The 1755 “Meknes” earthquake (Morocco): field data and geodynamic implications - Moratti, Giovanna; Piccardi, Luigi; Vannucci, Gianfranco; Belardinelli, Maria Elina; Dahmani, Mohammed; Bendkik, A.; Chenakeb, M. (Journal of Geodynamics, 2003)
The source of the famous 1 November, 1755 “Lisbon” earthquake has been constrained to be an up to 200 km long structure in the offshore west of Cabo de S. Vincente. The magnitude of this earthquake was estimated in the range of 8.5–9.4. The stress regime argued for this shock would have been characterised by an around NNW–SSE-oriented compression. Less well studied is the successive “Meknes” earthquake, which occurred a few days later in Morocco (27 November), and was erroneously confused by the European contemporary reports with a strong aftershock, occurred on 18 November, of the main seismic sequence of the 1 November earthquake. The Meknes earthquake had destructive effects in the region of Meknes and Fes and along the E–W trending Rides Prérifaines, the main frontal thrust of the Rif. Historical data indicate a macroseismic field closed around the towns of Meknes and Fes. Our structural–geological fieldwork and remote sensing analysis in the epicentral area of the Meknes earthquake, along the local major recent faults, indicate that the E–W-oriented thrusts of the Rides Prérifaines are active. Through a re-examination of historical sources compared with field work and air photo interpretation, we could individuate the traces of coseismic surface faulting of the 1755 Meknes earthquake in two areas of the Rides Prérifaines, both part of the local thrust front: the Jebel Zerhoun area and the Jebel Zalagh area. Tectonic data on the Quaternary stress fields derived from our fieldwork and from literature, consistently with the revised focal mechanisms in the region, indicate active shortening oriented NNW–SSE to N–S in northern Morocco. The data collected seem therefore to indicate the thrusts of the Rides Prérifaines, located within the macroseismic area of the Meknes earthquake, as the most probable seismic source of that event. As such, the activation of the thrusts of the Rides Prérifaines would be consistent with this stress regime, which in turn would be similar to the stress field maintained as responsible for the 1 November, 1755 Lisbon earthquake. We also attempted an estimate of the change due to the Lisbon earthquake of the Coulomb Failure Function (CFF) on the Meknes structure, as identified in this paper, in order to evaluate if the Meknes earthquake could have been induced by the 1 November, 1755 Lisbon earthquake, or a local distinct earthquake. Our modelling suggests that the latter hypothesis is the more likely one.
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The 1755 “Meknes” earthquake (Morocco): field data and geodynamic implications - Moratti, Giovanna; Piccardi, Luigi; Vannucci, Gianfranco; Belardinelli, Maria Elina; Dahmani, Mohammed; Bendkik, A.; Chenakeb, M. (Journal of Geodynamics, 2003)
The source of the famous 1 November, 1755 “Lisbon” earthquake has been constrained to be an up to 200 km long structure in the offshore west of Cabo de S. Vincente. The magnitude of this earthquake was estimated in the range of 8.5–9.4. The stress regime argued for this shock would have been characterised by an around NNW–SSE-oriented compression. Less well studied is the successive “Meknes” earthquake, which occurred a few days later in Morocco (27 November), and was erroneously confused by the European contemporary reports with a strong aftershock, occurred on 18 November, of the main seismic sequence of the 1 November earthquake. The Meknes earthquake had destructive effects in the region of Meknes and Fes and along the E–W trending Rides Prérifaines, the main frontal thrust of the Rif. Historical data indicate a macroseismic field closed around the towns of Meknes and Fes. Our structural–geological fieldwork and remote sensing analysis in the epicentral area of the Meknes earthquake, along the local major recent faults, indicate that the E–W-oriented thrusts of the Rides Prérifaines are active. Through a re-examination of historical sources compared with field work and air photo interpretation, we could individuate the traces of coseismic surface faulting of the 1755 Meknes earthquake in two areas of the Rides Prérifaines, both part of the local thrust front: the Jebel Zerhoun area and the Jebel Zalagh area. Tectonic data on the Quaternary stress fields derived from our fieldwork and from literature, consistently with the revised focal mechanisms in the region, indicate active shortening oriented NNW–SSE to N–S in northern Morocco. The data collected seem therefore to indicate the thrusts of the Rides Prérifaines, located within the macroseismic area of the Meknes earthquake, as the most probable seismic source of that event. As such, the activation of the thrusts of the Rides Prérifaines would be consistent with this stress regime, which in turn would be similar to the stress field maintained as responsible for the 1 November, 1755 Lisbon earthquake. We also attempted an estimate of the change due to the Lisbon earthquake of the Coulomb Failure Function (CFF) on the Meknes structure, as identified in this paper, in order to evaluate if the Meknes earthquake could have been induced by the 1 November, 1755 Lisbon earthquake, or a local distinct earthquake. Our modelling suggests that the latter hypothesis is the more likely one.
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Teaching Business Ethically in the “New” South Africa - Nkomo, Stella M. (Management Communication Quarterly, 2003)
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Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa - O’Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre‐Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; McKee, Brent A. (Nature, 2003)
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Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa - O’Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre‐Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; McKee, Brent A. (Nature, 2003)
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Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa - O’Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre‐Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; McKee, Brent A. (Nature, 2003)
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Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa - O’Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre‐Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; McKee, Brent A. (Nature, 2003)
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Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa - O’Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre‐Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; McKee, Brent A. (Nature, 2003)
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Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa - O’Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre‐Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; McKee, Brent A. (Nature, 2003)
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Persons with Disabilities Bill 2002: implications concerning visual disabilities for academic library and information services in Kenya - Ochoggia, Raymond Euppa (New Library World, 2003)
The paper defines the term disability and how it fits among persons with visual disabilities. Specific provisions in the Persons with Disabilities Bill 2002 that may affect library and information services to visually handicapped students in learning institutions in Kenya are identified and listed. Establishment of the National Council for Persons with Disabilities to oversee all matters affecting the disabled is highlighted. The National Development Fund for Persons with Disabilities to provide financial assistance is equally cited. The author provides a detailed interpretation of the Bill with a bias towards provision of library and information services for visually handicapped people. The paper concludes that the Bill is likely to open up educational opportunities for the visually handicapped students in Kenya by widening the range of information sources.
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A clinical evaluation of dry socket in a Nigerian teaching hospital - Oginni, Fadekemi Olufunmilayo; Fatusi, Olawunmi Adedoyin; Alagbe, A O (Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2003)
Purpose: We sought to determine the incidence of dry socket in a Nigerian teaching hospital and to evaluate the patients’ demographic pattern, predisposing factors, the treatment given, and treatment outcome. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of records of dental extractions complicated by dry socket in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, between January 1996 and December 2000 was undertaken. Information retrieved included patient sociodemographic data, indications for extraction, tooth extracted, status of attending surgeon, onset of symptoms, relevant findings of the examining clinician, interval before presentation, treatment given, and its outcome. Results: Of the 3,319 dental extractions performed in 3,008 patients, 136 (4.1%) were complicated by dry socket. The patients’ mean age was 33.4 (15.4) years and a peak age incidence of 21 to 30 years was found. A slight female preponderance (1.4:1) was observed. The majority of patients were in the low-income group, and presentation in the hospital was prompt in the high-income group. Mandibular teeth were affected 3 times more than maxillary teeth (P = .00080). Most cases of dry socket resulted from extractions performed by undergraduates and house officers. Various underlying systemic conditions were found in 11.0% of cases, none of which included use of oral contraceptives. Treatment was usually the use of zinc oxide eugenol dressing in an irrigated socket, combined with antibiotic therapy in 45.3% of cases. No adverse reaction to zinc oxide eugenol was observed. Conclusion: The incidence of dry socket in our hospital is 4.1%. The mandible was involved 3 times more than the maxilla. With the use of zinc oxide eugenol dressing, 70.6% of patients completed treatment satisfactorily and 29.2% were lost to follow-up.
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A classical approach to the restoration of discipline in South African schools - Oosthuizen, Izak; Roux, Jeanne; Walt, J.L. Van der (Koers, 2003)
As a result of the era of civil disobedience associated with the struggle for freedom and democracy discipline in many schools has deteriorated. The persistent lack of discipline in all South African schools can only be countered by means of a wise application of discipline. Application of “discipline” according to the standard dictionary meanings of the word will, however, not be appropriate since it implies a clamp-down on disruptive behaviour, including punishment, chastisement and retribution. Discipline associated with the paideia ideal of well-educatedness and of the educator as the servant of his learners (paidagogos), though within the context of a reformational perspective of discipline on the other hand, will be more suitable.
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Preventive or punitive disciplinary measures in South African schools: Which should be favoured? - Oosthuizen, Izak; Wolhunter, C.C.; Toit, Petrusa du (Koers, 2003)
Recent research shows a major paradigm shift towards preventive and positive rather than punitive disciplinary measures. Since the essence of learner discipline is correctional and educational rather than punitive, this approach seems to be the correct one – especially after the abolition of corporal punishment in South African schools. However, the question remains: is there still room for punitive and reactive learner discipline in our schools? And if so, which is the better approach, and where should the emphasis be? This article endeavours to evaluate the two approaches by means of a normative framework. Rather than ruling which approach is the more successful one, the authors argue that it is not the one or the other, but rather a combination of the two approaches. One of the guiding determinants for correct decision-making is vested in maintaining a safe, harmonious and orderly environment conducive to education and learning. The decision regarding the most effective form of discipline in a particular instance should therefore be determined by the context of the situation. For example, it depends on the seriousness of the misconduct, the attitude of the learners (e.g. was it as a result of intent or negligence?), the age of the learner, the influence it had on the teaching-learning environment, et cetera.
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Learner discipline in South African public schools – a qualitative study - Rossouw, J.P. (Koers, 2003)
Recent research has shown that the involvement of youth in the liberation struggle which ended in 1994 caused them to develop arrogance towards adults, that is, both educators and parents. Another reason for the decline in the level of discipline in recent years might be the overemphasis on human rights, especially children’s rights, in reaction to the increase in child abuse or the lack of a human-rights culture in the apartheid era. A lack of learner discipline may seriously hamper the teaching and learning process, and, if disruptive behaviour prevails, education cannot be successful. This article focuses on educators’ positive and negative reactions to learner misconduct in South African public schools, as revealed by qualitative data gathered by means of interviews, as part of a national research project on learner discipline. Fourteen schools were visited by a group of researchers and field workers, during which principals, other educators and learners were interviewed. Special reference is made to forms of learner misconduct that have the most prominent influence on discipline, possible causes of these, and preventative or proactive measures taken by educators to restore or maintain learner discipline. Value-driven approaches to discipline and to approaches that might be educationally unsound, are also incorporated. All the mentioned approaches are evaluated from within a reformational framework.
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Private versus public schools in post-Apartheid South African cities: theory and policy implications - Selod, Harris; Zénou, Yves (Journal of Development Economics, 2003)
Blacks and whites have different incomes, decide where to locate in the city and which school to send their children to. We show that, despite the tuition fees imposed by whites and their remote location, some black pupils attend the private school. This market solution is shown not to be optimal because whites overprice education in order to limit black attendance at the private school. Three types of education policies are then considered: transportation subsidies, private-school vouchers and public-school spending. The efficiency of such policies depends on the fee-setting behavior of whites that strongly varies from one policy to another.
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HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT at SOIL AND AIR IN THE VICINITY OF ELECTRIC POWER STATION WEST OF ALEXANDRIA CITY, EGYPT - Shalaby, EI.; Saleh, I. (Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering (Print), 2003)
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Global norms and local requirements for Black South African English ('BSAE')? - A pilot study of teachers' assessment and perceptions of learner texts - Smit, Ute; Verhoef, Marlene (Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2003)
Recent debates on English varieties have focused on the apparent contrast of Global English on the one hand and World Englishes on the other, where the former reflects the status of English as the main global means of communication, while the latter describes the multitude of diverse varieties of English presently used in various parts of the world. The status and description of the variety in question here, BSAE (Black South African English), is one of the examples that apparently contain elements of both Global English and World Englishes. This article reports on the pilot study of a still-ongoing research project which investigates teachers' language perceptions and language use in mainly BSAE-using classrooms. Our aim here is to describe and analyse this specific micro-level situation of language use in view of two macro-level considerations: (i) in how far Global English vs local Englishes manifest themselves in teachers' evaluations and (ii) what this means for the teachers' perceptions of BSAE (Black South African English). From a methodological point of view, the pilot study focuses on teachers' language perceptions as revealed in their assessment of student work and elicited by a questionnaire containing student texts and closed and open-ended questions, which was filled in by 48 respondents in August 2001. The findings show that the respondents used two criteria of assessment (MESSAGE and SENTENCE GRAMMAR), which relate to learner-group centred and external points of reference. While more, and also more-detailed, data will be needed before clear-cut conclusions regarding the macro-level considerations can be drawn, the study outcomes seem to indicate that in actual situations of language use a global norm and local manifestations and expectations co-exist, which might also be the basis for the diffuse but still shared understanding of BSAE as a variety of its own.
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Education for all in South Africa: developing a national system for quality assurance - Smith, William J.; Ngoma-Maema, Wendy Yolisa (Comparative Education, 2003)
The search for quality education is a world-wide phenomenon but it is particularly important in the developing world, where education is widely viewed as a key to individual and collective success. Traditionally, school performance has been measured by various test scores and South Africa's longstanding obsession with matriculation exam results exemplifies this focus. However, as policy makers in South Africa have been discovering since the transformation toward a democratic system of education for all began in 1994, developing a comprehensive system of quality assurance involves much more than keeping track of examination results. The purpose of this article is to describe and discuss the development of this system, using an emerging framework for the analysis and comparison of quality assurance systems.
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Correlates of African American college students' condom use to prevent pregnancy, STDs, or both outcomes. - Whaley, Arthur L.; Winfield, Evelyn B. (PubMed, 2003)
The purpose of the current study was to compare African American college students who reported condom use for pregnancy prevention only, disease prevention only, and both pregnancy and STD prevention (i.e., dual prevention) in terms of their AIDS-related health beliefs, conventional sexual behavior, and unconventional sexual behavior. It was hypothesized that dual-prevention adolescents would express more health protective attitudes and behaviors than single-prevention individuals.The sample consisted of 171 African American, undergraduate, single, heterosexual, and sexually active students with at least one partner in the past six months and who used condoms. A self-report questionnaire was administered-including items related to demographic and background information, sexual activity, condom use behavior, and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about HIV/AIDS, to participants in groups of 10-30 students in university classroom settings.The main between-group differences were in comparisons of pregnancy-prevention-only condom users and dual-prevention condom users. Participants who used condoms to prevent pregnancy only were less likely to be female, perceived themselves to be less susceptible to HIV/AIDS, perceived fewer barriers to condom use, and reported fewer vaginal sex partners.Intervention programs must address the relation between African American adolescents' beliefs about susceptibility to HIV/AIDS and unintended pregnancy, as well as their views of involvement in monogamous relationships. Integrated prevention services may allow for discussions of similarities and differences in the issues relevant to condom use for pregnancy prevention versus disease prevention.
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HIV/AIDS and the African Refugee Education Program in New Zealand - Worth, Heather; Denholm, Nikki; Bannister, Johanna (Aids Education and Prevention, 2003)
In the past decade, the resettlement of African HIV-positive refugees in New Zealand has meant dramatically changing patterns of new HIV infection. This increase in heterosexually acquired HIV has been met by mounting disquiet on the part of the public, politicians, and health officials. The voices of the refugees themselves have been lost in this debate. This article discusses the experiences of African refugees with HIV, being in New Zealand, and the establishment of the National HIV/AIDS Refugee Health Education Program, designed to meet the needs of African communities in New Zealand.
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Cost and financing of education - opportunities and obstacles for expanding and improving education in Mozambique - Nellemann, Søren; Maiga, Aminata; Ogawa, Keiichi; Rakotomalala, Ramahatra; Mingat, Alain; Tan, Jee‐Peng (2003)
This study is part of a series of education country status reports (CSRs) that are being prepared by Bank staff in collaboration with national teams from various Sub-Saharan countries. The immediate objective is to enhance the knowledge base for policy development in the education sector. More broadly, CSRs create a basis for engaging a diverse audience in dialogue on education sector policies, and for developing a shared vision for the future. In Mozambique, two specific goals in education stand out: ensuring that all children complete basic schooling; and, managing the production of graduates at post-basic levels, in terms of quantity, and skill level and mix, to match the demand for skilled labor. However, an equally important issue is to ensure that currently available resources are used efficiently, and equitably. The publication of the CSR for Mozambique is intended to institutionalize our collective knowledge about the country's education sector, including broader macroeconomic, and social issues like HIV/AIDS, and the nature of the policy challenges, and, to share that knowledge as widely as possible.
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The relationship between parental physical availability and child sexual, physical and emotional abuse: A study among a sample of university students in South Africa - Madu, Sylvester Ntomchukwu (Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2003)
The relationship between perceived parental physical availability and child sexual, physical and emotional abuse was investigated. The sample comprised 722 undergraduate students of psychology at the University of the North, South Africa. Participants filled in a retrospective self-rated questionnaire in a classroom setting. The questionnaire asked about perceived parental physical availability during childhood, and childhood sexual, physical and emotional abuse. Logistic regression analysis showed that, among all the participants, the factors "the participant not living with the natural (biological) mother until he or she was at least 16 years old" and "have ever had a stepfather or adoptive father until he or she was at least 16 years old" predicted child sexual abuse; and "have ever had a stepfather or adoptive father until he or she was at least 16 years old" predicted child emotional abuse. None of the other aspects of parental availability considered predicted child physical abuse. Mental health and social workers, educators and law enforcement agencies dealing with prevention and protection against child abuse should take note of the above identified predictors while designing programs for the eradication of child sexual, physical and emotional abuse.
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Financing Vocational Training in Sub-Saharan Africa - Ziderman, Adrian (2003)
This study describes the emerging consensus about training finance largely on the basis of experiences in Latin America and Asia. The paper tests this consensus against findings from Sub-Saharan Africa. It then sets out the theoretical basis for different financing mechanisms, including the rationale for state intervention in training markets. The study explores the effects of various types of training levies, different forms of training funds, and the implications of various transfer mechanisms. It also examines the difficult area of financing informal sector training. The study brings together and synthesizes hitherto inaccessible material on training finance, which was scattered in project documents and unpublished case studies. It includes detailed field investigations of new experiences in South Africa and Tanzania and throws new light on established practice in Zimbabwe and Kenya. The study also emphasizes the wider role of sound funding mechanisms (beyond finance) in leading to effective, demand-oriented training systems. Finally, the study emphasizes policy applications, with detailed discussions of strengths and weaknesses of alternative policies and measures.
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Low awareness of intestinal schistosomiasis in northern Senegal after 7 years of health education as part of intense control and research activities - Sow, S.; Vlas, Sake J. de; Mbaye, Amadou; Polman, Katja; Gryseels, B. (Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2003)
We evaluated the awareness of and knowledge about intestinal schistosomiasis in a highly infected rural community of northern Senegal where a variety of health information and education activities had taken place for 7 years as a component of different research and control programmes. As the infection had been introduced only recently, an initial 'zero' knowledge can be assumed. Most of the health education activities had been performed with adapted messages through local health and community workers. By a questionnaire, 566 individuals were asked simple questions on symptoms, mode of transmission, the sources of information and health-seeking behaviour. About 86% of the respondents stated that they knew what schistosomiasis was, and 92% that in case of illness they would seek treatment at the health centre. However, only half of the people accurately quoted symptoms associated with intestinal schistosomiasis: diarrhoea, abdominal pain and bloody stools. The majority of respondents realized that the disease was somehow linked with water and (lack of) hygiene, but only 44% of respondents reported water contact as the source of infection. Ultimately, only 30% of the respondents gave adequate answers about both symptoms and mode of transmission. We conclude that even intense and long-lasting education efforts for a specific and straightforward problem as schistosomiasis are not enough to have profound impact on the knowledge of rural traditional communities.
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Weight management behaviors of African American female college students. - July, Fannie M; Hawthorne, Dorothy; Elliot, Janice; Robinson, Wanda (PubMed, 2003)
The prevalence of overweight and obesity among African American women is a problem of significance, and one, which demands investigation through scientific research. The purpose of this study was to determine the weight management; behaviors among African American female college students. A descriptive correlational study was conducted to answer this question. The results revealed that at least fifty percent (50%) of these students exhibited behavior that could lead to obesity.
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A novel approach to perinatal HIV/AIDS training for doctors and nurses in South Africa - Woods, David (Southern African Journal of Hiv Medicine, 2003)
No abstract available.
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African American College Students' Preferences for Quick Service Restaurants - Khan, Maryam (Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 2003)
ABSTRACT The competition among the quick service restaurants (QSRs) continues to be intense, and college students have a variety of food choices to select. This study investigated the African American students' demographics, food habits, food preferences, and importance of image attributes in selecting and patronizing a QSR. The findings reveal that the four most important image attributes to this group of students seems to be: cleanliness, quality and taste of food/beverage, price/value, and friendly/attentive service. In addition, students' perceptions of selected QSRs and marketing strategies are discussed.
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Knowledge and attitudes of coaches of secondary school athletes in Ibadan, Nigeria regarding oro-facial injuries and mouthguard use by the athletes - Onyeaso, Chukwudi Ochi; Adegbesan, Olufemi Adegbola (Dental Traumatology, 2003)
- The objective of this study was to assess the perceptions of secondary school sports' coaches about oro-facial injuries and mouth protector usage in sports by the adolescent athletes. A 10-item, self-completion questionnaire was distributed to 42 coaches from 23 secondary schools randomly selected from different parts of Ibadan city in Nigeria between May and June, 2002. The questionnaire sought information on why a mouth protector (mouthguard) is used, when it is required; the types of mouth protector used, the major reasons for choosing a specific mouth protector, and personal feeling as to whether mouthguards prevent oral injury. Descriptive statistics were used for the data while the chi-square statistic was employed to test the significance of association between variables. All the coaches, 25 (59.5%) males and 17 (40.5%) females with age range of 19-51 years and mean age of 38.07 +/- 8.97 years (mean +/- SD), completed and returned the forms (100% completion rate). 95.2% of the coaches believed that mouthguards prevent oral injuries and 95.2% of them also would like more information on different types of mouthguard, while 4.8% each felt otherwise. The main factor determining the choice of the type of mouthguard for athletes by the coaches was the quality of oral protection (57.1%), and the next was the cost (23.8%). Acceptance of mouthguard was scored as positive by 88.1% of the athletes. 81.0% of the coaches felt that mouthguard should be worn at all times (during practices and competitions) while 19.0% would prefer the use during competitions only. The majority of the coaches (71.4%) believed that boxing needs mouthguards, 2.4% each indicated football (soccer) and Judo while 11.9% of the coaches did not indicate any sport. The majority of these Nigerian coaches agreed on the protective effectiveness of mouthguard against sport-related oro-facial injuries, but they are yet to be adequately informed about mouthguards generally so as to correctly advise and influence these adolescent athletes in this regard.
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A pilot study of Supplemental Instruction for at-risk students at an Historically Black University (HBU) in South Africa - Zulu, Constance (AILA review, 2003)
This article discusses a pilot investigation conducted between February and May 2002. The aim of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of the Supplemental Instruction (SI) program — which has a proven track record elsewhere — at an historically black university in South Africa. SI is an academic assistance program which was developed at the University of Missouri- Kansas City in 1973 by Deanna C. Martin and subsequently adopted countrywide and in other parts of the world. The pilot was conducted on a population of first year law students registered for an introductory module, “Introduction to South African Legal Method and Theory”. Two questions were investigated: 1. Does SI have an effect on students’ mastery of content? 2. Does SI have an effect on students’ perceptions of their mastery of skills? Three measures were used to explore these questions, namely pre and posttests of content mastery; student perception of skill mastery and end of course grades. Although there was no significant difference on the mastery of course content between SI and Non-SI participants, it was found that higher SI attendance rates resulted in slightly higher mean grades, suggesting that SI may have had some impact on the final course end grades. A significant difference at the .03 level was found between the mean grades of students who attended 4 or more sessions and those who attended 1–3 sessions. The investigation also revealed that a number of barriers and challenges need to be addressed for a successful SI program to be implemented at the university.
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Managing Human Resources in South African Schools (2003)
List of tables List of figures Abbreviations Foreword Preface Section A. Setting the Scene 1. The Changing Context of Education Management in South Africa by Michael Thurlow 2. Drawing on Personnel Management and Human Resource Management Approaches by Jacky Lumby 3. Managing People and Performance by Michael Thurlow Section B. Managing Individuals and Groups 4. Recruitment and Selection by Michael Thurlow 5. Managing Induction by David Middlewood 6. The Industrial Relations and Professional Tension by Eleanor Kaabwe 7. Managing Teacher Performance and its Appraisal by David Middlewood 8. Identifying and Meeting Development Needs by Jacky Lumby Section C. Organisational Issues 9. Managing Motivation by Jacky Lumby 10. Managing through Teams by David Middlewood 11. Conflict Management by Thandi Ngcobo 12. Gender Issues in Education and Management by Eleanor Kaabwe 13. Managing Multicultural Contexts by Thandi Ngcobo
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The Process of Involving High School Students in Developing Reproductive Health Education Materials in Ibadan, Nigeria - Ajoko, Desmond C.; Salami, Kabiru K.; Brieger, William R. (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 2003)
Adolescents in secondary schools in Ibadan were involved in the design and utilization of their own story-flipchart for the teaching of reproductive health. Full participation of the students ranged from message development in the form of a story line picture conceptualization to conducting teaching sessions with the resulting materials. Discussion groups among high school students helped identify a priority concern of inappropriate sexual interaction. Subsequently, three groups of intervention secondary schools were formed: students in two schools were selected by their peers to develop and use the story-flipchart; students in two more schools were trained to use the materials developed by the first group; and teachers in two more schools were likewise trained to use the materials. Intervention during a three-month school term was monitored. Follow-up in-depth interviews with the educators and focus group discussions among members of the student audience were used to gather feedback on the materials and the process. The study showed that adolescents can identify a common problem to people of their age and can design a meaningful program that can teach prevention of such a problem. Focus group discussions among members of the audience confirmed that they understood the messages and liked the materials, especially since their peers developed these. Those students who developed the materials explained how the process enhanced their self-confidence, although in some cases they met with initial ridicule or resistance. All those involved using the materials hoped that such a process could be incorporated into the normal educational process in their schools. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the importance of involving young people in developing educational materials that address their perceived health problems.
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Order from Chaos: Organizational Aspects of Information, Education, and Communication (a Case Study from Mali) - Barker, Kriss (Journal of Health Communication, 2003)
Information education and communication (IEC) is a collection of techniques for exchanging and sharing of information attitudes ideas or emotions with the goal of promoting the adoption of a new behavior by members of a specific target group (Centre for Health Promotion 1996; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1996; Rogers & Storey 1987). IEC gives people the power to choose for themselves. If the IEC package is effective members of the target group can begin to take control of their own behaviors based on a radically altered assimilation of information about the possible consequences of their actions (Bandura 1977 1986 1997; Becker 1974; Janz & Becker 1984; Fishbein & Ajzen 1975; Glanz & Rimer 1995). However in order to be effective IEC messages must first be accurate and second must reach and be understood by target audiences. Bad IEC can lead people to make ill-informed decisions that can be damaging to their health and well-being just as good IEC can help them to make well-informed decisions that can positively influence their lives. This article describes the process of development and implementation of the national IEC health strategy in Mali a process that resulted in the creation of integrative structures through which IEC specialists throughout that nation now work with greater effectiveness. More importantly the article provides a case study of the importance of organizations and organizational relationships in strategy design and implementation. The case study shows how the highly successful application of the strategy development and implementation process in Mali enabled IEC technicians to do good IEC. (authors)
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Climatic and volcanic forcing revealed in a 50,000-year diatom record from Lake Massoko, Tanzania - Barker, Philip A.; Williamson, David; Gasse, Françoise; Gibert, E. (Quaternary Research, 2003)
Abstract The interactions between climatic and volcanic forcing on diatom communities contained in a 50,000-year sedimentary sequence from Lake Massoko, Tanzania, were examined. At the century scale, 19 discrete tephra inputs to the lake isolated the sedimentary nutrient supply and shifted the diatom communities to those tolerant of low phosphorus levels, whereas at the millennial scale, diatom-inferred shifts in precipitation–evaporation based on conductivity optima and diatom life-form ratios were broadly similar to lake-level reconstructions from Lake Rukwa, Lake Malawi, and others in the region. Some fluctuations of Lake Massoko are consistent with the precession-driven changes in insolation, but the major climate shifts do not relate directly to orbital forcing of summer insolation south of the equator and show more consistency with records from the equatorial and northern tropics that receive rainfall from the passing of the intertropical convergence zone. Sea surface temperatures are strongly correlated to multimillennial-scale climate patterns over this region of Africa.
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The development of education in post-conflict ‘Somaliland’ - Bekalo, Samuel; Brophy, Michael; Welford, A. G. (International Journal of Educational Development, 2003)
In the light of fresh international initiatives to achieve Universal Basic Education and gender equality in education by 2015, this paper examines factors affecting its realisation in the context of Somaliland. In a ‘country’ where over 80% of the school age population are receiving little meaningful education, the paper reflects on more flexible approaches to education to enable sustainable education for children and disadvantaged adults. The paper draws on fieldwork data from a DfID-funded study (DFID ED2000/107) and the authors’ own experiences. The discussion highlights the peculiar circumstances of Somaliland. It charts the provision of Education in Somaliland from the colonial era through post-independence times to the civil conflict which led to the destruction of education in the country. It goes on to look at the progress being made at the present time following ‘stop-gap’ measures for emergency education towards revitalising enhanced education. It completes the picture by describing challenges to the achievement of the UBE target. The authors review aspects of alternative and flexible educational approaches and urge the integration of these non-formal systems with the formal, governmentally controlled school systems being restored in Somaliland. They do so while sounding a note of caution that for all the energy and enthusiasm associated with these approaches, they have yet to be evaluated for their effectiveness in providing quality basic education.
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Field Survey and Preliminary Modeling of the Wewak, Papua New Guinea Earthquake and Tsunami of 9 September 2002 - Borrero, José C.; Bu, James; Saiang, Christine; Uslu, Burak; Freckman, John; Gomer, Brandon; Okal, Emile A.; Synolakis, Costas E. (Seismological research letters, 2003)
At 18:44 UTC on 8 September 2002 (04:44 on 9 September, local time), a strong earthquake ( mb 6.5 , MS 7.8; hereafter “PNG02”) occurred off the northern coast of the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea (“PNG”; see Figure 1) and triggered a moderate tsunami that was observed along 300 km of the northern PNG coast. This event is of particular interest since it occurred only 120 km east-southeast of the earthquake of 17 July 1998 ( mb 5.9, MS 7.0; hereafter “PNG98”), which triggered a devastating tsunami with a death toll exceeding 2,100 (Kawata et al ., 1999). The two earthquakes generated very different patterns of damage and destruction. PNG02 was strongly felt from Sissano Lagoon in the west to Murik Lakes in the east, a distance of 250 km (Figure 2); five people were killed, and several more injured, by the collapse of structures. On the other hand, its tsunami inundated several coastal villages but caused only a small amount of damage to beachfront structures. No one was killed by the tsunami, although four people nearly drowned. By contrast, PNG98 caused very little earthquake damage, mostly concentrated in the epicentral area near the Serai sawmill, where a few log stacks collapsed and rockslides were observed along strongly weathered cliffs. No one was killed by the earthquake. However, the tsunami triggered by PNG98 was exceptionally devastating, with waves reaching heights of 15 m, destroying three villages and severely damaging many others along a 40-km stretch of coast. Over the past 100 years, only the 1933 Sanriku, Japan tsunami had a higher death toll (estimated at 3,000). Successful modeling of the 1998 tsunami could be achieved only by hypothesizing that the earthquake triggered a 4 km3 landslide, an assumption corroborated by a number of …
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Book Review: From Guinea Pig to Computer Mouse: Alternative Methods for a Progressive, Humane Education — Second Edition - Combes, Robert (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2003)
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Introduction of Cost-sharing Scheme in Ethiopian Higher Institutions: Opportunities and Challenges for Institutions of Higher Education - Dufera, Derebssa (2003)
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Psycho-Social and Economic Factors Influencing Falling Ethical Standard in the Higher Institutions of Learning in Nigeria. - Ehon, I. A (2003)
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Brain aging in normal Egyptians: cognition, education, personality, genetic and immunological study - Elwan, Osamah; Madkour, Loutfy H.; Elwan, Fadia; Mostafa, Mervat; Helmy, A. A.; Naseer, Maged Abdel; Shafy, Sanaa Abdel; Faiuomy, Nervana El (Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2003)
Studying the cognitive and immunological changes that occur in old age as well as genetic function have been considered an important subject to differentiate between normal brain aging and early dementia especially Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study is to stress on age-related neuropsychological and electrophysiological (P300) changes in normal Egyptian subjects, to throw light on the value of genetic (Apo-E4 genotype) and immunological markers {interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) in the serum} as tools used in early detection of cognitive decline in cerebral aging. Ninety-four normal Egyptian subjects (below and above 60 years) were submitted to the following: (1) neuropsychological tests for testing memory, perception, psychomotor performance and attention, (2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) for personality traits, (3) event-related potential study (P300, latency and amplitude), (4) genetic test for detection of Apolipoprotein E genotype and (5) immunological studies including detection of the level of IL-6 and ICAM-1 in serum. There was a significant impairment of memory, psychomotor performance and perception in elderly subjects particularly males and subjects with low level of education. Regarding personality, significantly high scores were obtained in neuroticism scale of EPQ in elderly subjects. Apo-E3/E3 was the most common genotype encountered in Egyptian subjects (49.1%). It was found that subjects with Apo-E4 genotype did significantly worse in scores of intentional memory test (sensory memory) when compared with other genotypes. Statistically significant impairment in attention and sensory memory was found in subjects with high IL-6 level. This could not be detected in subjects with high ICAM-1 level. In conclusion, advancing age and lower levels of education are considered risk factors for cognitive decline in normal brain aging. Neuropsychological tests remain as the highly sensitive tools for detection of early cognitive impairment. Neurotic traits are more encountered in old age. Apo-E4 genotype is associated with significant sensory (intentional) memory impairment. High IL-6 level in the serum is accompanied by significant impairment in attention and sensory (intentional) memory.
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Youth violence prevention and peace education programmes in South Africa: a preliminary investigation of programme design and evaluation practices - Farr, Vanessa; Dawes, Andrew; Parker, Zareena (2003)
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Developing the Talents of African American Male Students during the Nonschool Hours - Fashola, Olatokunbo S. (Urban education (Beverly Hills, Calif.), 2003)
This article presents information that speaks of the disparity in academic achievement between African American males and other ethnic groups, male and female alike. It also shows how after-school programs could provide services that would address and decrease some of these disparities. The article is divided into three sections. The first section addresses policy issues affecting the targeted population. The second section presents four programs that have successfully improved the academic achievement of minority students. The four programs profiled in this article are generally offered during the nonschool hours. The third section addresses additional ways in which after-school programs can develop the talents of males above and beyond academic achievement.
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Selecting students for a South African mathematics and science foundation programme: the effectiveness and fairness of school-leaving examinations and aptitude tests - Flier, H. van der; Thijs, Gerard D.; Zaaiman, Hermien (International Journal of Educational Development, 2003)
The identification of students with the potential to succeed in mathematics- and science-based study despite previous educational disadvantage is a critical issue currently facing many South African higher education institutions. The possible use of school-leaving examination (Matric) results and/or scores on specially developed aptitude tests for the selection of disadvantaged students was investigated during a four year UNIFY Selection Research Project. UNIFY is a mathematics and science foundation year programme at the University of the North, intended specifically for disadvantaged students from previously black-only educational systems. The research results show that both Matric results and aptitude tests have predictive validity for student performance in UNIFY. Matric results add significantly to the predictive validity attained by the UNIFY selection tests. No significant predictive bias against home and school background is found for the UNIFY student group for either Matric results or aptitude tests.
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Multiparameter monitoring of Fogo Island, Cape Verde, for volcanic risk mitigation - Fonseca, João F. B. D.; Faria, Bruno; Lima, J. N.; Heleno, Sandra; Lázaro, Clara; d’Oreye, Nicolas; Ferreira, Ana M. G.; Barros, I.; Santos, Paula Suene Pereira dos; Bandomo, Zuleyka; Day, Simon; Osorio, J.; et al. (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2003)
Fogo Island in the Cape Verde Archipelago (North Atlantic) is a stratovolcano of nearly conical shape that rises 2829 m above sea level and ∼6000 m above the surrounding seafloor. With a population of 40 000, the island has known intense historical volcanic activity since AD 1500, with an average interval between eruptions of the order of 20 years. Twentieth-century rates were more subdued, with only two flank eruptions in 1951 and 1995. Following the 1995 eruption, increased awareness of the volcanic hazard affecting the population of the island led to the deployment of the permanent VIGIL Network. Seismographic stations (both broadband and short-period), tiltmeters and a CO2 sensor where installed in Fogo, together with a telemetry infrastructure to allow remote real-time monitoring. A broadband seismographic station was installed in neighbour Brava Island. The operation of the network was complemented by the introduction of routine geodetic and microgravity surveying and the operation of an automatic meteorological station. In this paper, we describe the methodology adopted to monitor the volcanic activity, combining real-time data analysis (volcanotectonic and volcanic earthquakes, volcanic tremor and tilt) with repeated surveying at intervals of several months (GPS, microgravity). Examples of data from the first years of operation are presented. In particular, the data pertaining to a period of anomalous activity in September–October 2000 are discussed, in the context of the risk mitigation strategy currently being developed.
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Computer-assisted instruction and academic achievement in accounting at South African high schools - Fridman, Bernard; Dasoo, Nazreen; Basson, Ray (Education As Change, 2003)
In the twenty-first century, computers and information technology are a critically important part of the commercial, financial and industrial environment. The Accounting curriculum and milieu in South African schools has lagged behind this technological advancement, as Accounting teachers still predominantly use the traditional 'chalk and talk' method of instruction, to the exclusion of computerassisted instruction. This study was carried out at two South African high schools, to investigate the effect of computer-assisted instruction on learner performance in Accounting. Firstly, a quantitative research methodology was used to evaluate which of the two pedagogies would be optimal for learning Accounting. Secondly, qualitative analysis was used to ascertain the effect that computer-assisted instruction might have on the Accounting milieu. The findings of this study suggest that in the first instance the use of the two pedagogies showed no statistical difference in the performance of the learners. In the second instance a significant finding showed that if computer-assisted instruction was used in conjunction with the traditional 'chalk and talk' method of instruction, it had many positive effects on the Accounting milieu. The research provided evidence that computer-assisted instruction increased the learner's problem-solving skills, motivation and interest in Accounting. Learners' understanding of the relevance of computers in the commercial, financial and industrial environment was enhanced.
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PHEIs as New Alternatives for Students in Ethiopia: The Case of Distance Education Provision at St. Mary's College - Getachew, Ayalew (2003)
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Integrated Science Teachers' Instructional Competencies: An empirical survey in Rivers State of Nigeria - Green, Rosemund Dienye; Osah-ogulu, Dele Joshua (Journal of Education for Teaching, 2003)
The competencies of a sample of teachers of integrated science (ISC) in the induction of future scientists were investigated. Thirty teachers of integrated science in the junior secondary schools in Rivers State of Nigeria were observed by five science teacher educationists. The teachers were in general only fair in their demonstrated ISC teaching competencies, they were relatively strongest in the environmental category of competencies and weakest in the pedagogical category. The implication is that intensive workshop retraining efforts should focus on improving teachers' pedagogical competence.
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The Effect of Drought in South East Ethiopia: Study of Pediatric Admissions to Gode Hospital - Haileamlak, Abraham (Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 2003)
BACK GROUND: The East African region of the continent, particularly Ethiopia experienced prolonged drought during 1997-2000 resulting in severe food shortage especially in southeast part of the country. As a result people, mostly children suffered from malnutrition, which is associated cause of death for more than half of all underfive mortality in developing countries. The aim of this study was to describes the profile and outcome of pediatric admissions to Gode Hospital during the relief activities in the year 2000. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 323 children admitted to Gode Hospital, Somali regional state, during April to August 2000 with the objective of analyzing the profile and outcome of pediatric admissions among people with long standing food shortage in drought affected area. RESULTS: A total of 323 children were admitted to the ward during the stated period of which 98% were under-five children with male to female ratio of 1.4:1; 23% percent of the admissions were underweight and 64% severely malnourished. Females were more prone to severe protein energy malnutrition than males. Pneumonia, gastroenteritis and sepsis were common related diseases complicating protein energy malnutrition in 51%, 32% and 28% of admitted children respectively. All were managed in the ward with a specialized case management for malnourished children and discharged after a median hospital stay of 12 days. The over all mortality was 18% with case fatality rate of 23% for severe protein energy malnutrition. CONCLUSION: It is clear from this study that children aged 2 years and below, moreover girls, were affected and died from severe forms of protein energy malnutrition. Compared to high case fatality rate (49%) in previous reports, it is shown as well a specialized management somehow decreased deaths in severely malnourished children complicated by infections and other diseases. Ethiop J Health Sci . Vol. 13, No. 2 July 2003
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Relocation of Swarm Events in the June 1987 Earthquake Sequence from the Lake Aswan Area in Egypt - Hassoup, Awad; Denton, Paul; Maguire, P. K. H.; Hassib, Gaber H. (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2003)
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A Comparison of European and African-Based Psychologies and Their Implications for African American College Student Development - Johnson, Vanessa D. (Journal of Black Studies, 2003)
This article considers the appropriateness of applying college student development theories that are based on European/European American psychology to the development of African American college students. It suggests that theories for the development of African American college students should be Afrocentric in nature, that is, they should be based on African psychology.
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The influence of language policy in education on mathematics classroom discourse in malawi: the teachers' perspective - Kaphesi, Elias (Teacher Development, 2003)
Abstract The study investigated the influence of language policy in education in a bilingual mathematics classroom in the first four years of primary school in selected schools in Malawi. The sample consisted of mathematics teachers from primary schools in Zomba District. Classroom observation and clinical interviews were conducted with teachers who each taught a lesson in Chichewa and also in English. The findings showed that teachers experience dilemmas and tensions in the use of either Chichewa or English in mathematics teaching partly owing to language policy in education. Implications for the teaching of mathematics in either the local or foreign language were discussed. Teachers found code switching the most rewarding use of local language or foreign language in the mathematics classroom.
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Psychosocial determinants of problem behaviour in secondary school adolescents in Kenya - Kimamo, Charles O. (2003)
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Efficacy of iron fortified whole maize flour on the iron status of school-aged children in Kenya - Kok, F.J.; Verhoef, J.; Andang’o, Pauline (2003)
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The Relationship Between African American Enrollment and the Classroom Environment in Secondary Choral Music Programs - Lind, Vicki R.; Butler, Abigail (The Phenomenon of Singing, 2003)
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Community Among African American Students on Small, Predominantly White Campuses: The Unforeseen "Minority within a Minority" Experience - Littleton, Robert A. (NASPA Journal, 2003)
This article describes the experiences of 16 African American students who attended four small, predominantly White colleges in the Southern Appalachian region of the United States. The African American community at these small colleges can sometimes be an unforeseen cultural experience especially for Black male and female nonathletes. Qualitative methodology guided the study with semistructured interviews as the primary data source.
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Managing external relations in South African schools - Lumby, Jacky (Management in Education, 2003)
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Challenges of implementing academic access policy in South African higher education - Maharasoa, Maboreng (Education As Change, 2003)
The policy initiatives of the post 1994 era have been a major step towards the leveling of the playing field with regard to access to higher education in South Africa. Access policy developments ranging from the National Education Policy Investigation (NEPI 1992) to the National Plan on Higher Education (NPHE 2001) are indicative of government's commitment to ensuring equitable opportunities for the majority of South Africans to pursue Higher Education. Some ground has been covered towards implementing these policies but a lot more still needs to be done in order to translate policy statements into practice. This paper serves to highlight some of the hurdles that hinder the implementation of academic access policy at Higher Education Institutions in South Africa.
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Review of South African research on volcanic and related rocks and mantle-derived materials: 1999-2002 - Marsh, Julian S (South African Journal of Science, 2003)
This report reviews South African research relating to the scientific interests of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) and which was published between 1999 and 2002. The focus is on published work and does not include conference presentations and abstract volumes or other informal documents.
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Rural and Nonrural African American High School Students and STD/HIV Sexual-Risk Behaviors - Milhausen, Robin R.; Crosby, Richard; Yarber, William L.; DiClemente, Ralph J.; Wingood, Gina M.; Ding, Kele (American Journal of Health Behavior, 2003)
To determine differences between African American adolescents on STD/HIV sexual-risk behaviors and precursors to these risk behaviors.Six hundred sixty-three rural and 3313 nonrural adolescents who completed the 1999 YRBS Survey were selected.Rural females and males were more likely to report ever having coitus and not using a condom during last coitus. Rural females were also more likely to report early coistus, having 3 or more lifetime coital partners, and having more than 1 coital partner in the last 3 months.African American rural adolescents, particularly females, may have greater risk for STD/HIV infection than do their nonrural counterparts.
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Geochemistry and petrogenesis of a high-K calc-alkaline Dokhan Volcanic suite, South Safaga area, Egypt: the role of late Neoproterozoic crustal extension - Moghazi, A.M. (Precambrian Research, 2003)
The South Safaga area, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt, comprises an undeformed Dokhan Volcanic suite, which is temporally and spatially associated with immature clastic sediments belonging to the Hammamat Group. Undeformed high level leucogranite intrusions and dykes have invaded these volcanic rocks whereas relatively more deformed lithologies, represented by a syn-tectonic metavolcano-sedimentary association and an I-type tonalite–granodiorite underlie them. The Dokhan Volcanic suite consists of two units: (1) a mafic unit composed of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and their pyroclastic equivalents, (2) a felsic unit of rhyodacite and rhyolite composition in addition to welded flow tuffs. The chemical data of the entire suite show general trends of increasing contents of incompatible elements (K2O, Rb, Nb, Y, and Th), and decreasing contents of elements compatible with clinopyroxene, feldspars, and magnetite (e.g. MgO, Fe2O3∗, Al2O3, CaO, TiO2, Ni, Sr, and Ba) with increasing SiO2. Although these variations are consistent with closed system fractional crystallization processes, the slightly wide variation of Rb/Zr and La/Sm in the felsic volcanics may indicate random crustal contamination during the evolution of these rocks. Normalized trace element patterns show enrichment in LILEs (Rb, Ba, K, Th, and Ce) relative to HFSEs (Nb, Zr, P, and Ti) and are very similar to calc-alkaline subduction-related rocks from orogenic belts. However, the stratigraphic position of the Dokhan Volcanic rocks in relation to the major structural features and tectono-metamorphic events in the Eastern Desert of Egypt suggests that these rocks post-date active subduction. They were emplaced during a post-orogenic extensional collapse event that follows continental collision during late stages of the late Neoproterzoic Pan-African crustal evolution. Major and trace element arc signature of these rocks indicate partial melting of a lithospheric mantle enriched during a previous long subduction event in the Arabian–Nubian Shield. Further investigation of the regional significance of the Dokhan Volcanic rocks and their associated clastic sediments shows that the extensional episode during which these rocks were formed is a regional one.
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Nutrition status, education participation, and school achievement among Kenyan middle-school children - Mukudi, Edith (Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 2003)
The intervening effects of nutrition status on school attendance rates among Kenyan middle school pupils were assessed. The study also examined the effects of nutrition status on primary school achievement scores for the eighth-grade class of 1997.Data were obtained on 851 pupils enrolled in the five indexed schools. Anthropometric measures included weight for age, height for age, and relative weight for height, and the values were derived from the raw data. Percentage of attendance rates derived from daily school attendance and raw scores on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education were the measures of educational participation and achievement. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, correlation, and linear regression analyses.Twenty-nine percent of the children fell below the 90% cutoff value for acceptable relative weight for height. The percentages of the population falling below -2 standard deviations on indices for height for age and weight for age were 16.64 and 3.78, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that anthropometric assessment varied by school and sex. School attendance rates varied by school and grade. Achievement scores on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education varied by school and the interaction of sex by school. Regression analysis showed attendance rate to be the strongest predictor of achievement, followed by relative weight for height.Prevalence of nutritional stress is a significant educational problem in this population. The association between attendance rate and nutrition status is a function of socioeconomic status. The predictive effect of nutrition status on educational achievement is more evident for girls with poor socioeconomic status.
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Variations in rates of primary school access and enrolments in sub-Saharan Africa: a pooled cross-country time series analysis - Mutangadura, Gladys; Lamb, Vicki L. (International Journal of Educational Development, 2003)
African nations lag behind in school enrolment rates. This article examines the national characteristics that explain variation in indicators of entry into first grade and primary school enrolment rates. Pooled cross-country time series analysis for the period 1980–1997 for 29 sub-Sahara African nations is used. Overall, the results strongly suggest that the major determinants of both indicators of primary education in sub-Saharan Africa are: government expenditure on education, percent urban population, and West African region. GNP per capita and debt categories are significantly associated with primary enrolment rates, and with first grade entry rates when controlling for year. A country’s level of ethnic diversity has no significant impact on either measure. On the basis of these results we discuss policy implications for governments, and directions for future research.
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Teaching and learning high school physics in Kenyan classrooms using analogies - Nashon, Samson Madera (Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 2003)
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Newly discovered DNA-evidence: what South Africa can learn form the American experience - NaudÃ, B.C. (Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 2003)
Where a convicted person has exhausted all recognised legal procedures pertaining to appeal and review and further evidence has since become available which materially affects the conviction, such a person can apply to be pardoned by the President, in which circumstances section 327 of the Criminal Procedure Act empowers the President to enact such pardon. After evaluating this procedure, it can be said that it adequately provides for the admissibility of newly discovered evidence, but that it falls short where a claim of innocence can be conclusively proven with newly discovered DNA evidence. The probative force of DNA-evidence necessitates that its admissibility be treated differently from the usual types of newly discovered evidence. Measures similar to those currently awaiting approval in the United States of America should be put into place to ensure access to post-conviction DNA testing in appropriate cases. The essence of these measures is that a convicted person must be given the opportunity to apply to a court to have such evidence tested. In addition, provision should be made to ensure that all evidence was secured in relation to the investigation or prosecution of a crime and that could be subjected to DNA testing, be preserved for at least the period of time that any person remains subject to incarceration in connection with the investigation or prosecution.
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Experiential learning, self-beliefs and adult performance in Senegal - Ndoye, Abdou (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 2003)
Ability to update skills constitutes a key element in the process of improving adults' performance. Professional skills are usually updated through engagement in active learning by connecting prior experiences to new ones and also sharing information with others through reflection and hands-on activities. Such learning processes can be achieved through experiential learning. Experiential learning can lead to creation of retrievable knowledge, which can be applied to their daily professional activity. Results of this study indicated that experiential learning needs to be rooted in the culture and values of the social environment in which adults live. Further, individual characteristics may influence the impact of experiential learning on adult professionals' abilities to reach higher levels of performance. A random sample of 126 farmers was selected. Data were collected through a questionnaire and were examined by quantitative as well as qualitative data analysis techniques.
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Supporting African American Preschool Teachers' Use of Developmentally and Culturally Appropriate Practices - Nelson, Regena Fails; Rogers, Patricia L. (Multicultural Perspectives, 2003)
(2003). Supporting African American Preschool Teachers' Use of Developmentally and Culturally Appropriate Practices. Multicultural Perspectives: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 39-42.
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Predictors of Loneliness Among Students and Nuns in Angola and Portugal - Neto, Félix; Barros, José (The Journal of Psychology, 2003)
The authors conducted 2 studies to examine the relationship between loneliness and psychosocial variables among people from Angola and Portugal. In the 1st study, the participants were 129 college students from Angola and 122 from Portugal, and in the 2nd study participants were 105 nuns from Angola and 74 from Portugal. The following instruments were administered to all participants in both studies: the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (D. Russell, L. Peplau, & C. Cutrona, 1980), the Neuroticism Scale (J. Barros, 1999), the Optimism Scale (J. Barros, 1998), and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (E. Diener, R. Emmons, R. Larsen, & S. Griffin, 1985). Ethnic differences were found in loneliness. The Angolan participants recorded higher scores for loneliness than did the Portuguese participants. For both samples the most prominent predictors of loneliness were neuroticism and dissatisfaction with life.
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Marine pollution research in South Africa: a status report - O’Donoghue, Sean; Marshall, David J. (South African Journal of Science, 2003)
We have examined trends in marine pollution research in South Africa over the past 40 years, based on analyses of the primary literature. There has been a striking decline in the quantity of research outputs in the past two decades. New initiatives are needed to rebuild a research culture in this discipline.
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CHRISTIAN MISSIONS AND THE TRAINING FOR POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN EASTERN NIGERIA - Omenka, Nicholas Ibeawuchi (International Review of Mission, 2003)
International Review of MissionVolume 92, Issue 366 p. 356-369 CHRISTIAN MISSIONS AND THE TRAINING FOR POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN EASTERN NIGERIA Nicholas Ibeawuchi Omenka, Nicholas Ibeawuchi Omenka Rev. Fr Dr Nicholas Omenka is Head of the Department of Religious Studies at Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria. He is the author of The School in the Service of Evangelization: The Catholic Educational Impact in Eastern Nigeria, 1886 – 1950, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989, and deputy editor of the Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology published by the Ecumenical Association of Nigerian Theologians.Search for more papers by this author Nicholas Ibeawuchi Omenka, Nicholas Ibeawuchi Omenka Rev. Fr Dr Nicholas Omenka is Head of the Department of Religious Studies at Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria. He is the author of The School in the Service of Evangelization: The Catholic Educational Impact in Eastern Nigeria, 1886 – 1950, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989, and deputy editor of the Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology published by the Ecumenical Association of Nigerian Theologians.Search for more papers by this author First published: 25 March 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6631.2003.tb00410.xCitations: 2 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume92, Issue366July 2003Pages 356-369 RelatedInformation
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Ex-Ante Actions and Ex-Post Public Responses to Drought Shocks: Evidence and Simulations from Zimbabwe - Owens, Trudy; Hoddinott, John; Kinsey, Bill (World Development, 2003)
The study examines the consequences of alternative public responses to drought shocks. It does so by drawing on household data from resettlement areas of rural Zimbabwe from 1992–93 to 1995–96 and the estimation of four behavioral relations: the determinants of crop income; the determinants of investment in livestock; the determinants of investment in agricultural capital stock; and the determinants of private transfers. This information is used to construct a series of simulations in which drought relief received in the aftermath of the 1994–95––the ex-post response––is made available to households in the form of agricultural capital stock and extension advice––an ex-ante action. Doing so is found to raise household welfare in nondrought years, but provides only limited protection in the aftermath of drought.
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Education for Transformative Leadership in Southern Africa - Preece, Julia (Journal of Transformative Education, 2003)
This article argues that education for transformative leadership in a southern African context needs to nurture an understanding of the relationship between spirituality and charisma. This argument is based on a review of some literature pertaining to transformative learning, transformative leadership, and African value systems. The article explores the relationship between transformative leadership and transformative learning and education theories, and relates them to a specific southern African context. It proposes three arguments. First, transformative education may facilitate the transformative leadership development process. Second, transformative education and transformative leadership, although offering features that are sympathetic to African indigenous values, must also take account of particular African contexts. The article does not claim to be reporting from empirical research on this issue but, to support its position, draws on recent literature from an ongoing southern Africa leadership development project and some early empirical data from a small, related study in one southern African country. Third, the article suggests that a key difference between transformative learning and transformative leadership perspectives is the transformative leadership focus on charismatic qualities that inspire motivation to change. However, a defining conceptual thread of spirituality runs through the transformative learning and leadership literature that resonates with southern African core value systems. It is this thread that provides the overall conceptual link between the different strands of thought.
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Single motherhood and its implications for girl child education. The case of Kisumu city, Kenya - Radeny, Samson (2003)
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Learning about economic development from Africa - Rimmer, Douglas (African Affairs, 2003)
This article reviews the author's acquaintance with the literature of economic development, with particular reference to Africa, over the last 50 years. The belief that this development is propelled by the supply of capital, effectively of international aid, is criticized, and emphasis put instead on the effective demand for capital. This demand has been low in Africa; hence much capital investment has been of low or no productivity, and aid has generally failed to fulfil expectations. Aid continues nonetheless, since it serves donor as well as recipient interests and political opposition to it is weak. Free trade and free migration would be more effective means of raising African living standards but, in contrast to aid, they do encounter strong political opposition, in the one case from producer interests, in the other from nationalist ideology and racial bigotry.
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Language Use in a Multilingual Mathematics Classroom in South Africa: A Different Perspective. - Setati, Mamokgethi (International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, 2003)
This paper presents an argument that language-use in multilingual mathematics classrooms in South Africa is as much a function of politics as it is of cognition and communication. It draws from a wider study focusing on language practices in intermediate multilingual mathematics classrooms in South Africa. In the study the notion of cultural models (Gee, 1999) is used as an analytic tool to describe and explain the language practices in a multilingual Grade 4 mathematics classroom where learners learn in English, a language that is not their main language. The main argument of the paper is that in a context like South Africa, where mathematics and English have symbolic power, and where procedural discourse dominates over conceptual discourse in mathematics teaching and learning, a practice is forged wherein it is difficult to move mathematics beyond procedural discourse.
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The potential of bicycles as a means of transport for learners in rural South Africa - Song, M.R. Lieuw Kie (2003)
Transport for learners in rural areas remains an often-overlooked crisis in South Africa. While the shortage of schools and classrooms is a well-recognised problem, the transport problems that the combination of shortages of schools and the low-density settlements in many rural areas causes are often overlooked, yet they remain enormous. While reliable estimates are difficult to find, it is estimated that approximately 750,000 or more than 10% of learners in South Africa walk more than an hour each way during their daily trip to school. A combination of providing bicycle transport and optimising locations of schools would be by far the most cost effective solution for addressing this problem. It was found that subsidising bicycles is approximately ten times more cost effective than subsidising school busses. In 2001-2002 the South African National Department of Transport piloted a subsidised scholar bicycle programme, called Shova Kalula, in which subsidies on bicycles for learners were tested on a larger scale. It was found that expanding such programmes is financially feasible, as the cost per learner is extremely low if spread over the lifetime of a bicycle or over the school career of the learner. It is also recommended that the Departments of Education and Transport co-ordinate efforts to locate schools within cycling distance of its learners. This paper is the first of a series that will examine the school transport situation in South Africa and will discuss the viability of using bicycles to address this.
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A revision of stalked barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Scalpellomorpha: Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) associated with hydrothermalism, including a description of a new genus and species from a volcanic seamount off Papua New Guinea - Southward, A. J.; Jones, Diana S. (Senckenbergiana maritima, 2003)
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Book Review: The Quality of Heroic Living, of High Endeavour and Adventure: Anglican Mission, Women, and Education in Palestine, 1888–1948 - Stockdale, Nancy L. (International bulletin of missionary research, 2003)
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LEARNING FROM MAURITIUS ABOUT SLAVERY AND IDENTITY History, Memory and Identity. Edited By VIJAYALAKSHMI TEELOCK and EDWARD A. ALPERS. Mauritius: Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture and the University of Mauritius, 2001. Pp. vii+236. No price given (ISBN 99903-904-3-6). - Storey, William Kelleher (The Journal of African History, 2003)
LEARNING FROM MAURITIUS ABOUT SLAVERY AND IDENTITY History, Memory and Identity. Edited By VIJAYALAKSHMI TEELOCK and EDWARD A. ALPERS. Mauritius: Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture and the University of Mauritius, 2001. Pp. vii+236. No price given (ISBN 99903-904-3-6). - Volume 44 Issue 2
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Girls’ Education and Fertility Transitions: An Analysis of Recent Trends in Tanzania and Uganda - Vavrus, Frances; Larsen, Ulla (Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2003)
Previous articleNext article No AccessGirls’ Education and Fertility Transitions: An Analysis of Recent Trends in Tanzania and Uganda*Frances Vavrus, and Ulla Larsen Frances VavrusColumbia University Search for more articles by this author , and Ulla LarsenHarvard University Search for more articles by this author Columbia UniversityHarvard UniversityPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 51, Number 4July 2003 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/377461 Views: 335Total views on this site Citations: 11Citations are reported from Crossref © 2003 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Kathrin Durizzo, Kenneth Harttgen, Fabrizio Tediosi, Maitreyi Sahu, August Kuwawenaruwa, Paola Salari, Isabel Günther Toward mandatory health insurance in low‐income countries? An analysis of claims data in Tanzania, Health Economics 46 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4568Francis Menjo Baye, Boniface Ngah Epo, Jean Ndenzako Female education and full-time employment in Guinea: an ambiguous relationship, Labor History 61, no.3-43-4 (Jan 2020): 267–285.https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2020.1714019Sasha Frade, Clifford Odimegwu What is the association between IPV and Fertility in Uganda?, Population Horizons 15, no.22 (Dec 2019): 41–54.https://doi.org/10.1515/pophzn-2018-0001Adenike Onagoruwa, Quentin Wodon MEASURING THE IMPACT OF CHILD MARRIAGE ON TOTAL FERTILITY: A STUDY FOR FIFTEEN COUNTRIES, Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no.55 (Nov 2017): 626–639.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932017000542Nicholas Kofi Adjei, Sunnee Billingsley Childbearing Behavior Before and After the 1994 Population Policies in Ghana, Population Research and Policy Review 36, no.22 (Feb 2017): 251–271.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-017-9426-4Qurra-tul-ain Ali Sheikh, Mahpara Sadaqat, Muhammad Meraj Reckoning females’ education as a determinant of fertility control in Pakistan, International Journal of Social Economics 44, no.33 (Mar 2017): 414–444.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-01-2015-0007Saswata Ghosh Second demographic transition or aspirations in transition: an exploratory analysis of lowest-low fertility in Kolkata, India, Asian Population Studies 13, no.11 (Aug 2016): 25–49.https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2016.1203211Sarah R. Brauner-Otto Schools, Their Spatial Distribution and Characteristics, and Fertility Limitation*, Rural Sociology 77, no.33 (Jul 2012): 321–354.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00085.xRicardo Sabates, Jo Westbrook, Jimena Hernandez-Fernandez The 1977 Universal Primary Education in Tanzania: a historical base for quantitative enquiry, International Journal of Research & Method in Education 35, no.11 (Apr 2012): 55–70.https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2011.609551Ruth Wedgwood Education and poverty reduction in Tanzania, International Journal of Educational Development 27, no.44 (Jul 2007): 383–396.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2006.10.005John Blacker, Collins Opiyo, Momodou Jasseh, Andy Sloggett, John Ssekamatte-Ssebuliba Fertility in Kenya and Uganda: A comparative study of trends and determinants, Population Studies 59, no.33 (Feb 2007): 355–373.https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720500281672
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Landslide-induced wave in a small volcanic lake: Kasu Tephra Cone, Papua New Guinea - Wagner, Thomas; McKee, Chris; Kuduon, Jonathan; Kombua, R. (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2003)
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Recent research in earth structure, earthquake and mine seismology, and seismic hazard evaluation in South Africa - Wright, C.; Kijko, A.; Linzer, LM; Smith, Martin L. (South African Journal of Science, 2003)
Research in earth structure, earthquake and mine seismology, and seismic hazard evaluation in South Africa is summarized for the last four years. Improvements to the South African National Seismograph Network (SANSN) include the gradual replacement of short-period by broad-band instruments. New regional travel-time curves for P and S waves, and models of the structure of the crust and mantle beneath southern Africa to depths of 800 km, have been constructed by South African seismologists using earthquake data recorded by the temporary Kaapvaal broad-band seismic network and SANSN. A significant increase in crustal thickness of about 10 km was also identified between the southern part of the Kaapvaal craton and the northern region affected by the Bushveld magmatism. The Kaapvaal network has also been used to relocate mine tremors and tectonic earthquakes in South Africa to compare its location capability with SANSN. In mine seismology, research has focused on the understanding of rock behaviour in response to deep mining activities, assessment of seismic risk, prediction of seismicity, and controlling rockburst damage. A major emphasis has been on the integration of numerical modelling and seismicity. Developments in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis have em- phasized improved estimates of the maximum regional magnitude, of peak ground acceleration attenuation values, and on providing uncertainties in model parameters.
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Public-Private Partnership in Higher Education Provision: Agenda for Stimulating Sustainable Development of Ethiopia - Yalokwu, Patrick O. (2003)
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Mathematical literacy of students entering first year at a South African university - Frith, Vera; Bowie, Lynn; Gray, Kate; Prince, Robert (2003)
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Nigeria - Universal Basic Education Project : resettlement plan - Nigéria (2003)
The magnitude of adverse social impacts from implementation of the Universal Basic Education Project is expected to be minor. However, some subprojects may require land acquisition and resettlement activities, leading to loss of productive assets, and production, thus requiring compensation. In accordance with the country's legal framework, and the Bank's operational directive on involuntary resettlement, this resettlement policy framework provides the measures to minimize adverse impacts as follows. Project affected people (PAP) will be eligible for compensation due to: a) loss of agricultural land, through the provision of land-for-land compensation of equal productive capacity; however, if PAP so wishes, cash compensation at full replacement cost will be available, provided the portion of land lost represents 20 percent or less of the total area of landholding. Loss of standing crops, including labor invested in planted crops, and fruit or industrial trees, will be compensated at market prices. Land temporarily lost due to construction works, will be compensated for income losses, standing crops, and for the cost of soil restoration, and damaged infrastructure; b) residential land, and structures will be compensated at replacement costs of equivalent size, and, cash compensation will reflect the full replacement cost of structures without depreciation. Land/structures partially affected, where remaining residential land will not be sufficient for rebuilding, compensation will be at full replacement cost without depreciation. Tenants will be compensated with a six month rental fee cash grant, at prevailing market rates, assisted with alternative accommodations; c) Business losses will be compensated through alternative business sites, or cash compensations for lost business structures, and income losses during the transition period.
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Prevalence of dental caries among primary school children in Thamar Governorate in Republic of Yemen - Salman, Faraed D (Maǧallaẗ al-rāfidayn li-ṭibb al-asnān, 2003)
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of dental caries among primary school children in Thamar Governorate, Republic of Yemen.A random sample of 494 primary school children was examined.The sample was divided into 3 age groups; namely, 6, 9, and 12 years old.The WHO methodology (1997) was used to assess the individual tooth status.Results of dental caries in the primary den-tition showed that the mean dmft for the total sample was 3.40 + 0.15 which was decreased with increasing age from 3.59 to 3.57 to 2.19 for the age groups 6, 9 and 12 years respectively with significant sex dif-ference (males was higher than females) as total, 3.93 for the total males, 2.84 for the total females.For the permanent dentition, the mean DMFT was 3.35 + 0.12 which was increased with increasing age with statistically significant age difference as it was 2.39, 2.98, 3.85 for the age groups 6, 9 and 12 years respectively with no sex variation.
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The effectiveness of technology based (interactive) distance learning methods in a large South African financial services organisation - Spuy, M. Van der; Wöcke, Albert (South African journal of business management (Print), 2003)
The trend towards technology-based learning (or ‘e-learning’) is increasing, driven largely by anecdotal evidence of advantages. This article compares the effectiveness of the technology supported learner driven distance learning methods to the ‘traditional’ classroom based teaching model and the simulation model. The results of the training methods on a sample of cashiers in a major South African bank are compared and the study finds that there were significant differences between the outcomes of three methods of training that had an impact on performance and knowledge retention with classroom based learning having the greatest impact.
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Social challenges of using computers to teach socially disadvantaged groups in the new South Africa - Ng’ambi, Dick (2003)
In this paper we describe the social challenges of using computers to teach socially disadvantaged groups in the new South Africa. The majority of people from low socio-economic backgrounds are Africans. There is evidence that these learners perceive good education as a redress to their plight. As a result of this perception, students from historically disadvantaged social groups are in large and increasing numbers entering institutions characterised as 'historically advantaged'. Be that as it may, these numbers are insignificantly small and are more likely to drop out. This paper reports on the state of the educational system for previously disadvantaged social groups, why the theme of this conference "learning communities on the Internet" remains a pipe dream for these social groups and how the Multimedia Education Group at the University of Cape Town is responding to the challenge through computer-based interventions.
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Do differences in teacher contracts affect student performance : evidence from Togo - Vegas, Emiliana; Laat, Joost de (2003)
Many poor countries are initiating teacher contract reforms to meet a growing demand for primary education at a time of increasing government deficits. Key aspects of this reform include reduced salaries and benefits for new, contractual teachers. Using data from Togo, we find that students of regular teachers systematically outperform those of contractual teachers, even after controlling for prior achievement, household-, schooland classroom characteristics. Variation in teaching methods, absenteeism, and resentment over “unfair” pay across contract types do not explain the performance gap. Instead, our findings suggest the reforms triggered a reduction in supply of high quality teacher entrants. Do differences in teacher contracts affect student performance? Evidence from Togo, p. 1
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Apartheid and Education in South Africa: Select Historical Analyses - Abdi, Ali A. (Western journal of black studies, 2003)
Introduction Before the arrival of the first European invaders in the South African Cape in 1652, the country was populated African peoples such as the San and the Khoikhoi, generally known in their derogatory European labeling of Bushmen and Hottentots, respectively (Morris-Hale, 1996). The Dutch settlers, sent the East India Dutch Company, and religious persecution-fleeing French Huguenots were not the first Europeans to set foot on South African soil, but were the first to permanently reside in the country (Behr, 1971, p. 1). Before the new settlers came, the traditional African society did not have European based systems of learning. What they had, instead, were situationally successful, informal programs of education that were formulated and selectively implemented the African population. As such, one could objectively say that these programs of learning, not only in South Africa but also elsewhere in pre-colonial traditional Africa, were responsive and responding to the needs of the African environment in which they were being undertaken (Rodney, 1982). Keto (1990, pp. 19-20) describes those indigenous programs of teaching and learning: African societies in South Africa had invariably created their own institutions and processes of socialization and education before the Dutch settlers arrived in 1652. That process of education began learning of the young from family members. Later, the young were trained in manners, roles, responsibilities, and history as well as the importance of military and fighting skills. In this essay, I will focus on the post-settler period (briefly) and apartheid systems of education, with the central objective of showing how these systems of mislearning have situationally, or more appropriately, deliberately thwarted the environmentally based social development of indigenous populations. Social development in this and similar contexts would comprise educational, economic, political, cultural, technological and spiritual advancements and/or the sustainability of all of these in the management of a given community's resources and livelihood possibilities. At one or more points of analytical convergence, the essay attempts to connect the history of South African education with the present difficulty of educational transition. Here, despite the well deserved appreciation of the political triumph of majority rule in the country, problems of enrolment, rampant illiteracy, and depressed rates of matriculation and matriculation exemption (i.e., admission into universities), as well as the overall qualitatively problematic realities of African education, abound (South African Institute of Race Relations, SAIRR, Fast Facts, 1998, No 2, p. 1; O'Meara, 1997; Saunders, 1996). Making sense of how European systems of education overtook African modes of learning in the tortured history of the South African people requires a sensitive understanding of the original cultures that the two concerned groups were hailing from. The social background of the Dutch settlers was more competitively shaped in its socioeconomic and political arrangements than was the case in communally based pre-colonial traditional Africa. More importantly, environmental pressures to learn, cope with and prepare for an unknown future were being exerted more upon the new invaders in the Cape in the mid-seventeenth century. Accordingly, therefore, the new settlers had to deal with more complex life systems and successfully survive than was the case for the indigenous population. Undoubtedly then, the European settlers were more prone, in every sense of the term, to assume an aggressive and predatory outlook to procure resources and livable space by any means necessary. When these circumstances clashed with the generally peaceful and accommodating African worldview, the European groups assumed the upper hand, thus imposing their educational, political and socioeconomically order on the indigenous population. …
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African-American Students Struggle on Ohio's High-Stakes Test - Lattimore, Randy (Western journal of black studies, 2003)
Instruction affects students' attitudes toward, and beliefs about, their abilities to do mathematics; likewise students' attitudes influence mathematics instruction (McLeod, 1992). Students must learn to value mathematics and become confident in their ability to do mathematics (NCTM, 1989, 2000). A pressing issue facing the mathematics education community today is how to insure students pass high-stakes tests in order to receive a high school diploma. The American Federation of Teachers (2001) indicated that 28 states currently have examinations as a requirement for high school graduation, up from twenty-five in 2000. The number of states in the process of developing examinations that will be required for high school graduation is expected to increase to 29 by 2003 (Shore, Madaus & Clarke, 2000). The American Federation of Teachers (2001) reported that, of the 28 states, fourteen now set graduation-test standards at the tenth-grade level or higher and use these standards to hold students back a grade, withhold students' diplomas, or to punish teachers, principals, and schools that perform poorly. Despite mounting concerns about the high-stakes mathematics test performance of United States students, schools continue to employ a variety of untested and unproven practices and tools (e.g., textbooks, computer programs, and methods) which are said to be innovative (Carnine, 1995; Marshall, 1993; Stone, 1996). A number of studies have examined the unintended consequences (e.g., no diploma, and no graduation) of high-stakes tests (Firestone, Goertz & Natriello, 1997; Fisher, Roach & Kearns, 1998; Pritchard, 1998; Wolf, 1998). Because of these unintended consequences, it is important to examine how students are prepared for high-stakes tests. Further, it is the case that certain underrepresented groups' score disproportionately lower than their white male counterparts. In this study African-American students will be participants as they were overrepresented in the poor performance category (Natriello & Pallas, 1999; Heubert, 1998). The shortcomings of numerous interventions and misguided practices merit the creation of a space for students. It is not an acceptable practice the scant attention paid to students' voices given their role as the primary clientele in K-12 schools. If the programs, practices, and policies rendered within the frame work of schools are delivered with students' best interests in mind, we must ask why their voices are not heard. Perhaps educators in general, and mathematics educators in particular, should ask vital questions such as: How are students prepared for the mathematics portion of a high-stakes test? and do students suggest to improve the process? This paper discusses the student perspective of the mathematics preparation process involved in a high-stakes test situation, as well as some suggestions for improvements by three African-American students. Conceptual Framework Advantages and Disadvantages of High-Stakes Testing Descriptions of some advantages and disadvantages of high-stake testing programs appear to affect the curriculum. Teachers must ultimately affect what and how students study and learn and what they come to value in the educational process. Heyneman (1987) noted important advantages and disadvantages that have been attributed to high-stakes tests: Advantages * They are relatively objective and a means of distributing educational benefits. * Preparation for high-stakes tests often overemphasizes rote memorization and cramming by students and drill-and-practice as a teaching method. Lieherman (1991) posited that developing a system of accountability could he an impetus for raising standards, reforming schools, and rethinking American education. What a challenge for students if these tests could be aligned with what is taught, what is learned, and what is needed. In a study of 19 teachers Smith and Rottenberg (1991) found that testing reduced the time available for ordinary instruction. …
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Instructional Strategies in Organic Chemistry Teaching: Perception of Science and Agriculture Undergraduate Students in Botswana - Mahajan, Deepa Sanjay; Singh, Girija S. (Education 3-13, 2003)
Introduction Effective teaching and learning in any subject at any institution are dependent on the instructional strategies used. This is a major factor responsible for the level of performance in any subject by the students. Learning difficulties can be solved to a great extent by using appropriate teaching methods. Different approaches can be adopted for instruction in order to induce, promote and direct learning. The instructors can impart knowledge by lecture method, team teaching method, demonstration method, discussion method, audio-visual instruction, activity method, tutoring method and complementary method etc (Subair, 2001). Different methods of instruction have been implemented in Chemistry classrooms. Abraham's (1989) research on instructional strategies reported that students exposed to the laboratory/discussion had higher test scores than those in the lecture or reading groups. The study at the Wayne State University, Detroit involved integration of multiple teaching methods into a General Chemistry classroom that enhanced students' participation and aided mastery of the material (Francisco, Nicoll and Trautmann, 1998). The introduction of multiple teaching strategies promoted active learning in Organic Chemistry. The study suggested reading worksheets, dialogues, in-class worksheets, and role-playing when used in a consistent fashion in conjunction with interactive lecturing, provide a broad base to facilitate student learning and could also aid in the development of higher order thinking skills (Harvey and Hodges, 1999). Coppala and coworkers (1997) identified five principles that were giving out the implicit rules, using Socratic instruction, creating alternative metaphors for learning, using authentic problems to elicit authentic skills and making examination reflect the goals. These principles guide their instructional design and help students develop their higher order skills. A different approach to the sophomore Organic Chemistry course in which the lecture was replaced by small-group problem-solving sessions at the Princeton University has been described (Bradley, Ulrich, Jones and Jones, 2002). Kovac (1999) at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville introduced student active learning methods in his Chemistry teaching such as Concept Tests, Cooperative Learning Workshops and was encouraged by creating a successful learning environment. Wilson (1994) introduced weekly writing assignments in his Organic Chemistry course. This writing-to-learn experiment has been a success and has also been recommended by his students at University of Kentucky, Lexington. Teaching Organic Chemistry with student-generated information, an indirect approach provided greater opportunity for learning for students at the College of Holy Cross, Worcester (Jarret and McMaster, 1994). Felder and coworkers (2000) discussed a wide variety of teaching techniques that have been implemented and proved effective in imparting Chemical Engineering Education. In Botswana, the University of Botswana is the only tertiary level institution where Chemistry is taught to undergraduate students. The lecture method appears to be the most dominant teaching mode in Chemistry classrooms here. It is a process by which the teacher conveys knowledge, ideas and information, through speaking. The instructors use chalk and board and overhead transparencies projector (OHP) for delivering the lecture. Molecular models are used to explain the tetracovalency of carbon, geometry of different hybridized carbon atoms, and the stereochemistry around carbon carbon double bond and chiral carbons. The traditional lecture format however does not actively involve students in the learning process although it does have useful purposes such as covering large amount of material. The performance of students in Organic Chemistry by undergraduate students in Botswana has not been satisfactory and the teaching methodology has been a subject of discussion among the educators. …
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Climate changes during the Holocene in Africa - Issar, Arie S. (2003)
From the climatological point of view, Egypt is the northeastern edge of the Sahara belt (Fig. 4.1) and its extreme aridity is caused by the descent of tropical air masses, which causes them to become hot and dry. Along the Mediterranean coast, a narrow strip of its land is influenced during winter by the cyclonic system of the westerlies. The annual average precipitation over most of Egypt is less than 50 mm and only along the coast does it reach about 100 mm. Yet Egypt, since ancient times, has been inhabited by an agricultural society because of the water brought by the Nile (Fig. 4.1). This river is the longest in the world, measuring about 6600 km from its headwaters in Rwanda to the northern edge of its delta. It has a relatively high constancy of flow and of periodicity of its fluctuations. There are several reasons for this. The Nile is fed by precipitation falling on the subequatorial countries of east Africa, the source of this moisture being the southwesterly air streams from the Indian Ocean and the equator during the northern hemisphere summer. These summer rains affect mainly the Blue Nile and the Atabara rivers, which originate in the north and central highlands of Ethiopia. The resultant floods start in June and reach their peak in August.
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Vulnerability to Climate Change in Tanzania - Paavola, Jouni (2003)
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Heavy Metal Pollution and Biomonitoring Plants in Lake Manzala, Egypt - Ramadan, A. (Pakistan journal of biological sciences, 2003)
In this study, the pollution levels and the toxicity status were estimated regarding four heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg) thought to be among the major contaminants in the environment of Lake Manzala. Our target was to define and utilize certain plant species, from the lakeþs vegetation, as bio-monitors, in comparison with the sediments as abiotic monitor for heavy metal pollution. The native wild plants (passive bio- monitors) were represented by eight species (Atriplex portulacoides, Zygophyllum album, Typha domingensis Juncus rigidus, Cyperus laevigatus, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Salsola sp. and Phragmites australis). The introduced plants (active bio-monitors) were represented by two crop- species (Trifolium alexandrinum and Raphanus sativa) grown and irrigated by polluted water at some islands in the southern sector of LM. Based on the concentration and toxicity status, induced in the lake's vegetation and sediments, the four metals are arranged in the following decreasing order: Hg greater than Zn greater than Pb greater than Cd. Compared with the standard normal and critical toxicity ranges in plants and soils, the detected values of Zn, Pb and Cd were within the critical ranges. However, Hg showed the highest values and alarming toxicity levels and it is considered as one of the most hazardous pollutants in Lake Manzala. The overall evaluation of the tested metals showed that their ratios were as much as 2.5 - 5 times higher in active monitors than in passive ones and 2 times than in sediments. They were also 2 times higher in sediments than in passive monitors. The monitoring materials are arranged in a decreasing order, based on their efficiency for accumulating heavy metals as follows: Introduced (active) monitors greater than Sediments greater than Native (passive) monitors. Certain species are also proposed as bio-monitors (and/or bio-filters) for the studied heavy metal pollutants. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the accumulation rate of some metals in different plant organs (e.g. Zn, Hg) since they showed more tendency for accumulation in root more than shoot systems. Also, there is a high positive correlation between combinations of different metal pairs in either plantþs root or shoot system. It is evident that while the degree of metal pollution in the lake increased southwards, the values of water-quality parameters (e.g. dissolved oxygen %, salinity and pH-value) increased northwards.
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Yield and Nitrogen Fixation Response by Drought Tolerant Tepary Bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray Var. Latifolius) in Sole and Maize Intercrop Systems in Semi-arid Kenya - Shisanya, C.A. (Journal of Agronomy, 2003)
Tepary bean (TB), a drought tolerant bean variety has become popular among poor small-scale farmers in semi-arid Kenya, where it is predominantly inter-cropped with maize. Field experiments were conducted on effect of intercropping TB and maize on nitrogen fixation and crop yield in semi-arid Kenya over two cropping seasons. Experimental design was randomized complete block with eight treatments: TB sole crop not inoculated with Rhizobium (R3254) and without N fertilizer (N), TP sole crop not inoculated with R3254 with or without N, TB sole crop inoculated with R3254 without N, TB with maize intercrop not inoculated with R3254 with or without N and maize sole crop with or without N. Each treatment was replicated four times. Significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) were observed in total plant dry weight in treatment R3254 at both 21 and 42 days after emergence (DAE). TB yields were significantly reduced in uninoculated intercrop. Inoculated TB treatments had significantly higher seed dry weights and yields ha-1. Intercropping TB and maize suppresses the yield of the former under semi-arid conditions. Inoculating TB with Rhizobium strain R3254 was infective, effective and significantly improved TB yields in sole and intercrop. Soil analysis after the two cropping seasons indicated enhancement of soil N in sole TB plots above pre-planting levels. Maize plots exhibited a decline in soil N. Total N concentration in plant tissues was significantly enhanced in treatment R3254. There was a marked increase in soil P in all treatment plots following amendment.
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Field Study on the Choice of Friends in Two Multi-Racial Pre-Schools (South Africa/London) - Exenberger, Silvia (Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 2003)
The present research examined the influence of the two independent variables sex and race on the choice of friends in pre-school children. Data for this investigation were collected in two pre-schools, one situated in Stellenbosch, South Africa, the other in London, U.K. Both schools have in common that they accommodate children of different racial backgrounds (black, white, and coloured children), but the children's experience with desegregated classrooms differ. Friendship was operational defined with thirteen categories, summarized to the basic category pro-social behaviour. Fifty hours of free-play time were taped with one video camera in South Africa, and hundred hours were taped with two video cameras in London. The results showed that sex and race interact in their effect on the choice of friends. In South Africa race is supposed to be a strong indicator for friendship choices, especially for black children, whereas the black children in London choose friends more or less on the basis of sex.
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African Immigrants in Higher Education: Racial and Ethnic Identity Development, Maintenance, and Support. - Offoh, Chidimma (2003)
This study, part of a larger investigation of African immigrants to the United States, focused on the issues of the African immigrant's racial and ethnic identity in relation to African American counterparts and the struggle against Americanization for some of these immigrant students. Also studied were African immigrants' perceptions of themselves in the realm of education. Participants were a small sample of black African college students, who were voluntary immigrants. Personal interviews were conducted, and each participant completed a 20-question Likert-type scale. Many participants drew a clear distinction between themselves and African Americans, some because of attitudes of their parents. Immigrants generally believed there is a lack of unification among African Americans. Many immigrants expressed feelings of frustration and alienation because of a perceived lack of interest in African culture on the part of African Americans. Immigrants also often expressed disappointment at not being acknowledged as African by the African American community, but only being seen as black. Many immigrants perceived that whites were more welcoming, showing more interest in African cultures than did African Americans. Interview reports provide many insights into the viewpoints of African immigrants. (Contains 16 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. African Immigrants in Higher Education Racial and Ethnic Identity Development, Maintenance, and Support Chidimma Offoh University of California Santa Barbara Gevirtz Graduate School of Education PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
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Primary School Teachers' Perceived Difficulties in Implementing Innovative ELT Methodologies in the Ethiopian Context - Adaye, Yonas (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2003)
curricular innovations in English Language Teaching (ELT) made by the adoption of communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in English as aForeign Language (EFL) contexsts have generally been difficult. A case study of 20 Addis Ababa Region primary school English Teachers'perceived difficulties in implementing CL T reveals that the difficulties have their sources in the difference between the underlying educational theoriesof Ethiopia and those of Western countries where CL T developed. The results suggest that, to implement CL T, Ethiopia as an EFL country willneed to change its fundamental approach to education, and the implementation of CL T should be grounded on the country's EFL realities.Hence it should establish its own contingent of language education researchers in order to develop English teaching theories and methodologies appropriate to its context. The language education researchers, as change agents, should study teachers' perceptions of an innovation. How teachers as the implementers and end users of an innovation perceive its feasibility is a crucial factor in the ultimate success or failure of that innovation.
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Situational analysis of Ethiopian education - Tasissa, Gizaw (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2003)
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Environmental Education, Ethics, and Action in Southern Africa (International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2003)
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Teaching and Learning of Citizenship Education at the Junior Secondary Level in Botswana - Adeyemi, Michael Bamidele; Boikhutso, Keene; Moffat, Polly (Pastoral Care in Education, 2003)
This paper explores the extent to which the objectives of citizenship education has been realized in Botswana. The authors draw on data from interviews and observations of thirty‐two social studies teachers drawn from eighteen junior secondary schools. The majority of the teachers felt that the objective of working to produce good citizens had either been minimally or satisfactorily achieved. The use of inquiry methods and group work were perceived as particularly effective methods of teaching citizenship. About half of the social studies teachers thought they had undergone sufficient training to effectively teach the concepts involved in citizenship education but they highlighted the challenges of irrelevant instructional materials, job dissatisfaction and large class size. The authors recommend providing regular workshops, restructuring pre‐service and in‐service education programmes in order to improve the present situation and to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
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[Creation of a center for OMGE post-graduate education in gastroenterology in Rabat, Morocco. A great opportunity for French-speaking gastroenterologists in Africa]. - Amrani, N.; Lévy, Philippe (PubMed, 2003)
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'Baro Afkaaga Hooyo!' A Case Study of Somali Literacy Teaching in Liverpool - Arthur, Jo (International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2003)
This paper is based on an ethnographic research project in an urban neighbourhood of Liverpool. The aim of the study is to build an understanding of the communicative and symbolic roles of languages and literacies in the Liverpool Somali community, which forms part of a Somali diaspora within Britain and beyond. The role of literacy in the Somali community is of particular interest in the context of a vigorous oral tradition and of the relatively recent introduction of a writing system for Somali in 1972. Somali literacy lessons for young girls were observed as part of the research. Focusing particularly on bilingual classroom talk during one of these lessons, the paper discusses the shaping of participants' language practices, in relation on the one hand to their experience of the communicative use of Somali in different social domains, and on the other hand, to different values associated with languages in their repertoire. Data concerning language values have been gathered in the community using interviews and a questionnaire. The paper considers the potential role of Somali literacy – and literacy teaching – in developing the sense of their cultural and linguistic identity which young people have in this community.
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Building computer graphics education in southern Africa - Asare, Sampson D.; Mashwama, Petros; Cunningham, Steve (Computers & Graphics, 2003)
This note discusses issues in building the educational base for computer graphics growth in developing countries, particularly in southern Africa. It is based on a delegation's visit to southern Africa in the spring of 2001 and on a workshop organised by the authors at the University of Botswana in June 2002.
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Compliance with medical regimen among patients with chronic renal failure: a teaching hospital experience in Nigeria - Ayandiran, A.; Ojo; Fajemilehin; Akinsola, R.B. (Africa journal of nursing and midwifery, 2003)
The study explored factors influencing compliance with medical regimen among patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), IIe-Ife. It particularly examined the effects of religion, health belief, educational status, patients' perception of illness, financial status and family support, on compliance with medical regimen.
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Optimism and stress: an African-American college student perspective - Baldwin, Debora R.; Chambliss, Lana N.; Towler, Kerry (College student journal, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of life event on African-American college students as a function of optimism. One hundred and six African-American college students attending a Historically Black College participated in this study. After obtaining informed consent, all participants were administered the questionnaire package (Student Stress Scale, Perceived Stress, Life Orientation Test, and demographics). As expected, individuals who scored high on measures of optimism reported significantly less perceived than their pessimistic counterparts. Underclassman reported more academic than upperclassman. These findings suggest that future studies should examine the role of optimism and other buffer of stress variables within the context of an African-American population. ********** Introduction Although the experience of has been shown to influence general well being, individual differences exist with regard to this phenomenon. Lazarus and Folkman (1984) have conceptualized life as a person-environment transaction. This model incorporates individual differences with respect to the perception of threat, desirability, personal resources, ability to cope, and response options (Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend, 1984). For example, racial and ethnic differences have been found among adolescents with regard to life exposure, the appraisal of negative impact of life stress, and coping resources (Prelow and Guarnaccia, 1997). Furthermore, these differences were not related to family socioeconomic status. Within the last decade, researchers have begun to investigate a host of positive psychological factors (e.g., optimism, spirituality, social support) that have been shown to influence general well-being. In particular, optimism is linked to desirable outcomes such as good morale, achievement, improved health, and coping with adversity (e.g., Chang, 1996; Caver, Pozo, Harris, Noriega, Scheier, Robinson, Ketcham, Moffat, and Clark, 1993; Lin and Peterson, 1990). For example, Borawski, Kinney, and Kahana (1996) found that elderly adults who were more optimistic about their health were less likely to die within the 3-year study period. Moreover, Aspinwall and Taylor (1992) reported that optimism predicted adjustment to the first semester of college, independent of other variables such as locus of control and self-esteem. According to Scheier and Carver (1987), dispositional optimism refers to the degree to which an individual holds positive expectancies for their future. More specifically, individuals who believe that the desired goal is attainable will overcome adversity to reach that goal. These individuals, in turn, expect a positive outcome from their effort and are properly called optimists. Pessimists are people who tend to hold more negative expectations, and their desired goals are viewed as unattainable. Thus, they will cease striving in the face of adversity. According to Tiger (1979), optimism is predicated on what an individual regards as desirable. Thus optimism, conceptualized as individual differences, may influence the cognitive appraisal of an event as stressful (Peterson, 2000). To our knowledge, empirical studies examining the association between dispositional optimism and within a college population of African-American students are sparse. Most of the published research in this area has been based largely on Euro-American college samples (Graham, 1992). For example, Scheier and Carver (1992) conducted a study on adaptation to college life. They measured a number of outcome variables including optimism and perceived stress. These researchers found that optimists became significantly less stressed, depressed and lonely over time compared to their pessimistic counterparts. It is well documented that Africian American students are more likely to drop out of college than their nonminority counterparts (e. …
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HIV / AIDS and education in Botswana : the Stay Alive Programme : conversations - Berkhof, Ferdinand (Perspectives in Education, 2003)
Botswana is the country with the highest HIV infection rate in the world. Most people who become infected with HIV are young and potentially productive. This is why the education sector, which deals with young people, should be looked upon as one of the key sectors in Botswana society to intervene in the present developments. In Botswana, HIV / AIDS awareness programmes have so far not officially been introduced into the school curriculum. This explains why the majority of schools do not to date have any structured AIDS awareness programmes for their students. One of the exceptions is Maun Secondary School in the rural north-western part of the country where a very active AIDS awareness programme has been in place for several years. This programme ensures that all students in the school receive the correct information and have regular discussions on HIV / AIDS, sexuality, relationships and related issues. Research has shown that the programme is functioning well. Students appreciate being be able to discuss sexual issues and feel that their attitudes and behaviour have been affected by the programme. It is therefore strongly suggested that AIDS awareness education in the country should not be left to the initiative of individual schools but that a programme like Stay Alive should be incorporated into the official school curriculum.
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The Use of the Internet as a Means Of Communication by University of Ghana Students - Boateng, E.T. (2003)
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Mothers’ education and childhood mortality in Ghana - Buor, Daniel (Health Policy, 2003)
The significant extent to which maternal education affects child health has been advanced in several sociodemographic-medical literature, but not much has been done in analysing the spatial dimension of the problem; and also using graphic and linear regression models of representation. In Ghana, very little has been done to relate the two variables and offer pragmatic explanations. The need to correlate the two, using a regression model, which is rarely applied in previous studies, is a methodological necessity. The paper examines the impact of mothers' education on childhood mortality in Ghana using, primarily, Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data of 1998 and World Bank data of 2000. The survey has emphatically established that there is an inverse relationship between mothers' education and child survivorship. The use of basic health facilities that relate to childhood survival shows a direct relationship with mothers' education. Recommendations for policy initiatives to simultaneously emphasise the education of the girl-child, and to ensure adequate access to maternal and child health services, have been made. The need for an experimental project of integrating maternal education and child health services has also been recommended. A linear regression model that illustrates the relationship between maternal education and childhood survival has emerged.
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School Governance in the New South Africa - Bush, Tony; Heystek, Jan (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2003)
Abstract This article examines the early experience of the school governing bodies established in South Africa following the 1996 South African Schools Act. It relates the emergence of school governance to wider issues of democracy and participation and assesses the composition of governing bodies, notably the inclusion of learners. Governing bodies' powers include provision to set fees, subject to parental approval, and the paper examines how this requirement impacts on the resources available to different types of school, and the implications for equity and equality. Governing bodies also determine their own admissions policies, and the paper explores how this provision has led to school populations differentiated by class and race. The relationships between lay governors and school principals are examined to see if the Act's plan to separate governance and professional management has been achieved in practice. The paper concludes that, despite the significant difficulties facing the educational system in South Africa, governing bodies provide a good prospect of enhancing local democracy and improving the quality of education for all learners.
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School Governance in the New South Africa - Bush, Tony; Heystek, Jan (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2003)
Abstract This article examines the early experience of the school governing bodies established in South Africa following the 1996 South African Schools Act. It relates the emergence of school governance to wider issues of democracy and participation and assesses the composition of governing bodies, notably the inclusion of learners. Governing bodies' powers include provision to set fees, subject to parental approval, and the paper examines how this requirement impacts on the resources available to different types of school, and the implications for equity and equality. Governing bodies also determine their own admissions policies, and the paper explores how this provision has led to school populations differentiated by class and race. The relationships between lay governors and school principals are examined to see if the Act's plan to separate governance and professional management has been achieved in practice. The paper concludes that, despite the significant difficulties facing the educational system in South Africa, governing bodies provide a good prospect of enhancing local democracy and improving the quality of education for all learners.
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School Governance in the New South Africa - Bush, Tony; Heystek, Jan (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2003)
Abstract This article examines the early experience of the school governing bodies established in South Africa following the 1996 South African Schools Act. It relates the emergence of school governance to wider issues of democracy and participation and assesses the composition of governing bodies, notably the inclusion of learners. Governing bodies' powers include provision to set fees, subject to parental approval, and the paper examines how this requirement impacts on the resources available to different types of school, and the implications for equity and equality. Governing bodies also determine their own admissions policies, and the paper explores how this provision has led to school populations differentiated by class and race. The relationships between lay governors and school principals are examined to see if the Act's plan to separate governance and professional management has been achieved in practice. The paper concludes that, despite the significant difficulties facing the educational system in South Africa, governing bodies provide a good prospect of enhancing local democracy and improving the quality of education for all learners.
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School Governance in the New South Africa - Bush, Tony; Heystek, Jan (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2003)
Abstract This article examines the early experience of the school governing bodies established in South Africa following the 1996 South African Schools Act. It relates the emergence of school governance to wider issues of democracy and participation and assesses the composition of governing bodies, notably the inclusion of learners. Governing bodies' powers include provision to set fees, subject to parental approval, and the paper examines how this requirement impacts on the resources available to different types of school, and the implications for equity and equality. Governing bodies also determine their own admissions policies, and the paper explores how this provision has led to school populations differentiated by class and race. The relationships between lay governors and school principals are examined to see if the Act's plan to separate governance and professional management has been achieved in practice. The paper concludes that, despite the significant difficulties facing the educational system in South Africa, governing bodies provide a good prospect of enhancing local democracy and improving the quality of education for all learners.
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A Moment in History: Mass training for women village health workers in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea - Cox, Elizabeth M.; Hendrickson, Tekla (Development, 2003)
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Ectopic pregnancy in a teaching hospital in Sudan. - Dafallah, Saad E.; Elsadig, Abdalla H.; El-Agib, Faroug (PubMed, 2003)
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Does cost of schooling affect enrollment by the poor? Universal primary education in Uganda - Deininger, Klaus (Economics of Education Review, 2003)
The paper evaluates the impact of Uganda’s program of “Universal Primary Education” which, starting from 1997, dispensed with fees for primary enrollment. We find that the program was associated with a dramatic increase in primary school attendance, that inequalities in attendance related to gender, income, and region, were substantially reduced, and that school fees paid by parents decreased at the primary but not at the secondary level. At the same time, the general decline in the quality of education suggests that, in order to lead to sustained improvements in attendance and to transform these into higher levels of human capital, the policy needs to be complemented by improvements in school quality and accessibility of secondary education.
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Negotiating Individualist and Collectivist Futures: Emerging Subjectivities and Social Forms in Papua New Guinean High Schools - Demerath, Peter (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 2003)
This article explains the academic disengagement of a critical mass of high school students in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea, as resulting in part from emerging personal subjectivities and new social networks. Based on a year of ethnographic research in 1994–95, the article describes the authority these young people attributed to their own perceptions of the limited opportunity structures facing them and to the idealized village‐based egalitarian student identity being circulated through peer networks. As such, it illuminates the educational implications of youth culture, and demonstrates how local and global processes are mediated through the social fields of high schools.
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Climate change decreases habitat suitability for some tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) in South Africa. - Estrada-Peña, Agustı́n (PubMed, 2003)
Models predicting current habitat availability for four prominent tick species in Africa (Boophilus decoloratus, Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Hyalomma truncatum) were constructed using remotely sensed information about abiotic variables and a point-to-point similarity metric. Year-to-year variations in the forecasted habitat suitability over the period 1983-2000 show a clear decrease in habitat availability, which is attributed primarily to increasing temperature in the region over this period. Climate variables were projected to the year 2015 using Fourier series analysis of the decadal abiotic data. The simulations show a trend toward the destruction of the habitats of the four tick species. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was developed to probe the changes in the habitat suitability in response to variations in temperature, vegetation availability and water vapour deficit. Four basic scenarios were studied: increasing or decreasing the temperature 1 or 2 degrees C together with correlated variations in the other abiotic variables. A decrease in temperature was predicted to promote habitat gain for every species except H. truncatum, while an increase of 1 degrees C was forecast to sustain a small but positive response in A. hebraeum and B. decoloratus. Increasing the temperature by 2 degrees C was forecast to have damaging effects on the habitat structure of all four species. The effect of climate warming on the habitat range of these ticks is considered in the light of economically sound control measures over an ecological background.
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Factors affecting involvement in postnatal health education among nurses in Botswana - Fako, Ntonghanwah; Forcheh, T.T. (Africa journal of nursing and midwifery, 2003)
This study investigates the extent of nurses' involvement in postnatal health education using a national sample of 325 nurses in Botswana.
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Socio-pragmatic and cultural aspects of teaching English for Academic Purposes in Lesotho - Fandrych, Ingrid (Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2003)
Teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP), and in the context of a particular 'brand' of academic culture, at an African university, that is in a society with a very different historical and cultural background, involves more than just language teaching. In this paper, after a brief sketch of the historical and sociolinguistic conditions, EAP is contrasted with African oral performance (orature) as this relates to discursive conventions amongst a community of African students. Following this, several socio-pragmatic and linguistic aspects are highlighted; and finally the question of assessment is touched upon.
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Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea: seismic tomographic imaging of an active caldera - Finlayson, D. M.; Guðmundsson, Ólafur; Itikarai, Ima; Nishimura, Yuichi; Shimamura, Hideki (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2003)
The recently active Rabaul volcano on the island of New Britain in eastern Papua New Guinea is associated with a subduction zone located near the triple junction formed by the Pacific, South Bismarck and Solomon lithospheric plates. Analysis of our 1997 seismic tomography survey of the Rabaul caldera reveals the P-wave velocity structure to a depth of about 12 km using both explosive and earthquake seismic sources. The Rabaul volcanic complex is formed by a series of caldera collapse structures and a group of basalt–andesite volcanic centres with two currently active dacitic intra-caldera cones, Tavurvur and Vulcan. The 1994 eruption of these intra-caldera cones caused major infrastructure damage and required the evacuation of Rabaul township. Ongoing minor activity of Tavurvur continues to the present. The 1997 three-dimensional seismic tomography imaging identifies a 30–35 km3 low-velocity region (?magma reservoir) at 3–6 km depth beneath the central Rabaul caldera, and gives an insight into the geological features of the caldera ‘plumbing’ system on scales of a few kilometres. The seismic survey highlights the heterogeneity in P-wave velocity both laterally and vertically within the Rabaul caldera, indicating significant complexity within quite a small area. The structural complexity is consistent with that observed in outcrop of Palaeozoic eroded calderas in other parts of the world. The low-velocity region at Rabaul (<5.0 km/s) is identified with the part of the caldera under Rabaul harbour thought to be associated with the current magma injection system. There are also high-velocity (>6.0 km/s) rock units around the caldera rims that are interpreted to indicate large volumes of mafic intrusive rock at shallow (<4 km) depths. In the St. Georges Channel just north of Rabaul, the Tavui caldera, although a spectacular bathymetric feature, does not have a prominent low-velocity zone at depth and is therefore regarded as inactive.
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Flight into Egypt ; After the Storm - Fisher, Barbara (Quadrant, 2003)
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Holocene faulting and earthquake recurrence along the Serghaya branch of the Dead Sea fault system in Syria and Lebanon - Gomez, Francisco; Meghraoui, Mustapha; Darkal, A.; Hijazi, F.; Mouty, Mikhail; Suleiman, Youssef; Sbeinati, R.; Darawcheh, Ryad; Al-Ghazzi, R.; Barazangi, Muawia (Geophysical journal international (Print), 2003)
The Serghaya fault, located approximately along the Syrian—Lebanese border, is a prominent structure within the 200 km restraining bend in the left-lateral Dead Sea fault system. This study documents palaeoseismic and geomorphic expressions of Holocene movements on the Serghaya fault based on trench excavations and radiocarbon dates. Trenches were excavated across and parallel to a 4.5 m fault scarp where Late Pleistocene sediments are faulted against Holocene alluvium and colluvium. Locally oblique slip on the Serghaya fault has produced a sequence of fault-derived colluvial wedges that distinguishes individual palaeoseismic events. In addition, the trench excavations also depict a sequence of buried and displaced channels. Our palaeoseismic study reveals evidence for five surface-rupturing events within the past ∼6500 yr. The last event involved 2–2.5 m of primarily left-lateral displacement and may correspond to one of two historically documented earthquakes during the 18th century (in 1705 and 1759). The displaced channels provide an estimated slip rate of approximately 1.4 ± 0.2 mm yr− 1 during the Holocene. The chronological relationships between the colluvial wedges and faulted channels demonstrate an average left-lateral displacement of about 2 m per event, suggesting that such events correspond to earthquakes of M≳ 7 with a mean return time of about 1300 yr. These results demonstrate that the Serghaya fault may present a previously overlooked earthquake hazard for populations in the vicinity of the AntiLebanon Mountains, including the cities of Damascus and Beirut. In a regional context, the inferred slip rate along the Serghaya fault accounts for about 25 per cent of the total expected motion of Arabia relative to Africa along the Dead Sea fault system. The fact that the Serghaya fault accounts for only a fraction of the expected plate motion implies that the remaining strike-slip and shortening must be accommodated by other active fault branches within the large restraining bend of the Dead Sea fault system. These results contradict suggestions that the northern Dead Sea fault system in Lebanon and Syria is presently inactive as a result of an evolving regional stress field in the eastern Mediterranean region.
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School effectiveness in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa - Grobler, Bennie; Bisschoff, Thomas C.; Mestry, Raikamur (Education research and perspectives, 2003)
A research project investigating some of the key characteristics of effective schools in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, made use of 2,400 structured questionnaires to obtain data from a random sample of schools in each of the 10 districts within the province. Using two consecutive factor analytic procedures, the 105 items in the questionnaires were reduced to three second order factors with high (>0,7) Cronbach-Alpha reliability coefficients. These factors were dubbed: ○ Accountable collaborative management, consisting of 12 first order factors and 76 items; ○ Open democratic management, consisting of five first order factors and 16 items; and ○ Normative management, consisting of three first order factors and 13 items. Multivariate statistical methods were used to identify significant statistical differences between the various independent variables. Partial Eta squared values provide the substantive significant values. Although numerous significant differences were found, all the groups partially agreed, agreed or strongly agreed that effective schools in Mpumalanga are grounded on the above three factors.
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Improving dietary behavior in African Americans: the Parents As Teachers High 5, Low Fat Program - Haire‐Joshu, Debra; Brownson, Ross C.; Nanney, Marilyn S.; Houston, Cheryl; Steger-May, Karen; Schechtman, Kenneth B.; Auslander, Wendy (Preventive Medicine, 2003)
The High 5, Low Fat Program (H5LF) for African American parents was developed in partnership with the Parents As Teachers program, and was designed to test a dietary intervention appropriate for national adoption. H5LF used a group randomized, nested cohort design with 738 parents. Consistent with organizational goals and methods, parent educators delivered a dietary change program via personal visits, newsletters, and group meetings. Primary outcomes were reducing percentage calories from fat and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among participating parents; intermediate aims included improving in nutrition-related skills and parental modeling of dietary behaviors. H5LF parents achieved a 0.53 increase in fruit and vegetable consumption (P = 0.03), and a higher proportion of H5LF parents reduced their intake to less than 30% calories from fat (χ2 = 4.8, P < 0.03; −1.7% calories from fat, p = 0.07) and improved performance of dietary behaviors (F = 14.2, P = 0.004). Improvements in parental modeling were not statistically significant. H5LF is an effective intervention that is appropriate for national adoption by over 2000 Parents As Teachers sites with the potential to impact dietary intake of African American parents nationwide.
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Feminist education in the global South: a visit to Sudan. - Hale, Sandra (The Ahfad journal, 2003)
Ahfad University for Women is an amazing place! Located in Omdurman (across the Nile from the capital of Khartoum) this womens university where I was recently a consultant is a bastion of feminist activity and independent thinking in the midst of one of the darkest political periods in Sudans history. There are probably many reasons why Ahfad has prevailed not the least of which is its historical place in the history of Sudanese education. Ahfad established as an elementary school in 1907 by Babiker Badri the recognized founder of girls education in Sudan. Since then the Badri family has guided the school through various transformations. The institution developed into a girls intermediate school in 1951 a girls secondary in 1955 into Ahfad University College for Women in 1966 and finally Ahfad University for Women 1955. In my mind Ahfads development runs contrary to western notions of what a womens university in one of the worlds poorest countries would look like. Wouldnt the curriculum be applied practical and policy oriented? Wouldnt the stress be on serving the community and nation not the quest for individual fulfillment or group (i.e. women) rights? If that is what Global South womens institutions are supposed to be about then Ahfad has broken the rules. For one thing starting in 1986 Ahfad offered degrees in Womens Studies and in 1989 a Womens Studies Documentation Unit was established. By 1998 the university offered a Ph.D. in Womens Studies. It is however not the units or degrees that underscore what Ahfad is trying to do; it is the curriculum. (excerpt)
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Female genital mutilation in the Sudan: survey of the attitude of Khartoum university students towards this practice - Herieka, E (Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2003)
Female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision is the removal of variable amounts of tissue from the female external genitalia. It is practised all over the world on very young girls. This study was conducted in Sudan where FGM is a criminal offence and not a religious dictate. We assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of this practice among Khartoum university students and compared the differences between male and female student responses.An anonymised detailed questionnaire was distributed among the university students. In addition to the participant's age, marital status, course studying, details regarding their attitude, knowledge of the practice of FGM, and their own experiences were collected.Of the 500 questionnaires distributed, 414 (82.8%) were returned from 192 (46%) females and 222 (54%) males. 109 (56.8%) of the female respondents were themselves circumcised.18.8% of the male students and 9.4% of the female students thought FGM was recommended by their religion. Only 90 (46.9%) female students compared with 133 (59.9%) male students thought FGM was illegal. Though 16 (8.3%) female respondents thought FGM would increase their chances of marriage, the majority, 166 (74.8%), of the male students would prefer a non-circumcised female.This study shows that 109 (56.8%) female university students who responded were circumcised. Confusing religious messages and ambiguous laws seem to be responsible for the continuation of this practice. The study highlights the partnership that needs to be established between religious leaders and educationalists to end this medieval practice.
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A Longitudinal Analysis of the Achievement Gap between African Americans and European American Students in the Norfolk Public Schools District 1996 - Ikpa, Vivian W. (Educational research quarterly, 2003)
African American students score lower than European Americans on standardized measures of achievement (Trent, 1998, Jencks and Phillips, 1998). According to Jencks and Phillips (1998), this gap between the two groups begins before children enter kindergarten and continues into adulthood. Data from the Center for Educational Statistics Report (1997) indicate that during the 1970's approximately 25 percent of European American children, age three and four attended preschool. This same percentage was found among African American children. However, by 1991, only 31 percent of African American children were enrolled in preschool while 40 percent of their European American counterparts were in attendance. This nine percent gap in attendance rates may contribute significantly to the achievement gap between the groups. Additional analyses of data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEF), indicate that the academic performance in reading, mathematics and science for nine years old African American children is significantly lower than their European American counterparts. A closer review of the findings suggests that at age 17, there is still a statistically significant gap between the two groups. These data also indicated the gap has narrowed over the last two decades (National Center for Educational Statistics, 1997.) The reading gap narrowed from 1.25 standard deviations in 1971 to 0.69 standard deviations. The gap in mathematics also declined from 1.33 to 0.89 in 1996. Although the achievement gap has narrowed somewhat, the typical African American student scores below 75 percent of the European Americans on standardized tests. (Jencks and Phillips, 1998) There is also a significant gap in the SAT scores of college bound African American and European American students. A review of 1993 SAT scores revealed that African American children performed 91 points lower on the verbal section and 106 points lower in mathematics. This gap narrowed from the previous two decades. In 1976, the scores were 119 (verbal) and 139 (mathematics). Further analyses of NAEP data indicate that the gains made by European American children in mathematics and reading have increased since 1988. However, the gains made by African American children have declined in reading and remained constant in mathematics (The Condition of Education, 1997). The gap narrowed between the 1972 and 1988 by about one-half (Haycock, 1997.) African Americans showed the most gains among children who began school in 1968 through 1972 and from 1976 through 1980. The reading gap between African Americans and European Americans was 30 points; however, the gap narrowed to 18 in 1988 and increased to 30 again in 1992 (Haycock, 1997.) The History of the Achievement Gap Subsequent to the desegregation of public schools in the early 1950's, school districts began to publish the results of achievement tests. The results of these tests indicated that African American children lagged behind European American children. A 1950 survey conducted in Dade County, Florida of mathematics achievement by eighth-graders, indicated that European American children performed above the national norm. This survey also found that African American sixth grade students in Nashville, Tennessee were performing two years below the norm in overall achievement (Weinberger, 1971). Similar findings became evident when the Association of School Administrators (1954) surveyed the achievement of eighty percent of students. In most instances, the standardized test results were satisfactory; most African American students performed unsatisfactorily. Supportive findings were evident in a survey by Ferguson and Plaut (1954) in which thirty-two public schools in eleven states were sampled. This sample comprised 10,388 high school seniors, about one third African American. The results of this study indicated that only twenty-four African American students were in the upper quarter of their class. …
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The Use of Indigenous Languages in Early Basic Education in Papua New Guinea: A Model for Elsewhere? - Klaus, Daniela (Language and education, 2003)
The small island nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG) in the South Pacific offers a little-known practical example of how a small, multilingual country with limited resources has developed a package of strategies for dealing with the challenges posted by multilingualism and using its multiplicity of languages in education as a tool for improving teaching and learning, saving resources, and moving towards Education for All. This paper is based on knowledge the author gained from working on education in Papua New Guinea over a period of six years (February 1995 to January 2001) and some 11 visits made to Papua New Guinea during that time.
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Challenges of Using English as a Medium of Instruction in Multilingual Contexts: A View from Ugandan Classrooms - Kyeyune, Robinah (Language, Culture and Curriculum, 2003)
Based on interviews with teachers and students, the paper looks at some of the ways in which teachers' use of English as a medium of instruction sometimes frustrates the students' learning efforts instead of facilitating them. While options for change may include adopting mother tongue as an alternative medium, there are theoretical reasons for believing that it would not necessarily lead to a great improvement, since the problem is not just one of linguistic competence but has deeper roots in dominant modes of teacher-pupil communication. In addition, there are the wellknown practical difficulties with education through the mother tongue. The maintenance of English may be an easier option, with careful adoption of a bilingual-based, communication-oriented approach to instruction. To facilitate learners' comprehension and analysis of classroom talk, it is argued that teachers should be trained in two basic elements. They should have the skills necessary for supporting learning through an analytical understanding of language-related barriers. In addition, they should be fluent in the two critical skills of questioning and explaining.
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Attitudes toward research and teaching at some Nigerian Agricultural University institutions - Ladebo, Olugbenga Jelil (The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 2003)
Abstract The attitudes of faculty members from four universities toward teaching, research and the associated reward system were studied through questionnaires. The survey generated 302 responses (i.e. 76.8% response rate) from two agricultural universities as well as two faculties of agriculture. Principal component analysis shows that attitudes toward teaching and research are multifaceted. Faculty members believe that teaching and research are mutually supportive, and represent the basic mission of the universities; the reward system influences teaching staff's participation in research, while both teaching and research offer satisfaction. Teaching and research are incompatible but have a positive affect on teaching. However, t-test analyses show that the faculty differ in the strength of their attitudes due to institutional affiliations and personal characteristics (such as gender, tenure, and rank).
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Decolonisation, Independence and the Politics of Higher Education in West Africa - Leney, Katya (2003)
A study of the foundation and early history of colonial universities in West Africa. With comparative treatment of Francophone material, it also details African student experiences in the European capitals and the influence of metropolitan anti-communist policy on African higher education.
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Freshwater ecology and biodiversity in the tropics: what did we learn from 30 years of onchocerciasis control and the associated biomonitoring of West African rivers? - Lévêque, Christian; Hougard, J. M.; Resh, Vincent H.; Statzner, B.; Yaméogo, L. (Hydrobiologia, 2003)
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Teachers' Use of Textbooks: Practice in Namibian science classrooms - Lubben, Fred; Campbell, Bob; Kasanda, Choshi D.; Kapenda, Hileni M.; Gaoseb, Noah; Kandjeo-Marenga, Utji (Educational studies, 2003)
Incidences of prescribed textbook usage in science classrooms in Namibia have been analysed using an approach adapted from linguistic analysis. Aspects of pedagogic purpose, text genre, and the social interactions between teachers and learners were used to characterise teacher and learner engagement with textbooks, and thus categorise their usage in relation to a national policy of learner-centred education. Results indicate a teacher dominated textbook use and a low frequency and restricted range of textbook references per lesson, with some 40% of the Senior Secondary classes observed making no use of their textbook in class. The major uses of textbooks in class were for diagrams and data, and to verify factual information. Occasionally, questions in textbooks were used as homework to test and/or consolidate knowledge. Pupils rarely initiated a reference to a textbook. It is suggested that if learners are to benefit fully from the investment in textbooks then their teachers need to be helped to use the resource in more constructive ways.
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Localized tree mortality following the drought of 1999 at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda - Lwanga, Jeremiah S. (African Journal of Ecology, 2003)
African Journal of EcologyVolume 41, Issue 2 p. 194-196 Localized tree mortality following the drought of 1999 at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda Jeremiah S. Lwanga, Jeremiah S. Lwanga Makerere University Biological Field Station, PO Box 409, Fort Portal, UgandaSearch for more papers by this author Jeremiah S. Lwanga, Jeremiah S. Lwanga Makerere University Biological Field Station, PO Box 409, Fort Portal, UgandaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 June 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2003.00428.xCitations: 17 Jeremiah S. Lwanga, Makerere University Biological Field Station, PO Box 409, Fort Portal, Uganda Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume41, Issue2June 2003Pages 194-196 RelatedInformation
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Predictors of health-promoting behavior of African-American and white caregivers of impaired elders. - McDonald, Patricia E.; Wykle, May L. (Journal of National Black Nurses' Association: JNBNA, 2003)
Several longitudinal studies have examined declines in health of caregivers, but few have explored the health-promoting behavior Because caregivers neglect their health, they are at risk for developing a number of physical and psychological problems. What is not well known are the factors that contribute to increased health-promoting behavior ultimately preventing poor health and premature death. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the predictors and the change in predictors of health-promoting behavior in African-American and White caregivers over a 3-year period. Pender, Murdaugh, and Parsons' (2002) health promotion model guided the study. This present study is a secondary data analysis of a larger study aimed at examining predictors of health-promoting behavior among 66 African-American (n=66) and 110 (n=110) and White caregivers of impaired older adults recruited primarily through random digit dialing. The larger data set consisted of 391 (N=391) subjects (n=136 African-American; n=255 White). The larger prospective study was based on face-to-face interviews. In the original study, trained interviewers collected data on depression, psychological distress, self-perceived health, religiosity, number of chronic conditions, and demographic characteristics using well-established instruments. Data in this present study were collected at three time points over a three-year period with one-year intervals at Time1 (T1), Time2 (T2), and Time3 (T3). Analysis of the data in this present study suggested that, although, the number of health-promoting behaviors significantly differed for African-American and White caregivers at T1, T2, and T3, no predictors were significantly associated with a change in health-promoting behavior over time. Nonetheless, this finding suggests that nurses can develop useful information in helping to focus more attention on the health of caregivers in the future.
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Land degradation and climate change in South Africa - Meadows, Michael E.; Hoffman, Timm M (The Geographical Journal, 2003)
This paper considers the potential impact of future climate change on the nature and extent of land degradation in South Africa. The basis of the assessment is the comprehensive review published by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEA&T) as a contribution to the South African effort in respect of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The DEA&T report is founded on information collated from 34 workshops, one in each of the agricultural regions of South Africa, involving some 453 participants consisting mainly of agricultural extension officers and soil conservation technicians. This analysis reveals that land degradation is underpinned by poverty and its structural roots in colonial and apartheid political planning. Nevertheless, future climate change represents a key challenge to the developing economies of countries like South Africa. Regionally downscaled models predicting the nature and degree of rainfall changes in the future are used to assess the possible impact of future change on the South African land degradation situation. It is concluded that the most severely degraded areas of the country, including large areas of the former ‘homeland’ states, are likely to become even more susceptible under predicted climate change scenarios.
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Land degradation and climate change in South Africa - Meadows, Michael E.; Hoffman, Timm M (The Geographical Journal, 2003)
This paper considers the potential impact of future climate change on the nature and extent of land degradation in South Africa. The basis of the assessment is the comprehensive review published by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEA&T) as a contribution to the South African effort in respect of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The DEA&T report is founded on information collated from 34 workshops, one in each of the agricultural regions of South Africa, involving some 453 participants consisting mainly of agricultural extension officers and soil conservation technicians. This analysis reveals that land degradation is underpinned by poverty and its structural roots in colonial and apartheid political planning. Nevertheless, future climate change represents a key challenge to the developing economies of countries like South Africa. Regionally downscaled models predicting the nature and degree of rainfall changes in the future are used to assess the possible impact of future change on the South African land degradation situation. It is concluded that the most severely degraded areas of the country, including large areas of the former ‘homeland’ states, are likely to become even more susceptible under predicted climate change scenarios.
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Land degradation and climate change in South Africa - Meadows, Michael E.; Hoffman, Timm M (The Geographical Journal, 2003)
This paper considers the potential impact of future climate change on the nature and extent of land degradation in South Africa. The basis of the assessment is the comprehensive review published by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEA&T) as a contribution to the South African effort in respect of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The DEA&T report is founded on information collated from 34 workshops, one in each of the agricultural regions of South Africa, involving some 453 participants consisting mainly of agricultural extension officers and soil conservation technicians. This analysis reveals that land degradation is underpinned by poverty and its structural roots in colonial and apartheid political planning. Nevertheless, future climate change represents a key challenge to the developing economies of countries like South Africa. Regionally downscaled models predicting the nature and degree of rainfall changes in the future are used to assess the possible impact of future change on the South African land degradation situation. It is concluded that the most severely degraded areas of the country, including large areas of the former ‘homeland’ states, are likely to become even more susceptible under predicted climate change scenarios.
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Land degradation and climate change in South Africa - Meadows, Michael E.; Hoffman, Timm M (The Geographical Journal, 2003)
This paper considers the potential impact of future climate change on the nature and extent of land degradation in South Africa. The basis of the assessment is the comprehensive review published by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEA&T) as a contribution to the South African effort in respect of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The DEA&T report is founded on information collated from 34 workshops, one in each of the agricultural regions of South Africa, involving some 453 participants consisting mainly of agricultural extension officers and soil conservation technicians. This analysis reveals that land degradation is underpinned by poverty and its structural roots in colonial and apartheid political planning. Nevertheless, future climate change represents a key challenge to the developing economies of countries like South Africa. Regionally downscaled models predicting the nature and degree of rainfall changes in the future are used to assess the possible impact of future change on the South African land degradation situation. It is concluded that the most severely degraded areas of the country, including large areas of the former ‘homeland’ states, are likely to become even more susceptible under predicted climate change scenarios.
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A preliminary study inf the evaluation of drug compliance among psychiatric patients in Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana - Mensah, Esi Akyere (2003)
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Living through a Telescopic/Myopic Worldview?: Nationalism, Racism and Ethnocentrism in School History Textbooks in South Africa and Japan, c. 1945-1990 - Nishino, Ryôta (The Australasian review of African studies, 2003)
The research project is an attempt to create a history of History textbooks. Over the last several years the field of History textbooks has attracted much attention and interest from the media in both Japan and South Africa. The study aims to demonstrate ethnic, racial and nationalist bias, fabrication, distortions, omissions and emphases in school history textbooks, and to assess the extent to which textbooks have been effective in instilling sense of nationalism in the minds of school children in Japan and South Africa. Treating the school history textbook as an ideological and political manifesto, I hope to discover what the Japanese and South African governments' attempts to sustain nationalist programmes through history education tell us about their notions of citizenship.
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Teachers, democratisation and educational reform in russia and South Africa - Nyström, Eva; Попов, Олег (Journal of in-service education, 2003)
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An epidemiological survey of occlusal anomalies among secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. - Onyeaso, Chukwudi Ochi (PubMed, 2003)
To assess the prevalence of some of the occlusal anomalies in Ibadan, Nigeria, an epidemiological survey of 644 secondary school children aged 12-18 years (mean age, 14.73 +/- 1.17 S.D.) was done. The sample consisting of 341(53%) males and 303(47%) females was randomly selected. About 66% were from the middle social class while 34% belonged to the working class. Scissors bite recorded the highest prevalence (6.7%) and cross bite was next with 2.2%. No statistically significant associations were found between the occlusal anomalies and socio-economic class (p > 0.05). No statistically significant gender differences were found in relation to the anomalies (p > 0.05). The prevalences of the occlusal anomalies studied were generally lower than those among northern Nigerian children.
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Issues Arising from an Examination of the Junior Secondary School Reform of 1987 in Ghana - Osei, George M. (Educational studies, 2003)
Abstract During the early 1980s the secondary education system in Ghana was reorganised. This study concerns one part of this: the attempt to introduce a more vocationally-orientated curriculum into the Junior Secondary Schools in Ghana. These findings are drawn from interviews at several levels, documentary analysis and school case studies. There were major gaps and inadequacies in the system in the setting of goals, in the implementation management, in the organisational structures and in the classroom implementation. The study analyses how the planned changes were not clearly conceptualised and how there was a very serious lack of communication between many different parts of the system. The classroom observation showed that the ideas set out in the National Education Policy, such as integrated approaches to subject matter, student involvement and problem-orientated teaching methods, were not being put into practice by teachers. Neither training nor resources had been directed towards helping the teachers to change.
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Depressive Symptoms in Relation to Alcohol and Tobacco Use in South African University Students - Peltzer, Karl (Psychological Reports, 2003)
A questionnaire was administered to 793 randomly chosen Black university students whose ages ranged from 18 to 25 years. Analysis of variance suggested the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use but not with tobacco use; however, alcohol and tobacco use were highly correlated. Regression analysis identified drinking status as predictor for depressive symptoms.
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An introductory South African Sign Language (SASL) grammar for the beginner sign language student - Prinsloo, Beatrice Aletta (2003)
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Doing business in Addis Ababa : case studies of women entrepreneurs with disabilities in Ethiopia - Programme, Employability. Disability (2003)
Presents case studies of women entrepreneurs with visual, hearing and mobility impairments, women who have had leprosy and mothers of children with learning disabilities
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webMathematica as a Core Service for the Calculation of the Drought Indicator for South Africa - Sakulski, Dušan; Stephenson, David; Marjanović, P. (2003)
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National immunisation days and vitamin A distribution in Mali: has the vitamin A status of pre-school children improved? - Schémann, Jean-François; Banou, Albert Agro; Malvy, Denis; Guindo, Ando; Traoré, Lamine; Momo, G (Public Health Nutrition, 2003)
The impact on vitamin A status of the distribution of vitamin A during national immunisation days (NIDs) has not been well established despite strong promotion by international agencies and donors. Using a pre-post design, the change in prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was examined in pre-school children in Mali.Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Mopti region, the first in March 1997 before this strategy was adopted and the second in March 1999, four-and-a-half months after a mass distribution of vitamin A during NIDs.We compared the vitamin A status of children aged 12 to 66 months targeted in 1999 by NIDs with the status of children in the same age group in 1997. Infectious events of the previous two weeks were concurrently recorded. Within the 1999 sample, the status of recipient and non-recipient children was also compared.In 1997, the prevalence of xerophthalmia (defined by the presence of night blindness and/or Bitot spots) was 6.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1-9.2) and the modified retinol dose response (MRDR) test proved abnormal in 77.8% of 12-66-month-old children (95% CI 68.27-85.17). In 1999 this picture had improved significantly, both for xerophthalmia prevalence, 3.3% (95% CI 2.1-5.2), and abnormal MRDR test response, 63.1% (95% CI 54.25-71.23). The infectious morbidity rates between 1997 and 1999 tended to decrease. No significant improvement was found among children older than those targeted by NIDs. In 1999, children who received vitamin A had a lower risk for xerophthalmia (3.0% for recipients vs. 8.7% for non-recipients) and experienced fewer infectious events.The clinical and biological vitamin A status of pre-school children improved between 1997 and 1999. Mass distribution of vitamin A appears to reduce the occurrence of xerophthalmia and would seem to be associated with a decrease in other related illnesses. Vitamin A supplementation during NIDs should be given a high priority when vitamin A deficiency remains a public health problem.
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Needs assessment for continuing education and health promotion training for Senegalese chief nurses/ Étude des besoins de formation continue en promotion de la santé pour les infirmières et infirmiers chefs de postes de santé (ICP) au Sénégal/ Estudio de las necesidades de formación permanente en promoción de la salud para las enfermeras y enfermeros jefe de los puestos de salud en Senegal - Seck, Awa; Morin, Diane; O’Neill, Maggie (Promotion & éducation, 2003)
This study, whose purpose is to contribute to improving chief nurses’ (ICP, French acronym) performance and practice in the realm of health promotion, was conducted in the medical region of Kaolak in Senegal. The objective is to identify the needs for ICP's continuing education and health promotion training and to delineate their priorities. This is a descriptive study characterised by a combined methodology which integrates a qualitative phase and a quantitative phase, in which six continuing education and training experts and 74 ICPs working in the region participated respectively. The method initially allowed the team to identify what are in theory the different types of health promotion skills that ICPs have, to validate this typology and it's contents through an expert panel and to adjust this to the practice of nursing at the community level in the Senegalese national context. Second, the range of training needs were measured by the ICPs and the classification of abilities was established in order of priority. This study allows for a comprehensive and detailed listing of needs for continuing education and training among Senegalese ICPs based on consensus on what their abilities are. The study also suggests that nurses’ initial education and training be adapted and continuing education and training be established.
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Seismic tomography from local crustal earthquakes beneath eastern Rif Mountains of Morocco - Serrano, Inmaculada; Zhao, Dapeng; Morales, J.; Torcal, Federico (Tectonophysics, 2003)
We applied a tomographic method to image an aseismic strike–slip fault in North Morocco and found that the occurrence of earthquakes is not only controlled by the state of tectonic stress but also by material heterogeneity in the crust. We have constructed an integrated model of seismic, electric, magnetic and heat flow properties across northeastern Morocco primarily based on a tomography inversion of local earthquake arrival times. The seismic images obtained show a pronounced low-velocity zone at 5 km depth parallels to the Nekor fault, coinciding with an anomalously high conductive and low gravity structure, which is interpreted as a fault gouge zone and/or a fluid-filled subsurface rock matrix. Below 10 km depth, a weak positive velocity zone indicates that the fault gouge is stable. The seismicity and the seismic velocity results for the Al-Hoceimas region show that the concentrations of earthquakes are confined in the high velocity area. This anomaly is interpreted to be a brittle and competent layer of the upper crust that sustains seismogenic stress. On the eastern coast line of Morocco, we infer that a high density, high velocity body exists in the shallowest layers of the upper crust, probably formed by Miocene volcanic rocks.
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Communication Codes among African American Children and Youth--The Fast Track from Special Education to Prison. - Sherwin, Gary; Schmidt, Stacy M. P. (Journal of correctional education, 2003)
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Developing entrepreneurship among women with disabilities in Ethiopia : starting point : exploratory surveys in Addis Ababa and Tigray region - Skills, InFocus Programme on; Associations, Tigray Disabled Veterans (2003)
Based on a survey of 600 disabled women. Examines the activities of 200 women already involved in running their own microenterprises and investigates the requirements of a further 400 who would like to start their own business. Identifies actions needed to create viable, sustainable enterprises
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Revitalisation of Indigenous Languages in Education: Contextualising the Papua New Guinea Experience - Skutnabb‐Kangas, Tove (Language and Education, 2003)
This short article situates the following two papers (by David Klaus and by Yasuko Nagai and Ronah Lister) on Papua New Guinea in the context of discussions about maintenance and revitalisation of endangered languages, and about education through the medium of indigenous and minority languages. Two of the three authors represent organisations (the World Bank and the Summer Institute of Linguistics) which, despite their very different ways of working (one at a macro-level, with more structural issues, the other at a micro-level, in continuation of the old missionary tradition) have an ambivalent reputation among many who support endangered languages. The two papers present one of the globally more impressive large-scale experiments of mother tongue medium teaching today. They show from several perspectives both what the factors enabling this experiment were, and how complex the issues are on the ground. Despite solid research evidence, most indigenous peoples and minorities are still educated subtractively: the dominant languages are learned at the cost of the mother tongues. Papua New Guinea, the country with the largest number of languages in the world, shows that it is possible to turn the tide if the political will exists.
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Dental education in Nigeria: the journey so far and the way forward. - So, Jeboda (PubMed, 2003)
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Pain intensity assessment: a comparison of selected pain intensity scales for use in cognitively intact and cognitively impaired African American older adults - Taylor, Laurie; Herr, Keela (Pain Management Nursing, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of selected pain intensity scales including the Faces Pain Scale (FPS), the Verbal Description Scale, the Numeric Rating Scale, and the Iowa Pain Thermometer to assess pain in cognitively impaired minority older adults. A descriptive correlational design was used, and a convenience sample of 57 volunteers age 58 and older residing in the South was recruited for this study. The sample consisted of 8 males and 49 females with a mean age of 76. Fifty-nine percent of the sample completed an 11th grade education or less, and 59% completed high school or college. Seventy-seven percent (n = 44) of the sample scored 24 or less on the mental status exam, indicating some degree of cognitive impairment. The remaining 23% (n = 13) were cognitively intact. All of the participants were able to use each of the scales to rate their pain. Concurrent validity of the scales was supported with Spearman rank correlation coefficients ranging from.74 to.83 in the cognitively impaired group and.81 to.96 in the cognitively intact group. Test-retest reliability at a 2-week interval was acceptable in the cognitively intact group (Spearman rank correlations ranged from.73 to.83) and to a lesser degree in the cognitively impaired group (correlations ranged from.52 to.79). When asked about scale preference, both the cognitively impaired and the intact group indicated a preference for the FPS. Findings from this study suggest that cognitive impairment did not inhibit older minority participants' ability to use a variety of pain intensity scales. Additionally, options should be provided that address individual needs of older adults considering specific cognitive level and disability, education, gender, ethnicity, and cultural influences concerning perceptions of the various pain intensity scales.
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Case Studies of School Improvement in East Africa: A New Addition to School Effectiveness Research - Teddlie, Charles (School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 2003)
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Secondary School Physical Education Curriculum: Implications for Sports Development in Botswana - Toriola, O.M. (Asian journal of physical education and recreation, 2003)
LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.In many countries, a major rationale for curriculum design in physical education is that it promotes a physically active lifestyle among the youths and provides a basis for the development of fundamental sports skills. Access to physical education and sport is not only a fundamental human right but it also promotes health, desirable social attitudes and values. Based on the above rationale physical education was introduced to Botswana secondary schools in 1999. In this study, the Botswana secondary school physical education curriculum was analysed regarding its potential role in sports development in the country. Structured interviews were carried out with Principals of selected public secondary schools in which physical education is a teaching subject and the curriculum development unit in the Ministry of Education. Results were discussed in the following specific areas: curriculum content analysis, implementation problems, time allocation, provision of teaching and learning resources, funding, personnel, opportunities for competitive sport participation and assessment procedures. Problems affecting the teaching of physical education in Botswana were also discussed and possible solutions proffered. Finally, analysis of implications of the physical education curriculum for sport development in Botswana was presented.體育運動對學童成長過程非常重要，本文旨在探討非洲波斯尼亞中學體育課程，從多方面分析體育課程與體育運動發展的關係，透過與校長及敎育部長面談，了解影響體育運動發展的原因。
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The 'Acquired Income Deficiency Syndrome': School fees and sexual risk in Northern Tanzania [1] - Vavrus, Frances (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2003)
This article examines the impact of structural adjustment policies on young women's educational opportunities and reproductive health in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. Despite recent improvements in Tanzania's macroeconomic performance, there is a widespread sense of economic decline at the local level that compounds the conditions of sexual risk among young women who want to pursue post-secondary schooling. The article begins with a discussion of the economic, education and reproductive health conditions in mainland Tanzania in general, and in Kilimanjaro in particular. It then describes the questionnaire and essay task used in the study, and the major findings from the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data. The remainder of the article discusses the significance of this study in the light of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the current debt relief programs in the country.
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Resistance to change in language teaching: some African case studies - Weideman, Albert; Tesfamariam, Haddish; Shaalukeni, Loide (Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2003)
A number of recent studies of language teaching on the African continent (Shaalukeni, 2000; Tesfamariam, 2000) have investigated how teachers manage to retain old styles of language teaching in the face of new approaches that have been introduced by the education authorities that employ them. The conviction with which teachers justify their traditional styles of teaching suggests that they do not teach without deliberation. This presentation looks in some detail at two investigations that serve as case studies for this phenomenon. Is resistance to change in language teaching unique to the African continent? It appears not, for there are other studies from further afield that yield similar results. The paper suggests that a coherent reason or set of reasons for this has up to now eluded us, and that we may need to look elsewhere for an explanation.
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Policy Development for Lifelong Learning in Botswana - Youngman, Frank (2003)
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Policy Development for Lifelong Learning in Botswana(Part 2 Articles and Conference Papers) - Youngman, Frank (2003)
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Distribution of public education spending for the poor: The case of yemen - Yuki, Takako (Asia Pacific Education Review, 2003)
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Teaching adults to read better and faster: results from an experiment in Burkina Faso - Abadzi, Helen (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2003)
Two cognitively oriented methods were tested in Burkina Faso to help illiterates learn to read more efficiently. These were (a) speeded reading of increasingly larger word units and (b) phonological awareness training to help connect letters to speech. Learners were given reading tests and a computerized reaction time test. Although the literacy courses were shortened by the arrival of rains and government delays, the piloted methods helped adults read better than those in the standardcontrolclasses. Learners enrolled in the experimental classes performed better on the outcome tests than did learners enrolled in control classes. Ninety percent of the possible comparisons between treatment classes and control classes favored classes receiving treatments, and 72 percent of the measurements in favor of treatments were statistically significant. The evidence suggests that phonological awareness training is particularly effective in situations where the training period was short, and that rapid reading was more advantageous in longer training situations. Overall, the results are indicative of the potential that scientifically backed methods have in making adult literacy instruction more effective. However, due to the short duration of the classes (3-4 months) learners apparently did not receive sufficient practice to consolidate skills. Literacy skills may still be prone to being forgotten if readers do not learn to read automatically and if opportunities to read are few.
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Risk, Risk Information And Eventual Learning Of Smallholder FarmersIn Eastern Ethiopia - Legesse, Belaineh (WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2003)
This article explores sources of risk information, determinants of access to it, its reliability and determinants of leatning in the farming systems of Eastern Ethiopia. Social learning and cultural theories are used to guide the investigation using a mixed methodology of quantitative analysis and qualitative interpretation of data from formal and informal surveys. Hypotheses that access information and learning and differ according to age, gender, education, religious faith and other characteristics of households are examined. Logit regression analyses are applied to test the hypotheses. Results of the informal survey showed that information is the key to judgment in the context of rural households. Results also show that the collection and use of early warning information is one of the on-farm risk management strategies in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. Logit functions have mirrored that distance from markets and number of plots owned have significant associations with access to information. Differences in gender and marital status of household head, educational level, number of cattle owned and farm size were found to significantly affect self-evaluation of knowledge. Agro-ecological zone, experience in farming, family size, number of plots owned and access to information are associated with the use of externally supplied farm inputs. The findings strongly suggest that risk information is important in decision-making for farming households where substantial risks strike frequently.
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Womanist Therapy with African American Women with Disabilities - Nabors, Nina A.; Pettee, Melanie F. (Women & Therapy, 2003)
Abstract African American women are at increased risk for disabilities. There is very little information available, however, regarding psychological interventions with African American women with disabilities. The purpose of this article is to discuss psychological intervention in working with African American women with acquired disabilities from a womanist perspective. Themes and interventions will be discussed. Recommendations for working with African American women with disabilities in a therapeutic context will be offered. Key Words: African Americanwomanist therapydisabilitywomen
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Abortion care in a teaching hospital in Ghana - Srofenyoh, Emmanuel; Lassey, A.T. (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2003)
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 82, Issue 1 p. 77-78 Brief communications Abortion care in a teaching hospital in Ghana E.K. Srofenyoh, E.K. Srofenyoh Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, GhanaSearch for more papers by this authorA.T. Lassey, A.T. Lassey Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, GhanaSearch for more papers by this author E.K. Srofenyoh, E.K. Srofenyoh Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, GhanaSearch for more papers by this authorA.T. Lassey, A.T. Lassey Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, GhanaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 May 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(03)00033-XCitations: 11 Corresponding author. Fax: +233-21-668425 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume82, Issue1July 2003Pages 77-78 RelatedInformation
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Teaching Adults to Read Better and Faster: Results from an Experiment in Burkina Faso - Abadzi, Helen (2003)
Two cognitively oriented methods were tested in Burkina Faso to help illiterates learn to read more efficiently. These were (a) speeded reading of increasingly larger word units and (b) phonological awareness training to help connect letters to speech. Learners were given reading tests and a computerized reaction time test. Although the literacy courses were shortened by the arrival of rains and government delays, the piloted methods helped adults read better than those in the standard classes. Learners enrolled in the experimental classes performed better on the outcome tests than did learners enrolled in control classes. Ninety percent of the possible comparisons between treatment classes and control classes favored classes receiving treatments, and 72 percent of the measurements in favor of treatments were statistically significant. The evidence suggests that phonological awareness training is particularly effective in situations where the training period was short, and that rapid reading was more advantageous in longer training situations. Overall, the results are indicative of the potential that scientifically backed methods have in making adult literacy instruction more effective. However, due to the short duration of the classes (3-4 months) learners apparently did not receive sufficient practice to consolidate skills. Literacy skills may still be prone to being forgotten if readers do not learn to read automatically and if opportunities to read are few. This paper - a product of the Sector and Thematic Evaluation Division, Operations Evaluation Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to assess the effectiveness of adult literacy.
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Web-based training in Public Administration in South Africa : principles and considerations - Jaarsveldt, van; Ceciel, Liza (2003)
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Trace element pollution of soils by abandoned gold mine tailings, near Potchefstroom, South Africa - Aucamp, Pieter J.; Schalkwyk, Antoinette van (Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2003)
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Mathematics Standards, Cultural Styles, and Learning Preferences: The Plight and the Promise of African American Students - Berry, Robert Q. (The Clearing house, 2003)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: mathematicsstandardsAfrican Americansachievementequity Additional informationNotes on contributorsRobert Q. BerryRobert Q. Berry III is an assistant professor of mathematics education at Old Dominion University, in Norfolk, Virginia.
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CORRELATES OF STRENGTH TRAINING IN RURAL AFRICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE OLDER WOMEN. - Bopp, Melissa; Wilcox, Sarah; Oberrecht, Larissa; Kammermann, Sandra K.; McElmurray, Charles T. (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2003)
INTRODUCTION Women living in rural areas have the lowest rates of participation in strength training (ST). This study examined factors that influence ST in older rural women. METHODS Survey participants were 60 white and 42 African American women, aged 70.59±9.21 years, and focus group participants were 23 white and 16 African American women aged 67.5 ± 9.2 years, recruited through a health care center in rural SC. Participants completed measures of demographics, physical activity (PA) and ST, PA barriers, decisional balance for PA (DBE)(pros-cons), PA social support and physical environment. Using linear regression, the IR2 was tested for 4 sets of independent variables (demographics, psychological, social, and physical environment). RESULTS The full model explained 30.4% of the variance in ST participation (p < .00001). The demographic set explained 4.1% of the variance, with age as a negative predictor. Barriers and DBE explained 7%, social support another 8%, and environmental factors another 11.3% of the variance. In focus groups, white women identified several benefits of ST, including physical health gains and improved appearance. African American women cited similar benefits, and also included mental health benefits and “feeling good.” Both groups primarily named physical health problems as a risk of strength training. White women identified several barriers to ST: time constraints, lack of knowledge, physical health problems, lack of exercise facilities and programs in their area, and the cost of ST. African American women cited: being too tired, physical health problems, lack of support, and other family and work responsibilities as barriers to ST. CONCLUSIONS This study identified motivators and barriers to participation in ST in older rural women, and provide a basis for developing ST interventions. SUPPORT ACSM Fellowship Fund for Epidemiological Research on PA (PAF) from ACSM.
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Air pollution assessment of Salé's city (Morocco) - Bounakhla, Moussa; Fatah, Abdul Hadjranul; Embarch, K.; Majah, M. Ibn; Azami, R.; Sabir, Aneela; Nejjar, A.; Cherkaoui, Rajaa; Gaudry, A. (Journal de physique, 2003)
Four sites were selected in Sale's city in Morocco in order to contribute in air pollution level assessment and determination of its effects on public health. The sites were selected so that they are close to the most important industrialized areas, they have a very high demographic density and they cover a heavy traffic. Two approaches of air sampling and subsequent analysis methods of elements in atmospheric aerosols have been performed. The first is a classical approach, which consists in sampling total airborne materials with a High Volume Sampler and analysing the samples using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The second is having its interest for studies relating effects of particles on human health. It consists in employing a Dichotomous Sampler to collect inhalable particles and the X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) for elemental analysis. With such system, it was possible to collect separately respirable and inhalable aerosols. The ED-XRF analysis method used is appropriate for monitoring airborne polluants in living and working areas with advantage of simple preparation, non-destructive nature, rapidity and suitable limits of detection. Using this method, it was possible to identify and quantify S, Ca, Cl, Fe, Cu, and Pb. With Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Analysis Method, we quantified Cd. This study have been completed by measuring NO x-y SO 2 and solid suspended particles or airborne particulate matter (APM).
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Adaptation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (Imci) Course for Medical Students in Mbarara, Uganda: Accommodating Resource Limitations in the Developing World Through the Use of Self-Directed and Problem-Based Learning - Brenner, JL (Paediatrics & child health, 2003)
infant care practices are prevalent.Highly focused strategies are required to improve the awareness and knowledge of this group of women.
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Growth Faltering in Rural Gambian Infants Is Associated with Impaired Small Intestinal Barrier Function, Leading to Endotoxemia and Systemic Inflammation - Campbell, David I.; Elia, Marinos; Lunn, P. G. (The Journal of nutrition (Print), 2003)
Growth faltering of rural Gambian infants is associated with a chronic inflammatory enteropathy of the mucosa of the small intestine that may impair both digestive/absorptive and barrier functions. The aim of this study was to determine whether the enteropathy was associated with a compromised barrier function that allowed translocation of antigenic macromolecules from the gut lumen into the body, with subsequent systemic immunostimulation, resulting in growth retardation. Rural Gambian infants were studied longitudinally at regular intervals between 8 and 64 wk of age. On each study day, each child was medically examined, anthropometric measurements were made, a blood sample was taken and an intestinal permeability test performed. Evidence of chronic immunostimulation was provided by abnormally elevated white blood cell, lymphocyte and platelet counts, and frequently raised plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Intestinal permeability was abnormal and associated with impaired growth (r = -0.41, P < 0.001). Plasma concentrations of endotoxin and immunoglobulin (Ig)G-endotoxin core antibody were also elevated and related to both growth (r = -0.30, P < 0.02; r = -0.64, P < 0.0001, respectively) and measures of mucosal enteropathy. Plasma IgG, IgA and IgM levels increased rapidly with age toward adult concentrations. Raised values were related to poor growth but also to measures of mucosal enteropathy and the endotoxin antibody titer. The interrelationships among these variables and growth suggested that they were all part of the same growth-retarding mechanism. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of translocation of immunogenic lumenal macromolecules across a compromised gut mucosa, leading to stimulation of systemic immune/inflammatory processes and subsequent growth impairment.
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African American Female Adult Learners - Coker, Angela D. (Journal of Black Studies, 2003)
This qualitative study used a series of focus groups to examine the experiences of African American female adult learners in higher education ( N = 10). This article highlights three categories that emerged: the motivations, challenges, and sources of strength the participants experienced as they worked toward their academic goals. The findings are important to professionals working with African American women in academic settings and for those who want to enhance their current understanding of the lives of African American women.
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The School Health Programme in Behera: an integrated helminth control programme at Governorate level in Egypt - Curtale, Filippo; Hassanein, Yehia Abd-el Wahab; Wakeel, Aly El; Barduagni, P; Savioli, Lorenzo (Acta Tropica, 2003)
School Health Programmes offer the opportunity to deliver public health interventions to a great number of beneficiaries at a relatively low cost and are seen with growing interest by policy makers in developing countries and the donors' communities. In Egypt a pilot School Health Programme has been implemented for the past 6 years in Behera, the largest and most populous Governorate of the Nile Delta. The Programme integrated additional activities for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis, human fascioliasis and anaemia in the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme (NSCP), implemented in Egypt since 1988 by the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). To facilitate planning and direct actions, a strong monitoring system was also developed, that generated useful information for the schistosomiasis control programme. The practical steps adopted to develop the programme are presented and discussed. Results from three rounds of monitoring (2000, 2001, 2002) are analysed and compared with baseline data conducted in 1996, together with the cost of each activity. On the basis of the experience gained by the Behera School Health Programme a number of operational recommendations are formulated.
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Modeling Music Education: Britain and Kenya - Floyd, Malcolm (International Journal of Music Education, 2003)
The problem with models is that they almost always break. At some point, new information or new theoretical perspectives arrive and the model is rejected, or at best put aside and referred to occasionally for its historical interest. This article looks at my perceptions of music education in Britain and Kenya over the past 30 years or so using a range of models, precisely because it is in their “breaking” that one learns what is most significant. I have taught in both countries, at all levels of education, and part of the reason for writing this is to unpick my own agendas. Models drawn from the work of Brocklehurst and Hart in the 1970s and Swanwick and Boyce-Tillman in the 1980s and ‘90s will be reconstructed in the Kenyan situation and allowed to declare their incongruity, incompatibility, irrelevance, complementarity, or transformation. My choice of models may well seem eccentric, but they are the models that have had the most impact upon me. In that way, they make the understanding of my own role clearer, and so the collection of models becomes egocentric. Britain is the starting point, as that was both my starting point and the historical background to formal Kenyan music education.
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Returns to Education in South Africa: Evidence from the Machibisa Township - Fryer, David; Vencatachellum, Désiré (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2003)
We develop a model where blacks in the private sector earn no returns to education if there are relatively too few educated blacks. Using a sample of black females in the late apartheid KwaZulu to control for labour market specific effects, we find that more than a fifth of labour market participants are self-employed. There are no returns to primary education and positive returns for the first two years of secondary education. Further education allows females to find employment in the government sector where they earn a wage premium. Only secondary education is a predictor of earnings status, and new migrants are most likely to be unemployed. Our analysis therefore contributes to challenging the consensus on high returns to primary education in developing countries. JEL Classification: D45, L10 Keywords: South Africa, Apartheid, Returns to education, Skill-biased technologies. The policy of mission education to train young black girls in domestic skills, such as sewing and cooking, had a further impact. It is against this backdrop that womens dominance in sewing, catering, and small commercial businesses focussed on these items must be understood. [Friedman and Hambridge (1991, p. 170)]
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Biomonitoring of the atmospheric pollution by heavy metals in Morocco - Gaudry, A.; Senhou, A.; Chouak, A.; Cherkaoui, Rajaa; Moutia, Z.; Lferde, M.; Elyahyaoui, A.; Khoukhi, T. El; Bounakhla, Moussa; Embarch, K.; Ayrault, Sophie; Moskura, Mélanie (Journal de physique, 2003)
In this study, the accumulation sensitivities of trace elements in six types of air pollution biomonitors (lichens, tree barks and a moss) are compared. Three analytical methods were used: 14 MeV neutron activation analysis, thermal neutron activation analysis method and X-ray fluorescence analysis. Studies of the local concentration variations versus the sizes of lichen and of their altitude of collection from grounds, revealed that a standardisation of the procedures for collecting samples was necessary.
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The economic impact of HIV/AIDS on the education sector in Zambia - Grassly, Nicholas C; Desai, Kamal; Pegurri, Elisabetta; Sikazwe, Alfred; Malambo, Irene; Siamatowe, Clement; Bundy, D. A. P. (AIDS, 2003)
To estimate and project the economic impact of HIV/AIDS on the supply of education in Zambia.An analysis of the financial implications of HIV/AIDS for the Ministry of Education (MoE) and donors funding education in Zambia.A mathematical model was used to project the number of primary school teachers and their HIV status under current plans for teacher training and recruitment. Cost data were compiled from the MoE, the Teacher Education Department, teacher training colleges and the donor consortium BESSIP (Basic Education Sub-Sector Investment Programme). Multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed.The impact of HIV/AIDS on the supply of primary education imply costs to the MoE and BESSIP estimated at US$1.3-3.1 million in 1999, and projected at $10.6-41.3 million over the period 1999-2010. These costs include salaries paid to teachers absent as a result of HIV-associated illness (71%), additional training of teachers to cope with AIDS-related attrition (22%) and funeral costs contractually met by the MoE (7%). They do not include the additional costs of an active care and prevention response by the MoE, or the burden of ensuring enrolment of AIDS orphans. The annual cost of HIV/AIDS is a relatively small fraction of the overall MoE budget (2.5% in 1999) but has substantial implications for resource allocation to some functions. Expenditure on teacher training will need to increase by 26% if Education for All targets are to be met in the face of AIDS.HIV/AIDS has significant implications for resource allocation in the education sector in Zambia.
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A Comparison of Special Education in Israel and Palestine - Gumpel, Thomas P.; Awartani, Sana (Journal of Special Education, 2003)
Comparative studies of special education policy typically compare the provision of special education services in different countries, based primarily on comparative variables such as legal mandates, rules and regulations, and budgetary allocations. Aside from the analysis of these surface structures, it is imperative also to take into account the deep structures (i.e., sociohistorical background) of the culture that created those policies. In this study, different aspects of Israeli and Palestinian Authority special educational policies were compared on both surface and deep levels. The surface analysis revealed that both systems are currently undergoing major revisions and restructuring. On the one hand, the Israeli system is redefining how it will educate children with special educational needs in more inclusive settings (in stark contrast to previous segregationist policy). On the other hand, special education in the Palestinian Authority is an emerging field, currently experimenting with different models of inclusionary practices. Despite their differences, both systems are similar in that teachers are being asked to implement these changes. On a deep-structure level, Palestinian teachers tended to have a more radical view of issues concerning education and equity as they pertained to the necessity of educating all children in order to build a strong nation. Israelis tended to see their role as less steeped in the language of equity.
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Developing research skills in African-American students: a case note - Hall, Patrick (The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 2003)
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Fat impairs stress-induced pressure natriuresis in African-American boys - Harshfield, Gregory A.; Wilson, Martha; McLeod, Kathryn; Hanevold, Coral D.; Kapuku, Gaston; Mackey, Lynne; Gillis, Deloris; Edmunds, Lesley (American Journal of Hypertension, 2003)
We hypothesize that impaired stress-induced pressure natriuresis is a pathophysiologic mechanism underlying obesity-associated hypertension in African-Americans. In this study 55 African-American boys and 71 girls aged 15–18 years underwent a 5-hour stress protocol (2 hour baseline, 1 hour stress, 2 hour recovery) after being brought into similar levels of sodium balance. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was performed to determine total percent body fat. Both girls and boys showed significant increases from baseline to stress and significant decreases from stress to recovery for blood pressure and sodium excretion (P<0.01 for all), with greater changes for boys (P<0.01 for all). For girls, blood pressure during stress was related to urinary sodium excretion (r=0.31; P<0.005) but not for boys. For boys, body fat was negatively correlated with the change in sodium excretion from baseline to stress (r=−0.37; P<0.006) and sodium excretion during stress (r=−0.28; P<0.04), which in turn was related to angiotensin II (r=−0.41; P<0.41). Body fat was also negatively related to the post-stress decline in blood pressure (r=−0.24; P<0.04) which was positively correlated with the stress-induced change in angiotensin II. In contrast, body fat was not correlated with sodium handling, blood pressure, or angiotensin II in girls. These results may help to explain how the interactions between salt, stress, and obesity contribute to the increased incidence and prevalence of HTN in African-American males. The mechanisms responsible for the gender difference is unclear, however, we speculate that the natriuretic and vasodilatory properties of the female sex hormones may facilitate stress-induced pressure natriuresis.
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Promoting Behavior Change in Botswana: An Assessment of the Peer Education HIV/AIDS Prevention Program at the Workplace - Hope, Kempe Ronald (Journal of Health Communication, 2003)
Botswana has the highest rate of HIV prevalence in the world and AIDS has now reached crisis proportions in the country. Among the initiatives implemented as a response, to promote sexual behavior change, is the Peer Education HIV/AIDS Prevention Program (PEHAPP) at the workplace. This paper assesses the impact and outcome of the PEHAPP. It concludes that the PEHAPP is having a measurable positive impact in the key areas of improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to risky sexual behavior which, in turn, should reduce the incidence of transmission of HIV/AIDS and other STDs over the long-term.
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Effects of α-tocopherol on noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs - Hou, Fanfan; Wang, Sheng; Zhai, Shumei; Hu, Yinyan; Wei, Yang; He, Lihua (Hearing Research, 2003)
Preventing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) by antioxidants is based on the hypothesis that generation of reactive oxygen species is one of the causes of NIHL. alpha-Tocopherol is a naturally occurring antioxidant with no noticeable side effects. In this study, we attempted to protect guinea pigs from developing NIHL by administering alpha-tocopherol. Pigmented male guinea pigs were exposed to a noise (4 kHz octave band, 100 dB SPL), 8 h/day for 3 days consecutively. alpha-Tocopherol (10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg daily) was given by intraperitoneal injection from 3 days before through 3 days after the noise exposure. Auditory evoked brainstem response (ABR) thresholds at 2, 4 and 8 kHz were recorded prior to the experiment, immediately post-noise, 2 and 8 days post-noise. On day 8 post-noise, after the ABR recording, guinea pigs were decapitated and the cochleae were removed for cochlear surface preparations and scanning electron microscope (SEM) study. ABR threshold shifts of groups receiving alpha-tocopherol were significantly smaller than those of groups not receiving alpha-tocopherol at all frequencies and all time points tested except that of group 3 at 8 kHz 8 days post-noise. No hair cell loss was seen on the surface preparations, but stereocilia loss was found by SEM study. The noise-induced stereocilia loss was significantly decreased by alpha-tocopherol. These results indicate that alpha-tocopherol can attenuate the noise-induced cochlear damage. Further investigations on the preventive effect of alpha-tocopherol on NIHL in noise-exposed workers are necessary.
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Mergers in South African higher education: theorising change in transitional contexts - Jansen, Jonathan D. (Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 2003)
Drawing on a study of five merger cases in recent South African higher education, this article examines why in each case, the mergers proceeded despite intense opposition from the entities affected and in a form and manner different from that envisaged by their state designers. It considers too, the inadequacies of existing merger theories to explain these two factors and draws on contingency theory to show how the merger outcomes were the product of a complex interplay between governmental macro-politics and institutional micro-politics in a context of political transition. It also exposes the assumption that policy implementation is a rational process in which institutional practice mirrors the formal intentions of government planners, arguing that the merger process in South Africa has to date been marked by behaviour and action that has been both irrational and incoherent as well as not necessarily in the interests of the higher educational process.
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How African Americans in rural areas learn to become homeowners - Jones, Ulrica (2003)
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The simulation of the occurance of a sand storm using the Egyptian numerical model - Kamal, Fayroz; Yousef, Ahmed (International Conference on Aerospace Sciences & Aviation Technology, 2003)
Among different weather phenomena that occur in subtropical Africa, one stands out as being most unpleasent for the population of this area, most hazardous for transport and navigation are duststorms. These storms are frequently invading the area by more than 20-25 storms / year. As these storms are small-scale phenomena, there is some difficulty in its analysis and forecasting. Usually these storms bring up more than 1350 μg/m3 of sand load near the earth surface.In present work, a dust model was under developing at Cairo numerical weather prediction NWP center to forecast and monitoring the dust and sandstorm. An equation for sand concentration was added to the hydrostatic primitive Egypt-eta model (Yousef 98). The model depends on the soluation of a set of primitive equations using the generalized vertical coordinate, which follow the orographic structure. A forward — backward time integration scheme, as economic scheme, was used with the part control the fast waves to increase the time step. Forward —centered time integration scheme was used with the advection terms. A semi- Lagrangian advection scheme with fourth order accuracy has been modified to conserve the mass of dust. It uses full physical parameterization package as a detail representation of radiation components, surface physics-soil hydrology processes and comprehensive scheme for the planetary boundary layer has been used. In addition, eight levels in the boundary layer have been used to improve the forecasting of the surface temperature and capture well process occurring in the planetary boundary layer. The dust module includes dust emission as a function of (vegetation cover- soil type and texture — soil wetness — friction velocity), dust deposition (wet and dry), horizontal and vertical advection and vertical diffusion through an improved formulation of planetary boundary layer.Two cases with very remarkable sandstorms were described and investigated through this study. The model outputs for 72 hours were validated and verified with satellite images and visibility as actual data in addition, the aerodynamical parameters (friction velocity, wind speed, vertical motion) for the sake of comparison which are the main factors in the dust emission.
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Innovative ultrasound training amidst low resources in a developing country: Uganda - Kawooya, Michael; Kasozi, Henry; Malwadde, Elsie Kiguli (Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 2003)
Objective: The aim of this study was to set up an ultrasound training institute in a low resourced country using ICTS and student-centered learning but with support from an affiliated center. This training program was to address the high need for ultrasound skills in Uganda. Most of the 150 ultrasound machines in the country are in the hands of non-trained personnel. Methods: Three Ugandan radiologists underwent a “train the trainers” course at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia (JUREI) with a grant from RSNA. One machine was donated by GE, and teaching materials were donated by JUREI, while some were developed in Uganda by the 3 trained radiologists. A curriculum was developed by the Ugandan radiologists. The curriculum emphasized self-learning and information communication technologies (ICTs), such as CDs and teaching videos. Much attention was placed on hands-on sessions and tutorials/discussions moderated by teachers although the students attended lectures daily. Much theoretical knowledge was largely acquired by the students as they studied by themselves or in groups. The first intake of students was in July 2002. Results: 22 students enrolled in the first course, and made good progress. Students acquired skills to learn by themselves. It is hoped students will retain more through self-learning and develop a culture of continued learning. This is important especially since many will be practicing in remote areas. Conclusions: With support from affiliated centers, and using student centered learning ad ICTs, it may be possible to set up an ultrasound training institute in a low resourced country. Self-learning may be a way to cultivate continued learning by ultrasound trainees.
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Causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in schools for the blind in Ethiopia - Kello, Amir Bedri; Gilbert, Clare (British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2003)
To determine the causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in schools for the blind in Ethiopia, to aid in planning for the prevention and management of avoidable causes.Children attending three schools for the blind in Ethiopia were examined during April and May 2001 using the standard WHO/PBL eye examination record for children with blindness and low vision protocol. Data were analysed for those children aged less than 16 years using the EPI-INFO-6 programme.Among 360 pupils examined, 312 (96.7%) were aged <16 years. Of these children, 295 (94.5%) were blind or severely visually impaired. The major anatomical site of visual loss was cornea/phthisis (62.4%), followed by optic nerve lesions (9.8%), cataract/aphakia (9.2%), and lesions of the uvea (8.8%). The major aetiology was childhood factors (49.8%). The aetiology was unknown in 45.1% of cases. 68% of cases were considered to be potentially avoidable.Vitamin A deficiency and measles were the major causes of severe visual impairment/blindness in children in schools for the blind in Ethiopia. The majority of causes acquired during childhood could be avoided through provision of basic primary healthcare services.
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Influence of diet patterns on fuelwood consumption in Kenyan boarding schools and implications for data and energy policies - Kituyi, Evans; Kirubi, Charles (Energy Conversion and Management, 2003)
A study was devised to inquire into the influence of diet patterns in Kenyan boarding schools on the fuelwood consumption rates in these institutions and the implications of the findings on national data and energy policies. It was found that the incorporation of actual weekly diet patterns into the overall fuelwood estimation procedures reduced the mean daily per capita consumption rate by about 1.5 times compared to the reported rate derived from “spot” measurements. Considering the large number of students in these institutions countrywide, this reduction is significant. It is, therefore, likely that reported data on household fuelwood consumption in developing countries could be overestimated. This has negative implications on the policy making and energy planning processes that are dependent on this information. There is need to formulate policies to guide biomass energy consumption data acquisition and management processes in the country. There is also the need to strengthen institutional frameworks and capacity building schemes for biofuel data acquisition and management, both nationally and regionally.
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The Prevalence of Suicidal Behaviours among Secondary School Adolescents in the Limpopo Province, South Africa - Madu, Sylvester Ntomchukwu; Matla, M. P. (South African Journal of Psychology, 2003)
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of suicidal behaviours among secondary school adolescents in the Limpopo Province. The participants in this study were 435 secondary school adolescents from Polokwane and surrounds. Two hundred and forty-three (56%) participants were female, and 192 (44%) were male. They were aged between 15 and 19 years, with a mean age of 17.25 years ( SD = 1.34). A questionnaire was used to record participants' demographic data and suicidal behaviours, including suicidal thoughts and threats, plans, and attempts to commit suicide). Thirty-seven percent of the secondary school adolescents surveyed indicated having thought of taking their own lives; 17% had made threats or informed others about their suicidal intentions; 16% had made plans to take their own lives but did not carry them through; 21% reported having attempted to take their own lives. These results indicate that a higher percentage of males than females had attempted suicide. The most frequent method used for attempting suicide was self-poisoning (44% of the attempters), followed by drug overdoses (25.3%), hanging (22%), self-stabbing (2.2%), and other methods, such as, jumping from heights, starvation, and drug abuse (6.6%).
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Higher Education in Mozambique: A Case Study - Mário, Mouzinho; Fry, Peter; Levey, Lisbeth A.; Chilundo, Arlindo (2003)
Introduction - Historical Background - Students: access & equity - Teaching staff - Relevance, quality, quantity - Information & communication technologies (ICT) polices & use - Finance & governance - Conclusions & recommendations - References - Appendices
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Frequency and perceived credibility of reported sources of reproductive health information among primary school adolescents in Arusha, Tanzania - Masatu, Melkiory C.; Kvåle, Gunnar; Klepp, Knut‐Inge (Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2003)
Aims: To describe adolescents' sources of reproductive health information and perceived credibility of these sources. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1247 seventh grade pupils in Arusha district; enquiring their sources of reproductive health information and perceived credibility of these sources. Mean scores were computed for each type of information in relation to frequency of source and credibility, and scales for reproductive health information sources and credibility constructed. Analysis of covariance was used to compare mean scores by demographic and sexual behaviour variables. Results: Mass media ranked first as sources of reproductive health information, followed by teachers and health workers. Health workers ranked first in credibility followed by parents, while credibility rating for media was low. Religious leaders and respondents' friends played a rather minor role as sources of reproductive health information, and their credibility ratings were also low. Conclusion: Mass media were the most frequent sources of reproductive health information for primary school adolescents, but parents and health workers were regarded as more credible sources. Programmes seeking to promote reproductive health of young people should take into account the diverse arenas through which young people currently obtain reproductive health information, and strive to tap into and strengthen the full range of these arenas. Increased involvement of parents and health workers in providing reproductive health information to young people seem indispensable.
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Le Congo désarmé face à la pollution pétrolière - Mbaki, Esther Pabou (VertigO, 2003)
A Pointe-Noire, a la fois ville du petrole et capitale economique du Congo-Brazzaville, la pollution petroliere est un vrai probleme qui menace dangereusement aussi bien l'environnement que la sante des populations. Fort curieusement les societes petrolieres n'aiment jamais entendre parler de ce probleme. Pretextant qu'elles depensent autant d'argent pour les actions sociales en faveur de ces populations de cette ville. Les autorites congolaises, quant elles, ferment les yeux. De rares resolu...
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Higher education in Mauritius : an analysis of future financial sustainability - Mohadeb, Praveen (2003)
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Genotoxicity, Catalase, and Acetylcholinesterase in the Assessment of the Pollution Status of Some Sites on the Tunisian Littoral - Mohamed, Bennana; Rym, B. D.; Amor, El Abed; Boussetta, Hamadi (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2003)
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Education and nutrition linkages in Africa: evidence from national level analysis - Mukudi, Edith (International Journal of Educational Development, 2003)
National level data were analyzed to establish the nature of association and the magnitude of contribution of education exposure to variance on measures nutritional well-being across Africa. Height and weight dependent anthropometric measures were used to assess nutritional well-being. Literacy (illiteracy) rates were the measures of educational exposure. Education was found to have a direct effect on the weight dependent anthropometric measures and an indirect effect on the long-term measure of nutritional status. Female education had a direct effect on the food intake measure. The findings support the need to invest in provision of basic education for all.
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The Effects of African American Movement Styles on Teachers' Perceptions and Reactions - Neal, La Vonne I.; McCray, Audrey Davis; Webb-Johnson, Gwendolyn; Bridgest, Scott T. (Journal of Special Education, 2003)
This study examined teachers' perceptions of African American males' aggression and achievement and the need for special education services based on African American students' cultural movement styles (i.e., walking). The participants, 136 middle school teachers, viewed a videotape and completed a questionnaire. To study interaction effects between student ethnicity and student movement and teachers' ratings of student achievement, aggression, and need for special education, a completely randomized factorial analysis of variance was employed. The results indicated that the teachers perceived students with African American culture—related movement styles as lower in achievement, higher in aggression, and more likely to need special education services than students with standard movement styles. Implications for research are discussed.
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