Update: Monitoring the African Drought (Weatherwise, 1985)
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Somalia: a national programme in population education. - Awale, Abdi Ibrahim; Johnston, Tony (PubMed, 1985)
In January 1981, a project proposal was signed by the Somalian government and the UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) governing project assistance in the implementation of population education activities in the Republic. The objectives of the program involve the institutionalization of population-family life education within the formal educational system of Somalia. An analysis of existing primary and post-primary curricular was undertaken to ascertain the possibilities of infusing population-related concepts, content, or themes into the traditional subject areas: social studies, general science, and mathematics. A broad spectrum of teachers were selected from each of the 16 regions of Somalia, and they were trained in 3 stages: 1) an initial background content providing phase, 2) an implementation phase focussing on content and method in a classroom setting, and 3) an apprenticeship phase where assistance was given in training 5 apprentices. The population family life project in Somalia is currently in a stage of mass vitalization of in-school and out-of-school programs. Mobile audi-visual vans work during the day out of a regional center to reinforce school activities. The National Program of Population Education in Somalia is now in its 4th year of implementation; it is in the last stages of institutionalizing the in-school program. The strengths of the program stem from its fundamental location within the planning department, the quality of the project staff, and the extremely low level of turnover. The weaknesses of the program are due to isolation from the world outside Somalia. The scarcity of skilled manpower and having to train specialists and technicians are also difficult to overcome.
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Emerging issues in Nigerian education ? The case of the level and scope of growth of Nigerian universities - Enaohwo, J. Okpako (Higher Education, 1985)
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Population education foreign in Africa? - F, Hane Ba (PubMed, 1985)
Population education in Africa South of the Sahara made very little progress during the 1970s and, even though some projects were implemented during that period, they were particularly concerned with resolving specific problems connected with the family or sexual life of young people. The object of traditional education is the global development of the population as a whole, and this implies that its content covers all aspects of life in society; individual interest is subordinate to the collective interest. The teaching method derived from this education is a global, integrated, and progressive method; the education given to a child is a global education that embraces all aspects of social life. All social life is organized around a solid populationist ideology; matters relating to population are progressively inculcated in the child as its process of socialization progresses. Education in the family is conducted at 2 levels: through the intervention of parents and within the scope of games. The 2nd stage of population education goes on in age group associations, which are a form of social organization based on age and are common to practically all African societies. Initiation is a form of systematizing all the ideas inculcated in children from early childhood in the form of a global training organized by specialists at the end of adolescence for both boys and girls. Overall, far from being foreign to Africa, population education is a part of the daily life of traditional African societies where it is incorporated into a coherent project for the development of the society. Population education is still a living reality in Africa's rural areas; however, a new type of population education in the educational system designed to answer present educational problems is entirely pertinent and is a pressing need.
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Population education in Africa--the case of Nigeria. - Fa, Akinlaye (PubMed, 1985)
In an awareness of the large young Nigerian population and the felt need for population education for the country, the Nigerian Educational Research Council (NERC) fomulated a comprehensive program on population education for both the in-school and out-of-school sectors of the country's education system in 1981. An expert steering committee sought to 1) define population education in the Nigerian context, 2) identify its goals, and 3) determine the major program areas which would become the foci of a population education project for Nigeria. The population education program seeks to increase awareness and understanding of 1) basic demographic processes as applied to one's family, community, the country, and the world; 2) effects of population change and growth on the social, economic, and environmental life of the society; 3) population and family size pressures on quality of life factors; and 4) population dynamics that the individual affects through personal behavior. If population education is to reach the largest number of pupils in the in-school sector, it should be introduced at the elementary school level. Out-of-school education programs include adult education, literacy classes, labor training and education, agricultural extension classes, food and nutrition campaigns, mother and child health care, environmental education, and rural development programs. NERC hopes that through this population education program, all the decision making organs of the government will be sensitized on the interrelationships of demographic processes and the socioeconomic development of the nation. The council will ensure, through appropriate review of curriculum, that population education concepts are fully incorporated into the textbooks and other curriculum materials for use in schools.
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Population education and ILO: African programmes of population and social community welfare education. - Garzon-castaneda, P; Pour, Hiwa Ghasemi; Simbeye, A.G.A. (PubMed, 1985)
The information and population education and social and community welfare program drawn up by the International Labor Organization (ILO) aims at the improvement of the living conditions of workers through relating their incomes and needs to the basic needs of the family. The integration of voluntary associations in project activities can increase the effectiveness of messages; the multiplicity of information channels enlarges the scope and strenthens credibility insofar as these channels are accepted by the target groups. When it comes to determining the contents intended for groups such as trade unions, village committees, or cooperatives, a study of the area is undertaken to know their specific situation and the aspects concerning their population and social welfare problems. Population education provided by ILO deals with 2 primordial factors: 1) the improvement of working methods which will make it possible for individuals to improve of their health and living conditions while earning better incomes, and 2) the sharing all knowledge between men and women to encourage men to assume better responsibilities. The level of education of persons affected by projects is very different; they represent a complete range from the literate and semi-literate to the illiterate. Different units of production of educational equipment are being organized to meet material demand. In conclusion, educational and social welfare programs conform to the recommendations of the conference and will continue to draw on the World Population Action Plan to improve standards of living and quality of life for all people.
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Uplift, faulting, seismicity, thermal spring and possible incipient volcanic activity in the Lesotho‐Natal Region, SE Africa: The Quathlamba Hotspot Hypothesis - Hartnady, Chris (Tectonics, 1985)
Various features of the Lesotho‐Natal region of south‐eastern Africa, namely, its anomalously high topographic elevation, the occurrence of numerous thermal springs, a few enigmatic CO 2 gas exhalation sites, and a significant level of current seismicity in certain zones, suggest that there is some neotectonic activity here. In 1983, there were also media reports of a small volcanic eruption in Lesotho. It has been suggested that a process of continental margin‐parallel warping was in operation during the Plio‐Pleistocene period to produce the apparent uplift and seaward tilting of older geomorphological land‐surfaces, but the fundamental geophysical cause of this process remained unclear. This “cymatogeny” or anorogenic plateau uplift has recently been related to absolute motion of the African continent over the former position of an oceanic spreading ridge but the hotspot reference frame was not used in the absolute motion modelling. As an alternative hypothesis for the Lesotho‐Natal phenomena, the existence of a mantle hotspot near 30°S, 29°E is invoked, its Cenozoic track is modelled, and the ages of a chain of volcanic seamounts in the Mozambique Basin are predicted. The results appear to confirm the self‐consistency of the hotspot frame as a preferred reference system for lithospheric absolute motion.
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Higher education and employment in Kenya: a liberal interpretation of the literature - Hughes, Rees; Wahome, James G. (1985)
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The use of technologies in African programmes of population education. - Krystall, A; Johnston, Tony (PubMed, 1985)
In Africa South of the Sahara, the most commonly expressed purpose of population education, whether in or out of school, is an improved quality of life for the individual, family, community or nation. Use of the technologies available for population education can contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of the learning process in a variety of ways. A significant contribution of visual and audiovisual media to population education is the power to stimulate visualization and imaginative comprehension, thereby increasing understanding and inducing affective change. Population education programs in schools and teacher training institutions in sub-Saharan Africa seem to rely heavily on the single technology of the printed text. This paper suggests that the initial priority when selecting materials for population education may be to explore the possible advantages of nontext technologies. Visual material loses its power to influence people's attitudes and actions if they are unable to identify with what they see; in some places, adequate localization may have a linguistic dimension. Basing materials on issues of relevance to specific target groups is only part of the task when the educational intent is behavior change. Pre-testing is necessary to determine the overall relevance of media materials for an intended audience. The assumption that educational media must be produced by educational experts has caused planners to make minimal use of other strategies such as: 1) users as producers and 2) professionals as producers. 4 suggestions to contribute to the quality of population education are: 1) for the 2 regional offices to disseminate all population-related materials used at the national level, 2) training for population educators in media use, 3) initiating and supporting comparisons of various technologies, and 4) assisting users to become producers of their own materials.
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HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION IN TANZANIA - Maliwa, N. J. (Acta horticulturae, 1985)
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THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE AT TENGERU, ARUSHA, TANZANIA - Maliwa, N. J. (Acta horticulturae, 1985)
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Training needs to support population education/communication activities in sub-Saharan African countries. - Mlay, Wilfred (PubMed, 1985)
Sub-Saharan Africa has recently attracted the attention and concern of the international community because of the deepening economic crisis that has persisted since the mid-1970s. The quality of life and development of progress and improvement for the rural population will depend on the extent to which countries of the region appreciate the interrelationships between population and socioeconomic development and adopt strategies to influence population trends. At both regional and national levels, policy makers will have to take account of population characteristics in dealing with demand for 1) education; 2) health services, food, and nutritional needs; 3) demand and supply of labor; and 4) maternal and child health care. The 1984 Kilimanjaro Program of Action on Population emerged as a major document from the Arusha Population Conference; African states adopted the principle that improvement in the quality of life in the region reguires effective programs to reduce current high levels of fertility and mortality and alleviate the uneven distribution of population. This paper proposes the use of a multisectoral training strategy to integrate population education into rural development training programs as a step towards realizing desired national goals for economic growth and social development. Population education can be subdivided into 3 interrelated content areas: 1) population factors, 2) interrelationships between population factors, and 3) socioeconomic development at macro and micro levels. Although each population education program has its individual aims, at the national level it is necessary to identify criteria to guide the design and selection of content such as 1) a country's development goals and needs, 2) an institutional framework, 3) social and cultural factors, and 4) the availability of teaching materials. A Kenya case study is provided.
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Environmental education: the African dimension - Okot-Uma, Rogers W'o; Wereko-Brobby, C.Y. (The Environmentalist, 1985)
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Population education and family life in Seychelles. - Pardiwalla, Ruby (PubMed, 1985)
The Republic of Seychelles is made up of islands and a melange of African, European, Indian, and Chinese people. Traditionally, attitudes towards sex have been governed by church morality and social consensus; however, with the dissemination of Western values brought in by tourists and the early maturation of teenagers, the breakdown of traditional institutions and values has changed sexual behavior in Seychelles. A 5 year United Nation Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) maternal and child health project was initiated to enhance the development of healthy, mature, responsible attitudes towards sexuality, thus helping the young to make responsible decisions about their lives which would benefit the society as a whole. The 1st step which took almost a year to accomplish was to establish links with key people and organizations to explain the purpose of the project; in a country where sexual discussion is a taboo subject, this was not easy. The family life education advisory panel--drawing top-level people from the different ministries, organizations, religious denominations, political parties, and parents--was set up to guide and gain involvement of as wide a population as possible. In 1980, a mass campaign was organized around the theme of teenage pregnancies. Gradually, the sex education program was introduced into elementary classes following training of teachers and development of an appropriate, evaluated curriculum. Today, family life education forms an integral component of the curriculum in all schools. Results of the UNFPA 5 year project are: 1) the rate of teenage pregnancies has decreased slightly, 2) venereal diseases are more controlled, 3) contraception use has greatly increased, 4) female sterilization is widely practiced, and 5) an abortion bill has been approved. Follow up studies are needed to ascertain the long term effects of the program on the students' knowledge, attitude, and behavior in the future.
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The evaluation of some laboratory techniques in the detection of enterobiasis in school children in Egypt. - Rm, Awad; Rf, Hanallah; Ta, Morsy (PubMed, 1985)
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Population Education in Africa. English Version. - Sankale-Semeteys, Eva (1985)
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Orthodontic status of school children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. - Sp, Aggarwal; Sa, Odusanya (PubMed, 1985)
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Population education in Sierra Leone. - Ta, Lucan (PubMed, 1985)
The 1977 Sierra Leone 3 year population education project had 5 objectives: 1) to develop a core of Sierra Leoneans qualified in population education, 2) to integrate population education concepts into the curriculum for secondary schools and teachers colleges, 3) to train teachers already engaged in trial teaching in pilot schools in the new integrated curricula to give support to their colleagues, 4) to integrate population education into the whole Sierra Leone educational system, and 5) to create an awareness of the implications of population growth on the socioeconomic development of the country. A 1977 seminar on the Social Studies and Population Education Program discussed population issues and economic and social development. The strategy recommended at the seminar was that both the minor and the major revision approaches be used in the integration of population education concepts into the existing curriculum of the National Program in Social Studies for the lower secondary level. A Spiral Curriculum was established in 1981 constructed of 6 topics: 1) man's origins, development, and characteristics; 2) man's environment; 3) man's culture; 4) population and resources; 5) communication in the service of man; and 6) global issues-achievement and problems. Both at in-service and at pre-servicetraining, the enquiry method of teaching was emphasized. By the end of December 1981, the curriculum in Social Studies integrated with Population Education was completed for secondary schools and secondary teachers' colleges. The availability of the textbooks that secondary school students will take to their homes for their parents to read will contribute immensely to the attainment of the development objective of creating an awareness of the implications and consequences of population growth on the socioeconomic development of the country.
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Unesco experience in population education in Africa south of the Sahara. - Ukaegbu, A.Q.; Kyazze, J. (PubMed, 1985)
Population education is an educational response to contemporary population issues and problems affecting social, economic, and political development and progress. The general goals of population education are to involve learners in a process that will enable them to broaden their awareness and understanding of population-related issues so that they will be able to make rational decisions that are personally meaningful and socially desirable. Unesco has since its creation, directed its education program to educational policy and planning, to the preparation of teachers, and to the improvement of the content of education. Unesco is aware that population issues and problems are often deeply embedded in people's traditions, values, and sensitivities; therefore, Unesco does not prescribe content for member states. Unesco support for country programs in population education takes several integrally related forms: 1) technical advisory services; 2) training of national population education leaders; 3) research and instructional materials production and distribution; 4) gathering of information, documentation, analysis, and dissemination; and 5) project management. Population education programs share similar problems with other programs funded by external sources; one specific problem of most country programs is the heavy reliance on a single external funding source, the UNFPA. During the 15 years of experience in developing and implementing population education, Unesco has gained a deeper insight into the critical population issues perceived by the member states. Unesco's approach to these problems is through the encouragement of research and cooperation at the country, regional, global, and agency levels.
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Training needs in population education in Africa. - Ukaegbu, Alfred O. (PubMed, 1985)
2 broad categories of personnel may be identified when discussing training needs in population education in Africa South of the Sahara: 1) the program staff and 2) the actual teachers of population education programs. This paper discusses both the common core of and the specific training needs for all teachers--pre-service teachers, serving teachers, and out-of-school population educators. Of critical importance in the development of population education programs, is the goal of changing attitudes and behavior of learners toward population issues in ways personnally meaningful and socially relevant. The 4 basic concerns relating to training needs are: 1) the trends, 2) the strateies, 3) new technics, and 4) key program content. The training strategies are analyzed from the standpoints of 1) the program staff, 2) the teacher educators of pre-service teachers, and 3) the in-service training for serving teachers. The training requirements during study tours include: 1) project and management, 2) project monitoring, 3) collaboration with other agencies, 4) curriculum development and preparation of instructional materials, 5) training design and measurement of effectiveness, 6) utilization and storage of instructional materials, and 7) institutionalization of project activities. Training activities for population educators of all categories aim at encouraging the use of multimedia, independent learning, and group processes. Key program content for teachers should include: 1) orientation to population education, 2) population dynamics and policy, 3) population and quality of life themes, 4) curriculum development and methodology, 5) preparation of teaching aids, 6) evaluation, 7) teaching-learning activities, 8) prototype lessons, and 9) program design, planning and management. Institutions of higher learning and international agencies also play a role in population education.
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Controlling the Costs of Education in Eastern Africa: A Review of Data, Issues, and Policies - Wolff, Laurence (1985)
Over the last twenty years countries in Eastern Africa have made great progress in expanding educational opportunities and meeting manpower needs. Nonetheless the region still remains at the bottom of all rankings in educational development, and shortages of trained human resources are one of the main impediments to renewed economic and social development. Despite these needs, slow economic growth will limit the amount of funds available for education and relatively high education costs compared to per capita income will make educational expansion difficult. It is therefore essential for countries in the region to ensure that their limited funds have a maximum impact, that the efficiency of education systems is increased, and that new sources of education financing are made available. To assist in this process, this report reviews data, issues, and policies which might lead to greater cost-efficiency and better use of available funds. The report is designed to provide broad guidelines only, since the implementation of specific policies depends on detailed country analysis.
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Control of rupture by fault geometry during the 1980 El Asnam (Algeria) earthquake - Yielding, Graham (Geophysical Journal International, 1985)
The El Asnam earthquake of 1980 October 10 (Ms= 7.3) occurred on a segmented reverse fault in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria. This report re-examines the teleseismic data for the main shock and major aftershocks in the light of detailed studies of the surface breaks, geodetic changes and aftershock distribution. The observed thrust fault is split into southern, central and northern segments by distinct offsets and changes in trend. The southern and central segments are each about 12 km long, but the northern segment showed only 3–4 km of surface thrust breaks. However, widespread tensional faulting on ridges in the north-east area, together with focal mechanisms of locally-recorded aftershocks, indicates that a series of imbricate listric thrusts exists to the north of the northern fault segment.
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Dependence and interdependence in education: Two case-studies from Africa - Yoloye, E. Ayotunde (PROSPECTS, 1985)
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U. S. Foreign Policy and the Education of Black South Africans - Davies, Julie (Comparative Education Review, 1985)
Previous articleNext article No AccessU. S. Foreign Policy and the Education of Black South AfricansJohn DaviesJohn Davies Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 29, Number 2May, 1985 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/446505 Views: 11Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1985 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Zine Magubane American philanthropy and African education: African students in the metropolis in the 1960s, African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal 2, no.11 (Jan 2009): 43–53.https://doi.org/10.1080/17528630802513433Helán E. Page Information control: The past and present career of scientific thinking in the European and colonized world, Reviews in Anthropology 18, no.1-41-4 (Mar 1991): 259–271.https://doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1991.9977957Farrokh Safavi, Colin E. Tweddell Attributes of Success in African Management Development Programmes: Concepts and Applications, Journal of Management Development 9, no.66 (Jun 1990): 50–63.https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719010139873Yngve Nordkvelle The academic boycott of South Africa debate: Science and social practice, Studies in Higher Education 15, no.33 (Jan 1990): 253–275.https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079012331377390Peter Kallaway Privatization as an aspect of the educational politics of the new right: Critical signposts for understanding shifts in educational policy in South Africa during the eighties?, British Journal of Educational Studies 37, no.33 (Aug 1989): 253–278.https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.1989.9973815
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The Slopes of Kilimanjaro: Teaching Experientially in Tanzania - Donnan, Graeme E. (Journal of Experiential Education, 1985)
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Attitudes of Nigerian Students in the United States Toward Handicapped Persons - Ekpro, Ekpedeme Thompson (1985)
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Education and development in the South African context - Hartshorne, K. B. (Development Southern Africa, 1985)
In line with international experience it is now widely accepted in South Africa that education has an important role to play in development, particularly of socio‐economically disadvantaged communities, although there is less certainty now than in the sixties as to what that role is. It cannot be governed solely by the manpower needs of the economy: men and women have their own equally important needs. Nor can this role be effective as long as education is equated with formal schooling, particularly where the schooling of the majority in society has been neglected over a long period. While the formal education system is undergoing reform and regeneration, and attention is being given to the critical issues of equality of opportunity and the legitimacy of the system, it is imperative that high priority should be given to non‐formal adult education. In all fields of education there is a need to give greater thought to issues of relevance and quality, rather than to seek salvation in “more of the same”.
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Manam Island, Papua New Guinea: Petrology and Geochemistry of a Low-TiO2 Basaltic Island-Arc Volcano - Johnson, R. W.; Jaques, A. L.; Hickey, Rosemary L.; McKee, Chris; Chappell, B. W. (Journal of Petrology, 1985)
Manam volcano consists of relatively mafic and compositionally similar tholeiitic basalts and low-SiO2 andesites that are characterized by notably low (mainly 0·3–0·35 weight per cent) TiO2 contents. These rocks provide an ideal opportunity to investigate both the extent of depletion in their peridotite magma-source regions (which are evidently similar in many respects to the highly depleted sources of boninitic magmas), and the interplay of the high-level processes of magma mixing, crystal fractionation, and upper crustal contamination, in an island-are volcano. Manam rocks have pronounced enrichments in Rb, Ba, K, and Sr relative to the light rare-earth elements and, especially, to the high-field-strength elements (Sr/Ti values are exceptionally high). However, there is no compelling evidence that these enrichments were caused by addition of a hydrous, slab-derived component to the peridotite source region. Nd and Sr-isotope ratios plot within the oceanic mantle array; 207Pb/204Pb values are only slightly higher than those for oceanic rocks; and the absence of hydrous minerals, the early crystallization and modal preponderance of plagioclase over pyroxene, high estimated quenching temperatures, and low water contents in the Manam rocks, are all evidence that the magmas crystallized under markedly water-undersaturated conditions. Unusually anorthite-rich plagioclase phenoerysts in the more diffrentiated rocks may correspond to crystallization under higher water-vapour pressures, possibly caused by influxes of groundwater, or they may be accidental xenocrysts. Fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, and spinel (early chromite followed by magnetite) has dominated the evolution of the magma series. However, clear correlations between incompatible trace-element ratios, 87Sr/86Sr, and 100 Mg/(Mg ³ Fe2³) values are convincing evidence for an accompanying mixing process—either of (1) two basaltic magma types (one more fractionated and lower in 87Sr/86Sr than the other), or (2) pristine magmas and contaminant from basaltic conduit and reservoir wall rocks. Wall-rock contamination is the less likely process, and is the more difficult one to identify, particularly if it accompanied magma mixing.
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Arm muscle and fat in the evaluation of nutritional status. A study of African pre-school children in three different environments - Manshande, J.P.; Vuylsteke, J; Vlietinck, Robert; Eeckels, R (European Journal of Pediatrics, 1985)
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[Training in psychiatry at the Institute of Medical Sciences in Sidi-Bel-Abbés in Algeria]. - Ponikiewska, W (PubMed, 1985)
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The association between tobacco smoking and use of other psychoactive substances among Egyptian male students - Soueif, M.I.; Darweesh, Z.A.; Taha, Haitham (Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1985)
The present study is part of a large scale project on the extent of substance use among young people in Egypt. Data collected on two representative samples of secondary school boys (N = 5530) and technical school pupils (N = 3686) through the administration of a standardized questionnaire are broken down along four parameters: tobacco smoking, use of medical psychoactive substances, consumption of natural narcotics and alcohol drinking. In the present paper we concentrate on relevant answers of tobacco smokers vs. non-smokers in both secondary school and technical school students. More smokers than non-smokers were found to be living away from their families and stating that at least one of the parents was dead. More smokers than non-smokers reported participating in peers' activities. Smokers were, also, found to outnumber non-smokers in being exposed to various kinds of drug-use related stimuli. Invariably, tobacco smokers were found to be more daring than non-smokers in thinking of psychoactive substances, in trying such substances and in continuing to take them. Smokers were, moreover, reported to exceed non-smokers in being under treatment from various physical as well as psychological ailments. These findings were discussed with emphasis on their heuristic value for the development of plans for treatment and/or prevention.
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Relationships of Schistosoma hematobium, Hookworm and Malarial Infections and Metrifonate Treatment to Hemoglobin Level in Kenyan School Children - Stephenson, Lani S.; Latham, Michael C.; Kurz, Kathleen M.; Kinoti, Stephen N.; Oduori, Martin L.; Crompton, D. W. T. (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1985)
"Relationships of Schistosoma hematobium, Hookworm and Malarial Infections and Metrifonate Treatment to Hemoglobin Level in Kenyan School Children" published on May 1985 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
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Moral and Religious Education for Nigeria - Woodhouse, Howard (Journal of Moral Education, 1985)
Abstract The paper considers moral and religious education programmes appropriate for Nigeria. Starting with a brief analysis of the current crisis in moral, spiritual and political beliefs, the paper progresses by analysing traditional Nigerian education and the approach to moral education which it advocated. It then analyses the epistemological underpinnings of traditional moral education as well as the social institutions supporting it. A brief section outlining certain shortcomings in traditional education follows. This is then followed by a consideration of contemporary approaches to both moral and religious education by focussing on the question of the possible independence of moral from religious education. Having agreed with certain writers that the two are independent, the paper concludes with a sub‐section on the aims of moral education as a distinct activity.
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African Drought - Nyerges, A. Endre (Science, 1985)
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African Drought - Nyerges, A. Endre (Science, 1985)
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Perinatal mortality surveys in an African teaching hospital: I. The past and present statistics. - Ah, Dawodu; Oa, Adewunmi; Ao, Marinho (PubMed, 1985)
This study investigates perinatal mortality (PNMR) as an index of obstetric and neonatal services in Ibadan. Data collected between May 1979 and May 1980 on all mothers who delivered at the University College Hospital were used to determine influence of birthweight maternal age and parity and the amount of prenatal care on PNMR. PNMR was defined as stillbirth over 500g and all deaths in the 1st 7 days of life per 1000 births. Information was compared with that of studies done at the same hospital between 1961-1964. 75% of mothers who delivered were referred to the Obstetric Department and booked for delivery due to possibility of complications; 25% were emergency patients admitted shortly before or during labor; PNMR was higher for this emergency group (247.1) than the booked group (39.3). 16% of the babies delivered were low birthweight babies yet these accounted for 51% of perinatal deaths. PNMR was slightly higher for multiple births than single (118.2 vs. 92.1). Age group 20-24 had the lowest PNMR (66.1) with a steady rise as age increased over 24 the highest rate at the age of 40 (288). Since 1964 the PNMR decreased overall from 60/1000 to 39/1000 for booked patients but a PNMR of 250/1000 for emergency patients remained unchanged. The observed reduction in the last 2 decades reflects improved obstetric and neonatal care and better standards of living however further reduction requires the prevention of low birthweight babies and provision of adequate prenatal care for all pregnant mothers in an effort to eliminate emergency deliveries.
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Student enrolment and the appreciation of Principals on alcohol use in Bendel State, Nigeria - Arubayi, Eric (The journal of the Royal Society of Health, 1985)
THE PRIMARY purpose of the study was to ascer tain the effect of student enrolment and the per ceptions of principals on alcohol use or abuse. The result revealed that principals of secondary schools in Bendel State, Nigeria have a negative perception on alcohol use or abuse. Also it was found that there was no significant relationship between student enrolment and the perceptions of principals on alcohol use or abuse.
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Survey of damages during the Dhamar earthquake of 13 December 1982 in the Yemen Arab Republic - Arya, A. S.; Srivastava, L. S.; Gupta, Sushma (Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1985)
Abstract The Dhamar province of the Yemen Arab Republic was shaken on 13 December 1982 by a moderate earthquake. The earthquake caused considerable loss of life and different degrees of damage to the traditional houses in the area. The most common forms of construction, consisting of stone masonry and adobe, suffered very extensive damage. The destruction of houses was mainly due to failure of the superstructure and none due to the movement of foundations. An above-ground reinforced concrete water tank also collapsed. Ground fissures, rupture of stones on a hill side, rock falls, and slides were also observed. An isoseismal map of the earthquake-damaged area is also presented.
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Teaching the management of terminal illness in Zimbabwe. - Buchan, T; Page, Theodore (PubMed, 1985)
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The Relationship between Racism and Education in South Africa - Dube, Ernest F. (Harvard Educational Review, 1985)
Ernest F. Dube traces the relationship between racism and education in South Africa in light of the numerous racist policies and practices that the South African government has pursued and continues to implement. He postulates that, contrary to a general belief that racism is practiced primarily by the Afrikaners, the English-speaking South Africans have also been racist. Dube describes the introduction of Bantu Education and draws attention to the intended and unintended outcomes of this system. He offers his insights into the gravity of the situation and forecasts that serious consequences will result from the oppressive educational practices that exist today.
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Evaluation of a health education programme in Tayba Qurashi Village, Central Sudan during 1983. - el-G, Murda A (PubMed, 1985)
Schistosomiasis, diarrhoeal disease and malaria are spread by improper use of water. The influence of health education on the behaviour of women, who spend their time in the houses and are responsible for their children, was studied in regard to the use of water in Tayba Village in central Sudan. Seventy per cent of the women were illiterate. The education campaign improved understanding of how bilharzia is acquired and how to protect against it. Understanding of how diarrhoea occurs and how to prevent diarrhoea and malaria also increased. Progress was made towards keeping food correctly, in cleanliness of water jars and houses, and in disposal of garbage. The need for cleanliness of latrines and removal of stagnant water was emphasized.
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The Health Knowledge of Ninth Grade Students in Oyo State, Nigeria - Fabiyi, Amos K. (Journal of School Health, 1985)
A stratified random sample of 540 ninth grade (Class 3) students in Oyo State, Nigeria, were administered the 60-item Health Education Test Form 3A. The purpose of the study was to obtain baseline data concerning the health knowledge of the students for use in the development of Health Education curricula in Oyo State. Subjects from the metropolitan area, from medium-size towns, and from rural areas recorded composite mean scores of 29.02, 24.78, and 25.01, respectively; indicating a general deficiency of health knowledge among the subjects. Recommendations are offered concerning curriculum, teacher preparation, and international cooperation to assist in the development of quality Health Education programs for Nigerian students.
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[Frequency selectivity of the normal guinea pig cochlea and in experimental hearing loss]. - Ga, Tavartkiladze; Rv, Kharrison (PubMed, 1985)
The frequency selectivity of the cochlea was measured in pigmented guinea pigs with implanted electrodes using simultaneous masking paradigm. In animals with experimentally induced deafness, AP tuning curves are broadened by a factor of 2-3 as compared with normal animals. The deterioration of frequency selectivity is thought to correlate with extent of the outer hair cells loss. The deterioration of threshold and tuning properties of the cochlea seem to be induced by the loss of the functional integrity of the outer hair cells.
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Weapon of War: Political Education in Zimbabwe1 - Harber, Clive (Journal of Curriculum Studies, 1985)
(1985). Weapon of War: Political Education in Zimbabwe 1. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 163-174.
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Egyptian middle school science teachers' attitudes toward a lecture method, self-concept, and locus of control - Harty, Harold; Salama, Galal (Science Education, 1985)
Science EducationVolume 69, Issue 2 p. 265-271 Science Teacher Education Egyptian middle school science teachers' attitudes toward a lecture method, self-concept, and locus of control Harold Harty, Harold Harty School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401Search for more papers by this authorGalal Salama, Galal Salama Faculty of Education, College of Education, Mansora University, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this author Harold Harty, Harold Harty School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401Search for more papers by this authorGalal Salama, Galal Salama Faculty of Education, College of Education, Mansora University, Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730690218AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume69, Issue2April 1985Pages 265-271 RelatedInformation
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Counseling Nigerian Students in United States Colleges and Universities - Idowu, Adeyemi I. (Journal of Counseling & Development, 1985)
Journal of Counseling & DevelopmentVolume 63, Issue 8 p. 506-509 Counseling Nigerian Students in United States Colleges and Universities ADEYEMI I. IDOWU, ADEYEMI I. IDOWU lecturer Department of Guidance and Counseling, University of Ilorin, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author ADEYEMI I. IDOWU, ADEYEMI I. IDOWU lecturer Department of Guidance and Counseling, University of Ilorin, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1985.tb02746.xCitations: 22AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume63, Issue8April 1985Pages 506-509 RelatedInformation
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Management of oil pollution of natural resources in Nigeria - Ikporukpo, C.O. (Journal of Environmental Management, 1985)
Oil spillages are prominent features of petroleum exploitation in Nigeria. For instance, within the decade 1970-1980, the country experienced 18 major spills. Oil pollution adversely affects the water and soil resources of the petroleum-producing Niger Delta. There have been attempts to manage the increasing menace of oil spills, and two strategies may be identified. These are the legislative and the project implementation approaches. The first approach relies on preventative laws, while the second, more or less curative, depends on the implementation of projects for the monitoring, control, and clearance of spilled oil. There are various problems in the effective operation of both strategies, and the persistence of spills, many of them avoidable, tends to indicate lapses in the management attempts. 12 references, 4 tables.
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Drug use among Nigerian university students: prevalence of self-reported use and attitudes to use. - Jj, Nevadomsky (PubMed, 1985)
Based on a sample of nearly 300 university students in Benin City, Nigeria, the present study shows that, although a wide range of various drugs are readily available and known, the substances most frequently used by university students are coffee, cola nuts, alcohol, spirits and cigarettes. Diazepam and diazepoxide are also used with some frequency. Students tend to use stimulants and depressants sequentially, mainly during and after sessional examinations. The stimulants keep them alert while they are studying for an examination, and the depressants help them to rest after an examination is over. Cannabis is well-known and has been tried by many students.
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CARBONATITE VOLCANOS OF EAST AFRICA AND THE GENESIS OF CARBONATITES - Kapustin, Yu. L.; Polyakov, A.I. (International Geology Review, 1985)
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Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Aureus in a Population of Healthy Nigerian Students - Lamikanra, Adebayo; Paul, Barbara D.; Akinwole, Omolabake B.; Paul, M. (Journal of Medical Microbiology, 1985)
The nasal carrier-rate of Staphylococcus aureus in 548 Nigerians aged 9-32 years and attending various educational establishments was 56.4%. This rate decreased with increasing age. A significantly greater proportion of females (65.0%) than males (46.5%) were carriers, but the excess in females was apparent only in subjects aged greater than 20 years. Mucoid strains of S. aureus, which gave a negative slide-coagulase reaction, were found in 21.5% of carriers aged 10-15 years, but were absent from members of other age-groups. A considerable proportion of all the strains tested were resistant to commonly used antibiotics.
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Ugandan Refugees and the Lutaya School - Male, Charles Data (Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 1985)
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Cost and financing of education - Kano State (Nigeria) - Mingat, Alain; Orivel, François (1985)
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Signal processing and spectral analysis of the aftershocks of the 1980 El Asnam, Algeria earthquake—engineering application - Mohammadioun, G.; Goula, Xavier; Ferrieux, H. (Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1985)
Seismic recording stations were set up in the El Asnam region of Algeria by the Department of Nuclear Safety of the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA/IPSN) after the severe October 10, 1980 earthquake, to study the aftershocks of this important event. Three of these stations, equipped with SMA-1 instruments, were intended to record strong ground motion and were accordingly installed near the trace of the fault responsible for the main shock. Three other more sensitive stations were placed in such a way as to make up a small network enclosing the central portion of this fault. Over 400 events were thus recorded during October and November 1980, of which certain events presented accelerations of nearly 0.2g. The SMA-1 recordings were used as a basis for comparing different methods of correcting time histories, demonstrating the influence of the digitization rate, especially upon the high-frequency elements of the ground acceleration and that of the type of low-frequency filtering upon the integrated velocity and displacement time histories. The most significant recordings from both types of station were processed and their response spectra computed. From recordings of the same earthquake obtained on a massive concrete slab and in the free field, a marked filtering effect in the high-frequency range is to be observed.
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Cultures in Collision: Education and Dialogical Encounter in Zimbabwe. - Mungazi, Dickson A. (1985)
The central theory of Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed is that all human beings are capable of engaging in a dialogical encounter with their world. Application of this theory to the bitter civil war that occurred in Zimbabwe from 1972 to 1979 leads to four conclusions. First, the lack of educational opportunity for the Africans and the unwillingness of the Rhodesian Front (RF) government to engage in a dialog was a major cause of the war. The more the RF refused to engage in dialog with the Africans, the more the prospects of a serious conflict and a military confrontation increased. Second, good national educational policy and the practice of democracy must exist together. However, the RF never practiced democracy in its relations with the Airicans because of its belief that there are cultural differences that cannot be eliminated, and that belief became a justification for perpetuating oppression. Third, the only way the war could have been avoided was to have engaged the Africans in dialog about the educational process that would have led to dialog about other national issues. The fourth and last conclusion is that there comes a tine when the oppressed use the limited education available to arouse a nationalistic feeling thaX motivates them to struggle for their own freedom. Substantiating material (32 footnotes and 1 table) is dispersed throughout the paper. (MLF) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. OEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Othce of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) h ' is document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduotron quahty Points of view or opinions stated in this d0Ctz ment do not necessarily represent Official OERI position or pohcy PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY kit TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). BEST COPY AVAILABLE ei-E 5 ese et.b4G' cry, RV-14 I 9
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Significance and Rationale for Education in Early Childhood in Africa: A Lesson from Western Experience - Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. (Psychological Reports, 1985)
To examine the theoretical and empirical evidence in support of education in early childhood both in the West and in the Third World Countries a brief account is given of the present state of education during early childhood in Africa. Comparatively early childhood education in Africa leaves much to be desired. By alerting the public to the importance of early childhood education as observed in Western countries, African countries and other developing countries might be encouraged to give greater attention and allocate part or more of their scarce resources to the operation of such programs to improve preschoolers' lives.
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[Socioprofessional integration of the handicapped in Tunisia]. - Nasraoui, M (PubMed, 1985)
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Education in Tanzania - Nyerere, Julius K. (Harvard Educational Review, 1985)
Educational philosophy and policy in Tanzania have undergone a transformation since the country gained its independence from British colonial rule in 1961. President Julius Nyerere describes their accomplishments and presents the dilemmas currently facing the new socialist government. He describes the literacy and teacher training programs and discusses the relationship between the country's educational policy and international economic conditions.
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The science curriculum and the secondary student in Sierra Leone - Sawyerr, Ebu N. S. (Science Education, 1985)
Science EducationVolume 69, Issue 2 p. 147-153 International Science EducationFree Access The science curriculum and the secondary student in Sierra Leone Ebu N. S. Sawyerr, Ebu N. S. Sawyerr Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra LeoneSearch for more papers by this author Ebu N. S. Sawyerr, Ebu N. S. Sawyerr Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra LeoneSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730690207Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume69, Issue2April 1985Pages 147-153 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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Africa in Drought: A Change of Climate? - Winstanley, Derek (Weatherwise, 1985)
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Medical student attrition in Gondar, Ethiopia. - Za, Zein; Bekele, Derso (PubMed, 1985)
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The Effect of Written Persuasive Communication On Changing Attitudes of Egyptian Preservice Biology Teachers Toward Teaching Evolution. - Zeitoun, Hassan Hussein; Hassan, Abdel moneim Ahamed (1985)
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Fifteen Years of African Drought - Kerr, Richard A. (Science, 1985)
When it began, back in the 1960's, the impending drought appeared to be simply a return to more normal weather after the wet decade of the 1950's. From the perspective of 1985, however, the sub-Saharan drought of the past 15 years is seen to have been the worst in 150 years, and the past 2 years were the driest of the century. The exceptional persistence, severity, and broad expanse of the drought suggest that man's role in the disaster has been limited to aggravating human suffering; nature, not man, created the drought. It may be years before this one ends, and it will happen again.
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Opinions regarding abortion among male Nigerian undergraduate students in the United States - Adebayo, Akin; Nassif, F. (Biodemography and Social Biology, 1985)
Abstract Acculturation theory suggests that contemporary Africa has been experiencing sociocultural changes (opinions, beliefs, values, and so on) because of the impact of Western culture, especially through the exposure to Western eduction. Based on first‐hand data on 117 male Nigerian students attending American colleges and universities at the undergraduate level, the issue of abortion is raised in terms of (1) whether these students favor or oppose abortion, and (2) what factors are statistically related to abortion. The analysis of the data indicates that 64.1 per cent of the students are against abortion, 18.8 per cent endorsed abortion, while 17.1 per cent were uncertain. The outcome of varying cross‐tabulations and chi‐square tests shows that abortion is statistically related to the number and sex of children. It is also revealed that marital status, religious preference, and opinion about the present population of Nigeria are related to abortion.
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TEACHING ENGLISH IN NIGERIAN INTERNATIONAL PRIMARY SCHOOLS - Adeyanju, Thomas K. (World Englishes, 1985)
World EnglishesVolume 4, Issue 1 p. 33-35 TEACHING ENGLISH IN NIGERIAN INTERNATIONAL PRIMARY SCHOOLS THOMAS K. ADEYANJU, THOMAS K. ADEYANJU T. K. Adeyanju completed his education as a TESL specialist at Teachers College, Columbia, New York in 1971 and has taught extensively in Nigeria, Sierra-Leone, and the United States. He has developed both undergraduate and post-graduate programmes in English teacher education and was twice chairman of national workshops on English curricula in Nigeria. He has published several books and articles. He is a consultant on English teaching and has been an Associate Professor at Ahmadu Bello University since 1979.Search for more papers by this author THOMAS K. ADEYANJU, THOMAS K. ADEYANJU T. K. Adeyanju completed his education as a TESL specialist at Teachers College, Columbia, New York in 1971 and has taught extensively in Nigeria, Sierra-Leone, and the United States. He has developed both undergraduate and post-graduate programmes in English teacher education and was twice chairman of national workshops on English curricula in Nigeria. He has published several books and articles. He is a consultant on English teaching and has been an Associate Professor at Ahmadu Bello University since 1979.Search for more papers by this author First published: March 1985 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1985.tb00369.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume4, Issue1March 1985Pages 33-35 RelatedInformation
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In Nigerian communities. Health promotion through the primary school health programme. - Ao, Demehin (PubMed, 1985)
In Nigeria even the smallest village has primary school. These institutions can serve as centers of primary health care for the Nigerian community. 3 features are suggested for a good school health program: school health services a healthful school envirnonment and a school health education program. The major problem is the area of school health services. Specific recommendations include annual medical examinations constantly updated health records for each pupil and paramedical referrals for conditions requiring more extensive facilities than those locally available. Due to the shortage of health manpower it is suggested that student teachers be given basic health training. A subunit should be formed within the health education unit to work closely with the ministries of health education and government and social development and the school health program extended to include the entire community. This last recommendation would benefit the school program as well as the local population because of the additional participation which would strengthen the schools efforts. The teacher is an educator of both children and adults. Success is foreseen through the combines abilities of the educator with the support and efforts of the health and welfare agencies and the community. (summaries in SPA FRE)
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Cultural/Ethnology: Food, Sex, and Pollution: A New Guinea Religion - Biersack, Aletta (American Anthropologist, 1985)
American AnthropologistVolume 87, Issue 1 p. 203-204 Free Access Cultural/Ethnology: Food, Sex, and Pollution: A New Guinea Religion Aletta Biersack, Aletta Biersack University of OregonSearch for more papers by this author Aletta Biersack, Aletta Biersack University of OregonSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1985 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1985.87.1.02a00720AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume87, Issue1March 1985Pages 203-204 RelatedInformation
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Haematological indices of primary school children in Vwang Plateau State, Nigeria. - Co, Oyejide; Enenebeaku (PubMed, 1985)
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The National Union of South African Students: a Case-Study of the Plight of Liberalism, 1924–77 - Kline, Benjamin (The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1985)
Liberalism in South Africa has had a history of importence because of its failure to adhere consistently to the belief that when the ‘loss of liberty for non-whites’ occurs, it ‘inevitably meant [the] loss of liberty for whites as well’. Instead, the predominantly English-speaking South Africans who backed this movement have attempted to promote liberal ideals while maintaining their white prerogatives, and have subsequently found the two to be ‘incompatible’. 1 As a result, neither the uncompromising Afrikaner Nationalists nor the demanding Africans and revolutionaries have supported liberalism, and those South Africans in the middle have been discouraged by its vacillating nature. The National Union of South African Students is an example of a liberal organisation's inability to solve this dilemma. Initially Nusas concentrated on academic needs, following a ‘students as such’ policy, and then later transformed its ideals into a ‘students in society’ view, becoming socially active in defiance of the Nationalist Government. 2
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The development and applications of a Drought Early Warning System in Botswana* - Morgan, Richard G. (Disasters, 1985)
This article describes the indicators and data sources used by the Botswana Drought Early Warning System formally established in early 1984, the main uses of the indicators in the assessment of drought conditions and the design of relief programmes are outlined. Limitations of the sources of data available are discussed, as is the feasibility of adding some possible further indicators. In conclusion, the importance of a functioning Early Warning System in a country highly susceptible to repeated droughts is stressed, in the context of die current effort to elaborate a comprehensive National Food Strategy and to establish a Regional Early Warning System for Southern Africa .
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A Free-Format Values Inventory: Explorations with Zimbabwean Student Teachers - Munro, Don (South African Journal of Psychology, 1985)
Studies of values have been rare in Africa, and have been confined mainly to work values. Furthermore, most such research have used value constructs which emerged from Western research, rather than establishing which factors best describe the local data. A form of measuring instrument is proposed in which each item defines a value construct at a level that can be understood by any respondent; the importance of each value is rated on a simple scale, and the resultant data analysed at the individual and group levels. A prototype 81 item Life and Work Values inventory is described, and data from 400 male and female Black student teachers are presented. The results are shown to correspond broadly with expectations based on other research. Minor sex differences are evident, but factors concerning a comfortable life, conformity to convention, competence and activity, freedom for the self, and achievement and recognition emerge for the total sample. It is argued that the method warrants further development, and strategies for research at the individual, societal, and cross-cultural levels are discussed.
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Behavioural objectives for medical auxiliary training in Tanzania: 9 years’ experience with an education model - Petit, Pascale (Medical Education, 1985)
Summary. The behavioural objectives model of curriculum design was introduced to the Medical Auxiliary Training Sector in Tanzania during the 1970s while problems of expansion, novelty and economic stress were abundant. Experience in a relatively privileged school, Rural Medical Training Centre, Sengerema, shows that the model did not result in more practical teaching time, due mainly to various constraints. The students did, however, appreciate the ‘sharing of objectives’ at the onset of a teaching block as a great help for their (theoretical) learning. Due to unfamiliarity of teachers with new subject matter related to primary health care, the model has failed thus far to result in a relevant practical course in public health promotion. A more problem-oriented approach to curriculum development is recommended.
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Reduction of child hospital mortality in Mozambique through a nurse training programme - Pisacane, Alfredo (Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 1985)
The impact on child mortality of a 6-month paediatric nurse training programme, carried out during the routine ward time-table, was evaluated in a provincial hospital in Mozambique which serves a population of 40,000. Following the training, mortality fell significantly in comparison with previous years, and the hospital set up a scheme for continuing in-service training of paediatric nurses.
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The Establishment of a Library Service to Visually Handicapped People in African Developing Countries - Thomsen, Paulli (IFLA Journal, 1985)
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The perceived need for inservice training to improve the teaching of mathematics in primary schools in Bendel State of Nigeria - Iloh, Gabriel Ogochukwu (1985)
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Oil pollution of the Egyptian Red Sea and Gulf of Suez and its effects on birds - Bourne, W.R.P. (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1985)
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I E S Arrow-Dot Performance of Nigerian Juvenile Delinquents and Secondary School Students - Cb, Omololu (Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1985)
Omololu and Ohwovoriole (1984; Ohwovoriole & Omololu, 1983) used the Arrow-Dot subtest of the I E S Test (Dombrose & Slobin, 1958) as a Culture-free test with psychiatric inpatients and diabetic patients, respectively. The validiry of the test was further assessed with juvenile delinquents and secondary school students. It was assumed that juvenile delinquents would be more Idor superego-response oriented while secondary scl~ool students would be more ego-response oriented. Subjects randomly selected were 142 from state and federal juvenile delinquenq centers and 462 from secondary schools in Lagos state. They ranged in age from 12 to 18 yr. Seventy-two juvenile delinquents were from remand homes, state centers for petty crimes, while 72 juvenile delinquents were from the Borstal Federal centers for serious crime (armed robbery, murder, etc.). Of the subjects in remand homes 96% were from the lower class. The remand home was likely to be the fourth home of the youth offenders, while 50% of those in the Borstal were from middle-class homes and were raised by one set of parents prior to commitment. The Borstal was likely to be the third home of the remainder. Kings for boys and Queens for girls were private boarding schools. At least 90% of the children were from middle-class homes and have lived only with t he~r parents, while Ausaurudeen was a free non-boarding school. Of the sample 60% were from lower-middle class; 60% had lived with at least two relatives while 40% had lived only with their parents. The test was administered individually. Means and standard deviations for the groups on the I E S and scores appear in the Table. Ratios indicate that the Borstal and the remand home had significandy
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The Year of the African Drought - Comte, Douglas Le (Weatherwise, 1985)
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LANGUAGE TEACHING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: POLICY AND PEDAGOGY IN THREE DEVELOPING NATIONS. A STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICIES AND RELATED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN THE COMOROS, MAURITIUS, AND SEYCHELLES. E. B. Richmond. Lanham, New York, and London: University Press of America, 1983. Pp. 58. - Corne, Chris (Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1985)
LANGUAGE TEACHING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: POLICY AND PEDAGOGY IN THREE DEVELOPING NATIONS. A STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICIES AND RELATED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN THE COMOROS, MAURITIUS, AND SEYCHELLES. E. B. Richmond. Lanham, New York, and London: University Press of America, 1983. Pp. 58. - Volume 7 Issue 1
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Drought indices and fire danger indices at Morogoro, Tanzania - Hall, John B.; Gwalema, W.N.K. (Forest Ecology and Management, 1985)
Twelve years of meteorological data for the station on the University of Dar es Salaam Campus at Morogoro, Tanzania, have been used as a basis for derivation of drought indices and fire danger indices. Drought indices were generally high and on most days exceeded 400 points. Low drought indices (<100 points) prevailed only briefly in most years and were characteristic of the March–May period. There was considerable variation among years in drought index values and in the seasonal trends. The high drought index values and the marked year-to-year variations in seasonal drought index trends explain why burning is possible, in this part of Tanzania, throughout the year. Ambient weather conditions, especially high air humidity and low wind speed, prevent fire danger indices rising to very high values, however.
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Pediculosis Humanus Capitis Among Primary School Children in lie-ife, Nigeria - Jinadu, M.K. (The journal of the Royal Society of Health, 1985)
THIS STUDY was undertaken to determine the prevalence of pediculosis and to identify factors involved in its spread among primary school children in Nigeria. The result shows a high prevalence (12.7%) of pediculosis among the primary school population. The incidence of parasitosis was signifi cantly higher among older children, children of artisans and lower among children of professional workers. 14.2% of the infested children suffered from impetigo, and compared with 1.8% of the non-infested, the elationship was highly significant. Overcrowding at home and in the school and poor standard of hygiene of the children were basically responsible for the high infestation. "As with animal population, a high incidence of lousiness suggests that something is amiss with the health of the community" J. W. Maunder, 1982.
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Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea: Volcanic hazards, surveillance, and eruption contingency planning - McKee, Chris; Johnson, R. W.; Lowenstein, P. L.; Riley, S. J.; Blong, Russell; Ours, P. de Saint; Talai, B. (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1985)
Planning for volcanic contingencies at the Rabaul caldera complex is a difficult task, requiring urgent attention in view of the results of volcano surveillance and historical eruption frequency. Historical eruption periodicities have ranged from about 2 to 59 years; the most recent eruptions were in 1937–1943 and caused more than 500 fatalities in May 1937. Surveillance since 1971 has revealed uplift of part of the caldera floor and increasing seismicity in a ring structure believed to define the caldera bounding fault or faults. These phenomena are interpreted as the prelude to a possible eruption. Potential eruption sites are all close to Rabaul town and outlying residential areas, and include the volcanoes of Sulphur Creek (last active about 1850), Vulcan and Tavurvur (1937–1943), and Rabalanakaia, but new sites should also be considered in relation to the results of volcano surveillance. A wide range of volcanic hazards accompanying different scales of eruption must be considered for the Rabaul area. The most likely types of eruption may be similar to the relatively small events that have been witnessed over the last century whose hazards included air-fall tephra, pumice rafts, pyroclastic flows and surges, volcanic earthquakes, volcanic-gas discharges, tsunamis, lightning strikes, and the fall of mud-rain, torrential run-off, and mudflows as a result of accompanying rain storms. Other potential eruption types of much larger scale could involve cauldron subsidence which could cause destructive tsunamis and could be accompanied by explosive activity of major proportions. Air-fall tephra is considered to be one of the main hazards from a future eruption, and its effects in and around Rabaul are primary influences in the choice of evacuation routes and points of refuge. Hence, theoretical tephra dispersal patterns have been considered in some detail. Air-fall tephra deposition from Rabaul eruption clouds at heights of less than about 4 km is determined by a biannual change in wind direction from southeast in May to October/November (trade winds) to northwest during the monsoon from December to March/April. In contrast, clouds that rise higher than about 4 km are blown by east winds all year round. Another principal hazard is pyroclastic flows and surges, which took place during the 1937 Vulcan eruption, but have until recently been overlooked, although flows or surges (or both) are clearly distinguishable on eruption photographs. The lack of suitable evacuation routes and problems in choosing safe and reasonably accessible refuge points compound the difficulties in preparing a practicable contingency plan. However, in small—moderate eruptions the safest areas around Rabaul are considered to be at the Duke York Islands, about 30 km to the east, and at Cape Gazelle, about 25 km to the southeast. Seaborne evacuation to main ports in central New Britain or on the neighbouring islands of New Ireland and Bougainville, or overland evacuation using a southwards-expanded road system, would be necessary in the event of forewarning of a major eruption.
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Relations Between Spelling and Performance in Nigerian Elementary School Children - Nwanze, Helen (The Journal of Social Psychology, 1985)
Abstract Correlates of written language ability were examined in 36 Nigerian elementary school children. Tests administered included a spelling test, the Goodenough Draw-A-Man intelligence test, a digit span task, a test of visual memory, visual-auditory and auditory-visual integration tests, and a visuo-motor perception task. The results showed that spelling correlated positively with school performance in Grades 3 and 4, with visual memory in Grades 2 and 4 and with the Draw-A-Man test in the fourth grade and showed visual-auditory integration in Grades 2 and 3 and auditory-visual integration in the second grade. These findings, which are consistent with those reported in the West, indicate that at different grade levels different processes are correlated with written language skills.
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The distribution of ringworm infections among primary school children in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria - Ogbonna, C; Robinson, Richard O.; Abubakar, J. M. (Mycopathologia (1975. Print), 1985)
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Academic Difficulty among Male Egyptian University Students - Okasha, Ahmed; Kamel, M. M.; Khalil, Ahmed; Sadek, Ahmed Fathy; Ashour, Ahmed M (The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1985)
A survey was made of academic difficulties among undergraduate students at Ain Shams University, Cairo, during the academic year 1979-1980. Almost 6% of students dropped out before graduating and a further 8% required substantial extra time to complete their course of study: these figures were almost identical for both sexes. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed in 42% of male students with academic problems (compared with 9% among the academically successful), with neuroses accounting for nearly half of the cases and schizophrenia for a quarter. Serious psychiatric illness was nearly four times as frequent among 3rd-year students as among 1st-year students.
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Academic Difficulty among Male Egyptian University Students - Okasha, Ahmed; Kamel, M. M.; Khalil, Ahmed; Sadek, Ahmed Fathy; Ashour, Ahmed M; Lotaif, F; Bishry, Zeinab (The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1985)
Summary We compared 178 students with academic problems with 77 academically successful students. Academic difficulty showed highly significant associations with low socio-economic status, over-crowded housing, paternal behaviour problems and a poor relationship between the parents; also significant associations with family history of psychiatric disorder and living away from home. Academic achievement at school was no guide to university performance. Failed students had fewer friendships, especially with women, amd more limited recreational activities. They also scored significantly lower on tests of verbal and non-verbal IQ, and worse on the Bender Gestalt and trail-making tests. EPQ results suggested that university students, particularly those with academic difficulties, are more neurotic and introverted than the general Egyptian population.
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Media Education and the Crisis of Hegemony in South Africa - Tomaselli, Keyan G. (Media International Australia, 1985)
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The Training of Secondary School Industrial Education Teachers in Kenya. - Kimani, Gachuhi (1985)
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Air pollution, part 4. Australia, China, Columbia, Egypt, India, Mexico and Saudi Arabia (Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological, 1985)
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[Education project of leprosy teams in health education. Ministry of Public Health and Population, Republic of the Ivory Coast]. (PubMed, 1985)
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Report on Oku Volcanic Field (Cameroon) (SEAN bulletin, 1985)
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Training of Local Government Personnel in Africa (1985)
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The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt: 1923–1973 - Abdalla, Ahmed (1985)
This is a first-hand account of student activism in Egypt, by one of its leaders. The Nasserist revolution of 1952 had a massive impact on the Egyptian educational system. For the first time, the doors of university education were opened to masses of people in a Third World country, and hundreds of thousands of the sons and daughters of peasants, workers, and lower-middle-class employees seized the opportunity. But quantitative growth was not matched by qualitative advance, and the gap between expectations and reality has rarely been so wide.The result was one of the world's most turbulent student movements. This history of that movement's most critical years, first published in 1985, was written by a young Egyptian who was a participant in many of the events and was intimately acquainted with them. Ahmed Abdalla describes the sociological composition of the student body, the physical and social conditions in the universities, the shifts in government education policy, and the attempts of the students to influence the direction of national development in both domestic and foreign policy. The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt is an important contribution to our understanding of Egypt's modern history, and will also be of interest to anyone concerned with the more universal issues of higher education, social change, and state politics in the Third World.
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Future of maritime education in Egypt in light of maritime activities - Abdelaziz, Adel Hassan (1985)
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Intestinal helminthic infections and some haematological parameters in pregnant women attended at the University Teaching Hospital in Calabar, Nigeria. - Ac, Ezeoke (PubMed, 1985)
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A training programme for Agricultural Service Cooperatives in Ethiopia - Adelst_al, Bernt; utveckling, Sweden. Styrelsen för internationell; Ministér, Ethiopia. YaGebrenā (1985)
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The concept of teaching and learning in Nigerian secondary schools - Aduaka, Dominic C. (1985)
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Population education in Africa South of Sahara. - Africa, Unesco Regional Office for Education in (PubMed, 1985)
This book discusses the strategy of the systematic introduction of population and family life education programs into the education systems of developing countries. The objectives of this type of education are not only to create awareness among learners of the linkages between population factors and peoples's standards of living, but also to encourage national decision-making and actions in ways that are personally meaningful and socially desirable. This issue presents a number of ideas from practitioners in the population and family life education field concerning suitable approaches for developing population education programs to make them respond positively to the needs of developing countries, particularly in Africa. It also presents country, regional, and agency-level field experiences to show the dimensions of the field as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the technics adopted in implementing the programs. The articles are presented in 3 parts: 1) planning, development, and pedagogy; 2) experiences at the country, regional, and agency levels; and 3) 3 sets of recommendations in recent years that have a direct relevance to the development of population eudcation programs in sub-Saharan Africa.
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The search for an appropriate level of training for practising librarians in developing countries. The Nigerian experience - Agada, John (Journal of librarianship, 1985)
International library associations seek to establish universal standards in areas such as professional education. In Nigeria, however, the adoption of graduate-level training by the US-assisted library school has been controversial. The practice was felt by others to be irrelevant to the state of educational, socio-economic and library development in Nigeria. An undergraduate programme, on the other hand, would prepare librarians in sufficient numbers, without compromising the quality of service to the majority of the library clientele. The arguments for the graduate school centre on the need for high-quality service, particularly to university and research library patrons; status; and the need to meet international standards. Developments since the last decade have, however, rendered the controversy a non-issue, as graduates of both programmes complement each other in meeting the acute need for personnel for varying levels of services.
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The Future of Education for Librarianship in Nigeria: Problems and Expectations. - Aguolu, C. C. (Libri (Copenhagen), 1985)
Comme d'autres pays le Nigeria a du faire face a toute une serie d'explosions: celles de l'information, de la technologie, de la population et enfin celles des attentes de changements. Les bibliotheques ont ete directement touchees par tous ces mouvements et la formation des bibliothecaires a constitue un probleme urgent. L'Ecole universitaire de bibliotheconomie devait: 1) fournir des bibliothecaires qualifies; 2) etre utilisable comme un centre de recherche en bibliotheconomie et sciences de l'information et etre «a la pointe» de la profession; 3) permettre aux professionnels de remettre a jour leurs connaissances. Les problemes rencontres, le contenu des programmes, les actions communes avec les autres ecoles de bibliotheconomie et l'Association des bibliotheques nigeriennes sont successivement etudies. (INTD)
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Popular theatre and social education in Benue State of Nigeria - Ahura, Tar (Nigeria magazine, 1985)
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Post-literacy and vocational training in the context of rural development and income generation in Africa - Akinpelu, Jones (International Review of Education, 1985)
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An assessment of academic performance of science students in education in a nigerian university: A summary of findings - Arubayi, Eric (Studies in Educational Evaluation, 1985)
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Time Allocation of Urban and Rural Secondary School Principals in Nigeria: A Descriptive Study. - Arubayi, Eric (1985)
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The methodology and problems of research in comparative adult education in Africa. - Asiedu, Kobina (1985)
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The transition from colonial systems of education to national systems of education in Kenya and Tanzania: implications for alleviating ethnic group inequalities a comparative analysis - Aubrey, Lisa (1985)
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Effects of Alternative Language Media on Learning in Nigeria - Awoniyi, Adedeji; Florence, B. Mary (Journal of Negro Education, 1985)
Educators in West Africa are continuously concerned with language media transition and the effects of alternative language media on the teaching and learning processes in the classroom. Some scholars have written on the assumption that primary education given in the child's mother tongue rather than in a second or foreign language is more effective and meaningful in learning.1 Others have taken opposing views, arguing that teaching through local languages presents difficulties and that a device for a fully integrated English medium course from the start of primary education should be developed in former British colonies.2 LePage, after providing an analysis of the linguistic problems in developing countries, put forward three options open to them in the choice of language in educational policy. The options were: (1) to use one or more indigenous languages for all purposes, (2) to give equal status to one or more local languages and an international language, and (3) to adopt an international language for all pur-
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Learning cultural meanings through social relationships : an ethnography of childhood in Murik society, Papua New Guinea - Barlow, Kathleen (1985)
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Egyptian Social Studies Teachers' Responses To The Barth/Shermis Social Studies Preference Scale. - Barth, James L. (The Journal of Social Studies Research, 1985)
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Diesel engine room simulator for marine engineering education and training in Morocco - Bennis, Abderrafia (1985)
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Assessment of citizens' attitudes toward alternative approaches to financing public education : the case of the Yemen Arab republic - Berihe, Kassem Mohammed (1985)
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Colonial Chiefs and African Development in Kenya With Special Reference to Secular Education - Bogonko, Sorobea Nyachieo (Transafrican Journal of History, 1985)
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Attitudes toward English teaching-learning of the secondary school English teachers of Banadir region, Somalia - by Ahmed Abdillahi Bogore - Bogore, Ahmed Abdillahi (1985)
Thesis (M.A.)--American University of Beirut. Department of Education, 1985.;Advisor: Marilyn Raschka, Instructor, English Members of Committee: Kassim Shaaban, Assistant Professor, Education Carlton Knight II, Associate Professor, Education.
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Assessing expected outcomes of education: What every student should know and how to assess it problems of assessing new curricula introduced in Africa - Boma, Alaric (Studies in Educational Evaluation, 1985)
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School boycotts 1984: The crisis in African education - Bot, Monica (1985)
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Education and development: Carnegie Commissions and South Africa - Bottaro, Jean (1985)
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Education and Decentralisation in Less Developed Countries: a comment on general trends, issues and problems, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea - Bray, Mark (Comparative Education, 1985)
ABSTRACT The last two decades have witnessed numerous changes in the administrative systems of many less developed countries. A few have centralised their administrations, but a larger number have decentralised. Usually education has been affected as part of overall changes, though occasionally reforms in education have been initiated independently of other sectors. This paper begins by discussing the meaning of decentralisation. It points out that the term is vague, that systems may have many contradictory strands, and that the terminology and processes may not be understood even by those in charge of decentralisation projects. The paper then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different structures, and the experiences of several countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Particular prominence is given to events in Papua New Guinea.
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Education and social stratification in Papua New Guinea - Bray, Mark; Smith, Peter (1985)
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Arithmetic and classroom interaction as cultural practices among the Vai of Liberia - Brenner, Mary E. (1985)
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The effect of education and employment on the status of rural Egyptian women - Brink, Judy H. (1985)
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The effect of education and employment on the status of rural Egyptian women - Brink, Judy H. (1985)
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The effect of education and employment on the status of rural Egyptian women - Brink, Judy H. (1985)
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Primary schools, local community, and development in Africa - Bude, Udo (1985)
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Les effets de la pollution organique sur les biomasses et activités du phytoplancton et des bactéries hétérotrophes dans la lagune Ebrié (Côte d'Ivoire) - Carmouze, Jean-Pierre; Cartigny, Pierre (Revue d'Hydrobiologie Tropicale, 1985)
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Management education in modern Tunisia : l'Institut supérieur de Gestion, Tunis - Casstevens, Thomas W (1985)
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Academic program ‘failures’ and the vocational school ‘fallacy’: Policy issues in secondary education in Somalia - Chapman, David W.; Windham, Douglas M. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1985)
This paper departs from the position that the ad hoc increase in access to post-elementary formal education in agrarian LDCs is a demonstrably misguided development strategy. With special reference to the Basic Needs paradigm and the mass informal economy of agrarian developing societies, stages of formal schooling are discussed as development sectors. A planning approach is advocated that stresses the need to constantly monitor the education/economy interface, alongside an associated research agenda focusing on the relationship between internal and external efficiency. This conceptual framework is finally applied to science education as a development sector in its own right.
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A Study of the Teaching and Learning of Common and Decimal Fractions in the Eighth Grade in Swaziland - Charles, Josephine H. (1985)
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In-service training in Tunisia - Charmes, Jacques; Conde, J; Salomé, Bernard (1985)
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The development of micromorphological features in relation to some mineralogical and chemical properties of volcanic ash soils in highland Papua New Guinea - Chartres, Colin J.; Wood, Andrew W.; Pain, C. F. (Soil Research, 1985)
A sequence containing six soil profiles developed within a Late Quaternary, andesitic tephra at different altitudes (1000-2400 m) and under different climatic conditions is described. Allophane dominates the soils above 2000 m, gibbsite those between 1200 and 2000 m and halloysite those below 1200 m. All the soils have isotic plasmic fabrics within the A horizons. A combination of allophane and organic matter, and in the lowest altitude soils halloysite and organic matter, seems to lead to the development of isotic fabric. B horizon plasmic fabrics range from undulic to isotic-argillasepic-indeterminate, with the most sepic plasmic fabrics occurring at lowest altitudes, where halloysite content is highest and wetting-drying cycles are more frequent. Gibbsans formed due to the precipitation of aluminium are prominent features infilling channels within the soils between 1200 and 2000 m, where desilication is most active. Above 2000 m climatic and drainage factors appear to limit the desilication of the alluvial clay features. Below 1200 m, silica and aluminium released by weathering combine to form halloysite under a less intense leaching regime. Gibbsite also was observed to be forming as a pseudomorph of felspar grains in most profiles.
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Socioeconomic and Demographic Aspects of School Enrollment and Attendance in Rural Botswana - Chernichovsky, Dov (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1985)
Previous articleNext article No AccessSocioeconomic and Demographic Aspects of School Enrollment and Attendance in Rural BotswanaDov ChernichovskyDov Chernichovsky Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 33, Number 2Jan., 1985 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451463 Views: 53Total views on this site Citations: 116Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1985 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Mafaizath Fatoké Dato Medium-Term Impact of the Elimination of School Fees on Girls’ Education in Benin, West Africa, Economic Development and Cultural Change 71, no.11 (Aug 2022): 261–294.https://doi.org/10.1086/714064Ai Yue, Qian Jiao, Xin Lyu, Yu Gan, Lei Tang, Jiyou Yang, Yaojiang Shi, Henry Wilson-Smith Sibling struggles: the impact of siblings upon child development in rural China, Early Child Development and Care 192, no.1010 (May 2021): 1643–1658.https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2021.1920938Brendan Skip Mark, Huei-Jyun Ye, Andrew Foote, Tiffani Crippin It’s a Hard-Knock Life: Child Labor Practices and Compliance with IMF Agreements, Social Sciences 10, no.55 (May 2021): 171.https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050171Toshiaki Aizawa Dynamic variation in receptive vocabulary acquisitions: Further evidence from the Young Lives study, Cognitive Development 58 (Apr 2021): 101031.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101031David Tzuriel Sibling’s MLE Strategies, (Sep 2021): 293–320.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75692-5_10Caroline Bena Kuno, Sascha Hein, Leslie Frankel, Han Joe Kim Children's schooling status: Household and individual factors associated with school enrollment, non-enrollment and dropping out among Ugandan children, International Journal of Educational Research Open 2 (Jan 2021): 100033.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100033Shuang Chen Parental Investment After the Birth of a Sibling: The Effect of Family Size in Low-Fertility China, Demography 57, no.66 (Oct 2020): 2085–2111.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00931-2Niroj Bhattarai, Alexandra Bernasek, Anita Alves Pena Factors Affecting School Attendance and Implications for Student Achievement by Gender in Nepal, Review of Political Economy 16 (Jun 2020): 1–24.https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2020.1769296Joseph J. 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School enrollment patterns in Somalia, International Journal of Educational Development 32, no.11 (Jan 2012): 163–171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.09.002Benta A. Abuya, Elijah O. Onsomu, Dakysha Moore Educational challenges and diminishing family safety net faced by high-school girls in a slum residence, Nairobi, Kenya, International Journal of Educational Development 32, no.11 (Jan 2012): 81–91.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.02.012Jeffery H. Marshall School quality signals and attendance in rural Guatemala, Economics of Education Review 30, no.66 (Dec 2011): 1445–1455.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.07.011Peter Moyi Delayed School Entry in Uganda, Research in Comparative and International Education 6, no.22 (Jan 2011): 222–235.https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2011.6.2.222Andrew W. Horowitz, André Portela Souza The impact of parental income on the intra-household distribution of school attainment, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 51, no.11 (Feb 2011): 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2010.09.002Claudia Buchmann Frontiers in Comparative and International Sociology of Education: American Distinctiveness and Global Diversity, (Jun 2011): 35–51.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1576-9_3Bertrand Verheyden, Ousmane Faye Fertility and Child Occupation: Theory and Evidence from Senegal, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1963831Daniela Vuri The Effect of Availability of School and Distance to School on Children's Time Allocation in Ghana, LABOUR 24 (Nov 2010): 46–75.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2010.00499.xRhonya Adli, Ahmed Louichi, Nadia Tamouh The sibling size impact on the educational achievement in France, Education Economics 18, no.33 (Apr 2009): 331–348.https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290902815066Leticia Marteleto Family size, adolescents schooling and the Demographic Transition: Evidence from Brazil, Demographic Research 23 (Aug 2010): 421–444.https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2010.23.15Aramidé Kazeem, Leif Jensen, and C. Shannon Stokes School Attendance in Nigeria: Understanding the Impact and Intersection of Gender, Urban‐Rural Residence, and Socioeconomic Status Kazeem, Jensen, and Stokes, Comparative Education Review 54, no.22 (Jul 2015): 295–319.https://doi.org/10.1086/652139Peter Moyi Household characteristics and delayed school enrollment in Malawi, International Journal of Educational Development 30, no.33 (May 2010): 236–242.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.11.008Kaushik Basu, Sanghamitra Das, Bhaskar Dutta Child labor and household wealth: Theory and empirical evidence of an inverted-U, Journal of Development Economics 91, no.11 (Jan 2010): 8–14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.01.006Tidiane Kinda Choc de revenu et éducation des enfants en présence d'imperfection du marché du crédit, Recherches économiques de Louvain 76, no.44 (Jan 2010): 391.https://doi.org/10.3917/rel.764.0391Jane Arnold Lincove Determinants of schooling for boys and girls in Nigeria under a policy of free primary education, Economics of Education Review 28, no.44 (Aug 2009): 474–484.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.10.001Angela Baschieri, Jane Falkingham Staying in school: assessing the role of access, availability, and economic opportunities - the case of Tajikistan, Population, Space and Place 15, no.33 (May 2009): 205–224.https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.512Ryan Wells Gender and age-appropriate enrolment in Uganda, International Journal of Educational Research 48, no.11 (Jan 2009): 40–50.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2009.03.002Janine Huisman, Jeroen Smits Effects of Household- and District-Level Factors on Primary School Enrollment in 30 Developing Countries, World Development 37, no.11 (Jan 2009): 179–193.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.007 Vida Maralani The Changing Relationship between Family Size and Educational Attainment Over the Course of Socioeconomic Development: Evidence from Indonesia, Demography 45, no.33 (Jan 2008): 693–717.https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0013 Juhua Yang The One‐Child Policy and School Attendance in China Yang, Comparative Education Review 51, no.44 (Jul 2015): 471–495.https://doi.org/10.1086/520858Eric V. Edmonds Chapter 57 Child Labor, (Jan 2007): 3607–3709.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04057-0Ingrid Nielsen, Berenice Nyland, Chris Nyland, Russell Smyth, Mingqiong Zhang DETERMINANTS OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AMONG MIGRANT CHILDREN: SURVEY EVIDENCE FROM CHINA'S JIANGSU PROVINCE*, Pacific Economic Review 11, no.44 (Dec 2006): 461–476.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2006.00328.xJeroen Smits, Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör Effects of family background characteristics on educational participation in Turkey, International Journal of Educational Development 26, no.55 (Sep 2006): 545–560.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2006.02.002Parfait Martial Eloundou-Enyegue, Lindy B. Williams Family Size and Schooling in Sub-Saharan African Settings: A Reexamination, Demography 43, no.11 (Jan 2006): 25–52.https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2006.0002Bernhard Ganglmair Intrinsic Motivation, Discrimination and the Child Labor-Schooling Trade-Off: Some Empirical Findings, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.901052 Jean‐François Kobiané , Anne‐Emmanuèle Calvès , and Richard Marcoux Parental Death and Children’s Schooling in Burkina Faso Kobiané, Calvès, and Marcoux, Comparative Education Review 49, no.44 (Jul 2015): 468–489.https://doi.org/10.1086/491592Anastasia Gage The Interrelationship between Fosterage, Schooling, and Children’s Labor Force Participation in Ghana, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.55 (Oct 2005): 431–466.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-4290-zK.S. Sukon, R. Jawahir Influence of home-related factors in Numeracy performance of fourth-grade children in Mauritius, International Journal of Educational Development 25, no.55 (Sep 2005): 547–556.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.03.001Meltem Dayioğlu Patterns of Change in Child Labour and Schooling in Turkey: The Impact of Compulsory Schooling, Oxford Development Studies 33, no.22 (Jan 2007): 195–210.https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810500137798Jacinta Bronte-Tinkew, Gordon F. Dejong Do household structure and household economic resources predict childhood immunization? Evidence from Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, Population Research and Policy Review 24, no.11 (Jan 2005): 27–57.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-0368-xFlora J. Nankhuni, Jill L. Findeis Natural resource-collection work and children's schooling in Malawi, Agricultural Economics 31, no.2-32-3 (Dec 2004): 123–134.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2004.tb00251.xAndrew W. Horowitz, Jian Wang Favorite son? Specialized child laborers and students in poor LDC households, Journal of Development Economics 73, no.22 (Apr 2004): 631–642.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.04.005Jeffery H. Marshall Grade repetition in Honduran primary schools, International Journal of Educational Development 23, no.66 (Nov 2003): 591–605.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(03)00060-9Jessica Holmes Measuring the determinants of school completion in Pakistan: analysis of censoring and selection bias, Economics of Education Review 22, no.33 (Jun 2003): 249–264.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00024-9Muntaha Gharaibeh, Shirley Hoeman Health hazards and risks for abuse among child labor in Jordan, Journal of Pediatric Nursing 18, no.22 (Apr 2003): 140–147.https://doi.org/10.1053/jpdn.2003.31Christine Liddell, Louise Barrett, Peter Henzi Parental Investment in Schooling: Evidence from a Subsistence Farming Community in South Africa, International Journal of Psychology 38, no.11 (Feb 2003): 54–63.https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590244000232 Esther Redmount Cyclical Patterns in School Attrition and Attendance: A Study in the Labor‐Market Behavior of Children Esther Redmount, Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, no.11 (Jul 2015): 135–160.https://doi.org/10.1086/344629James Urwick Determinants of the private costs of primary and early childhood education: findings from Plateau State, Nigeria, International Journal of Educational Development 22, no.22 (Mar 2002): 131–144.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(00)00082-1T Paul Schultz Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls, World Development 30, no.22 (Feb 2002): 207–225.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00107-3Claudia Buchmann GETTING AHEAD IN KENYA: SOCIAL CAPITAL, SHADOW EDUCATION, AND ACHIEVEMENT, (Mar 2015): 133–159.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3539(2002)0000013008Manabi Majumdar Child Labour as a Human Security Problem: Evidence from India, Oxford Development Studies 29, no.33 (Aug 2010): 279–304.https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810120088877David Shapiro, B Oleko Tambashe Gender, poverty, family structure, and investments in children's education in Kinshasa, Congo, Economics of Education Review 20, no.44 (Aug 2001): 359–375.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(00)00059-5Claudia Buchmann, Emily Hannum Education and Stratification in Developing Countries: A Review of Theories and Research, Annual Review of Sociology 27, no.11 (Aug 2001): 77–102.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77Jackline Wahba Do Market Wages Influence Child Labour and Child Schooling?, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2001).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.265209T. Paul Schultz Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments, (Jan 2001): 383–456.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10011-3Sam Cameron, Andy Thorpe Human capital investment in agricultural communities: lessons from Honduras, Applied Economics Letters 7, no.99 (Sep 2000): 585–589.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850050059050Peter Glick, David E. Sahn Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure, Economics of Education Review 19, no.11 (Feb 2000): 63–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00029-1Kenneth A. Swinnerton, Carol Ann Rogers Inequality, Productivity and Child Labor: Theory and Evidence, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2000).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.223795Melissa Binder Family background, gender and schooling in Mexico, Journal of Development Studies 35, no.22 (Dec 1998): 54–71.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422564Samer Al-Samarrai, Tessa Peasgood Educational attainments and household characteristics in Tanzania, Economics of Education Review 17, no.44 (Oct 1998): 395–417.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(97)00052-6Monique Borgerhoff Mulder Brothers and sisters, Human Nature 9, no.22 (Jun 1998): 119–161.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-998-1001-6Alberta Yeboah Precious Beads Multiply: Family Decision Making and Girls’ Access to Primary Schooling in Ghana, International Journal of Educational Reform 6, no.44 (Jan 2019): 412–419.https://doi.org/10.1177/105678799700600403Allen C. Kelley The Consequences of Rapid Population Growth on Human Resource Development: The Case of Education, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 1997).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.15564Deborah S. DeGraff, Richard E. Bilsborrow, Alejandro N. Herrin Children's education in the Phillipines: Does high fertility matter?, Population Research and Policy Review 15, no.33 (Jun 1996): 219–247.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127050Sudhanshu Handa Expenditure behavior and children's welfare: An analysis of female headed households in Jamaica, Journal of Development Economics 50, no.11 (Jun 1996): 165–187.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(96)00008-9Sudhanshu Handa The determinants of teenage schooling in Jamaica: Rich vs. poor, females vs. males, Journal of Development Studies 32, no.44 (Apr 1996): 554–580.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389608422428Allen C. Kelley The Consequences of Rapid Population Growth on Human Resource Development: The Case of Education, (Jan 1996): 67–137.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03239-8_4Harry Anthony Patrinos, George Psacharopoulos Educational performance and child labor in Paraguay, International Journal of Educational Development 15, no.11 (Jan 1995): 47–60.https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(94)E0001-5Manuel J. Carvajal, F.Kay Morris, Lillian M. Davenport Economic determinants of academic failure and school desertion in the Guatemala highlands, Economics of Education Review 12, no.11 (Mar 1993): 59–70.https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(93)90043-GKlaus M. Leisinger Kulturelle und sozioökonomische Einflüsse auf die Geburtenraten, (Jan 1993): 75–92.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5658-4_3Deborah S. DeGraff, Richard E. Bilsborrow Female-headed households and family welfare in rural Ecuador, Journal of Population Economics 6, no.44 (Jan 1993): 317–336.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00599041Lynn Ilon Fitting girls' schooling into existing economic paradigms: Confronting the complexities, International Journal of Educational Development 12, no.22 (Apr 1992): 147–159.https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(92)90036-LCynthia B. Lloyd, Sonalde Desai Children's living arrangements in developing countries, Population Research and Policy Review 11, no.33 (Jan 1992): 193–216.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00124937Seged Abraha, Assefa Beyene, Tesfaye Dubale, Bruce Fuller, Susan Holloway, Elizabeth King What factors shape girls' school peformance? Evidence from Ethiopia, International Journal of Educational Development 11, no.22 (Jan 1991): 107–118.https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(91)90036-8Nelly P. Stromquist Determinants of Educational Participation and Achievement of Women in the Third World: A Review of the Evidence and a Theoretical Critique, Review of Educational Research 59, no.22 (Jul 2016): 143–183.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543059002143Kerry Richter Union patterns and children’s living arrangements in Latin America, Demography 25, no.44 (Nov 1988): 553–566.https://doi.org/10.2307/2061321Peter R. Moock, Joanne Leslie Childhood malnutrition and schooling in the Terai region of Nepal, Journal of Development Economics 20, no.11 (Jan 1986): 33–52.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(86)90004-0 Abstracts of Documents in this Supplement, (Jan 1985): 1–1038.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5787-0_1Sara R Curran, Chang Y Chung, Wendy Cadge, Anchalee Varangrat EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR BOYS AND GIRLS IN THAILAND, (): 59–102.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3539(03)14004-9Jennifer Rothchild Gendered Homes and Classrooms: Schooling in Rural Nepal, (): 101–131.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3539(06)15005-3
Keywords: openalex:import

Second Language Teaching and Learning in Cameroon Today and Tomorrow - Chia, Emmanuel N. (1985)
Keywords: openalex:import

Extension education and farmers' performance in improved crop farming in Kakamega District, Kenya - Chitere, Preston (Agricultural Administration, 1985)
Studies on the adoption of farm innovations have, especially in Kenya, focused on a single innovation, or a few innovations, but not for specific crops. This paper compares the extent to which the adoption of practices in selected crop enterprises approximated the level recommended by extension workers. Data were collected from the Lugari and Ikolomani divisions of Kakamega District, which is a smallholder area. The former is a settlement area in the previously European settled areas, the latter an area of traditional African farming. We found nearly all farmers in the former area to be knowledgeable about improved farming: they observed recommended practices. This was so largely because of their having been exposed to an earlier intensive extension education and assistance programme which led to saturation of knowledge in the area. The influence of personal factors, such as formal education and economic status, on farmers' observation of recommended practices was significant only within each study area; it could not explain the marked difference in observation of the practices between study areas. Thus, the initial intensive extension programme which was part of the settlement policy has proved to have a positive, long-lasting effect which is very desirable for agricultural development.
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Recruitment and training of non-graduate secondary teachers in Zimbabwe - Chivore, B. R. S. (1985)
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Assessing expected outcomes of education: The case of Ethiopia - Chiwona, Peter H. (Studies in Educational Evaluation, 1985)
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Socialism, education and development: a challenge to Zimbabwe - Chung, FayNgara (1985)
The authors, two of Zimbabwe's leading educationalists, explain the key principles of scientific socialism and give an account of the country's history from a Marxist perspective. In the second part, they address more specific issues, both theoretical and practical, related to education, culture and development. Throughout the book, the balance between Marxist-Leninist theory and its application to Zimbabwe serves to throw light on both.
Keywords: openalex:import

The Effect of the 1973/74 Drought in Somalia on Subsequent Exports and Registered Slaughtering of Camels, Sheep, Goats and Cattle - Clark, N.T. (Nomadic Peoples, 1985)
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Teaching about African Languages in Social Studies Classrooms. - Crane, Louise (Social Education, 1985)
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Caribbean & African Languages: Social history, language, literature and education - Dalphinis, Morgan (1985)
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Learning Strategies for Post-Literacy and Continuing Education in Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and United Kingdom. Outcomes of an International Research Project. UIE Studies on Post-Literacy and Continuing Education 3. - Dave, R. H. (1985)
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Agricultural development in drought-prone Africa conference: In Overseas Development Adrministration: paper 5 - Davies, J. C. (1985)
Available in print form, East Africana Collection, Dr Wilbert Chagula Library, (EAF FOS D3.A3)
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United States foreign policy and the education of black South Africans - Davies, Julie (1985)
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A survey of geological education in Sierra Leone - Davies, T.C. (Africana research bulletin, 1985)
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Study on fishery training in Angola : report from a SIDA consultancy mission, 11 February - 9 March 1985 - Division, Styrelsen för internationell utveckling. Education; Lubbock, Annina; Larsson, Staffan (1985)
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Islamic education in Nigeria: 11th century - 20th century - Doi, A.I. (1985)
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The Earthquake in Algeria in 1980 - Domres, B; Dürner, P.; Heinrich, Ross R. (Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 1985)
On October 10, 1980, the town of El-Asnam (130,000 inhabitants) and villages within a 50 km radius (229,000 inhabitants) were 80% destroyed by an earthquake of intensity 7.5 on the Richter scale (Figure l). The first unofficial estimates reported 50,000 dead and 100,000 injured. These numbers were probably based on data from the Agadir earthquake of February 29, 1960, when 12,000 out of the 30,000 inhabitants were killed. The official figures now list for the El-Asnam earthquake 2,600 dead and 8,250 injured. That was nevertheless a sufficiently heavy toll to fully justify the volume of relief that came from practically all over the world. The relief of Baden-Wurttenberg was organized by the German Air Rescue Guard of Stuttgart, in collaboration with the German Red Cross in Karlsruhe, as well as with physicians from Karlsruhe, Stuttgart and Tubingen. In a very short time the necessary aircraft (Merlin IV/Metro and BAC 1–11) for the transport of material and personnel from the German Headquarters were ready for takeoff.
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The rôle of government in tertiary education : the case of South Africa since 1945 - Dreijmanis, John (1985)
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Training Needs in Sentencing in South Africa - Dugard, John (South African Journal on Human Rights, 1985)
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Schooling for girls in Botswana : education or domestication? - Duncan, Wendy A. (1985)
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The Somali oyster—Training the trainers in TEFL - Edge, Julian (System, 1985)
Abstract In a situation where the need for in-service training is felt to be acute, the attempt is sometimes made to train a cadre of teacher-trainers who can go out and run their own training courses with serving schoolteachers. The procedure for training the trainers should be the same as that for training teachers and should, in turn, reflect the methodology that is being suggested for EFL teaching itself. Clear and practical classroom objectives should be set, but this must not obscure the need for room for personal development. Both language and methodological needs must be met in a positive way by building on what participants already do and know. This article outlines a procedure for the above aims.
Keywords: openalex:import

The role of mass media in nutrition education programs for rural women [Egypt] - El-Gangehy, H.M.M. (1985)
Keywords: openalex:import

Status of Environmental Education at Primary Level of Education in Sudan. - Eltayib, Z. E. (Environmental education and information, 1985)
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Education and the National Economy of Nigeria. - Enaohwo, J. Okpako (International Social Science Journal, 1985)
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Is the dominant tradition in studies of education in South Africa a liberal one - Enslin, Penny (1985)
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Women's access to higher education in Kenya: a study of opportunities and attainment in science and mathematics education - Eshiwani, George S. (Journal of Eastern African Research and Development, 1985)
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Physical education and health-related fitness levels of secondary school students in Kenya - Esmail, Yasmin B. (1985)
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Preliminary study of the seismicity associated with the Cameroon volcanic province during the volcanic eruption of Mt. Cameroon in 1982 - Fairhead, J. D. (Journal of African earth sciences (1983), 1985)
Abstract During the period February 1982 to May 1983, 201 local earth tremors with magnitudes (MLg) ranging from 2.8 to 3.4 have been recorded by Yaounde seismograph station. Arrival times of P, S and Lg waves at Yaounde and Bangui seismograph stations together with data from temporary installed seismograph stations in the Ngaonndere region of central Cameroon indicate the source region of these tremors to be the volcanic province of S.W. Cameroon. This is furtter supported by a significant increase in the frequency of these tremors during the volcanic eruption of Mt. Cameroon between mid-October and Mid-November 1982.
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The Content of History Education in Nigerian Universities and Colleges of Education - Falọla, Toyin; Rotimi, Kemi (Transafrican Journal of History, 1985)
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Black Americans from Africa to the 80's : classroom activities - Falstein, Mark; Gleeson, Tony (1985)
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[Employment and education in the 2nd economic and social development plan of Togo]. - Fb, Dovi-sodemekou (PubMed, 1985)
Togo is a developing country whose population is increasing at the rapid rate of 2.7%/year. Economic development is therefore a necessity to ensure at least an average standard of living. Plans of development include objectives of structural societal changes, including improvements in education and employment. This study analyzes the evolution of population activities. It identifies obstacles to the improvement of education and employment. The investigation examines the employment and education situation before adoption of the 2nd plan of Togo and predicts the probable evolution of the situation. Despite the priority accorded to agriculture, the 2nd plan appears to give greater importance to industry. The industrial and commercial sector has witnessed a 65.2% investment increase, whereas the rural sector had an investment increase of 11.8%. The 2nd plan, in view of its relation to the evolution of economic activities, took into account the demand for manual labor. In the private sector, industries should occupy an important position. The dualism of a modern and a traditional sector is considered a cause of underdevelopment. The modern sector should be developed in order to suppress the traditional sector and allow progress in society. As a result of this approach, agriculture is given a 2ndary role.
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Effects of training and methandrostenolone (an anabolic steroid) on energy metabolism in the guinea pig: Changes in enzyme activities in gastrocnemius muscle and myocardium - Feraudi, M.; Weicker, H. (International Journal of Biochemistry, 1985)
Modifications of enzyme activities (creatine kinase and its B subunit; adenylate kinase; hexokinase; phosphofructokinase; lactate dehydrogenase; malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase; citrate synthase; acetylcarnitine transferase; beta-hydroxyacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase; cytochrome c oxidase) in gastrocnemius muscle and myocardium were reported after two forms of training with or without administration of anabolic steroid. Endurance training was on a horizontal motor-driven treadmill, 2 km X hr-1, 5 days a week for 0.5 hr per day for 5 weeks. In the case of power endurance training there was a slope of 45 degrees. Enzyme activities in controls and treated guinea pigs, as well as treatment-induced enzyme activity changes are time dependent. Some of these activities correlate linearly with one another; such correlations characterize the effect of adaptation. Endurance training and power endurance training in this study induce similar modifications and seem to differ essentially in the daily work load. The anabolic steroid methandrostenolone (dianabol) induces modifications which training does not bring about but which training at least partially eliminates.
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African culture and higher education: the Sierra Leone situation - Fyle, C. Magbaily (Africana research bulletin, 1985)
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Distance Education: a Nigerian Perspective - Gana, F Z (Educational media international, 1985)
In most developing countries the demand for education vastly exceeds the teaching resources available. Distance education provides one of the best opportunities for adult learners, implies a shift in emphasis from teachers teaching in the classroom to students learning in any convenient environment. Unlike correspondence tuition, distance education systems are multimedia oriented.
Keywords: openalex:import

Toward Emancipation in Citizenship Education: The Case of African-American Cultural Knowledge - Gordon, Beverly (Theory and Research in Social Education, 1985)
(1985). Toward Emancipation in Citizenship Education: The Case of African-American Cultural Knowledge. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 1-23.
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An investigation into the training of recreation leaders with special reference to a training structure for South Africa. [Afrikaans text]. - Goslin, Amanda (Dissertation Abstracts International, A (Humanities and Social Sciences), 1985)
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African Arts - an adventure in education - Grant, Jane W. (1985)
In 1982 the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation publishe d its report on The Arts in Schools: Principle s , Practice and Provision in which it stated unequivocally that 'the arts have an essential place in the ba l anced education of our children and young people,. It went on : We live in an increas i ngly multiracial and multicultural society in which we must learn to understand and respond to other ways of seeing and doing ... We are sure that, in the forms of education needed in this changing situation, the arts and principles and methods of teaching they represent, will prove to be more and not less significant than at present .. Our own experience working in this field of African arts in schools over the last two years totally endorses this view.
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Traditional healers, mothers and childhood diarrheal disease in Swaziland: The interface of anthropology and health education - Green, Edward C. (Social Science & Medicine, 1985)
A study of beliefs and practices relating to childhood diarrhea, relying primarily on traditional healers as informants and survey respondents, revealed an indegenous classification of childhood diarrhea into three main types. Enemas are used as a treatment in two types of more serious diarrhea regarded as due to unnatural causes. Most children with diarrhea are taken to clinics only after home treatments and those of traditional healers have failed, by which time a child may be severely dehydrated. The role of oral rehydration and strategies for health education are discussed in the context of Swazi culture.
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An NCS for Zambia : prepared by a Dutch student team - Groot, W.T. de; Tilburg, T.G. van (1985)
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Academic enhancement of nursing education in Nigeria. - Gu, Madubuko (PubMed, 1985)
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Zimbabwe Foundation for Education with Production, ZIMFEP : a follow-up study - Gustafsson, Ingemar; Undervisningsbyrån, Sweden. Styrelsen för internationell utveckling. (1985)
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Relationships between brain hemisphericity and academic achievement of nigerian secondary school students - Gwany, D. M. (1985)
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Preliminary study at the Medical University of Southern Africa on student self-assessment as a means of evaluation - Henbest, RJ; Gs, Fehrsen (Academic Medicine, 1985)
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Keywords: openalex:import

Issues related to higher education in sub-Saharan Africa - Hinchliffe, Keith (1985)
This paper examines the higher education sector in Sub-Saharan African countries. It begins by describing the growth and structure of the sector, the amount of resources used the original rational for its development. This is followed by analyses of the labor markets faced by higher education graduates using a wide range of data including rates of return, wage structures and trends, recorded vacancies, levels of expatriate employment and government employment policies. From these, labor market assessments are constructed for fifteen countries.
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Issues Related to Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Staff Working Papers No. 780. - Hinchliffe, Keith (1985)
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Adjustment to drought hazard in the semi-arid areas of the Sudan - Ibrahim, Mohamed Babiker (1985)
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In-service needs of secondary school teachers in Aba, Imo State, Nigeria: a study of teachers' and administrators' perceptions and preferences - Ikonne, Chiemela Nwa (1985)
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Impaired histamine metabolism in the arthus reaction induced in guinea-pig skin - Imamura, Sadao; Tachibana, Takao; Taniguchí, Shinkichi (Archives of Dermatological Research, 1985)
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Factors Influencing Teacher Mobility in Nigeria - Irondi, Emezuo Ogbonna (1985)
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The African Crisis: Drought and Debt - Jackson, Henry F. (Foreign Affairs, 1985)
_JB^.he foreign debt of African nations has increased so rapidly in recent years that threats of bankruptcy hover across the continent, raising the prospect that Africa's most serious crisis will be triggered not by drought, but by debt. The debt problem is not only slowing economic growth and increasing poverty; it is fomenting political upheaval by forcing these nations to neglect social and economic development in order to make debt payments. People in many countries are denied the most basic public services as their governments devote dwindling export earnings, their main source of income, to economic and political survival. Famine is now the familiar signal of Africa's misery, and the drought is a basic cause of the current emergency. But the foreign debt represents the long-term danger to the African countries' economic viability because it blocks their return to steady economic growth and locks them into greater depend ency on the outside world. Without a solution to the debt crisis, the African nations can neither gain the agricultural self sufficiency that is needed immediately, nor dream of an eco nomic takeoff even beyond the year 2000. Latin America has emerged as the focal point of alarm over the debt problems of developing nations. Latin American debt is huge, mainly commercial, and concentrated among fewer countries; the aggregate debt of the 50 states belonging to the Organization of African Unity (oau), by comparison, is ex ceeded by the combined debt of just two Latin American countries, Brazil and Mexico. It has been projected that default by Brazil alone would cost the United States a loss of $25 billion in gross national product and of 400,000 jobs, within a year. But if the preponderance of Latin America's indebtedness
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Drought-related surface changes in the Upper Inland Niger Delta or Mali - Jacobberger, Patricia A. (Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Programs; (United States), 1985)
Examination of rainfall records for the Upper Inland Niger Delta show that rainfall from 1971 through present has been 20% below the long term average. Rainfall since 1982 has been only 60% of normal. Analysis of drought damage and changes in soils and vegetation due to prevailing dry conditions shows that over 75% of the lakes, ponds, and swamps mapped as permanent water bodies in the 1950's and which carried water through the dry season as late as 1976 are now ephemeral. Most lakes visited during January-February 1985 field work were completely dry. Formerly permanent water courses distributary to the Bani and Niger Rivers were also dry. These stream courses are not incised, both the Bani and Niger appear underfit, and flood plain soils within the study area show evidence of recent sapping. Comparison of digital Landsat data from 1976 and 1984 indicate a reduction in vegetation and diminished areas of cultivated land. In the field, these areas had less than 10% vegetation cover, strongly disrupted soils with disaggregation and lowered cohesion, and showed active aeolian transport. Satellite data also show that both the Bani and Niger Rivers have become more turbid, which is consistent with an increase in sedimentmore » yield from local devegetated and soil-damaged areas.« less
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Drought and desertification in Mali. Part 2: Prospects. - Jean, Bruno (Revue Forestière Française, 1985)
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PEDICULOSIS HUMAN'S CAPAITIS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN IFE - IFE, NIGERIA - Jinadu, M.K. (1985)
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Some remarks on education policy and planning in Mozambique: A reply to Dr R.A. Carr-Hill - Johnston, Anton (International Journal of Educational Development, 1985)
This article is intended to discuss and clarify certain issues raised by Dr Carr-Hill in his article: ‘Education Planning for Scientific Socialism in Mozambique: a View from the Left’ (published in the International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1982). It is argued that Dr Carr-Hill has misinterpreted some aspects of educational policy and planning to Mozambique, and has confused some practical education difficulties with the overall aims of Frelimo policy.
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Making agricultural extension training practical: From evaluation to curriculum change in Southern Sudan - Jones, Stephen; Jones, Rose L. (Agricultural Administration, 1985)
A shortage of adequately trained agricultural extension workers has been one of the limiting factors in establishing a viable agricultural extension service in the southern region of Sudan. In an effort to more effectively train their extension personnel, the Regional Ministry of Agriculture, with US AID support, established the Southern Manpower Development Project. The authors describe one segment of that project—the revitalization of the Rumbek Agricultural Training Centre (RATC). This revitalization process began with an evaluation of existing extension training conditions. The evaluation resulted in six major changes that were implemented at the RATC. The collective impact of these six changes resulted in the emergence of a curriculum which could become a model curriculum for other institutions with similar missions.
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Teaching about South African Laws and Deprivation of Human Rights. - Jordan, Bojana (Social Science Record, 1985)
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Poverty and learning: a multi-media intervention in southern rural Ethiopia. - Kaayk, Jan (1985)
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A Study Of The Training Of Secondary School Teachers At Njala University College In Sierra Leone - Kargbo, Sheku A. M. (1985)
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The Problem of Muslin Education in Uganda: Some Reflections - Kiyimba, Abi (1985)
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Trends and Issues in Vocational Technical Education in Francophone West Africa. - Kogoé, Akrima (Journal of Studies in Technical Careers, 1985)
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The Algerian fundamental polytechnical school : a 'problem approach' to the Algerian trial to reconcile the social and economic demands on the educational system - Kouloughli, Lamine. (1985)
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Drought and Hunger in Africa: Denying Famine a Future - Krenz, Marie E. (Africa Today, 1985)
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Non-formal education in the developing states in the South African context - Krüger, C. J. H.; Vermaak, D. (1985)
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The Guinea, West Africa, earthquake of December 22, 1983; reconnaissance geologic and seismologic field studies - Langer, C. J.; Bonilla, Manuel G.; Bollinger, G. A. (Open-file report /, 1985)
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Technical secondary schools in Kenya : an assessment - Lauglo, Jon; utveckling, Sweden. Styrelson för internationell (1985)
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A study of the influence of selected variables on pupils' choice of science subjects in Sierra Leone secondary schools - Lavaly, Amos K (1985)
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School Mathematics of East Africa: a major system transfer - Lillis, Kevin M. (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1985)
(1985). School Mathematics of East Africa: a major system transfer. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 141-159.
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The Development of Learning Strategies for Post-Literacy and Continuing Education in Kenya in the Perspective of Lifelong Education - Macharia, David (1985)
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Primary carcinoma of the prostate in Nigerians as seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital - Magoha, G. A. O. (1985)
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Classifying zambian pupils for instruction - Maimbolwa-Sinyangwe, Irene Mwakamui (1985)
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Women and development in Africa: with special reference to the legal disabilities of married women in Lesotho - Mamashela, Mothokoa (Journal of Eastern African Research and Development, 1985)
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Bacteriological methods for distinguishing between human and animal faecal pollution of water: results of fieldwork in Nigeria and Zimbabwe. - Mara, D. D.; Oragui, J. I. (PubMed, 1985)
Bacteriological techniques have traditionally been used to detect faecal pollution of drinking water supplies. Recently, methods have been developed to distinguish between human and animal faecal pollution in temperate climates. The present study assessed the applicability and practicality of these methods in tropical countries. Fieldwork in Nigeria and Zimbabwe has shown that animal faecal pollution can reliably be identified by the detection and enumeration of Rhodococcus coprophilus using modified M3 agar, whereas human faecal contamination can be identified by the detection of sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria. Each of these organisms was detected only in the faeces of the type (human or animal) that it was meant to indicate. Although Streptococcus bovis has been used in the past in mainly temperate countries to distinguish animal from human faecal contamination, the present study has shown that this organism is not a reliable indicator of animal pollution in the tropics because it was excreted by a proportion of the human population in both Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Water sources known to be contaminated by human or animal excreta were examined for these indicator organisms. The results correlated with the results obtained from examining human and animal faecal specimens for these organisms. The role of these bacteriological methods in water pollution control programmes is discussed.
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Détermination de la pollution chimique (hydrocarbures,organochlorés, métaux) dans la lagune d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) par l'étude des sédiments - Marchand, Michel; Martin, Jean‐Louis (1985)
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