Economic Evaluation pf Antibacterial Usage in Ear, Nose and Throat Infections in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital - Suleiman, Ismail A.; Tayo, Fola (International Journal of Health Research, 2011)
Purpose: To carry out economic evaluation of antibacterial usage for Ear, Nose and Throat infections in a tertiary health care facility in Nigeria. Methods: Antibacterial utilisation evaluation was carried out retrospectively over one year period by reviewing 122 case notes containing 182 prescriptions of patient with Ear Nose and Throat infections. Relevant data including demographics, diagnosis, prescribed drugs, dosages, were extracted and the associated costs analysed. Results: Highest prevalent rate of Ear, Nose and Throat infections occurred in children under 10 years of age (59.3%) with otitis media predominating (45.0%). Average antibacterial cost per case was ₦1971.37 (US$15.16). Penicillins were the most frequently prescribed (35.5%) at a cost of ₦89,468.00 (US$688.22) representing 24.9% of the total antibacterial cost. Cephalosporins were used at a rate of 12.1% with a percentage total antibacterial cost of 48.4% (₦173,554.00, US$1335.03). Conclusion: The average cost of antibacterial agents to patients studied is high. This call for prudent use of these agents which should be evidence based and closely monitored.Keywords: Pharmacoeconomics, Antibacterial Therapy, Antibacterial Utilization Studies, Infectious diseases.
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Survey of pediatric ophthalmic diagnoses in a teaching hospital in Nigeria. - Adio, Adedayo; Alikor, A; Awoyesuku, Elizabeth A. (PubMed, 2011)
A review of pediatric cases seen over one year in the eye clinic of the University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital, Rivers state is presented.To ascertain the different diagnoses made in children who attend the eye clinic and the most common with a view to establish guidelines for equipping a functional pediatric ophthalmic clinic to address the problems if any.Records of all patients aged 0-18 years who attended the clinic in the year 2004 were extracted from the outpatient register. The information was analyzed manually with a simple scientific calculator.Atotal number of 846 pediatric patients were seen in the one year period under review. Newly diagnosed patients were 671 in number. Male female ratio was 1:1.07. The largest number of patients seen was between the ages of 13-18 years (n = 320). Refractive error was the most common condition seen with 248 diagnosed with the condition and a percentage of(28.95%) of the total number of patients seen. Vernal conjunctivitis followed with a percentage of 17.96% (n=152). Sixty-two (7.33%) were diagnosed with iritis while 52 were diagnosed to have cataract (6.15%). Thirty-five had glaucoma as the primary diagnosis (4.14%) while 14 children presented with conjunctivitis (1.65%). Other patients had pterygium (n=9, 1.06%), chalazion (n=4, 0.47%) and corneal opacity (n=6, 0.71%). The patients with refractive error and vernal conjunctivitis were mainly girls 56.5% and 25% respectively. Glaucoma mainly affected boys (57.1%) Cataracts were mainly seen in girls (53.8%).The commonest causes of childhood ocular morbidity in this study were refractive error and allergic conjunctivitis accounting for almost 50% of pediatric patients presenting at the ophthalmology clinic of UPTH. These require prompt pediatric ophthalmic consultation for effective treatment and prevention of avoidable sequelae. Therefore facilities need to be made available to adequately detect these conditions early particularly for refractive errors before amblyopia develops through training of teachers in all schools and public awareness campaigns. It may be important to ensure that legislation be passed to ensure compulsory eye checks before parents enroll their wards in school.
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Histopathological analysis of endometrial biopsies in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Nigeria. A 5-year critical review. - Dauda, AM; Bm, Mandong; Manasseh, A N; As, Malami; Echejoh, GO; Oa, Silas (PubMed, 2011)
This study is aimed at giving an insight into the pattern and age distribution of endometrial analysis as seen at Jos University Teaching Hospital.This is a retrospective reviewed cases of endometrial biopsies diagnosed between January 1998 to December 2002 in the Histopathological Department ofJos University Teaching HospitalA review of endometrial biopsies slides from 556 patients revealed that pregnancy related diagnosis was the commonest, representing 302 (54.3%) of histopathological diagnosis, followed by endometrial hyperplasia, accounting for 97 cases (17.5%) and majority of which was categorised as mild hyperplasias. Hydatidiform mole, which ranked third, constituted 58 (10.4%) of the cases studied. Choriocarcinoma was the leading malignancy representing 10 cases (45%) of the malignant tumours and 1.8% of all the endometrial biopsies. Endometrial adenocarcinoma, stromal sarcoma and metastatic cancer constituted 6 (1.0%), 3 (0.5%) and 3 (0.5%), respectively.The commonest endometrial pattern seen in JUTH over the study period was products of conception which peak in the third decade of life; primary malignancies of the endometrium are uncommon in JUTH and they represented just about 2%.
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Post diagnosis reaction, perceived stigma and sexual behaviour of HIV/AIDS patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Northern Nigeria. - Iliyasu, Zubairu; Abubakar, IS; Babashani, Musa; Aliyu, Muktar H. (PubMed, 2011)
The process of becoming aware of one's serostatus, immediate and delayed responses of the individual, family and community have profound implications on health seeking behaviour of PLWHAs especially in developing countries. We investigated post-diagnosis reactions, disclosure, perceived stigmatization and sexual behaviour of PLWHAs in northern Nigeria.A triangulation of methods consisting of structured interviewer questionnaire administered on 205 respondents and two Focus Group Discussions with PLWHAs receiving care at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital was used. HIV serodiagnosis, immediate and delayed reaction to serostatus and responses of family, friends and community members were elicited in addition to perceived stigma and sexual behaviour.Overall, 111 (54.1%) of the 205 patients were counseled before being tested for HIV infection. Majority of women 59 (51.8%) were tested and informed during antenatal care or 46 (40.4%) following diagnostic workup for symptoms related to AIDS. Most men 69 (75.8%) came to know during diagnostic workup or as part of screening for blood transfusion 5 (5.5%). Up to 37.2% of the respondents had kept their serostatus secret. Disclosures were more likely to mothers (51.9%), sisters (31.0%), brothers (11.0%) and spouses (6.1%). Of all respondents, 149 (72.6%) said they were shocked, afraid, angry and sad while 29 (14.1%) reported being indifferent. A higher proportion of females 68 (59.7%) were shocked, sad and angry than males 36 (39.6%) (P<0.05). Significant reductions occurred over time in the proportion of patients that were sad, afraid and shocked (P<0.05). A higher proportion of mothers (67.0%), sisters (44.2%), friends of the same sex (37.1%), father (27.5%) and spouse (23.7%) were perceived to be sympathetic compared to others (P<0.05). Forty-five (21 .9%) of the respondents were discriminated against. Of this, 22 (48.9%) happened at home, 18 (40.0%) in the workplace and the remaining 17 (37.8%) among friends. Of 85 (41.5%) that were sexually active, 78 (91.8%) reported protecting their partners through use of condoms.The sub-optimal counseling resulted in strong emotional reactions that threatened the strong social support system of PLWHAs. Supportive counseling could improve VCT uptake and well being of PLWHAs in northern Nigeria.
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Trends of myomectomy at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu Nigeria. - Okeke, TC; Okezie, OA; Kanu, Obioha; Ikeako, LC; Ezenyeaku, Cyril C. (PubMed, 2011)
Uterine fibroid is the commonest female genital tumour occurring within the reproductive age group, and abdominal myomectomy is the most offered surgical treatment in our environment. There is need to audit this practice in our centre so as to observe the practice pattern and outcome of myomectomies in Enugu, Nigeria.To audit myomectomies, the practice pattern and outcome at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu-Nigeria.A 5-year retrospective study of myomectomies performed in UNTH Enugu between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2008. Data relating to socio-demographic characteristics, indication for surgery, intraoperative haemostatic measures, estimated blood loss, use of drain, duration of hospital stay and complications were abstracted and analyzed.A total of 122 abdominal myomectomies were performed and 70.5% of the patients were aged 30-39 years and 80% were nullipara. Lower abdominal swelling and discomfort were the commonest presentation and indication for the surgery. Tourniquet was used for haemostasis in 57.4% while postoperative drain was inserted in 52.6%. 24.6% received blood transfusion and the average duration of hospital stay was 8.6 days. Complications were mild, with pyrexia as the commonest complication (28.7%). There was no mortality.Though myomectomy is safe and tolerated in our centre, a consensus practice pattern through a prospective study is required to further improve outcome.
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The burden and management of infants with life-long and irreversible hearing impairment in Nigeria. - Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Bamigboye, Babatunde A.; Somefun, Abayomi O. (PubMed, 2011)
If left untreated or treated late and inappropriately, sensorineural hearing impairment has several adverse, irreversible and life-long health, psycho-social and economic consequences for the affected infants and their families. This seminar paper sets out to describe the burden, current practices and management options for sensorineural or permanent hearing impairment in early infancy for primary care physicians in Nigeria against the backdrop of their role as primary or first contact for all health consultations. Available studies suggest that up to 2.7% or 162,000 of the 6 million infants born annually may have permanent hearing impairment. The underlying aetiological factors may not be determined in the majority of the infants thus limiting the effectiveness of any primary prevention initiatives. However, the affected infants can be detected accurately with objective screening technologies such as otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem response in hospital or community settings. The ethical and scientific rationale for this intervention has been well established. Barring the challenge of parental follow-up default which is not insurmountable, affected infants and their families can be supported to establish appropriate auditory-based communication, avoid potentially harmful traditional therapies and child neglect commonly associated with childhood hearing impairment. Primary care providers in private and public practice have a crucial role in guiding parents to seek timely and appropriate services from ear care providers and child development specialists to ensure optimal child growth and developmental outcomes. On-going parental commitment to and active participation in the selected intervention programmes are essential to satisfactory long-term outcomes.
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Climate Change: A Threat to Agricultural Production in Nigeria - Onuh, MO; Ohazurike, NC (Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2011)
In recent times, climate change has generated a global issue of discourse, because of its potential effects on the human interest, including agriculture. It is observed that absence of rapid response strategies to both short and long term climate change, including climate variability will have significant effect on the agricultural production. Climate change is of serious concern to Nigeria because of its effects on agricultural production and food security. This paper discussed on the general climate and climate components and the impact of their possible change on the Nigeria agriculture. The paper recommended the development and reporting of national inventories of green house gas emission sources and sinks; prompt and rapid forecasting and strategizing for potential climate change threat on Nigeria food production.Keywords: Agriculture; Agricultural production; Climate variability; Food  security
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Pattern of gynaecological cancers in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, south eastern Nigeria. - Ugwu, EO; Iferikigwe, ES; Okeke, TC; Ugwu, Aloy Okechukwu; Okezie, OA; Agu, Polycarp Uchenna (PubMed, 2011)
Gynaecological cancers are among the leading causes of cancer related deaths worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern and relative frequencies of gynecological cancers as seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria.An analysis of retrospective clinical data from the ward admissions and discharge books and the operating theatre record books.During the 10-year period under study (2000-2009), 407 cases of gynaecological cancers were admitted into the hospital. The age range of these women was 21-80years with mean age of 54.6 +/- 14.2 years. The commonest gynaecological cancers in women less than 30 years of age were choriocarcinoma (36.1%) and ovarian cancer (33.3%). After 30 years, cervical cancer became the commonest cancer. Overall, cervical cancer was by far the commonest gynecological cancer constituting 78% of all the cases, followed by ovarian cancer (8.9%), choriocarcinoma (4.3%), endometrial cancer (4.1%), vulva cancer (4.0%) and leiomyosarcoma (0.5%). There was no case of vaginal cancer during the study period. Anaemia was the commonest sequelae, complicating 55% of the cases, followed by genital fistulae (12%), infertility (3%), renal failure (3%), and pulmonary complications (2%).Cervical cancer is by far the commonest gynaecological cancer in Enugu and there is high incidence of this cancer even in young women below the age of 30 years. The commonest gynaecological cancer in women less than 30 years is choriocarcinoma, and anaemia is the commonest sequelae of all gynaecological cancers.
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Perspectives on the Teaching Profession in Kenya - Thuranira, Taaliu Simon (2011)
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Possible Selves and Goal Orientations of East-African Undergraduate Students in the United States - Wambua, Joash Mutua; Robinson, Cecil (2011)
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom self-report among medical students in Eldoret, Kenya - Atwoli, Lukoye; Owiti, Philip; Manguro, Griffins; Ndambuki, Daniel Kyalo (African journal of psychiatry, 2011)
Objective: To determine the prevalence of self-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among medical students in Eldoret, Kenya.Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study of all medical students who gave consent to participate in the study.Undertaken at Moi University's School of Medicine in Eldoret, Kenya.Comprising two hundred and fifty three (253) undergraduate medical students, with a mean age of 23.7 years (19-42, s.d.4.1), of whom 51% were female.Measuring ADHD symptomatology using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1).Results: The prevalence rate of self-reported ADHD symptoms using the ASRS screener was 23.7%.This was significantly associated with being in the age-group 17-20 years compared (p<0.05).The prevalence rate was higher among females (25.6%) than among males (21.8%), but this difference was not statistically significant.Preclinical students had a higher prevalence rate of ADHD symptoms (28.7%) compared to clinical students (19.6%), but this was also not statistically significant.Using a modification of the ASRS full symptom checklist to approximate a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) ADHD diagnosis yielded a 'possible ADHD' prevalence rate of 8.7%.Of these, the inattentive type was the most common (40.9%).Conclusion: The prevalence rate of self-reported ADHD symptoms among medical students in Eldoret is very high and possibly interferes with the students' social and academic functioning.Further studies are suggested to generate information on the real ADHD prevalence in the general population and in special populations such as schools and colleges.
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Arab forum calls for overhaul of education in Algeria to improve research - Bougaada, Toufik (Nature Middle East, 2011)
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Board of Governors' Effectiveness in Teachers' Recruitment and Selection in Public Secondary Schools: A Case of Murang’a North District, Kenya - Gathiira, Titus G. (2011)
The continued use of Board of Governors (BoGs) III public secondary schools of Kenya to recruit and select teachers on behalf of the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) has elicited a lot of controversy. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of BoGs in recruitment and selection of public secondary school teachers in Murang'a North District, Central Province, Kenya. The objectives included determining how BoGs effectiveness is affected by TSC selection guidelines; BoGs briefings and interview methods; stakeholders' interests, and applicants' characteristics. The study sample consisted of 40 respondents drawn from principals and teachers recruited by BoGs. Sampling of schools was done using stratified and simple random samplings. Data was generated using two different questionnaires, one for principals and the other for recruited teachers. 3 Principals (one from each school stratum) were purposively selected and interviewed using a structured interview guide for triangulation purposes. The research findings were analyzed using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics namely, frequency and percentages were used to describe variables for quantitative data. For qualitative data, detailed narrative forms were used to summarize the information The study established that; TSC selection guidelines made the BoGs more effective in teachers' selection. The BoGs lacked training in selection, were easily manipulated and hence incompetent. Teachers' selection was influenced by stakeholders' vested interests; tribalism and regionalism being the main ones. The researcher recommended that; Decentralization of teacher recruitment and selection be done at provincial level. TSC should set up a database for all qualified unemployed teachers,
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Impact of water and soil conservation (WSC) strategies in improving water balance and soil production in Algeria: options to alleviate the negative impacts of climate change - Habi, Mohammed; Morsli, Boutkhil (Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2011)
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Knowledge Management Solution to Challenges of Higher Education in South Africa - Mutula, Stephen M.; Jacobs, Daisy (2011)
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Malaria Transmission in the African Highlands in a Changing Climate Situation: Perspective from Kenyan Highlands - Afrane, Yaw A.; Githeko, Andrew K.; Yan, Guiyun (2011)
Vector-borne diseases are among the diseases that have been linked with climate change (IPCC. 2001). Malaria is probably the deadliest climate sensitive vector-borne disease (Githeko et al. 2000). About 90% of the 300-500 million cases of the reported malaria cases worldwide come from Africa. In the late 80s to the 90s, malaria epidemics occurred frequently in western Kenya highlands, often taking the population by surprise. The epidemics were caused by Plasmodium falciparum and transmitted by Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus. Epidemics were associated with high morbidity and mortality in all age groups, with prevalence of the disease rising from about 20% to about 60%. The case mortality in functional health facilities were estimated at about 7.5% (Githeko and Ndegwa 2001). The malaria transmission system involves a complex interaction between humans, mosquitoes, the plasmodium parasite, climate and the physical environment. Warming of the climate is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increase. The temporal and spatial changes in temperature, precipitation and humidity that are expected to occur under different climate change scenarios will affect the biology and ecology of vectors and intermediate hosts and consequently the risk of disease transmission. The risk increases because, although arthropods can regulate their internal temperature by changing their behaviour, they cannot do so physiologically and are thus critically dependent on climate for their survival and development (Lindsay and Birley 1996). Temperature is inversely related to altitude, thus the high-elevation areas in Africa, or highlands, generally exhibit low ambient temperature, which restricts the development of vectors and parasites. Because malaria transmission rate is temperature-dependent, any factor that alters the temperature in the highland would reduce the duration of parasite development, larval development and increase the mosquito biting rates, and subsequently increase malaria transmission in the highlands.
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Research Guides. Education & Teaching. African Americans at W&M. - Gaidmore, Jay (2011)
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LibGuides: Climate Change and Global Sustainability Resources: COP17 Conference Durban South Africa 2011 - Louis, Rachel (2011)
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LibGuides: Climate Change and Global Sustainability Resources: Research and other resources in South Africa - Louis, Rachel (2011)
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LibGuides: Climate Change and Global Sustainability Resources: Research/Resources(Africa) - Louis, Rachel (2011)
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Empowerment and Effectiveness of School Committees in Tanzania - Masue, Orest Sebastian (2011)
xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1Introduction 1 1.2 Tanzania: a brief country profile 1 1.2.1 Origin, location, area and political system 1 1.2.2 Education and training system 2 1.2.3 Complementarities between formal and non-formal education 3 1.2.4 Medium of instruction 4 1.3 Background to the study 5 1.3.1 A Scenario of educational management before the reforms 5 1.3.2 The comprehensive Education Sector Reforms 6 1.3.3 What is the current situation? 7 1.4 Statement of the problem 12 1.5 Purpose and objectives of the study 13 1.6 Research questions 14 1.7 Significance/rationale of the study 16 1.8 Scope of the study 16 1.9 Organisation of the thesis 17 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 18 2.1Introduction 18 2.2 The concept of empowerment 18 2.2.1 Origin 18 2.2.2The roots of empowerment 19 2.2.3 Meaning of empowerment 20 2.2.4 Empowerment, power and freedom of choice 22
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LibGuides: Climate Change and Global Sustainability Resources: COP17 Conference Durban South Africa 2011 - Nicholson, Denise (2011)
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LibGuides: Climate Change and Global Sustainability Resources: Research and other resources in South Africa - Nicholson, Denise (2011)
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LibGuides: Climate Change and Global Sustainability Resources: Research/Resources(Africa) - Nicholson, Denise (2011)
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Climate Change and Plantation Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis of Farmlands in Nigeria - Fonta, Wiliam M.; Ichoku, Hycienth Eme; Urama, Nathaniel E. (Social Science Research Network, 2011)
This study used the Ricardian approach that captures farmer adaptations to varying environmental factors to analyze the impact of climate change (CC) on plantation agriculture in Nigeria. By collecting data from 280 farm households in seven different cocoa producing areas in Nigeria (Cross River, Abia, Edo, Ondo, Ekiti, Oyo and Ogun States), the quantity of crops produced over time and land value proxied by net revenue per hectare (NR), was regressed on climate and household level variables. The selected crops were cocoa and Palm trees. The results suggest that these variables have a significant impact on the net crop revenue per hectare of farmers under Nigerian conditions. Specifically, seasonal marginal impact analysis indicates that increasing temperature and precipitation decreases net revenue per hectare for both cocoa and palm plantation. Furthermore, the net crop revenue impact of predicted future climate change from CGM2 and PCM for the years 2035 and 2050 suggest decline in future net revenue per hectare for the two plantation crops in Nigeria.
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The Prevalence of Depression among Family Caregivers of Children with Intellectual Disability in a Rural Setting in Kenya - Mbugua, M.N.; Kuria, Mary Wangari; Ndetei, David M. (International Journal of Family Medicine, 2011)
Caregivers of children with intellectual disability have a great responsibility that may be stressful. The psychological well-being of the care giver may affect the quality of care given to children with intellectual disability. Objective. The objective of the study was to determine the risk of depression in caregivers of children with intellectual disability. Setting. The study was conducted at Gachie Catholic Parish, Archdiocese of Nairobi (Kenya). Design. Cross sectional, descriptive study. Method. The study was conducted among 114 caregivers registered at the Gachie Parish program (in Kenya) for the intellectual disabled children. A researcher-designed social demographic questionnaire and the Beck depression inventory were administered to those that met the inclusion criteria. Results. Seventy-nine percent (79%) of the caregivers were at risk of clinical depression. Conclusion. Majority of the caregivers of children with intellectual disability were at risk of developing clinical depression.
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AFRICAN UNION: Drought Pledging Conference (Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 2011)
Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical SeriesVolume 48, Issue 8 p. 19222A-19222B ECONOMIC GROUPINGS AFRICAN UNION: Drought Pledging Conference First published: 03 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2011.04083.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume48, Issue8October 2011Pages 19222A-19222B RelatedInformation
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The Impact of Climate Change in Nigeria. - Abdulhamid, Yusuf (Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems, 2011)
It is often argued that Africa need not care about climate change because in global dimensions Africa produces negligible greenhouse gases. Climate change is primarily caused by the developed countries, so they should be the ones dealing with it. However, it is the bitter irony of destiny that Africa contributes least of all the continents to the climate change, but will probably suffer most from its consequences. Third World countries, particularly Africa are threatened by the predicted change in climate because of their economic dependence on agriculture for survival. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Â Â (IPCC) describe Africa as one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change and climate variability and within Africa, Nigeria is one of the countries expected to be worst affected. The present study evaluates Nigeria as likely to be one of the most negatively impacted countries in the world as a result of climate change. Nigeria has a tropical climate with variable rainy and dry seasons, depending on the location. In the southeast part of the country it is hot and wet most of the year, but it is dry in the southwest and farther inland. In the north and west, a savannah climate with marked wet and dry seasons prevails, while a stepped climate with little precipitation is found in the far north. Its risks are particularly high due to its low lying coastline that is highly populated with a heavy concentration of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) generating industry and infrastructure. In addition, the north of the country forms part of the Sahel which is at risk of further desertification and droughts. Flooding, water shortages, increased diseases and associated social disruption could well give rise to a vicious cycle of economic degradation and social conflict.
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The leadership styles of basic school heads as perceived by their subordinates:The leadership styles of basic school heads as perceived by their subordinates: a case study of suame circuit of the kumasi metropolitan directorate of the ghana education service (ges) - Abrafi, Agartha (2011)
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Principals' Competency Needs for Effective Schools' Administration In Nigeria - Adegbemile, Oluwadare (Journal of Education and Practice, 2011)
The issue of poor academic performance of students in Nigeria could be attributed to poor administrative skills of school administrators. This study investigated the competency needs of principals for effective schools' administration at secondary school level. This was carried out in South West Geo - Political Zone of Nigeria. Principal Administrative Skills Survey Questionnaire (PASSQ) was used to obtain information through a thirty (30) item questionnaire on instructional skills, personnel management skills and financial skills needed by principals for effective administration. Three research questions formulated to guide the study. Mean scores of principals' opinion were used to answer the research questions.
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PERCEIVED IMPACT OF PRIMARY EDUCATION ON THE ATTAINMENT OF NIGERIA VISION 20:2020 - Adesina, Abiodun Ezekiel (2011)
This study sought the perceived impact of primary education on the attainment of Nigeria Vision 20:2020. Survey design was adopted for the study. Six hundred primary school teachers were randomly sampled from Oyo Local Government Areas of Oyo State. A self-designed 20 items questionnaire validated and trial-tested with reliability of 0.83 was used to collect the data. Three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using t-test statistical tool. The findings revealed that the primary education standard have impact on the nation attainment of NV 20:2020 (calt = 10.73; Crit-t= 1.96, df = 598) and that the standard of primary education is hampered by the low level of funding and facilities availability at school (Cal-t = 11.06, Crit-t = 1.96, df = 598). Also it was found that the level of teachers qualification at the primary school significantly influence the standard of primary education in the country (Cal-t = 4.66, Crit-t = 1.96, df = 598). It was therefore recommended that along proper funding and facilities provision for primary level of education, liberalization should be encouraged for better qualified teachers to handle foundational classes in order for the nation to achieve her Vision 20:2020.
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Students' Level of Study and User of Library Resources in Nigerian Universities: A Comparative Study - Agboola, Idayat Odunola; Bamigboye, Olusola Bamidele (Library Philosophy and Practice, 2011)
Introduction The emerging role of the libraries as an information professional in the new knowledge dispensation is enhanced by two main challenges. First, the value of information lies in the ability to access and adapt to suit new applications and improve the efficiency of existing systems. Universities are called upon not only to generate new knowledge but also to be able to market the innovations that have been generated out of knowledge transferred and adapted. Since this requires an atmosphere of research, libraries are challenged to provide access to relevant information by applying ICTs to facilitate quick, efficient access, integrate and repackage information for the end-user that will capacitate higher educational institutions to conduct research. Second, the new knowledge economy emphasizes that knowledge from wherever it is produced can be transferred to where it is needed. Library use study as an aspect of users' studies is a vital aid for effective planning and management in academic libraries. Most evaluative studies on library use have always concentrated on students' use of academic libraries ([1]; [2]; [3]; [4];[5]) Though, students are an important part of the set up of academic institutions and perhaps the major users of academic library facilities, nevertheless, the staff of academic institutions, particularly the academic staff also use the library. The need for good libraries in higher institutions of learning cannot be over-emphasized, as the quality of any education depends on the library, not the library as a magnificent building but the use of it. It is important that libraries serving academic communities have the broadest possible collection of books and other essential materials. The academic library is an inexhaustible stone house of knowledge, where one can go at will, unrestricted to help himself to the whole field of knowledge and practical life of the past, present and prognostications for the future. If a library is well stocked and the students know they can find more information than what they are taught, they will use the library maximally. Writing on the importance of academic libraries use studies, [6] observed that studies of use and users are becoming fairly standard in library planning. He attributed this to a changing concept of what constitutes effective service. [7] believes that library use is an important measure of output or services provided by libraries and suggests that it is a possible index by which such measurement can be made. Highlighting the various characteristics of students' library use related to this study is that of [4] who surveyed the use made by students of the facilities at the University of Ilorin. The results showed that while 94.8% of the students use the facilities, only 5.2% have never used them. In the same vein, Nicholson and [8] studied the use of Massachusetts institute of Technology libraries. The result showed the 71.9% of the undergraduates and 52.4% of the graduate students use the library for class preparation. In the case of Pahlave University libraries, [9] showed that the majority of the students have difficulty in locating books and journals articles, but in [10] survey of the reading habits of the students of the University of Tehran, she found that primarily because of deficiencies in the educational system, students do not look at reading as a way of acquiring knowledge or developing character. Another study by [5] surveyed students' use of library, he discovered that students did not use library resources for various reasons, among which are students' ignorance resulting in wrong approaches in using the libraries. For instance, he found that about 69% indicated that they approached the library resources by first going to the shelves instead of the catalogues. [3] studied students' use of library resources at the University of Rhodes Island. The results showed that 60% of the students believed that they are effective seekers and users of library resources, only 40% were not satisfied with their search for resources in that library. …
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Quality Management in Further Training and Education Institutions: A Case Study of FTE Colleges in Gauteng Province, South Africa - Agwa-Ejon, J. F. (Advanced Materials Research, 2011)
This study investigated how a further training and education (FTE) institution manages the culture of quality. The paper sought to adopt a total quality approach in which all of the aspects were assessed and evaluated at FTE colleges, with a view to formulating recommendations to improve quality in most colleges in Gauteng province in South Africa. Various parameters that impact on quality were investigated such as teaching aids, the learning environment, utilisation of technology and better communication skills. Quality was found to be affected by factors such as the learning environment; availability of resources, quality of students enrolled and staff qualifications.
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Technophobia and Use of ICT Tools in Teaching and Learning: Academic Staff of Nigerian Universities in Focus - Ahmad, Suleiman Alhaji; Usman, Muhammad (Indian journal of applied research, 2011)
This paper x-rays the importance of ICT as a tool for teaching, learning and research that is dramatically changing the landscape of educational development since the last two decades. The incorporation of ICT in educational sector is rendering plethora of opportunities for higher institutions to integrate ICTs in teaching, learning and research. The findings of the study indicates a significant relationship between availability, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use, whereas, ICT anxiety, mediated the relationship. The study concludes that technophobia has been the major problem hindering academic staff to effectively use ICT for teaching and learning process, thus, it is hoped that the study will open more gaps for future researches that would enhance efforts in educational development, thus, bridging the digital divide in the country.
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Improving programming education in Tanzania: Teachers' and students' perceptions - Apiola, Mikko; Tedre, Matti; Oroma, Josephat O. (2011)
Contextualization of curriculum and course contents has been central to development of IT education at Tumaini University in rural Tanzania. However, as the development of the IT program has progressed, pedagogical challenges have become increasingly evident. The pedagogical difficulties materialize most markedly in programming courses. This paper reports an empirical study of students' and teachers' perceptions of challenges of programming education in Tanzania. The results support the anecdotal evidence from various developing countries that programming education is hindered by shallow learning strategies, unfamiliar pedagogical approaches, language problems, extrinsic motivations, free riding in group assignments, and cultural differences.
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(Re) Considering Cattle Farming in Southern Africa under a Changing Climate - Archer, Emma (Weather, climate, and society (Print), 2011)
Abstract Scientists in southern Africa and elsewhere focusing on climate change and agriculture are increasingly demonstrating how livestock, as a highly climate sensitive sector, may be affected by climate change. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) observes, for example, that “Projected increased temperature, combined with reduced precipitation in some regions (e.g., Southern Africa) would lead to increased loss of domestic herbivores during extreme events in drought-prone areas” (Easterling et al.). Response and policy discussions around climate change and agriculture in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region have, however, thus far tended to focus far more on staple crops. The latest projected future temperatures for southern Africa show a clear increase across most models. Further, temperatures in exceedance of tested livestock comfort thresholds are indicated for the future, particularly for those months of most concern to cattle farmers. Enabling adaptation in the livestock sector should thus be a significant focus of a country’s response to climate change, particularly in countries where the livestock sector is a critical component of the formal and informal economy. Although innovations are often a primary component of livestock adaptation plans under design, it is now recognized that longstanding approaches to the management of livestock may well have valuable lessons for future adaptation. Such approaches include the reintroduction of genetically diverse and resilient breeds, as well as increased support and incentives for those farmers planning and undertaking such approaches.
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Islamic Schools, the Ulama, and the State in the Educational Development of Northern Nigeria - Baba, NM (Social Science Research Network, 2011)
Islamic schools in Nigeria have undergone transformations from a position of monopolistic control over spiritual knowledge to one of competition and subsequently struggle for survival as they encountered missionary and colonial incursions. The post-colonial state that emerged had to endure weakened Islamic schools which nonetheless retained legitimacy in the eyes of observant Muslims as culturally and religiously valued institutions. This paper describes a fluctuating pattern of mutual isolation, engagement and competition that characterise the relationship between the state, Islamic schools and an influential corps of Islamic clerics (Ulama) operating outside the spheres of the state bureaucracy. Northern Nigeria, where these schools are prevalent, has endured a long list of developmental challenges including a low level of educational attainment which places it at a competitive disadvantage in its relationship with Southern Nigeria. The paper claims that although both the state and a section of the Ulama realise that a reform of Islamic schools is vital to the development of Northern Nigeria, a long period of mutual isolation and the weak position of Nigeria’s educational bureaucracy have made the finding of a common operational framework difficult. A strong state-driven education delivery mechanism is what Nigeria needs to control the unregulated growth of different brands of Islamic schools from compounding its many developmental challenges.
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Parent Participation in School Governance: A Legal Analysis of Experiences in South Africa and Kentucky - Bathon, Justin; Beckmann, Johan; Björk, Lars G. (Journal of School Public Relations, 2011)
This comparative study on the educational governance systems of South Africa and the Commonwealth of Kentucky examines legal evidence from judicial decisions and administrative law to understand similarities in how school-based governance structures have been developed. We found that although school-level governance structures may provide greater opportunities for community and parental participation, each engenders a number of legal problems that compromise the decentralization of democracy to the school level. Recommendations for policymakers and practitioners are offered that may achieve this goal.
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Translation, adaptation and validation of the Moroccan version of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale - Bendeddouche, I.; Rostom, S.; Bahiri, R.; Boudali, Aziza; Mawani, N.; Mengat, M.; Badri, D. El; Lazrak, N.; Srifi, N.; Allali, F.; Hajjaj-Hassouni, Najia (Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2011)
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Assessment of Leadership Training of Head Teachers and Secondary School Performance in Mubende District, Uganda. - Benson, Kayiwa (2011)
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‘Education is the key of life’: Language, schooling, and gender in Tanzanian beauty pageants - Billings, Sabrina (Language & Communication, 2011)
This paper discusses how education, and especially its key product English, shape Tanzanian beauty pageants both implicitly and explicitly. Discourses within these events extol education as the primary resource for social mobility and the most promising solution to society’s and individuals’ problems. Furthermore, contestants and observers plug into English-language, school-based models of speaking, listening, and manifesting knowledge, a process facilitated by the configuration of contestants as schoolgirls. Yet the data presented here demonstrate a mismatch between the social construction of education and the realities that it offers on and off stage. This article will thus outline the mobility of educational models of language use in urban Tanzania, and how, once mobile, they are subject to reinterpretation, revision, and hierarchical reorganization.
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Student-centred and caring universities : implications for student affairs professionals at higher education institutions in South Africa : keynote address - Botman, H. Russel (2011)
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Global malaria maps and climate change: a focus on East African highlands - Bouma, Menno J.; Baeza, Andrés; terVeen, Annemarie; Pascual, Mercedes (Trends in Parasitology, 2011)
Given the well documented climate sensitivity of malaria, the potential implications of global change have given rise to much speculation and controversy [ 1 Gething P.W. et al. Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature. 2010; 465: 342-345 Crossref PubMed Scopus (253) Google Scholar , 2 World Health Organization (1990) Potential health effects of climate change. WHO/PEP/90.10, World Health Organization Google Scholar , 3 Pascual M. Bouma M.J. Do rising temperatures matter?. Ecology. 2009; 90: 906-912 Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar , 4 Zhou G. et al. Climate variability and malaria epidemics in the highlands of East Africa. Trends Parasitol. 2004; 21: 54-56 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (38) Google Scholar , 5 Lafferty K.D. The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases. Ecology. 2009; 90: 888-900 Crossref PubMed Scopus (739) Google Scholar ]. Because of the plethora of other parameters determining malaria morbidity and mortality, the extent to which climate change amplifies transmission remains a crucial question. Recent efforts to globally map malaria based on interpolated prevalence figures offer much needed help to guide and evaluate control, and an improved quantitative framework to describe distributional change [ 1 Gething P.W. et al. Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature. 2010; 465: 342-345 Crossref PubMed Scopus (253) Google Scholar ]. Mapmakers have now used global prevalence estimates to show the shrinking distribution and intensity of malaria in the 20th century, and to argue that the magnitude of the effects of control and economic development associated with this decline are order(s) of magnitude greater than the possible effects of climate change, concluding that the hold of climate on the disease has waned [ 1 Gething P.W. et al. Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature. 2010; 465: 342-345 Crossref PubMed Scopus (253) Google Scholar ]. We here ask whether this conclusion applies to the heavily populated highlands of East Africa, regions of the globe that have been at the center of the debate on the impact of temperature warming [ 3 Pascual M. Bouma M.J. Do rising temperatures matter?. Ecology. 2009; 90: 906-912 Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar ]. For these regions, the methodology used for interpolating data [ 1 Gething P.W. et al. Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature. 2010; 465: 342-345 Crossref PubMed Scopus (253) Google Scholar ] appears to eliminate the existing temperature–malaria relation when survey data are sparse. This has important implications for the relevant resolution at which to address the role of warmer temperatures in regions with sharp climate variations, and for the need to include temperature in the statistical models that estimate malaria prevalence in highland regions.
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Information technology as predictors of self-regulated learning in some private secondary schools in Nigeria - Busari, Abd Halim (American journal of scientific and industrial research, 2011)
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Attitudes towards agriculture in secondary schools: the case of teachers and students of Baringo North district, Kenya - Cheplogoi, Shadrack K. (2011)
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Parental involvement in primary schools : a case study of the Zaka district of Zimbabwe - Chindanya, Andrew (2011)
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Effective and Ineffective Lecturers: University Students’ Perspective in Zimbabwe - Chireshe, Regis (The Anthropologist, 2011)
The study investigated university students’ perspective on effective and ineffective lecturers. A qualitative survey design was used. A letter questionnaire was used to collect the data. Seventy- seven students participated in the study. Content analysis was used in analyzing the data. The study revealed that effective lecturers were well organized, competent, always involved students, friendly and readily available. The study found that effective lecturers were regarded as fair in their marking. The study also found that ineffective lecturers did not plan for their lectures, came late for lectures, were not knowledgeable, were not contributing to students’ seminar presentations, were intimidating students, were not involving students, were boasting about their qualifications and family and were biased in their marking. It emerged that ineffective lecturers’ marking did not highlight strengths and weaknesses of students. Recommendations were made to improve on the effectiveness of university lecturers.
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Assignment Report: Economic Appraisal - Expansion of the County Education Centres Project - For South Sudan - Colquhoun, H. (2011)
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Pilot investigation of reported volcanic flow sequences in the Syria-Sinai-Solis Plana - Dohm, J. M.; Platz, Thomas; Tanaka, K. L. (epsc, 2011)
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Dangerous learning in edgy contexts: creativity and innovation in the South African arts domain - Dovey, Ken; Muller, Lizzie (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 2011)
In this paper, we outline a pilot project aimed at exploring the role of contextual factors in the facilitation of creativity and innovation within a range of South African art forms. Interviews with 11 people who have rich experience of the South African art domain delivered an insightful perspective on the contextual factors driving lifelong creativity and its continuous realization in innovative outcomes within these art forms.
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Farmer Field Schools in Rural Kenya: A Transformative Learning Experience - Duveskog, Deborah; Friis-Hansen, Esbern; Taylor, Edward W. (Journal of Development Studies, 2011)
Abstract As participatory agricultural education increases in use, knowledge is needed of its impact on the daily lives of the participants beyond benefits for farming. The purpose of this study was to explore the case of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) under the lens of transformative learning theory, in order to understand the impact that participatory and group–based learning can have on the lives of participants. The findings revealed significant impacts demonstrated by a personal transformation, changes in gender roles and relations, customs and traditions, and community relations, and an increase in household economic development. The implications are relevant both within the fields of rural development and for transformative learning theory.
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A Survey of the Dictionary Use of Gabonese Students 349-365 at Two South African Universities Guy-Modeste Ekwa Ebanéga and Fatima Tomba Moussavou - Ebanégar, Guy-Modeste Ekwa; Moussavou, Fatima Tomba (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2011)
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Fractal Simulations of African Design in Pre-College Computing Education - Eglash, Ron; Krishnamoorthy, Mukkai S.; Sanchez, Jason; Woodbridge, Andrew (ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 2011)
This article describes the use of fractal simulations of African design in a high school computing class. Fractal patterns---repetitions of shape at multiple scales---are a common feature in many aspects of African design. In African architecture we often see circular houses grouped in circular complexes, or rectangular houses in rectangular complexes. Typically the accompanying ceremonies, cosmologies, and other traditions make use of scaling and recursion in their conceptual models. African scaling designs include textiles, sculpture, adornment, and other forms; in many cases there are explicit geometric algorithms and other formal aspects (e.g., pseudorandom number generation in divination systems) embedded in the associated indigenous knowledge system. Thus African fractals provide a strong counter to stereotypes of African culture as primitive or simplistic. Following this fieldwork, we developed a Web site which uses Java simulations of these African designs to teach computational perspectives on fractals to high school students. 1 We hypothesized that this combination of anti-primitivist “ethnocomputing” and design-based creative learning would enhance both the engagement and performance of under-represented students in computing. A quasi-experimental study used two 10th grade computing classes, both taught by the same instructor, and both including more than 50% under-represented students (Latino and African American). The control class received six days of instruction using a popular Web site (with Java applets but no cultural content or design activities) for high school fractal lessons; the experimental class received the same amount of instruction using our Web site. Pre/post differences on both achievement and attitude tests indicate statistically significant improvement for the students in the experimental class. Potential implications for improving participation and achievement of under-represented students in computing education are discussed.
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Building sustainable learning environments that are ‘fit for the future’ withreference to Egypt - Elseragy, Ahmed; Elnokaly, Amira; Gabr, Mohammed A. (2011)
Perhaps there is no building type that has a more significant impact on our lives than the Kindergarten to high School (K-12). We continue to carry the memories of our early learning environments through the residue of our lives. It is the quality of those learning environments that play a crucial role in enhancing or hampering our learning experience. Learning spaces are complex spaces where the collective skills, knowledge, and practices of a culture are taught, shaped, encouraged, and transmitted. Comfortable/safe and creative learning spaces can inspire and motivate users, while ugly/unsafe spaces can oppress. Based on these two attitudes, the aims of this paper are to; firstly, developing Sustainable learning environments (SLE) in the Middle-East countries with reference to Egypt. Secondly, to reviewing and extending the planning and design of the internal, external and landscaping features of a proposed eco-class to collectively pass to the learners for enhancing the quality of learning space and thus education. After the Egyptian Revolution on the 25th of January, 2011 and the hopes and dreams this brings with it, for a major transformation in all life sectors, the Egyptian government needs to recognise the right of children and young people to learn in an environment which is safe, healthy and achieves the highest quality possible. We must all be committed to improving the quality, attractiveness and health of the learning and communal spaces in our schools. Environmental factors have significant effects on pupil and teacher wellbeing. In contrast, poor school and classroom design can affect concentration, creativity and general well-being; in addition, poor quality lighting, ventilation, acoustics and furniture all have a negative effect on student achievement and health. Nowadays, Egypt endure deterioration of education quality as a result of deficient learning spaces, high number of pupils in class, insufficient governmental expenditure and funding, and lack of proper research in education developmental strategies. Therefore, new learning spaces should be able to increase flexibility in order to support hands-on and outside-class learning activities. Furthermore, they intend to encourage extra-curricula activities beyond conventional learning times. Currently, these integral learning-components are crucial for socio-cultural sustainability and positive initiatives towards minimizing recent educational underachievement. Undoubtedly, comfortable, safe and creative learning spaces can inspire and motivate users, while ugly/unsafe spaces can depress. Therefore, well-designed learning spaces are able to support creative, productive and efficient learning processes on one hand. On the other hand, ecological design measures became increasingly major keystone for modern sustainable learning-spaces. Thus, learning-spaces’ design process, form, components, materials, features, and energy-saving technologies can generate well-educated, environmental-literate, energy-conscious, and innovative future-generations. (Continued)
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Attitudes of Undergraduate Students Toward E-Learning in Tourism: The Case of Egypt - Eraqi, Mohammed I.; Abou-Alam, Wesal; Belal, Mayadah; Fahmi, Toka Mahrous (Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 2011)
E-learning has been suggested as an alternative approach that can provide graduates with a wide range of academic and employability skills. This study is designed to measure the attitudes of student and academic staff toward using e-learning technologies and strategies in tourism education. A questionnaire form was designed and distributed to the students, and semistructured interviews were conducted with academic staff in the faculties of tourism and hotels at Helwan University and Menoufia University. Results revealed that the students as well as the academic staff have a good positive attitude toward applying e-learning in the faculties of tourism and hotels in Egypt.
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Socio-Psychological School Services and Improvement of Intellectual Functioning of Secondary School Students in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria - Eze, Justina Ukamaka; Igbo, Janet N. (Indian journal of applied research, 2011)
IJAR - Indian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) IJAR is a double reviewed monthly print journal that accepts research works from scholars, academicians, professors, doctorates, lecturers, and corporate in their respective expertise of studies.
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Nigeria at 50: Lessons to Learn From Independence - Faboyede, Olusola Samuel (2011)
Fifty years of existence as an independent nation is a golden jubilee age that deserves celebrations. The unresolved problem of corruption in Nigeria has however continued to skew and hobble its development. This paper, among other things, offers a critical assessment of corruption on Nigeria since independence to date. Using the secondary data methodology, it finds that although Nigeria is nowhere near where it should be, given its potentials, the nation could count her blessings, build on strengths, consolidate the positive layers of improvements and appropriate lessons for the future. It therefore recommends effective anti-corruption policy measures to liberate the polity.
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Climate Change and Plantation Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis of Farmlands in Nigeria - Fonta, William M.; Ichoku, Hyacinth E.; Urama, Nathaniel E. (Journal of economics and sustainable development, 2011)
This study used the Ricardian approach that captures farmer adaptations to varying environmental factors to analyze the impact of climate change (CC) on plantation agriculture in Nigeria. By collecting data from 280 farm households in seven different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria (Cross River, Abia, Edo, Ondo, Ekiti, Oyo and Ogun States), the quantity of crops produced over time and land value proxied by net revenue per hectares (NR), were regressed on climate, household and soil variables. The results suggest that these variables have a significant impact on the net crop revenue per hectare of farmlands under Nigerian conditions. Specifically, seasonal marginal impact analysis indicates that increasing temperature during summer and winter would significantly reduce crop net revenue per hectare whereas marginally increasing precipitation during spring would significantly increase net crop revenue per hectare. Furthermore, the net crop revenue impact of predicted climate scenarios from three models (CGM2, HaDCM3 and PCM) for the years 2020, 2060 and 2100 suggest drastic decline in future net revenue per hectare for plantation crops in Nigeria. However, these marginal impacts are not uniformly distributed across the different agro-ecological zones in Nigeria.
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Climate change and urban road transport - a South African case study of vulnerability due to sea level rise - Friedrich, Elena; Timol, S (Journal of The South African Institution of Civil Engineering, 2011)
The focus of this investigation was the impact of predicted sea level rise on the road transportation network of the eThekwini Municipality, South Africa. The main objective was to identify the areas within the municipality which are most vulnerable to sea level rise and to develop adaptive responses and interventions in order to maintain road functionality. For the identification of the most vulnerable areas a multi-criteria analysis supported by geographical information system modelling was used. Three areas were identified, namely, the Isipingo, Bayhead and the Umgeni mouth areas. Adaptive road responses have been researched by employing a network analysis of each of the areas identified. Parameters modelled were traffic volume changes, travel time and volume to capacity ratio - for the main roads in the areas identified. The adaptive responses required for each area were found to be different, varying from the addition of a lane to changes in signal settings. Overall this study presents a model of how vulnerability and the development of adaptive strategies to sea level rise could be addressed by municipalities.
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The Rich or the Poor: Who Gains from Public Education Spending in Ghana? - Gaddah, Mawuli; Munro, Alistair (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2011)
This paper examines the incidence of public education subsidies in Ghana. Since the late 1990s, Ghana’s government has increasingly recognised human capital as a cornerstone to alleviating poverty and income inequality, causing dramatic increases of government expenditures to the education sector. At the same time user fees have been introduced in higher education while basic education is being made progressively free. The question then is, whether these spending increases have been effective in reaching the poor and to what extent? What factors influence the poor’s participation in the public school system? We attempt to address these issues, employing the standard benefit incidence methods and the willingness-to-pay method using a nested multinomial logit model. The results give a clear evidence of progressivity with consistent ordering: pre- schooling and primary schooling are the most progressive, followed by secondary, and then tertiary. The poorest quintile gains 14.8% of total education benefts in 2005 compared to the richest quintile benefit of 26.3%. Own price and income elasticities are higher for private schools than public schools and for secondary than basic schools.
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Parenting a Child with a Disability: The Role of Social Support for African American Parents - Ha, Jae Jung; Greenberg, Jan S.; Seltzer, Marsha Mailick (Families in Society, 2011)
This paper examines: (1) the impact of having a child with a disability on parents' mental and physical health among urban-dwelling African Americans and (2) the extent to which positive and negative social interactions with family other than the spouse moderate the impact of child's disability on parental adaptation. Analyses are based on a probability sample of African Americans living in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The analytic sample includes 48 parents of a child with a disability and 144 comparison group parents of non-disabled children. Results showed that having a child with a disability is associated with more somatic symptoms. However, the negative consequences of the child's disability on parents' mental health are reduced when parents receive greater positive support from family.
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POTENTIAL OF PHOSPHORUS POLLUTION IN THE SOIL OF THE NORTHERN GAZA STRIP, PALESTINE - Hamada, Mazen; Aish, Adnan; Shahwan, Mai (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2011)
The damage and negative consequences of the Israeli Cast Lead on Gaza in the period between December 2008 - January 2009 is not only limited to the number of martyrs and wounded people, the destruction of houses and the infrastructure, but it also reached the environment. This paper investigates the occurrence of phosphorus (P) in the soil of the northern gover-norate of the Gaza Strip which has been shaped as a result of the heavily bombing of white phosphorus on Gaza during the war. We have measured soil Phosphorus concentrations in three different areas; agricultural, non-agricultural and urban areas. The obtained Olsen P values in most of the soil samples were ranked very high. The maximum value of phosphorous determined in agricultural areas was about 110.9 mg/ kg, in the non-agricultural areas adjacent to boarders 63.3 mg/ kg, and in urban areas 85.2 mg/ kg. The results show that the potential of phosphorus in the northern of the Gaza Strip is becoming higher than the allowed Olsen P values. Keywords: Phosphorus, Soil pollution, Olsen P, Gaza Strip
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[Epidemiology of domestic accidents of young children in Tunisia: impact of the training of health professionals on data collection quality]. - Hamida-Nouaili, Emira Ben; Said, Amel Ben; Ouzini, Faouzia; Bezzine, Ahlem; Hamida, Abdelmajid Ben; Marrakchi, Z. (PubMed, 2011)
In Tunisia, several studies on domestic injuries have been carried out on children attending care facilities. Nevertheless,there is a lack of data on incidence and kinds of child domestic injuries amongst general population because of absence of a reliable data collect system.To estimate the incidence and kinds of domestic injuries through a prospective survey "here-there" within two cohorts of young children attending two mother and child protection centers (MCPC) in Tunis during the three first years of their life and to analyze the importance of health professional training in improving data collect.A prospective study "here-there" was carried out on two cohorts of children in two mother and child protection centers (MCPC) between January 2007 and December 2009. Only children aged less than 3 months at their first contact with the centers were included and followed up until age of 3 years. In the MCPC2 (cohort2), health personnel have been trained on data collection importance related to child domestic accident and asked to monitor accidents by calling parents while a phone line got available for this aim. In the MCPC1, health personnel was asked to work as they used to do and to collect data on child domestic injuries when children attend the center.192/435 domestic accidents were recorded within cohort 2 vs only 1/686 within cohort 1. Annual incidence rate was 14.7% for the cohort 2. The kinds of accidents were: falls 78.2% (falls from high plans 84.6%), injuries15.1% (injury by cutting things 58.6%),burns 5.7% (burns by hot liquid 54.5%), intoxications 1%. In terms of damages, we recorded 4 cases of broken bones (thighbone, elbow,handwrist), stitches in 11 cases, broken teeth in 3 cases and nail pulled out in one case. No death was recorded. Training impact on accident prevention was not studied.Child domestic accidents are relatively frequent. Health personnel training allows to improve data. The kinds of recorded accidents indicate the need to educate parents on best practices towards strengthening prevention.
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Insight into volatile behavior at Nyamuragira volcano (D.R. Congo, Africa) through olivine-hosted melt inclusions - Head, Elisabet; Shaw, A. M.; Wallace, Paul; Sims, Kenneth W.W.; Carn, S. A. (Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2011)
Geochemistry, Geophysics, GeosystemsVolume 12, Issue 10 Free Access Insight into volatile behavior at Nyamuragira volcano (D.R. Congo, Africa) through olivine-hosted melt inclusions Elisabet M. Head, Elisabet M. Head [email protected] Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931 USASearch for more papers by this authorAlison M. Shaw, Alison M. Shaw [email protected] Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543 USASearch for more papers by this authorPaul J. Wallace, Paul J. Wallace [email protected] Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403 USASearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. W. Sims, Kenneth W. W. Sims [email protected] Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071-2000 USASearch for more papers by this authorSimon A. Carn, Simon A. Carn [email protected] Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931 USASearch for more papers by this author Elisabet M. Head, Elisabet M. Head [email protected] Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931 USASearch for more papers by this authorAlison M. Shaw, Alison M. Shaw [email protected] Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543 USASearch for more papers by this authorPaul J. Wallace, Paul J. Wallace [email protected] Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403 USASearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. W. Sims, Kenneth W. W. Sims [email protected] Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071-2000 USASearch for more papers by this authorSimon A. Carn, Simon A. Carn [email protected] Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003699Citations: 27AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract We present new olivine-hosted melt inclusion volatile (H2O, CO2, S, Cl, F) and major element data from five historic eruptions of Nyamuragira volcano (1912, 1938, 1948, 1986, 2006). Host-olivine Mg#'s range from 71 to 84, with the exception of the 1912 sample (Mg# = 90). Inclusion compositions extend from alkali basalts to basanite-tephrites. Our results indicate inclusion entrapment over depths ranging from 3 to 5 km, which agree with independent estimates of magma storage depths (3–7 km) based on geophysical methods. Melt compositions derived from the 1986 and 2006 Nyamuragira tephra samples best represent pre-eruptive volatile compositions because these samples contain naturally glassy inclusions that underwent less post-entrapment modification than crystallized inclusions. Volatile concentrations of the 1986 and 2006 samples are as follows: H2O ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 wt %, CO2 from 350 to 1900 ppm, S from 1300 to 2400 ppm, Cl from 720 to 990 ppm, and F from 1500 to 2200 ppm. Based on FeOT and S data, we suggest that Nyamuragira magmas have higher fO2 (>NNO) than MORB. We estimate the total amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) released from the 1986 (0.04 Mt) and 2006 (0.06 Mt) Nyamuragira eruptions using the petrologic method, whereby S contents in melt inclusions are scaled to erupted lava volumes. These amounts are significantly less than satellite-based SO2 emissions for the same eruptions (1986 = ∼1 Mt; 2006 = ∼2 Mt). Potential explanations for this observation are: (1) accumulation of a vapor phase within the magmatic system that is only released during eruptions, and/or (2) syn-eruptive gas release from unerupted magma. Key Points We present new melt inclusion data from five historic Nyamuragira eruptions Satellite-based SO2 emissions are significantly larger than S in melt inclusions Pre-entrapment degassing of melts/an additional source of S explain our results 1. Introduction Volatiles in magma play a key role in the timing, magnitude, and style of volcanic eruptions [e.g., Parfitt and Wilson, 1994; Sparks, 1997; Sutton et al., 2001; Edmonds and Gerlach, 2007; Shinohara, 2008], and can provide valuable insight into the depth and source of magma, whether the conduit is open or sealed and, potentially, the rate at which magma is erupting [e.g., Greenland et al., 1985; Sutton et al., 2001]. Studies of volcanic degassing typically focus on either volatiles within the pre-eruptive magma or on gas emissions between or during eruptions. Here, we evaluate the dynamics of volcanic degassing through a combination of volcanic gas emissions, melt inclusion compositions, and associated erupted lava volumes. Melt inclusions are tiny droplets of magma trapped in growing crystals that are brought to the surface during eruption in lava flows or tephra deposits. The crystal serves as a pressure vessel, essentially preserving the original composition of the trapped magma, assuming that diffusion has not modified the composition significantly [see Gaetani and Watson, 2000; Spandler et al., 2007; Portnyagin et al., 2008]. Olivine-hosted inclusions are often targeted since olivine is an early crystallizing phase, thus magma compositions over a range of depths (pressures) can be recorded. This allows pre-eruptive magma to be "sampled" from deep to shallow depths in the system. Pre-eruptive magma volatile concentrations derived from melt inclusion studies provide insight into crystallization processes, magma storage depths, and how volatiles contribute to magma ascent and eruption [Anderson, 1974; Devine et al., 1984; Dunbar et al., 1989; Wallace et al., 1999; Wallace, 2001; Roggensack, 2001; Metrich et al., 2004]. Volcanic gas emissions, on the other hand, are typically measured via ground- or satellite-based remote sensing methods. Satellite-based techniques are particularly useful for remote or hazardous volcanoes and large eruptions, but are usually restricted to measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2), because the other dominant volcanic gases (water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)) are difficult to resolve from the atmospheric background. Here we examine the relationship between satellite-based volcanic SO2 emissions measurements and SO2 emissions derived from sulfur concentrations in melt inclusions coupled with magma eruption volumes. Previous studies of basaltic eruptions in hot spot-related localities such as Hawaii and Iceland have suggested that remote sensing SO2 flux estimates are similar to those derived from melt inclusion S concentrations combined with erupted magma volumes (petrologic method [e.g., Gerlach et al., 1996; Wallace, 2001; Sharma et al., 2004]). However, for more silicic volcanic eruptions such as the 1991 Pinatubo eruption (Philippines), and for some mafic arc volcanoes, the SO2 emissions measured via satellite remote sensing often greatly exceed sulfur yields predicted from petrological data [Wallace and Gerlach, 1994; Wallace, 2001; Witter et al., 2005]. This inequality, known as "excess sulfur," has been attributed to the presence of an exsolved vapor phase in the magma prior to eruption [Wallace, 2001; Shinohara, 2008]. Although explosive eruptions of silicic arc magmas are more typically associated with excess sulfur, preliminary studies of SO2 emissions and lava production for effusive basaltic hot spot and rift eruptions suggest that excess sulfur emissions may also occur in non-arc settings. In this contribution, we test the hypothesis using data from Nyamuragira volcano (1.408°S, 29.20°E; 3058 m), located in the extensional tectonic setting of the East African Rift. We focus on Nyamuragira's SO2 emissions, comparing satellite-based remote sensing fluxes with those derived using the petrologic technique, and show that its SO2 emissions are significant and cannot be reconciled with the amount of erupted lava. Nyamuragira volcano, located in the Virunga region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R. Congo; Figure 1), is one of the most active volcanoes in Africa, with 16 effusive eruptions between 1980 and 2010. Due to the difficulties of ground-based work owing to the region's adverse political climate, volcanic gas emissions from Nyamuragira have been evaluated via satellite methods [Carn and Bluth, 2003; Bluth and Carn, 2008]. Satellite-based measurements of global volcanic SO2 began in 1978 with the launch of the ultraviolet (UV) Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS [Krueger, 1983]). The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) continued UV space-based monitoring of volcanic SO2 emissions from September 2004, overlapping TOMS measurements for ∼16 months, until the end of the TOMS mission in 2005 [Krotkov et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2007]. Based on TOMS data, SO2 emissions from Nyamuragira's frequent effusive eruptions were found to comprise a significant fraction (∼10%) of the global volcanic sulfur budget [Halmer et al., 2002]; it is estimated that ∼25 Mt of SO2 was released from Nyamuragira into the atmosphere between 1980 and 2004 [Bluth and Carn, 2008]. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Location of Nyamuragira (D.R. Congo) within the western branch of the East African Rift near the Rwandan border. Sample locations are marked by eruption year and symbols correspond to the data presented in all figures. The base map is a Landsat image acquired on 21 February 2005 with the 2006 and an outline of the 2010 lava flows superimposed (from E. M. Head et al., manuscript in preparation, 2011). The inset SRTM image shows the locations of volcanoes within the Virunga chain: Mu- Muhavura, S- Sabinyo, V- Visoke, Mi- Mikeno, and K- Karisimbi, as well as the NNW-SSE rift zone (dotted line), which has been linked to regional tectonic stresses. Nyamuragira eruptions since 1996 have occurred along this zone. Nyamuragira erupts low-silica, alkalic lavas, including alkali basalts, hawaiites, basanites and tephrites (SiO2 = 43–56 wt%, K2O + Na2O up to 7 wt% [Aoki et al., 1985]). It erupts very fluid lava that can achieve flow rates of up to ∼20 km/h [Smithsonian Institution, 1982]. Bluth and Carn [2008] suggested that syn-eruptive SO2 emissions from Nyamuragira may correlate with effusive lava emissions. Hence, understanding the link between SO2 emissions and erupted lava is important for future monitoring and hazard assessment and to further our understanding of degassing and eruption mechanisms at Nyamuragira. In addition, evolved alkalic melts have been important carriers of sulfur to the atmosphere in several globally significant eruptions, such as Tambora in 1815 (phonolite), Vesuvius in 79 AD (phonolite), Laacher See in 12900 BP (phonolite), and El Chichon in 1982 (trachyandesite) [Self et al., 1984; Schmincke et al., 1999; Harms and Schmincke, 2000]. Investigation of sulfur behavior in less evolved alkaline magmas such as those erupting at Nyamuragira could illuminate the origin of volatiles released by these eruptions, several of which have been linked to global climate variations. Furthermore, ascertaining the connection between melt inclusion S concentrations and S emissions in alkaline magmas is important when evaluating whether melt inclusions are accurately describing the S release, as they do for many tholeiitic basaltic eruptions. Previous studies of Nyamuragira volcanic products have focused on the physical, major and trace element, and isotope characteristics of lavas and tephras [Denaeyer, 1969; Pouclet, 1975; Kampunzu et al., 1984; Aoki et al., 1985; Hayashi et al., 1992; Chakrabarti et al., 2009a]. Volatile studies of Nyamuragira magmas, on the other hand, are currently lacking. Here we present new volatile (H2O, CO2, S, Cl, F) and major element data from olivine-hosted melt inclusions from six Nyamuragira lava and tephra samples from five historic eruptions (1912, 1938, 1939, 1986, and 2006). These results are then compared to SO2 emissions derived from TOMS and OMI data. Given the significance of Nyamuragira to present-day global volcanic gas emissions, it is important to understand the role of volatiles in Nyamuragira's eruptions. Our work constitutes the first reported analysis of melt inclusions in magmas from an active segment of the East African Rift (EARS) system; the only other similar study known to us reported preliminary data from Turkana [Waters et al., 2004]. 2. Geologic Setting and Eruption Characteristics The first volcanic activity associated with the East African Rift occurred 45 Ma in Ethiopia and propagated south to Kenya, where the rift split around the Tanzanian craton into eastern and western branches [George et al., 1998]. Volcanism in the western branch began 11 Ma and its eruptive products are less voluminous, more potassic, and silica-undersaturated compared to those from the eastern branch [Kampunzu et al., 1998; Furman and Graham, 1999; Furman, 2007]. The western branch spans ∼750 miles between Lakes Albert and Malawi and can be broken up into four volcanic regions from north to south: (1) Toro-Ankole in western Uganda, (2) Virunga and (3) Kivu spanning the D.R. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, and southern Uganda, and (4) the Rungwe in southern Tanzania [Ebinger, 1989; Furman, 1995; Rogers et al., 1998; Kampunzu et al., 1998; Furman and Graham, 1999; Spath et al., 2001; Ebinger and Furman, 2002; George and Rogers, 2002; Furman et al., 2004]. Nyamuragira and its neighboring volcano, Nyiragongo, are currently the only active volcanoes in the western branch and are part of the Virunga volcanic chain. The less active volcanoes within this chain are, from northeast to southwest, Muhavura, Sabinyo, Visoke, Karisimbi, and Mikeno (Figure 1), with the last eruptive activity from Visoke in 1957. Nyamuragira, Muhavura, Karisimbi, and Mikeno have erupted similar lava compositions consisting of K-basanites with evolved derivatives [Rogers et al., 1998]. In contrast, Sabinyo has erupted silica-rich lavas (K-trachytes and latites), which are suggested to have evolved from K-basanites through crustal mixing [Rogers et al., 1998]. Nyiragongo produces more extreme compositions of leucite-bearing nephelinites and melilitites [Platz et al., 2004]. Using both Nd-Sr-Pb and 238U-230Th-226Ra-120Pb isotopic data from Nyiragongo lavas, Chakrabarti et al. [2009a, 2009b] suggested that Nyiragongo magmas are generated at greater mantle depths and lower degrees of partial melting than Nyamuragira. The last flank eruption from Nyiragongo occurred in 2002, and a lava lake now occupies its summit crater [Tedesco et al., 2007]. Volcanism at Nyamuragira since 1948 has been dominated by episodic flank effusive eruptions with intervals of summit lava lake activity [Hamaguchi and Zana, 1983]. Twenty-six eruptions have occurred over the last 62 years with an average inter-eruptive repose period of ∼3 years since 1980 [Burt et al., 1994]. Activity typically begins with fire fountains ∼200 m in height from one or more fissure vents, and most of the lava volume is issued in the early stage of the eruption. Hawaiian-type fire fountaining often changes to Strombolian-type activity later in the eruption [Ueki, 1983] (Smithsonian Institution, monthly reports for Nyamuragira, 1971–2010, http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0203-02=&volpage=var, hereinafter referred to as Smithsonian Institution, monthly reports, 1971–2010 [e.g., Smithsonian Institution, 1982, 2006]). Vents for Nyamuragira flank eruptions tend to cluster along a major line of weakness, which extends from the summit caldera (Figure 1). Since 1996, most eruptions have originated from this NW-SE rift zone that has been shown to align with the axis of maximum extensional strain in the region [Pouclet and Villeneuve, 1972; Kasahara, 1983; Zana, 1983; Chorowicz et al., 1987]. Geophysical data (seismicity and tilt) have been used to infer the existence of a magma chamber at a depth of ∼3–7 km beneath Nyamuragira [Hamaguchi, 1983]. An aseismic zone was found between clusters of short-period earthquakes at 0–3 km depths and long-period earthquakes at 7–16 km depths. Modeling of benchmark and tiltmeter data corroborate the location and depth of this aseismic zone, which is considered to be Nyamuragira's magma reservoir [Hamaguchi, 1983; Kasahara, 1983]. 3. Analytical Techniques Major and trace element whole rock compositions of Nyamuragira lava samples (1912, 1938, and 1948 eruptions), tephra samples (1986 and 2006 eruptions), and a 2006 bomb sample were determined by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the GeoAnalytical Laboratory at Washington State University (Table 1). Table 1. Whole Rock Major and Select Trace Elementsa Sample SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeOT MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 Ni Cr Sc† V Ba† Rb† Sr† Zr† Y† Nb† Ga Cu Zn Pb† La† Ce† Th† Nd† U† Pr† Sm† Eu† Gd† Tb† Dy† Ho† Er† Tm† Yb† Lu† Hf† Ta† Cs† 1948 (lava) 45.75 3.72 16.32 12.00 0.20 4.93 9.48 3.41 3.56 0.64 33 31 16 311 1080 93 1071 290 30 104 21 45 108 7 82 160 12 67 2 18 11 3 9 1 7 1 3 0.4 2 0.4 7 7 1 1938 (lava) 45.92 3.76 16.38 11.73 0.20 4.66 9.67 3.41 3.60 0.65 27 25 16 311 1104 95 1100 297 31 106 20 48 105 7 85 164 12 68 2 19 12 3 9 1 7 1 3 0.4 2 0.4 7 7 1 1912 (lava) 45.26 2.71 10.21 10.55 0.17 13.52 13.73 1.81 1.72 0.33 275 724 44 316 527 44 598 175 20 52 14 106 70 3 43 86 6 40 1 10 8 2 6 1 5 1 2 0.3 2 0.2 5 3 0.5 2006 (bomb) 45.82 3.55 15.52 11.76 0.20 5.56 11.29 2.92 2.82 0.54 26 21 25 356 900 76 933 268 31 84 19 30 101 6 71 141 10 62 2 16 11 3 9 1 7 1 3 0.4 2 0.4 7 5 1 2006 (tephra) 45.94 3.55 15.54 11.63 0.20 5.55 11.30 2.93 2.82 0.54 25 20 26 353 900 76 938 268 31 84 19 29 99 7 71 140 10 61 2 16 11 3 9 1 7 1 3 0.4 2 0.4 7 5 1 1986 (tephra) 46.30 3.70 16.08 11.82 0.20 4.99 10.26 2.81 3.24 0.61 22 19 21 341 1034 87 1026 287 31 98 20 28 103 7 81 157 12 66 2 18 11 3 9 1 7 1 3 0.4 3 0.4 7 6 1 a All samples were analyzed by XRF methods for major and trace elements, and ICP-MS (†) methods for a larger suite of trace elements. Lava and tephra samples (Figure 1) were crushed, sieved, and handpicked for olivine crystals. The olivines were placed in ethanol and then examined under a binocular microscope to identify suitable melt inclusions. All olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the lava samples were devitrified, with the exception of one naturally glassy inclusion in the 1912 sample. The 1986 and 2006 tephra samples contained naturally glassy melt inclusions, but nothing suitable was found in the 2006 bomb sample. A total of 34 inclusions ranging in size from ∼15 to 150 μm were selected for study, and 11 out of the 34 contained spherical vapor bubbles with diameters between 6 and 33 μm. An effort was made to select only melt inclusions that were fully enclosed within the olivine to minimize selection of inclusions affected by late-stage volatile loss. Although the lava flow samples contained abundant olivine and pyroxene crystals, most melt inclusions were devitrified (crystalline) and, therefore, these inclusions were rehomogenized following the approach described by Roedder [1979, 1984] and Danyushevsky et al. [2002]. We recognize that both the crystallization process and the re-homogenization processes have the potential to modify volatile composition. Rehomogenization can result in H2O loss due to H diffusion upon reheating [e.g., Massare et al., 2002]. However, we used temperatures ≤1200°C and the samples were reheated for ≤15 min. These time constraints during reheating experiments have been shown to minimize H2O-loss considerably [Sobolev et al., 1983; Danyushevsky et al., 2002; Rowe et al., 2007] (see discussion in section 4.2). To estimate crystallization temperatures (maximum temperature of heating) for the re-homogenization experiments, we used the major element composition of representative olivines from each lava flow sample and the geothermometer of Roeder and Emslie [1970]. Olivines from each sample were heated to the estimated crystallization temperature (1150–1200°C) in a Deltech furnace with oxygen fugacity maintained at FMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer) for no longer than 15 min following Rowe et al. [2007]. The olivines were then released into a beaker of water to quench the inclusions. Only melt inclusions from the 1912 sample did not appear to revitrify after heating and quenching, perhaps because of an inaccurate crystallization temperature estimate. Naturally glassy melt inclusions from the 1986 and 2006 tephra samples, as well as reheated 1938 and 1948 inclusions with ≤50 μm diameters, were prepared for SIMS analyses. Olivines were mounted in epoxy and hand polished to expose the inclusions on one side. The olivines were then removed from epoxy mounts, cleaned, mounted in indium metal, and polished for ion and electron microprobe analyses. The indium-mounted inclusions were then analyzed with the 1280 ion microprobe (H2O, CO2, S, Cl, and F) at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution following methods described by Shaw et al. [2010]. A 15–20 μm rastered spot was measured with a 1–2 nA Cs+ beam. Combined accuracy and precision is ∼10% (2σ) and detection limits for H2O, CO2, S, Cl, and F are 100, 8, 8, 2, and 1 ppm, respectively. A subset of 1938 and 1948 reheated melt inclusions, as well as the 1912 glassy inclusion, were also analyzed for H2O and CO2 using infrared (IR) spectroscopy at the University of Oregon. Only inclusions ≥50 μm in diameter were analyzed because analytical uncertainties are much larger for smaller inclusions. Descriptions of sample preparation and analytical methods are given by Vigouroux et al. [2008] and Johnson et al. [2008]. We used Dixon and Pan [1995] to determine the compositionally dependent molar absorption coefficients for the carbonate peaks, and we used an absorption coefficient of 63 L/mol cm for the fundamental O-H stretching vibration [Dixon et al., 1995]. Major and volatile (S, Cl, and F) element compositions of the melt inclusions, tephra glasses, and olivine host crystals were determined using the Cameca SX-100 electron microprobe at the University of Oregon and the JEOL-JXA-733 electron microprobe at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (Table 2). At the University of Oregon, a 15 kV accelerating voltage and a spot size of 20 μm was used. Beam current was 10 nA for Na, Si, K, Al, Mg, Fe, and Ca, and 50 nA for F, S, Cl, Ti, Mn, and P. The counting time was 20 s for Mn, 40 s for K, Ca, F, and Si, 60 s for Mg, Al, and P, 80 s for Na and Ti, 96 s for S, 100 s for Cl, and 120 s for Fe. At MIT, a 15 kV accelerating voltage, 10 nA beam intensity, and a spot size of 1–10 μm was used. Counting times were 5 s for Na and 40 s for all other elements. Each olivine grain was measured 3 times at variable distances from the melt inclusion to evaluate the presence of compositional zoning. We found uniform olivine compositions at all distances from the inclusion, suggesting that our olivines are not zoned. Table 2. Uncorrected Melt Inclusion Major Elements and Volatiles Sample SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeOT MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 H2O (wt%) CO2 (ppm) S (ppm) Cl (ppm) F (ppm) 2006 Eruption NYA0705-1 44.09 3.41 15.17 11.66 0.19 5.16 11.38 3.21 2.09 0.55 1.34 878 2254 822 1530 NYA0705-4a 45.37 3.61 16.12 11.21 0.19 3.43 11.55 3.04 2.25 0.44 1.25 950 2253 791 1527 NYA0705-4b 44.92 3.51 15.31 11.87 0.17 4.73 11.28 2.69 2.10 0.44 1.26 688 2154 768 1478 NYA0705-5b 43.84 3.42 15.05 11.31 0.22 3.53 12.80 2.42 1.97 1.27 1.24 650 2217 788 1554 NYA0705-9 45.06 3.43 15.41 12.00 0.19 4.50 11.18 2.93 2.19 0.45 1.28 852 2250 816 1542 NYA0705-10a 44.81 3.66 15.24 11.49 0.20 4.53 11.44 3.01 2.13 0.55 1.28 923 2145 802 1548 NYA0705-10b 44.73 3.35 15.37 11.92 0.17 4.35 11.56 3.09 2.16 0.48 1.16 827 2207 810 1550 NYA0705-12a 44.63 3.54 15.52 11.84 0.22 4.53 10.45 3.36 2.33 0.55 1.25 462 2325 842 1578 NYA0705-12b 44.69 3.68 15.60 11.87 0.16 4.23 11.69 3.04 2.19 0.47 1.29 1846 2183 787 1554 NYA0705-11 45.80 3.52 16.04 11.41 0.21 4.50 10.18 2.13 2.53 0.49 1.25 1460 2112 772 1500 1986 Eruption NYA0706-3a 47.16 3.25 16.68 10.95 0.22 3.94 8.81 1.96 3.53 0.55 1.33 1726 1953 953 2129 NYA0706-3b 46.31 3.62 16.18 10.20 0.21 4.23 11.70 3.13 1.88 0.47 0.89 409 1518 982 2147 NYA0706-4 45.70 3.42 15.90 11.59 0.24 4.17 9.96 2.92 2.65 0.56 1.05 1730 1271 848 1800 NYA0706-5 46.61 3.54 16.88 11.48 0.23 4.07 9.25 2.59 2.80 0.52 1.05 347 1868 821 1823 NYA0706-6 45.66 3.44 16.40 10.36 0.21 4.20 12.85 2.57 1.99 0.33 0.62 374 1813 870 1506 NYA0706-7 45.28 3.48 15.75 11.48 0.23 4.38 9.78 3.22 2.78 0.48 0.98 1690 1514 742 1755 NYA0706-10 46.17 4.27 16.74 10.38 0.26 3.22 10.83 2.58 2.73 0.37 1.43 1163 2057 922 1922 NYA0706-8 46.14 4.21 16.31 11.71 0.24 3.82 10.97 2.04 2.48 0.39 0.03 1448 1971 722 1849 1948 Eruption NYA-07-1 45.20 3.81 14.90 13.48 0.21 5.52 8.26 3.75 2.71 0.53 0.23 726 951 759 1896 NYA0701-3 43.80 3.30 14.86 14.81 0.26 5.34 9.32 4.46 2.63 0.46 0.23 880 1087 740 1678 NYA0701-7 43.80 3.41 14.51 15.54 0.25 5.52 8.21 3.59 2.61 0.49 0.13 31 331 82 2 NYA0701-15 44.56 2.60 17.52 11.09 0.22 6.24 8.85 3.42 2.41 0.39 0.17 848 1045 716 1818 NYA0701-4 44.75 2.77 17.42 11.28 0.25 5.90 9.25 3.39 2.40 0.33 0.14 238 694 563 1394 FTIR-Db 44.74 3.71 15.24 11.16 0.20 5.94 10.99 3.34 2.46 0.49 0.08 78 312 196 90 FTIR-G 44.42 3.65 15.93 11.28 0.18 6.17 9.86 3.29 2.61 0.47 0.15 4507 1303 796 1524 FTIR-B 43.51 3.55 15.78 12.11 0.24 5.74 10.20 3.70 2.55 0.48 0.13 651 1215 742 1572 FTIR-E 43.32 3.61 15.43 9.00 0.15 6.51 13.00 3.20 2.27 0.44 0.15 648 1379 751 1581 FTIR-Ca 44.93 3.69 15.42 8.67 0.19 6.22 13.06 2.74 2.26 0.47 0.12 785 1278 835 1563 1938 Eruption NYA0702-8 45.74 3.60 15.33 12.70 0.27 5.49 8.82 3.77 2.84 0.50 0.13 798 1071 835 1747 NYA0702-10 45.36 3.58 15.03 12.97 0.25 5.28 8.56 3.42 2.80 0.60 0.15 745 1643 812 1685 NYA0702-3 41.94 5.03 15.58 10.45 0.19 6.57 11.93 3.06 2.35 0.56 0.04 89 1664 728 1691 NYA0702-4 44.62 3.67 14.96 13.62 0.25 5.64 9.61 3.32 2.58 0.47 0.16 5212 105 53 1 1912 Eruption NYA0703 43.16 3.36 9.79 9.14 0.124 13.4 11.41 1.62 2.22 0.67 0.37 269 3670 1270 790 All melt inclusion data were corrected for post-entrapment crystallization (PEC) of olivine along the walls of the inclusion. Equilibrium olivine was added in 0.1 wt% increments to melt inclusion compositions until they were in equilibrium with their host olivine. An Fe-Mg Kd [(FeO/MgO)olivine/(FeO/MgO)melt inclusion] of 0.3 was used, and we assumed that 30% of the total Fe was present as Fe3+. On average, 8% or less olivine was added back to the 1986 and 2006 tephra samples. For the rehomogenized samples, however, a range of −11% to 11% olivine was added (Table 3). Negative values indicate that the olivine was heated to a higher temperature than its trapping temperature during the rehomogenization process or, alternatively, large amounts of cooling between inclusion entrapment and eruption, especially for melt inclusions in high-Fo olivine, could have occurred [Danyushevsky et al., 2000; Johnson et al., 2010]. We also corrected 9 inclusions for shrinkage bubble formation to determine the amount of gas present in the bubble [see Shaw et al., 2008]. Through this process, H2O and CO2 are added back to the mass of the inclusion. In all cases, this correction resulted in a <0.01 wt% change in water concentrations. Carbon dioxide corrections, on the other hand, resulted in an 11–46% change between the original and corrected values. Table 3. Corrected Melt Inclusion Major Elements and Volatiles Sample SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeOT FeO Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 H2O (wt%) CO2 (ppm) S (ppm) Cl (ppm) F (ppm) Mg# ± olivine Entrapment P (kbars) 2006 Eruption NYA0705-1 44.04 3.37 15.00 11.74 8.28 3.85 0.19 5.56 11.26 3.18 2.07 0.54 1.36 892 2291 835 1555 54 1.2 0.82 NYA0705-4a 46.00 3.45 15.41 12.19 8.98 3.57 0.18 5.97 11.04 2.91 2.15 0.42 1.20 964 2284 802 1548 54 7.3 0.89 NYA0705-4b 45.98 3.51 15.30 12.42 8.87 3.95 0.17 5.88 11.27 2.68 2.10 0.44 1.25 700 2189 780 1503 54 2.8 0.71 NYA0705-5b 45.07 3.29 14.45 12.49 9.23 3.62 0.21 6.46 12.29 2.33 1.89 1.22 1.19 668 2281 810 1599 56 8 0.6 NYA0705-9 45.87 3.37 15.14 12.63 9.09 3.93 0.19 6.10 10.98 2.88 2.15 0.44 1.26 863 2278 826 1561 54 4.1 0.83 NYA0705-10a 45.81 3.64 15.16 12.07 8.64 3.81 0.19 5.81 11.37 2.99 2.12 0.55 1.27 937 2178 815 1572 55 3.2 0.88 NYA0705-10b 45.57 3.28 15.03 12.62 9.12 3.89 0.16 6.15 11.31 3.02 2.12 0.47 1.14 840 2241 822 1574 55 3.2 0.75 NYA0705-12a 45.65 3.51 15.39 12.46 8.94 3.91 0.22 5.94 10.36 3.34 2.31 0.55 1.24 470 2365 856 1605 54 4.8 0.52 NYA0705-12b 45.33 3.58 15.19 12.52 9.06 3.85 0.15 6.00 11.38 2.96 2.13 0.46 1.25 1862 2202 794 1568 54 3.6 1.47 NYA0705-11 46.91 3.50 15.98 12.02 8.61 3.79 0.21 5.84 10.14 2.12 2.52 0.49 1.24 1486 2150 786 1527 55 4.8 1.41 1986 Eruption NYA0706-3a 48.32 3.29 16.88 11.42 8.10 3.69 0.23 4.61 8.92 1.99 3.57 0.56 1.35 1749 1978 965 2157 50 3.3 2.09 NYA0706-3b 47.05 3.63 16.21 12.17 8.63 3.93 0.21 4.90 11.72 3.14 1.89 0.47 1.34 1734 1525 987 2157
Keywords: openalex:import

Effect of collaborative concept mapping teaching strategy on Students' achievement, motivation and attitudes towards chemistry in selected secondary schools in Kenya - Hillary, Berchok Kipngeno (2011)
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Adaptation to climate change in Uganda: Evidence from micro level data - Hisali, Eria; Birungi, Patrick; Buyinza, Faisal (Global environmental change, 2011)
This study employed data from the 2005/06 Uganda national household survey to identify adaptation strategies and factors governing their choice in Uganda's agricultural production. Factors that mediate or hinder adaptation across different shocks and strategies include age of the household head, access to credit and extension facilities and security of land tenure. There are also differences in choice of adaptation strategies by agro-climatic zone. The appropriate policy level responses should complement the autonomous adaptation strategies by facilitating technology adoption and availing information to farmers not only with regard to climate related forecasts but available weather and pest resistant varieties.
Keywords: openalex:import

Adaptation to climate change in Uganda: Evidence from micro level data - Hisali, Eria; Birungi, Patrick; Buyinza, Faisal (Global environmental change, 2011)
This study employed data from the 2005/06 Uganda national household survey to identify adaptation strategies and factors governing their choice in Uganda's agricultural production. Factors that mediate or hinder adaptation across different shocks and strategies include age of the household head, access to credit and extension facilities and security of land tenure. There are also differences in choice of adaptation strategies by agro-climatic zone. The appropriate policy level responses should complement the autonomous adaptation strategies by facilitating technology adoption and availing information to farmers not only with regard to climate related forecasts but available weather and pest resistant varieties.
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

Adaptation to climate change in Uganda: Evidence from micro level data - Hisali, Eria; Birungi, Patrick; Buyinza, Faisal (Global environmental change, 2011)
This study employed data from the 2005/06 Uganda national household survey to identify adaptation strategies and factors governing their choice in Uganda's agricultural production. Factors that mediate or hinder adaptation across different shocks and strategies include age of the household head, access to credit and extension facilities and security of land tenure. There are also differences in choice of adaptation strategies by agro-climatic zone. The appropriate policy level responses should complement the autonomous adaptation strategies by facilitating technology adoption and availing information to farmers not only with regard to climate related forecasts but available weather and pest resistant varieties.
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Carotid baroreflex responsiveness is impaired in normotensive African American men - Holwerda, Seth W.; Fulton, Diana; Eubank, Wendy L.; Keller, David M. (American Journal of Physiology-heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2011)
There are important differences in autonomic function and cardiovascular responsiveness between African Americans (AA) and Caucasian Americans (CA). This study tested the hypothesis that carotid baroreflex (CBR) responsiveness is impaired in normotensive AA compared with normotensive CA at rest. CBR control of heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was assessed in 30 nonhypertensive male subjects (15 AA; 15 CA; age 18-33 yr) with 5-s periods of neck pressure (NP; simulated hypotension) and neck suction (NS; simulated hypertension) ranging from +45 to -80 Torr during rest. Carotid-cardiac stimulus-response curves revealed a significantly lower minimum HR response in the CA compared with AA (40.8 ± 2.4 vs. 49.8 ± 2.9 beats/min, respectively; P < 0.05). In addition, the magnitude of the mean HR response to all trials of NS (-20, -40, -60, and -80 Torr) was attenuated in the AA group (AA, -10.1 ± 1.7 vs. CA, -14.9 ± 2.2 beats/min; P < 0.05), while no significant differences were found in the magnitude of the mean HR response to NP (+15, +30, and +45 Torr) between racial groups. There were no significant differences in the carotid-vasomotor stimulus-response curves between racial groups. Also, while no racial differences were found in the magnitude of the mean MAP response to all trials of NS, the magnitude of the mean MAP response to all trials of NP was attenuated in the AA group (AA, 7.2 ± 1.3 vs. CA, 9.3 ± 1.1 mmHg; P < 0.05). Together, these findings support inherent differences in short-term blood pressure regulation between racial groups that exhibit different relative risk for the development of hypertension.
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Influence of Head Teachers' General and Instructional Supervisory Practices on Teachers' Work Performance in Secondary Schools in Entebbe Municipality, Wakiso District, Uganda. - Jared, Nzabonimpa Buregeya (2011)
The study examined the Influence of Secondary School Head Teachers‘ General and Instructional Supervisory Practices on Teachers‘ Work Performance. Qualitative and qualitative methods with a descriptive-correlational research approach were used in the study. Purposive sampling technique alongside random sampling technique was used to select the research participants from secondary schools. Self-constructed questionnaire and structured interviews were used as relevant tools to gather data from respondents. Descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, and mean were used in analyzing data and reporting the study findings. And Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to establish the extent of relationship between head teachers‘ supervisory practices and teachers‘ work performance. The study findings indicate that head teachers, to a great extent in private secondary schools; do not carry out instructional supervision albeit they do some informal classroom visits. They slightly do general and informal supervision at the expense of instructional or formal supervision. To this end, findings indicate that 64.3% ii of head teachers routinely check their teachers‘ pedagogic documents and as a practice of teacher supervision, while 57.1% of head teachers informally visit their teachers during classroom instruction. The findings of this study indicate that limited general and instructional supervision is commonplace in secondary schools. It is likewise revealed through the study findings that head teachers are unaware of their job description, are not given support to practice instructional supervision, and experience both role conflict and ambiguity in the course of completing the work of headship and teaching simultaneously. Also the study findings revealed that to some teacher participants, supervision is ―nonexistent‖ in secondary schools due the fact that some of them have been teaching for more than a decade, but they have never been supervised by the head teacher in the classroom. The research findings likewise indicate a moderate correlation between secondary school head teachers‘ supervisory practices and teachers‘ work performance. The relationship existed at the 0.001 level (2-tailed) with Pearson Correlation Coefficient of 0.636. And the coefficient of determination was 0.4044 or 40% indicating a moderate relationship between supervision and teacher performance. Challenges related to teacher supervision were reported by study participants, mainly, head teachers. Private secondary school head teachers reported more challenges than their counterparts in government schools. INDEX WORDS: General and instructional supervision, Teachers‘ work performance, Secondary schools.
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Relationship Between Parents’ Socio-Economic Status and Students with Disabilities’s Acadmic Performance in Junior Secondary Schools in Owerri Education Zone 1 of Imo State of Nigeria - Joachim, Cora; Eskay, Michael; AHUMIBE, L. C. AHUMIBE (Indian journal of applied research, 2011)
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Motivational Practices and Teachers' Performance in Jinja Municipality Secondary Schools, Jinja District, Uganda. - Justine, Nairuba (2011)
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Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture: Collapsing of Dry Land Potato Farming in North East South Africa - Kabanda, Tibangayuka (Journal of Social Sciences, 2011)
The impact of anthropogenic climate change on potato production in north east South Africa (Limpopo Province) is studied. Decreasing trend in the area rainfall due to altered dynamics and thermodynamics of rainfall forcing caused by climate change, resulted in rivers and streams to dry. Analysing rainfall time series of the past 50 years (1960-2009), shows that north east South Africa has experienced 60 percent less rainfall than normal and high frequency of drought recurrence. Consequently, farm units declined from 1200 units to 300 units as from 1960 to 2006 affecting dry land potato farming and food security in the area. In this study, aforestation and agroforestry are shown as the cheapest mitigation measure that can increase rainfall and has the potential of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While suggested adaptation measures include; new potato varieties that require less water and fast maturing or breeding short-season varieties are recommended to contain fast water loss.
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Climate-controlled mass extinctions, facies, and sea-level changes around the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary in the eastern Anti-Atlas (SE Morocco) - Kaiser, Sandra; Becker, Ralf; Steuber, Thomas; Aboussalam, Sarah Zhor (Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 2011)
Detailed sedimentological and biostratigraphical studies of successions in the eastern Anti-Atlas (SE Morocco) focused on changing depositional environments and reconstructions of sea-level changes during the late Famennian to middle Tournaisian. The investigations cover a transect from the central Maider to the easternmost and southern Tafilalt regions near the Moroccan/Algerian border. The Moroccan data are compared with the standard succession of the German Rhenish Massif and with the regional and global stratigraphic record. The results testify to high-frequency sea-level changes, including two global transgressive and anoxic events: the main Hangenberg Event (Hangenberg Black Shale level) at the top of the Wocklumeria Zone (Upper Devonian VI-E), and the Lower Alum Shale Event at the lower/middle Tournaisian (Lower Carboniferous I/II) boundary. Regionally, both anoxic intervals coincided with mass extinctions, followed by rapid radiation, especially of pelagic biota. A significant shallowing and regression occurred just below the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary at the northern margin of Gondwana and caused the sudden N/NW progradation of a large deltaic complex over 300–500 km. Thick siliciclastic successions filled fast subsiding synsedimentary troughs of the Maider and Amessoui Syncline (southern Tafilalt). Correlation with the glacial phases of southern Gondwana (South America, South Africa) indicates a glacial-eustatic origin of sea-level changes and a major sea-level fall in the scale of 100 m or more, coinciding with the main regressive phase of the extended Hangenberg Crisis interval. The new results are in accord with the hypothesis of an episode of cool-humid climate at the end of the Devonian that allowed contemporaneous glacial buildup in high latitudes and extensive clastic discharge in the middle latitudes of NW Africa.
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The Salient Characteristics of Trained Ineffective Teachers in Secondary Schools in Kenya - Kodero, Hezborn M. N.; Misigo, Bernard L.; Owino, Elizabeth Akinyi; Simiyu, Catherine (SAGE Open, 2011)
This study examined the salient characteristics of trained ineffective teachers in secondary schools in Kenya. Participants comprised 80 students from eight schools drawn from four provinces in the country. Of the 80 participants, 40 were females and 40 were males. This qualitative research adopted phenomenological design. Two research instruments—a biographical form and a blank sheet of paper—were used in data collection. Content analysis method was used in analyzing the written and nonquantitative data collected. Results of data analysis revealed 20 salient characteristics of trained ineffective teachers in secondary schools. These characteristics are as follows: wastage of students’ time, poor mastery of the subject, source of boredom to students, partial treatment of students, lack of respect for students, low level of self-confidence, poor mastery of teaching skills, emotional immaturity, inappropriate dressing, injurious to students, fond of frivolous talk, miscommunicate in class, poor in providing feedback, nondialogical in class, poor in maintaining discipline, immoral in behavior, unapproachable to students, poor in counseling, poor psychological health, and autocratic to students. The findings of this study may be useful to stakeholders in education in developing instruments that may be used to identify ineffective teachers in schools.
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Climate change and management literacy: the case of the Niger Delta universities in Nigeria - Koko, Maureen; Fakae, Barineme (American journal of scientific and industrial research, 2011)
The need for adequate knowledge of climate change and its management in the present day volatile and hazardous environment cannot be over-emphasized.Researchers have warned that environmental changes that emanate from increasing temperature which leads to health related issues, emission from ozone layers, land degradation, etc., require adequate environmental techniques if our socio-economic, political and cultural lives are to be preserved.This study therefore examined the literacy levels of university management in climate change in order to establish if there are clearly specified environmental management policies guiding their activities and suggest possible empowerment strategies for better management of climate change in the educational sectors.To achieve the goals of the study, an instrument titled "Niger Delta Universities Climate Change Inventory (NDUCCI) was utilized to gather the relevant data for analyses.Results of the findings indicate that the literacy level of a large number of management staff in the study is restricted to the traditional description of climate change as basically administrative changes within the university that causes instability.It was also found that a high percentage of respondents indicated that there are no clearly specified environmental policies in the universities that guide the management of climate change.
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Sexual Behaviours and Attitudes towards Safer Sex of Psychology Students at a South African University Campus - Kopele, Busisiwe; Shumba, Almon (The Anthropologist, 2011)
This study sought to investigate the following research questions: (i) What are the sexual behaviours of Second Year Psychology students towards safer sex? (ii) What knowledge is held by students towards safer sex? (iii) What is the attitude of students towards safer sex?, and (iv) Which preventive measures do students use to protect themselves from sexual infections and diseases? A sample of 27 participants (9 male, 18 female) was used in this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire and interviews. Data were analysed using percentages, tables, pie-charts and graphs. The study found that the majority of (67 percent of male and 33 percent female) participants have had more than 2 sexual partners in their lives; and 68 percent of male participants had engaged in risky sexual behaviours under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Despite the availability of condoms, some university students have not changed their sexual behaviours and attitudes towards safer sex.
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Mobile social media for a private higher education institution in South Africa - Kriek, Liza (2011)
The use of social media is growing exponentially. All kinds of businesses, seeking competitive advantage, are looking at what social media can offer them. The most obvious benefits seem to concern the communication and connectivity of social media. The question is whether private higher education institutions in South Africa are keeping up with these changes. This study investigates whether a private higher education institution in South Africa is using social media for business or educational purposes. The literature states that many businesses and educational institutions are trying to draw on the benefits of social media. The study discovers that there are mixed feelings about using socially-focused technologies for professional purposes, and that technologies are not yet used to their full potential at the institution. The potential benefits that social media hold are recognised, and recommendations for using social media at the institute are made. However, the main challenge is the lack of fixed line Internet connectivity. The study discovers that the use of social media is not linked to the level of IT expertise. Interestingly most people access the social media through wireless connections, with mobile phones being the most popular access device. This is aligned with increasing mobile phone penetration in South Africa. The connectivity mobile phones offer is therefore replacing what would have been done on a fixed line connection. As people are using their mobile phones on a regular basis in South Africa to communicate, their use to access social media comes almost naturally. Using social media on a mobile phone almost makes the use of technology ubiquitous. Combining the benefits of mobile technologies with that of social media - utilising, for example, their communication and connectivity - is a great, and very realistic, opportunity for private higher educational institutions in South Africa which should not simply be dismissed.
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Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa - Krüger, Carsten (The Lancet, 2011)
The Health Policy paper by Fitzhugh Mullan and colleagues on medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa (March 26, p 1113)1Mullan F Frehywot S Omaswa F et al.Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa.Lancet. 2011; 377: 1113-1121Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar describes the current problems of medical education and the urgent need for scaling up in quantity and quality, but it does not propose a sound solution for the most pressing problem—ie, the scarcity of qualified faculty.1Mullan F Frehywot S Omaswa F et al.Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa.Lancet. 2011; 377: 1113-1121Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar, 2Mullan F Frehywot S Chen C et al.The sub-Saharan African medical school study: data, observation, and opportunity.http://samss.org/samss.upload/documents/126.pdfGoogle Scholar The practice of medicine not only involves biomedical science and knowledge, but it is also an art: the art of applying medical knowledge, the art of interaction with the patient, the art of judgment about what might be appropriate for a particular patient. Some might be fortunate enough to have these skills already, but most of us learn by example. Thus we need highly qualified faculty in sufficient numbers who both teach and serve as positive examples. It is understandable that developing countries would like to recruit their faculty from within, but even if there were enough qualified physicians to serve as faculty (which is not the case in many industrialised countries either), they would leave a gap in provision of medical care in other areas. And it takes at least 4–6 years to go through undergraduate studies, and another 4–5 years to become a competent physician. Therefore we need physicians now to fill these gaps, either in academia or in clinical practice. Long-term partnerships between universities from industrialised and developing countries involving an exchange of staff represent the first step,3Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI)http://www.fic.nih.gov/Programs/Pages/medical-education-africa.aspxGoogle Scholar, 4Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET)Partnerships for global health.http://www.thet.org/Google Scholar but we need more permanent staff (who stay for at least 3–4 years) from industrialised countries in sub-Saharan Africa, either teaching at medical schools or providing clinical care. Governmental and non-governmental programmes must provide for these positions on a larger scale. If faculty recruitment does not succeed, then another high-calibre global health initiative is again doomed to fail. I worked as a consultant paediatrician for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania and taught as a guest lecturer at Weill Bugando University College of Health Sciences in Mwanza, Tanzania. Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa – Authors' replyOur Health Policy piece on medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa generated much interest and discussion. Carsten Krüger highlights some of the complexities of the issues related to the acute shortage of medical faculty. As she notes, faculty from the industrialised world can be a crucial buttress for overextended African faculties. In the near term, institutional partnerships (sometimes called “twinning”) such as those funded through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboratives1 and those supported by the Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI)2 represent an important strategy for faculty strengthening. Full-Text PDF
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Education et marchés du travail à Brazzaville et Pointe Noire (Congo-Brazzaville) - Kuépié, Mathias; Nordman, Christophe Jalil (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2011)
(english) The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of education on labor market entry, particularly on earnings in the two largest cities of the Republic of Congo. We examine firsthand data from the 2009 Congo's Employment and Informal Sector Survey (Enquete sur l’emploi et le secteur informel au Congo - EESIC) from a representative sample of about 3000 households in the cities of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire. Results indicate that education is relatively widespread in both cities, with an average of about ten years of schooling. This phenomenon goes back a relatively long time, since even for the over 50 generations, more than eight out of ten adults completed primary school. The labor market itself is characterized by a large informal sector (where more than six out of ten working age people have an activity), which could potentially become a poverty trap and reflects high unemployment (especially among the youth), increasing with the level of education on the market. The Congolese urban labor market is also specifically characterized by the weight of the public sector, where almost one out of three people employed in the capital (Brazzaville) and a little over one out of five for both cities are employed. Therefore, the formal private sector is reduced to its congruent proportion. Multivariate analyses of the risk of unemployment and sectoral choice confirm that young people suffer greatly from lack of professional insertion: for most of these youth, their only choice is to remain unemployed or join the informal sector. To measure the specific impact of education on entry into various segments of the labor market, particularly on activity generated earnings, we directly address issues related to sample selection (related to the endogenous distribution among sectors) and the endogeneity of the education variable in the earnings function. Another important methodological challenge relates to the definition of the functional shape of the link that exists between earnings and the number of years of schooling. In the context of this study, we propose a piecewise linear function that allows variation in the marginal return to education when graduating from one educational cycle to another. With this specification, it is possible to emphasize the convexity of education returns; in other words, the last years in secondary and tertiary schooling yield the highest returns, while those of primary education are generally lower. This convexity is also apparent in the informal sector, where education (albeit on another scale) is also an important determinant of earnings. These results point to employment and poverty alleviation policies in the Republic of Congo. Policy proposals are thus developed in that regard throughout the study. _________________________________ (francais) L’objectif de cette etude est d’analyser l’impact de l’education sur l’insertion sur le marche du travail et en particulier sur les remunerations dans les deux principales metropoles de la Republique du Congo. Nous exploitons les donnees de premiere main de l’Enquete sur l’Emploi et le Secteur Informel au Congo (EESIC) de 2009 portant sur environ 3000 menages representatifs des villes de Brazzaville et de Pointe-Noire. Les resultats montrent que l’education est relativement repandue dans les deux villes, puisque le niveau moyen tourne autour de dix annees d’etudes. Il s’agit d’un phenomene relativement ancien, car meme dans les generations de plus de 50 ans, plus de huit adultes sur dix ont acheve le cycle primaire. Quant au marche du travail, il est marque par une hypertrophie du secteur informel (plus de six actifs sur dix y exercent), qui constitue potentiellement une trappe a pauvrete et reflete un chomage eleve (surtout chez les jeunes) et croissant avec le niveau d’etude sur le marche. Le marche du travail urbain congolais presente aussi une caracteristique specifique qui est le poids du secteur public, qui emploie presqu’un actif sur trois dans la capitale (Brazzaville) et un peu plus d’un sur cinq dans l’ensemble des deux villes. Le secteur prive formel y est donc reduit a la portion congrue. Des analyses multivariees sur le risque de chomage et l’orientation sectorielle confirment que les jeunes sont tres defavorises en matiere d’insertion professionnelle : ces jeunes n’ont, pour la plupart, que le choix entre le chomage et le secteur informel. Pour mesurer l’effet propre du capital educatif sur l’insertion dans les differents segments du marche du travail et en particulier sur les revenus de l’activite, nous abordons de front les problemes de selection d’echantillon (liee a l’allocation endogene entre les secteurs) et d’endogeneite de la variable d’education dans la fonction de revenu. Un autre defi methodologique important concerne la specification de la forme fonctionnelle du lien entre remuneration et annees d’education. Dans le cadre de cette etude, nous proposons une fonction lineaire par morceaux, qui permet au rendement marginal de l’education de varier quand on passe d’un cycle a l’autre. Cette specification permet de mettre en evidence le caractere convexe des rendements de l’education, c'est-a-dire que les dernieres annees du lycee et du superieur sont les plus rentables alors que les rendements du primaire sont generalement plus faibles. Cette convexite s’observe meme dans le secteur informel dans lequel l’education (certes a une autre echelle) est egalement un important determinant des gains. Ces resultats interpellent les politiques d’emploi et de lutte contre la pauvrete a Congo-Brazzaville. Des propositions de politiques sont ainsi developpees dans ce sens tout au long de l’etude.
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The Ghana Community-Based Rehabilitation Program for People With Disabilities: What Happened at the End of Donor Support? - Kuyini, Ahmed Bawa; Alhassan, Abdul-Razak Kuyini; Mahama, Fati K (Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 2011)
In this case study the authors examined the functioning of the community-based rehabilitation (CBR) program for people with disabilities in 3 pilot districts after the conclusion of donor support in Ghana. Questionnaire and interview data from 42 people with disabilities, 8 local supervisors, and 3 social workers about program structures, support for people with disabilities, and challenges were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative procedures, involving the use of Leximancer software. The authors found that some CBR structures remained in the communities. Diminished support for disabled peoples' organizations from communities and local government agencies were key challenges. The problem of volunteer local supervisors wanting to be paid ignited the evidence versus ideology debate around sustainability of CBR programs.
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Alcohol Use as a Potential Mediator of Forced Sexual Intercourse and Suicidality Among African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic High School Girls - Le, Yen-Chi L.; Behnken, Monic P.; Markham, Christine; Temple, Jeffrey (Journal of Adolescent Health, 2011)
Purpose Sexual assault on adolescent females is a major public health concern. The purposes of this study were to examine: (1) whether alcohol use mediates the relationship between forced sexual intercourse and suicidality in high-school girls, and (2) whether this mediation differs by ethnicity. Methods Using cross-sectional data from the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 6,294), we used logistic regression and simple mediation using the Sobel test for indirect effect for our analyses. Results Overall rates for forced sexual intercourse, alcohol use, and suicidality were 10.9%, 56.6%, and 18%, respectively. Current alcohol use significantly mediated the relationship between forced sexual intercourse and suicidality in African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic high-school girls. Overall, 13% of variance in participants' suicidality can be accounted for by the indirect effect of forced sexual intercourse on suicidality through alcohol use. The amount of variance accounted for by alcohol use varied significantly by ethnicity, with the largest amount of variance (21%) accounted for suicidality in Hispanic girls. Conclusion In addition to its acute affects, alcohol use may serve as a general risk factor for suicidality in girls who have experienced forced sexual intercourse. Intervention programs targeting female adolescent sexual assault victims should include an alcohol use component.
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The Challenge for Historically Disadvantaged Schools in South Africa: Become Entrepreneurial or Become Irrelevant - Lebusa, Malerfane Johannes (China-Usa Business Review, 2011)
Historically disadvantaged schools, which are mostly located in townships, experience a critical scarcity of educational resources, decreasing learner enrolment and diminished relevance to societal needs. It would appear that the implementation of new initiatives, flexibility and self-renewal on the part of these schools is the basic prerequisite in preventing the creation of gaps between societal-environmental demands and the function of schools. It is the contention of this paper that, these schools should be entrepreneurial organizations for their own survival, as this represents organizational activism which seeks to exercise control over environmental circumstances rather than succumbing to them. This paper explores issues of ”entrepreneurial organization” in relation to historically disadvantaged schools and especially to issues pertaining to school leadership and how it can become entrepreneurially oriented, i.e., by being innovative, proactive, and willing to take risks in their daily operations so as to be able to generate their own additional educational resources, become self-reliant, render quality education, increase their learner enrolment, be relevant to societal educational needs and improve teacher and management competencies.
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Coming to America: challenges and difficulties faced by African student athletes - Lee, Jenny J.; Opio, Thomas (Sport, Education and Society, 2011)
There is a considerable lack of literature on international student athletes despite the extent to which colleges and universities are increasingly relying on them to heighten the winning reputation of their sports programs. This research focuses on international student athletes from Africa. Based on interviews of 16 student athletes from seven different African countries, the range of their experiences upon entering universities in the United States, particularly their challenges, were identified. Many of the serious issues affecting the student athletes were matters related to the host environment's underestimations about the African student athletes’ desires to learn, misunderstandings about their culture and religions and other negative assumptions that undermined their academic success. We also found that the vast majority of these student athletes experienced negative stereotypes and discrimination based on their race and their region of origin.
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Parent Involvement in Public School Governance: The United States and South Africa - Lewis, Wayne D.; Colditz, Paul; Browne‐Ferrigno, Tricia (Journal of School Public Relations, 2011)
This article explores parent involvement in decision making in the United States and in postapartheid South Africa and highlights similarities and differences in how parents in these two countries participate in public school governance and decision making. Parents’ role in public school governance in South Africa is significant and entrenched in the country’s South African Schools Act of 1996. In contrast, parent participation in U.S. school governance and meaningful school-level decision making is more limited. The article concludes with a discussion of challenges, progress, and lessons learned in both countries.
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Active concomitant counterclockwise rotation and northwards translation of Africa during the Albian–Campanian time: A paleomagnetic study on the Wadi Natash alkaline volcanic province (104–78Ma), South Eastern Desert, Egypt - Lotfy, Hamza (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2011)
Africa was a key tectonic unit in the geologic evolution of the Tethyan realm in the Middle–Late Cretaceous during the rifting of the South-Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. This research sheds light on the tectonic evolution of Africa during the Albian–Campanian time. The two end members of the Wadi Natash alkaline volcanic province [WNAVP] (104–78 Ma) in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt were studied paleomagnetically. The WNAVP (24.5° N–34.25° E) is made up of a thick succession of differentiated lava flows grading from alkali olivine basalt [AOB] followed by hawaiite–mugearite and benmoreite flows with abundant sandstone interbeds, all intruded by a large number of trachyte/phonolite [Tr/Ph] circular lava domes and ring dykes forming conspicuous landmarks in the province. The oldest flows of the AOB (104 ± 7 Ma) and the youngest Tr/Ph plugs and ring dykes (86–78 Ma) as well as the interbedded Turonian “Taref” sandstone formation [previously known as “Nubian” sandstone] were sampled all over the province which covers more than 500 km2. The isothermal remanent magnetization [IRM] study pointed to magnetite family as the major remanence in Wadi Natash volcanics, with little contribution from goethite/hematite minerals. On the other hand, goethite and/or hematite are the dominant remanence carriers in the interbedded “Taref” sandstone. After the progressive stepwise thermal demagnetization of all samples, the characteristic remanence [ChRM] direction for each rock type was visually isolated and its best-fit line was calculated, followed by the site-means, rock-unit means and the paleomagnetic poles. This paleomagnetic study revealed that: In the tilt-corrected coordinates, the mean ChRM of the oldest AOB flows [N = 12 sites] was Dec./Inc. = 340°/−10° [K = 54, α95 = 6º] yielding a north pole at 55° N/250° E. The ChRM of the youngest Tr/Ph ring dykes and plugs [N = 10 sites] was Dec./Inc. = 354°/3.5° [K = 60, α95 = 6.3º] yielding a north pole at 66.5° N/229° E. On the other hand, the site-mean ChRMs of the “Taref” sandstone interbeds [N = 8 sites], in the present-day in-situ coordinates, are clustered around the present-day geomagnetic field with a mean Dec./Inc. = 3°/33° [K = 37, α95 = 9.3°] yielding a north pole at 83° N/191° E. The two paleomagnetic poles of the AOB and the Tr/Ph are in accordance with Albian–Campanian poles from Africa [including Madagascar] and those rotated from the main Cratons such as the North American Craton, Europe [including Greenland and Iberia], South America and India using the published Plate Kinematics and Paleomagnetic Euler Pole [PEP] rotation parameters. Paleogeographically, the two obtained poles of Wadi Natash volcanics place the African Plate at two different azimuths and paleolatitudes during Albian–Cenomaniam and Santonian– Middle Campanian. Tectonically, these two paleomagnetic poles point to an active synchronous northwards translation associated with a counterclockwise rotational convergence of Africa towards Eurasia during the Albian–Campanian time. Between the time of the AOB eruption [104 ± 7 Ma] and the intrusion of the TR/Ph [86–78 Ma] Africa concomitantly rotated counterclockwise about 14° and translated northwards towards Eurasia about 6° of latitude.
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Relationship of Training to Self-Reported Competency and Care of Adolescents in an African Health Care Setting - Lowenthal, Elizabeth; Szalda, Dava; Harari, Nurit; Finalle, Rodney; Mazhani, Loeto (Journal of Adolescent Health, 2011)
Purpose Adolescent medicine is not a recognized specialty in most African countries and African healthcare providers receive little adolescent-specific training. We explored the association between training, self-reported competence, and clinical practice related to adolescent health in an African setting. Methods A total of 119 healthcare providers of various disciplines who work with adolescent patients in Francistown, Botswana were surveyed regarding their adolescent-specific training, self-reported competence, and counseling practices. Self-reported competence and practices related to counseling adolescents about sexual activity, alcohol and/or drug use, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific issues, and mental health were explored. Results In all, 50.4% of respondents had received HIV training with an adolescent-specific component. Fewer had received adolescent-specific training outside the context of HIV prevention and management. Respondents were significantly more likely to report higher competence for all items except for counseling adolescents about depression and anxiety if they had received any adolescent-specific training. Respondents who reported higher competence were significantly more likely to report more frequent counseling of their adolescent clients. Conclusions Our study suggests that adolescent-focused training is important for ensuring that adolescents receive counseling when presenting for routine healthcare in our setting. The mental health needs of adolescents do not seem to be adequately addressed by current training.
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Stakeholders' involvement in the success of strategy implementation among public secondary schools in Nairobi, Kenya - Macharia, Lucy N (2011)
Stakeholders’ involvement in the success of strategy implementation among public secondary schools in Nairobi, Kenya
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Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa - Maeseneer, Jan De; Egilman, David; Burdick, William; Kaufman, Arthur (The Lancet, 2011)
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Power struggle between government and the teacher unions in South Africa - Mahlangu, Vimbi Petrus; Pitsoe, Victor J. (Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 2011)
The article under the title 'Power Struggle between the Government and the Teacher Unions in South Africa' in the 2007 and 2010 Salary Negotiations sets out to show, inter alia, that there can be no doubt that the intention of the legislators and the policy makers was that the laws governing labour relationships between employers and employees should be harmonious so that conflict can be minimized in the places of work. After 17 years of freedom South African schools are still experiencing disruptions as a result of the intertwined nature of politics,economics and education. The status of education features aspects such as the under-performance of the education system, abusive and violent learners, incompetent officials, unprofessional behavior and inadequate resources. The opportunities for participation of educators in decision-making via their union representatives are weakened by the government's strong central control of power and decision making approach. Representative democracy is more emphasized by government at the expense of participative and direct democracy. The researchers argue that the conflict (2007 and 2010 salary negotiations) came as a result of economic discrimination of the workforce and not as a result of politics as alleged by government representatives and the media/newspapers. The article argues the issue of power struggle between government and union negotiators and comes to the conclusion that the status of public education has declined, poverty has ncreased and political tactics have been used to blur the real problematic issues in the country during the 16 years of freedom. The researchers are of the opinion that the government and the unions undermined the process of negotiations and either one or both of the parties negotiated in bad faith and undermined our fragile democracy. The parties did South Africa a disservice by negotiating for such a long period of time. This conclusion is followed by a number of recommendations, namely that, Educators' affairs should be separated from the Public Service and Administration Ministry so that accountability should be vested with the Minister of Education. The two centers of power (Ministry of Public Service and Administration and the Ministry of Education) should be corrected if we need quality education in South African schools; there should be a restriction in promoting the ideals of the market economy outside the realm of business; the advice Mahlangu and Pitose propose is for the government to abandon the economic theory of the invisible hand (someone - Minister of Public Service and Administration not directly involved with a sector but taking decision for a sector(Department of Basic Education)) and develop a theory of social and political planning.
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Impact on climate change and adaptation on cattle and sheep farming in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa - Mandleni, B. (2011)
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Learners’ Perceptions of Possible Approaches to Curb Learner Indiscipline in South African Schools - Maphosa, Cosmas (The Anthropologist, 2011)
The study is part of a larger study on the management of learner indiscipline in South African schools. This study sought to establish learners’ views on the possible approaches that could be employed to curb indiscipline in schools. The study adopted a descriptive survey approach encompassing quantitative and qualitative approaches. It sought the insights of 280 learners selected form 15 independent schools in Mthatha district in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Data were collected mainly thorough a semi-structured questionnaire administered on selected learners as well as interviews. The SPSS statistical package version 17 was used to analyze the quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed through content analysis as emerging key issues led to themes that guided the analysis. It emerged from the study that participants felt strongly the need for the formation of teacher/parent partnership teams in schools, random searches for dangerous weapons, compulsory guidance and counseling programmes in schools, equipping teachers with techniques to identify children with behaviour problems, focusing on prevention of indiscipline, random searches for drugs, compulsory stress management courses for all learners from senior phase, compulsory anger management courses for all learners from senior phase, monitoring school playgrounds and employing child psychologists in every school. The study concludes that a lot could be done to deal with learner indiscipline in schools by adopting preventive and proactive approaches. The study recommends a holistic approach to the management of learner indiscipline in schools in which all important stakeholders play pivotal roles. The study further recommends that under increasing psycho-social pressures there is need to expose learners to compulsory anger and stress management courses in schools specially at senior school level.
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Conflict and social vulnerability to climate change: Lessons from Gaza - Mason, Michael; Zeitoun, Mark; Sheikh, Rebhy El (Climate and Development, 2011)
In societies marred by conflict, the propensity of populations to be harmed by climate hazards is likely to be increased by their exposure to violence and other coercive practices. Stakeholder assessments of climate vulnerability, as reported here for the Gaza Strip, can capture the qualitative experience of harm caused by conflict-related practices as these relate to, and interact with, forecasted climatic risks. The key pathways of climate vulnerability identified by stakeholders in Gaza relate above all to expected impacts on food security and water security. Exploration of these vulnerability pathways reveals conflict-structured non-climatic risks overwhelming forecasted climate risks. The prevalence in Gaza of short-term ‘enforced coping’ prevents the development of long-term adaptive capacity. Climate vulnerability assessments in (post)conflict environments should acknowledge the methodological and political-policy challenges caused by chronic, non-climatic sources of harm.
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Musculoskeletal Impairment of Traumatic Etiology in Rwanda: Prevalence, Causes, and Service Implications - Matheson, James; Atijosan, Oluwarantimi; Kuper, Hannah; Rischewski, Dorothea; Simms, Victoria; Lavy, Christopher (World Journal of Surgery, 2011)
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‘Egypt in transition’: uniting service-learning and short-term study-abroad - McMullen, Mike; Penn, Everette B. (Intercultural Education, 2011)
Study-abroad has become a popular method for promoting international education in university curricula. Yet, with today’s growing non-traditional student who is older, working, and increasingly a member of a racial/ethnic minority group, traditional study-abroad programmes of a semester or year abroad have become more problematic, if not impossible. The paradigm of short-term study-abroad, combined with a service-learning pedagogy, expands the opportunities for non-traditional students to have an international educational experience. This dual approach is applied to a study-abroad course in Egypt, using a ‘Service-Learning Cross-Cultural Research’ pedagogy. Data from student participants in our programme (based on qualitative data from student reflection papers, focus group interviews and student discussions) indicate an expanded global awareness, changed career goals and greater appreciation for cross-cultural dialogue.
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Implementation of guidance and counseling services in Nigerian schools - Mogbo, Irene Nwamu; Obumneke-Okeke, I.M. (Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 2011)
The challenges of facing the ever changing frontiers of knowledge in various fields in the society and the task of helping individuals to adjust to these changes, call for proper implementation of guidance and counseling services in schools. This paper examined the need and concepts of guidance and counseling in schools. It also suggested what roles stakeholders should play for proper implementation of guidance and counseling services. It recommended among others that guidance services be started at the primary school level, where a model guidance centre and organ gram, model infrastructure and equipment be put in place to guide all schools in federation, be they public or private schools. It emphasized adequate funding for maintenance and sustainability of guidance and counseling services in schools. If this is done, students will be found worthy in character and in learning to face the challenges of the globalize world economy in Nigeria.
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Factors influencing the acceptance and use of school administration and management system in South African high schools. - Mokwena, Sello N. (2011)
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Grammatical Terminology for the Teaching of African Languages at Tertiary Level - Msimang, C.T. (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2011)
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GIS in Education Planning: The Kenyan School Mapping Project - Mulaku, Galcano C.; Nyadimo, E. (Survey Review, 2011)
AbstractAbstractSchool mapping consists of the building of geospatial databases of educational, demographic and socioeconomic data for educational institutions in order to support educational planning and decision making. Such databases contain data such as the geographic location of schools, the numbers of existing schools of different levels in the public and private sectors, their capacities, physical condition and facilities, enrolment and the number of teachers and their attributes. Also often included are data on related natural features and infrastructure such as rivers, roads, economic and administrative centers, medical facilities, religious facilities, etc. This paper describes the Kenyan School Mapping Project, whose objective was to collect such data for all Kenyan learning institutions and to integrate them in a GIS database that could be queried to provide useful information for educational planners, other professional users and average citizens. Results show that at the time of the project, there were nearly 73000 learning institutions in Kenya, ranging from early childhood schools to universities; useful information products on important educational indicators such as schools distribution, enrolments, pupil-teacher ratios and gender parity indices have also been generated from GIS analysis of the data. These results have demonstrated the utility of the database for its stated purpose and therefore shown the project to be a useful model that can be emulated by other developing countries.Keywords: SCHOOL MAPPINGEMISGISKENYA
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Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa – Authors' reply - Mullan, Fitzhugh; Freyhwot, Seble; Omaswa, Francis; Wassermann, Travis (The Lancet, 2011)
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Drought impacts and related risk management by smallholder farmers in developing countries: Evidence from Awash River Basin, Ethiopia - Murendo, Conrad; Keil, Alwin; Zeller, Manfred (Risk Management, 2011)
In this article, we analyze the effects of drought on Ethiopian rural households' food security and associated risk management strategies. Severe droughts have led to a significant depression of crop yields and death of livestock in the past. Droughts have drastically increased the proportion of food-insecure households and lengthened the duration of food insecurity in the area. Ex-ante adaptation strategies widely practised in the area include storage of crop residues as fodder for livestock, rearing of drought tolerant livestock, mixed cropping, use of short-duration crop varieties, and adoption of soil and water conservation practices. Ex-post coping strategies utilized by households include sale of assets and reliance on support from informal networks. Training farmers in the production and conservation of livestock fodder as well as in soil and water conservation practices appear to be key options relevant to strengthen farmers’ capacity to adapt to and cope with drought.
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Challenges and Considerations for Embedding an African Perspective in Development Education - Murphy, Caroline (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2011)
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Traffic Air Pollution and Other Risk Factors for Respiratory Illness in Schoolchildren in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria - Mustapha, B. Adetoun; Blangiardo, Marta; Briggs, David; Hansell, Anna (Environmental health perspectives, 2011)
Association of childhood respiratory illness with traffic air pollution has been investigated largely in developed but not in developing countries, where pollution levels are often very high.In this study we investigated associations between respiratory health and outdoor and indoor air pollution in schoolchildren 7-14 years of age in low socioeconomic status areas in the Niger Delta.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 1,397 schoolchildren. Exposure to home outdoor and indoor air pollution was assessed by self-report questionnaire. School air pollution exposures were assessed using traffic counts, distance of schools to major streets, and particulate matter and carbon monoxide measurements, combined using principal components analysis. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to examine associations with reported respiratory health, adjusting for potential confounders.Traffic disturbance at home (i.e., traffic noise and/or fumes evident inside the home vs. none) was associated with wheeze [odds ratio (OR) = 2.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28-3.64], night cough (OR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03-1.82), phlegm (OR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.09-2.04), and nose symptoms (OR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.03-1.90), whereas school exposure to a component variable indicating exposure to fine particles was associated with increased phlegm (OR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09-1.75). Nonsignificant positive associations were found between cooking with wood/coal (OR = 2.99; 95% CI, 0.88-10.18) or kerosene (OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 0.85-9.44) and phlegm compared with cooking with gas.Traffic pollution is associated with respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren in a deprived area of western Africa. Associations may have been underestimated because of nondifferential misclassification resulting from limitations in exposure measurement.
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Efficacy of single and double doses of albendazole and mebendazole alone and in combination in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura in school-age children in Uganda - Namwanje, Harriet; Kabatereine, Narcis B.; Olsen, Annette (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2011)
A randomised clinical trial was conducted in Kabale District, southwestern Uganda, to compare the efficacies of single and double doses of a combination of 400mg albendazole (ALB) and 500mg mebendazole (MBZ) with those of single and double doses of each drug given alone in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura. Infected pupils (n=611) were randomised to six treatment groups. Three groups received either a single dose of ALB, MBZ or the combination (ALB+MBZ). The other three groups received either a double dose of ALB (ALB/ALB), MBZ (MBZ/MBZ) or the combination (ALB+MBZ/ALB+MBZ). All double doses were given 8h apart. Children were followed-up weekly for 1 month. Cure rates were significantly higher using double doses compared with single doses (irrespective of drug; z=-4.02, P<0.0005) as well as using the drug combination compared with single drugs (irrespective of doses; z=-7.64, P<0.0005). Cure rates measured at Day 7 were significantly higher than on Days 14 and 21 after treatment (Day 14, z=9.90, P<0.0005; Day 21, z=7.36, P<0.0005). Geometric mean (GM) intensities of positives were significantly lower on Day 7 compared with all other subsequent days (P<0.00005), and on Day 28 GM intensities reached pre-treatment levels (P=0.096). Whilst there was no difference in egg excretion between single and double doses of the same drug or drug combination (F((df)(1))=0.28, P=0.60), the combination treatment resulted in lower egg excretion than use of single drugs (F((df)(2))=50.90, P<0.00005). All the tested regimens of ALB and MBZ had low cure rates against T. trichiura in Uganda, but both combination treatments showed satisfactory egg reduction rates 3 weeks after treatment.
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Who Drives Change? Comparing the Evolution of Domestic Climate Governance in India and South Africa - Never, Babette (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2011)
This paper compares and contrasts the nature and scope of change in the domestic climate governance of India and South Africa between 2007 and 2010. It uses an actor-centered approach to analyze the drivers of change. An exploratory test of fit shows that the concept of â€œcommunities of practiceâ€ captures the trends and actor relations well for the South African case, while more simple networks could be identified in India. Using data from an expert survey and from semi-structured interviews, this paper finds that both countries have generally not yet surpassed the level of second-order change, or double-loop learning. Differences exist for more specific parts of climate governance. Three resulting hypotheses give conditions for the development of either communities of practice or of networks, as conceptualized in formal network analysis. They target (1) the number of participating actors, (2) the size of the scientific landscape and the degree of competition among scientists, and (3) the centrality of a governmental actor with a certain knowledge and attitude within a network. [GIGA WP 174/2011] [URL: www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/wp174_never_abstract.pdf]
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Attitude of Secondary School Physics Students to Mathematics: a Case Study of Nsukka Education Zone in Nigeria and Adamawa Region in Cameroon - Ngwoke; Ugwoke, Dominic; Atanga; Jacks, Namukong; Oyeoku; Kalu, E. O.; Nwakaego, Anthonia; Obikwelu; Lauretta, Chizoba (Indian journal of applied research, 2011)
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Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs in sub-Saharan Africa from 2004 to 2010: need, the process and prospects - Nsubuga, Peter; Johnson, Kenneth M.; Tetteh, Christopher; Oundo, Joseph; Weathers, Andrew; Vaughan, James; Elbon, S.M.; Tshimanga, Mufuta; Ndugulile, Faustine; Ohuabunwo, Chima; Evering-Watley, Michele; Mosha, Fausta; et al. (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2011)
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Education and Training of Library and Information Science (Lis) Professionals for Improved Service Delivery to Students with and Without Disabilities In South-East Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria - Nwachukwu, V N V N Nwachukwu; Eskay, Michael; Asiegbu, F. N. Asiegbu (Indian journal of applied research, 2011)
IJAR - Indian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) IJAR is a double reviewed monthly print journal that accepts research works from scholars, academicians, professors, doctorates, lecturers, and corporate in their respective expertise of studies.
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Parental School Involvement: The Case of Ghana - Nyarko, Kingsley (Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 2011)
This study was carried out to analyze the link between parental school involvement and the academic achievement of young students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds between the ages of 15 and 20. As expected, the results indicate a positive and significant correlation between mothers' school involvement and the academic achievement of the students. Surprisingly, fathers' school involvement was found to be non-significant to the academic achievement of the students. The significance of the results is examined.
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Instructional strategies in teaching literacy skills to learners with cerebral palsy : a case study for special classes in Kenya - Obinga, Sarah A.O; Kochung, Edward (Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 2011)
multiple-case study examined the teaching of literacy skills to pupils with Cerebral Palsy (CP) in special schools in Kenya. Cerebral palsy refers to paralysis of the brain and mainly affects muscle tone, which interferes with voluntary movement and delays in gross and fine motor development. These children are extremely a heterogeneous group and have functional abilities that vary given the unique differences in their conditions, abilities and needs. Characteristics of these children include paralyzed speech muscles and uncoordinated movements. The study focused on pupils experiencing functional motor limitations involving speech and hand use. These pupils have varying degrees of challenges in terms of their learning ability that calls for variations in instructional strategies aimed at addressing their individual needs. The study examined instructional strategies used by teachers and how those strategies are individualized and adapted to suit the special needs of each learner. The study used four teachers and used four classes with physical disabilities but specifically those with CP. Four teachers participated in the study and each teacher was a case. The study used observation method. The finding of this study has indicated that the number of pupils in a class affects and determines instructional strategy used by the teacher. It also revealed that teachers of learners used verbal and non-verbal approaches and applied different or a combination of instructional approaches to address the individual needs of each learner. The study further revealed that most teachers of children with CP individualised their instructional strategy. The study recommends that the government should consider reducing the number of learners in a class particularly those with cerebral palsy and that the training of teachers dealing with CP children should emphasize diversity of learners.
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Renal Sonographic Findings in Nigerian Pre- School Children with Asymptomatic Proteinuria - Odetunde, Odutola Israel; Aderibigbe, Adesina Olalekan Semiu; Njeze, NR; Achigbu, Kingley Ihedioha; Chinawa, Josephat M; Odetunde, Oluwatoyin Arinola; Okafor, Prof. Henrietta Uche (Indian journal of applied research, 2011)
IJAR - Indian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) IJAR is a double reviewed monthly print journal that accepts research works from scholars, academicians, professors, doctorates, lecturers, and corporate in their respective expertise of studies.
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A review of palatoplasty in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital - Oginni, F.O.; Oladele, AO; Fatusi, Olawunmi Adedoyin (International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2011)
Introduction: Assessing treatment outcome is an integral part of audit process in surgical practise. This goes along way in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of adopted protocols and help to improve on them.
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Formal Education and Quality Leadership in Nigeria - Okereke, Chukwunenye Iheanacho (2011)
INTRODUCTIONIt has been observed that every society has an educational system, theoretically best suitable for it. Invariably, education is a functional prerequisite of societies necessary for their survival through pattern maintenance. It has formal and informal aspects. Informal education is pejoratively described to fit traditional societies, while formal education is literally obtainable in modem societies.Ordinarily, education refers to socialization, which is the process by which the culture of a society is internalized or interiorized into an individual. Ralph Linton (Haralambos, 1980) had defined culture as the resume of the customs and traditions, arts, values, mores, folkways, dances and technology as well as other capabilities of a society that are learnt, shared and transmitted from generation to posterity. For this, formal education is expected to make for an adequately socialized person: quite conversant with his socio-cultural milieu and also capable to appropriate wisdom from observations and scholarly findings even from other culture areas to enhance his personal advancement and societal development. Has education in modem Nigeria resulted to quality leadership? This is the focus of this paper, which was discussed under education in traditional societies; education in modem societies; highlights on qualities of a leader and manifest functions of formal education & prospects for quality leadership in Nigeria.EDUCATION IN TRADITIONAL NIGERIAN SOCIETIESEarlier societies had no separate social institution called education. They had no special buildings called schools and no people who earned their living as teachers. Rather, as an integral part of growing up, children learned what was necessary to get along in life (Henslin, 2008).In traditional societies, education is said to be informal principally due to the paucity of well established institutions called schools; dearth of teachers and no specific group of people known as pupils. Individuals were pupils at a very short period after which they took to any of the agrarian occupations (farmers, hunters, fishermen etc) in the prevalent agrarian economy. Often times, a pupil at one level might be a teacher at the other level. There were no academic books to read, learn or teach as it was assumed that nature provides the books. Explicitly, individuals learnt about nature, to understand the weather and climatic conditions that enable them to know planting and harvest periods; to understand the types of leaves for curative purposes against certain ailments and illnesses among others.Girigiri (2006) had pointed that in pre-colonial Nigeria individuals had good understanding of the medicinal efficacy of the roots, herbs and leaves of the plants in their environments; there was adequate knowledge of herbs to enhance fertility and potency; awareness on how to use roots and leaves to treat bites of poisonous snakes and stings of harmful insects; good post-partum management of a woman after child-delivery among others.Education is also informal as individuals learn through observation. Girls follow their mothers (for instance, to learn how to prepare and cook foods; to learn feminine behaviour and habits; to do needle works etc) while boys follow their fathers (for instance, to imbibe masculine prowess; to hunt, farm, to do carpentry works etc). The socialization is into the tradition of the society only.In traditional societies, deviant behaviour is scarcely accommodated. For this, the socialization gears towards conformity. Thus, an adequately socialized person in traditional societies is an ardent conformist. The psychology of individuals in traditional societies is immersed into a world-view that compels them to think alike; to please the elders and ancestors. There is restriction in the acquisition of knowledge as there is knowledge for every stage in life (adolescent stage, adulthood). At adolescent stage, individuals are taught the things required at that stage and later on at adult stage they learn to acquire knowledge suitable at that stage. …
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Experiences of School Principals With Newcomers from War-Affected Countries in Africa - Okoko, Janet Mola (Diaspora, indigenous and minority education, 2011)
This article is based on the results of an exploratory study of experiences of 2 urban school principals about leading schools with immigrants from war-affected countries in Africa. It examines how they perceived their preparation for multicultural leadership, and explores lessons that leadership development institutions can learn from their experiences. Data from in-depth interviews revealed that the principals felt inadequately prepared to work with this minority group. With the influx of immigrants in schools, it is vital that leadership development institutions develop pragmatic approaches for preparing principals to work with second language learners, particularly those who face psychosocial challenges arising from experiences with war, poverty, or living in communities where they are prone to crime.
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Training of maxillofacial surgeon: Leveraging technology. The African perspective - Olaitan, Ademola Abayomi (International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2011)
The last few decades has witnessed a quantum leap in the use of technology for training. The earlier employment of CDs, DVDs in giving instructions to trainee surgeons on how to acquire surgical skills and improve competence to the remote visuals for learning provided by HD videos laid the foundation for Visual Reality/Computer Based Simulation (VR/CBS). The military, aviation and industries have keyed in to the benefits from this technological advancement. Some surgical subspecialties have reported the utilisation of Virtual Environment/Simulation in acquisition of surgical skills. The utilisation ranged from simple wound closure to complex diagnostic and treatment procedures. Reports on the utilisation of this evolving technology in the training of Maxillofacial Surgeons though scanty have all emanated from the developed nations with absolute lack of reports from the continent of Africa. This paper therefore examines from the African perspective the leverage of technology in the training of Maxillofacial Surgeon.
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Effective Utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Sustainable Manpower Development among Computer Educators in Colleges of Education in South East Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria - Olelewe, Chijioke Jonathan; Amaka, Eugenia Ngozi (2011)
The challenges for TVET today is to re-orient and redirect its curricula to imbue trainers and trainees on sustainable use of resources to enhance appropriate work skill development as new and employment opportunities emerge such as recycling, ICT, repair, waste management etc. This paper is therefore focused on the effective utilization of ICT for sustainable manpower development among computer educators in Colleges of Education in South East geo-political zone of Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design. The population of the study comprised all the 119 Computer Educators (89 Lecturers and 17 instructors) in the three Federal Colleges of Education, three State Colleges of Education and five Private Colleges of Education that offers Computer Education as a course of study in the zone. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The instrument used for data collection was structured questionnaire. Mean and Standard deviation were used to analyze the data for answering research questions while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the three null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that computer educators utilizes ICT effectively as a tool in their teaching and learning basically in instructional delivery and individualized learning process. However, there is poor utilization of ICT in evaluation of learning. Based on the findings, it was recommended that retraining programmes and workshops among others should be organised for Computer Educators on the use of ICT as a tool for enhancing teaching and learning in Colleges of Education.
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Utilization of the Interactive Whiteboard Technology for Instructional Delivery in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Courses in South Eastern Universities in Nigeria - Onu, F. M.; Ugwoke, Ernest O.; Agboeze, Matthias U.; Ikehi, Michael E. (Indian journal of applied research, 2011)
IJAR - Indian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) IJAR is a double reviewed monthly print journal that accepts research works from scholars, academicians, professors, doctorates, lecturers, and corporate in their respective expertise of studies.
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Sources of Sex Information and its Effects on Sexual Practices among In-school Female Adolescents in Osisioma Ngwa LGA, South East Nigeria - Onyeonoro, Ugochukwu Uchenna; Oshi, Daniel C.; Ndimele, E.C.; Chuku, Nneoma C.; Onyemuchara, Ifunanya L.; Ezekwere, Sandra C.; Oshi, Sarah N; Emelumadu, Obiageli Fidelia (Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2011)
Prevalence of adolescent sexual activity is on the increase globally, resulting in increased risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes among them. Sources of sex information are key factors that influence female adolescents' sexual decision-making. Consequently, this study is aimed at identifying adolescents' sources of sexuality information, and its likely effect on their sexual practices among in-school female adolescents in Osisioma LGA, in southeastern Nigeria.A total of 304 girls selected by multi-stage sampling technique were studied. Responses were elicited from them using pretested, semi-structured, self administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using MS Excel and Epi-6.Primary and subsequent sources of sexuality information were mainly the media and peers. Families and schools mostly were not involved in provision of early sex education. Media and peer influence were predominantly negative. Female adolescents' knowledge of issues of sex was low. Premarital sex, early sexual initiation, and unprotected sex was common among them. Consequently, adverse implication of negative sexual behavior, such as unplanned pregnancies and induced abortion, was prevalent.The study highlights the need for increased roles of parents and teachers in early sexuality education of adolescent girls. This can be done by increasing capacity of parents to discuss sexuality issues with their children.
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Effectiveness of University Matriculation Examination and Post-University Matriculation Examination on the Academic Performance of Nigerian Undergraduate Students - Osakuade, Joseph Oluwatayo (Journal of Education and Practice, 2011)
This is a case study that examines the relative effectiveness of University Matriculation Examination (UME) and Post University Matriculation Examination (Post-UME) on the final year academic performance of students admitted to Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba Akoko in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 sessions, being the last set of students admitted with UME  and first set admitted with Post-UME respectively. This is a descriptive research design of ex-post facto type. The population consists of the entire students admitted into this university for the two sessions. The researcher made use of a proforma to collect the scores of  2005-2006 candidates on their UME, Post-UME and class of degrees at the 2008-2009 final year examination. This same proforma was also used to collect the scores of 2004-2005 students on their UME and class of their degrees in the 2007-2008 final year examination. Using Pearson product moment correlation and t-test statistics to analyze data, findings show that there is a low relationship between students’ score in UME  and Post-UME. More so, Post-UME was more effective than the UME but the difference was so little. It was recommended that: JAMB should be saddled with the responsibility of conducting pre-qualifying examination whereby universities should be allowed to conduct a Post-UME screening For the Post-UME screening, students should only be tested on their level of coherence in the English language through essay writing and oral interviews in addition to objective tests. A bench mark of 180 is recommended for calling students for Post-UME screening.
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Effect of Climate Change on Malaria in Papua New Guinea - Park, Jae-Won; Cheong, Hae-Kwan; Honda, Yasushi; Ha, Mina; Kim, Ho; Kolam, Joel; Inape, Kasis; Müeller, Ivo (환경독성보건학회 심포지엄 및 학술대회, 2011)
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The knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among post-secondary students in a southern Ethiopian city - Paul, Marianne M. (2011)
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Engineering a Brighter Sudan: Bringing Sustainable Energy to the Theou Village School - Rios, Michael; Riiny, Mou; Perl, Emmett; Rayon, Enrique (2011)
Engineering a Brighter Sudan involves bringing sustainable energy to a primary school in the remote village of Theou, Southern Sudan, where project member Mou Riiny was born. The project consists of specifying, designing, and building a power generation and storage system for the school as well as building a prototype system on campus at the University of San Diego (USD). Electricity carries with it a world of benefits for rural communities, including the alleviation of poverty, reduction of illiteracy, and help for the local economy by providing opportunities for entrepreneurship. The goal is to empower the people to obtain a higher level of education and independence, which will help a newly independent South Sudan prosper as a country.
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The subjective experience of social class and upward mobility among African American men in graduate school. - Sánchez, Francisco J.; Liu, William Ming; Leathers, Leslie; Goins, Joyce; Vilain, Éric (Psychology of men & masculinity, 2011)
We used Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology to analyze responses from 14 African American men (Mdn(Age) = 25 years-old) in graduate school at a predominantly-White university in the Midwestern region of the United Sates regarding how they acquired awareness of their social-class status; how social class was related to their sense of masculinity; how social class was related to race and skin tone; and the role that education and a romantic partner could play in upward mobility. School peers were the main source for their early awareness of social class. Many believed that discrimination maintains social class stratification that disadvantages racial minorities and that one's race will always trump any personal characteristics-including having light-complected skin and an advanced degree. Finally many overcame several obstacles during their educational career, and most believed that a romantic relationship with a woman from a privileged background could facilitate upward mobility. Psychological scientists and practitioners are encouraged to consider the role that social class plays when examining men's well-being.
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Bringing Funds of Family Knowledge to School. The Living Morocco Project - Saubich, Xènia; Guitart, Moisès Esteban (2011)
The purpose of the study, grounded in sociocultural theory, is to describe the funds of knowledge of a Moroccan family living in Catalonia (Spain) in order to document how teachers can use these funds of knowledge to make direct links between students lives and classroom teaching. The funds of knowledge approach is based on a simple premise: regardless of any socio-economical and sociocultural deficit that people may or may not have all families accumulate bodies of beliefs, ideas, skills and abilities based on their experiences (in areas such as their occupation or their religion). The challenge consists in connecting these bodies of educational resources with teaching practice in order to connect the curriculum with students lives. In doing so, qualitative research can be carried out using several techniques such as self portraits, self-definition tasks, assessment of family artefacts, documenting routines through photographs, or the analysis of a persons significant circle. The results in terms of teaching practices illustrate the variety of ways teachers can make connections between home and school in ways that assist learners in their academic development. In this article, we propose using the term funds of identity to complement the concept of funds of knowledge.
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Inter-comparison of cosmogenic in-situ 3He, 21Ne and 36Cl at low latitude along an altitude transect on the SE slope of Kilimanjaro volcano (3°S, Tanzania) - Schimmelpfennig, Irene; Williams, A.; Pik, Raphaël; Burnard, Pete; Niedermann, Samuel; Finkel, Robert C.; Schneider, Björn; Benedetti, Lucilla (Quaternary Geochronology, 2011)
établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
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Why Analyze Mental Models of Local Climate Change? A Case from Southern Mozambique - Shaffer, L. Jen; Naiene, Leocadia (Weather, Climate, and Society, 2011)
Abstract People construct mental models of local climate change based on their observations and experiences of past climate events and changes. These mental models offer critical insight into locally important factors that trigger responses to new climate conditions and can be used to ground-truth regional climate models. In this paper, the authors explore mental models of changes to local climate patterns and climate-associated environmental changes over the past 45 years (1963–2008) in two rural communities in Matutúine District, Mozambique. Interview results are compared to data from a regional weather station. Residents discuss temperature increases, short-term and long-term precipitation changes, and altered seasonal timing. Measurable climate change in this region includes increasing temperatures and more erratic rainfall leading to drought and altered season timing. The climate-associated environmental changes residents observed draw attention to links between local livelihood practices and climate, as well as emphasize changes that would not necessarily appear in regional climate models. Such changes include reduced crop and wild fruit production, fewer cattle, variable forest size, increased wildfires and elephant conflict, drying up of water sources, poor health, and cultural change. Differences between adjacent communities highlight the potential interaction of landscape and vegetation variability, gender, and livelihoods in observations and experiences of climate change and demonstrate how mental models can provide insight into local ecological patterns and processes.
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The Influence of Africentric Values and Neighborhood Satisfaction on the Academic Self‐Efficacy of African American Elementary School Children - Shin, Richard Q. (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2011)
This exploratory study examined the relationships between Africentric values, racial/ethnic identity, neighborhood satisfaction, and academic self‐efficacy beliefs among 88 African American elementary school children. Results indicated that Africentric values and neighborhood satisfaction were both predictive of academic self‐efficacy beliefs. Racial/ethnic identity did not significantly predict the outcome variable. Este estudio exploratorio examinó las relaciones entre valores Afrocéntricos, identidad racial/étnica, satisfacción en el vecindario y convicciones sobre la autoeficacia académica entre 88 niños Afroamericanos en la escuela elemental. Los resultados indicaron que tanto los valores Afrocéntricos como la satisfacción en el vecindario podían predecir las convicciones sobre autoeficacia académica. La identidad racial/étnica no predijo significativamente la variable del resultado.
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Teaching and Learning of Visual Arts in Senior High Schools in Ghana - Siaw, Abena Okyerewa; Nortey, Samuel (Journal of Education and Practice, 2011)
This study used qualitative and quantitative research methods in tandem to compare teaching and learning processes to illuminate differences in students' academic performance gap in Visual Arts in urban, peri-urban and rural Senior High Schools in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The purposive and simple random sampling techniques enabled the sampling of six schools - two in each setting, comprising 120 students and 18 teachers. Using interview, questionnaire and observation to solicit data, the study revealed that urban schools perform better than rural schools because they have prestigious names and character, more qualified teachers, and attract and admit high performance BECE applicants into the Visual Arts programme. In sum, the geographical settings of the school and educational opportunities directly influence the academic performance and achievement of its students. Environmental factors, lack of studio facilities, and differences in teaching methodologies in the different geographic settings seem to influence students' learning and performance.
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Creative Expression in Transformative Learning: Tools and Techniques for Educators of Adults - Edited by Chad Hoggan, Soni Simpson, and Heather Stuckey - Simmons, Laura (Teaching Theology & Religion, 2011)
Teaching Theology & ReligionVolume 14, Issue 4 p. 394-395 Creative Expression in Transformative Learning: Tools and Techniques for Educators of Adults – Edited by Chad Hoggan, Soni Simpson, and Heather Stuckey Laura K. Simmons, Laura K. Simmons George Fox SeminarySearch for more papers by this author Laura K. Simmons, Laura K. Simmons George Fox SeminarySearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9647.2011.00747.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume14, Issue4Special Issue: FORMATION IN THE CLASSROOMOctober 2011Pages 394-395 RelatedInformation
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Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in School Children in Rwanda and Its Association with Socio-Economic Status: A Population-Based Survey - Smedt, Stefan De; Nkurikiye, John; Fonteyne, Yannick; Hogewoning, Arjan; Esbroeck, Marjan Van; Bacquer, Dirk De; Tuft, Stephen; Gilbert, Clare; Delanghe, Joris; Kestelyn, Philippe (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2011)
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic eye disease and an important cause of hospital referral among children in Africa and Asia. Hospital-based studies have suggested a role for parasites in its pathogenesis. To determine the prevalence and risk factors for VKC in Central Africa, we conducted a nested population-based case control study in Rwanda, involving randomly selected primary schools from different environments (rural/urban) and climate. A prevalence of VKC of 4.0% (95% confidence interval 3.3–4.7%) was found among 3,041 children studied (participation rate 94.7%). The intestinal parasitic burden was not related to VKC. Besides hot dry climate (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5, P = 0.05) and male gender (OR = 1.7, P = 0.005), multivariate analysis identified higher economic status as a risk for VKC (OR = 1.4, P = 0.005). The effect on VKC of higher economic status appears not to act through differences in parasitic intestinal load.
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Integrating Self-Paced E-Learning with Conventional Classroom Learning in Nigeria Educational System - Soyemi, Jumoke; Ogunyinka, O.I; Soyemi, Olugbenga Babajide (Journal of Humanistic and Social Studies, 2011)
he advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and its rapid growth are changing the way people use, develop, process and disseminate information and instruction {technology}. There is no doubt that ICT use in theclassroomincrease student’s motivation to learn, engage in learning and give independence in learning. Evidence shows that there is a correlation between using ICT in schools and students academic achievement across a range of courses. Student are comfortable and fulfilled in an ICT environment and using this as a bench mark, [integrating it with a self-paced student centered learning] in conjunction with the conventional classroom learning will go a long way to improve learning thereby increasing academic performance of the students at large. This paper explores the potential of self-paced e-learning alongside with conventional classroom learning and the positive impact the integration of the two can have on student’s academic performance when incorporated into the Nigeria Educational system.
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OPPOSING METHODS OF ATTAINING FREEDOM: THE TEACHER-STUDENT CLASH IN FUGARD'SMY CHILDREN! MY AFRICA! - Sterling, Eric (English Studies in Africa, 2011)
Abstract Athol Fugard's powerful drama My Children! My Africa! (1989) focuses on Bantu Education during the State of Emergency in a South Africa sharply divided by apartheid. Fugard portrays a dedicated black South African teacher, Mr. M, who, despite his misgivings, instructs his students in the Bantu Educational system. Nonetheless, he works toward racial integration by inviting a class of white female students to his school for a debate. He then invites a white student, Isabel, to join his best student (Thami) in an English literature contest, determined to show others how a black South African and a white student can work together effectively. Mr. M has groomed Thami to become a great leader who will, by virtue of his excellent education, end apartheid and lead black South Africans toward equality. Thami, however, has grown tired of studying under Bantu Education because he yearns to learn about African history and literature – the culture of his own people – rather than the culture of white Europeans. The clash between Mr. M and Thami serves as a microcosm of a larger rift between an older and a younger generation of Africans who both want to end apartheid but disagree on the methods of doing so. The clash between Mr. M and Thami demonstrates how the government, which is dominated by whites, successfully exploits the suffering caused by apartheid, inciting those who try to end apartheid peacefully and those who wish to use more aggressive means, such as protests, to fight amongst themselves. Fugard declines to take sides, adeptly allowing both Mr. M and Thami to share their perspectives and opinions with the audience, enabling readers and theatre audiences to decide for themselves.
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Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa - Stigler, Florian L; Salzer, Helmut J. F.; Kaduru, Chijioke (The Lancet, 2011)
The article on medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa by Fitzhugh Mullan and colleagues1Mullan F Frehywot S Omaswa F et al.Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa.Lancet. 2011; 377: 1113-1121Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar highlights the worrying situation of medical education in this region. The huge gap between the burden of disease and the health-care workforce is not just worrying but life-threatening for many individuals and families.However, the comprehensive review did not address the courageous and proactive response of African medical students themselves. For example, for more than 40 years, medical students from Ghana have annually chosen one relevant health topic and trained themselves to provide evidence-based health education for communities in all parts of the country. Buses are organised and teams of two students settle down in an assigned rural area. They choose different settings to reach as many people as they can: in churches, marketplaces, hospitals, and other public gatherings.In just 1 week they manage to inform at least 1 million people in Ghana; and it is not the only African country with such dedicated collective students' actions. In 2008, similar events were implemented by 28 medical schools in Nigeria and by students from Sudan.We applaud Mullan and colleagues,1Mullan F Frehywot S Omaswa F et al.Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa.Lancet. 2011; 377: 1113-1121Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar as well as Julio Frenk and colleagues,2Frenk J Chen L Bhutta ZA et al.Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world.Lancet. 2010; 376: 1923-1958Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2940) Google Scholar for enlightening readers of the worrying situation of medical education. However, we feel obliged to bring attention to the outstanding contribution of many medical students in sub-Saharan Africa.We declare that we have no conflicts of interest. The article on medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa by Fitzhugh Mullan and colleagues1Mullan F Frehywot S Omaswa F et al.Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa.Lancet. 2011; 377: 1113-1121Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar highlights the worrying situation of medical education in this region. The huge gap between the burden of disease and the health-care workforce is not just worrying but life-threatening for many individuals and families. However, the comprehensive review did not address the courageous and proactive response of African medical students themselves. For example, for more than 40 years, medical students from Ghana have annually chosen one relevant health topic and trained themselves to provide evidence-based health education for communities in all parts of the country. Buses are organised and teams of two students settle down in an assigned rural area. They choose different settings to reach as many people as they can: in churches, marketplaces, hospitals, and other public gatherings. In just 1 week they manage to inform at least 1 million people in Ghana; and it is not the only African country with such dedicated collective students' actions. In 2008, similar events were implemented by 28 medical schools in Nigeria and by students from Sudan. We applaud Mullan and colleagues,1Mullan F Frehywot S Omaswa F et al.Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa.Lancet. 2011; 377: 1113-1121Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar as well as Julio Frenk and colleagues,2Frenk J Chen L Bhutta ZA et al.Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world.Lancet. 2010; 376: 1923-1958Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2940) Google Scholar for enlightening readers of the worrying situation of medical education. However, we feel obliged to bring attention to the outstanding contribution of many medical students in sub-Saharan Africa. We declare that we have no conflicts of interest. Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa – Authors' replyOur Health Policy piece on medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa generated much interest and discussion. Carsten Krüger highlights some of the complexities of the issues related to the acute shortage of medical faculty. As she notes, faculty from the industrialised world can be a crucial buttress for overextended African faculties. In the near term, institutional partnerships (sometimes called “twinning”) such as those funded through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboratives1 and those supported by the Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI)2 represent an important strategy for faculty strengthening. Full-Text PDF
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Psycho-Social Value Perception of Senior Secondary School Students of Gombe State as Correlation of their Social Adjustment: Implications for Rebranding the Nigerian Society. - Sule, M. N. (2011)
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Parental and society influence on Physics students' enrolment decisions in the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. - Taale, Kodjo Donkor (Journal of Education and Practice, 2011)
The research explored the enrolment decisions of science students in the University of Education, Winneba to enroll in science courses particularly. The study used a modified ‘multiple worlds’ model to investigate how the various worlds of the students influenced their science subject choice. All science students of UEW constituted the population from which a sample of two hundred and sixteen students was drawn. Two equivalent forms of questionnaire designated as PSQ, responded to by Physics students and BSQ , responded to by Biology students were used to collect biographical data. A reliability coefficient of 0.72 was obtained on the questionnaires while construct validity and triangulation were used to establish their validity. The study found that students do not perceive their parents as influencing them to choose physics, and also did not perceive any influence within society to have swayed their subject choice either.
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Developing IT education in Tanzania: Empowering students - Tedre, Matti; Apiola, Mikko; Oroma, Josephat O. (2011)
Due to an urgent national need for more IT professionals, developing countries spawn academic IT programs at an increasing rate. Those programs are often replicated from similar programs in Europe and America. Students' preferences concerning their education are, however, rarely inquired. This research study explored and analyzed Tanzanian IT students' views of challenges in their studies, as well as their views of the most important factors for their learning. A longitudinal perspective was introduced, as changes in results between 2008 and 2011 were analyzed. The findings suggest that there is a need for increased practical training, development of facilities, improvement of course design, and increased feeling of ownership and empowerment.
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Air quality and climate change co-benefits for the industrial sector in Durban, South Africa - Thambiran, Tirusha; Diab, R. D. (Energy Policy, 2011)
This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Energy Policy. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Energy Policy, Vol 39(10), pp 6658-6666
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Comparative Analysis of Cognitive Competence Among Pupils and Students in Abia State, Nigeria - U, Ngwoke Dominic; Micheal, Eskay; Iyke, Iheakaghichi Olileanya; Lauretta, Obikwelu Chizoba; Nwakego, Ngwoke Anthonia (Indian journal of applied research, 2011)
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Quality library and information science education in Nigeria - Uhegbu, A.N. (IFLA Journal, 2011)
This paper espouses the rationale for public–private sector collaboration for quality library and information science education in Nigeria. In all the phases librarianship has passed through in Nigeria, it has been public sector sponsored. The paper identifies ways in which the private sector could participate towards ensuring quality library and information science education in Nigeria. It identifies the token presence of the private sector in librarianship as one of the factors that lead to infrastructural decay, inadequate or near absence of teaching and learning aids, low social perception of the profession and poor remuneration of librarians in the country. Ways that can could be used to attract private sector support are outlined. Private sector participation in librarianship will provide funds to acquire new facilities, maintain existing ones, develop infrastructure and equip libraries and resource centres which will ultimately lead to the production of technically sound and knowledgeable professionals.
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An Assessment of the Implementation of Gender Equity Policies in Schools in South Africa - Wadesango, Newman; Rembe, Symphorosa; Chabaya, Owence (Anthropologist (Delhi, 1999), 2011)
The South African Constitution outlaws all forms of discrimination on the basis of race, gender, cultural origin, age, religion and so forth. The post-Apartheid government of South Africa has put in place policies and programmes to enhance gender equality. In education different policies have been put in place to ensure gender equality at all levels and these are currently being implemented. This study examined the implementation of gender equality policies in schools in South Africa. Data was collected through observation and face to face interviews with twenty-five primary and high school teachers and two district education officials. The study revealed that boys and girls have equal access to the school system. Consequently, the new curriculum and most of learning materials in schools visited are gender sensitive. However, girls continue to be disadvantaged by the fact that classroom practice continue to favour boys and marginalize girls. The school environment does not promote favourable conditions for learning for girls as they are most affected by sexual violence.
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Marketing information services in secondary school libraries in Nairobi North district, Kenya - Wanga, Idha J. A (2011)
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Air Pollution Index of Total Suspended Particulates and its Health Concerns at a Heavy Traffic Street in Alexandria, Egypt: Case Study - Zaki, Gehan (Journal of High Institute of Public Health, 2011)
Background: Air pollution index is not applied in Egypt up till now. Objectives: This study is a trial to apply the concept of air pollution index  (API) to assess the air quality and its health concerns at one of the heavy traffic streets in Alexandria; Egypt. Methods: This was a case study that was conducted over one year, the setting of which was one of the heavy traffic streets. The total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was sampled using High Volume Air Sampler, for 24 hours/day with simultaneous measurement of local meteorological parameters. Results: The total suspended particulates exceeded the National Standards during 78 measurement days out of 84 (92.9%). Application of air pollution index revealed that 19% of the measurement days were of good air quality, 28.6% harmful for sensitive groups, 20.2% unhealthful for the public, 15.5% very unhealthy, and 16.7% hazardous to the public. Conclusion: Traffic concentrations of TSP at the streets under study exceeded the Egyptian National Standards during all weekdays and all months throughout the year. The air quality during the working days (Sunday to Thursday) was unhealthy to the general population. The API was the highest during Spring Season. Application of an air pollution control strategy with generalization and communication of air pollution index in Egypt were recommended.
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[Effect of sildenafil on ABR thresholds shift to noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs]. - Zhang, Shujun; Zhang, Xun; Liang, Yuan; Yue, Zhuoli (PubMed, 2011)
To investigate the protective effects of sildenafil to noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs.Guinea pigs were randomly divided into control group, noise exposure group and the sildenafil treatment group, with 10 in each group. One week after the exposure of 110 dB (A) white noise, sildenafil [10 mg/(kg×d)] and normal saline [4 ml/(kg×d)] were injected into guinea pigs of noise plus sildenafil group (NSG) and noise plus normal saline group(NNG) respectively. One week after noise exposure to four weeks continuous administration. ABR thresholds were measured respectively prior to the experiment, 1 week post-noise, 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-drugs. The changes of cochlea hair cells were also observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).After noise exposure, the ABR threshold shifts in NSG were significantly fewer than that in the NNG. An average of 19.1 dB in NNG compared with 19.8 dB in NSG. Four weeks after exposure, the threshold shifts were become larger to 22.0 dB in NNG while become smaller to 4.8 dB in NSG. Compared NNG with NSG, in addition to noise exposure time point, there were statistically significant differences in the rest time points after administration of the ABR threshold (P<0.05). SEM showed that the inner and outer hair cells in NNG displayed mess, fusion and imperfections. In NSG, the hair cells displayed slight pathological changes, there was no significant difference when compared with control group.Sildenafil is able to reduce the ascending of ABR thresholds shift, and it can significantly protect against noise-induced hearing loss.
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[Re]conceptualizing Inclusion: Can Critical Race Theory and Interest Convergence be Utilized to Achieve Inclusion and Equity for African American Students? - Zion, Shelley; Blanchett, Wanda J. (Teachers College Record, 2011)
Background/Context Even though not fully realized, in legislation and theory, the requirements of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act and the No Child Left Behind Act have created pressure to address the historical inequity in educational opportunity, achievement, and outcomes, as well as disparities in achievement between students of color and White students; disproportionality in special education referral, identification, and placement; high dropout rates for students of color; and disproportionate discipline and referrals for students of color, students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, students from immigrant families, and students in urban areas. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The authors argue that inclusive education never had the potential to be truly inclusive because it is built on the premises of an inferiority paradigm. Issues of race, class, and privilege have rarely been incorporated into the inclusive education definitions or debates in the United States, and certainly not in practice. The purpose of this article is to examine: (a) the historical context of public schooling in America; (b) inclusive education in practice: segregation of African American and other students of color; (c) [re]conceptualizing inclusion: the importance of a social justice lens and critical theory; and (d) the relevance of interest convergence. Research Design Analytic essay. Conclusions/Recommendations The authors contend that the inclusive education movement has not resulted in positive outcomes or inclusion in general education for African American students because the movement was built on faulty assumptions that centered on ability and placement and did not look at the intersection of ability/disability with race, class, culture, and language. More important, the movement did not address issues of racism, White privilege, White dominance, and social class dominance. The authors assert that social justice, critical race theory, and interest convergence are powerful tools with which to [re]conceptualize inclusion and inclusive education in America.
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[Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV in blood donors at the Blood Transfusion Center of Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital in Rabat Morocco]. - Zohoun, Alban; Hadef, Rachid; Zahid, Hafidi; Benkirane, Monsef (PubMed, 2011)
The purpose of this report is to present the findings of a retrospective study (2008-2009) to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus in blood donors at the Blood Transfusion Center of Military Teaching Hospital Mohammed V in Rabat, Morocco. Samples from 19,801 consecutive blood donors were analyzed by the immuno-enzymatic method (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, third generation). The overall seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was 0.8% and 0.2% respectively. A total of 98 units were rejected because of elevated alanine transaminase. No case of co-infection was found. From 1991 to 2010, HBV and HCV seropositivity showed a significant declining trend. In spite of the low prevalence observed, this study confirms that the risk of transfusion transmitted infection exists and thus underlines the need to implement preventive strategies to improve blood transfusion safety.
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The training and development of housekeepers in Nigerian Universities - Akinfolarin, Comfort Ayandoja; Alimi, Olatunji Sabitu (International journal of psychology and behavioral sciences, 2011)
Training and development of individuals in the University system provides favorable climate for carrying out teaching, research and services. This paper suggests appropriate approaches for the training and development of housekeepers. It also identifies the engagement of professional housekeepers as a means of effective realization of goals. It discusses qualities of good housekeepers, the skills and knowledge to be acquired, training ground for staff development, management implication for training needs analysis.  Recommendations were equally made for more structured, consistent and systematic training and development programme for housekeepers in Nigerian Universities. Key words: Housekeeper, training, skills, management.
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The training and development of housekeepers in Nigerian Universities - Akinfolarin, Comfort Ayandoja; Alimi, Olatunji Sabitu (International journal of psychology and behavioral sciences, 2011)
Training and development of individuals in the University system provides favorable climate for carrying out teaching, research and services. This paper suggests appropriate approaches for the training and development of housekeepers. It also identifies the engagement of professional housekeepers as a means of effective realization of goals. It discusses qualities of good housekeepers, the skills and knowledge to be acquired, training ground for staff development, management implication for training needs analysis.  Recommendations were equally made for more structured, consistent and systematic training and development programme for housekeepers in Nigerian Universities. Key words: Housekeeper, training, skills, management.
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Exploring Egyptian EFL Students’ Learning Styles and Satisfaction with Web-Based Materials - Aliweh, Ahmed Mahmoud (the CALICO Journal, 2011)
Due to the increasing demand on the incorporation of web-based materials into Egyptian higher educational institutions, this study examined students' learning styles, satisfaction with online learning, and the relationships be-tween these two variables and students' gender. The study was conducted on 51 EFL college students (24 males and 27 females) who were assigned to three lab classes. The participants were exposed to various web-based ma-terials (e.g., listening, reading, writing, and grammar) which were intro-duced as an add-on to face-to-face courses. An adapted form of Reid's (1998) Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSPQ) was used to identify participants' learning styles after exposure to web-based in-struction. Also, a 5-point Likert scale was administered to examine students' satisfaction with web-based learning. Statistical analyses revealed that kin-esthetic, tactile, and visual were the major styles the participants favored when working with online activities. Findings also showed highly positive perceptions toward web-based learning due to an array of benefits (e.g., usefulness, enjoyment, accessibility, convenience, and richness of re-sources). Finally, whereas students' gender had a significant effect on stu-dents' learning style preferences, it had no bearing on their satisfaction with web-based materials. Relevant interpretations and implications were offered.
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An African music and dance curriculum model : performing arts in education - Amegago, Modesto Mawulolo Kwaku (2011)
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Influence of Protestant Churches on Public Education in Malawi - Banda, Moses Khombe (2011)
One cannot doubt that Churches in Malawi have played a significant role in promoting education system in the country. This has been so due to their Christian belief. Christians believe that God creates human beings with ability to learn, teach, and know and that God is active in and through education. It is their belief that the Church has been given the distinctive mandate to educate to instruct, form, and bring forth faithful, courageous, and wise disciples and reliable citizens. The purpose of this chapter is to outline historical aspects of the influence of protestant churches on public education in Malawi; the chapter will discuss some historical aspects only and not the analysis on the impact. In addition, the chapter will also discuss some challenges facing the education system in Malawi and what Protestant churches are doing to address those challenges. Many churches believe that supporting education system is part of calling and they are fulfilling that calling.
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Influence of Protestant Churches on Public Education in Malawi - Banda, Moses Khombe (2011)
One cannot doubt that Churches in Malawi have played a significant role in promoting education system in the country. This has been so due to their Christian belief. Christians believe that God creates human beings with ability to learn, teach, and know and that God is active in and through education. It is their belief that the Church has been given the distinctive mandate to educate to instruct, form, and bring forth faithful, courageous, and wise disciples and reliable citizens. The purpose of this chapter is to outline historical aspects of the influence of protestant churches on public education in Malawi; the chapter will discuss some historical aspects only and not the analysis on the impact. In addition, the chapter will also discuss some challenges facing the education system in Malawi and what Protestant churches are doing to address those challenges. Many churches believe that supporting education system is part of calling and they are fulfilling that calling.
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Exploring Fayoum (Upper Egypt) preparatory school students and teachers attitude towards obesity as health risk - Derwi, Douaa El; Sherbiny, Naglaa El; Atta, Adham Hazem (Journal of public health and epidemiology, 2011)
Childhood obesity is a serious non-communicable public health problem with negative physical, social, and mental health consequences. Factors contributing to childhood obesity are school nutrition, excessive snacks, fast food, lack of physical activity and family behavior. The objective of this study is to explore Fayoum preparatory of school students’ and teacher’s attitude concerning obesity and healthy nutritional behavior and investigating readiness of teachers to attain an active role in student’s nutritional education. This was a cross sectional descriptive study implemented in three preparatory schools of Fayoum district. Multistage stratified sample of 990 students, attending first, second and third grades. In each school, two classes were randomly selected from each grade, students interviewed for filling a structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were taken. Teaching staff at the schools (48) shared in four focus group discussions. More girls were reported in the overweight and obese category. Almost half of the students knew the proper food for their age. 62.1% of them consumed meals in front of the TV and 44.9% ate fast foods. The majority of both students and teachers agreed that physical activity and diet controls were the main control measures of obesity. 70.8% of teachers agreed that they should have an active role in obesity prevention. It was clear that Fayoum students had some nutritional knowledge but there was a defect in practice. Effective communication and collaboration among school and home offers the possibility of improving the quality of life and reducing the health care costs. Key words: Childhood obesity, nutritional behavioral, teachers role.
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Protestant Education in Namibia: Serving Church and State - Engelhardt, Craig S. (2011)
Struggling to rise from widespread poverty, an AIDS epidemic, and racial disparity, the young nation of Namibia places much of its hope in the education of its children. However, this study argues that the resources associated with secular public schooling are inadequate to meet the needs of the nation. Though secular schools might teach knowledge and skills, the philosophic and human nurture of children is more adequately addressed in religious school settings. However, Namibia’s history of religious schooling is often viewed with warranted suspicion, which not only shapes current public education efforts, but also shapes today’s small Protestant school sector. Thus, following the presentation of the historical setting and a survey of Namibia’s contemporary Protestant school community, this chapter attempts to point the way forward for the Christian school community to grow in depth and breadth to serve both the Church and the state. First, the Christian school community is encouraged to re-examine its mission and methods. The Protestant school community is fractured with some sectors struggling to survive. Thus, the community is encouraged to build organizational and personal links that will facilitate the physical, spiritual, and relational growth of the community. Schools that present an essentially “secular” curriculum are encouraged to reflect deeply on the ways that their faith influences what is, or could be, taught. Secondly, the way forward requires governmental understanding and response. Though Namibia works with and partly funds many religious schools, its policies tend to create pressures that shape religious schools toward a secular model, which weaken the unique qualities religious schools bring to society. Thus, government leaders must more fully understand that the philosophic and human needs of society are frequently religious in nature and intrinsic to the education today. Those delegated with education power are encouraged to understand the inadequacies inherent to secular schooling, and to provide religious schools with the freedoms and support they need to nurture young citizens. Concluding, this study argues that Namibia’s Protestant schools play a key role in supporting both the Church and the state. The diversity, integrity, and unique calling of each school provide foundations upon which the Christian school community can grow in depth and breadth to bring greater wholeness to both individuals and the nation.KeywordsNamibiaReligious schoolsProtestant schoolsEducationChristian schoolHistory of education
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Will the southern African west coast fog be affected by future climate change? Results of an initial fog projection using a regional climate model - Haensler, Andreas; Čermák, Jan; Hagemann, Stefan; Jacob, Daniela (Erdkunde, 2011)
We present an initial study to project the long-term development of fog occurrence along the southern African west coast.For this purpose, we implemented a basic fog diagnostic scheme based on liquid water content into the regional climate model REMO.The validation of the fog diagnostic scheme is conducted using satellite-derived low cloud information as well as local station observations.The validation reveals that REMO is able to adequately represent the major fog characteristics in the region.The observed strong fog gradient from the coast to the regions further inland is correctly simulated by the model.Also, the seasonal as well as diurnal fog distribution characteristics are captured by REMO.However, some deficits still remain in the absolute amount of simulated fog days.These deficits can mainly be attributed to the coarse vertical resolution of the model as well as to the simple fog diagnostics approach chosen.Regarding the long-term development of fog, two 20-year time slice simulations for a control (1981 to 2000) and a future (2081 to 2100) period following the A1B emission scenario were conducted.The model generally projects a slight increase in the number of fog days for the coastal areas and a slight decrease for the regions located further inland.Especially the latter has the potential to exacerbate the existing water scarcity in the region.Zusammenfassung: Nebelniederschläge spielen eine bedeutende Rolle für die Wasserversorgung der Küstenregionen des südwestlichen Afrikas.Es ist in dieser Region daher von großer Bedeutung, die zukünftige Entwicklung des Wassereintrags durch Nebelereignisse abzuschätzen.Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert die ersten Ergebnisse einer Langzeitsimulation des Auftretens von Nebelereignissen entlang der südwestafrikanischen Küste.Die Simulationen wurden mit dem regionalen Klimamodell REMO durchgeführt,
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Using Information Technology In Teaching Of Business Statistics In Nigeria Business School - Hamadu, Dallah; Adeleke, Ismaila; Ehie, Ike C. (American Journal of Business Education, 2011)
This paper discusses the use of Microsoft Excel software in the teaching of statistics in the Faculty of Business Administration at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. Problems associated with existing traditional methods are identified and a novel pedagogy using Excel is proposed. The advantages of using this software over other specialized statistical packages (SPSS, Minitab or Stata) are simplicity, universality, accessibility, increased acquisition of skills, and, more importantly, reduced cost for students and instructors alike particularly for those in developing economies. Several examples are introduced to illustrate the use of Excel in teaching statistics in a business school. Moreover, this proposition is partially motivated by an intervention program funded by the USAID that resulted in the acquisition of information and communication technology (ICT) laboratories.
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Prevalence of aggressive periodontitis among Yemeni students from schools in the city of Thamar - Imran, Abdullah Gh.; Ataa, Mansour Ali S. (RSBO, 2011)
Introduction and objective: Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is a type of periodontitis that causes rapid destruction of alveolar bone, especially in young ages. In Yemen, there is no previous study about aggressive periodontitis, so the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and related risk factors for aggressive periodontitis among school students in the city of Thamar. Material and methods: In this study, a two-stage sampling method was used. At first stage, a random sample of eight public schools was selected from the schools of the city of Thamar by simple random sampling. In the second stage, a sample of 807 students (458 female and 349 male) was drawn from the chosen schools by simple random sampling. People aged from 10 to 22, with mean age of 17. The classification considered in the current paper was based on the American Academy of Periodontology classification of 1999. A questionnaire was applied and included questions that would give information about the risk factors that might be considered causal factors for aggressive periodontitis. Results: The number of affected students with AgP was 29 among 807 students, that is, 3.6% of the sample. The percentages of localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) were, respectively, 2.6% (21 students) and 1.0% (8 students). The following teeth were found to be affected: first molars, second molars, incisors, first premolars and second premolars. In GAgP, 20 first molars, 22 incisors, 6 first premolars, 3 second molars and 2 second premolars showed clinical attachment loss. But in LAgP, 18 first molars, 19 incisors, 6 first premolars, 3 second molars and 2 second premolars showed clinical attachment loss. With regards to the risk factors – socioeconomic level, age, poor oral hygiene status, plaque index and gingival bleeding –, the statistical results indicated that each of these factors showed highly significant relationships with AgP. Conclusion: The prevalence of AgP among Yemeni schools students was relatively high: 3.6%. This might be related to the low socioeconomic level and poor oral hygiene status of most of the Yemeni students.
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Prevalence of bacterial and Candida albicans infection amongst women attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria - Isibor; Samuel, Samuel; Nwaham; Amanre, I N; Igbinovia; Akhile (African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2011)
Bacterial and other pathogens often infect the female genital tract causing disease in most women, sometimes with severe complications.A number of vaginal infections present with few or no symptoms and yet could still be transmissible to sexual partners of infected persons.Poor socio-economic status, lack of diagnostic facilities and shortage of effective treatment all contribute to the high incidence of sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections.In this study we investigated mixed bacterial and Candida albicans infections in antenatal and gynecology attendees in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.Seventy-five high vaginal swab specimens were collected from female patients (18-49 years) attending ante-natal and gynecology clinics of the hospital.Specimens were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and were analyzed using standard microbiological methods.Wet preparations were examined microscopically for presence of white blood cells (WBC) which suggested an infection, and yeast cells.The swabs were inoculated on MacConkey, Blood, and Chocolate agars, incubated at 37°C for 24 h, as well as Sabouraud Dextrose agar, incubated at room temperature for a few days.Of the seventy-five specimens analyzed, 56 (74.7%) isolates were from symptomatic patients while 25 (44.6%) were from asymptomatic patients.C. albicans was the most isolated pathogen with 35 (47.7%) isolates, followed by Staphylococcus aureus with 25 (29.8%),E. coli, 11 (13.1%),Klebsiella spp, 5 (6.0%)Enterococcus faecalis, 4(4.8%),Proteus spp 3 (3.6%)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1(1.2%).This analysis revealed that candidiasis caused by C. albicans and infection with S. aureus is still the major health problems among females in this locality.The need for regular check-up at the clinics as well as personal hygiene is highly recommended in order to forestall avoidable infections.
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An Overview of Protestant Education in Africa - Jeynes, William H. (2011)
This chapter gives an overview of Protestant educational practices and challenges in a variety of nations in the African continent. The author notes that Protestant education is on the rise in Africa, particularly because Christianity generally and Protestantism specifically are on the rise in Africa. The chapter considers both the history of Protestant education and the contemporary situations in a various African countries. In 1900 only about 3–4% of Africans were Christians, but today that percentage is nearly 50%. The chapter highlights the fact that more than any other inhabited continent in the world, Africa often falls victim to vast generalizations and attempts to dispel those generalizations. The author notes that while there are commonalities among these nations, considerable differences exist between the various African nations generally and this truism holds to the more specific expressions of Protestant education. The author notes that one of the reasons why Africans have become open to Christianity is because they believe that following Christian edicts brought prosperity to Europe and eventually to North America. The author addresses a wide range of issues faced by Protestant education in Africa, which will provide an excellent resource for many readers.
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Teaching Medical Translation at Algerian University - Kissi, Khalida (AL-MUTARĞIM المترجم, 2011)
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Teacher-status and commitment to duty: leadership implication for Nigerian education - Njoku, Anselm Chidi (International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 2011)
Over the years, the status ascribed to the teacher is tenaciously associated with the nature of the teaching profession which can be said to have been warbling when compared with the earlier and more settled professions such as medicine, law and engineering. The picture of the status of the teacher can be figured out from the following questions:  How do people feel generally when the term teaching is mentioned and how do they feel when the three other professions namely medicine, law and engineering are mentioned? To what extent would parents wish their children become teachers and to what extent would they wish them study other professions? To what extent are teachers accorded recognition in the midst of member s of the other professions. However, prospects of the teaching profession lie ahead with the graduation of the profession from a voluntary work to that of a pensionable one. The Nigerian Teachers Registration Council (NTRC) is on the match towards professionalization and the Teachers’ Salary Structure (TSS) has been proposed and is receiving government attention.  It is recommended that teachers should be more involved in curriculum programmes, and entry into the profession should be controlled. Key words: Teacher, status, curriculum, education.
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Protestant Missionary Education in Nigeria - Nwosu, Constance C.; Adesegun, Abiodun A. (2011)
This chapter gives a balanced appraisal of Protestant Education in Nigeria. It addresses the challenges faced by Nigerian educators in general and how Protestant churches are seeking to go about addressing these issues. This chapter focuses on the successes, including growth, of Protestant education. Nevertheless, the challenges that Protestant educators face are addressed as well, including the corruption in Nigeria, the limited financial resources, and the fact that Nigeria is a religiously divided land.
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Information and communication technology awareness among technical college teachers in Benue State, Nigeria - Robert, Okwori O. (Vocational and Technical Education, 2011)
The study focused on information and communication technology awareness among technical college teachers in Benue State, Nigeria. Four research questions were asked to guide the study. A sample survey research design was adopted for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from the population of 106 respondents in the eight technical colleges in Benue State, that is, all the technical colleges in the state were used for the study. Frequency count and percentage were used to analyze the data. The major findings of the study include personal collection as their source of information for teaching technical trades/subjects and most of the technical colleges were not connected to the internet. Four recommendations were made based on the findings of the study. Key words: Communication, computer, information, technical, technology.
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Global ‘Toolboxes’, Local ‘Toolmaking’: The Contradictions of External Evaluation in South African Higher Education Reform - Singh, Mala (2011)
12 Global ‘toolboxes’,1 local ‘toolmaking’: the contradictions of external evaluation in South African higher education reform Mala Singh INTRODUCTION In considering the implications and effects of globalization on education policy in the developi...
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Task analysis: An evidence-based methodology for strengthening education and training of nurses and midwives in Liberia - Udaya, Annamma; Subah, Marion; Drake, Mary Ann; Ng, Crystal; Johnson, Peter (International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 2011)
Liberia suffers from high maternal, infant and child mortality.In response, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare prioritized a basic package of health services in 2007.Ensuring health workers are competent to deliver these services is crucial for safe and effective health care.A task analysis survey of health workers was conducted to determine how often recently graduated health workers perform tasks from the basic package of health services, and whether training was received for these tasks either in school or on the job.The findings informed updates to the curricula, core competencies and job descriptions of these cadres to help ensure a competency-based education linked to readiness for an entry-level position.Sample findings in key tasks, such as antenatal care and integrated management of childhood illnesses, highlight the need for examining where these competencies are included in the educational preparation of nurses and midwives.This paper will focus on nurse and midwife cadres and describe the: 1) Implementation of the study in Liberia, 2) Key findings and analysis of select clinical tasks, and 3) Recommendations for improving and integrating educational programs.
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Globalization and Discipline in Kenyan Secondary Schools: Issues and Challenges for School Management in Butere/Mumias District - Waweru, Samuel N.; Kisiang'Ani, Electine Ayiela (2011)
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Malocclusion and its Impact on Quality of Life of School Children in Nigeria - Anosike, Adaeze N.; Sanu, O O; Costa, Oluranti Olatokunbo da (West African journal of medicine, 2011)
Malocclusion, though not life-threatening, is an important public health issue, which has a large impact on the individual, causing discomfort, social and functional limitations.To evaluate objectively orthodontic treatment needs in Nigerian schoolchildren and the impact of malocclusion on their quality of life.This cross-sectional study involved schoolchildren aged 12 to 16 years from four randomly selected secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. A prestructured questionnaire was administered and a clinical examination was conducted. Occlusal status was assessed for each subject using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP- 14) was also evaluated.There were 410 (50.9%) females and 395 (49.1%) males aged 12 to 16 years. Mean age was 14.5±1.3 years. Irregularity of teeth was the most prevalent malocclusion. Generalised spacing and midline diastema were seen in 59% and 31% respectively; crowding in 43% of the schoolchildren. Other occlusal anomalies were recorded. There was no statistically significant difference between the sexes. Over one third of the study population did not need treatment, treatment was mandatory in 24.3%, elective in 21% and highly desirable in 17%. More females than males did not need orthodontic treatment. Oral conditions had no effect on the quality of life of 85.3% of the study sample.Most Nigerian schoolchildren were found to have a dental appearance that needed orthodontic treatment. However, components of the oral conditions impacted on the quality of life of a few subjects. Psycho-social need is very important in orthodontic diagnosis.
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Paleoenvironmental context of archaeological sites, implications for subsistence strategies under Holocene climate change, northern Kenya - Ashley, Gail M.; Ndiema, Emmanuel; Spencer, Joel Q.G.; Harris, J. W.; Kiura, Purity (Geoarchaeology-An International Journal, 2011)
Abstract The Holocene was time of dramatic climate change in East Africa, shifting from wetter climate in the Early–Mid Holocene (∼10–5ka) to drier climates in the Late Holocene, followed by a slight reversal at <1ka. The Holocene was a time of cultural change from hunter‐gatherer and fishing to pastoralism. Recent excavations along the eastern shores of Lake Turkana, Kenya (4°N) provide new archaeological materials, a high‐resolution stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental data set, OSL dates, and cultural records in the context of documented environmental change (falling lake levels). Archaeological site FwJj25 (4.20 ± 0.28ka), on the northeastern margin of Lake Turkana, provides one of the earliest records of pastoralism in the region. The palimpsest record of FwJj5 (0.90 ± 0.06ka) was in a small valley containing a groundwater seep located 5km from the lake. FwJj5 reflects occupation by people who may have covered great distances in accessing resources, but were likely drawn to an environmental refugia of freshwater springs during times of regional aridity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Teachers’ Use of EGRA for Continuous Assessment: The Case of EGRA Plus: Liberia - Davidson, Marcia; Korda, Medina; Collins, Ollie White (2011)
Learning for AllAfter 14 years of conflict, Liberia's children now fill our schools.Seeing them on their way to class each morning is one of my greatest pleasures, and a reassuring sign that Liberia has regained stability.But we need more than schools filled with children and teachers; our country's hopes for sustained peace and economic development depend, instead, on learning and on an educated citizenry.When I became President in 2006, one of my biggest challenges was to respond to the expectations of a people long denied the opportunity to learn.During the years of our civil conflict, schools were destroyed, and teachers either fled or were killed.Our Administration responded by building schools, recruiting certificated teachers, and making public primary education free and compulsory.Students responded in the hundreds of thousands, filling our classrooms.The recent signing into law of the Education Reform Act of 2011 extends free education through grade 9, and is aimed at keeping more children in school, especially girls.Despite our efforts, a recent assessment of early reading shows that many teachers are ill-equipped to teach reading-the foundation of learning.Sobering statistics from 2008 reveal that 34 percent of Liberian students who were tested at the end of grade 2 could not read a single word.As shocking as these data are, they are not unique to Liberia.Similar assessments of early reading throughout sub-Saharan Africa have shown that many children spend two, four, and even six years in school without learning to read.A promise of "Education for All, " proclaimed in Dakar, to ensure that by 2015 all children "have access to a complete free and compulsory primary education, " is an empty pledge if learning is absent.Leaders throughout the region have made great strides in ensuring that children have access to school, and enrolment in some countries has increased by hundreds of percent.But access is not enough.Learning has long been a neglected promise of "Education for All." What we need is a renewed commitment to "Learning for All." vi This book highlights the experience of Liberia in both assessing and improving reading in primary schools.As a result of an Early Grade Reading Assessment, the Ministry of Education and partners, including the United States Agency for International Development, came together to identify and develop strategies for improving reading in our schools.Over the course of a year, the partnership provided support and training to teachers, reading books for students, and collaborated with parents to instill a culture of reading in the community.These efforts paid off; the share of students in program-supported schools that are reading with understanding more than tripled, while the results in a comparison group remained nearly flat.Critical to this process was the use of data to inform decision making.Without information about which areas need improvement, we cannot decide which course of action to take.Assessments such as those described in this book are especially important as they identify which skills need reinforcement-information that can directly inform teaching and learning.With training and support, teachers can then use this information to improve their practice in schools and monitor student progress toward achieving goals and standards.Information can also help parents and communities to pressure for and support improvement in schools.Teachers and communities cannot fight these battles alone.Nationallevel leadership and support are needed if countries are to ensure learning for all.As a demonstration of my commitment to education, in addition to the Education Reform Act, our investment in education now accounts for nearly 12 percent, the second largest item of our national budget.Resources alone will not guarantee that all children will learn.However, continuous assessment of progress helps to adjust the course we take on the path to "Learning for All."The future of Liberia, and of our continent, depends on ensuring that all children learn.If we are to thrive as a nation, we cannot ignore this challenge.
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Isotope Hydrology Projects in Ethiopia Provide Valuable Information and Training - Kassa, Tesfaye (2011)
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Outcome of Hospital Admissions in HIV-infected Children at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana - Kwara, Awewura; Shah, Dhara; Renner, LA (West African journal of medicine, 2011)
BACKGROUND: The burden of paediatric HIV infection remains high in resource-poor settings.Information on morbidity leading to hospitalisation as well as outcome is limited.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the reasons for hospital admissions of HIV-infected paediatric patients to a tertiary teaching hospital and the outcome of these admissions.METHODS: Retrospective chart review of inpatient records of all HIV-infected children aged 0 to 13 years admitted to the paediatric unit at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital from 30 June 2007 to 30 June 2008 was performed.Abstracted data included age, gender, weight, presenting conditions, diagnosis, duration of hospitalisation, antiretroviral treatment, and outcome.RESULTS: A total of 102 admissions occurred among 76 children.The mean age of the children was 4.5 ± 3.79 years and 42 (55%) were males.HIV diagnosis was made during hospitalisation in 23 (30%) of the 76 patients.Overall, 55 (64%) of the 76 patients had a weight for age of < 2 nd percentile and 67% were not on antiretroviral therapy at time of admission.Of the 102 admissions, the predominant diagnosis included pneumonia (40%), gastroenteritis (24%), pulmonary tuberculosis (22%), and/or malaria (19%).Death occurred in 12 of the 102 admissions.Age, gender, and admitting diagnosis were not associated with death.CONCLUSIONS: Failure to thrive and common prevalent infections were the predominant reasons for hospitalisation for paediatric HIV/AIDS patients in Accra.Hospitalisations with these conditions should prompt early HIV testing.Efforts should be intensified to prevent maternal to child transmission of HIV infection.
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Neither private, nor public. Resilient school in DRC : from primary education to University - Poncelet, Marc; M'Piana, Jean-Pierre (2011)
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Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (Appraisal Stage) - SOMALIA: Drought Management and Livelihood Protection - P128143 - Abudagga, Husam (2011)
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Impact of Climate Change on Water Supply and Food Security in Seraro District, Southern Ethiopia - Alemayehu, Fikadu Reta (2011)
While the issue of climate change and its potentially devastating impact is generally agreed among researchers and policy-makers worldwide, the level of exposure to the problem varies regionally. Sub-Saharan Africa is considered one region likely to be most affected by the impacts of climate change. However, there is limited evidence indicating the specific magnitude of the impact within and between countries in the region. This study used a quantitative and qualitative research design to collect data on agricultural production, food security, child nutrition and water supply in Seraro district of Oromia region, southern Ethiopia. A total of 418 households participated in the study and detailed discussions were done with the farmers. The result of the study showed that nutritional status of the children is far from the WHO standard and that shortage of drinking water both for household and livestock is one of the most important constraints in the study area.
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Socio-Environmental Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System Implementation as a Climate Change Adaptation Measure Within the N’hambita Community Carbon Project Area, Mozambique - Barbir, Jelena; Leal, Walter (2011)
According to a recent document produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Le Treut et al., Climate change 2007: the physical science basis, contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007), climate change is expected to increase the impact of droughts and water shortages in sub-Saharan Africa, which is already significant, intensifying the need to acquaint local people with adaptation measures in the near future. One of the tools that can be used to help rural areas adapt to climate change can be Drip Irrigation Systems (DIS). The research described on this paper was undertaken in rural Mozambique, as part of the N’hambita Community Carbon Project (NCCP), in order to evaluate the efficiency of DIS and the success of its implementation in the area. The methodology of the research consisted of on interviews, questionnaires, GPS mapping of water sources and observation of the water use within agricultural activities. The efficiency of DIS irrigation, investigated among the local farmers, is estimated as higher than manual irrigation, but less efficient than its presumed theoretical potential. In addition, the results also showed that the investigated approach to DIS implementation in the NCCP area did not appear as successful as expected and has yet to be improved by increasingly involving social aspects in the process. Nevertheless, it was concluded that DIS have a high potential for improving water management, productivity of farms and households’ food security within the NCCP area.
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Education in focus: impacts of school feeding program on school participation : a case study in Dara Woreda of Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia - Dheressa, Desalegn Keba (2011)
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Climate Change and Rural Water Supply Planning in Nigeria - Halliru, Salisu Lawal; Umar, Da’u Abba (2011)
This paper is aimed at providing a synthesis of what we currently know about climate change, especially its potential impacts on rural water availability in Nigeria. This is because climate change is known to have impacts on the quantity of water available as well as the geographical and seasonal distribution of this water through its significant impact on precipitation amount, its distribution and duration, as well as the rates of water loss by evaporation. This paper also joins others before it to call for more research on climate change and water resource availability for the sake of our rural population, who are the most vulnerable to climate change phenomena when it comes to water shortages. Finally, this paper gives recommendations on how this trend should be averted locally through educating the rural people that they are partly the construct of their misfortunes, mainly through bush burning and deforestation.
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Spelling mistakes in written productions of Tunisian students : the origin of misinterpretation and the contribution in the mastery of spelling skill - Lassaad, Kalai (2011)
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Adaptations to Climate Change and Variability Among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania - Nindi, Stephen Justice; Mhando, David Gongwe (2011)
Tanzania is not an exception to the situation where climate change and variability (CC&V) are emerging threats to development, with adverse impacts on environment, human health, natural resources and physical infrastructure. CC&V has been one of the major limiting factors in agriculture production, resulting in food insecurity and low household incomes possibly due to over-dependence on rain-fed agriculture by the majority of people living in rural areas of Tanzania. Thus, understanding adaptation to CC&V impacts among rural communities is of paramount importance for effective interventions on adaptation strategies. Checklist questions were used to collect information on various adaptation strategies to CC&V impacts carried out by farmer groups in two villages of the Matengo. Spectacular adaptation strategies found in both villages were working in farmer groups for activities such as agroforestry, dairy cattle keeping, running of hydro-mills, beekeeping, and fish farming. Most of these activities ensured both livelihood diversification and landscape conservation under a changing environment. Unique to these farmer groups were their spontaneous expansions, largely owing to farmers’ own inventiveness. This study, however, was only preliminary, hence calls for in-depth and longitudinal studies that could allow panel data collection and enable strategic intervention to the problems of CC&V.
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Renal disease in HIV infected patients at University of Benin Teaching Hospital in Nigeria - Okafor, Umezurike Hughes; Unuigbe, EI; Li, Ojogwu; Oviasu, Efosa; Wokoma, FS (African Health Sciences, 2011)
Background: HIV related renal disease is a common occurrence in patients with HIV infection.It is the third leading cause of end stage renal disease among African-American males between the ages of 20 and 64 years in USA.Renal function impairment has been reported at all stages of HIV infection.The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between severity of renal function impairment and CD4 cell count in HIV infected patients.Method: HIV patients presenting at University of Benin Teaching Hospital Benin, City Nigeria from 1 st January to 30 th June 2007 were randomly selected and screened for renal functional impairment (RFI).Those with RFI detected by glomerular filtration rate < 60ml/min/1.73m 2 or urine protein creatinine ratio ³ 200 were stratified into mild, moderate and severe RFI.Forty patients from each stratum and forty HIV infected patients with normal renal functions were recruited as subjects and control respectively.Their clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated.The data obtained were analysed using SPSS vs 15.0. Results:Of the HIV patients screened, 53.3% had renal functional impairment. of these, 40.2% had mild, 37.7% had moderate and 22.2% had severe impairment in their renal functions respectively Their mean age was 36.0±8.8 years.The CD4 cell count was found to be 309.75 ± 268.71/ul, 188.45 ± 173.12/ul, and 141.10±126.01/ulamong subjects with mild, moderate and severe RFI respectively.The CD4 cell count in control group was 319.05 ± 248.41/ul.The difference was statistically significant.(p = <0.001).CD4 cell count had a significant positive correlation with GFR (r = 0.32, p = 0.042).However, there was a negative correlation between CD4 cell count and proteinuria but this was not statistically significant (r = 0.09, p = 0.173). Conclusion:Severity of RFI has a positive correlation with degree of immunosuppression in HIV infected patients.
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Water Management Issues in Southern Tunisia Under a Climate Change Context - Omrani, Nizar; Burger, Dieter (2011)
In the southern part of Tunisia, oases sustain an extreme arid climate. Their tributary to the underground water resources definitely weakens their viability. The continuous decrease in the aquifer level, coupled with the salt contamination risks coming from drainage water, make water management more complex in this particular water shortage context. The recurrent creation of newer private parcels has required more water allocation and the irrigation system capacity became unable to satisfy the water demand. This situation is exacerbated by the climate change impacts that are becoming increasingly evident. These regions experience more consecutive droughts while they have less access to reliable water resources. In order to face these challenges, water resources management should be improved; more efficient water management is required. Moreover, the farmers’ current practices have to include more water saving to meet the full capacity of the irrigation systems. This paper focuses on the preparedness of the irrigated sector within southern Tunisia to cope with the impacts of climate change. Our approach emphasizes the technical constraints to the feasibility of such new practices, as well as the socio-economic conditions prevailing within the southern Tunisia oases.
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Overweight and Obesity and Associated Factors among School-Aged Adolescents in Ghana and Uganda - Peltzer, Karl; Pengpid, Supa (International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011)
The aim of this study was to assess overweight and obesity and associated factors in school-going adolescents in low income African countries (Ghana, Uganda). The total sample included 5,613 school children aged 13 to 15 years from nationally representative samples from two African countries. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between dietary behavior, substance use, physical activity, psychosocial factors and overweight or obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined based on self-reported height and weight and the international child body mass index standards. Results indicate a prevalence of overweight or obesity of 10.4% among girls and 3.2% among boys, and 0.9% and 0.5% obesity only among girls and boys, respectively. Among girls smoking cigarettes and loneliness and among boys smoking cigarettes were found to be associated with overweight or obesity in multivariable analysis. Overweight status was not associated with the intake of fruits, vegetables, and sedentary behavior. Low prevalence rates of overweight or obesity were found in Ghana and Uganda. Smoking cessation and social programs could be integrated into strategies to prevent and treat overweight and obesity in youth.
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Spatio-Temporal Variation of Drought Severity in the Sudano-Sahelian Region of Nigeria: Implications for Policies on Water Management - Sanni, Maruf; Odekunle, Theophilus O.; Adesina, F. A. (2011)
The African Ministerial Council on Science and Technology agreed that drought is one of the major environmental problems that is afflicting the African continent, with its consequent negative impacts on the socioeconomic development of the affected areas. It is within this context that this study assessed the spatio-temporal variation of drought severity in the Sudano-Sahelian region (SSR) of Nigeria, which is highly vulnerable to drought. The study analysed spatio-temporal variation of drought severity in the region between 1961 and 2006 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It was established that most of the extreme droughts of the highest magnitude were recorded around the 1970s and 1990s and that there were indications that this would continue in the future. Results also identified sub-regions characterized by a different level of drought risks in the region. The study concluded by making appropriate policy recommendations for effective water management for the region.
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The influence of knowledge and sociodemographics on AIDS perception and sexual practices among secondary school students in Nigeria - Ya, Oyeyemi; Abdulkarim, Ahmed; Bo, Oyeyemi (African health sciences (Print), 2011)
Recent trends show a disproportionate increase in new incidences of HIV infection among teenagers compared to other population segments.This study assessed secondary school students' perception of AIDS epidemic, and the influence of sociodemographic variables and AIDS knowledge on their perception and sexual practices.Nigerian teenagers (N=1143) were surveyed using a questionnaire that elicited information on their demographics, AIDS knowledge, perceptions and previous encounter with survivors, and sexual practices.Although AIDS epidemic was not a serious issue of concern to a substantial number of the students, they were knowledgeable on AIDS, and their perceptions on AIDS epidemics influenced their sexual practices. Female teenagers were more knowledgeable and concerned, and more frequently reported inexperience with sexual intercourse compared to their male counterparts.AIDS education and campaigns that foster the internalization of the seriousness of AIDS epidemics and arouse concern about them could enhance safe sexual practices among the youths.
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E‐learning as an alternative strategy for tourism higher education in Egypt - Afifi, Galal M. H. (Quality Assurance in Education, 2011)
Purpose This research aims to be one of the earliest studies to investigate tourism e‐learning in Egypt, thus, it will initially shed light on the current standing of e‐learning in Egypt before proceeding to: identify the present status of e‐learning in Egyptian tourism higher education; explore the potential advantages and drawbacks of using e‐learning in tourism higher education; and explore the suitability of e‐learning for tourism higher education. Design/methodology/approach Data for this research have been collected by adopting a combination of “content analysis” and “semi‐structured interviews”. However, a pilot study was initially conducted before applying the main methods of research. Findings Despite the relative newness of the Egyptian e‐learning experiment, the Egyptian government has succeeded in establishing the required infrastructure for e‐leaning. However, deficiencies still exist especially regarding qualifying the Egyptian academics to participate efficiently in the e‐learning process. Regarding application, tourism e‐learning is applied to a limited extent in Egypt at the present time, as only seven public colleges are currently providing some e‐learning services, which are mostly of a simple nature. Tourism private colleges are currently languid concerning the application of e‐learning despite the potentiality of success especially with regard to serving international students. Originality/value Despite the importance of both tourism and tourism education for a country such as Egypt. this research is the first to investigate the applicability of tourism e‐learning in Egypt.
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Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates for serious injury among adolescents participating in the Djibouti 2007 Global School-based Health Survey - Muula, Adamson S; Siziya, Seter; Rudatsikira, Emmanuel (BMC Research Notes, 2011)
Mental health and injury are neglected public health issues especially in low-income nations. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates for serious injury in the last 12 months.The study used data of the 2007 Djibouti Global School-based Health Survey. Logistic regression analysis was used to establish associations. Of the 1, 777 respondents, 61.1% (63.2% males and 57.8% females) reported having sustained serious injury (SSI). Compared to participants who were not bullied, those who reported being bullied 3-9 days per month were more likely to have sustained serious injury in the last 12 months (AOR = 1.27; 95% CI [1.06, 1.52] for 3-5 days of bullying victimization per month, and AOR = 3.19; 95% CI [2.28, 4.47] for 6-9 days per month. Adolescents who were engaged in physical fighting were 47% (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI [1.40, 1.55] more likely to have sustained serious injury compared to those who were not engaged in the fighting. Meanwhile, adolescents who used substances (cigarettes, other forms of tobacco or drugs) were 30% (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.19, 1.42]) more likely to have sustained serious injury compared to those who did not use substances.Serious injury is common among adolescents in Djibouti, and we suggest that health workers attending to injured adolescents explore the patients' psycho-social environment. Further, we suggest longitudinal studies where reduction of substance use and bullying may be assessed if they have an impact in reducing serious injury among adolescents.
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Air Pollution in the Niger Delta Area: Scope, Challenges and Remedies - Ana, Godson (2011)
Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems confronting the Niger Delta Area (NDA) yet information regarding this is very scanty. Aside from data collected by a few individuals and corporate organizations at scattered locations, there is no comprehensive and empirical database on the magnitude of the hazard and its deleterious effects on the ecosystems and people in the region. Also the existing network of meteorological stations is too coarse to provide data covering the whole of the region. The NDA is Nigeria’s most endowed region in terms of oil mineral reserves and one of the most industrialized after Lagos, Nigeria’s former administrative capital. The operations of these industries especially the upstream and downstream petroleum sectors as well as a variety of other anthropogenically related activities including biomass combustion, refuse burning and traffic emissions releases a barrage of substances like volatile organics, oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, particulate matter, heavy metals and other toxics at levels that most times exceed both the national and international guidelines. Apart from compromising the quality of the atmosphere most of the air pollution in the region is observed to have local and regional effects such as the formation of acid rain, water pollution, soil pollution, impacts on plants and wild life, effects on materials and artifacts and recently contributing to the global warming effects. While most of these claims may be true a great majority has not been substantiated scientifically and is rather based on assumptions or being speculative. There are numerous challenges facing air quality studies in NDA. Like in most developing nations the issues are multifaceted and the most acute have been lack of equipment, inadequate expertise, lack of infrastructure and weak policy frame work. This and many other factors has been the bane to achieving the much desired goals towards preserving the quality of the ecosystems and safeguarding the health of the public in the region. In this chapter a conscious effort has been made to give a brief description of the Niger delta area, the possible sources of air pollution in the region with highlights of a few case scenarios of air pollution from community automobile traffic and industries as well as common related health problems. Again as a way forward to most of the problems and drawbacks hitherto mentioned several models and schemes have been advocated.
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Teacher’s Practical Epistemology : effects of Experience and Expertise in the Teaching of Gymnastic Handstand in Coeducational Classes : a Comparative Analysis of Three Physical Education Teachers in Tunisia - Elandoulsi, Souha (2011)
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The effects of performance appraisal on teacher development : a case of Secondary School teachers of Laikipia West District, Kenya - Gichuhi, David (2011)
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Provision of essential newborn care training to midwives in Zambia is a low-cost intervention that reduces neonatal mortality - Samson, Linda F. (Evidence-Based Nursing, 2011)
Abstract Commentary on: AManasyanEChombaEMMcClure. Cost-effectiveness of essential newborn care training in urban first-level facilities. Pediatrics2011;127:e1176–81.
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Cognitive, Language, and Literacy Development in Socio-culturally Vulnerable School Children – The Case of Ethiopian Israeli Children - Shany, Michal; Geva, Esther (2011)
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Farmers perception and adaptation to climate change in Osun State, Nigeria - Sofoluwe, Nurudeen Afolabi; Tijani, Abiade Akeem; Baruwa, O. I. (African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011)
African agriculture is negatively affected by climate change. Adaptation is identified as one of the options to reduce the negative impact of the change. This study identified the adaptation techniques employed by farmers and analyze factors that determine the adaptation techniques among farmers in the study area. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit were used to analyze data obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 10 villages in two local government areas of Osun State. The analysis of perception of farmers to climate change revealed a high increase in temperature, and decrease in rainfall. The result showed that six adaptation methods were employed by the farmers. The result also showed that explanatory variables compared to the null model give better accuracy for no adaptation, early and late planting, and tree planting. Moreover, the analysis of factors affecting adaptation to climate change indicates that, access to loan and livestock ownership compared to the rest of explanatory variables has more significant impact on adaptation. It is recommended that policy makers should enlighten the farmers more on the danger of climate change to productivity of crops and livestock and provide necessary logistics to support various alternative course of action. Key words: Climate change, adaptation methods, perception, multinomial logit.
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TaiwanICDF, Mercy Corps to Implement Drought-Relief Program in Kenya, Horn of Africa - 吳靜怡 (2011)
In the Horn of Africa, a number of countries including Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Djibouti are facing their worst droughts in 60 years. At a time when many refugees are moving into eastern Kenya, the International Cooperation and Development Fund (Taiwan
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Liberia - Fast Track Initiative Grant for Basic Education : P117662 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 02 - Inoue, Keiko (2011)
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Coping with quality assurance challenges faced by secondary schools' headteachers in Gucha district, Kenya - Mobegi, Florence Osiri; Ondigi, Benjamin A. (Educational Research Review, 2011)
Since independence, the Kenyan government has demonstrated its commitment to the provision of quality secondary school education through allocation of financial resources, provision of trained teachers and establishment of quality assurance department. However, despite the substantial allocation of resources, secondary schools still face major challenges. Some of these challenges are: financial constraints, shortage of teachers, lack of basic facilities, community interferences and irregular visits by quality assurance officers. The purpose of the current study was to examine ways on how head teachers can cope with these challenges in order to provide quality education. The study also investigated possible opportunities at the disposal of head-teachers which could be utilized for the improvement of quality education. The research design used was descriptive survey. The study population consisted of 120 public secondary schools with a total of 120 head-teachers and 120 curriculum masters. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of the study, whereby five girls’ and four boys’ schools were selected through saturated sampling technique and 37 co-educational schools were selected by using simple random sampling. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observations were used to obtain data. The findings of the study showed that head teachers employed untrained teachers to cover up for teachers’ shortages, devised school income generating projects to improve on financial problems and improvised science facilities. The researchers concluded that ways of coping with the challenges faced by head-teachers were inadequate and insufficient for provision of quality education. The researchers recommended that school head-teachers should step-up/ improve fee collection so that they do not involve themselves in borrowing of finance and purchasing items on credit. They should also provide adequate and comprehensive information to financial sources, for example constituency development fund (CDF) and government bursaries so that the needy cases are adequately covered. Given the expansive and productive land in most schools, the study recommends that head-teachers should embark on horticultural farming where fast maturing farm products are produced to generate cumulatively more money and ensure self-sustenance of the schools in farm produce needs. Head-teachers needed support in form of finance, equipment, and facilities from the government and other stakeholders in order to improve the quality of education in their schools. Key words: Quality education, challenges, opportunities, head-teachers, coping with, remedial teaching.
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Effects of cooperative learning approach on biology mean achievement scores of secondary school students in Machakos District, Kenya - Muraya, Daniel Ngaru; Kimamo, Githui (Educational Research Review, 2011)
Performance in Biology at secondary school level in Kenya remains poor and one reason is the teaching approach adopted by teachers with teacher-centered approaches being pre-dominant. This study sought to determine the effect of cooperative learning approach on mean achievement scores in Biology of secondary school students. Solomon-four-non-equivalent-control-group design was used and the target population comprised 183 form two students in four secondary schools. Students were taught one Biology topic for five weeks and cooperative learning approach was used in experimental groups while the regular teaching method was used in control groups.  Pre-test was administered before treatment and a post-test after treatment. A Biology Achievement Test was used to measure students’ achievement and it attained a reliability coefficient of 0.84 (N=59) at pilot testing.  Data was analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA and ANCOVA and hypotheses were accepted or rejected at significant level of P≤0.05. Cooperative learning approach resulted in significantly higher mean achievement scores compared to regular teaching method and gender had no significant influence on achievement. It was concluded that cooperative learning approach is an effective teaching approach which Biology teachers should be encouraged to use. Key words: Cooperative learning approach, student achievement, Biology, effects.
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Effect of Cement-kiln Dust Pollution on The Vegetation in The Western Mediterranean Desert of Egypt - Amal; Fakhry, M.; Migahid, Masarrat M. (World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 2011)
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Effect of Cement-kiln Dust Pollution on The Vegetation in The Western Mediterranean Desert of Egypt - Amal; Fakhry, M.; Migahid, Masarrat M. (World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 2011)
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Surgical management of Diabetic foot ulcers: A Tanzanian university teaching hospital experience - Chalya, Phillipo L; Mabula, Joseph B; Dass, Ramesh M; Kabangila, Rodrick; Jaka, Hyasinta; Mchembe, Mabula D; Kataraihya, Johannes B.; Mbelenge, Nkinda; Gilyoma, Japhet M (BMC Research Notes, 2011)
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) pose a therapeutic challenge to surgeons, especially in developing countries where health care resources are limited and the vast majority of patients present to health facilities late with advanced foot ulcers. A prospective descriptive study was done at Bugando Medical Centre from February 2008 to January 2010 to describe our experience in the surgical management of DFUs in our local environment and compare with what is known in the literature. Of the total 4238 diabetic patients seen at BMC during the period under study, 136 (3.2%) patients had DFUs. Males outnumbered females by the ratio of 1.2:1. Their mean age was 54.32 years (ranged 21-72years). Thirty-eight (27.9%) patients were newly diagnosed diabetic patients. The majority of patients (95.5%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.2 years while the duration of DFUs was 18.34 weeks. Fourteen (10.3%) patients had previous history of foot ulcers and six (4.4%) patients had previous amputations. The forefoot was commonly affected in 60.3% of cases. Neuropathic ulcers were the most common type of DFUs in 57.4% of cases. Wagner's stage 4 and 5 ulcers were the most prevalent at 29.4% and 23.5% respectively. The majority of patients (72.1%) were treated surgically. Lower limb amputation was the most common surgical procedure performed in 56.7% of cases. The complication rate was (33.5%) and surgical site infection was the most common complication (18.8%). Bacterial profile revealed polymicrobial pattern and Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent microorganism isolated. All the microorganisms isolated showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics except for Meropenem and imipenem, which were 100% sensitive each respectively. The mean hospital stay was 36.24 ± 12.62 days (ranged 18-128 days). Mortality rate was 13.2%. Diabetic foot ulceration constitutes a major source of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus at Bugando Medical Centre and is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation. A multidisciplinary team approach targeting at good glycaemic control, education on foot care and appropriate footware, control of infection and early surgical intervention is required in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with DFUs. Due to polymicrobial infection and antibiotic resistance, surgical intervention must be concerned.
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Attitudes of Medical Students to Psychiatry in a Nigerian University - Buhari, O. I. N.; Yussuf, AD; Ajiboye, P. O.; Issa, B. A.; Adegunloye, O. A. (Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry, 2011)
Background:Despite advances made in the understanding of psychiatricillness and its treatment, there is still a wide spread negative attitude topsychiatry. Medical students being part of the public also hold negative attitude to psychiatry. This negative attitude may influence their choice of psychiatry as a future career. The aim of this study was to examine medical students' attitude towards psychiatry at the beginning and end of clinical clerkship posting and to assess whether the clerkship posting influenced the likelihood of taking psychiatry as a future career.Methods: The ATP-30 questionnaire was administered to medical studentsin a University in the North-Central Nigeria at the beginning and end ofclinical clerkship in psychiatry. Results: There was a fairly positive attitude to psychiatry at the beginningand end of the posting (mean ATP scores were 91.8 ± 7.6 and 92.5 ± 8.5respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in ATPscore after the posting. Only about 16% of the students would like tobecome psychiatrists at beginning of posting and this increased to onlyabout 20% after the posting despite having a positive attitude topsychiatrists and psychiatric treatments.Conclusion: Medical schools need to improve the quality of the psychatricposting so as to impact positively on the attitude of students.
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Chapter 2 African-American, Academically Gifted, Millennial Students in STEM Disciplines at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs): Factors that Impact Successful Degree Completion - Lewis, Chance W.; Bonner, Fred A.; Rice, Delores; Cook, Helene E.; Alfred, Mary V.; Nave, Felecia; Frizell, Sherri (2011)
The pipeline to the professoriate in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields for African-Americans has been at best a leaky faucet. It is a common knowledge that if more African-Americans are to enter the professoriate, they must first graduate from four-year institutions in these fields. The literature is clear that historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are uniquely positioned to increase the pipeline to the professoriate for this population even in the midst of questions concerning the viability of these institutions. As a result, this study examines a unique population (i.e., African-American, academically gifted, millennial students) in HBCUs to understand the factors that facilitate successful degree attainment. On the basis of the findings of this study, recommendations will be provided for several constituents to move this population through the pipeline to the professoriate.
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