushi (Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1996)
When primary cultures of guinea pig gastric mucosal cells were exposed to heat (43 degree C), ethanol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or diamide, heat shock proteins (HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, and HSC73) were rapidly synthesized. The extent of each HSP induction varied with the type of stress. Ethanol, H2O2, and diamide increased the syntheses of several other undefined proteins besides the HSPs. However, none of these proteins were induced by exposure to heat or the reagents, when intracellular glutathione was depleted to <10% of the control level by pretreatment with DL-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine. Gel mobility shift assay using a synthetic oligonucleotide coding HSP70 heat shock element showed that glutathione depletion inhibited the heat- and the reagent-initiated activation of the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and did not promote the expression of HSP70 mRNA. Immunoblot analysis with antiserum against HSF1 demonstrated that the steady-state level of HSF1 was not changed in glutathione-depleted cells, but glutathione depletion inhibited the nuclear translocation of HSF1 after exposure to heat stress. These results suggest that intracellular glutathione may support early and important biochemical events in the acquisition by gastric mucosal cells of an adaptive response to irritants.
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Strategies of Environmental Education in Social Studies in Nigeria by the Year 2000 - Adara, Olusola A. (Environmental Education Research, 1996)
Summary This paper focuses on the current position of environmental education and social studies education in Nigeria in the areas of curriculum structure and content. Enabling strategies for environmental education delivery within the social studies programme are discussed, including a social environmental education (SEE) model/tool which provides a visual summary of relationships, causes and consequences, actions and reactions between people and the physical and socio‐econo‐technosphere.
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AIDS-related knowledge and misconceptions among high secondary school teachers and students in Kassala, Sudan. - Ag, Elzubier; Mh, el Nour; Eh, Ansari (PubMed, 1996)
An AIDS-related knowledge study was carried out on a sample of 462 high secondary school teachers and students, in Kassala, eastern Sudan. The results showed high scores of knowledge about AIDS-transmission and general knowledge about the disease. However, there was a high frequency of AIDS-related misconceptions, especially among females and among teachers and students in the science education track. The study calls for more focus on these misconceptions in health education campaigns regarding AIDS.416 secondary school students in Kassala, Sudan, and 46 of their teachers responded to self-administered questionnaires about the nature and extent of their AIDS-related knowledge. The students were of mean age 18.4 years and 68.8% were male. The teachers were of mean age 35.9 years and 81.1% were male. The respondents were well informed about HIV transmission and general knowledge related to AIDS. The overall mean score for AIDS transmission knowledge was 2.9 out of a possible total of three. The overall mean score for general knowledge about AIDS was 5.0 out of a possible total of seven. There was, however, a high frequency of AIDS-related misconceptions, especially among females and among students and teachers in the science education track. Significantly more females than males were enrolled in the science track. The overall mean score for misconceptions was 5.4 out of a possible total of seven. Health education campaigns on HIV/AIDS need to focus upon correcting these misconceptions.
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Assessment of management training needs and selection for training: the case of Libyan companies - Agnaia, Almehdi A. (International Journal of Manpower, 1996)
Results of the empirical studies on Libyan management practice generally, and MTD in particular, indicate that the administrative functions are practised and operated without effective methods, and away from acceptable standards. Libyan public companies have difficulty in identifying the training required for their employees, which has led to a common feeling among employees that they do not have enough training to enable them to perform their job properly. Furthermore, the decisions related to MTD activity are still dependent on personal relations, family ties, tribalism, etc. rather than on an established procedure. Focuses on the assessment of MTD needs and selection for MTDPs in Libyan industrial companies by finding out how these companies select their employees for MTDPs and the main ways and techniques used by the companies to perform this activity. Reveals that the approaches and techniques used by companies for selecting their employees for MTDPs and for assessing MTD needs depend mostly on indications of performance reports and on bosses’ and supervisors’ views. At the same time, surveyed and interviewed managers did not indicate any communication with the employees who are the basic ground for MTDPs. Identifies the difficulties and problems in MTD needs assessment and, therefore, allows readers to contrast Libyan management training and development practices with their own local counterparts.
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Education and agricultural productivity: Evidence from Uganda - Appleton, Simon; Balihuta, Arsene M. (Journal of International Development, 1996)
Existing evidence on the impact of education on agricultural productivity in Africa is mixed, with estimates usually insignificant although sometimes large. Analysis of the first nationally representative household survey of Uganda gives an estimate of the impact of household primary schooling on crop production comparable to the developing country average. In addition, the primary schooling of neighbouring farm workers appears to raise crop production and these external returns exceed the internal returns. Education complements capital and substitutes for labour. Further productivity increases arise through education increasing physical capital and purchased inputs, but effects via crop choice appear negligible.
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Education and health in sub-Saharan Africa - Appleton, Simon; Hoddinott, John; Mackinnon, John (Journal of International Development, 1996)
This paper provides an introduction to education and health issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Cross-regional and cross-country comparisons reveal that Africa lags behind other parts of the world in the attainment of these components of human development and that there is considerable variation in these indicators within Africa. It explores the determinants of education and health, returns to investments in these forms of human capital and policy issues associated with their provision. It argues that there is a role for the public sector and that primary services deserve support, but that support for such claims is based on more complex considerations than is often supposed.
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Education and health in sub-Saharan Africa - Appleton, Simon; Hoddinott, John; Mackinnon, John (Journal of International Development, 1996)
This paper provides an introduction to education and health issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Cross-regional and cross-country comparisons reveal that Africa lags behind other parts of the world in the attainment of these components of human development and that there is considerable variation in these indicators within Africa. It explores the determinants of education and health, returns to investments in these forms of human capital and policy issues associated with their provision. It argues that there is a role for the public sector and that primary services deserve support, but that support for such claims is based on more complex considerations than is often supposed.
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Statistical Analysis of Rice Research and Training Project in Egypt,1980s - Aziz, M. El Sayed Abdel (経済論集, 1996)
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Privatization, choice and competition: The World Bank's reform agenda for vocational education and training in sub-Saharan Africa - Bennell, Paul (Journal of International Development, 1996)
This article assesses the extent to which the reform strategy presented in the World Bank's 1991 Sector Policy paper on vocational education and training (VET) has been implemented in Sub-Saharan Africa. The two main conclusions are, (1) to date, only a small group of countries in Africa have seriously attempted to implement the Bank's reform agenda for skills training; and (2) as currently conceived, it is unlikely that demand-led VET systems and related policies will be successfully introduced in most SSA countries.
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Privatization, choice and competition: The World Bank's reform agenda for vocational education and training in sub-Saharan Africa - Bennell, Paul (Journal of International Development, 1996)
This article assesses the extent to which the reform strategy presented in the World Bank's 1991 Sector Policy paper on vocational education and training (VET) has been implemented in Sub-Saharan Africa. The two main conclusions are, (1) to date, only a small group of countries in Africa have seriously attempted to implement the Bank's reform agenda for skills training; and (2) as currently conceived, it is unlikely that demand-led VET systems and related policies will be successfully introduced in most SSA countries.
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Student 'targets' may give boost to strategic planning in South Africa - Cherry, Michael (Nature, 1996)
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Drought and Famine coping Strategies and the Environment among the Keiyo living in Kerio Valley In Kenya - Christopher, Saina k. (1996)
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Theatre in the Service of Health Education: Case Studies from Uganda - Frank, Marion (New Theatre Quarterly, 1996)
International organizations are increasingly turning to theatre as a means of raising development issues, exploring options, and influencing behaviour. This paper examines some structures and techniques inherent in this type of applied theatre, analyzing two plays used to supplement AIDS education programmes in Uganda. One is a video production by a typical urban popular theatre group, while the second production analyzed exemplifies the Theatre for Development approach through its sub-genre, Campaign Theatre, used to raise awareness on health issues, hygiene, sanitation, child care, and the environment. The study analyzes the performance of the two plays and addresses some contradictions arising from the involvement and influence of external organizations. Marion Frank is a graduate of Bayreuth University in Germany, whose extensive field research has resulted in the publication of AIDS Education through Theater (Bayreuth African Studies Series, Bayreuth, 1995). Dr. Frank is currently living in the US, where as a Visiting Scholar at Duke University she is now working on a research project aiming to establish a closer link between literary/cultural studies and medicine/medical anthropology.
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The determinants of school attainment in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of Ghana - Glewwe, Paul; Ilias, Nauman (Journal of International Development, 1996)
This paper investigates the factors that determine educational attainment in Ghana. The following specific questions are addressed: 1) What are the relative impacts of economic growth and improvements in school quality on educational attainment? and 2) What policy variables are most effective for reducing the gender gap in educational attainment? We find that economic growth will play the most significant role in raising the school attainment in Ghana in future years. Continued economic growth should also reduce the gender gap substantially. In addition to economic growth, provision of blackboards and repairing of leaking roofs will significantly raise school attainment.
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Purity, pollution and the invisible snake in Southern Africa - Green, Edward C. (Medical Anthropology, 1996)
There exists in parts of southern and eastern Africa an apparently widespread belief in the existence of an invisible, internal “snake,” often described as a power or force of some kind that dwells in the stomach but that can move throughout the upper body. Although some anthropologists have described this snake as related to witchcraft, findings from diverse parts of Mozambique, South Africa and elsewhere suggest that it may (also) be thought of as a symbolic expression of the need to respect the human body, specifically to protect it against the introduction of impurity. Belief in nyoka, as Tsonga‐ and Shona‐speakers call the invisible snake, suggests the importance of purity and pollution beliefs as they relate to health in a particular society; the presence of nyoka belief may even be taken as an empirical measure of their importance. Going beyond nyoka, it is argued that pollution beliefs are more central in southern African ethno‐medicine than the literature suggests, perhaps more so than witchcraft and sorcery beliefs. It is hypothesized that pollution‐related illnesses tend to be roughly coterminous with diseases biomedically classified as contagious. Apart from ethnographic and theoretical significance, establishing the nature and centrality of pollution beliefs, aided by analysis of cultural metaphors such as the invisible snake, can point to culturally appropriate ways of presenting health education messages in societies where pollution beliefs are important. Pollution beliefs may be characterized as quasi‐naturalistic and they in fact represent an area of potential interface between indigenous and cosmopolitan medicine— far more than witchcraft beliefs.
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Indoor air pollution from coal and wood use in South Africa: an overview - Horen, Clive van; Nel, Riëtte; Terblanche, P (Energy for Sustainable Development, 1996)
An accelerated electrification programme in South Africa began in 1991 increased the percentage of households having access to electricity to 50%. However, coal and wood continue to play an important role in the energy mix of low-income households and in rural areas and constitute a health risk. Recent pollution monitoring studies have shown that levels of total suspended particulates, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in rural households vastly exceeded air quality guidelines, especially during peak cooking time. Epidemiological studies found the most important single risk factor for developing respiratory tract illness in urban coal-using areas was coal. Over 50% of houses in electrified areas continue to use coal for space heating in winter. The government is initiating a programme to replace bituminous coal by low-smoke fuels and to improve the efficiency of coal-burning stoves and to improve the thermal performance of low-cost housing. There exists an urgent need to find creative and affordable pollution abatement strategies in South Africa`s rural wood-burning areas. 11 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
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College Persistence and Grade Outcomes: Noncognitive Variables as Predictors for African-American, Asian-American, Hispanic, Native American, and White Students. AIR 1996 Annual Forum Paper. - House, J. Daniel (1996)
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Gender differences in the perception of and preferences for the socio-cultural science classroom climate in Nigeria - Jegede, Olugbemiro J.; Agholor, Rose; Okebukola, Peter Akinsola (Research in Education, 1996)
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The Validity of the Science Student Stress Inventory Using a Sample of South African High School Students - Jegede, Olugbemiro J.; Naidoo, Prem; Okebukola, Peter Akinsola (Research in Science & Technological Education, 1996)
Abstract Stress, a condition of mental and physical exertion brought about as a result of harassing events or dissatisfying elements in the environment, has been found among teachers of science. If science teachers experience stressful conditions in their work, do students also experience stressful conditions in the learning of science, especially as studies showed that one of the sources of teachers’ stress is the students. The literature on science teachers’ stress is still scanty while nothing is available on science students’ stress. Along with understanding the stress conditions of science teachers, there should also be the study of the presence, nature and types of science students’ stress. What are the factors or conditions which present or aggravate stress among science students? What are the most important stress factors to be reckoned with in the design of curricula and their instruction? These are some of the pertinent questions which need to be addressed in contemporary science education. A logcial beginning step would be the need to find a valid instrument which is capable of identifying stress among science students. This study, therefore, in the main sought to find a valid and reliable instrument for identifying the factors or groups of factors perceived as bringing stress to bear on secondary level science students. It also sought answers to the questions raised above. An instrument, the Science Student Stress Inventory (SSSI) developed by Jegede & Okebukola in 1994 was validated using a selected sample of 188 South African secondary school students using a stratified sampling technique. SSSI, which showed an initial stability coefficient of 0#lb83, yielded a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0#lb95 and Inter‐group Spearman correlations of between 0#lb21 and 0#lb71 (p < 0#lb001) for the subgroups within the instrument. Factor analysis with orthogonal varimax rotation, using eigenvalue of 1 and an absolute factor loading of 0#lb4 as cut‐off point produced five‐factor clusters. An original 50‐item instrument which resulted from the initial validation procedures has been reduced psychometrically to 47 items and the factor analysis confirmed the subgroups in the original development with a redistribution of items. Rank ordering the means revealed that the science students in the sample regarded the ‘fear of scoring low marks in science examinations and assignments’ as the most stressful factor. The least stressful factor according to the students is ‘studying science forces me to behave like a scientist’. The results also indicated that significant differences in perception of stress factors were found with location of students and their ethnic groupings.
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Learning by doing in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana - Jones, Patricia; Barr, Abigail (Journal of International Development, 1996)
There has been interest in the implications of learning by doing, and in particular in the possibility that learning by doing may be slower in less developed countries and in industries which use simpler technologies. This paper uses firm-level data from Ghana to estimate learning-by-doing effects and generates three main findings. First, the learning curve, though present, is flatter in Ghana than in developed countries. Second, any industry-wide spillovers are small and insignificant. Third, (contrary to the assumption of much theory) learning-by-doing effects are stronger at low levels of technology than at intermediate levels.
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Learning by doing in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana - Jones, Patricia; Barr, Abigail (Journal of International Development, 1996)
There has been interest in the implications of learning by doing, and in particular in the possibility that learning by doing may be slower in less developed countries and in industries which use simpler technologies. This paper uses firm-level data from Ghana to estimate learning-by-doing effects and generates three main findings. First, the learning curve, though present, is flatter in Ghana than in developed countries. Second, any industry-wide spillovers are small and insignificant. Third, (contrary to the assumption of much theory) learning-by-doing effects are stronger at low levels of technology than at intermediate levels.
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Drug abuse among urban as compared to rural secondary schools students in Kenya: a short communication. - Kuria, MW (PubMed, 1996)
In a comparative study of drug abuse in Urban versus Rural secondary schools, 952 students (547 Urban and 405 rural) were subjected to the WHO youth survey questionnaire. It was found that male students abused drugs more often than female students. Alcohol emerged as the most commonly abused drug (15% and 14% in urban and rural schools respectively). Tobacco, cannabis and inhalants followed in that order. The "hard' drugs were more commonly used in the rural schools.
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Transferable antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy Nigerian school children - Lamikanra, Adebayo; Ako‐Nai, A. K.; Ogunniyi, D.A. (International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 1996)
Three hundred and ninety-six E. coli isolates obtained from apparently healthy school children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, were tested for their susceptibility to 11 different antibiotics. Of these, only gentamicin, cefotaxime and nalidixic acid were found to have significant in vitro activity against most of the isolates. The incidence of antibiotic resistances encountered varied between 24% for trimethoprim and 55.5% for the sulphonamide. It was further observed that 47.5% of the isolates were identified as being multiply resistant, since they were simultaneously resistant to at least three different antibiotics. The 86 trimethoprim-resistant isolates tested were found to be able to transfer this resistance trait together with resistance genes of to other antibiotics, into a plamidless strain of E. coli by conjugation. Seventy-seven of the trimethoprim-resistant isolates were also found to be classifiable into the types of dihydrofolate reductases responsible for the observed resistance on the basis of hybridization experiments. The results of this study indicate that there is a large reservoir of antibiotic resistances within the community, and that the resistance genes were easily transferable to other strains even without direct exposure to antibiotics.
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"Why Now after All These Years You Want to Listen to Me?": Using Journals in Teaching History at a South African University - Leibowitz, Brenda; Witz, Leslie (The History Teacher, 1996)
there is a growing recognition that the majority of our first year students come from schools where the acquisition of the skills of academic writing and historical inquiry is hampered by Apartheid education. This has led teachers of history to seek imaginative ways to foster these skills through curricular development and methodological innovations such as the use of local history to establish empathy with historical subjects, debates between lecturers to introduce students to history as argument, and the use of dialogic student journals.' It is in this context and to deal with the special problems of part-time students in our introductory history course (Histoy 1) for whom our usual tutorial methods proved unworkable that we devised a journal writing project in 1993. We hoped to use it both for evaluation and to promote active learning in the face of increasing pressure on minimal resources. Some background is necessary. The University of the Western Cape has a multilingual student population of approximately 14,700 students. As a historically segregated non-white institution under apartheid, it had suffered from financial and consequently personnel and infrastructural under-resourcing. The political and educational changes sweeping across
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Perceived Family and School Social Environments and Their Relationships to African Adolescents' Self-Concepts - Mboya, Mzobanzi M. (School Psychology International, 1996)
Contemporary theory and research have suggested that the family and the school are major institutions that contribute significantly in the development of children and adolescents. The present study thus examined the relationships between dimensions of family and school social environments and various aspects of adolescents' self-concepts. A total of 1192 secondary school students participated in the study. Results indicated that perceived parental behaviors were associated with relation, with family, general school, physical appearance, emotional stability, relations with peers, health, and global self-concepts. Perceived teacher behaviors were associated with relations with family, general school, emotional stability, health, and global self-concepts. In comparison, it was found that the relationship with perceived parental behaviors was a stronger predictor of self-concept than that of perceived teacher behaviors.
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Who is to retrain the teacher trainers?: A Papua New Guinea case study - McLaughlin, Denis (Teaching and Teacher Education, 1996)
The single most important factor to improve the quality of education in a developing country appears to be increased general and professional education of teachers. Initially, it seems that this may be appropriately addressed in the teachers' colleges. However, the teacher educators themselves, often have received their own education either from the universities of developed countries or from “expert” expatriates at home. Often the result has been an adapted western curriculum being offered in the teachers' colleges, which is inappropriate to the student teachers. As a means of obtaining increased insight into a developing country's context, this study sought to gain some understanding of how Papua New Guinea teacher educators and inservice teachers negotiate their western higher education at the University of Papua New Guinea. This may provide assistance to expatriate educators to provide an educational experience that addresses student learning needs with appropriate process and content.
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Fractions of Ancient Egypt in the Contemporary Classroom - Michalowicz, Karen Dee (Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 1996)
It is quite remarkable that so much is known about arithmetic in ancient Egypt. The major source of our knowledge is the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, circa 1600 B.C., named after A. Henry Rhind. Sir Henry purchased the papyrus in 1858 after it had been discovered in Thebes in the ruins of a small structure. No other document presents such extensive information about early Egyptian mathematics. The papyrus can be viewed in London at the British Museum, which received it as a legacy of the Rhind estate.
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Fractions of Ancient Egypt in the Contemporary Classroom - Michalowicz, Karen Dee (Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 1996)
It is quite remarkable that so much is known about arithmetic in ancient Egypt. The major source of our knowledge is the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, circa 1600 B.C., named after A. Henry Rhind. Sir Henry purchased the papyrus in 1858 after it had been discovered in Thebes in the ruins of a small structure. No other document presents such extensive information about early Egyptian mathematics. The papyrus can be viewed in London at the British Museum, which received it as a legacy of the Rhind estate.
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Hemodialysis in the Treatment of Acute Renal Failure in Tropical Africa: A 20-Year Review at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra - Mo, Mate-Kole; Ed, Yeboah; Rk, Affram; Ofori‐Adjei, David; Adu, D. (Renal Failure, 1996)
From 1972 to 1992, 170 patients with acute renal failure (87 M, 83 F; mean age 32.51 +/- SE 0.945) underwent hemodialysis at the renal unit of the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra. Vascular access was established initially by arteriovenous shunt (133 cases), femoral venous cannulation (10 cases), and subclavian vein cannulation (27 cases). The overall mortality for acute renal failure (ARF) was 31.8% (54/170). The mortality for obstetric cases was 43.7% (14/32); for surgical cases, 33.3% (6/18); medical cases, 28.3% (13/32); and gynecologic (posthysterectomy) cases, 28.3% (2/7). The most important causes of death in ARF were pulmonary edema (42%), sepsis (20%), and cardiac tamponade (10.4%). Hemodialysis is now established as a form of treatment for ARF and a overall survival rate of 68.2% justifies the development of our program. With improvement of economies of developing countries and health insurance schemes, this form of treatment should be available in all developing countries.
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The Racial Integration of Schools: A Review of the Literature on the Experience in South Africa. EPU Working Paper No. 7. - Naidoo, Jordan (1996)
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Study habits of Nigerian undergraduate science and education majors and their academic achievement - Okonkwo, Rachel U. N. (Research in Education, 1996)
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First Lessons in South African History: University Teaching and the Writing of South African History, 1903–c.1930 - Phillips, Howard (South African Historical Journal, 1996)
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Learning styles and academic performance in an African university - Ronan, Nessan J. (Research in Education, 1996)
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Chemical and isotopic characteristics of fluids along the Cameroon Volcanic Line, Cameroon - Tanyileke, Gregory; Kusakabe, Minoru; Evans, William C. (Journal of African earth sciences (1994), 1996)
Results of the chemical and isotopic analysis of the water and gases discharged from volcanic crater lakes and soda springs located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line were used to characterize and infer their genetic relationships. Variations in the solute compositions of the waters indicate the dominant influence of silicate hydrolysis. Na+ (40–95%) constitutes the major cation in the springs while Fe2+ + Mg2+ (70%) dominate in the CO2-rich lakes. The principal anion is HCO3 (>90%), except in the coastal springs where Cl-predominates. Lakes Nyos and Monoun have FeMgCaHCO3− type signatures; the soda springs are essentially NaHCO3− type, while all other lakes show similar ionic compositions to dilute surface waters. Dissolved gases show essentially CO2 (>90%), with small amounts of Ar and N2, while CH4 constitutes the principal component in the non-gassy lakes. Active volcanic gases are generally absent, except in the Lobe spring with detectable H2S. Stable isotope ratio evidence indicates that the bicarbonate waters are essentially of meteoric origin. CO2 (δ13C = −2 to −8%0 and He (3He/4He = 1 to 5.6Ra) infer a mantle contribution to the total CO2. CH4 has a biogenic source, while Ar and N2 are essentially atmospheric in origin, but mixing is quite common. Sur base des résultats d'analyses chimiques et isotopiques, les eaux et les gaz provenant de lacs de cratères volcaniques et de sources sodées jalonnant l'axe volcanique camerounais ont été caractérisées et leurs relations géneétiques déduites. Des variations de composition des solutions aqueuses montrent la prédominance de l'hydrolyse des silicates. Le Na+ (40–95%) correspond au cation prépondérant des sources tandis que le Fe2+ + Mg2+ (70%) domine dans les lacs riches en gaz carbonique. L'anion principal est le HCO3− (>90%), sauf dans les sources côtières où prédomine le Cl−. Les lacs Nyos et Monoun ont des signatures typiques en FeMgCaHCO3− tandis que les sources sodées sont essentiellement caractérisées par le NaHCO3−. Tous les autres lacs montrent des compositions ioniques similaires à celles d'eaux de surface banales. Les gaz en solution sont essentiellement le CO2 (>90%), accompagné de faibles teneurs en Ar et N2. Dans les lacs non gazeux le CH4 prédomine. Des gaz volcaniques actifs font généralement défaut, sauf dans la source de Lobe où du H2S a été measuré.L'étude des rapports d'isotopes stables indique que les eaux bicarbonatées sont essentiellement d'origine météorique. Sur base du CO2 (δ13C = −2 à −8%.) et de l'He (3He4He = 1 à 5,6 Ra) une contribution mantellique au CO2 total est déduite. Le CH4 est d'origine biogénique tandis que l'Ar et le N2 sont essentiellement d'origine atmosphérique. Des mélanges sont assez fréquents.
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Capacity in graduate economics training in South Africa : an AERC study - Wangwe, Samuel; Cassim, Fuad (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1996)
The purpose of this study, is to contribute to economics research capacity development in South Africa by informing AERC's institutional strategy. The study examines existing and planned research capacity, identifies priority macroeconomic research issues as perceived by the South African research and policy communities and recommends ways in which South Africa might be involved in AERC's research and training programmes.
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What makes theological education "theological"? A South African story on the -integrity of theological education - Robinson, P.J.; Smit, D.J. (Verbum Et Ecclesia, 1996)
What makes theological education "theological"? A South Arican story on the iniegrity of theological educationDavid Tracy claims that the contemporary emergence of a sociological imagination is as crucial for theological self-consciousness as the earlierrise of historical consciousness among theologians. The authors are of the opinion that the rapid and fundamental social changes in South African society over the past few years have accelerated this "emergence of a sociological imagination" amongst South African theologians. In three sections, they point to three clusters of questions that have therefore become increasingly important, namely questions related to the growing awareness of the crucial role of social location or context, questions arising from a growing acknowledgement of public responsibility, andquestions concerning the integrity of theological education, i.e. the question on what makes theological education "theological".
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What makes theological education "theological"? A South African story on the integrity of theological education - Robinson, P.J.; Smit, Dirkie (Verbum Et Ecclesia, 1996)
What makes theological education "theological"? A South Mrican story on the iniegrity of theological education David Tracy claims that the contemporary emergence of a sociological imagination is as crucial for theological self-consciousness as the earlier rise of historical consciousness among theologians. The authors are of the opinion that the rapid and fundamental social changes in South African society over the past few years have accelerated this "emergence of a sociological imagination" amongst Sout~ African theologians. In three sections, they point to three clusters of questions that have therefore become increasingly important, namely questions related to the growing awareness of the crucial role of social location or context, questions arising from a growing acknowledgement of public responsibility, and questions concerning the integrity of theological education, i e the question on what makes theological education "theological".
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Rwanda needs visiting teachers and textbooks - Brandon, Sydney (BMJ. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 1996)
EDITOR,—In Rwanda's genocide of 1994 most of the country's doctors were killed or went into exile. Sadly, some participated in the murder of their fellow citizens. Before 1994 basic medical cover was available throughout the country, supported by the churches; the country depended on Belgium for further medical education. Now many people have no access to medical services and the hospitals are functioning with no or few medical staff and negligible resources. Throughout the country hospitals that survived …
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Learning Chemistry At A Distance: The South African Experience - Ember, Lois (Chemical & Engineering News, 1996)
RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTLearning Chemistry At A Distance: The South African ExperienceThe University of South Africa's distance-learning programs offer the chance to earn degrees in sciences, arts at reasonable cosLOIS EMBERView Author Information C&EN WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1996, 74, 15, 45–48Publication Date (Print):April 8, 1996Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 8 April 1996https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n015.p045Copyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views5Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (663 KB) SUBJECTS:Students Get e-Alerts
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Cover Photograph: VOLCANOES IN CENTRAL AFRICA (South African Geographical Journal, 1996)
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TRANSACTION COST IMPAIRMENTS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE: LESSONS FROM EGYPT - Abdel‐Latif, Abla M.; Nugent, Jeffrey B. (Contemporary Economic Policy, 1996)
Increasing evidence indicates the relative importance of transaction costs in international market penetration by LDC manufactured goods exporters. This paper identifies the sources and nature of these costs and recommends policies capable of helping LDC exporters overcome transaction cost‐based obstacles to such exports. Data for the analysis are from questionnaires addressed to samples of manufactures exporters and trading intermediaries in Egypt.
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Racial identity and African Americans with disabilities: Theoretical and practical considerations - Alston, Reginald J.; Bell, Tyronn J.; Feist‐Price, Sonja (Journal of Rehabilitation, 1996)
Racial identity development is the focus of increasing attention in counseling and services (Cross, Parham & Helms, 1991; Helms, 1990; Parham, 1989; Phinney, 1990). Smith (1989) contended that racial identity is a key component of psychosocial adjustment and necessary for the health of all individuals. Racial identity development may be defined as the process through which an individual examines the psychological (sense of belongingness and commitment), (awareness, knowledge, and acceptance of cultural and social traditions), (acceptance of physical features of racial group), and sociopolitical (attitudes toward social and economic issues of racial group) aspects of being a member of one's racial group along with the value and emotional significance associated with that membership (Sanders-Thompson, 1992; Tajfel, 1981). According to Tajfel (1981), the construct of racial identity development may be a more salient issue for ethnic minorities because the physical manifestations (e.g., skin color) of race can be assigned negative social values in American society. For example, African Americans are constantly forced to examine their racial status in several aspects of life (e.g., work, school) (Johnson, 1990). Helms (1990) suggested that African Americans' feelings of self-worth may be associated with their assessment of racial status as a minority group member. Thus, racial identity development can be a crucial aspect of personality development for African Americans. As noted by Helms (1990), intrinsic to racial identity is the belief that individuals need an appreciation of group identification in order to maintain a healthy sense of personal identity. While a large portion of the racial identity development research has focused on nondisabled African Americans, little, if any, attention has been devoted to African Americans with disabilities. The omission of persons with disabilities in the racial identity literature is surprising given the large percentage of African Americans with disabilities. For example, the incidence of disability among African Americans is nearly double (14.8%) the incidence in the White community (8.4%) (Bowe, 1992); however, African Americans comprise only 12% of the American population. Furthermore, the lack of attention in the literature devoted to the racial identity development of African Americans with disabilities seems to imply that racial identity development is the same for both disabled and nondisabled African Americans. The notion that racial identity development is the same for all African Americans, regardless of disability, is difficult to endorse due to the large psychosocial impact that a disability can have on an individual's life (Wright, 1983). According to Wright (1983), the stigma attached to disability status in American can be so intense and pervasive that it can overshadow other personal characteristics (e.g., ethnic/cultural attributes) that comprise the individual's self-concept. Walker (1988) noted that although some societies looked upon individuals with disabilities with awe and reverence, in most societies disability has traditionally been associated with tremendous negativism. In the most recent past, as indicated by Walker, persons with disabilities have been tolerated but not allowed to participate fully in society and have been consistently relegated...to economic deprivation and dependency (p. 184). Thus, the powerful effects that disability status can have on an individual's sense of self, of which racial identity development can be an integral part, seems evident (Alston & McCowan, 1994; Alston & Mngadi, 1992). The purpose of this article is to explore the racial identity development of African Americans with disabilities. Cross' (1971, 1978) model of racial identity development for African Americans, along with Parham's (1989) revisions of the model, will serve as the foundation for the discussion. …
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South Africa [control education] - Braae, M.; Boje, Edward; Craig, I.K.; Vaal, Philip L. de; Gouws, Joan.; McLaren, S.G.; Swartz, Christopher L.E.; Ungerer, Cornelius Pieter; Niekerk, Jan van; Wigdorowitz, B. (IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 1996)
Control engineering education is provided to students in South Africa at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, starting with elementary courses at the third or fourth year of bachelor's degree programs. Master's degree courses are given on diverse subjects that reflect both the needs of local industry and the academic interests of departmental staff. The article outlines the options available at various universities. With the advances made in applicable control theory the master's degree is regarded as the minimum level of education needed to produce an effective control engineer. Ph.D. degree programs are available for students wishing to contribute to the development of control engineering knowledge.
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Public education equity and efficiency in South Africa: Lessons for other countries - Crouch, Luis (Economics of Education Review, 1996)
Labor market productivity of education is analyzed by race and compared to investment levels. While investment was highly favorable to whites, more detailed analysis shows interesting allocations within racial groups by type of schooling. Per capita and total investment in general secondary education of black South Africans is neglected relative to university and technical education of the same group, and university subsidies appear inequitable even within the black population. Comparisons to Latin America, from which generic lessons can be drawn, are consistent with an inefficient economy based on populistic politics. A call is made for more informed policy debate about education investment. Policy recommendations include subsidies based on individual need, and not on historic ethnic affiliation; concentration on primary and particularly secondary education of the disadvantaged; and funding and administrative mechanisms that increase efficiency in the system.
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Democratic Education: the Associational Life of African-American and White High School Students - Damico, Alfonso J. (1996)
The democratic education of African American students was compared to that of White students by exploring the relationship between their participation in high school activities and their levels of civic and political engagement as adults. Focusing on the informal political socialization of students, the study examined the racial differences in the types of activities in which students are involved, such as government and vocational clubs, who is involved in them, and whether these differences are related to adult civic and political activism. The analysis is based on data from surveys of the Senior Class of 1972 by the National Center for Education Statistics. The sample fluctuated between 8,456 and 19,238 adults, depending on the variables included in the analysis. Students from families with high socioeconomic status are far more likely to be white and to find themselves on paths that carry them tf-.= academic track and from there to a rich associational school and community life. But for black students who become involved in their schools, these inequalities are greatly reduced. (Contains 2 figures, 7 tables, and 28 references.) (Author/SLD) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Democratic Education: The Associational Life of African-American and White High School Students Alfonso J. Damico* Department of Political Science University of Florida M. Margaret Conway Department of Political Science University of Florida Sandra Bowman Damico Division of Educational Studies Emory University U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY ilibriSO 1 Darn/ co TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, April 1996, New York City * Direct correspondence to Alfonso J. Damico, 2824 Livsey Oaks Drive, Tucker, GA 30084. Email: adamico@polisci.ufl.edu 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE
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AVHRR NDVI for Monitoring and Mapping of Vegetation and Drought in East African Environments - Eklundh, Lars (1996)
In this thesis, an assessment is made of the performance of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from coarse resolution data from the NOAA AVHRR sensor, with particular reference to mapping and monitoring of drought and vegetation in East African vegetation and climatic conditions. Methods for analysing time series of satellite data are investigated. By studying the empirical relationship between long term averages of rainfall and NDVI, a strong spatial relationship is established. The influence of additional environmental factors on the relationship is studied, and prediction models are established. The temporal relationships between NDVI and rainfall are investigated for individual rainfall stations, by formulating distributed lag models. These relationships are found to be very weak, on 10-day, monthly and annual basis. Noise, or random variation in the NDVI data, is estimated using a geostatistical method. Noise levels are found to be very high for individual scenes, but low for a long term average NDVI image. The studies suggest that the capability of AVHRR NDVI for vegetation monitoring is very limited, although the data can be used for mapping of spatial vegetation distribution. Fourier Series are used to extract the seasonality of vegetation, timing and length of the growing seasons, minima, maxima and rates of increase and decrease in the NDVI data. Applying this method, very important parameters for vegetation mapping and for global and regional ecosystem modelling, can be estimated. It is concluded that, although NDVI data from NOAA AVHRR have serious limitations for monitoring, they are an important source of information on the spatial distribution of global and regional vegetation.
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The Next Generation: The Mentoring of African American Graduate Students on Predominately White University Campuses. - Faison, Jewel Jones (1996)
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