Assessing Institutional Self-Assessment in Ethiopian Higher Learning Institutions - Tilahun, Dawit (2006)
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Coping with Hurricane Katrina: Exposure and outcomes among African American and European American youth. - Villalta, Ian K.; Ortiz, Claudio D.; Piña, Armando; Barrios, Billy A.; Watts, Sarah; Taylor, Leslie K.; Costa, Natalie M.; Weems, Carl F. (2006)
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Impact of logotherapy on at-risk African American elementary students - Wimberly, Cynthia (2006)
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Enhancement of Quality in Teaching and Learning: Implications to Ethiopian Private Higher Education - Woldetensae, Yohannes (2006)
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Factors affecting recruitment and retention of basic school teachers in the Akatsi district of Ghana - Wonyor, Zepherine Aku (2006)
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Racial socialization, racial identity, and achievement in the context of perceived discrimination: understanding the development of African American middle school youth - Woods, Taniesha A. (2006)
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INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN A DROUGHT-PRONE WATERSHED IN THE ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS - McHugh, Oloro V. (2006)
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Psychosocial problems among students in preparatory school, in Dessie town, north east Ethiopia - Shiferaw, Solomon; Fantahun, Mesganaw; Bekele, Abeba (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2006)
Background: The family environment is critical in supporting a healthy adolescent development.With the establishment of preparatory schools, many students of school age move from rural areas to nearby towns leading to changes in their living arrangement and possibly family connectedness.However, whether this phenomenon predisposes adolescents to greater psychosocial problems is not clear.Objective: This study assesses differential vulnerabilities of preparatory school adolescents to psychosocial problems with reference to their living arrangement and parental attachment.Method: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 667(512 male and 155 female) preparatory school students in Dessie town, north east Ethiopia in 2004 using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire.Qualitative information was also obtained from four focus group discussions.Result: Approximately a quarter of the students included in the study reported feeling of sadness which made them stop performing some regular activities.Six percent of the adolescents also reported having attempted suicide in the 12 months preceding the study.The study revealed that lower family connectedness and having a living arrangement separate from both biological parents (or living with friends, relatives or alone) were associated with increased odds of having a depressive symptom after controlling for observed covariates.Suicide attempts reported in the 12 months preceding the study were linked to having a history of suicide attempt in the family or among friends, female gender and sexual activity but not with family connectedness. Conclusions:The findings indicate that the burden of psychosocial concerns including depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts are high and living with both biological parents and good parent-teen connectedness are related to better psychosocial health.[
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Heavy Metals Pollution of the Atlantic Marine Environment by the Moroccan Phosphate Industry, as Observed through their Bioaccumulation in Ulva Lactuca - Gaudry, A.; Zeroual, Safia; Gaie-Levrel, François; Moskura, Mélanie; Boujrhal, Fatima Zahra; Moursli, R. Cherkaoui El; Guessous, A.; Mouradi, Aziza; Givernaud, Thierry; Delmas, R. (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2006)
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Resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from the upper respiratory tract of persons attending various clinics of a University Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria - a preliminary study - Oduyebo, OO; Nwaka, Davis; Nwaowolo, C.; Ogunsola, F.T. (African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2006)
The upper respiratory carriage rate, serotypes and resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae in persons attending four clinics of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) were determined. Nasal swab specimens were collected from a total of 372 persons, 175 of whom were males and 177 were females. Their ages ranged from 14 weeks to 65 years. The upper respiratory carriage rate found in the total population of both adults and children was 9.9%, but the rate was highest in children less than 5 years (18.6%). Among the 17 isolates that were available for serotyping, there was no significant serotype, though resistant serotypes like 23F. 19F. 6A and I4 were identified. Initial oxacillin screening for penicillin resistance revealed that 12 out of 36 isolates were clearly sensitive, but combined with the result of Etest, penicillin resistance was found to be 6.8%. Susceptibility testing by disc diffusion revealed that 80.5% of isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone and 94.4% to chloramphenicol. Sixty one percent were sensitive to erythromycin while 94.4% were resistant to co-trimoxazole and 80.5% to tetracycline. Except for amoxicillin and cefotaxime which showed high activity, sensitivity pattern by Etest was found to be similar to that of disc diffusion. The result of this study makes it possible to formulate hypothesis for a larger study. In this study. the carriage rate of S. pneumonia probably ranged from 2.6% to over 18.6% depending on the study population. If the limitations of this study are excluded in a larger study, the rate most likely will be higher. Also, penicillin resistance in carriage strains would be up to 6.8%, probably higher, but may be intermediate, so penicillin could still be useful for treatment of pneumonia and probably otitis media, but not meningitis. There is reason to watch out for increased resistance to penicillin, cephaloporin and erythromycin. Most pneumoeoccal isolates would likely be resistant to tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 7(2) 2006: 89-97
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Antiretroviral therapy improves cognitive impairment in HIV+ individuals in sub-Saharan Africa - Sacktor, Ned; Nakasujja, Noeline; Skolasky, Richard L.; Robertson, Kevin; Wong, Matthew; Musisi, Seggane; Ronald, Allan; Katabira, Elly (Neurology, 2006)
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can improve cognitive performance in some patients with HIV-associated cognitive impairment in the United States. The effect of HAART on HIV dementia in sub-Saharan Africa is largely unknown.To evaluate neuropsychological test and functional performance in HIV+ individuals after 3 and 6 months of HAART in Uganda.Twenty-three HIV+ individuals receiving HAART also received a detailed clinical history, neuropsychological testing, and a functional assessment. Follow-up evaluations were performed at 3 and 6 months after baseline. Longitudinal changes in the HIV dementia stage, the mean Z score for each neuropsychological test, and the Karnofsky Functional Performance Scale were evaluated at 3 and 6 months.The mean (SD) CD4 cell count improved from 71 (15) at baseline to 161 (30) at 3 months (p = 0.005) and 222 (46) at 6 months (p < 0.001). Improvements were found in the Memorial Sloan Kettering HIV dementia stage and in tests of verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and executive functioning after 3 and 6 months of HAART (p < 0.001 at 6 months for each neuropsychological test). There was also improvement in the Karnofsky Functional Performance Scale at both 3 and 6 months after the initiation of HAART (p < 0.001).Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can be associated with improvement in neurocognitive and functional performance in HIV+ individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. These results suggest that HAART, if available in areas with limited resources in sub-Saharan Africa, should be provided for patients with HIV-associated cognitive impairment.
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Prenatal diagnosis may represent a point of entry of genetic science in sub‐Saharan Africa: a survey on the attitudes of medical students and physicians from Cameroon - Wonkam, Ambroise; Angwafo, Fru (Prenatal Diagnosis, 2006)
Prenatal DiagnosisVolume 26, Issue 8 p. 760-761 Letter to the Editor Prenatal diagnosis may represent a point of entry of genetic science in sub-Saharan Africa: a survey on the attitudes of medical students and physicians from Cameroon Ambroise Wonkam, Corresponding Author Ambroise Wonkam Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Genetic Medicine and Development, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorFru F Angwafo III, Fru F Angwafo III Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, CameroonSearch for more papers by this author Ambroise Wonkam, Corresponding Author Ambroise Wonkam Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Genetic Medicine and Development, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorFru F Angwafo III, Fru F Angwafo III Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, CameroonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.1502Citations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume26, Issue8August 2006Pages 760-761 RelatedInformation
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Collaborating in education for all? Experiences of government support for non‐state provision of basic education in South Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa - Rose, Pauline (Public Administration and Development, 2006)
Abstract While basic education is commonly seen as primarily a state responsibility, non‐state providers (NSPs) can play an important role in expanding access to children underserved by public provision. Experience from five countries indicates that collaboration between governments and NSPs is closest when different forms of engagement interact (for example, facilitation or contracting of education services necessitating regulation which can lead to greater involvement in policy dialogue). However, more intense forms of engagement can result in tension, mistrust and even antagonism, particularly where dominant but ineffective centralised ministries of education attempt to maintain control over the sector, even where they are unable to support their own provision effectively. In such contexts, collusion between NSPs through umbrella associations is apparent, often with the aim of challenging restrictive government practices. However, evidence suggests that these associations tend to favour more established NSPs serving élite populations. There is a need both to recognise the complexities of collaboration amongst a diverse group of NSPs, as well as between them and governments, to support the achievement of education for all. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Children's Work and School Attendance in Ghana - Blunch, Niels‐Hugo (2006)
Most of the empirical literature on child labor considers work per se, independent of the nature or extent of work. This study fills this void by examining child work that directly conflicts with the schooling of children in Ghana. It finds evidence of a cultural bias in the way questions regarding working status are perceived. Additionally, the study addresses shortcomings of the empirical analyses of previous studies related to collapsibility, spatial heterogeneity and specification testing. While a substantial share of children who work rather than attend school are forced away from schooling by poverty, an alarmingly high share report that school is “useless” or “uninteresting.” This should be of concern to policymakers. Eradicating poverty is not enough to “send children back to school” – norms, traditions, and perceptions must be changed, as well.
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Crustal structure of Tushka Region, Abu-Simbel, Egypt, inferred from spectral ratios of P waves of local earthquakes - Gharib, Ali A. (Acta Geophysica, 2006)
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Pattern of requests for major limb amputations as seen in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital - Musa, A (Nigerian Journal of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2006)
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Treatment of pelvic fractures at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital - Nkwankwo, OE (Nigerian Journal of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2006)
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Alienation from Learning – Poor Ethiopian Children in Israel - Yair, Gad; Gazit, Orit (2006)
Studies of families and inequality in education have focused on the family as a preparatory institution for school. However, researchers have ignored the dynamic process of engaging with academic learning at home on a daily basis and minimized the importance of homework and instruction in this setting. Home observations of Ethiopian families who immigrated to Israel are used here as a case to describe three distracting factors which alienate children from learning at home in lower-class, poor immigrant households: deprived physical settings, sensory bombardment, and emotional stress. By looking at learning at home, this study points at root causes of alienation from learning and thereby adds another perspective on reproduction in education. Our study casts doubt on the ability of home intervention programs to curb social inequalities in education.
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Survey of patient satisfaction with obstetric ultrasound service at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria - Eze, CU; Ao, Okaro (Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2006)
A semi-structured questionnaire study of 326 randomly selected pregnant women referred for ultrasound examination at the ultrasound Laboratory of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu was undertaken. The main objectives of this survey included assessment of women's perception and satisfaction with obstetric ultrasound service at UNTH, Enugu and to reflect on our practice. Questions were asked about gestational age, reasons for the scan, information provided before and during the scan, the women's expectations when attending for the scan, their waiting time, their opinion regarding the scan service and suggestions to improve services. Results showed that majority of the patients (66%, N = 215) were not given adequate in formation required to make a knowledgeable decision about their scan. Large number of the women (67.5%, N = 220) waited for a long time (1-4 hours) before their scan. About half of the respondents (53%, N = 173) were satisfied with the way the result of the scan was communicated to them. Results suggest that full implementation of informed consent, reduced waiting time, better communication, explanation and counseling of scan findings to patients would improve the quality of our obstetric ultrasound service. Keywords: patient satisfaction survey, patient care, obstetric ultrasound service Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences Vol. 5(1) 2006: 93-97
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Imagining selves. School narratives from girls in Eritrea, Denmark and Nepal - Madsen, Ulla Ambrosius (Young, 2006)
The article has a double aim. First, to study the relation between education, schooling and the construction of identity as it is played out in everyday life and school among young girls in secondary schools in Eritrea, Nepal and Denmark; second, to explore challenges and opportunities for an ethnographic comparison of schooling cutting across cultures and contexts. Inspired by contributions on globalization and education the article focuses on the consequence and implications of schooling. With the point of departure in girls’ narratives, individual responses and resistance to national projects on education and the making of future citizens are explored.
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Refractive errors in school children in Onitsha, Nigeria - Nwosu, Snn; Alozie, IU (Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2006)
Objectives: To determine the incidence and pattern of ametropia among school children. Materials and Methods: Consecutive school children presenting at the Guinness Eye Center Onitsha between September 2001 and August 2002 with visual acuity of 6/9 or worse in at least one eye; complaints of visual blurring, eye strain, brow ache and or discomfort while reading were recruited into the study. Cycloplegic refraction on each child was performed using 0.5% tropicamide eye-drops. Post-cycloplegic tests were performed within 72 hours.Results: Of the 306 children (M:F – 1:2) examined, 301 (98.4%) had ametropia. Spherical errors were namely, hyperopia 23 (7.5%); myopia 47 (15.4%). Astigmatism occurred in 231 (75.5%) namely hyperopic astigmatism 72 (31.2%); myopic astigmatism 159 (68.8%). Anisometropia was present in 80 (26.1%) children, 16 of whom did not improve with refraction. Generally older children (12 – 17 years) were more likely to have refractive errors than younger children (95%CI: 0.07, 0.31; p < 0.005). But there was no difference in the incidence of myopia between younger children (aged 6 – 11 years) and older children (95%CI: –0.08, 0.43; p > 0.05). While 41 (13.4%) had visual impairment in the better eye, 8 (2.6%) other children had uniocular blindness at presentation. Conclusions: There is a high incidence of uncorrected refractive errors among school children, although many were of small degrees. The cooperation of parents and teachers is vital in identifying and treating this modifiable cause of poor academic performance and learning difficulties. Keywords: refractive errors, school children, visual impairment, Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences Vol. 5(1) 2006: 114-117
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Coronal tissue loss of endodontically treated permanent teeth of patients seen in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital - Oderinu, OH; Shaba, OP; Adegbulugbe, IC (Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2006)
Objectives: The study was done to determine the extent of coronal tissue loss of endodontically treated teeth. Results: 176 teeth of 168 patients that completed endodontic treatment to obturation stage were evaluated for coronal tissue loss. The teeth included fifty-five anterior teeth (31.3%), seventy-three premolars (41.5%) and forty-eight molars (27.3%). Majority (43.2%) of the root filled teeth evaluated for coronal damage had minimal coronal tissue damage, followed by teeth with significant tissue damage (33.5%), and lastly, teeth with moderate tissue damage (23.3%). Conclusions: The result of this study revealed that most endodontically treated teeth had minimal coronal tissue loss and therefore can be managed with conservative restorative treatment options. Keywords: coronal tissue loss, endodontically treated teeth Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences Vol. 5(1) 2006: 72-75
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Sustainability of University Education in Nigeria: a philosophical discourse on problems and revival strategies - Azenabor, Godwin (African Studies Monographs, 2006)
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The Achievement Gap In Mathematics: A Significant Problem For African American Students. - Johnson, Clarence Sholé; Kritsonis, William Allan (2006)
The most significant problem of African American students in America’s schools is the wide achievement gap in mathematics. Achievement of minority students lags behind that of Whites and non-minority students. This research will show facts as they exist today in America’s schools relating to the achievement gap dilemma. It is well known and documented that children of color are underrepresented in gifted programs. On national assessments in mathematics, Black students’ performance continues to lag behind that of White students, with uneven progress in closing the gap. Data collected on instructional practices indicate differences between how minority and White students are taught. The NAEP data suggest that many minority students are not experiencing instructional practices consistent with the recommendation suggested by the National Council Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). American schools must provide an adequate learning environment. The authors emphasize that we must accept the challenge in finding a solution to the most significant problems in America’s schools in the 21 st century.
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The expansion of University Education in Nigeria and resultant managerial problems - Mgbekem, Sja (Lwati: a journal of contemporary research, 2006)
University education came to Nigeria for the first time when the first university college was established at Ibadan in 1948. Since then there has been rapid growth and expansion of universities across the country. The expansion of universities has created management problems in enrolment, staffing, funding, material/facilities, etc. This study is designed to examine the extent and gravity of these problems. The study emphasizes the need to increase the number of universities to satisfy the desires of Nigerian youths to obtain university degrees. It also stresses the need for adequate funding to eliminate problems of financing in order to enhance the provision of facilities and qualitative staffing for effective teaching to achieve the goals of university education. Lwati: A Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 1 2004: 59-70
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The policy and practice of environmental education in South African schools - Motshegoa, Maropeng Ephraim (2006)
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The positive impact of red palm oil in school meals on vitamin A status: study in Burkina Faso - Zeba, Augustin Nawidimbasba; Prével, Yves Martin; Somé, Issa T.; Delisle, Hélène (Nutrition Journal, 2006)
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and school-age children are a vulnerable group. In Burkina Faso, the production and consumption of red palm oil (RPO) is being promoted as a food supplement for VA. The objective of the study was to assess the impact on serum retinol of adding RPO to school lunch in two test zones of Burkina Faso.Over one school year, 15 ml RPO was added to individual meals 3 times a week in selected primary schools in two sites. Serum retinol was measured with HPLC at baseline and exactly 12 months later to take account of seasonality. A simple pre-post test design was used in the Kaya area (north-central Burkina), where 239 pupils from 15 intervention schools were randomly selected for the evaluation. In Bogandé (eastern Burkina), 24 schools were randomised for the controlled intervention trial: 8 negative controls (G1) with only the regular school lunch; 8 positive controls (G2) where the pupils received a single VA capsule (60 mg) at the end of the school year; and 8 schools with RPO through the school year (G3). A random sample of 128 pupils in each school group took part in the evaluation.In Kaya, serum retinol went from 0.77 +/- 0.37 micromol/L at baseline to 1.07 +/- 0.40 micromol/L one year later (p < 0.001). The rate of low serum retinol (< 0.7 micromol/L) declined from 47.2% to 13.1%. In Bogandé, serum retinol increased significantly (p < 0.001) only in the capsule and RPO groups, going from 0.77 +/- 0.28 to 0.98 +/- 0.33 micromol/L in the former, and from 0.82 +/- 0.3 to 0.98 +/- 0.33 micromol/L in the latter. The rate of low serum retinol went from 46.1 to 17.1% in the VA capsule group and from 40.4% to 14.9% in the RPO group. VA-deficient children benefited the most from the capsule or RPO. Female sex, age and height-for-age were positively associated with the response to VA capsules or RPO.RPO given regularly in small amounts appears highly effective in the reduction of VA deficiency. RPO deserves more attention as a food supplement for VA and as a potential source of rural income in Sahelian countries.
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Determinants of Training Needs of Fadama Farmers in Osun State of Nigerian and Implications for Extension Workers - Adesoji, S. A.; Farinde, A. J.; Ajayi, Anuoluwapo O. (Journal of Applied Sciences, 2006)
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Assessment of the Training Needs of Fadama Farmers for Future Agricultural Extension Work Development in Osun State, Nigeria - Adesoji, S. A.; Farinde, A. J.; Ajayi, O. Adedayo (Journal of applied sciences (Faisalabad. Print), 2006)
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A School History of the Negro Race in America, from 1619 to 1890, With a Short Introduction as to the Origin of the Race; Also a Short Sketch of Liberia - Johnson, Edward (2006)
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Public Health Implication of Bacteriuria and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolates in Schistosoma haematobium-Infected School Pupils in Southeast Nigeria - Uneke, Chigozie Jesse; Ugwuoru, Cdc; Ngwu, B A F; Ogbu, Ogbonnaya; Agala, C.U. (World health and population, 2006)
Best practices, policy and innovations in the administration of healthcare in developing communities and countries. For administrators, academics, researchers and policy leaders. Includes peer reviewed research papers. Edited by Dr. Judith Shamian, President Emeritus, International Council of Nurses, Professor and Co-investigator with the Nursing Health Services Research Unit, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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On the historical evalution of schools in African Philosophy - Ogunmadede, Francis (Journal of Philosophy and Culture, 2006)
Since William E. B. Dubois1 wrote The Negro in 1915, Black Folk: Then and Now in 1939, as well as The World and Africa in 1946, scientific facts of the Leakeys and other2 have demonstrated that African is th actual cradle of Homo sapiens. According to Cheikh Anta Diop, (1923-1986), the foremost Sengalese Africanist, the Nile Valley of Egypt, not Greece, was the cradle of Philosophy, and other human sciences, culture and civilization. His first of ten theses which were postulated in his doctoral work at the University of Paris, Sorbonne, Paris in 1954 went thus: “Our investigations have convinced us that the West has not been calm enough and objective enough to teach us out history correctly, without crude falsification. Today, what interests me most is to see the formation of teams, not passive readers, but of honest bold research workers, allergic to complacency and busy substantiating and exploring our ideas express in our work, such as:
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On the historical evolution of schools in African philosophy - Ogunmodede, Francis (Journal of Philosophy and Culture, 2006)
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Indigenous Language Media: A Veritable Tool for African Language Learning - Salawu, Abiodun (Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 2006)
This paper takes the position that African language pedagogy should go beyond classroom activity and the space should be enlarged to include the media of mass communication. The paper reiterates the fact that communication is a vehicle for education. The mass media, because of their general accessibility, are said to be veritable tools in popularising the use and learning of African languages that are, presently, being threatened out of existence by the European languages foisted on the African peoples through the advent of colonialism. For the mass media to achieve this task, the media using African languages must be encouraged and sustained. The paper raises this point with the observation that most African languages, at present, are not in use, especially in the print media, while the existing (African) indigenous language newspapers are not enjoying favourable disposition from the people. To make the African indigenous language mass media serve as effective tools for teaching and learning African languages, governments in Africa and nongovern-mental organisations must pay adequate attention to these media while also encouraging their acceptance by the public.
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Evaluating the Role of Brown v. Board of Education in School Equalization, Desegregation, and the Income of African Americans - Ashenfelter, Orley; Collins, William J.; Yoon, Albert (American Law and Economics Review, 2006)
The public profile of the Brown v. Board of Education decision tends to overshadow the well-established fact that racial disparities in school resources in the South began narrowing 20 years before the Brown decision and that school desegregation did not begin on a large scale in the Deep South until ten years after the Brown decision. We instead view Brown as a highly visible marker of public policy’s mid-century reversal on matters of race. When we examine the labor market outcomes of male workers in 1990, we find that southern-born blacks who would have finished their schooling just before effective desegregation occurred in the South fared poorly compared to southern-born blacks who followed behind them in school by just a few years, relative to northern-born blacks in same age cohorts.
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Implications of climate change on human comfort in buildings: evidence from Nkontompo community of Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana - Amos-Abanyie, Samuel (Journal of the University of Science and Technology, 2006)
Climate Change has become the most talked about issue in recent times. The impact of climate change is likely to become more evident in the coming decades. Currently, atmospheric conditions, especially in the dry season, are getting hotter and drier with increased heat waves. Increased demand for air conditioning for space cooling as a result of internal discomfort in buildings is already manifesting. This could put an additional stress on the already over-burdened energy capacity of the nation. The study on implications of climate change on human comfort in buildings was conducted in Nkontompo community, a suburb of Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan area of the Shama-Ahanta District of the Western Region of Ghana. The objectives of this study are to assemble and disseminate information about some of the possible impacts of climate change on the built environment. This is to set the platform for building professionals to identify possible adaptive measures to serve as basis for development of standards to maintain and enhance the quality of life in buildings. The results showed that there were significant changes in temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity. A rise in temperature and humidity levels constitutes a potential hazard to health and human comfort and accelerates many degradation processes and material damage. Subsequently, the amount of energy needed to maintain the condition of air in spaces at comfort levels keep increasing. It is therefore imperative that landlords and other property owners should be effectively guided by qualified professionals within the framework of policy guidelines based on sound research. Keywords: climate change, greenhouse-effect, comfort zone Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 26(1) 2006: 102-115
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Aluminous websterite and granulite xenoliths from the Chyulu Hills volcanic field, Kenya: gabbro–troctolitic cumulates subjected to lithospheric foundering - Ulianov, Alexey; Kalt, Angelika; Pettke, Thomas (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006)
Whole rock major and trace element abundances in aluminous garnet–spinel websterite, sapphirine-bearing Mg–Al granulite and hibonite-bearing Ca–Al granulite xenoliths from the Chyulu Hills volcanic field, Kenya, suggest that the samples represent a meta-igneous suite linked by fractionation. The incompatible major element contents increase from the websterites to the Mg–Al granulites and further to the Ca–Al granulites. High bulk rock Mg#s and very low concentrations of most incompatible trace elements indicate that the rocks are cumulates rather than crystallized melts. Elevated Ni abundances, impoverishment in Cr and HFSE and high contents of normative plagioclase and olivine in the granulites indicate that their protoliths were similar to troctolite. The textures and metamorphic reaction paths recorded in the granulites suggest igneous emplacement in the crust and cooling from igneous to ambient crustal temperatures accompanied or followed by compression. For the websterite xenoliths, there is an apparent contradiction between the results of P–T calculations that suggest high P and T of crystallization of early generation pyroxenes and elevated P–T conditions during final equilibration (1.4–2.2 GPa/740–980°C) on the one hand and the positive Eu anomaly that suggests shallow-level plagioclase accumulation on the other hand. This contradiction can be reconciled by a model of compression of a plagioclase-bearing (gabbroic) protolith to mantle depths where it recrystallized to an ultramafic assemblage, which requires foundering of dense lower crustal material into the mantle.
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Birth injuries of the brachial plexus in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano Nigeria - Adeleke, SI; Belonwu, RO (Tropical Journal of Medical Research, 2006)
Objective: To determine the types of brachial plexus palsy and predisposing factors involved. Setting: Hospital based tertiary health center with good facilities for newborns.Materials and Subjects: All newborns with brachial plexus were included in the study between April 2000 and March 2004.Result: There were 32 patients with brachial palsy during a 4 year period of study. Twenty five (78.1%) of the patients had Erb Duchenne palsy while 3(9.4%) had Klumpke's paralysis. Modes of delivery were by vertex 24(85.7%), Breech extraction 4(14.3%). There were also (4) forceps and (1) vacuum extraction.Conclusion: Environmental factors are important in the aetiology of brachial palsy. The provisions of safe maternity services coupled with greater effectiveness in health education are the most efficient means of reducing the incidence of this paralysis and severe deformities. Keywords: birth, brachial plexus, injuries Tropical Journal of Medical Research Vol. 9(2) 2005: 12-13
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Building a science oriented society: new challenges for science education in Nigeria - Arokoyu, A. A. (Global Journal of Educational Research, 2006)
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Effects of three mydriatic drug regimens on pupil size in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) - Merrill, Nancy; Burge, Robert (Journal of Medical Primatology, 2006)
Abstract Background Human mydriatric drug use in non‐human primates (NHPs) has been documented but not quantified and compared for effectiveness. The objective of this study was to determine which drug regimen provided the most effective and consistent mydriatic effect for ophthalmologic examinations and other procedures. Secondary objectives were to determine average time to maximum dilation and whether species differences existed. Methods Twelve rhesus and 12 African green monkeys were randomly assigned to one of six treatment combinations to test the mydriatic effects of three drug regimens: (1) tropicamide 1% (T); (2) tropicamide 1% and phenylephrine hydrochloride 2.5% (TP); and (3) tropicamide 1%, phenylephrine HCL 2.5% and cyclopentolate 1% (TPC). Left and right eyes of each monkey received a different drug regimen, depending on random assignment. Results TPC showed a significantly larger mydriatic response in both species than T alone. Average time to maximum dilation with all three drug regimens was 50–60 minutes. Rhesus had a larger response to the mydriatic drug regimens than the African green monkeys. Conclusions The TPC regimen had the largest and longest lasting mydriatic effect in both species.
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Access to basic education for girls: the Nigerian experience - Egunyomi, D. A. (2006)
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Widening access to university education in Nigeria: the Open University option - Imhabekhai, Clement I. (2006)
The first university in Nigeria was established in 1948; by the end of 2002, the number of universities in Nigeria had risen to 51. In spite of the tremendous increase in the number of universities, there appears to be limited access for the teeming population hungry for university education. In this chapter we therefore trace the efforts that have been made by governments, private institutions, and individuals in increasing access to university education and show that these efforts have been unable to satisfy the demand for high quality university education. We favor the establishment of the National Open University in Nigeria because we believe the program will create greater access to university education for all categories of people in different locations at a lower emotional and economic price. We recommend that the National Open University be adequately provided for in terms of funds, infrastructural and instructional facilities, and workforce for it to succeed. We also recommend networking with both local and international agencies relevant to its activities, as well as effective mobilization so as to develop positive attitudes towards the program and its products by potential employers in the marketplace and Nigerian society in general. It is the desire of every nation to develop the needed workforce for the social, economic, political, and technological transformation of the nation. This is why each nation, whether developing or developed, allocates a large proportion of its resources to the development of its people through education and training at all levels of education, particularly through higher education. University education is intended to develop the highly skilled workforce needed to propel the nation’s continued growth and development. The objectives of university education in Nigeria can be achieved when universities are able to:
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Opportunities and challenges of widening access to education: adult education in Botswana - Lekoko, Rebecca Nthogo; Maruatona, Tonic (2006)
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African school curriculum as a front on which to widen access to education - Obanya, Pai (2006)
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Teachers' classroom management variables and students' academic achievement in French in Cross River State, Nigeria - Emeh, J. U.; Agbor, CA (Global journal of humaniies, 2006)
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Late Quarternary volcanic activity in the New Ireland Basin: Distribution and geochemical evolution of tephra at the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni chain, Papua New Guinea - Horz, Kersten H (2006)
The sedimentology, petrology, and geochemistry of volcanic ash beds in sediment cores recovered during the EDISON II Cruise (SO133) in the New Ireland Basin adjacent to the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni (TLTF) volcanic chain, east of Papua New Guinea are presented. Age determinations through AMS 14C supplemented by d18O on Globigerinoider ruber assisted the correlation of the tephra. Major and trace element compositions of numerous glass shards and minerals within the ash beds were determined using an electron microprobe and ICP-MS. The shards can be distinctly split into three compositional groups reflecting three different provenances. The first group is composed of shoshonites through phonolites to trachytes, and is characterized by a strong enrichment in K, P, Sr, LILE, LREE, with Ti and HREE depletion relative to MORB, characteristic for TLTF tephras. The second group consists of high-K dacite, rhyolite, and trachyte with similar enrichment in LILE and LREE as the TLTF lavas, but with markedly lower P and Sr concentrations, a negative Eu anomaly, and enrichment in HFSE and HREE. They closely resemble the lavas from Rabaul. The third group consists of medium to low K series andesite and rhyolite, with LILE and REE concentrations typical of island arc lavas, and have strongly depleted HFSE concentrations. They are identical to the active New Britain island arc volcanoes (excluding Rabaul). Surprisingly, only a few thin tephra beds are due to eruptions of the TLTF volcanoes. This suggests that either (i) only small, or non-explosive, eruptions have occurred during the last 333 ka B.P., or (ii) these volcanoes were largely inactive since then. There is a clear distinction, based on geochemistry, between the mantle source of the TLTF volcanoes and that of Rabaul and the other New Britain volcanoes. Glasses from Rabaul in the far northeast of New Britain have a more complicated transitional composition that may reflect a mix of both Solomon and Manus mantle components, and possibly a greater role for fractional crystallization of Ti-rich phases.
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Contextualizing ICT in Africa: The Development of the CATI model in Tanzanian Higher Education - Vesisenaho, Mikko; Kemppainen, Jyri; Sedano, Carolina Islas; Tedre, Matti; Sutinen, Erkki (African journal of information and communication technology, 2006)
In many parts of Africa the application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in higher education institutions offers a particularly interesting research problem. This is because of the far-reaching consequences that information and communication technology (ICT) services and education have on the university graduates during their careers in African societies. Our extensive and well-documented experience of utilizing ICTs in a Tanzanian private university has lead us to propose a four-level approach, called CATI model, that can be used as the basis for implementing new ICTs, for evaluating how ICT is used, and for planning ICT education in developing countries. We conceptually categorize the four levels that we use in our model – contextualize, apply, transfer and import – as an ethnocomputing approach. This four-level model enable educators to use ICT services and ICT education in African universities in a way that will prepare university graduates to make a positive contribution to their own societies. The success of this model is attributable to the emphasis that we placed on local needs and creativity and on applications of ICTs that were sensitive to local culture, conditions and understanding.
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Developing Legal Education in Palestine - Borght, Kim Van Der; Milhem, Feras (2006)
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Scientific education at the basic school Didactic, anthropo-cultural and epistemological approach of the scientific curricula of basic teaching in Tunisia - Chaoued, Abdelwahab (2006)
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The influence of African air pollution on regional and global tropospheric chemistry - Aghedo, A. M.; Schultz, Martin; Rast, Sebastian (2006)
Abstract. We investigate the relative importance of African biomass burning, biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), lightning and anthropogenic emissions to the tropospheric ozone budget over Africa and globally using a coupled global chemistry climate model. Our model studies indicate that the photochemical surface ozone concentration may rise by up to 50 ppbv in the burning region during the biomass burning seasons. Biogenic VOCs contribute between 5–20 ppbv to the near surface ozone concentration over the tropical African region. The impact of lightning on surface ozone is negligible, while anthropogenic emissions contribute a maximum of 10 ppbv to the surface ozone over Nigeria, South-Africa and Egypt. The annual average of the surface and column ozone over Africa shows that biomass burning is the single most important emission source affecting the African region, while biogenic emissions have the highest contribution during the rainy seasons. The contributions of African emissions to global tropospheric ozone burden (TOB) are about 9 Tg, 13 Tg, 8 Tg and 4 Tg for African biomass burning, biogenic VOC, lightning and anthropogenic emissions respectively. These correspond to 2.4%, 3.4%, 2.1% and 1% of the global tropospheric ozone budget respectively. Over Africa itself, the contribution of each of these emission types is only 2.4 Tg, 2.2 Tg, 1.4 Tg and 0.8 Tg respectively. Outside the continent, African biogenic VOC emissions yield the highest contribution to the TOB. Our model calculations suggest that about 70% of the tropospheric ozone produced from emissions in Africa is found outside the continent, thus exerting a noticeable influence on a large part of the tropical troposphere. Latin America experiences the highest impact of African emissions, followed by southeast and south-central Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East for all the emission categories; while Canada, the United States, Russia, Mongolia, China and Europe experience the least impact of African emissions.
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The effects of education on agricultural productivity under traditional and improved technology in northern Nigeria: an endogenous switching regression analysis - Alene, Arega D.; Manyong, Víctor M. (Empirical Economics, 2006)
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Women in higher education in Nigeria: progress and constraints - Aluko, Yetunde A. (Gender and behaviour, 2006)
Improving and widening access to education for women has been a major goal in most developing countries, like Nigeria, in the past four decades. Impressive progress has been achieved at all levels. However, several issues are examined in this paper. First, how did women fare in the wake of this general expansion of tertiary enrolments? Second, what programmes and policies contributed to enhancing women's enrolment? Third, what are the odds against women's participation in higher education in Nigeria? This paper concludes that establishing a link between the programmes/policies offered and the opportunities for women in the labour market was found to be critical. Gender and Behaviour Vol. 4(1) 2006: 550-567
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Assessment of Butyltin and Phenyltin Pollution in the Sea Mullet, Mugil cephalus, Along the Moroccan and Spanish Coasts (Mediterranean Sea) - Hassani, Laila Hajjaj el; Frenich, Antonia Garrido; Benajiba, Mohamed Hassan; Rodrı́guez, Mariano; Vidal, José Luis Martı́nez; Debdoubi, Abderrahmane (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2006)
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Gender differences in adolescent students' knowledge, attitudes and practices on HIV/AIDS in Ghana - Ocansey, Frederick (Gender and behaviour, 2006)
The study examined gender differences in adolescent students' knowledge, attitudes and practices on HIV/AIDS in Ghana. Participants consisted of 216 males and 190 females (N= 406) randomly selected from eight urban public co-educational senior secondary schools. A survey instrument with a reliability co-efficient of r = 0.87 was used in the data collection. The data was analyzed with mean, percentages and Pearson chi-square using SPSS version 10.0. Results revealed that although there is high level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS among students, some level of knowledge deficiencies on HIV/AIDS exist among them. Male students reported higher level of HIV/AIDS knowledge than their female counterparts did. Television emerged as the most prominent source of information for both male and female students. Gender did not predict differences in adolescents' attitude and practices on HIV/AIDS although female students showed greater inclination to discriminate against PLWHAs. Implications of the findings for HIV/AIDS counselling and prevention including the need to intensify HIV/AIDS education, use the TV extensively and to fight discrimination against PLWHAs are discussed. Gender and Behaviour Vol. 4(1) 2006: 568-588
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Teaching dimensions of the case method in Western African business schools throught the French foundations for business education - Hermant, Jacques (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2006)
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Chance to learn for refugee schoolgirl in Chad (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2006)
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Learning from Africa (Nature, 2006)
During 13th International AIDS Conference held in Durban South Africa former President Nelson Mandela urged conference participants to break the silence of solitude against HIV/AIDS and stressed that it can be prevented through investing in information and life skills development for young people. He mentioned promotion of abstinence safer sex and use of condoms and early treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Meanwhile Mike Tan in his column Pinoy Kasi in Philippine Daily Inquirer dated July 25 2000 calls attention to similarity of Philippine situation with that of Africa. He notes that in Africa HIV spread because of denial. In a similar situation to Africa Filipinos like to claim that Philippines are only Christian country in Asia and that this will protect them from HIV. Moreover shrill cries from Christian moralists claiming that condoms encourage promiscuity and spread HIV/AIDS or that sex education corrupts youth compounds problem of epidemic. Success stories in Africa evidenced that by acknowledging epidemic mobilizing government and nongovernmental organizations including religious leaders to support and campaign against HIV one that mainly targets young people will help curb pandemic.
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Online training for vets in Africa (Veterinary Record, 2006)
Veterinary RecordVolume 159, Issue 1 p. 3-3 News & Report Online training for vets in Africa First published: 01 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.1.3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume159, Issue1July 2006Pages 3-3 RelatedInformation
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Online training for vets in Africa (Veterinary Record, 2006)
Veterinary RecordVolume 159, Issue 1 p. 3-3 News & Report Online training for vets in Africa First published: 01 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.1.3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume159, Issue1July 2006Pages 3-3 RelatedInformation
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Creating the New Egyptian Woman: Consumerism, Education and National Identity 1863–1922 by Mona L. Russell - Abaza, Mona (Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 2006)
Book Review| July 01 2006 Creating the New Egyptian Woman: Consumerism, Education and National Identity 1863–1922 by Mona L. Russell Russell, Mona L., Creating the New Egyptian Woman: Consumerism, Education and National Identity 1863–1922. Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004. Mona Abaza Mona Abaza American University of Cairo Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Middle East Women's Studies (2006) 2 (2): 149–152. https://doi.org/10.2979/MEW.2006.2.2.149 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Mona Abaza; Creating the New Egyptian Woman: Consumerism, Education and National Identity 1863–1922 by Mona L. Russell. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 1 July 2006; 2 (2): 149–152. doi: https://doi.org/10.2979/MEW.2006.2.2.149 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter Books & JournalsAll JournalsJournal of Middle East Women's Studies Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 2006 Association for Middle East Women’s Studies2006 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Book Reviews You do not currently have access to this content.
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Potential impacts of climate change on the grain yield of maize for the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Abraha, Michael; Savage, Michael J. (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2006)
The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and changes in associated climatic variables will likely have a major influence on regional as well as international crop production. This study describes an assessment of simulated potential maize (Zea mays) grain yield using (i) generated weather data and (ii) generated weather data modified by plausible future climate changes under a normal planting date and dates 15 days earlier and 15 days later using CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model. The analysis is for maize production at Cedara, a summer rainfall location within the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Baseline weather data input series were generated by a stochastic weather generator, ClimGen, using 30 years of observed weather data (1971–2000). The generated baseline weather data series was similar to the observed for its distributions of daily rainfall and wet and dry day series, monthly total rainfall and its variances, daily and monthly mean and variance of precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperatures, and solar radiant density. In addition, Penman-Monteith daily grass reference evaporation (ETo) calculated using the observed and generated weather data series were similar except that the ETo values between 2 and 3 mm were less for the observed than for the corresponding generated values. Maize grain yields simulated using the observed and generated weather data series with different planting dates were compared. The simulated grain yields for the respective planting dates were not statistically different from each other. However, the grain yields simulated using the generated weather data had a significantly smaller variance than the grain yields simulated using the observed weather data series. The generated baseline weather data were modified by synthesized climate projections to create a number of climatic scenarios. The climate changes corresponded to a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration to 700 μl l−1 without air temperature and water regime changes, and a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration accompanied by mean daily air temperature and precipitation increases of 2 °C and 10%, 2 °C and 20%, 4 °C and 10%, and 4 °C and 20%, respectively. The increase in the daily mean minimum air temperature was taken as three times the increase in daily mean maximum air temperature. Input crop parameters of radiation use and biomass transpiration efficiencies were modified for maize in CropSyst, to account for physiological changes due to increased carbon dioxide concentration. Under increased carbon dioxide concentration regimes, maize grain yields are much more affected by changes in mean air temperature than by precipitation. The results indicate that analysis of the implications of variations in the planting date on maize production may be most useful for site-specific analyses of possible mitigation of the impacts of climate change through alteration of crop management practices.
Keywords: openalex:import

Potential impacts of climate change on the grain yield of maize for the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Abraha, Michael; Savage, Michael J. (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2006)
The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and changes in associated climatic variables will likely have a major influence on regional as well as international crop production. This study describes an assessment of simulated potential maize (Zea mays) grain yield using (i) generated weather data and (ii) generated weather data modified by plausible future climate changes under a normal planting date and dates 15 days earlier and 15 days later using CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model. The analysis is for maize production at Cedara, a summer rainfall location within the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Baseline weather data input series were generated by a stochastic weather generator, ClimGen, using 30 years of observed weather data (1971–2000). The generated baseline weather data series was similar to the observed for its distributions of daily rainfall and wet and dry day series, monthly total rainfall and its variances, daily and monthly mean and variance of precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperatures, and solar radiant density. In addition, Penman-Monteith daily grass reference evaporation (ETo) calculated using the observed and generated weather data series were similar except that the ETo values between 2 and 3 mm were less for the observed than for the corresponding generated values. Maize grain yields simulated using the observed and generated weather data series with different planting dates were compared. The simulated grain yields for the respective planting dates were not statistically different from each other. However, the grain yields simulated using the generated weather data had a significantly smaller variance than the grain yields simulated using the observed weather data series. The generated baseline weather data were modified by synthesized climate projections to create a number of climatic scenarios. The climate changes corresponded to a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration to 700 μl l−1 without air temperature and water regime changes, and a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration accompanied by mean daily air temperature and precipitation increases of 2 °C and 10%, 2 °C and 20%, 4 °C and 10%, and 4 °C and 20%, respectively. The increase in the daily mean minimum air temperature was taken as three times the increase in daily mean maximum air temperature. Input crop parameters of radiation use and biomass transpiration efficiencies were modified for maize in CropSyst, to account for physiological changes due to increased carbon dioxide concentration. Under increased carbon dioxide concentration regimes, maize grain yields are much more affected by changes in mean air temperature than by precipitation. The results indicate that analysis of the implications of variations in the planting date on maize production may be most useful for site-specific analyses of possible mitigation of the impacts of climate change through alteration of crop management practices.
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Potential impacts of climate change on the grain yield of maize for the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Abraha, Michael; Savage, Michael J. (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2006)
The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and changes in associated climatic variables will likely have a major influence on regional as well as international crop production. This study describes an assessment of simulated potential maize (Zea mays) grain yield using (i) generated weather data and (ii) generated weather data modified by plausible future climate changes under a normal planting date and dates 15 days earlier and 15 days later using CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model. The analysis is for maize production at Cedara, a summer rainfall location within the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Baseline weather data input series were generated by a stochastic weather generator, ClimGen, using 30 years of observed weather data (1971–2000). The generated baseline weather data series was similar to the observed for its distributions of daily rainfall and wet and dry day series, monthly total rainfall and its variances, daily and monthly mean and variance of precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperatures, and solar radiant density. In addition, Penman-Monteith daily grass reference evaporation (ETo) calculated using the observed and generated weather data series were similar except that the ETo values between 2 and 3 mm were less for the observed than for the corresponding generated values. Maize grain yields simulated using the observed and generated weather data series with different planting dates were compared. The simulated grain yields for the respective planting dates were not statistically different from each other. However, the grain yields simulated using the generated weather data had a significantly smaller variance than the grain yields simulated using the observed weather data series. The generated baseline weather data were modified by synthesized climate projections to create a number of climatic scenarios. The climate changes corresponded to a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration to 700 μl l−1 without air temperature and water regime changes, and a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration accompanied by mean daily air temperature and precipitation increases of 2 °C and 10%, 2 °C and 20%, 4 °C and 10%, and 4 °C and 20%, respectively. The increase in the daily mean minimum air temperature was taken as three times the increase in daily mean maximum air temperature. Input crop parameters of radiation use and biomass transpiration efficiencies were modified for maize in CropSyst, to account for physiological changes due to increased carbon dioxide concentration. Under increased carbon dioxide concentration regimes, maize grain yields are much more affected by changes in mean air temperature than by precipitation. The results indicate that analysis of the implications of variations in the planting date on maize production may be most useful for site-specific analyses of possible mitigation of the impacts of climate change through alteration of crop management practices.
Keywords: openalex:import

Potential impacts of climate change on the grain yield of maize for the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Abraha, Michael; Savage, Michael J. (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2006)
The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and changes in associated climatic variables will likely have a major influence on regional as well as international crop production. This study describes an assessment of simulated potential maize (Zea mays) grain yield using (i) generated weather data and (ii) generated weather data modified by plausible future climate changes under a normal planting date and dates 15 days earlier and 15 days later using CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model. The analysis is for maize production at Cedara, a summer rainfall location within the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Baseline weather data input series were generated by a stochastic weather generator, ClimGen, using 30 years of observed weather data (1971–2000). The generated baseline weather data series was similar to the observed for its distributions of daily rainfall and wet and dry day series, monthly total rainfall and its variances, daily and monthly mean and variance of precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperatures, and solar radiant density. In addition, Penman-Monteith daily grass reference evaporation (ETo) calculated using the observed and generated weather data series were similar except that the ETo values between 2 and 3 mm were less for the observed than for the corresponding generated values. Maize grain yields simulated using the observed and generated weather data series with different planting dates were compared. The simulated grain yields for the respective planting dates were not statistically different from each other. However, the grain yields simulated using the generated weather data had a significantly smaller variance than the grain yields simulated using the observed weather data series. The generated baseline weather data were modified by synthesized climate projections to create a number of climatic scenarios. The climate changes corresponded to a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration to 700 μl l−1 without air temperature and water regime changes, and a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration accompanied by mean daily air temperature and precipitation increases of 2 °C and 10%, 2 °C and 20%, 4 °C and 10%, and 4 °C and 20%, respectively. The increase in the daily mean minimum air temperature was taken as three times the increase in daily mean maximum air temperature. Input crop parameters of radiation use and biomass transpiration efficiencies were modified for maize in CropSyst, to account for physiological changes due to increased carbon dioxide concentration. Under increased carbon dioxide concentration regimes, maize grain yields are much more affected by changes in mean air temperature than by precipitation. The results indicate that analysis of the implications of variations in the planting date on maize production may be most useful for site-specific analyses of possible mitigation of the impacts of climate change through alteration of crop management practices.
Keywords: openalex:import

Potential impacts of climate change on the grain yield of maize for the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Abraha, Michael; Savage, Michael J. (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2006)
The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and changes in associated climatic variables will likely have a major influence on regional as well as international crop production. This study describes an assessment of simulated potential maize (Zea mays) grain yield using (i) generated weather data and (ii) generated weather data modified by plausible future climate changes under a normal planting date and dates 15 days earlier and 15 days later using CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model. The analysis is for maize production at Cedara, a summer rainfall location within the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Baseline weather data input series were generated by a stochastic weather generator, ClimGen, using 30 years of observed weather data (1971–2000). The generated baseline weather data series was similar to the observed for its distributions of daily rainfall and wet and dry day series, monthly total rainfall and its variances, daily and monthly mean and variance of precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperatures, and solar radiant density. In addition, Penman-Monteith daily grass reference evaporation (ETo) calculated using the observed and generated weather data series were similar except that the ETo values between 2 and 3 mm were less for the observed than for the corresponding generated values. Maize grain yields simulated using the observed and generated weather data series with different planting dates were compared. The simulated grain yields for the respective planting dates were not statistically different from each other. However, the grain yields simulated using the generated weather data had a significantly smaller variance than the grain yields simulated using the observed weather data series. The generated baseline weather data were modified by synthesized climate projections to create a number of climatic scenarios. The climate changes corresponded to a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration to 700 μl l−1 without air temperature and water regime changes, and a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration accompanied by mean daily air temperature and precipitation increases of 2 °C and 10%, 2 °C and 20%, 4 °C and 10%, and 4 °C and 20%, respectively. The increase in the daily mean minimum air temperature was taken as three times the increase in daily mean maximum air temperature. Input crop parameters of radiation use and biomass transpiration efficiencies were modified for maize in CropSyst, to account for physiological changes due to increased carbon dioxide concentration. Under increased carbon dioxide concentration regimes, maize grain yields are much more affected by changes in mean air temperature than by precipitation. The results indicate that analysis of the implications of variations in the planting date on maize production may be most useful for site-specific analyses of possible mitigation of the impacts of climate change through alteration of crop management practices.
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The tsunami induced by the 2003 Zemmouri earthquake (MW= 6.9, Algeria): modelling and results - Alasset, Pierre-Jean; Hébert, Hélène; Maouche, Saïd; Calbini, Valérie; Meghraoui, Mustapha (Geophysical journal international (Print), 2006)
A strong tsunami with sea disturbances observed along the Algerian coast, but with significant damage mainly in the Balearic Islands (Spain) harbours, affected the western Mediterranean following the 2003 Zemmouri earthquake (MW 6.9, Algeria). An average regional uplift of 0.55 m was measured along the shoreline in the epicentral area. Field observations, main shock and aftershocks characteristics are consistent with thrust along a ∼55-km-long rupture, trending NE–SW, dipping SE. The seismotectonic parameters indicate a hypocentre 7–8 km deep and a possible fault break between 5 and 15 km offshore. Several tide gauges located in the western Mediterranean Coast indicated an average of 0.4 m of sea-level change with a maximum of 2 m in the Balearic Islands. We generated high-resolution bathymetry grids from the Algerian coasts to the Balearic Islands coasts in order to test different seismic sources (with different fault rupture location, strike and dip) and model the tsunami initiation and propagation.
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Universal Basic Education and Cultural Development in Nigeria - Aluede, R.O.A. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2006)
The paper examines how Universal Basic Education affected cultural development in Nigeria It employed the analytical approach in explaining how the Universal Basic Education Scheme in Nigeria underrated the importance of language in its curriculum. It concludes that since language is a very significant element of culture, for the school system to help to bring about national development, it should employ its own language for easy understanding of concepts taught in schools.
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African-American women, metabolic syndrome, and national cholesterol education program criteria: a pilot study. - Appel, Susan J.; Floyd, Natalie A.; Giger, Joyce Newman; Weaver, Michael T.; Luo, Huabin; Hannah, Tiffany; Ovalle, Fernando (Journal of National Black Nurses' Association: JNBNA, 2006)
BACKGROUND: The association between elevated levels of triglycerides and insulin may be weaker in African-American women than in women of other groups, leading to underdiagnosis of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in African-American women when using the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria, as that criteria does not include a marker of insulin resistance, using elevated triglycerides to provide an indirect indication of insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES: To determine the degree of agreement between two definitions for the MetS, that described by the NCEP and the NCEP criteria with the addition of a marker of insulin resistance in a sample of African-American women. METHOD: This nonexperimental pilot study took place in the General Clinical Research Center of a major medical center Thirty-three African-American women 19-45 years of age were screened using the NCEP criteria for MetS, additional markers of insulin resistance, and a 2-hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. FINDINGS: Six (18%) women were classified as having the MetS using the NCEP criteria. When one of three markers for insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia, acanthosis nirgricans, or Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance) was added to the criteria, 15 (45.5%) to 19 (59.5%) of the women were then identified as having MetS. DISCUSSION: As identified in the literature, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk in African-American women may be underestimated based on the sole use of the NCEP criteria. Further because there is some evidence that insulin resistance develops before many other indicators, the addition of a marker of insulin resistance may assist in earlier identification of African-American women at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
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African American Youth Speak Out About the Making of Safe High Schools - Axelman, Michael (Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 2006)
The need for safe, secure schools is without question an essential prerequisite for learning and development. There are, however, unintended developmental costs to the way current discipline practices and safe school policies are enacted. There is compelling evidence that the well-intentioned efforts on the part of school officials to maintain a safe educational environment are in conflict with students' age-appropriate strivings for autonomy and culturally rooted forms of self-expression. Students'self-reports suggest that this clash can lead to disenfranchisement of African American urban youths, especially boys, from high school. Through the synthesis of African American youth development theory and the commentary of urban youth, this article illuminates the tension that exists between safe-school policies and African American adolescent development.
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Opening and closing doors for adult learners in a South African university - Castle, Jane; Munro, Kathy; Osman, Ruksana (International Journal of Educational Development, 2006)
South African universities have responded in a variety of ways to national policy directives to broaden access to mature adult learners. In this paper we examine the progress made by one institution—the University of the Witwatersrand—to open its doors to adult learners through the Centre for Part-Time Study, known as Wits Plus. We examine critically the government policies, institutional context, concept of adult learners and programmatic achievements which have shaped Wits Plus. We show that the approach to adult learners adapted by policy makers in government and in the University is at best ambivalent, and at worst self-defeating; hence the metaphor of opening and closing doors to adult learners.
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Impaired Norepinephrine-Mediated Contraction of Isolated Nasal Mucosa in Guinea Pigs with Allergic Rhinitis - Chiba, Yoshihiko; Matsuo, Kikuo; Sakai, Hiroyasu; Misawa, Miwa (American Journal of Rhinology, 2006)
One of the causes of nasal obstruction associated with allergic rhinitis probably is caused by the dilatation of plexus cavernosum in nasal mucosa. In this study, the change in vascular responsiveness of nasal mucosa was investigated in the septal mucosae isolated from guinea pigs with allergic rhinitis.An allergic rhinitis model was prepared in guinea pigs by repeated challenge with aerosolized dinitrophenylated-ovalbumin antigen. Twenty-four hours after the last antigen challenge, the changes in the isometrical tension of isolated nasal septal mucosa were measured.In isolated nasal mucosal tissues, both norepinephrine (NE) and leukotriene D4 caused concentration-dependent contractile and relaxant responses, respectively. The NE-induced contractile response was significantly attenuated in nasal mucosae of the repeatedly antigen challenged guinea pigs. The mucosal relaxation induced by leukotriene D4 was slightly attenuated in this animal model of allergic rhinitis.This study shows an attenuation of NE-induced contraction of isolated nasal mucosa in the antigen-exposed guinea pigs. The impaired contractile response mediated by sympathetic alpha-adrenoceptors of nasal blood vessels might be involved in the development of nasal obstruction in allergic rhinitis.
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Changing regimes: Governmentality and education policy in post-apartheid South Africa - Christie, Pam (International Journal of Educational Development, 2006)
This article applies Foucault's notion of governmentality to educational restructuring in post-apartheid South Africa. It argues that the nature of government in a modern state entails engaging with particular practices and domains of knowledge, which themselves constrain the changes that are conceivable and credible. Using Foucault's concepts of ‘conduct of conduct’, regimes of practices and ‘saviors’, the article outlines the approach adopted by the new government in relation to establishing constitutional ground rules and managing the economy. It argues that in its approach to restructuring education, the new government prioritised issues relating to the ‘conduct of conduct’. The article suggests that Foucault's approach of questioning normalisations might yield alternative accounts of the exercise of governmental power in changing education. It ends by proposing that a range of theoretical framings be used in engaging critically with educational change.
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International restructuring of higher education: Comments on implications of global trends, for restructuring of Sociology in South Africa - Cooper, D. H. (South African Review of Sociology, 2006)
Abstract The article comprises three sections, each divided into: (i) an analysis of a major trend pertaining to restructuring within universities internationally; (ii) comments on what the author views as some of the implications of this global trend, for sociology departments in South Africa. The first international trend, it is argued, is that we are seeing a fundamental transformation in research especially at research-oriented universities. This ‘2nd Academic Revolution’ of the late 20th century (the ‘1st’ saw the mission of pure basic research incorporated into university structures in the 1800s), sees a further mission: oriented more towards ‘use-inspired basic research’ and more responsive to civil society, although the current phase of capitalist industrialisation results in primary responsiveness to industry rather than to civic organisations. The second trend is viewed as an international consolidation of doctoral training and emerging PhD ‘departmental culture’, rooted in the American PhD system which emerged at research universities in the late 19th century, and which academic system now plays a leading global role. A strong PhD culture makes possible also the first trend, a strong capacity in use-inspired basic research; moreover, this research is of particular relevance at this historical moment in South African research universities including within sociology, it is argued. A third trend, within the European Union (EU), is outlined: an emerging, broad curriculum 3-year bachelor and more professionally oriented 2-year masters ‘two-cycle’ qualification structure, set in motion by the 1999 Bologna Declaration. For many European countries with a core one-cycle 5-year university qualification of magister (masters), this involves quite significant changes. This EU restructuring will have far-reaching implications internationally including for South Africa. One probable effect, moreover, will be to consolidate a qualitative divide between the ‘3+2’ phases and the PhD phase following, thus impacting on the second trend, of a special but vital PhD culture.
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Skeletal Muscle Fat Oxidation Is Increased in African‐American and White Women after 10 days of Endurance Exercise Training - Cortright, Ronald N.; Sandhoff, Kimberly M.; Basilio, Jessica; Berggren, Jason R.; Hickner, Robert C.; Hulver, Matthew W.; Dohm, G. Lynis; Houmard, Joseph A. (Obesity, 2006)
Obesity is associated with lower rates of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which is linked to insulin resistance. FAO is reduced further in obese African-American (AAW) vs. white women (CW) and may also be lower in lean AAW vs. CW. In lean CW, endurance exercise training (EET) elevates the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle. Therefore, we determined whether EET would elevate skeletal muscle FAO similarly in AAW and CW with a lower lipid oxidative capacity.In vitro rates of FAO were assessed in rectus abdominus muscle strips using [1- 14C] palmitate (Pal) from lean AAW [BMI = 24.2 +/- 0.9 (standard error) kg/m2] and CW (23.6 +/- 0.8 kg/m2) undergoing voluntary abdominal surgery. Lean AAW (22 +/- 0.9 kg/m(2)) and CW (24 +/- 0.8 kg/m2) and obese AAW (36 +/- 1.2 kg/m2) and CW (40 +/- 1.3 kg/m2) underwent 10 consecutive days of EET on a cycle ergometer (60 min/d, 75% peak oxygen uptake). FAO was measured in vastus lateralis homogenates as captured 14CO2 using [1- 14C] Pal, palmitoyl-CoA (Pal-CoA), and palmityl-carnitine (Pal-Car).Muscle strip experiments showed suppressed rates of FAO (p = 0.03) in lean AAW vs. CW. EET increased the rates of skeletal muscle Pal oxidation (p = 0.05) in both lean AAW and CW. In obese subjects, Pre-EET Pal (but not Pal-CoA or Pal-Car) oxidation was lower (p = 0.05) in AAW vs. CW. EET increased Pal oxidation 100% in obese AAW (p < 0.05) and 59% (p < 0.05) in obese CW. Similar increases (p < 0.05) in post-EET FAO were observed for Pal-CoA and Pal-Car in both groups.Both lean and obese AAW possess a lower capacity for skeletal muscle FAO, but EET increases FAO similarly in both AAW and CW. These data suggest the use of EET for treatment against obesity and diabetes for both AAW and CW.
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Drought, pod yield, pre-harvest Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination on peanut in Niger - Craufurd, Peter; Prasad, P. V. Vara; Waliyar, F; Taheri, Abdolhossein (Field Crops Research, 2006)
Soil moisture and soil temperature affect pre-harvest infection with Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin. The objectives of our field research in Niger, West Africa, were to: (i) examine the effects of sowing date and irrigation treatments on pod yield, infection with A. flavus and aflatoxin concentration; and (ii) to quantify relations between infection, aflatoxin concentration and soil moisture stress. Seed of an aflatoxin susceptible peanut cv. JL24 was sown at two to four different sowing dates under four irrigation treatments (rainfed and irrigation at 7, 14 and 21 days intervals) between 1991 and 1994, giving 40 different ‘environments’. Average air and soil temperatures of 28–34 °C were favourable for aflatoxin contamination. CROPGRO-peanut model was used to simulate the occurrence of moisture stress. The model was able to simulate yields of peanut well over the 40 environments (r2 = 0.67). In general, early sowing produced greater pod yields, as well as less infection and lower aflatoxin concentration. There were negative linear relations between infection (r2 = 0.62) and the average simulated fraction of extractable soil water (FESW) between flowering and harvest, and between aflatoxin concentration (r2 = 0.54) and FESW in the last 25 days of pod-filling. This field study confirms that infection and aflatoxin concentration in peanut can be related to the occurrence of soil moisture stress during pod-filling when soil temperatures are near optimal for A. flavus. These relations could form the basis of a decision-support system to predict the risk of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts in similar environments.
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Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and South African Higher Education: mapping the landscape - Czerniewicz, Laura; Ravjee, Neetha; Mlitwa, Nhlanhla Boyfriend Wilton (2006)
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The Use of Information Technology in Teaching Accounting in Egypt - Dahawy, Khaled; Kamel, Sherif (Journal of Cases on Information Technology, 2006)
The use of information and communication technology has become an integral component and a vital tool in teaching accounting. Over the last few decades, the blend of using state-of-the-art technologies has improved the effectiveness and efficiency of the learning process. Respectively, some predict that physical campuses will decay and crumble in the near future with the continuous growth of borderless societies and the diffusion of extended enterprises leading to a hybrid model for knowledge delivery that extends beyond distance and time barriers. The main emphasis of this case is to study the deployment of technology in teaching accounting in Egypt, using the case of Becker Professional Review in providing trainees with the required training that enables them to pass exams and get professional certification using emerging information technology tools and techniques. The case demonstrates how information technology adaptation can provide a platform for knowledge dissemination and demonstrates a model that can be replicated in similar environments.
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Influence of education and knowledge on perceptions and practices to control malaria in Southeast Nigeria - Dike, Nkem; Onwujekwe, Obinna; Ojukwu, Juliana U; Ikeme, A. C.; Uzochukwu, Benjamin; Shu, En (Social Science & Medicine, 2006)
The study was undertaken in southeastern Nigeria to investigate whether the people's level of education and what they know about malaria affects how they seek treatment and prevention for the disease. Pre-tested questionnaires were used to collect data from randomly selected householders and analysed using logistic regression. Higher levels of education were associated with improved knowledge and practice about the appropriate strategies for the prevention and treatment of malaria. The results thus indicate that education can have a positive impact on the malaria burden and medium/long-term improvement of overall literacy rates. As well as this, short-term health education campaigns about the causes, manifestations and control of malaria will have a positive impact on its control.
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Assessment of South African Nurse-Midwives’ Knowledge Pre– and Post–Short-Term Training in Antiretroviral Treatment - Dohrn, Jennifer; Miller, Nancy Houston; Bakken, Suzanne (Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2006)
Every morning at 7 a.m. after the nurse-midwifery staff offers Zulu songs and prayers to prepare for the day the head matron of the antenatal clinic at King Edward VIII Hospital Durban South Africa prepares herself to address the forty to fifty pregnant women gathered on benches. She describes simply and clearly to the group the rapid spread of the HIV virus and argues forcefully that these women must step forward to be tested for their own health and for the health of their unborn children. She will later herself perform testing on the drawn blood samples and face the women one by one as results are determined. In her own words This is a disaster. South Africa is at the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with over 6.5 million cases or 14.5% of its population. In the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) more than 850000 people are infected with women disproportionately accounting for 59% of reported cases and subsequent high rates of mother-to-child transmission. The South African department of health estimated that overall antenatal prevalence is 26.5% with the number greater than 40% in KZN. At King Edward VIII Hospital (KEH) in Durban a tertiary care hospital connected to the Nelson Mandela School of Medicine University of KZN 44% of pregnant women are HIV positive. HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of maternal mortality in South Africa superseding hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The maternal mortality rate is increasing at KEH parallel to increasing HIV seroprevalence during pregnancy. (excerpt)
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Teachers as memory makers: Testimony in the making of a new history in South Africa - Dryden‐Peterson, Sarah; Siebörger, Rob (International Journal of Educational Development, 2006)
This article examines the use of testimony in the making of a new history in South Africa, situating this phenomenon in the context of public construction of memory and identifying history teachers as critical to the process. Through an ethnographic study of 16 schools that illuminates the use of teacher testimony in Cape Town history classrooms, the authors explore the nuanced use of testimony as a pedagogic tool and probe the role of history teachers as memory makers. Finally, this article assesses implications of teachers creating space for dialogical memory making in post-apartheid South Africa and outlines lessons of this experience for other countries in democratic transition.
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Air pollution impact on aerosol variability over mega cities using remote sensing technology: case study, Cairo, Egypt - El-Askary, H. M. (The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2006)
Air pollution problems over mega cities differ greatly and are influenced by a number of factors, including topography, demography, meteorology, level and rate of industrialization and socioeconomic development. Cairo is considered a key city for economy, education, politics industry and technology in the Middle East.Increasing business and industrial activities in the city accompanied by shortage of the institutional capabilities for monitoring and control, in addition to environmental impact negligence that prevails over many of the production sectors, have contributed to excessive air pollution problems that have reached the level of crisis. A contributor to this problem is natural and man made effects such as dust and aerosols uptakes. Such pollution episodes are observed during the months of October showing the so called sup Black Cloudsup . Such pollution leads to wide variability of aerosols behavior over Cairo. Hence, aerosol related parameters obtained from satellite measurements have been studied here. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) behavior showed a dual maxima nature in each year from 2000 till 2005 during the months of (April, May) and October confirming dust and air pollution events, respectively. Such behavior is confirmed by the high negative correlation with the aerosol fine mode fraction (FMF) reaching -0.75. FMF product confirms a higher value during the months of October representing the Black Cloud episodes due to fine particles contribution in these events rather than during the dust events. However, lower values are observed in the last two years due to the new control measures enforced by the government for the environment protection. The difference between the AOD and FMF showed a higher contribution of the fine grains during the Black Cloud events rather than coarser grains during dust events as expected. Among the sources known to contribute to the black cloud formation is the fire burns over the Nile Delta region during the months of September and October of each year. Using the fire count product locations of hot spots showing a high thermal anomaly are identified during the months of October of the years 2001-2004. The monthly variability of the fire count showed sudden abrupt changes during the months of October compared to other months of the year confirming burns contribution in the Black Cloud formation.
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Air pollution impact on aerosol variability over mega cities using remote sensing technology: case study, Cairo, Egypt - El-Askary, H. M. (The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2006)
Air pollution problems over mega cities differ greatly and are influenced by a number of factors, including topography, demography, meteorology, level and rate of industrialization and socioeconomic development. Cairo is considered a key city for economy, education, politics industry and technology in the Middle East.Increasing business and industrial activities in the city accompanied by shortage of the institutional capabilities for monitoring and control, in addition to environmental impact negligence that prevails over many of the production sectors, have contributed to excessive air pollution problems that have reached the level of crisis. A contributor to this problem is natural and man made effects such as dust and aerosols uptakes. Such pollution episodes are observed during the months of October showing the so called sup Black Cloudsup . Such pollution leads to wide variability of aerosols behavior over Cairo. Hence, aerosol related parameters obtained from satellite measurements have been studied here. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) behavior showed a dual maxima nature in each year from 2000 till 2005 during the months of (April, May) and October confirming dust and air pollution events, respectively. Such behavior is confirmed by the high negative correlation with the aerosol fine mode fraction (FMF) reaching -0.75. FMF product confirms a higher value during the months of October representing the Black Cloud episodes due to fine particles contribution in these events rather than during the dust events. However, lower values are observed in the last two years due to the new control measures enforced by the government for the environment protection. The difference between the AOD and FMF showed a higher contribution of the fine grains during the Black Cloud events rather than coarser grains during dust events as expected. Among the sources known to contribute to the black cloud formation is the fire burns over the Nile Delta region during the months of September and October of each year. Using the fire count product locations of hot spots showing a high thermal anomaly are identified during the months of October of the years 2001-2004. The monthly variability of the fire count showed sudden abrupt changes during the months of October compared to other months of the year confirming burns contribution in the Black Cloud formation.
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Air pollution impact on aerosol variability over mega cities using remote sensing technology: case study, Cairo, Egypt - El-Askary, H. M. (The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2006)
Air pollution problems over mega cities differ greatly and are influenced by a number of factors, including topography, demography, meteorology, level and rate of industrialization and socioeconomic development. Cairo is considered a key city for economy, education, politics industry and technology in the Middle East.Increasing business and industrial activities in the city accompanied by shortage of the institutional capabilities for monitoring and control, in addition to environmental impact negligence that prevails over many of the production sectors, have contributed to excessive air pollution problems that have reached the level of crisis. A contributor to this problem is natural and man made effects such as dust and aerosols uptakes. Such pollution episodes are observed during the months of October showing the so called sup Black Cloudsup . Such pollution leads to wide variability of aerosols behavior over Cairo. Hence, aerosol related parameters obtained from satellite measurements have been studied here. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) behavior showed a dual maxima nature in each year from 2000 till 2005 during the months of (April, May) and October confirming dust and air pollution events, respectively. Such behavior is confirmed by the high negative correlation with the aerosol fine mode fraction (FMF) reaching -0.75. FMF product confirms a higher value during the months of October representing the Black Cloud episodes due to fine particles contribution in these events rather than during the dust events. However, lower values are observed in the last two years due to the new control measures enforced by the government for the environment protection. The difference between the AOD and FMF showed a higher contribution of the fine grains during the Black Cloud events rather than coarser grains during dust events as expected. Among the sources known to contribute to the black cloud formation is the fire burns over the Nile Delta region during the months of September and October of each year. Using the fire count product locations of hot spots showing a high thermal anomaly are identified during the months of October of the years 2001-2004. The monthly variability of the fire count showed sudden abrupt changes during the months of October compared to other months of the year confirming burns contribution in the Black Cloud formation.
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A Multifaceted Approach to Health Education: A Case Study from Rural Egypt - El-Katsha, Samiha; Watts, Sheldon (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 2006)
This article describes and evaluates an environmental health education project, focusing on water and sanitation issues, which was carried out in two Egyptian villages in the Nile delta. The study is multifaceted as it involves various hygiene education strategies carried out by health unit staff, teachers, graduate volunteers and local village leaders who deliver simple environmental health messages in a variety of different settings. The project is also multifaceted in that it looks at health education in relation to specific health interventions, in this case in water and sanitation; it identifies the full context of relevant local behavior; and it collaborates with local people, especially women, in the design and implementation of the program. Based on the experience gained during this project, a broad based model for health education is presented.
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Family Decision-Making Style, Peer Group Affiliation and Prior Academic Achievement as Predictors of the Academic Achievement of African American Students - Engerman, Kimarie (Journal of Negro Education, 2006)
This study examined family decision-making style, peer group affiliation, and prior academic achievement as predictors of academic achievement of African American students. The sample for this study was 16,489 students who participated in both the first follow-up (10th grade) and second follow-up (12th grade) student questionnaire of the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88). However, findings were only discussed for the 1,628 African American participants. Logistic regression models were constructed. Findings indicated that prior academic performance and socioeconomic status (SES) predicted academic achievement. The study includes a discussion of the relevance of the findings for educational practice and/or policy. INTRODUCTION Educators, political leaders, and the American public are concerned with the current trends in the academic achievement of African American students. In order for African Americans to receive equal opportunity in America, they are required to leave school with skills that would allow them to compete fairly in the nation's democratic occupational structure (Rothstein, 2004). Therefore, it is essential for African American students to achieve on high levels. However, this is not always possible. During high school, peers and parents serve as social groups where adolescents form bonds and learn attitudes and values about societal issues that influence their academic achievement. Moreover, as adolescents seek autonomy, peer pressure challenges parental authority (Fuligni & Eccles, 1993). Since adolescence is such a critical period of development, relationships with peers and parents can impact African American students' future educational outcomes. Furthermore, the impact of these parent and peer relationships on adolescent outcomes possibly differ based on ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES, Berk, 2000; Rothstein, 2004). Ethnic groups have distinct child-rearing beliefs and practices, and SES profoundly affects family functioning (Berk, 2000). For example, Blacks tend to be more authoritarian than Whites; and families with high SES tend to be less authoritarian (Smetana, 2000). Previous studies reveal that strong relationships exist among family decision-making styles, peer group affiliations, and academic achievement (Brown, Mounts, Lamborn, & Steinberg, 1993; Jenkins, & Zunguze, 1998; Mason & Windle, 2001; Razzino, Ribordy, Grant, Ferrari, Bowden, & Zeisz, 2004; Simon, Chao, Conger, & Elder, 2001; Steinberg, Lamborn, Darling, Mounts, & Dornbusch, 1994; Walker & Satterwhite, 2002). For instance, ineffective parenting practices were found to lead to adolescents' affiliation with deviant peers (Ary, Duncan, Biglan, Metzler, Noell, & Smolkowski, 1999; Razzino et al., 2004). Furthermore, specific parenting practices were associated with academic achievement, which, in turn, was related to adolescents' peer group affiliation (Brown, Mounts, Lamborn, Steinberg, 1993). While previous studies have noted relationships among these variables, the focus has not included examining their predictability in assessing later academic performance of African American students. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to further examine family decision-making style, peer group affiliation, and academic achievement as predictors of future academic achievement for African American students. BACKGROUND LITERATURE Family Decision-Making Style This study conceptualized family decision-making style as a depiction of Baumrind's (1991) three types of parenting styles: authoritarian; authoritative; and permissive. An authoritarian parenting style is one in which parents control their children and set strict standards of conduct. They allow minimal personal freedom and expect absolute obedience. Authoritative parenting style creates an environment of being consistent and supportive, and they respect their child's individuality. …
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The Mw7 Machaze, Mozambique, Earthquake of 23 February 2006 - Fenton, Clark; Bommer, Julian J. (Seismological Research Letters, 2006)
Research Article| July 01, 2006 The Mw7 Machaze, Mozambique, Earthquake of 23 February 2006 Clark H. Fenton; Clark H. Fenton Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ, U.K. c.fenton@imperial.ac.uk j.bommer@imperial.ac.uk (C.F., J.B.) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Julian J. Bommer Julian J. Bommer Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ, U.K. c.fenton@imperial.ac.uk j.bommer@imperial.ac.uk (C.F., J.B.) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Seismological Research Letters (2006) 77 (4): 426–439. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.77.4.426 Article history first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Clark H. Fenton, Julian J. Bommer; The Mw7 Machaze, Mozambique, Earthquake of 23 February 2006. Seismological Research Letters 2006;; 77 (4): 426–439. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.77.4.426 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySeismological Research Letters Search Advanced Search A major (Mw 7.0) earthquake occurred on 22 February 2006 at 22:19 UTC (shortly after midnight the following day in local time) in the western province of Manica in Mozambique, Southern Africa. The epicenter was located in Machaze, the southernmost district of Manica province, about 45 km due south of the district capital of Chitobe (figure 1). The earthquake was felt throughout eastern Southern Africa but caused surprisingly little damage and a very small number of casualties. Mozambique is not generally considered a country with significant seismic hazard, but its population is affected by many other... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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Motivation for Participation: Why Highly Involved African American Parents Participate in Their Children’s Education - Fields‐Smith, Cheryl (Journal of School Public Relations, 2006)
Given the persistence of an achievement gap between White and Black students and the positive association between parental involvement and student achievement, a greater understanding of factors that influence Black parents to participate in their children’s education is warranted. Using a qualitative methodology, this study investigated factors that contributed to such involvement, as reported by 22 Black parents. Although a majority of the parents exhibited beliefs and practices representative of a high level of parent self-efficacy, the results suggest that age and socioeconomic status influence parental motivations to participate in their children’s education.
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Separate But Not Yet Equal: The Relation Between School Finance Adequacy Litigation and African American Student Achievement - Glen, William J. (Peabody Journal of Education, 2006)
The Black-White achievement gap presents perhaps the most important issue in education. Legal actions play a role in the efforts to reduce and eliminate the gap. School finance adequacy litigation offers the most widely used legal strategy to seek fairer outcomes for children. However, the literature is sparse with regard to the impact such litigation has on student outcomes. This article addresses the extent to which adequacy litigation functions as a means of narrowing the achievement gap. It sets forth evidence showing that successful adequacy cases relate positively to African American achievement on the 2003 National Assessment of Educational Progress assessments. However, the results also show that factors normally outside the purview of adequacy litigation, such as the racial composition of the school, also contribute to student outcomes. Therefore, it is argued that adequacy litigation offers a means for reducing the achievement gap, but that it would be more effective if combined with nonmonetary remedies, such as integrating public schools.
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Storming the Fences: Morocco and Europe's Anti-Migration Policy - Goldschmidt, Elie (Middle East report, 2006)
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Promoting school enrolment, attendance and retention among disadvantaged children in Yemen : the potential of conditional cash transfers - Guarecio, L.; Lyon, Shane D.; Rosati, Furio Camillo (2006)
School attendance incentive schemes essentially compensate families for the direct and indirect costs associated with children attending school rather than working. The primary benefit of these programs is their ability to tie together short-run assistance and long-run human capital formation to fight the intergenerational transfer of poverty. The current study presents a set of simulations designed to assess the likely impact of an incentive scheme based on cash transfers on school attendance in Yemen. The simulation results suggest that cash transfers targeted to poor households could lead to a large rise in school enrolment at the basic level, particularly in governorates where attendance is lowest. The results are however subject to several technical limitations relating to the nature of the data. Nonetheless, they indicate that a further, more in-depth assessment of the potential of cash transfer schemes in the Yemeni context is warranted.
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Effect of Health Education/Training Program for High Institute of Health Students on Breast Self-Examination at Benghazi City in Libya - Hassanen, Rabaa H.; Badw, Amany S.; Ali, Munyah (Journal of High Institute of Public Health, 2006)
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The course of breast cancer can be alerted through early detection through breast self-examination and prompt treatment. Breast self-examination is a readily available method and doesn’t require a specialized personal or equipment. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of health education and training program for High Institute of Health students on breast self-examination. The study was carried out in High Institute of Health in Benghazi City in Libya [Nursing Department Students]. Sample of the study included 95 students aged from 21 to 26 years old from Benghazi City [urban and rural areas]. The quota sample approach was used. An educational training program concerned with breast self-examination was applied after testing their knowledge about breast cancer and breast self-examination. Re-evaluation of their knowledge and practices was done immediately after the implementation of the program [post-test], and for another time after 3 months [follow-up test] through the same predesigned questionnaire and checklist was conducted to estimate the student’s knowledge and practice before the program. The results revealed that all students had poor knowledge and practices scores, before the implementation of program and improved markedly after implementation of the program. There is a highly statistical significant difference between pre-test and post-test in knowledge and practices [P=0.000]. Forgetting may lower the percentages of the response in the follow up test but still the different between pre-test and follow-up test [P=0.000]. The study recommended that implantation of health education and training programs for nurses about breast self-examination in Libya, encourage breast self-examination that may be integrated as a part of health promotion program for female, breast self-examination programs must include appropriate cultural content and values that may discourage women and daughters for doing it.
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Motivating Factors in Student’s Choice of Nursing Education Program in High Institute of Health in Benghazi City at Libya Country - Hassanen, Rabaa H.; El-Sayed, Sahar Hamdy; Alshekteria, Amina Abdulla (Journal of High Institute of Public Health, 2006)
Motivation can be defined as an individual degree of willingness to exert and maintain an offort towards organizational goals. The aim of this study is to determine motivating factors for choosing nursing education program among nursing students and to explore the nursing student’s perception toward their nursing work in the future. The study was conducted in High Institute of Health [Nursing Department] in Benghazi City in Libya. The sample of the study included all nursing students [135] from first, second, and third years, aged from 18 to 30 years old from Benghazi City from the urban and rural areas. Quota sample was used. Data were collected through interviewing students individually using a developed questionnaire sheet. The results revealed that the majority[84.4%] of students stated that the mean of nursing is caring and 63.7% of them reported that the source influencing them to choose nursing education program was personal aspiration, All students stated that the motivating factors for choosing nursing education program were low cost of education and the only chance available to them. Also this study revealed that all students who stated that they agree and strongly agree about their future work are measurement of body temperature, assist physicians and giving injection, and [48.1% and 38.5%] of them agree and strongly agree about the nurse is considered as a vital member in the community. The study recommended that increase of community awareness about the importance and positive image of nursing through mass media, improvement of the criteria for selecting the students, and providing accurate information for secondary school students about nursing to change their view about nursing and attract them to the nursing education program.
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Educational Training for Hydrogeology Engineers in Western Algeria-Tlemcen University - Helal, Abdellatif Mohammed Tabet; Baghli, Abderrezzak (2006)
Engineer educational program is theoretically the same throughout the world. The light differences are in the credits and didactic means. If it seems the same in the theory undergone through lectures and practice through laboratory training, the educational program differs from one place to another when it is developed or applied in the field. The staff organizes field sessions in order to illustrate, develop, show and apply the knowledge given in classrooms and laboratories. This is covered principally in the neigh boring area and often for the illustrating needs it is necessary to move to particular places to show or to practice a specific demonstration. That hydrogeology educational program is given during five years at the University of TLEMCEN, Department of Earth Sciences. During the fourth year, there is a credit - which is totally devoted to the field (field credit: 30 days - continuous or not) and its content has been adapted to the particularities of this region. Our objective, in this paper, is to show the field sessions realized with our students in our area which presents different aspects in groundwaters, superficial waters, thermal sources and sewage waters and , if any, their different treatments.
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Early Childhood Teacher Education in Ethiopia: Progress and Emerging Challenges - Hoot, James L.; Szente, Judit; Tadesse, Selamawit (Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 2006)
This article extends concerns of our National Association of Early Childhood Teacher Educators (NAECTE) membership beyond the borders of the United States to the continent of Africa. Specifically, it explores the current status of early childhood teacher education in one of the poorest nations of the world—Ethiopia. It includes an analysis of recent policy developments as well as continuing challenges to educational progress. The article concludes with a call for like-minded professional organizations such as NAECTE to lend its expertise and support to this struggling nation.
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Comparing Three Instruments for Assessing Biology Teachers’ Effectiveness in the Instructional Process in Edo State, Nigeria - Imhanlahimi, E. O.; Aguele, Lawrence I. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2006)
The study assessed biology teachers’ effectiveness in the instructional process using two instruments and classroom observation, with a view to determining the most objective and appropriate one. The instruments were: Student Assessment of Teacher Effectiveness Instrument (SATEI), Teacher Assessment of Teacher Effectiveness Instrument (TATEI) and classroom observation by the researchers. One hundred and eighty (180) Senior Secondary Class Two (SS2) biology students and six biology teachers selected from six secondary schools in Edo State of Nigeria, were involved in the study. Mean assessment of biology teachers’ effectiveness using the instruments were compared through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result of the study showed that there was a strong agreement in the assessment of biology teachers’ effectiveness by students and the researchers, indicating high degree of objectivity in their assessments. Besides, biology teachers were biased on their self-assessment of teaching effectiveness.
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The urgent need for specialised training in motor vehicle accident investigation and reconstruction in South Africa - Joubert, J.B.; Tanta, J.A. (2006)
Why do we investigate traffic accidents? What is the current state of accident investigation in South Africa? Is there a need for the investigation of serious traffic accidents? What technology is available to assist the investigators and what are the plans for the future? The purpose of this paper is to provide insight on the current level of accident investigation in South Africa. The current level of investigation in South Africa, with one of the highest accident rates in the world, is far below the level of other countries, for example Canada and Australia. There is a lack of institutions providing courses in accident investigation and reconstruction of accident. The technology is available, but it is not used in South Africa. This paper will show, with the use of three-dimensional computer software (Vista FX), how a reconstruction of a fatal accident was done to determine the cause of the accident, the way it was presented in court and the outcome of the court case. Plans for the future: University accredited courses in Accident Reconstruction, consisting of three parts namely: 1. The Investigation of Serious Traffic Accidents. 2. Vehicle Dynamics and Driving Dynamics. 3. Accident Reconstruction and Cause Analyses.
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Emergency contraception: knowledge and practice of Gondar University students, northwest Ethiopia. - Kebede, Yigzaw (Ethiopian Medical Journal, 2006)
OBJECTIVES To assess the knowledge and practice of Gondar University students regarding emergency contraceplion. PATIENTS AND METHODS A university based cross-sectional study was conducted in the University of Gondar in May 2004. All undergraduate students of the university were included in the study. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was used for data collection. RESULTS A total of 2323 students (1764 males & 559 females) responded to the questionnaire. Five hundred fifty eight students (24.0%) thought that there are methods that can be used to prevent pregnancy when a woman had unprotected sex. Overall, 437 students (18.8%) knew the correct methods of emergency contraception (pill or IUCD). Of those who mentioned pill as the only method of emergency contraception, 285 (73.3%) said the pill should be used within 72 hours after unprotected sex. Only one student used pill as emergency contraceptive. Students in the health field have 6.8 times higher knowledge on emergency contraception compared to students of FBE. Generally, there was an increasing trend in the knowledge of students when their age and year of study increases. Married or divorced students had 3.36 times higher knowledge when compared with never married students. CONCLUSION In general, except students in the health field, other students have low awareness about emergency contraception. Emergency contraceptive user rate is very low. Even in those who are aware of emergency contraception, the information they have regarding the methods that can be used and the timing of emergency contraception was not sufficient. Students should be provided with appropriate information regarding emergency contraception and access to emergency contraception should be improved in the university.
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Magnitude of episiotomy in a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. - Kiros, Kbrom Gemechu; Lakew, Zufan (PubMed, 2006)
To assess the rate of Episiotomy in vaginal birth in Tikur Anbessa teaching Hospital and the associated factors that influences the use of episiotomy in the unit.A cross-sectional study was conducted in the delivery unit of the Tikur Anbessa Hospital from May to September 2000. Data on mothers who delivered in the study period was collected using structured questionnaire. Variables on use of episiotomy, parity, fetal presentation, duration of labor, mode of delivery, Apgar scores at first and fifth minutes, indications for episiotomy and the practice of analgesia & anesthesia in the management of Episiotomy were collected Medical charts and the labor ward logbook were reviewed for collecting the data.A total of 917 deliveries were attended during the study period among which 672 mothers (83.1%) delivered vaginally. Among the vaginal deliveries, 270 (40.2%) mothers had episiotomy. Of these 203 (75.2%) mothers were primigravidae. Nulliparity (77.7% vs 21.3%), the duration of the second stage of labor more 90 minutes (76% vs. 13.8%) and instrumental delivery (86.2% vs. 13.8%) has been shown to be significantly associated to having episiotomy, while the birth weight and Apgar scores didn't show significant differences. Local anesthesia was used only in 71 (28.1%) cases among the 253 on whom information regarding the use of local anesthesia was retrieved.The rate of episiotomy is significantly higher than the recommended practice for many centers. Measures should be taken to lower the rate of episiotomy rate that include preparation of guidelines and protocols according to the standard and training and nurses, midwives and doctors on the selective use of episiotomy. The current practice of perineal repair without analgesia/anesthesia should be revised and making labor and delivery less painful needs to be advocated.
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Student activism and student exclusions in South Africa - Koen, Charlton; Cele, Mlungisi; Libhaber, Arial (International Journal of Educational Development, 2006)
On average, about 25 percent of students leave higher education (HE) institutions annually in South Africa because they are excluded on academic and financial grounds. To resist such putouts, student boycotts and protests are common despite the fact that student organizations were incorporated into decision-making processes at HE institutions (defined as universities and technikons in South Africa) in 1997. By examining recent student protest behaviour, this paper explores the dimensions of various protests and examines some of the effects of student participation in HE governance structures.
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Interspecific variation in vessel size, growth and drought tolerance of broad-leaved trees in semi-arid regions of Kenya - Kondoh, Shoko; Yahata, Hisashi; Nakashizuka, Tohru; Kondoh, Michio (Tree Physiology, 2006)
In semi-arid regions, trees often wither during the dry season. Withering is sometimes manifest as die-back, whereby whithering results in shoot death, which progresses downward from the uppermost part of the crown. In this study, we measured the relationships between height growth and diameter at breast height, die-back frequency and severity, vessel size and specific hydraulic conductivity of four evergreen (Senna siamea (Lamk) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, Azadirachta indica A.H.L. Juss and Acacia gerrardii Benth.) and one deciduous (Melia volkensii Gürke) plantation tree species in Kenya, which has a conspicuous dry season. Die-back occurred readily in some species, but not in others. Senna siamea showed the highest specific hydraulic conductivity and the highest growth rate among the five species and was quite susceptible to die-back. Among species, height growth and specific hydraulic conductivity were positively correlated with vessel size and negatively correlated with die-back frequency, suggesting a trade-off between growth rate and drought tolerance. This implies that an adaptation to rapid growth under humid conditions leads to low drought tolerance. However, the deciduous tree Melia volkensii showed high specific hydraulic conductivity and growth, with no symptoms of die-back, implying that a mechanism associated with the deciduous habit results in drought avoidance by reducing the requirement for water during the dry season.
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Transitional tholeiitic basalts in the Tertiary Bana volcano–plutonic complex, Cameroon Line - Kuepouo, Gilbert; Tchouankoué, Jean Pierre; Nagao, Takashi; Sato, H. (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2006)
The Bana transitional tholeiitic basalts occurring in a Tertiary volcano–plutonic complex of the Cameroon Line, Central Africa are plagioclase-bearing and olivine-free. K/Ar dating on separated plagioclases of the transitional tholeiitic basalts yields an Oligocene age of 30.1 ± 1.2 Ma. Their clinopyroxene compositions are marked by iron enrichment and calcium depletion in the Wo–En–Fs system. The whole-rock major element compositions are characterized by Mg# ∼ 36–48, normative quartz and hypersthene. The youngest alkali basalts from the same igneous complex have higher Mg# ∼ 56–66. These two groups of basalt have trace element characteristics of within-plate basalt with Zr/Nb ratios of 3.7–4.5 and 7.5–9.2 respectively, and different LILE/HFSE and LREE/HREE ratios. The overall trace element characteristics suggest that the transitional tholeiitic basalts of the Bana complex were derived by high degrees of partial melting in the upper mantle at shallow depths whereas younger alkali basalts in the complex were probably produced by a small degree of melting of the same source at slightly greater depths. The transitional tholeiitic character of these basalts suggests a significant lithospheric extension and mantle upwelling below the Cameroon Line in the Oligocene.
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Teaching social work as a foreign language: a White European at an African university - Laird, Siobhan E. (Teaching in Higher Education, 2006)
Abstract This paper, originally given as an address to an African audience of students and academics, examines the functions of education in Africa and argues that the western-oriented approach at tertiary level is injurious to the intellectual development of students. It sets out an analysis of the processes at work in the University of Ghana which alienate students from their own cultural and socio-economic experiences. Using the example of social work education since its inception in 1958 at the University of Ghana, this paper considers the nature of western-oriented curricula, detailing their impact on student learning and African scholarship. Finally, it is argued that the psychological legacy of the colonial era perpetuates the failure of African academia to effectively confront the dominance of Anglo-American paradigms. The editors would particularly welcome, in the points for debate section, readers’ comments on or responses to articles which have appeared in earlier issues of the Journal. These may be in the form of a short paper or letter and should be sent to Stephen Rowland, Department of Education and Professional Studies, University College London, 1–19 Torrington Place, London WCIE 6BT. Selected contributions will be published at the earliest oppurtunity. The editors would particularly welcome, in the points for debate section, readers’ comments on or responses to articles which have appeared in earlier issues of the Journal. These may be in the form of a short paper or letter and should be sent to Stephen Rowland, Department of Education and Professional Studies, University College London, 1–19 Torrington Place, London WCIE 6BT. Selected contributions will be published at the earliest oppurtunity. Notes The editors would particularly welcome, in the points for debate section, readers’ comments on or responses to articles which have appeared in earlier issues of the Journal. These may be in the form of a short paper or letter and should be sent to Stephen Rowland, Department of Education and Professional Studies, University College London, 1–19 Torrington Place, London WCIE 6BT. Selected contributions will be published at the earliest oppurtunity.
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State and Future of Legislating for Special Education in Nigeria: The Plateau State Experience - Lere, Mark M.; Yakwal, Sylvester Wnandar (2006)
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School governance and the pursuit of democratic participation: Lessons from South Africa - Lewis, Suzanne Grant; Naidoo, Jordan (International Journal of Educational Development, 2006)
This article examines experiences in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces with devolved school governance, introduced in 1996 to promote democratic participation in education decision making. Utilizing the “theory of action” framework, this analysis is an effort to de-center the school governance debate by moving from a central government perspective to one privileging local meaning of participation and decision making in school governance. An understanding of individual local theories of governance and participation proves most powerful when seen in interaction with institutional structures and the subtle and less-than-subtle signals reinforcing established power structures and conventions and circumscribing the community's role.
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TRACE METAL POLLUTION OF RECENT MOLLUSCAN SHELLS FROM LAKE QARUN SEDIMENTS, EGYPT - Lofty, Ibrahim M. (Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 2006)
This paper aims to present a complete picture on the trace metals distribution in the recent mollusk an shells from Lake Qarun sediments. The mollusk an shells were collected during August 2003 and analyzed for the trace metals viz: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn. Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V and Zn. Their relative order abundance in bivalve shells was: Fe> Cu> Sr> Zn> Mn> Pb> Ni> Se> As> Ba> Cr> Mo> Co>V >Cd, while in gastropod shells was: : Fe> Zn> Mn> Sr> Cu > As > Pb> Se> Ba> Ni>Cr> Mo> Go> V> Cd. The elements were more abundant in gastropod shells. Most elements were associated with aragonite( i.e. nepionic stage) in eastern and middle zone close to the source of the elements and with increasing age( i.e. in adult stage) associated with calcite in western sector. This is due to the mineralogy of shells, secondary alteration, location, environmental parameters, activity of organisms and source of sediments.
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How Strombolian is a “Strombolian” scoria cone? Some irregularities in scoria cone architecture from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, near Volcán Ceboruco, (Mexico) and Al Haruj (Libya) - Martin, Ulrike; Németh, Károly (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2006)
Scoria cone modelling focuses on ballistic (no-drag) ejection that are termed Strombolian as a result of weak-intensity, strongly intermittent activity associated with bursting of gas bubbles resulting ballistic emplacement of clasts 10+ cm. Particles with a size < 10 cm are normally unable to follow ballistic trajectories instead depositing from sub-Plinian eruption clouds. The Neogene volcanic field near Volcán Ceboruco in the San Pedro–Ceboruco graben, Mexico includes fissure fed flows, domes, and monogenetic scoria cones. The scoria cones near Ceboruco consist of normal (proximal) to inverse (distal) graded welded and/or non-welded scoria lapilli and coarse ash. The grain size pattern observed from scoria cones at Ceboruco is not consistent with the classic ballistic model of cone growth. Instead it is more consistent with recently proposed model where cones grow by accumulation of clasts falling from a sustained eruption column. Al Haruj a Miocene to Holocene intracontinental basaltic volcanic field in Libya preserves pyroclastic rocks indicating hot emplacement from eruptions of scoria cones and lava fountains. However, craters are commonly wide and surrounded by rims of strongly welded tephra, they closely resemble maar-structures. It is inferred that magmatic fragmentation of the uprising melt often has changed to phreatomagmatic interaction leading to enigmatic explosive events that have removed the top of the volcanic cones and produced maar-like depressions. In the two fields at least four different types of scoria cones have been distinguished that indicates a far greater diversity in eruptive mechanisms of scoria cones than those proposed by earlier researchers.
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The Occurrence of the Fern Acrostichum in Oligocene Volcanic Strata of the Northwestern Ethiopian Plateau - Massini, Juan Leandro García; Jacobs, Bonnie F.; Pan, Aaron D.; Tabor, Neil J.; Kappelman, John (International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2006)
Oligocene (28–27 Ma) leaf fragments displaying morphological affinities with the fern Acrostichum are described from volcanic and fluvio‐lacustrine strata near Chilga, west‐southwest of Gondar on the northwestern Ethiopian Plateau. The fossils consist of elongate pinnae impressions and compressions, with secondary veins that arise from a midvein, anastomose, and create a characteristic reticulate venation without included free veinlets. Modern Acrostichum has a pantropical distribution associated with mangrove vegetation, but it occasionally occurs in freshwater settings. The Paleogene fossil record shows that Acrostichum usually is preserved in freshwater environments, as it is at Chilga, but elsewhere in Africa it is associated with mangrove taxa. At Chilga, Acrostichum occurs in a waterlogged terrain, as indicated by independent environmental assessment based on paleosol analyses. This fern occupied a greater geographic range than it does today in Africa, having occurred in the past on the Ethiopian Plateau in addition to the coastal areas at tropical latitudes.
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Decision Making by School Administrators in the United States and South Africa Using Two Different Standards: The Best Interest of the Child and the Right of Parents to Make Decisions for Their Children - Mawdsley, Ralph D.; Visser, P. J. Hans; Permuth, Steven (International journal of educational reform, 2006)
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Organising cluster cooperation and learning networks in South Africa - Morris, Mike; Barnes, Justin (African Studies, 2006)
Bill Freund's work on cities has stressed a number of themes, important amongst these have been the necessity to take the social and economic processes within them as forces in their own right. Whi...
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An assessment of library user education programmes among undergraduate students in kenyan universities with particular reference to University of Nairobi and Kenyatta University libraries - Mwangi, Ephraim (2006)
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Vulnerability of Kenyan schools to disaster - Ndiang'ui, Joyce T (2006)
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Education and chronic crisis in Palestine - Nicolai, Susan (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2006)
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The Road to an Improved Tax Curriculum in South African Schools - Oberholzer, Ruanda; Nel, Martelize (Education As Change, 2006)
Since the vast number of scholars will be the taxpayers of the future, implementing tax education at school level should greatly enhance the success of the tax system. This will ensure that the majority of South Africans will have the opportunity to receive a basic understanding of tax and be more aware of what may be expected of them in the future. This paper investigates the existing level and adequacy of tax education in South African schools. A number of shortcomings within the current school tax curriculum in South Africa have been identified, for example use of wrong terminology and the absence of flow charts and case studies. In addition, it has been found that educators do not receive proper training on the content of the curriculum, with no assistance available from the South African Revenue Service (SARS) in this regard. It is suggested that SARS and the Department of Education (DoE) work in collaboration to improve the current tax curriculum, which will potentially make an increasing percentage of South Africans responsible taxpayers, who properly understand their obligation to contribute to and improve the tax compliance culture within this country, one of the main visions of the South African Revenue Service.
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Educating the "Native": A Study of the Education Adaptation Strategy in British Colonial Africa, 1910-1936 - Omolewa, Michael (Journal of African American History, 2006)
Previous articleNext article No AccessEducating the "Native": A Study of the Education Adaptation Strategy in British Colonial Africa, 1910-1936Michael OmolewaMichael Omolewa Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of African American History Volume 91, Number 3Summer 2006 A journal of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/JAAHv91n3p267 Views: 172Total views on this site Copyright ASALHPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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Decentralisation in education, institutional culture and teacher autonomy in Ghana - Osei, George M.; Brock, Colin (Journal of Education Policy, 2006)
Abstract Ghana has seen several recent attempts to devolve control over the curriculum to the local level. The present study focuses on a single reform, the Local Content Curriculum (LCC). Analysis of local responses to this reform provides insights into the state’s influence on the actions and attitudes of Ghanaian teachers not previously detailed in research on educational decentralisation. These insights into the implementation of the LCC expand the understanding of the tangible effects of educational reform on actual learning institutions and pupils as well as inform about the central government’s real ability to effect change in schools. The study also shows how the lethargy of local actors is bound to deeply engrained views about the role of Ghanaian teachers in school and in society. View retraction statement:Retraction Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their appreciation for constructive comments by anonymous reviewers and the editor of this journal.
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The Role of Open, Distance and Flexible Learning (ODFL) in HIV/AIDS Prevention and Mitigation for Affected Youth in South Africa and Mozambique - Pridmore, Pat; Yates, Chris ((2006), 2006)
This study provides an initial examination of the potential of open distance and flexible learning (ODFL) to mitigate the affects of HIV and AIDS on young people through an examination of experiences from Mozambique and South Africa. It analyses national AIDS policy and identifies major ODFL initiatives to translate this policy into practice. It explores the learning needs and favorite ways of learning of young people affected by HIV and AIDS and suggests ways for ODFL to support and extend the work of existing infrastructures. The central argument in this monograph is that to confront AIDS and to meet Millennium Development Goals in high HIV prevalence countries governments must move beyond current efforts to accelerate conventional responses. They must grasp the opportunity to transform the education system to deliver education more flexibly and to empower young people to participate in moving their communities towards the post-AIDS era. To do this the full and strategic support of the entire education community including those with expertise in planning and programming for ODFL will need to be harnessed. (authors)
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Rebuilding education from scratch in Liberia - Quick, Diana (DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2006)
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ICT in a Portugal-Cape Verde distance education program in Multimedia in education and training - Sadio-Ramos, Fernando José; Moreira, Antônio Flávio Barbosa; Roth, Rogério; Santos, Carlos (2006)
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A church-based diabetes self-management education program for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. - Samuel‐Hodge, Carmen D.; Keyserling, Thomas C.; Ingram, Allyson F.; Johnston, Larry F.; Davis, Lisa; Davis, Gwen; Cole, Anne (PubMed, 2006)
Diabetes self-management education interventions in community gathering places have been moderately effective, but very few studies of intervention effectiveness have been conducted among African Americans with type 2 diabetes. This paper describes a church-based diabetes self-management education intervention for African Americans, a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the intervention, and baseline characteristics of study participants.A New DAWN: Diabetes Awareness & Wellness Network was conducted among 24 churches of varying size in North Carolina. Each church recruited congregants with type 2 diabetes and designated a diabetes advisor, or peer counselor, to be part of the intervention team. Participants were enrolled at each church and randomized as a unit to either the special intervention or the minimal intervention. The special intervention included one individual counseling visit, twelve group sessions, three postcard messages from the participant's diabetes care provider, and twelve monthly telephone calls from a diabetes advisor. Baseline data included measures of weight, hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, physical activity, dietary and diabetes self-care practices, and psychosocial factors. The study to evaluate the intervention (from enrollment visit to last follow-up) began in February 2001 and ended in August 2003.Twenty-four churches (with 201 total participants) were randomized. Sixty-four percent of the participants were women. On average, the participants were aged 59 years and sedentary. They had an average of 12 years of education, had been diagnosed with diabetes for 9 years, had a body mass index of 35, had a hemoglobin A1c level of 7.8%, and had a reported dietary intake of 39% of calories from fat.A New DAWN is a culturally sensitive, church-based diabetes self-management education program for African Americans with type 2 diabetes that is being evaluated for effectiveness in a randomized controlled trial. The outcomes of A New DAWN will contribute to the literature on community-based interventions for minority populations and help to inform the selection of approaches to improve diabetes care in this population.
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FACTORS AFFECTING INFECTION OR REINFECTION WITH SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM IN COASTAL KENYA: SURVIVAL ANALYSIS DURING A NINE-YEAR, SCHOOL-BASED TREATMENT PROGRAM - Satayathum, Sudtida; Muchiri, Eric M.; Ouma, John H.; Whalen, Christopher C.; King, Charles H. (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2006)
Urinary schistosomiasis remains a significant burden for Africa and the Middle East. Success of regional control strategies will depend, in part, on what influence local environmental and behavioral factors have on individual risk for primary infection and/or reinfection. Based on experience in a multi-year (1984-1992), school-based Schistosoma haematobium control program in Coast Province, Kenya, we examined risk for infection outcomes as a function of age, sex, pretreatment morbidity, treatment regimen, water contact, and residence location, with the use of life tables and Cox proportional-hazards analysis. After adjustment, location of residence, age less than 12 years, pretreatment hematuria, and incomplete treatment were the significant independent predictors of infection, whereas sex and frequency of water contact were not. We conclude that local physical features and age-related factors play a predominant role in S. haematobium transmission in this setting. In large population-based control programs, treatment allocation strategies may need to be tailored to local conditions on a village-by-village basis.
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Disparate Access: The Disproportionality of African American Students with Disabilities across Educational Environments - Skiba, Russell J.; Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Gallini, Sarah; Simmons, Ada B.; Feggins-Azziz, Renae (Exceptional Children, 2006)
This study investigated the extent to which the overrepresentation of African American students in more restrictive special education settings is attributable to their overrepresentation in disability categories more likely to be served in more restrictive educational environments. Within 5 disability categories (emotional disturbance, mild mental retardation, moderate mental retardation, learning disabilities, and speech and language), African American students were overrepresented in more restrictive educational environments and underrepresented in less restrictive environments relative to all other students with the same disability. Disproportionality was most evident in those disability categories served primarily in general education settings. Given the social consensus regarding inclusion, disproportionality in restrictiveness of educational environment may represent a more serious challenge than disproportionality in disability categories.
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Disparate Access: The Disproportionality of African American Students with Disabilities across Educational Environments - Skiba, Russell J.; Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Gallini, Sarah; Simmons, Ada B.; Feggins-Azziz, Renae (Exceptional Children, 2006)
This study investigated the extent to which the overrepresentation of African American students in more restrictive special education settings is attributable to their overrepresentation in disability categories more likely to be served in more restrictive educational environments. Within 5 disability categories (emotional disturbance, mild mental retardation, moderate mental retardation, learning disabilities, and speech and language), African American students were overrepresented in more restrictive educational environments and underrepresented in less restrictive environments relative to all other students with the same disability. Disproportionality was most evident in those disability categories served primarily in general education settings. Given the social consensus regarding inclusion, disproportionality in restrictiveness of educational environment may represent a more serious challenge than disproportionality in disability categories.
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Disparate Access: The Disproportionality of African American Students with Disabilities across Educational Environments - Skiba, Russell J.; Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Gallini, Sarah; Simmons, Ada B.; Feggins-Azziz, Renae (Exceptional Children, 2006)
This study investigated the extent to which the overrepresentation of African American students in more restrictive special education settings is attributable to their overrepresentation in disability categories more likely to be served in more restrictive educational environments. Within 5 disability categories (emotional disturbance, mild mental retardation, moderate mental retardation, learning disabilities, and speech and language), African American students were overrepresented in more restrictive educational environments and underrepresented in less restrictive environments relative to all other students with the same disability. Disproportionality was most evident in those disability categories served primarily in general education settings. Given the social consensus regarding inclusion, disproportionality in restrictiveness of educational environment may represent a more serious challenge than disproportionality in disability categories.
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Disparate Access: The Disproportionality of African American Students with Disabilities across Educational Environments - Skiba, Russell J.; Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Gallini, Sarah; Simmons, Ada B.; Feggins-Azziz, Renae (Exceptional Children, 2006)
This study investigated the extent to which the overrepresentation of African American students in more restrictive special education settings is attributable to their overrepresentation in disability categories more likely to be served in more restrictive educational environments. Within 5 disability categories (emotional disturbance, mild mental retardation, moderate mental retardation, learning disabilities, and speech and language), African American students were overrepresented in more restrictive educational environments and underrepresented in less restrictive environments relative to all other students with the same disability. Disproportionality was most evident in those disability categories served primarily in general education settings. Given the social consensus regarding inclusion, disproportionality in restrictiveness of educational environment may represent a more serious challenge than disproportionality in disability categories.
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Disparate Access: The Disproportionality of African American Students with Disabilities across Educational Environments - Skiba, Russell J.; Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Gallini, Sarah; Simmons, Ada B.; Feggins-Azziz, Renae (Exceptional Children, 2006)
This study investigated the extent to which the overrepresentation of African American students in more restrictive special education settings is attributable to their overrepresentation in disability categories more likely to be served in more restrictive educational environments. Within 5 disability categories (emotional disturbance, mild mental retardation, moderate mental retardation, learning disabilities, and speech and language), African American students were overrepresented in more restrictive educational environments and underrepresented in less restrictive environments relative to all other students with the same disability. Disproportionality was most evident in those disability categories served primarily in general education settings. Given the social consensus regarding inclusion, disproportionality in restrictiveness of educational environment may represent a more serious challenge than disproportionality in disability categories.
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Reducing the Gap: Success for All and the Achievement of African American Students. - Slavin, Robert E.; Madden, Nancy A. (Journal of Negro Education, 2006)
Success for All is a comprehensive reform model that uses cooperative learning, tutoring, family support services, and extensive professional development to help high-poverty schools succeed with their students. This article reviews research on Success for All with African American students, focusing on evidence that Success for All reduces the achievement gap between African American and White students. More than 40 studies, including a national randomized experiment, have found positive effects of Success for All in schools serving many African Americans. Implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed.
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Pattern of Ear, Nose and Throat Injuries in Children at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria - Sogebi, Olusola Ayodele; Olaosun, Adedayo Olugbenga; Tobih, J. E.; Adedeji, Taiwo Olugbemiga; Adebola, Stephen Oluwatosin (African Journal of Paediatric Surgery, 2006)
Background: Trauma to the ear, nose and throat region is relatively common in children. There is a dearth of literature on this subject in our environment. This study determined the patterns and mechanisms of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) related injuries in children in Osogbo, Nigeria. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective study of children with ENT trauma/injuries managed in the Ear-Nose-Throat department at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, between January 2001and December 2005. Results: Seventy-five (5.3%) children with traumatic ENTinjuries were seen but complete records were available in 47 patients. Twenty nine of the 47 patients were males and 18 were females (M:F=1.6:1). Majority (59.6%) of the patients were in the age group of 0-5years. The duration of symptoms before presentation varied between the various regions, and was least in the throat region, averaging 2.7days. The most common cause of injury seen in all the regions was foreign body (60.71%), majority (60.71%) of which occurred in the ears. Conclusion: ENT injuries are relatively common in our children, and foreign bodies are the commonest causes. Keywords : Ear, nose and throat injuries, children > African Journal of Paediatric Surgery Vol. 3 (2) 2006: pp. 60-63
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Screening for diabetes mellitus in learners residing in the Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni communities of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa - Somers, Anne R.; Rusford, E.; Hassan, Fikrat M.; Erasmus, R T (South African family practice (2004. Print), 2006)
BackgroundHistorically, children and adolescents have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus and it was thought that type 2 diabetes mellitus occurred only in adults. There are increasing reports of type 2 diabetes in children globally, with some as young as eight years old being affected. The average age of diagnosis in this group was 13 years. This has been attributed to the “epidemic” of overweight and obesity currently being observed in both developed and developing countries. There is a paucity of data on the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children compared with that for adults. Most studies reported to date have been clinic based. The few population-based studies that were carried out between 1965 and 1995 have shown a several-fold increase in the incidence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in South Africa has risen dramatically in the past two decades, with the highest prevalence rates being found in the adult population of Indian origin, followed by the African, Coloured (mixed ancestry) and White population groups.ObjectivesThis study was undertaken to screen 10 to 16-year-old learners residing in three urban areas of Cape Town, South Africa for diabetes mellitus.MethodsFasting and casual blood glucose levels were measured using a commercial glucometer in 338 randomly selected schoolchildren aged from 10 to 16 from the urban communities of Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni in Cape Town. Early morning urine samples were also tested for the presence of glucose using dipsticks. Anthropometric measurements were carried out using standard procedures. A structured questionnaire on physical activity, demographics and diabetic status was administered to all participants. Overweight and obesity were estimated according to The International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria.ResultsA total of 15.7% of the learners were overweight and 6.2% were obese; 11.5% of the learners had a first-degree relative with diabetes and 29.9% had a second-degree relative with diabetes. Mean fasting and casual glucose values of 4.26 ± 0.63 mmol/l and 4.58 ± 0.79 mmol/l (p < 0.05) respectively were obtained. Using the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, no learner was found to be diabetic or presented with elevated blood glucose concentrations. No learner presented with glycosuria. Females had marginally higher fasting and casual glucose levels than males, although the difference was insignificant. The overall (fasting and casual) glucose levels in African (4.37 ± 0.67 mmol/l) and Coloured learners (4.48 ± 0.79 mmol/l) were similar, with no gender differences being observed between the two groups. Blood glucose values were similar in those with or without a family history of diabetes. Fasting and casual blood glucose values were also similar between overweight, obese or normal weight learners and were not influenced by body mass index.ConclusionThese results suggest that population screening of children may not be viable, despite the increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus amongst various racial groups in South Africa.
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Screening for diabetes mellitus in learners residing in the Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni communities of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa : original resaerch - Somers, Anne R.; Rusford, E.; Hassan, Mogamat Shafick; Erasmus, R T (South African Family Practice, 2006)
ligBackground:l/ig Historically, children and adolescents have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus and it was thought that type 2 diabetes mellitus occurred only in adults. There are increasing reports of type 2 diabetes in children globally, with some as young as eight years old being affected. The average age of diagnosis in this group was 13 years. This has been attributed to the epidemic of overweight and obesity currently being observed in both developed and developing countries. There is a paucity of data on the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children compared with that for adults. Most studies reported to date have been clinic based. The few population-based studies that were carried out between 1965 and 1995 have shown a several-fold increase in the incidence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in South Africa has risen dramatically in the past two decades, with the highest prevalence rates being found in the adult population of Indian origin, followed by the African, Coloured (mixed ancestry) and White population groups. lbrgligObjectives:l/ig This study was undertaken to screen 10 to 16-year-old learners residing in three urban areas of Cape Town, South Africa for diabetes mellitus. lbrgligMethods:l/ig Fasting and casual blood glucose levels were measured using a commercial glucometer in 338 randomly selected schoolchildren aged from 10 to 16 from the urban communities of Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni in Cape Town. Early morning urine samples were also tested for the presence of glucose using dipsticks. Anthropometric measurements were carried out using standard procedures. A structured questionnaire on physical activity, demographics and diabetic status was administered to all participants. Overweight and obesity were estimated according to The International Obesity Task Force lig(IOTF)l/ig criteria. lbrgligResults:l/ig A total of 15.7% of the learners were overweight and 6.2% were obese; 11.5% of the learners had a first-degree relative with diabetes and 29.9% had a second-degree relative with diabetes. Mean fasting and casual glucose values of 4.26 ± 0.63 mmol/l and 4.58 ± 0.79 mmol/l (p <0.05) respectively were obtained. Using the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, no learner was found to be diabetic or presented with elevated blood glucose concentrations. No learner presented with glycosuria. Females had marginally higher fasting and casual glucose levels than males, although the difference was insignificant. The overall (fasting and casual) glucose levels in African (4.37 ± 0.67 mmol/l) and Coloured learners (4.48 ± 0.79 mmol/l) were similar, with no gender differences being observed between the two groups. Blood glucose values were similar in those with or without a family history of diabetes. Fasting and casual blood glucose values were also similar between overweight, obese or normal weight learners and were not influenced by body mass index. lbrgligConclusion:l/ig These results suggest that population screening of children may not be viable, despite the increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus amongst various racial groups in South Africa.
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Education rights, education policies and inequality in South Africa - Spreen, Carol Anne; Vally, Salim (International Journal of Educational Development, 2006)
In this article we explore education policy changes in South Africa through a rights-based framework. We situate our analysis in the context of deepening poverty and inequality arguing that progress (or the lack thereof) in schools cannot be divorced from poverty and its consequences. We show that education reform in South Africa has been situated within a policy frame that results in a tension between cost recovery and redressing historical backlogs. We argue that the introduction of user fees and the burden of other costs have rendered abstract the idea of education as a ‘right’. The definition of rights is extended to include the quality of education and educational opportunities. We question the constitutional and legislative romanticism surrounding a rights-based discourse and encourage a re-conceptualisation of human rights in education. Finally, we examine the resurgence of education social movements in relation to democratisation, educational transformation and human rights in South Africa.
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The level of knowledge of South African pupils regarding HIV/AIDS - Strydom, Herman; Strydom, Christien A. (International Social Work, 2006)
English Participants were not well informed regarding HIV/AIDS and many misconceptions existed. The current publicity given to HIV/AIDS can lead to desensitization instead of addressing the real issues. Programmes in this regard should rather focus on life skills as such, in which HIV/AIDS plays a major role. French Les participants étaient mal informés sur le VIH/SIDA et véhiculaient plusieurs conceptions erronées sur le sujet. La publicité courante concernant le VIH/SIDA peut mener à une désensibilisation plutôt que de confronter le problème dans sa réalité. Les programmes à cet effet devraient plutôt mettrent l'emphase sur des habiletés de survie pour lesquelles le VIH/SIDA joue un rôle majeur. Spanish Se halló que los participantes no estaban bien informados respecto a VIH/SIDA y que tenían muchas nociones equivocadas. La publicidad que se da ahora a VIH/SIDA puede llevar a la de-sensitización en vez de ayudar a bregar con los problemas reales. Los programas relacionados con estos problemas deberían enfocarse en la adquisición de destrezas para la vida, entre las cuales destrezas para bregar con VIH/SIDA tienen un lugar importante.
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Voices of African Students in America: "We're Not From the Jungle" - Traoré, Rosemary (Multicultural Perspectives, 2006)
(2006). Voices of African Students in America: 'We're Not From the Jungle' Multicultural Perspectives: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 29-34.
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Teacher–student interactions in desegregated classrooms in South Africa - Vandeyar, Saloshna; Killen, Roy (International Journal of Educational Development, 2006)
This study explored the state of desegregation and integration in South African schools 11 years after the demise of Apartheid. Three classrooms in three desegregating schools with different histories and race profiles were visited. Overall, each classroom was visited on 10 occasions over a period of 2 weeks. Direct observation was the main data gathering technique. The main findings were that desegregation as assimilation is occurring in these schools, but institutionalized racism is still pervasive. Manifestations of this at the classroom level include negative stereotyping of Black students, selective empathy, discriminatory seating arrangements, devolution of authority to students on racial basis, and aversion to African languages. The study concludes that the Constitution of South Africa is being given the most minimalist interpretation where racial desegregation is concerned. It concludes further that for system change to occur at school level, a radical shift from thinking about desegregation to contemplating substantive integration must be undertaken. Only in this way is it possible to introduce anti-racism as a transformative device into schools.
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Child sexual abuse and its outcomes among high school students in southwest Ethiopia - Worku, Dereje; Gebremariam, Abebe; Jayalakshmi, Sita (Tropical Doctor, 2006)
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a major contributing factor to the burden of disease among children and adolescents. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of CSA and its outcomes among female high school students in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Jirren high school female students in April 2005. A total of 323 female students from grade 9 were selected by systematic random sampling and they completed a self-administered questionnaire on experiences of sexual abuse. Data were cleaned and analysed by SPSS/PC statistical package. The results revealed that the prevalence of CSA was 68.7%. Among the different forms of sexual abuses, verbal harassment was the most common (51.4%) followed by sexual intercourse, 18.0% and unwelcome kissing, 17.1%. The commonly indicated abusers in this study were unknown persons (36%) followed by school-mates (31.5%). Among victims of sexual abuse, 7.2% had an unwanted pregnancy and 5.9% had sexually transmitted diseases. The rate of other psychological effects of CSA, such as suicide ideation, suicide attempt, and sexual dysfunction, was high. The overwhelming majority (86.4%) considered sexual abuse to be a major social problem. The study revealed that the prevalence of CSA is high. Reproductive health education should be provided to students. Parents, police, and the public in general should be made aware of the problem before it endangers the lives of children and adolescents.
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Modelled surface ozone over southern Africa during the Cross Border Air Pollution Impact Assessment Project - Zunckel, Mark; Koosailee, Avishkar; Yarwood, Greg; Maúre, Genito; Venjonoka, K.; Tienhoven, A. M. Van; Otter, L. (Environmental Modelling and Software, 2006)
Monitoring of surface ozone over southern Africa has shown that ambient concentrations often exceed a threshold of 40 ppb at which damage to vegetation by ozone could be expected. The Cross Border Air Pollution Assessment Project (CAPIA) was therefore established to assess the potential impacts of ozone on maize, a staple food crop, in five southern African countries. Measured surface ozone data are scare in the region so it was necessary to complement the monitoring with regional-scale photochemical modelling to achieve the objective. The Pennsylvania State and NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to produce gridded meteorological data for 5 days in each month of the maize growing season, October to April, as input to the photochemical model, CAMx. Gridded anthropogenic emissions from industry, transport and domestic burning and gridded biogenic emissions from soils and vegetation are input to CAMx. The model estimations indicate large areas on the sub-continent where surface ozone concentrations exceed 40 ppb for up to 10 h per day. Maximum concentrations may exceed 80 ppb, particularly in the winter when mean ozone concentrations are higher. The areas where the 40 ppb threshold is exceeded coincide with maize growing areas in South Africa and Zimbabwe. It appears that neither anthropogenic emissions nor biogenic emissions are dominant in the production of surface ozone over southern Africa. Rather the formation of surface ozone over the region is attributed to the combined contribution of precursors from anthropogenic and biogenic origin.
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"Intercultural mediation", the institution of learning and the process of educational 'integration' and assimilation: The case of Ethiopian Jews in Israel - Berhanu, Girma (Educational Research Review, 2006)
The major premise of this paper concerns the existence of an intrinsic connection between the institutional culture of school and students’ dispositions to learning. The data presented shows three things in particular. These are firstly, the strong mono-culture of the Israeli school, secondly, a virtual absence of knowledge, understanding and sensitivity on the part of these schools to how students from different cultural backgrounds learn and, thirdly, how the workings of the school environment impact on the academic development of minority children. My findings suggest that the teaching methods, the social climate of the school and patterns of school work, regarding cultural differences in Israel may have the same effect on academic progress for Ethiopian children as family (cultural) background, neighborhood, peer environment and socio-economic status seem to have for the white urban poor in Western schools. The inequalities imposed on Ethiopian children by their home environment such as poor neighborhood, “immobilized” or “neutralized” culture inadequately reconstituted by the new one, and interruption of cultural transmission to the young at home, are carried along to become the inequalities with which the children confront school life and, hence, future adult life.
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University students' perception of lecturer-student relationships: a comparative study of Public and Private Universities in Kenya - Chepchieng, Micah C.; Mbugua, Stephen N.; Kariuki, Mary (Educational Research Review, 2006)
In a university setting, there is a great diversity in terms of socio-cultural, political, religious and racial backgrounds among students and lecturers. This diversity, with the presence of an appropriate lecturer-student relationship creates a campus environment that prepares students and lecturers to live and work amicably in a socio-culturally diverse society. It also equips them to respond to an increasing complex global environment. Besides, interpersonal relations in diversity make it possible for the generation, advancement and dissemination of knowledge, which is one of the key mission characteristics of university education in Kenya and elsewhere. Usually, a healthy relationship between the lecturers and students does influence students’ academic, personal and social integration into higher education. This could be attributed to the fact that lecturers contact with students in and out of the classroom is very important in student motivation and involvement in all facets of life. Considering the significance bestowed upon lecture-student relationship, a study was done that involved 30 student leaders from both public and private universities in Kenya. Data was collected through University Student Leaders Interview Schedule (USLIS). The data was analysed to help unravel students’ perception of interpersonal relations with their lecturers. Results revealed that, students in private universities seem to positively perceive lecturer- student’ relationship more than those in public universities. It also came out clearly that the large classes experienced in public universities had down side effect on the student-lecturer relationship. Thus enrollment in universities should be checked so that there is a low lecturer-student ratio. Key words: Influence, perceptions, attitude, campus environment, lecturer-student relationships, public university and private university
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Some Examples of Rotation Effects: the Tulbagh Earthquake, South Africa - Graham, Gerhard; Kijko, Andrzej (2006)
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Corporate citizenship in South African business education - Hamann, Ralph; Duin, Lisette Van; Appels, C.; Taylor, Eleanor Ruby; Akor, E. (South African journal of business management (Print), 2006)
This paper seeks to enhance our understanding of the extent and manner in which corporate citizenship and related topics are taught to business students in South Africa. It argues that there are increasingly prominent drivers for integrating these topics in business education, but we know little about how South African business schools are responding. The methodology relies on a survey of business schools’ websites, as well as two survey questionnaires, one of which was aimed at MBA coordinators, while the other targeted a range of “MBA stakeholders” consisting of recent MBA graduates and representatives from business, government, and civil society. The findings suggest that, though there are some proactive business schools, South African MBA programmes are generally still dominated by conventional notions of business success. Furthermore, there are important contradictions between the perceptions of MBA coordinators, on the one hand, and those of the MBA stakeholders, with the latter generally demanding more rigorous treatment of corporate citizenship issues. The overarching conclusion is that a more committed engagement of and by South African business schools is required on the need for integrating corporate citizenship in business education.
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Issues and Future Direction of Physical Education in Nigeria - Mgbor, Michael O. (The Educational Forum, 2006)
Abstract This paper examines the issues that influenced the development of physical education in Nigerian schools after the country's political independence in 1960. Negative forces, which affected the tempo of growth, are discussed, and suggestions for the future direction of physical education in Nigeria, particularly given its importance in national development, are presented.
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The Struggle for Control of Education in Zambia: From the Colonial Period to the Present - O’Brien, Dan (2006)
Preface Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Education in a Colonial Society 2. Discourse and the Discipline of Education 3. Discourse and the Discipline of Education in the 1930s 4. The End of the Depression and the War Years 5. Planning Education in the Post War Years 6. Education in the Lead-Up to Federation 7. Education During Federation and the Coming of Independence 8. Education Since Independence Bibliography Index.
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Consequences of the disorders socio-policies on the Central African education system of 1991 to the year 2001: situation of primary education teaching - Gounebana, Charles (2006)
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Entrepreneurship Education for the African Informal Sector - Cader, Hanas A.; Norman, David (2006)
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Coastal Pollution and Potential Biomonitors of Metals in Mauritius - Daby, D. (Water, air and soil pollution (Print), 2006)
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Training and retaining of underrepresented minority physician scientists – an African-American perspective: NICHD AAP workshop on research in neonatal and perinatal medicine - Dennery, Phyllis A. (Journal of perinatology, 2006)
Training and retaining of underrepresented minority physician scientists – an African-American perspective: NICHD AAP workshop on research in neonatal and perinatal medicine
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Performance Anxiety Among African-American College Students - Johnson, Aleta Bok (Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 2006)
Abstract This article examines the etiology of social phobia, and proposes that the sensitivity to self-scrutiny common to social phobics can be exacerbated by the effects of longstanding racial bias. The impact of racism on identity and the importance of context are explored as salient factors in the onset of a case of social phobia for an African-American woman at a prestigious university. The importance of attending to both overt and subtle forms of racism is illustrated within the typical cognitive-behavioral framework for the treatment of social phobia.
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Anthropogenic sources of mercury pollution in the Ankobra river basin in the south western Ghana - Akabza, TM; Baneong-Yakubo, BK; Armah, Tek (Ife Journal of Science, 2006)
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Protective properties of idebenone in noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig - Sergi, Bruno; Fetoni, Anna Rita; Paludetti, Gaetano; Ferraresi, Aldo; Navarra, Pierluigi; Mordente, Alvaro; Troiani, Diana (NeuroReport, 2006)
Idebenone is a synthetic analogue of coenzyme Q10 with antioxidant properties. The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of idebenone in the rescue of acoustic trauma. Noise-induced hearing loss was induced by exposing guinea pigs to a continuous pure tone and idebenone was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before noise exposure and once daily for 3 days. Guinea pigs treated with idebenone showed significantly smaller auditory threshold shifts than unprotected control animals. Missing and apoptotic cells were identified with scanning electron microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay. Protected animals presented a lesser extent of both apoptotic activation and hair cell loss in the organ of Corti. Our results suggest an antioxidant function of idebenone in protection from noise-induced hearing loss and provide a rationale for exploring therapeutic strategies in humans.
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Future Outlook Among African American Students - Adelabu, Detris Honora (Academic exchange quarterly, 2006)
Abstract The study examined toward the as a potential contributor to discrepancies in school achievement among 16 low-income, urban African American adolescents. Higher achieving students expressed more positive toward the than lower achieving students. Boys, regardless of achievement, reported negative toward the of society and were concerned with obstacles to a positive future. Findings suggest that gender based experiences among African American adolescents may shape their toward the and contribute to the gender gap in their achievement. Introduction Thinking about and planning for life transitions are major features of personal, career, and academic development among adolescents (Erikson, 1968, 1980; Nurmi, 2004). According to Nurmi (1991), the process of developing a representation of the occurs in three phases: motivation, planning, and evaluation. First, adolescents develop expectations of the based on knowledge of anticipated life events. The expectations and knowledge that adolescents develop regarding these anticipated life events motivate them to explore personal and career options. Second, adolescents attempt to reach their goals through planning activities. The skills that adolescents are exposed to and their perceptions of ability provide a framework for planning. Third, adolescents evaluate opportunities to realize their goals and ambitions. It is the evaluation process that leads to the development of emotional attributions toward the future. Students who are optimistic and manifest positive representations of the are more motivated to achieve academically and to actively plan for the than students who manifest negative, pessimistic toward the (Nurmi, 1991, 2004; Nuttin, 1985; Savickas, Silling, & Schwartz, 1984; Somers & Gizzi, 2001)). The current study qualitatively examines toward the among low-income, urban African American adolescents and introduces attitudes toward the future as a unique, yet potentially persuasive, contributor to discrepancies in school achievement among these youth. The study is guided by the belief that toward the motivate current behavior and may serve as a motivating factor for school achievement (Nurmi, 1991; Nuttin, 1974, 1985; Phalek, Andriessen, & Lens, 2004). For the purpose of this paper, toward the are defined by personal feelings and expectations regarding one's and the of society. The researcher attempted to answer the following question: What is the connection among toward the future, gender, and achievement? That is, to what extent do African American girls express toward the that are qualitatively different from African American boys and to what extent do higher achieving students express toward the that are qualitatively different from lower achieving students? Method Participants The study included sixteen low-income, ninth grade African American adolescents from an urban high school in the northeastern region of the country. There were four higher and four lower achieving students from each gender group. Based on a 100-point scale, students earned an average grade point average of 75.29 for the first three quarters of the academic year. The average grade point average for higher and lower achieving students was 82.2 and 68.1, respectively. Data Sources Participants completed two semi-structured individual interviews. The first interview (~60 minutes) explored students' goals for and regarding their personal and the of society. Sample questions included: a) What are some of your goals and expectations? b) What feedback have you received regarding your goals and expectations? c) Do you feel you will reach your goals and expectations? …
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Gender Inequity in Science and Mathematics Education in Africa: The Causes, Consequences, and Solutions - Asimeng‐Boahene, Lewis (Education 3-13, 2006)
Introduction Science and technology have long been recognized as the cornerstone of development and prosperity of Africa. Economic prosperity of African countries is interlinked with its skillful utilization and management of science and technology. This underscores the importance of skilled human resources in the science, mathematics and technology fields in Africa. However, while the benefits of science and mathematics education for women in sustainable social and economic development are numerous in some major parts of the world, Africa still lags behind other continents in terms of provision of science and mathematics education for girls. Female education and training in Africa is generally characterized by lower performance and achievement levels than those of boys, especially in mathematics, science and other technical subjects (Gachukia & Kabira, 1991). A closer look at the factors reveals that the problem continues as it has not yet occupied a prominent place in Africa's educational circles. Several contributing factors are addressed in this paper and they include the early childhood environment, family expectations, societal image, gender stereotypes, and the school environment and gender issues in Africa. The paper further addresses the consequences of this disparity for Africa and finally offers some recommended solutions including accommodating various learning styles and perspectives, connecting science concepts to life experiences, promoting an environment of self-confidence and success, providing students with female role models, effective networking, advocating gender-fair materials, gender-based affirmative action, conducting workshops and in-service training for science teachers and finally advocating for effective official government polices and involvement. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER ISSUES Of late one of the most active debates in academia has been on nature versus nurture controversy and this dispute is so controversial the opposing sides almost never discuss them. It is in view of these different schools of thought that one finds Harvard's President Lawrence Summers' recent statement that women might be intrinsically disadvantaged in studying science and mathematics (Reid, 2003; Fogg, 2005a; Fogg, 2005b), which has generated strong public debate very fascinating. One school of thought about the differences between men's and women's brains believes Summers' remarks have merit because due to physical development of their brains, males have better developed visual spatial ability than girls (see Child & Smithers, 1971); thus, women suffer from a genetic deficit, and that biological differences between men and women really can account for some of the under-representation of women in some fields of science (See Gray, 1981). According to this philosophical framework, 'women lack the basic intellectual equipment' to profit from science education. Thus, they attribute gender inequity in academic performance in science and mathematics to genetics (Benbow & Stanley, 1980; Gray, 1981), and not surprisingly, individuals who subscribe to this position are reluctant to commit resources to serve the needs of women. However, another school of thought advocates that there is substantial research that provides clear and compelling evidence that women, like men, flourish in science when they are given the opportunity and a supportive environment. This scholarship had polished off the genetic deficit predisposition with a view that the sexes are equal enough in their intellectual abilities that any biological differences between them is vastly outweighed by social pressures and discrimination that discourage girls and women from pursuing science and mathematics (see Jahoda, 1979). Thus, to this paradigm, scientists are made not born as scientific knowledge requires years of education and training and that women lack behind because they do not have 'cognitively stimulating environment' for science education (; Linn & Hyde, 1989; Hyde, Fennema, & Lamon, 1990; Kahle & Meece, 1994; Solomon, 1997; Xie et al. …
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General or Vocational Schooling? Evidence on School Choice, Returns, and 'Sheepskin' Effects from Egypt 1998 - Hamidi, Fatma El (Social Science Research Network, 2006)
In general, vocational education does not lead to higher wages. However, in some countries, labor markets are characterized by employment growth and skill shortages. In these, vocational schooling has produced higher wages and returns on investment than general education. Using 1998 Egyptian household survey, the study adds evidence to the debate on relative benefits of vocational education and of general education at the secondary level. The findings suggest that providing general education to the workforce followed by on-the-job training would provide the most benefit.
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Open and Distance Learning and the Creation of a Knowledge Society in Zimbabwe. - Kurasha, Primrose (2006)
Paper presented at the Zimbabwe University Libraries Consortium (ZULC)International Conference on Open Access and Creating a Knowledge Society, held at the Crowne Plaza Monomatapa Hotel, Harare, Zimbabwe,24 - 26 April, 2006
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Learning and Access to Information in Zimbabwe - Maenzanise, Jasper Lee. (2006)
Paper presented at the Zimbabwe University Libraries Consortium (ZULC)International Conference on Open Access and Creating a Knowledge Society, held at the Crowne Plaza Monomatapa Hotel, Harare, Zimbabwe,24 - 26 April, 2006
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Successful African-American Mathematics Students in Academically Unacceptable High Schools. - Sheppard, Peter (Education 3-13, 2006)
The current era of educational accountability has been dubbed a dark period in American education for a significant segment of the minority population (Kohn, 2000). For African-American students attending inner-city schools it has been particularly sinister. Spurred by the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), state accountability systems have disproportionately subjected inner-city schools and its students (most of whom are African American) to its callous repercussions: repercussions which include publicly identifying low-performing schools in the media. Steele (2004) asserts that the consequences from failure to meet accountability goals (specifically testing) consistently contributes to dropout rates among African Americans and puts their lives on a course of restricted opportunity. Drug and alcohol abuse, high crime rates, incessant violence, and extreme poverty are just a few of the negative environmental factors that create even more challenging educational circumstances for inner-city schools and their surrounding communities (Dandridge, Edwards, and Pleasants 2000). While it is obvious that schools need help desperately, preliminary evidence indicates states and districts are frequently slow to aggressively improve or overhaul failing schools (American Federation of Teachers, 1999; Brady, 2003). Nonetheless, there are pillars of success in low-performing schools that are frequently overshadowed and unknown to the public. Most conspicuously unnoticed are high-achieving students in mathematics. Few would disagree with the conjecture that mathematics has been the proverbial Achilles heel for students attending low-performing schools; therefore it seems appropriate to make the central focus of this study those students who stand out academically despite the dreadful conditions present in their school and community. Accordingly, it is an objective of this study to contribute to the limited research associated with state-designated poor schools and high-achieving African-American mathematics students attending such schools. This study chronicles such students' journeys by examining the following questions: 1. What are the reasons why successful mathematics students have been able to thrive in academically unacceptable schools? 2. Why they have chosen to stay in these academically unacceptable schools despite having the option to leave for a better performing school? and Louisiana's Accountability System By virtue of the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the federal government yielded jurisdiction over public schools to individual states. This formality notwithstanding, the U.S. federal government has flexed its financial muscle over the years to dictate the manner in which states operate their public schools. Rose (2004) indicates that NCLB moved the federal effort to influence schools to a new and higher level--more aggressive, focused, and directive (p. 121). This new legislation promises an important shift in efforts at all levels to improve the quality of public education (Rittner & Lucas, 2003). seeks to close the persistent achievement gap through a multifaceted and comprehensive approach that is based on accountability for results; an emphasis on doing what works based on scientific research; expanded parental options; and expanded local control and flexibility (Thompson, 2002; US Department of Education, 2002). In addition, requires states to publicly identify low-performing schools. Furthermore, those schools identified as poor performing, are required to offer students the option of attending higher performing schools through the school choice mandate. School choice policies were upheld by the US Supreme Court in 2002 and hailed by the US Department of Education as perhaps the most important education decision (by the Supreme Court) since Brown v. …
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Blending in the Rainbow Nation: The Racial Integration of Schools and Its Implications for Reconciliation in Post-Apartheid South Africa - Tihanyi, Krisztina (2006)
Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Relevant historical and contemporary settings Chapter 3 Portraits of integration Chapter 4 Assessing Integration Chapter 5 Can integration lead to reconciliation? Chapter 6 Appendix 1: Desegregation in the United States
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Participation and Social Learning in Church-Based Organizations: Implications for Poverty Eradication in Nigeria - Abue, Peter (2006)
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Comparing United States versus International Medical School Graduate Physicians Who Serve African‐ American and White Elderly - Howard, Daniel; Bunch, C; Mundia, Wilberforce O.; Konrad, Thomas R.; Edwards, Lloyd J.; Amamoo, M. Ahinee; Jallah, Yhenneko (Health Services Research, 2006)
To examine the relationship that international medical school graduates (IMGs) in comparison with United States medical school graduates (USMGs) have on health care-seeking behavior and satisfaction with medical care among African-American and white elderly.Secondary data analysis of the 1986-1998 Piedmont Health Survey of the Elderly, Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly, a racially oversampled urban and rural cohort of elders in five North Carolina counties.Primary focus of analyses examined the impact of the combination of elder race and physician graduate status across time using a linear model for repeated measures analyses and chi2 tests. Separate analyses using generalized estimating equations were conducted for each measure of elder characteristic and health behavior. The analytic cohort included 341 physicians and 3,250 elders (65 years old and older) in 1986; by 1998, 211 physicians and 1,222 elders.Trained personnel collected baseline measures on 4,162 elders (about 80 percent responses) through 90-minute in-home interviews.Over time, IMGs treated more African-American elders, and those who had less education, lower incomes, less insurance, were in poorer health, and who lived in rural areas. White elders with IMGs delayed care more than those with USMGs. Both races indicated being unsure about where to go for medical care. White elders with IMGs were less satisfied than those with USMGs. Both races had perceptions of IMGs that relate to issues of communication, cultural competency, ageism, and unnecessary expenses.IMGs do provide necessary and needed access to medical care for underserved African Americans and rural populations. However, it is unclear whether concerns regarding cultural competency, communication and the quality of care undermine the contribution IMGs make to these populations.
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Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah - Loveridge, Andrew J.; Hunt, Jane; Murindagomo, Felix; Macdonald, David W. (Journal of Zoology, 2006)
Abstract Data were collected on species killed by lions Panthera leo in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe between 1998 and 2004. Lions killed predominantly large to medium‐sized herbivores, concentrating on buffalo Syncerus caffer , elephant Loxodonta africana , giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis , wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and zebra Equus burchelli . These species made up 83% of all lion kills found and 94% of the biomass of kills actually observed. Elephant calves made up an unusually large proportion of lion prey during the study period (23% of kills recorded). All elephants killed were dependent juveniles. Elephant calves appear more vulnerable during the dry months of the year, particularly in years of below average rainfall. Elephant calves are usually well protected. However, high‐density aggregations of elephants around limited water sources during the dry season may deplete local food resources, forcing elephant herds to travel large distances between water and forage. Under these circumstances, elephant calves may become lost or separated from family groups, accounting for their high incidence in lion diet.
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Cost Effectiveness of Open and Distance Learning In Nigeria : Responses From Focus Group Discussions - David, Ojo Olugbenga; Ogidan, Rotimi; Kayode, Olakulehin Felix (Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 2006)
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Nutrition Knowledge and Food Choices of Primary School Pupils in the Niger – Delta Region Nigeria - Eboh, Lucky Ogbigbi; Boyé, T. (Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2006)
The study investigated the effect of a 3 - week school based nutrition education programme on nutrition knowledge and healthy food choices of 197 primary six pupils (197 sixth grades) randomly divided into a control (n = 102) or an experimental group (n = 95). The control group received no nutrition education while the experimental group received 40 minutes of nutrition education, 4 days a week for 3 weeks nutrition knowledge scores and 3 day food records were collected at the beginning of the study and after 3 weeks. Food records were used to evaluate healthy food choices (i.e Dietary Guideline's recommended intake for macronutrients and the recommendations of the Food Guide Pyramid for each food group). In th e experimental group three was significantly greater increase in nutrition knowledge score (p = 0.001) and significantly change in compliance in meeting the Dietary Guidelines (p = 0.0001) and the Food Guide Pyramid's recommendations (p = 0.0001). This study showed the effectiveness of a nutrition education programme on nutrition knowledge scores and healthy primary six pupils (children in sixth grade).
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Building Human Capital in Difficult Environments: An Empirical Study of Entrepreneurship Education, Self-esteem, and Achievement in South Africa - Friedrich, Christian; Visser, Kobus (2006)
The lack of traditional employment opportunities for many students and the oft-repeated cry for South Africa to invest in developing black entrepreneurs prompted the University of Western Cape's Department of Management to introduce an Enterprise Management stream at graduate level and Entrepreneurship as a subject at 2nd and 3rd year levels in recent years. All these initiatives are based on a strong capability in entrepreneurship and small business that has been developed in the department since the introduction of the Enterprise Development Unit in 1997.
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Site Response and Earthquake Design Spectra for Central Khartoum, Sudan - Mohamedzein, Yahia E.-A.; Abdalla, Jamal A.; Abdelwahab, A. (Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2006)
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Fine needle aspiration cytology of bone tumours--the experience from the National Orthopaedic and Lagos University Teaching Hospitals, Lagos, Nigeria - Nnodu, Obiageli; Giwa, Solomon O.; Eyesan, Samuel Uwale; Abdulkareem, F B (CytoJournal, 2006)
Background: Due to difficulty in confirming clinical suspicions of malignancy in patients presenting with bone tumours, the cost of surgical biopsies where hospital charges are borne almost entirely by patients, competition with bone setters and healing homes with high rate of loss to follow up; we set out to find if sufficient material could be obtained to arrive at reliable tissue diagnosis in patients with clinical and radiological evidence of bone tumours in our hospitals. Methods: After initial clinical and plain radiographic examinations, patients were sent for fine needle aspirations. Aspirations were carried out with size 23G needles of varying lengths with 10 ml syringes in a syringe holder (CAMECO, Sebre Medical, Vellinge, Sweden). The aspirates were air dried, stained by the MGG method and examined microscopically. Histology was performed on patients who had subsequent surgical biopsy. These were then correlated with the cytology reports. Results: Out of 96 patients evaluated, [57 males, 39 females, Mean age 31.52 years, Age Range 4-76 years,] material sufficient for diagnosis was obtained in 90 patients. Cytological diagnosis of benign lesions was made in 40 patients and malignant in 47. Of these, 27 were metastases, osteogenic sarcoma 16, giant cell tumour 19, infection 11. Histology was obtained in 41 patients. Correct diagnosis of benignity was made in 17 out of 18 cases, malignancy in 21 out of 22 cases. One non-diagnostic case was malignant. The accuracy of specific cytological diagnosis was 36/41 (87.8%) and incorrect in 5/41 (12.2%). Conclusion: We conclude that FNAC can be useful in the pre-operative assessment of bone tumours especially where other diagnostic modalities are unavailable.
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2 - Globalisation and Internationalisation of Higher Education in South Africa: The Challenge of Rising Xenophobia* - Sichone, Owen (Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2006)
The internationalisation of university education globally has coincided with the opening up of post-apartheid South Africa to the world market, and the number of foreign students (along with other visitors to South Africa) has shot up very rapidly since 1994. As a member of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), South Africa has an agreement (the Education Protocol) with its partners to cooper- ate in the area of education and training. In the absence of a similar spirit of coop- eration allowing for the free movement of citizens of the SADC region, however, the wishes expressed in the Education Protocol cannot be fully realised, and many African students studying in South Africa still have to navigate long and difficult bureaucratic channels to obtain student visas and study permits. In addition, they face an increasingly hostile and xenophobic public on and off campus. Their expe- rience will not provide them with fond memories of their student days in South Africa. This paper advocates greater freedom of movement for migrant students as a means of social upliftment and greater pan-African cooperation.
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Perfomance measures of diagnostic ultrasound of the breast in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Nigeria - Adeyomoye, Adekunle; Awosanya, G O G; Osibogun, Akin (The Nigerian medical practitioner, 2006)
The performance of Ultrasound (US) among patients presenting with signs and symptoms of malignancy was studied in comparison to surgical pathological findings. 310 patients who presented to the surgical out-patients of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital with signs and symptoms of breast cancer, between 2002 and 2003 were sonographically evaluated. US was performed with Sonoline SL-I (Siemens AG Germany) using a 7.5 MHz linear array transducers. The sonographic appearances were prospectively classified using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) assessment categorization. Histological confirmation following surgical excision was correlated with US. The overall sensitivity of diagnostic US in the study was 83.9% (95% CI 79.8-88%), while PPV, specificity, NPV and accuracy were 96.3% (95% CI 94.2-98.4%), 99.2 (95% CI 98.2-100%), 96.1% (95% CI 93.9-98.3%) and 96.1% (95% CI 93.9-98.3%) respectively. Univariate analysis showed that sensitivity and specificity generally declined as breast fattiness increased. Diagnostic US is useful in characterizing breast lesions. This study analyzed the performance of US and shows that the resultant specificity is high; however it may have to be used in conjunction with needle biopsy to achieve improved sensitivity and avoid unnecessary benign surgical biopsies. Nigerian Medical Practitioner Vol. 49(1&2) 2006: 28-33
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Attitudes and Perceptions of Students to Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria - Ojo, David Olugbenga; Olakulehin, Felix Kayode (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2006)
In the West African Region of Africa, the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) is the first full fledged university that operates in an exclusively open and distance learning (ODL) mode of education. NOUN focuses mainly on open and distance teaching and learning system, and delivers its courses materials via print in conjunction with information and communication technology (ICT), when applicable. This 'single mode' of open education is different from the integration of distance learning system into the face- to- face teaching and learning system, which is more typical of conventional Universities in Nigeria and other parts of the world. Thus, NOUN reflects a novel development in the provision of higher education in Nigeria. This study assesses the attitudes and perceptions of distance teaching and learning by students enrolled in the NOUN and of the National Teachers' Institute (NTI) compared to their experiences at conventional universities. One hundred and twenty (n = 120) randomly selected NOUN and NTI students of NOUN were the subjects of the study. The Students' Attitude and Perception Rating of Open and Distance Learning Institutions Inventory (SAPRODLII), developed by the researchers, was administered to the subjects to measure their attitudes and experiences. Results of the study showed that students generally have a positive perception and attitude towards ODL, compared to traditional forms of higher education.
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Secret Cults in Nigerian Institutions of Higher Learning - Popoola, Bayode Isaiah; Alao, K (Journal of School Violence, 2006)
Abstract The paper appraises the phenomenon of campus secret cults in Nigeria. Specifically, the paper sets off by exploring various definitions of secret cults before tracing the history of campus cults in Nigerian higher institutions. The paper identifies various reasons for the emergence of secret cults and discusses the consequences of cult activities on the Nigerian educational system. For a lasting solution to the problem, the paper recommends the establishment of a structure which will recognize the existence and operation of fraternities on campuses with the main objective of re-structuring, monitoring and regulating their activities.
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Exploring the Academic Self-Concept of High-Achieving African American College Students at a Predominantly White Institution - Scales, Tara C. (2006)
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Veterinary education in South Africa : the Classes of 1928 and 1929 : short historical communication - Rd, Bigalke (Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2006)
The available photographs of the Classes of 1928 and 1929 are confusing because they not only bear the same date (1929) but are also composed of individual shots of the graduates rather than the customary group photograph. An answer to the riddle was provided by the presence of J A Thorburn (a member of the Class of 1927) who was a 'super' and qualified in 1928, in the one photograph, together with M C Robinson who also graduated in 1928. The photograph dated 1929 on which 4 graduates and the Dean, Prof. Dr P J du Toit, appear is that of the Class of 1928. The other photograph dated 1929 in which the Dean is absent is therefore dated correctly. Concise descriptions are given of the life histories of the nine graduates. Their careers show considerable variation. Only one of them spent his entire career at the Onderstepoort Research Institute as a very eminent research scientist and professor, and two became well-known professors at the Onderstepoort Faculty. Two were in municipal service for most of their careers and a third ended up working for a municipal authority after spending some time in England and at the Onderstepoort Research Institute. Two spent virtually their entire careers in the field as state veterinarians and a third farmed for most of his career, although he also dabbled in private practice and managed one of the provincial game parks in Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal) for some time. Four served in the South African Veterinary Corps during World War II.
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Resiliency among African American Male Students - Allen, Tawannah G. (2006)
African American male students have traditionally received the most negative treatment by public educators. This study seeks to assess whether a school known to help disadvantaged students to become successful students will include African American males. The study used Henderson and Milstein's Six Trait Resiliency Model (2003): increase pro-social bonding, set clear and consistent boundaries, teach life skills, provide caring and support, set and communicate high expectations and provide opportunity for meaningful participation. This study examined the relationships between 12 African American male students in grades 3–8 and their 10 classroom teachers (nine Caucasians and one African American).
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The training of the managerial staff of the educational deconcentrated services in Guinea - Diallo, Mamadou Dian Gongoré (2006)
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Community's willingness to pay for a school-based chemotherapy programme to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in children in rural Tanzania - Lwambo, N. J. S.; Siza, Julius E.; Mwenda, G. C. (Tanzania health research bulletin, 2006)
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on a random sample of 523 households having at least one child attending primary school in 3 villages in Buchosa Division, Sengerema District, Tanzania. The aim was to determine the community's willingness to pay (WTP) for a school-based chemotherapy programme to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) in schoolchildren and identify socio-economic and cultural factors influencing community's WTP. Results showed that households WTP for a school-based chemotherapy programme varied from Tanzanian Shillings (TShs.) 0-20,000 (US dollars 0-25) per child per year. The community's WTP (median of households WTP) was TSh. 1,000 (US dollars 1.25). The community was also willing to pay extra TSh.100 (US dollars 0.125) per year to cover for the cost of schoolchildren whose parents were unable to pay or who could pay less than the community's WTP. Age of household head and number of schoolchildren in a household had a negative effect on the household's willingness to pay. Households with children in expensive schools had high willingness to pay for the intervention package to control worms in their children. This was also observed in households keeping animals (cattle, goats, sheep, chiken, ducks) and those who cultivated a number of cash crops.
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Impact of school health programme on urinary schistosomiasis control in schoolchildren in Kilosa, Tanzania - Mkopi, Abdallah; Urassa, Honorati; Mapunjo, E; Mushi, Fredy; Mshinda, Hassan (Tanzania health research bulletin, 2006)
1996).Thus interventions aimed at school-aged childrenfocusing on delivery through schools are stronglyencouraged (WHO, 1993). School-basedprogrammes provide an infrastructure for deliveringtreatment against geohelminths and schistosomiasis(PCD, 1999). Such programmes have been shown toimprove health and well-being of schoolchildren inTanzania (Guyatt
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A survey of librarians' attitudes to training programmes on ICT application to cataloguing and classification workshops in Nigeria - Obajemu, AS; Ibegwam, Ahiaoma (African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2006)
A survey of 84 participants at the Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing Group of the Nigeria Library Association Workshop in 2004 was carried out with a view to determining the impact of the annual workshop on the application of information and communications technologies (ICT) to cataloguing and classification in Nigerian libraries. The work covered 43–libraries universities, polytechnics, colleges of education, research institutes and ministries/parastatals /agencies which cut across the 6 geo-political zones of Nigeria (North-East, North-West, North-Central, South-West, South-East and South-South):- The data analysed showed that the workshops organised in recent years had spurred the action of the participants at those workshops to further pursue ICT (78%). The findings also revealed that the workshops have had positive impact on the participants with respect to the application of ICT to cataloguing and classification. Recommendations for libraries that intend to computerise their catalogues were proffered. African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science Vol. 16(1) 2006: 19-27
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Barriers to successful exclusive breast-feeding practices among rural and urban nursing mothers in Edo state of Nigeria: implications for education and counselling - Alutu, A.N.G.; Orubu, A.O. (Research Review of the Institute of African Studies, 2006)
The study aimed at investigating the barriers to the successful practice of exclusive breastfeeding among rural and urban nursing mothers in Edo State of Nigeria. The population of this study constitutes all nursing mothers in the rural and urban areas of the state. The study adopted structured and in-depth interview. Four hundred and ninety six (496) urban and rural nursing mothers constitute the sample of the structured interview, while 40 nursing mothers: 20 urban and 20 rural nursing mothers were involved in the in-depth interview. The results revealed that 98% of both urban and rural nursing mothers started breast-feeding almost immediately after delivery. However, variations occurred in the duration of exclusive breast-feeding. Only about 42.5%of urban nursing mothers and 51.8% of rural nursing mothers were still breast-feeding exclusively at 4 months. Fifty three per cent (53%) of urban mothers and 67% of rural mothers stopped breast-feeding at 1 year. The study also revealed that 16.7% of rural mothers introduced bottle-feeding as early as 3 weeks. The reasons given by the mothers for bottle-feeding supplementation being that baby was not satisfied with breast milk only, 59.45 of urban mothers and 67.4% of rural mother indicated this. After maternity leave, some mothers indicated that work affected breastfeeding adversely, 15.5% of urban mothers and 14% of rural mothers indicated this. The feeding pattern for most mothers after the leave was the combination of breast and bottle-feeding. About 61.7% of urban mothers and 70.4% of rural mothers agreed that they combined both. The study revealed especially through in-depth interviews, that the major barriers that jeopardize the practice of breastfeeding are age-long myths and beliefs held about breast-feeding, and the nature of the mother's work. Most mothers feel that breast milk alone cannot be enough for the baby so they introduced artificial milk, light, pap, soup and water along-side breast-feeding. There is need for a grass-root approach in educating and counselling of nursing mothers to reduce the barriers to the successful practice of exclusive breast-feeding, so that both the mother and the child can realize the immense benefits of exclusive breast-feeding.Résumé La recherche a pour but d'enquêter sur les problèmes qui confrontent la bonne pratique de l'allaitement exclusif au sein parmi les mères des zones rurales et urbaines de l'état d'Edo du Nigéria. Toutes les mères qui allaitent dans les milieux ruraux et urbains de l'état, constituent la population de cette enquête. Des entrevues structurées et intensives ont été adoptées pour mener l'enquête. Quatre cent quatre-vingt-seize (496) mères des zones urbaines et rurales constituent l'échantillon de l'entrevue structurée, pendant que 40 mères qui allaitent; soit 20 mères du milieu urbain et 20 d'autres du milieu rural, ont été impliquées dans l'entrevue intensive. Les résultats ont montré que 98% des mères des zones urbaines et rurales commencent l'allaitement exclusif au sein juste après leur naissance. Cependant, des variations ont été constatées dans la durée de l'allaitement exclusif. Seulement environ 42,5% des mères des zones urbaines et 51,8% des mères rurales, allaitent exclusivement au sein jusqu'à 4 mois. Cinquante trois pour cent (53%) des mères urbaines et 67% des mères rurales arrêtent l'allaitement exclusif à l'âge d'un an. L'enquête montre aussi que 16,7% des mères rurales commencent à nourrir leurs bébés au biberon à partir de 3 semaines. Les raisons avancées par les mères pour le choix des biberons est que les bébés ne sont pas satisfaits avec l'allaitement exclusif au sein. Cette thèse a été avancée par 59,45% des mères urbaines et 67,4% des mères rurales. 15,5% des mères des zones urbaines et 14% des mères rurales ont aussi indiqué que la reprise du travail après le congé maternel, a influencé de façon négative l'allaitement exclusif au sein. Le mode d'allaitement pour la plupart des mères après les congés fût la combinaison du lait maternel et le biberon. A peu près 61,7% des mères urbaines et 70,4% des mères rurales sont d'accord qu'ils ont pratiqué les deux modes d'allaitement. A travers les entrevue intensives, l'enquête a montré que les principaux problèmes que rencontrent les femmes dans la bonne pratique de l'allaitement exclusif au sein sont les vieilles mythes et les croyances concernant le lait maternel et la nature du travail de la mère. La plupart des mères ont le sentiment que le lait maternel seul ne suffit pas pour le bébé, ainsi elles ajoutent du lait artificiel, de la bouillie légère et de l'eau, à l'allaitement au sein. C'est en tenant compte de cette situation, qu'on propose une approche fondamentale de sensibilisation et d'assistance aux mères afin de minimiser les problèmes à la bonne pratique de l'allaitement exclusif au sein. Ce faisant la mère et l'enfant se rendront compte du fait que l'allaitement exclusif au sein leur présente beaucoup d'avantages. Institute of African Studies: Research Review No. 21(2) 2005: 27-36
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Soil and groundwater pollution of an urban catchment by trace metals: case study of the Addis Ababa region, central Ethiopia - Demlie, Molla; Wohnlich, Stefan (Environmental geology, 2006)
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Africa - Up in Smoke?: The Second Report from the Working Group on Climate Change and Development - Simms, Andrew (2006)
Following on from the Up in Smoke? report, this booklet uses pictures, graphics, and case studies to detail the impact that climate change is already having on Africa and the threat this poses to human development. This Report finds that concerns about the effects of climate change on rural African societies are more than justified. Climate change is happening, and it is affecting livelihoods that depend on the natural environment, which, in Africa, means nearly everyone. However, even without adequate support, far from being passive victims, people recognise even small changes in climate, and are taking steps to respond to them.
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Detection of indices of violence against women by health professionals in a Nigerian teaching hospital - Adeyemi, Adebanjo Babalola; Irinoye, Omolola; Oladimeji, B. Y.; Fatoye, F O; Fatusi, Adesegun O. (Tropical journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2006)
Context: Violence against women (VAW) is the commonest form of violence existing in human race and is a major reproductive health issue of our time because of its many negative reproductive health consequences. Health care providers have important roles to play to build capacity of their employees to meet the challenges of diagnosing, managing and preventing this societal problem. This can be started by assessing their training needs. Objective: To determine the extent to which Health Professionals can recognize some indices that may suggest VAW. Design, Setting and Subjects: This is a descriptive study. Using a structural questionnaire a survey was done among a randomly selected Doctors, Nurses and Social Workers in OAUTHC, Ile-Ife in Osun State of Nigeria. Information on their socio demographic characters were obtained and they were also asked to identify the degree of association between a set of signs and symptoms in relation to violence against women. Results: Divorce/separation during pregnancy, alcohol and drug abuse in women, attempted suicide were the indices (with scores of 85.8% and 79.9% respectively) that would mostly prompt suspicion of VAW. About 31.1% of the respondents may not appropriately detect VAW. There is no significant difference in the ability with regard to sex, years of experience and the professional group. Conclusion: Health Professionals in OAUTHC will benefit from training and retraining programme on how to detect VAW. Similar baseline surveys are recommended for other Health Institutions as the first step in meeting this great challenge of the twenty-first century. Keywords: violence against women, suspicion indices, health professionals Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol. 22(1) 2005: 27-32
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Making the role of African languages in higher education a reality - Koch, Elize; Burkett, Beverley (South African journal of higher education, 2006)
Institutions of Higher Education in South Africa are increasingly opting for education through the medium of English only. Teaching and learning through the medium of English in Higher Education is also prevalent in many countries in Africa, despite the fact that this is the second or third language of most of the learners on this continent. The arguments in favour of teaching and learning through the medium of only English, especially with regards to speakers of the African languages, rely heavily on issues of practicality and use the discourse of globalisation and empowerment as their main point of departure. In the South African context various authors have challenged the 'myths' around the so-called problems related to bilingual and multilingual education, at school level and in Higher Education, and have debunked the arguments with regard to globalisation and empowerment at a conceptual level. However, it is important to come up with practical suggestions as to how such alternatives will work, especially in countries where intensive research into the development of the indigenous languages for science and commerce still needs to take place. The authors of this article suggest ways in which bi-/multilingualism can be accommodated within Higher Education, and discuss a possible framework for implementation. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol. 19(6) 2005: 1089-1107
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Maternal HIV seropositivity and perinatal/neonatal outcome at Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria - Ojukwu, Julie U; Ibekwe, PC (Tropical journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2006)
Context: HIV seropositivity in pregnancy has been an issue of major concern worldwide. This is because of the risk of mother to child transmission which is associated with adverse perinatal/neonatal outcome. Objective: To determine the maternal HIV seropositivity and perinatal/neonatal outcome. Study Design, Setting and Subjects: A retrospective audit of all cases of HIV seropositivity among the antenatal mothers seen at the Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, over a three-year period (January 2001-December 2003) as well as the outcome of their babies was carried out. Results: Out of 9 865 women who registered for antenatal care during the study period, 1 704 (17.3%) were screened for HIV infection. Of these, 91 (5.3%) were confirmed positive. Twenty-four mothers (26.4%) absconded after diagnosis and 67 case files (73.6%) were available for analysis. The highest seropositive rate occurred in the age group 26-30 years constituting 41.8% (28/67) while primigravidae alone accounted for 28.4% (19/67). Most of the mothers were housewives (31.3%, 21/67) while their husbands were mainly farmers (37.4%, 25/67) and transporters (28.4%, 19/67). Fifteen mothers (22.4%) showed features suggestive of AIDS. Of the 66 babies, 49 (74.2%) were term, 17 (25.8%) were preterm while 56 (84.8%) were of low birth weight (
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The Influence of Future Certainty and Contextual Factors on Delinquent Behavior and School Adjustment Among African American Adolescents - Caldwell, Roslyn M.; Wiebe, Richard P.; Cleveland, H. Harrington (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2006)
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The community-level effects of women's education on reproductive behaviour in rural Ghana - Benefo, Kofi D. (Demographic Research, 2006)
Using survey data collected in rural Ghana during the 1980s, this study examines whether a woman's interest in fertility regulation and contraception is influenced by the education of other women in her community.The study finds that, net of her own characteristics, a woman's interest in limiting fertility and using modern contraception increases with the percent of women with education in her community.The finding suggests that female education has a greater capacity to introduce novel reproductive ideas and behaviors into rural areas of Africa and thereby transform the demographic landscape in the region than is currently believed.Other community characteristics that increase women's interest in regulating fertility and contraceptive use in this setting include access to transportation and proximity to urban areas.However, these are not as powerful as women's education in transforming reproductive behavior.
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A survey of teachers' unethical practices sustaining examination malpractice in South-Western Nigeria - Gesinde, A. M. (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2006)
This survey study investigated teachers' professional misconduct sustaining examination malpractice. Participants were four hundred post primary and secondary school teachers randomly drawn from all the senatorial districts of three of the South Western part of Nigeria (male= 221 and female= 179). A self constructed questionnaire was used to gather data. The descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were employed to test the three research questions formulated while t- test statistics was utilised to confirm the three null hypotheses at .05 level of significance. Findings indicated at 2.5 decision level the respondents agreed that thirty- nine out of the fifty-two items sustained examination malpractice. Inability to give prompt punishment to exam cheats was top on the list of the items at (x = 2.86).This was closely followed by the failure of teachers to properly supervise or monitor examination materials at (x = 2.78) and teachers' behaviour of ignoring examination malpractice acts perpetrated by their favourites at (x = 2.77).The results further showed that there were no significant differences in the perception of : male and female teachers (t = 1.71; df=398, P>0.05); teachers with less than ten years of working experience and teachers with ten and above working years of experience (t = .32; df=398, P>0.05); while there was significant difference in the perception of post primary and post secondary teachers (t = -3.22; df=389, P
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Lecturer and student sensitivity to academic dishonesty intervention approaches in a Federal University in Nigeria - Olasehinde-Williams, Olabisi (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2006)
This paper presents the report of a survey of staff and students' expression of preference for, and willingness to engage, in three approaches to curbing the menace of academic dishonesty in a Nigerian university. The study also explored the possible connections between gender and the respondents' responses. Eighty-seven staff and two hundred and thirty–two final year undergraduate students, randomly selected from five faculties in the university, constituted the study sample; and data was collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire patterned after Hinman's (2000) “Police, Virtues and Prevention” approaches to curbing academic dishonesty. The Chi-square statistic was employed in establishing the significance of observed differences between staff and students on the variables of preference and, engagement for each approach. Findings of the study showed that while the Police approach was the most preferred by staff, the students expressed preference mostly for the Virtues approach. However, only small proportions of staff and students expressed high willingness to engage in activities required to actualize the objectives of any of the approaches. The implications of the findings for integrated approach to curbing academic dishonesty and for instituting academic integrity policy in Nigerian universities are highlighted. IFE PsychologIA Vol. 14(1) 2006: 158-182
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The state of support services and effect of class size in mainstreamed schools: implication for inclusive education in Ghana - Vanderpuye, Irene; Deku, Prosper; Kwarteng, Seth A (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2006)
The study was conducted primarily to find the state of support services and the effect of class size in mainstreamed schools and its implication for the inclusive drive. The study became necessary due to the importance of these two factors in the provision of holistic inclusive programmes in Ghana. The samples for the study were ten head teachers and fifty teachers, making a total of 60 respondents. The respondents were selected from ten schools in the Cape Coast Municipality. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the responses got. The result of the study has established that generally, professional support services are not available in inclusive schools in the Cape Coast Municipality. Also that currently, class sizes in mainstreamed classrooms are too large for effective teaching and learning. The respondents there fore recommended an ideal class size of between 20-30 pupils. Based on the result of the study it was recommended that every school or at least every district education office in the country must have support personnel to offer assistance to the exceptional pupils and advice to teachers on how to handle children with specific disabilities. Secondly the Ministry of Education should come out with a policy on the stipulated number of exceptional pupils to be included in each class. Lastly the Ministry of Education and the Ghana Education Service should come out with a policy on class size in inclusive classrooms. The recommended class size should be between 20-30 pupils. IFE PsychologIA Vol. 14(1) 2006: 145-157
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The perception of African students towards the host population in Pune, India - Wondwosen, Teshome B (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2006)
Student's migration, like any other migration involves a continuous process of interaction through which members of different social and cultural background come in contact with one another and together, with the new socio-cultural situations. In the University of Pune, students of different social, ethnic, cultural and linguistic backgrounds from different continents and countries come in search for academic knowledge. This paper about African students in Pune city, deals with their perceptions towards the host population and the inter and intra racial relationships and cross-cultural interactions. In this study both qualitative and quantitative data have been used. In order to gather information about the African students' community life: and their national and religious association, a quasi-participant observation technique was employed. In order to cross check the reliability of the observational data, many informants were interviewed. It is found out that due to many pull and push factors African students move to India. The push factors include, the shortage of higher academic institutions in Africa, and a certain extent political instability in African countries. The pull factors include, the relatively affordable educational expenses in India, the fast and less complicated University and College admission procedures in India. Keywords: integration, ethnocentrism, perception, stereotype, race, Pune IFE PsychologIA Vol. 14(1) 2006: 40-59
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The extent of appreciation of postgraduate students at the Islamic University in Gaza for the pros and cons of the Internet and their attitudes towards its use - شقير, أبو; سليمان, محمد (2006)
هدفت الدراسة الى بيان وجهة نظر طلبة الدراسات العليا بالجامعة الاسلامية نحو سلبيات وايجابيات استخدام الانتلانت ومدى اتجاهاتهم نحو استخدمه واتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي واستخدم لذلك استبانة مكونة من 43 فقرة موزعة على ثلاثة محاور ونكونت العينة من 50 طالب وطالبة من درجة الماجستير بمختلف تخصصاتهم وكانت النتائج كما يلي حيث ابدى الطلبة بالرغبة القوية نحو الاستخدام وكذا بالوعي بما يحويه الانترنت من التأثيرات السلبية نحو القضايا الصحية والاجتماعية واوصت الدراسة بعقد الدورات نحو استخدام الانترنت في القضايا المهنية والتعليمية
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Grant given to Egyptian students (British Dental Journal, 2006)
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Women's Empowerment and Child's Education in Egypt 2000 (المجلة المصرية للسکان وتنظيم الأسرة, 2006)
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Challenges and Opportunities of E-learning Networks in Africa - Ahmed, Allam; Nwagwu, Williams E. (Development, 2006)
Allam Ahmed and Williams E. Nwagwu examine global networks for e-learning networks, with particular interest on the characteristics of the structures adopted by African countries to participate in the new educational strategy, and how these structures are moderated by Africa's peculiar social and political characteristics. They look at the challenges and opportunities that e-learning networks face in Africa, and then finally suggest how the challenges can be met, in addition to also how the opportunities can be utilized.
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Modernization versus cultural resilience in education in East Africa - Akala, Winston (Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2006)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsWinston AkalaThe books reviewed here are Beth B. Swadener with Margaret Kabiru and Anne Njenga, Does the Village Still Educate the Child? A Collaborative Study of Changing Childrearing and Early Education in Kenya (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000), x + 322pp., US$71.50 (hbk), ISBN 0‐7914‐4757‐X, US$24.95 (pbk), ISBN 0‐7914‐4758‐8; and Amy Stambach, Lessons from Mount Kilimanjaro: Schooling, Community, and Gender in East Africa (New York: Routledge, 2000), xv + 206pp., US$95.95 (hbk), ISBN 0‐415‐92582‐7, US$26.95 (pbk), ISBN 0‐415‐92583‐5.He has been a Fulbright fellow, pursuing a doctorate in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. His research interest is in curricula for civic education.
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Modernization versus cultural resilience in education in East Africa - Akala, Winston (Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2006)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsWinston AkalaThe books reviewed here are Beth B. Swadener with Margaret Kabiru and Anne Njenga, Does the Village Still Educate the Child? A Collaborative Study of Changing Childrearing and Early Education in Kenya (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000), x + 322pp., US$71.50 (hbk), ISBN 0‐7914‐4757‐X, US$24.95 (pbk), ISBN 0‐7914‐4758‐8; and Amy Stambach, Lessons from Mount Kilimanjaro: Schooling, Community, and Gender in East Africa (New York: Routledge, 2000), xv + 206pp., US$95.95 (hbk), ISBN 0‐415‐92582‐7, US$26.95 (pbk), ISBN 0‐415‐92583‐5.He has been a Fulbright fellow, pursuing a doctorate in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. His research interest is in curricula for civic education.
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Modernization versus cultural resilience in education in East Africa - Akala, Winston (Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2006)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsWinston AkalaThe books reviewed here are Beth B. Swadener with Margaret Kabiru and Anne Njenga, Does the Village Still Educate the Child? A Collaborative Study of Changing Childrearing and Early Education in Kenya (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000), x + 322pp., US$71.50 (hbk), ISBN 0‐7914‐4757‐X, US$24.95 (pbk), ISBN 0‐7914‐4758‐8; and Amy Stambach, Lessons from Mount Kilimanjaro: Schooling, Community, and Gender in East Africa (New York: Routledge, 2000), xv + 206pp., US$95.95 (hbk), ISBN 0‐415‐92582‐7, US$26.95 (pbk), ISBN 0‐415‐92583‐5.He has been a Fulbright fellow, pursuing a doctorate in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. His research interest is in curricula for civic education.
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Participation in Planning and Developing of School Curriculum from the Perspective of Yemeni Secondary School Teacher in Wadi Hadhramout - Al-Rabea, Ali A.; Gubbad, Abdulla A.M. (Maǧallaẗ al-’ulūm al-tarbawiyyaẗ wa-al-nafsiyyaẗ (Print), 2006)
The main purpose of the study was to investigate the opinion of the Yemeni secondary school Teachers about their participation in planning and developing of school curriculum.The researchers designed a questionnaire to be answered by teachers in secondary school in Wadi Hadhramout.The sample of the study included (144) teachers, who were randomly selected.Data was analyzed by using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and T-test.The major findings of this study were: 1-Teachers decided that their participation in planning and developing the study curriculum was very important, but it was limited.There were many different ways for participation.2-Teachers in urban areas, and those who have had more experience believed that their participation in planning and developing the study curriculum was so limited and not enough.3-Teachers' specialization variable was not effective in all parts of the questionnaire.
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Family predictors of adolescent substance use: the case of high school students in the Cape Metropolitan Area, Cape Town, South Africa - Amoateng, Acheampong Yaw; Barber, Brian K.; Erickson, Lance D. (Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 2006)
Family predictors of tobacco and alcohol use were studied in random samples of school-going Black, Coloured, and White adolescents (total N=1,800) in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area. The subjects ranged in age from 14 to 17 years, with a mean age of 15.95 years. Logistic regression analysis of the data showed invariance across the three racial groups in terms of the specific family variables that were predictive, as well as their direction and magnitude of association with substance use. Essentially, higher rates of substance use for all three groups were predicted by parental behavioural control, parental monitoring/knowledge and limit setting, marital relations and family stress. The findings extend the work on South African adolescent substance use by providing a view into the proximal (family) socialising forces that are related to substance use. The findings also extend the broader work on identifying specialised effects of dimensions of socialization on adolescent functioning. The discussion section includes commentary on the cultural invariance found when measuring socialising forces at this level of generality.
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Book Review: All American Yemeni Girls: Being Muslim in a Public School - Apple, Michael W. (Critique of Anthropology, 2006)
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The Paradox of Educational Diarchy: Qur’anic Schools and the Delivery of Basic Education in Northern Nigeria - Baba, NM (Social Science Research Network, 2006)
This paper examines the issue of dualism or diarchy in the educational structure of Northern Nigeria and how various Nigerian governments have grappled with the problem of forging a workable synthesis between the Qur’anic school system and western education without much success. The paper asserts that in recent times, the deplorable conditions of these schools, cases of child abuse/neglect associated with them and the need to expand access to education for all have forced a second look at the future of Qur’anic schools. It examines the attempts to integrate Qur’anic school into the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme and raises some conceptual questions on the feasibility and likely consequences of this arrangement.
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Determining the College Destination of African American High School Seniors: Does College Athletic Reputation Matter?. - Braddock, Jomills Henry; Lv, Hua (2006)
This study extends research on college choice by examining what African American students say about the importance of the college's athletic reputation when choosing which school to attend. The authors first examine, among African American students attending four-year colleges or universities, the overall distribution of self-reported factors that, as high school seniors, shaped the selection of their first choice institutions. Then factor analysis was conducted to examine the structure of relations among the diverse factors shaping student preferences and their contribution to understanding variation in the college choice process among African Americans. Finally, logistic regression analyses were undertaken to understand the relationship of athletic reputation with other relevant college selection and access factors. The descriptive results show that roughly one out of every three African American respondents report that a school's athletic reputation is at least a somewhat important consideration in determining their college choice. The factor analysis revealed four common factors-Academic/Career, Economic/Practical, Demographic, and Social. Academic/Career issues represented the strongest factor, with Social considerations ranked somewhat lower in importance. A college's athletic reputation had the highest loading on the Social factor across analysis groups. INTRODUCTION Where students attend college can be just as important as their decision to seek postsecondary education (Astin, 1965). Both theory and research on college choice has suggested that where students matriculate is a function of both supply and demand processes involving interrelated individual and institutional decision-making processes (Astin, 1965; Choy & Ottinger, 1998; Hossler & Gallagher, 1987). The individual decision occurs first as students identify colleges or universities that meet their particular needs. Next, the institutional decision occurs when college admissions officers accept or reject applicants based on criteria-including academic credentials, needs and goals of their college, and the size and quality of their applicant pool. While both the supply and demand sides of this process are important, most research in this area focuses primarily on supply-side processes in the college choice process-student decision-making. Four general factors have been identified related to students' college choice: (a) factors internal to the institution (e.g., academic reputation and prestige); (b) factors external to the institution (e.g., location and proximity to student' home); (c) human influences (i.e., relatives, friends, counselors); and (d) individual factors (personal and family finances) according to Raley's (1972) study. More specifically, research has pointed to considerations such as proximity to home (Bowers & Pugh, 1973; Corey, 1936; Erdman, 1983; Holland & Richards, 1965; Reeves, 1932), cost (Bowers & Pugh, 1973; Reinhardt, 1938), as well as campus social life (Bowers & Pugh, 1973) as major college selection factors. Erdman (1983) found that perceived reputation, location, and size are far more important than other factors examined, including cost. Bowers and Pugh (1973) also point out that students and their parents emphasize different factors in the selection process: Parents emphasize financial factors, proximity, and academic reputation, while students emphasize social and cultural factors. Research also shows that students differ among themselves in the relative importance they assign to particular selection factors based on: race-ethnicity (Lisack, 1978; McDonough & Antonio, 1998); gender (Hansen & Litten, 1982; Holland, 1958; Stordahl, 1970); academic rank (Stordahl, 1970); and socioeconomic status (SES; Hearn, 1984; Mossier, Braxton, & Coopersmith, 1989; Kelpe Kern, 2000; Munday, 1976). In general, research over several decades, suggests that students' college choice decisions are significantly shaped by information about, and perceptions of, colleges' academic programs, tuition, costs, availability of financial aid, general academic reputation, proximity to home, size, and social atmosphere (Braxton, 1990; Chapman & Jackson, 1987; Comfort, 1925; Hossler, Schmit & Vesper, 1999; Keller & McKewon, 1984; Kinzie, Palmer, Hayek, Hossler, Jacob, & Cummings, 2004). …
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Gendered access to and uses of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in South Africa: higher education experiences in the Western Cape - Brown, Cheryl (EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology, 2006)
A study of access to and use of computers by 6 577 students and 515 academic staff in five South African universities found no gender differences at a broad level. Closer analysis revealed more subtle but distinct differences relating to practical access and personal agency, specifically autonomy, time, confidence, and interest. Disciplinary, socio-economic and aged- related differences also emerge. Contradictory findings amongst staff and students are noted. Our findings are aligned with international findings which they both support and contradict. Overall, gender is shown to be a complex and multi-dimensional factor of digital exclusion and inclusion.
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Schools, Household, Risk, and Gender: Determinants of Child Schooling in Ethiopia ∗ - Chaudhury, Nazmul; Christiaensen, Luc; Asadullah, Mohammad (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2006)
Abstract Drawing upon data from Ethiopia, we highlight the relationship between investments in child schooling and key factors related to household characteristics, supply and quality of schooling, and income shocks. The unique contribution of this study stems from our examination of the effect of adverse income shocks on gender-differentiated child schooling outcomes. While there are several empirical studies that test the degree to which households are able to smooth consumption in response to a covariate shock, only few studies probe the gender-differentiated impacts of those shocks within the household. We find a strong bias against investments in female education in rural Ethiopia. Controlling for key supply and demand side factors such as household income, parental education, distance to and quality of schools, girls who reside in rural areas are almost 12 percent less likely to be enrolled in primary school compared to boys. Furthermore, while an adverse weather-induced crop shock has no discernable impact on the schooling of boys, the same adverse shock has a deleterious impact on both the probability of enrollment and completion of schooling for girls. Besides the impact of adverse income shocks on child schooling, we find that investment in child schooling is significantly influenced by positive education externalities with the household and community, availability and distance to schools, and quality of school infrastructure.
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