Strategies for Connectivity Configuration to Access e-Learning Resources: Case of Rural Secondary Schools in Tanzania - Simba, Fatuma; Trojer, Lena; Mvungi, Nerey H.; Mwinyiwiwa, Bakari M. M.; Mjema, Emannuel (2009)
In response to address different development challenges, Tanzania is striving to achieve its fourth attribute of the National Development Vision, i.e. to have a well educated and learned society by the year 2025. One of the most cost effective methods that can reach a large part of the society in a short time is to integrate ICT in education through e-learning initiatives. However, e- learning initiatives are challenged by limited or lack of connectivity to majority of secondary schools, especially those in rural and remote areas. This paper has explores the possibility for rural secondary school to access online e-Learning resources from a centralized e- Learning Management System (e-LMS). The scope of this paper is limited to schools that have computers irrespective of internet connectivity, resulting in two categories schools; those with internet access and those without. Different connectivity configurations have been proposed according to the ICT infrastructure status of the respective schools. However, majority of rural secondary schools in Tanzania have neither computers nor internet connection. Therefore this is a challenge to be addressed for the disadvantaged schools to benefit from e-Learning initiatives.
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Transforming Education In South Africa - Hanssen, Helle Berggrav (2009)
openalex: W2777178099 mag: 2777178099
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Experience of Teaching and Researching Ergonomics in Germany and in South Africa - Goebel, Matthias (2009)
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Experience of Teaching and Researching Ergonomics in Germany and in South Africa - Goebel, Matthias (2009)
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The winds of change: climate change, poverty and the environment in Malawi. - Magrath, John R.; Sukali, Elvis (2009)
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Lesotho junior secondary science teachers' perceptions and use of past examination papers in teaching. - Majara, Sophia M. (2009)
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Stroke at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria - Onwuchewa, Arthur; BELL-GAM, Hope Ilanye; Asekomeh, God'spower Eshiofe (Tropical Doctor, 2009)
The case records of 202 consecutive adult Nigerian in-patients with stroke at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age at presentation was 62.62 +/- 14.2 years. The male to female ratio was 1:1.2. The commonest risk factors were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, older age and a previous history of stroke. Clinically, 67.3% had cerebral infarction (CI), while 27.7% had intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). The peak age of events for both sub-types was the 7th decade. The case fatality was 55.4% for ICH and 23.5% for CI. Thus, stroke is associated with high mortality at the UPTH. Improved emergency care of stroke patients is needed while the setting up of dedicated stroke centres is advocated. A community-based study is necessary to provide more insight into the problem and also highlight the basis for appropriate intervention and policy.
openalex: W2091443953 mag: 2091443953
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Emerging evidence on vouchers and faith-based providers in education : case studies from Africa, Latin America, and Asia - Barrera‐Osorio, Felipe; Anthony, Harry Patrinos; Wodon, Quentin (2009)
The case studies in this book provide useful information on the characteristics of students and the performance of various types of schools that benefit from public-private partnerships. While these case studies are empirically grounded, their results are not necessarily of universal application, because context also matters. The authors are careful to point out that while one of the case studies is based on an experiment, the other case studies use instruments or matching methods that have their limitations. Yet a key result from this work is that sound analyses of existing data are feasible and can yield useful conclusions about the contribution that private service providers can offer to educational development. These case studies will encourage more researchers to undertake similar work to demonstrate the many options that developing countries have to reach their education goals.
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Early bilingualism in Cameroon: where politics and education meet - Kuchah, Kuchah (2009)
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State-in-Society: the Mutual Constitutiveness of the Developmental State and Higher Education in South Africa - Thaver, Beverley; Thaver, Lionel (African sociological review, 2009)
Seeking to go beyond the pessimism and reification of contemporary analyses of the state inAfrica, this article applies Migdal’s State in Society (2001) approach to the field of highereducation transformation in South Africa. It argues that the state is best understood throughits actual practices, particularly at those points where it reaches into society through policyimplementation and, conversely, where society through its institutions in turn reaches into thestate. In the course of these engagements, social boundaries are constituted through alliances,accommodations and resistances and have a mutually transformative effect on both stateand society. The article shows how, with regard to both the image and the practices of thestate, the relationship between the developmental state and higher education in South Africareveals a range of tensions around issues such as accountability, autonomy, transformation andglobalisation; and it concludes that Migdal’s approach offers a fruitful theoretical corrective tostate-centric and socio-centric views of the state-society relationship
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Sociodemographic correlates of food habits among school adolescents (12–15 year) in north Gaza Strip - Abudayya, Abdallah Hassan; Stigum, Hein; Shi, Zumin; Abed, Yacine; Holmboe‐Ottesen, Gerd (BMC Public Health, 2009)
There is little information about meal patterns and food consumption of adolescents in Palestine. The objective of this study was to describe the association between sociodemographic factors and food intake, and meal patterns among Palestinian school adolescents (12-15 year) in North Gaza Strip.A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2002 comprising 944 subjects in 10 schools in Gaza city, Jabalia village and Jabalia refugee camp. Self-administered questionnaires were filled in by students and parents to obtain data on frequency of meals, food intake and sociodemographic characteristics.High household socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with the increased number of meals and the increased intakes of many nutritious foods such as; animal food items, fruits and vegetables and dairy foods. The percentage of adolescents having breakfast daily of high and low SES was 74.5% vs 55% in boys and 65.6% vs 45% in girls. The percentage of girls with refugee status who had lunch was higher (90.2%) compared to the local citizen girls (83.9%), (p = 0.03). Girls were less likely to skip daily lunch (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.36-0.87, p = 0.01) compared to boys. Risk of skipping lunch was three times higher among adolescents living in the village compared to Gaza well-off area (OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.72-6.31, p < 0.001). Adolescents who were having lunch daily were less likely to skip breakfast or dinner. Only 11.6% of boys and 16.2% of girls consumed fruits daily. In multivariate analysis, SES was positively associated with food frequency intake scores in both genders. Boys from the refugee camp and the village had a significant higher consumption of fruits and vegetables than boys from high and low income area in Gaza City, while it was the opposite in girls.Meal skipping is common, particularly among those of low SES and the intakes of many nutritious foods such as animal food items, fruits and vegetables and dairy foods seem to be low among adolescents of low SES. The results of this study could be used as an important base-line for future monitoring of the nutritional situation of adolescents.
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Assessment of Nutritional Status of Queens College Students of Lagos State, Nigeria - Akinyemi, Olasunkanmi Oriola; Ibraheem, A. G. (Pakistan journal of nutrition, 2009)
2 Abstract: Malnutrition is a major public health and social problems among secondary school students in Nigeria. The study focuses on the assessment of nutritional status of 40 Queens College Students of Lagos State age 10-19 years. It was glaringly shown that most of the nutrients are lacking with inadequate energy intake especially among students of younger ages.
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Obstacles to the problematization of time in an interdisciplinary approach: the explanation of some natural phenomena by Tunisian students and teachers - Bouganmi, Youssef (2009)
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Oral health status of 12-year-old school children in Khartoum state, the Sudan; a school-based survey - Nurelhuda, Nazik; Trovik, Tordis A.; Ali, Raouf Wahab; Ahmed, Mushtaq (BMC Oral Health, 2009)
Few studies have investigated the prevalence of dental caries among school children in the past decades in Sudan rendering it difficult to understand the status and pattern of oral health. A school-based survey was conducted using stratified random cluster sampling in Khartoum state, Sudan. Data was collected through interviews and clinical examination by a single examiner. DMFT was measured according to WHO criteria. Gingival index (GI) of Loe & Silness and Plaque index (PI) of Silness & Loe were used. The mean DMFT for 12-year-olds was found to be 0.42 with a significant caries index (SiC) of 1.4. Private school attendees had significantly higher DMFT (0.57) when compared to public school attendees (0.4). The untreated caries prevalence was 30.5%. In multivariate analysis caries experience (DMFT > 0) was found to be significantly and directly associated with socioeconomic status. The mean GI for the six index teeth was found to be 1.05 (CI 1.03 – 1.07) and the mean PI was 1.30 (CI 1.22 – 1.38). The prevalence of caries was found to be low. The school children with the higher socioeconomic status formed the high risk group.
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Delivering Education For All In Mali - Pearce, Caroline; Fourmy, Sébastien; Kovach, Hetty (2009)
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Size resolved dust emission fluxes measured in Niger during 3 dust storms of the AMMA experiment - Sow, Mamadou; Alfaro, S.; Rajot, Jean Louis; Marticorena, Béatrice (Atmospheric chemistry and physics (Print), 2009)
Abstract. During the 2006 and 2007 special observing periods of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis campaign an original experimental system has been implemented in Banizoumbou (Niger) for measuring the size-resolved dust emission flux in natural conditions and documenting the possible influence of wind speed on its size distribution. The instrumental set-up, associated methodology, and the quality tests applied to the data set are described before the results acquired during 2 events of the Monsoon type and 1 of the convective type are analyzed in detail. In good agreement with the theory of sandblasting, it is found in all cases that saltation must take place for a vertical emission flux to be detected. During a particular erosion event, the magnitude of the vertical flux is controlled by the surface roughness, which conditions the saltation threshold, and by the wind friction velocity. The dust flux released by the high energy convective event is also found to be much richer in very fine (<2 µm) particles than those of the relatively moderate Monsoon event, which shows that aerodynamic conditions definitely influence the initial size distribution of the erosion flux as previously suggested by wind tunnel experiments. However, the size distribution of the dust released by a given event is fairly constant and insensitive to even relatively important variations of u*. This is interpreted as a possible result of the rather long duration (15 min) over which wind fluctuations must be averaged for computing u*, which could make it an inadequate parameter for representing the very short response-time physical processes that are at the origin of fine dust emission at the measurement sites.
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From Cotton Field to Schoolhouse: African American Education in Mississippi, 1862-1875 - Span, Christopher M. (2009)
openalex: W2613688842 mag: 2613688842
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The Effect of Water-Rock Interaction in Groundwater Chemistry of Volcanic Aquifer of Axum, N. Ethiopia - Tesfamichael, Tewodros Alemayehu; Dietzel, Martin (2009)
openalex: W2969931129 mag: 2969931129
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Perceived Efficacy Beliefs of Prospective Nigerian Science Teachers - Arigbabu, Abayomi A.; Oludipe, Daniel Idowu (Journal of Science Education and Technology, 2009)
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The Social Conditions for Successful Peer Education: A Comparison of Two HIV Prevention Programs Run by Sex Workers in India and South Africa - Cornish, Flora; Campbell, Catherine (American journal of community psychology, 2009)
Peer education is a community-based intervention being implemented worldwide as an approach to HIV prevention. However, its results are inconsistent, with little consensus on why some projects succeed while others fail. Considering peer education as an 'intervention-in-context', we systematically compare the context and the implementation of two peer education interventions run by sex workers, one in India and one in South Africa, which produced contrasting outcomes. In so doing, we aim to identify key factors in the projects' successes or failures that may inform future peer education efforts. The Indian project's relative success was facilitated (1) by a more stable and supportive social, material and political context, and (2) by a community development ethos which devoted significant resources to sex workers' involvement, ownership and empowerment, as opposed to a biomedical approach which marginalised sex workers' concerns. We conclude with lessons learned and implications for current trends in peer education.
openalex: W2012905065 mag: 2012905065
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Inadequate feeding practices and impaired growth among children from subsistence farming households in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia - Gibson, Rosalind S.; Abebe, Yewelsew; Hambidge, K. Michael; Arbide, Isabel; Teshome, Aklilu; Stoecker, Barbara J. (Maternal and Child Nutrition, 2009)
Abstract Whether current child feeding practices and behaviours among rural households in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia conform to the World Health Organization (WHO) guiding principles for complementary feeding is uncertain. We assessed socio‐demographic status, anthropometry, breastfeeding, complementary feeding practices and behaviours, and motor development milestones in a convenience sample of 97 breastfed children aged 6–23 months from three rural Sidama communities. Energy and nutrient intakes from complementary foods were also calculated from 1‐day in‐home weighed records. Prevalence of stunting ranged from 25% for infants aged 6–8 months to 52% for children aged 12–23 months, whereas for wasting, the corresponding prevalence was 10% and 14%, respectively. Very few children were exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of age ( n = 2), or received solids/semi‐solids for the recommended minimum number of times containing the recommended number of food groups. Responsive feeding was not practised and no cellular animal products were consumed. Median intakes of energy, and intakes and densities of micronutrients from complementary foods (but not protein) were below WHO recommendations, assuming average breast milk intakes; greatest shortfalls were for retinol, vitamin C and calcium densities. Mothers of stunted children were shorter and lighter, and from households of lower socio‐economic status than non‐stunted children ( P < 0.05). Acquisition of some motor development milestones was delayed in stunted infants compared with their non‐stunted counter‐parts. In conclusion, interventions that address the WHO guiding principles for complementary feeding practices and behaviours, as well as prenatal influences on growth, are urgently required in this setting.
openalex: W2058358764 mag: 2058358764
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Training in online search skills at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania: the use of TEEAL and AGORA databases - Chilimo, Wanyenda (University of Dar es Salaam Library journal, 2009)
TEEAL and AGORA databases form an important part of the electronic resources at Sokoine National Agricultural Library in Tanzania (SNAL). This paper presents strategies that SNAL has used to ensure that students, academic staff and researchers at SNAL develop effective online search strategies that help them make effective use of various electronic resources including TEEAL, AGORA databases and other electronic resources. Major training methods are the use of formal and informal Information Literacy (IL) programmes, seminars and workshops and other innovative strategies like developing online tutorials. Some of these strategies have not only been essential in imparting online research skills to library users but also they have been important as a marketing strategy for these resources. The paper also discusses challenges and opportunities that are presented with the use of these databases, particularly in the context of university libraries in developing countries. Recommendations on how to improve the situation are made.
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Skills and training needs for use of electronic information resources (EIRs) among students in four Tanzanian Universities - Lwehabura, Mjf (University of Dar es Salaam Library journal, 2009)
This article is based on a broader study that investigated the status and practice of Information Literacy (IL) for teaching and learning in four Tanzanian universities; namely Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), University of Dar-Es-Salaam (UDSM), Iringa University College (IUCO) and Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT). The primary intention of the study was to establish the best ways of introducing and improving IL programmes in these institutions. The article reports on the findings regarding students’ knowledge, skill and training needs in using Electronic Information Resources (EIRs). Data was collected using a questionnaire-based survey administered to 1123 undergraduate students. Probability sampling was used to sample students across the four universities, faculties and years of study. The response rate was 59.1%. The study findings revealed that although students in Tanzanian universities have access to and use various EIRs both for academic and non-academic work they still lack adequate knowledge and skills in some aspects, including searching and evaluation. The article therefore recommends the development of ICT infrastructures, that librarians and teaching staff become role models and mentors to students in using EIRs, and that teaching staff adopt an active learning and student-centred approach in their teaching as well as strengthening IL programmes as intervention measures for improving students’ skills in using EIRs.
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Application of communities of practice in managing tacit knowledge in higher learning institutions: Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania - Lwoga, Edda Tandi; Chilimo, Wanyenda (University of Dar es Salaam Library journal, 2009)
Universities and other higher learning institutions are recognized to be in the knowledge business because they are involved in knowledge creation, dissemination and learning.However, in recent years knowledge has gained increasing economic importance and therefore the role of knowledge management and communities of practice for knowledge creation, sharing and utilization in higher learning institution is becoming crucial.This paper discusses the application of Communities of Practice (CoP) as a means of capturing and sharing organizational knowledge in higher learning institutions.CoPs are informal networks that enable professionals to develop a shared meaning, engage in knowledge building and help to stimulate knowledge flow among the members.Effectively cultivated CoPs can be an important strategy for tapping and harnessing tacit knowledge and facilitating knowledge sharing.This paper draws on an extensive literature review and on various case studies that deal with the concept of communities of practice.The paper discusses the postulation as to how CoPs can be used for harnessing tacit knowledge in higher learning institutions.Relevant theories with regard to CoPs are also highlighted, and applied in practice at the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in Tanzania as a case study.Lastly, the paper give recommendations on how best CoPs can be implemented in managing tacit knowledge in higher learning institutions, especially in Africa.
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Gender analysis of sexual and reproductive health information access and use: a study of university student communities in Tanzania - Manda, Paul A. (University of Dar es Salaam Library journal, 2009)
This paper examines the state of access to and use of SRH information services in four universities in Tanzania in the context of gender dynamics and relations. The study was conducted among student communities at the University of Dar es Salaam, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mzumbe University and Sokoine University ofAgriculture. The overall research design integrated both qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The major methods of data collection were survey, focus group discussion and key informant interview. A final sample of 194 undergraduate students was selected conveniently with 51% males and 49% females. The key finding of this study was that gender does not influence SRH information access and use. The baseline conditions of SRH information and service provision in the four universities revealed the following. First, SRH information services were available but not adequate. Second, students could access a wide range of sources of SRH information but the actual use was concentrated and limited to only three major sources which were radio, television and friends. Specialized information sources such as health workers and brochures/leaflets were rarely used. Third, awareness of the availability of SRH services in the Universities was not wide spread among students and a significantly large percentage of students think that they cannot access SRH information in the universities and have a negative attitude towards the provision of SRH information services in the universities. Major factors that influenced access to and use of SRH information and services in the universities in Tanzania were diverse in nature. Despite the challenges, the findings have revealed that the following opportunities exist: extensive SRH knowledge among students, a reasonable degree of availability of SRH services, and an increasing demand for these services from students. Finally, the paper makes detailed recommendations on SRH service provision; gender mainstreaming in SRH service provision; family planning; IEC and BCC; marketing and promoting SRH services, etc.
openalex: W2015948283 mag: 2015948283
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Secondary Education Development Plan (SEDP) and the provision of library service in Tanzania: a Case Study of Sumbawanga Municipality - Ntulo, G; Nawe, Julita (University of Dar es Salaam Library journal, 2009)
This article examines the status of school library service provision after the establishment of the Secondary Education Development Plan (SEDP) in Sumbawanga Municipality, Tanzania.Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and observation from four secondary schools.Findings show that the surveyed schools had libraries, with various materials, like books, magazines, video and audio tapes.CD-ROMs and computers were rarely found.Findings also revealed that although there were some improvements in the quality of library collections after the introduction of SEDP, the library services offered did not meet learning and teaching needs.There were few books, and space and furniture were inadequate.It is recommended that school library services should be prioritized with a variety of resources in print and electronic formats.As a long-term measure school libraries should be managed by professional staff.Lastly, Education programmes like SEDP should include all education stakeholders, including library experts, who would advise the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MOEVT) and the government in general on issues concerning school library services.
openalex: W2043641269 mag: 2043641269
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University Crisis and Student Strikes in Africa: The Case of the University of Buea (Cameroon) - Konings, Piet (Métropole (Rabat), 2009)
The deepening crisis in African universities has had grave consequences for stu- dents who are faced with a dramatic deterioration in their living and study condi- tions and bleak prospects for future employment. The authoritarian management style and political control prevailing in most of these universities form formidable obstacles for students wishing to voice their grievances and organize in defence of their interests. However, African students seem not to be resigned to their fate and instead have displayed a growing activism that is reflected in various forms of protest, including strike actions. This study focuses on two recent violent strikes in the English-speaking University of Buea (UB) in Anglophone Cameroon. Like most other student protests in Africa during the ongoing process of economic and political liberalization, the UB students went on strike in an attempt to improve their unsatisfactory living and study conditions and to create democratic space within and outside the university. What was peculiar to the UB strikes was that they were inspired by deep feelings among the Anglophone student community of being more oppressed and marginalized than their Francophone counterparts, owing to their Anglophone identity, by the Francophone-dominated post-colonial state.
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Revisiting and Reconsidering Authenticity in Science Education: Theory and the Lived Experiences of Two African American Females - Parsons, Eileen Carlton (2009)
The term authenticity is used in various areas and in different ways in science education. Among the many domains, the term can be found in investigations and discussions on assessment, curricula, educational contexts, and instructional approaches like inquiry and project-based learning. In each of these areas, the meaning of authenticity is seldom explicit. Oftentimes, readers must infer its meaning from how the term is employed and how it is situated within the surrounding texts. In this chapter, I revisit and reconsider the notion of authenticity via a parallel presentation. One exposition illustrates the previously stated in the life spaces of two African American women whose experiences are situated in two distinctive eras in the history of the US. The other presentation examines authenticity from a theoretical perspective. I conclude by positing a multidimensional view of authenticity in science education for African Americans as a collective.
openalex: W3215051946 mag: 3215051946
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Gender Inequality in Secondary and Higher Education of Eritrea: Issues and Perspectives - Rena, Ravinder (Social Science Research Network, 2009)
The women play a key role in economic growth and development. World Bank and IMF studies have shown that the economies of the developing countries are losing billions of US dollars because women are still discriminated against in economic life. Eritrean women contribute largely for the freedom and economic development. The girls’ education during the colonial periods is found to be gloomy but the situation improved after the independence in terms of girls’ number in the schools. The ideological construction of gender identities in the country promotes males as being more important in the society. This paper examines some of the rationale for the women’s education and the discrimination against them in Eritrea. The paper highlights the girls’ participation in education both at secondary and tertiary levels. The paper argues that girls’ and women’s access to secondary education is not optimal for them to achieve their empowerment and finally it entails from stakeholders to join hands to empower women in all dimensions (i.e., economically, socially, politically, psychologically and technologically) so that they can fulfill their potentials for sustainable development.
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Where are the Gaps?: HIV and Gender Pre-service Teacher Training Curriculum and Practices in East Africa - Farah, Iffat; Kavuma, Caroline; Mwingi, Mweru; Onyango, Orwe (2009)
openalex: W300887759 mag: 300887759
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School Construction Strategies for Universal Primary Education in Africa - Theunynck, Serge (2009)
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School Construction Strategies for Universal Primary Education in Africa - Theunynck, Serge (2009)
openalex: W2489654103 mag: 2489654103
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School Construction Strategies for Universal Primary Education in Africa: Should Communities Be Empowered to Build Their Schools? - Theunynck, Serge (2009)
This book examines the scope of the infrastructure challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa and the constraints to scaling up at an affordable cost. It assesses the experiences of African countries with school planning, school facility designs, construction technologies, and construction management over the past thirty years, and draws lessons on promising approaches to enable African countries to scale up the facilities required to achieve the Education for All (EFA) goals and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of complete quality primary education for all children at the lowest marginal cost. The book is organized along the following lines. Chapter one reviews the nature and scope of the primary school infrastructure challenges. Chapter two reviews the experience of African countries with school planning and resource allocation norms and how they have affected the volume, functionality, and distribution of primary school facilities. Chapters three, four, and five examine the impact of construction technology and approaches to construction management on the cost of school infrastructure and the ability to scale up. Chapter six delves more deeply into how to set up one of the most cost- effective approaches to school provision the community-based approach. Chapter seven looks at maintenance issues. Chapter eight deals with corruption and chapter nine with donors. Chapter ten provides an estimate of the infrastructure cost of the EFA challenge and recommendation for countries and donors to improve the efficiency of the resources spent for school construction.
openalex: W1927579135 mag: 1927579135
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An Integrative Perspective on Students’ Proportional Reasoning in High School Physics in a West African Context - Akatugba, Ayo Harriet; Wallace, John (International Journal of Science Education, 2009)
This study examines students’ use of proportional reasoning in high school physics problem‐solving in a West African school setting. An in‐depth, constructivist, and interpretive case study was carried out with six physics students from a co‐educational senior secondary school in Nigeria over a period of five months. The study aimed to elicit students’ meanings, claims, concerns, constructions, and interpretations of their difficulty with proportional reasoning as they worked on a series of 18 high school physics tasks. Multiple qualitative research techniques were employed to generate, analyse, and interpret data. Results indicated that several socio‐cultural, psychosocial, cognitive, and mathematical issues were associated with students’ use of proportional reasoning in physics. Students’ capacity to reason proportionally was not only linked to their difficulty with the concept, structure, and strategies of proportional reasoning as a learning and problem‐solving skill, but was also embedded in the social, cultural, cognitive, and contextual elements involved in the learning of physics. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications for teaching high school physics.
openalex: W2162073935 mag: 2162073935
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Medical education in Libya: The challenges - Benamer, Hani Ts; Bakoush, Omran (Medical Teacher, 2009)
The history of medical education in Libya spans over a period of 40 years. Medical schools had a good and promising start in the 1970s. The graduates of the first few classes had a good impact on the health services in Libya. However, the medical schools did not embrace the immense changes that medical education experienced over the last two decades. This article aims to give a background on the medical education in Libya and explore the challenges facing it, which may help in gaining the initial momentum that seems to have been lost.
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Focusing Agricultural Education for Better Productivity in Nigeria in the 21st Century - Egun, A.C. (International journal of educational sciences, 2009)
The study examined the phenomenon of parental preference for private secondary schools in Nigeria.The population consisted all the parents and guardians of children in private secondary schools.Purposive random sampling was used to select 750 parents from various private schools during the Parents-Teacher Association (PTA) meeting.An instrument designated Parental Preference for Private Secondary Schools (PPSS) was used to collect data.The instrument was validated and reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87.The results were analysed using frequency counts and percentages.The findings revealed some factors such as teacher quality and quantity, facilities, class size, curriculum practices, stability of academic activities, disciplinary concerns, cost effectiveness and overall output quality as responsible concepts preference to private secondary schools Some of the recommendations made were curriculum implementation should be more targeted and student specific in public schools, public school administrators are encouraged to learn form best practices that makes private secondary school such an attractive option for both students and parents.Government is encouraged to borrow leaf from the management and supervision of charter schools in Columbia and Philippines who designed quality activity and requirements that are consistent with the ever charging intellectual, social and physical development of the child.
openalex: W4251429947
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Perceptions of Principals’ Responsibilities in-Loco-Parentis in Nigerian Secondary Schools - Nakpodia, E. D. (International journal of educational sciences (Delhi) (Print), 2009)
The study examined the phenomenon of parental preference for private secondary schools in Nigeria.The population consisted all the parents and guardians of children in private secondary schools.Purposive random sampling was used to select 750 parents from various private schools during the Parents-Teacher Association (PTA) meeting.An instrument designated Parental Preference for Private Secondary Schools (PPSS) was used to collect data.The instrument was validated and reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87.The results were analysed using frequency counts and percentages.The findings revealed some factors such as teacher quality and quantity, facilities, class size, curriculum practices, stability of academic activities, disciplinary concerns, cost effectiveness and overall output quality as responsible concepts preference to private secondary schools Some of the recommendations made were curriculum implementation should be more targeted and student specific in public schools, public school administrators are encouraged to learn form best practices that makes private secondary school such an attractive option for both students and parents.Government is encouraged to borrow leaf from the management and supervision of charter schools in Columbia and Philippines who designed quality activity and requirements that are consistent with the ever charging intellectual, social and physical development of the child.
openalex: W4248653129
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Advancing Environmental Education and Training for Sustainable Management of Environmental Resources in Palestine - Al-Sa’ed, Rashed; Abu-Madi, Maher; Heun, J.C. (Applied environmental education and communication (Online), 2009)
This article describes the various capacity-building activities at the Institute of Environmental and Water Studies of Birzeit University during the past 10 years. It highlights the gained experience in advancing environmental science and engineering education and training programs as components of sustainable water and environmental management schemes. Furthermore, the major constraints faced, and future plans to sustain and enhance the capacity-building activities, are also introduced and discussed. Critical analysis of the past and ongoing educational and training programs provided clear evidence that environmental education and research capacity building in Palestine is still underutilized and threatened by a persistent lack of financial resources. The data presented should also be of interest to international agencies engaged in strengthening higher education.
openalex: W3124718752 mag: 3124718752
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Students' misconceptions about light in Algeria - Blizak, Djanette; Chafiqi, F.; Kendil, D. (Proceedings of SPIE, 2009)
Physics education research has shown that students have difficulties in learning essential optics concepts. Therefore, in this present work we deal with student’s conceptions in geometrical optics field. Our objective is to show the Algerian students misconceptions. We proposed to 246 students in first year university (aged 18–21) a closed questionnaire where most of its questions were already used by other researchers. The misunderstandings identified were compared with those in literature. The results show that our students have the same misconceptions, related to the propagation of the light, the vision, the refraction and the reflexion, as the students in other countries (Andersson, Çiğdem ŞAHİN, Galili, Goldberg, Viennot). We investigate new students “misconception” concerning the propagation of the light in the vacuum.
openalex: W1980643122 mag: 1980643122
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Prevalence And Disabilities Caused By Guinea-Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis) Infection Among Rural Dwellers In Ebonyi State, Nigeria - Nwakor, FN; Ekwe, KC; Azoro, VA (Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 2009)
A survey was carried out in 2001 to ascertain the status of Guinea worm disease infection among farm households in Ebonyi Local Government Area (LGA) of Ebonyi State. A total of 3,777 respondents were randomly sampled from 15 communities that comprised the LGA. The sample respondents were clinically examined and then interviewed with structured questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using percentages, frequency and ratios. Results of the study revealed that a total of 192 respondents were infected by the disease which gave prevalence rate of 5.08%. Majority(54.15%) of the infected persons were farmers who were in the prime of their productive lives. It is therefore recommended that portable clean and safe drinking water should be provided to the rural communities in the study area. This requires the assistance of both governments and non-government organizations. Again, awareness campaign should be mounted in the study area to sensitize the rural communities on the prevalence of the disease in their area as well as the necessary precautionary measures to avoid infection of the disease. On the other hand health and agricultural extension workers should educate the rural households on the various safety measures to prevent infection of thedisease and/or manage the disease if one becomes infected.
openalex: W2019174036 mag: 2019174036
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Educational Background as Predictor of Lexical Richness Among Libyan and Saudi Arabian ESL Students - Andrews, Sally J (2009)
It has been acknowledged that using a varied vocabulary is tied to academic success. While most studies concerning vocabulary use and acquisition consider only a student's first language (L1), this study includes the educational and linguistic backgrounds from two groups that share an L1, Arabic. By examining the written texts of Libyan and Saudi Arabian students who come from very different educational and linguistic backgrounds, we can begin to better understand what influences vocabulary acquisition and use.In the present study, it was hypothesized that, due to their exposure to English and Romance languages, the Libyan ESL students should use a richer vocabulary than the Saudi Arabian students. To gauge the students' lexical richness, various measures were employed; the Type/Token ratio (TTR), the Guiraud Index, the Lexical Frequency Profiler (LFP). The students' scores from the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency (MTELP) test were also considered. Libyan students scored significantly higher on the MTELP test but had lower mean scores of lexical richness. Counter to the hypothesis, data suggested that Saudi Arabian students used more low-frequency words than their Libyan counterparts. It was suggested that motivation may be an important factor in learning and using vocabulary and the Saudi Arabian students, cognizant of not knowing vocabulary, work harder at learning it.
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Is the Papuan Harrier Circus spilonotus spilothorax a globally threatened species? Ecology, climate change threats and first population estimates from Papua New Guinea - Simmons, Robert E.; Legra, Leo (Bird Conservation International, 2009)
We undertook a 3-week expedition to Papua New Guinea in April-May 2007 to assess the breeding, threats and population densities of the Papuan Harrier Circus spilonotus spilothorax and to determine a first global population estimate for this almost entirely unknown species. Two of the first nests known were discovered in April 2007 with three chicks each, in the eastern lowlands, in rank grass and reeds. The melanistic form of this subspecies was more common in the lowlands (< 1,500 m a.s.l) than in the highlands, but interbreeding of this and the typical form occurred in the lowlands. Movements of identifiable individuals through two highland grasslands indicated up to eight birds per day on passage, corroborating local knowledge that other raptors move into the highlands at the start of the dry season (April). Linear road counts indicated no harriers in the wooded highlands but up to 2.9 harriers 10 km−1 in lowland grasslands. Area counts gave an average of 6.5 harriers 100 km−2 in the grasslands and a breeding density of 1.21 nests 100 km−2. Given that preferred grassland and swamp habitat comprises c. 7% of the forest-dominated island of New Guinea, the global Papuan Harrier population can be no more than c. 3,600 birds and c. 740 breeding pairs. Wildfires peaked at 38 per month in the study area, occur throughout the dry season, and led to the loss of both nests. This suggests that many nests and prey may be lost at critical times and burning may be ultimately detrimental for the species. Grassland fires throughout Indonesia and Papua New Guinea are increasing with climatic warming and ENSO events, so we suggest that the Papuan Harrier may warrant a 'Vulnerable' conservation ranking due to small total population size and an accelerated reduction in habitat quality due to ongoing climate change.
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Alcohol use among school-going adolescents in Harare, Zimbabwe: results from the 2003 Global School-Based Health Survey - Siziya, Seter; Rudatsikira, Emmanuel; Muula, Adamson S (Tanzania health research bulletin, 2009)
Data from the Global School-Based Health Survey (2003) were analysed to estimate the proportions of relevant socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics.Of the 1997 students who participated in the survey, 15.6% (17.1% males and 14.0% females) reported alcohol consumption.Factors associated with consumption of alcohol use were being worried, bullied, smoking cigarettes, truant, and lack of parental supervision.Students who were never worried were 49% (AOR=0.51[95%CI (0.36, 0.72)]) less likely to consume alcohol compared to students who were most of the time or always worried.Similarly, students who were never bullied were 42% (AOR=0.57[95%CI (0.42, 0.77)]) less likely to take alcohol compared to students who were bullied at least six times in the previous one month to the survey.Compared to students who smoked cigarettes, non-smokers were 71% (AOR=0.29 [95%CI (0.21, 0.41)]) less likely to consume alcohol.Compared to students who always received parental supervision, students who rarely received parental supervision were more likely (AOR=1.85 [95%CI (1.19, 2.90)] to consume alcohol, and those students who sometimes received parental supervision were less likely (AOR=0.70[95%CI (0.50, 0.98)] to consume alcohol.There is a need to implement public health interventions with special attention to the determinants of alcohol consumption in this age group.
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Investigations of the March 2006 African dust storm using ground‐based column‐integrated high spectral resolution infrared (8–13 μm) and visible aerosol optical thickness measurements: 1. Measurement procedures and results - Thomas, Michael J.; Gautier, Catherine; Ricchiazzi, P. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009)
The infrared (IR) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) spectra of Saharan dust measured during the Portable Infrared Aerosol Transmission Experiment (PIRATE) are reported. Saharan dust optical thickness (extinction) spectra from 8 to 13 μ m were obtained using column‐integrated solar transmission measurements in Puerto Rico in July 2005 and Senegal in January and March 2006 (during a dust plume) using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The FTIR measured the solar spectral irradiance in the IR in the presence of Saharan dust, and the AOT was determined by comparing the measured spectra to modeled downwelling spectra without dust for the same atmospheric temperature profile, solar zenith angle, water vapor, and ozone concentrations. The modeled dust‐free spectra are generated using the Santa Barbara Disort Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) program. The measured dust AOT is compared with modeled AOT spectra obtained using Mie theory with dust indices of refraction from Volz and Fouquart with assumed lognormal size distributions. When the visible AOT values from nearby Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sensors are compared to the IR AOT values, results from various dust loadings show that the IR dust AOT at 9.5 μ m is typically only one third that of the visible (670 nm) dust AOT, but there is some evidence that this ratio could increase for larger dust size distributions. The surface IR dust forcing is determined to be about −0.4 W/m 2 by summing the dusty and clear irradiance differences.
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Prevalence of hypertension and its complications among medical admissions at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu (Study 2). - Ike, SO (PubMed, 2009)
To evaluate the prevalence pattern of hypertension and its complications among medical admissions and compare the findings with those of a previous study conducted at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu.A review of all the admissions into the medical wards of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, between December 1998 and November 2003, was done.Of the 7399 patients admitted during the period, 1360 (18.4%) had hypertension related diseases. These were 798 (58.7%) males and 562 (41.3%) females, giving a male: female ratio of 1.4:1. There was a progressive increase in the age-specific prevalence of hypertension cases with advancing age, but presenting with only 6 (0.4%) patients in the over 90 years age group. Hypertensive congestive heart failure accounted for 26.5% of the cases and 46.1% of the hypertensive complications. Myocardial infarction was documented in 7 patients. Hypertension with its complications, contributed more than two thirds (69.6%) of the cardiovascular system admissions.The prevalence of hypertension, with its complications, is increasing, when compared with a previous study. This calls for a multifaceted approach aimed at ensuring the achievement of better blood pressure control, so as to obviate the attendant complications.
openalex: W2395309222 mag: 2395309222
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Age At Menarche Of School Girls In Urban Benin City - Momoh, MI; Okonkwo, Chioma A. (Annals of Biomedical Sciences, 2009)
Age at menarche is a well recognized risk factor for breast cancer. This study is to determine what the age at menarche is for girls in urban Benin City in this first decade of the new millennium. A structured questionnaire to obtain the date of birth, date of menarche, height in centimeters, weight in kilograms, level of education and occupation of both parents were self administered to respondents in a secondary grammar school in urban Benin City. Data were analyzed using standard deviation and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were a total of 422 respondents ofwhich 357 had attained menarche. Age range at menarche was 9 – 17 years with a mean of 13.16 ±STD 1.22 with a 95% Confidence interval of 13.03 – 13.28 years. Girls from upper social class attained menarche 12 months earlier than those of social class 5. The current age at menarche for the urban Benin City school girls is 13.16 years. With a confidence interval of 13.03 – 13.28 years, it can be regarded that those who saw their period for the first at ages 9, 10 and11 years have attained early menarche and thus have one risk factor for breast cancer.Key Words: Age, Menarche, Urban Benin City.
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A Kap Study Of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection Among Medical Students In University Of Benin - Omuemu, VO; Omuemu, C.E; Agboghoroma, OF; Akofu, AN; Benka-Coker, AO (Annals of Biomedical Sciences, 2009)
Background: Hepatitis B virus infection which is the world’s most common blood borne viral infection is highly endemic in Nigeria. Health care workers including medical students are at risk of acquiring the infection while at work. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of HBV infection among medical students in the University of Benin.Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out among 300 pre-clinical and clinical medical students. Stratified sampling method was used in selecting participants. Data was collected by pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. Results: Mean age of respondents was 23.8 + 3.8 years. Overall knowledge of Hepatitis B infection was high (65.7%) and this was significantly higher among the clinical (99.3%)than the pre-clinical students (31.1%), p < 0.0001. The males (96.7%) had more positive attitude to the infection than the females (87.4%). Less than 10% of the respondents knew their HBV status and less than a quarter had been vaccinated against the infection. Poor awareness, non-availability and high cost of vaccine were identified as factorsdiscouraging the uptake of vaccine. Conclusion: Though, overall knowledge and attitude to HBV infection was good, there is need to develop guidelines to ensure that medical students are not only fully vaccinatedagainst HBV but adequate practice of standard precaution is adhered to.Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Hepatitis B Virus, Medical students.
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Hear Today - Hearing Loss Tomorrow: a Preliminary Survey of South African First Year University Students' Personal Audio Player User Habits and Knowledge - Tuomi, Seppo K.; Jelliman, Marlize (South African Family Practice, 2009)
Background Noise induced hearing loss is increasingly being diagnosed among young adults. This phenomenon has been associated with increased use of personal audio devices (PAD’s), such as iPods, Mp3-Players and other similar devices. Information on the listening habits and their impact on hearing is limited to a few overseas studies. The present study gathered preliminary information on the local users’ listening habits and knowledge of the potential dangers of these devices. Method Portable audio player listening habits of 100 first year university students, their knowledge of the devices and their potential hearing hazards were assessed by means of a web-based survey. In addition, the students’ awareness of noise induced hearing loss was investigated. Results A majority of the students surveyed owned a personal audio device. They tended to listen to their devices long and loud. They seemed unaware of the important features of the devices and aspects that might increase the risk of hearing loss. They possessed a reasonable understanding of noise induced hearing loss. Conclusions Similarly to overseas youngsters, a large portion of the first year university students used these devices in a manner which could increase the risk of noise induced hearing loss. A large minority of the respondents seemed to show little or no concern over the potential negative impact of the devices. It is clear that additional research is needed to establish more representative data and to find ways to prevent the potential negative impacts of the devices. The results suggest that health personnel should immediately start dissemination of information about potential hearing hazards to their clientele.
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Meaningful Early Literacy Learning Experiences: Lessons from South Africa - Bloch, Carole (2009)
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African ministers lay out climate-change policy - Nayar, Anjali (Nature, 2009)
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Agriculture and future climate dynamics in Africa : impacts and adaptation options - Nhemachena, Charles (2009)
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Social Justice in African Education in the Age of Globalization - Tikly, Leon; Dachi, Hillary A. (2009)
openalex: W1580451514 mag: 1580451514
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Africa declares its stance for climate-change talks (Nature, 2009)
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Education: Zimbabwe—Facing Collapse (Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, 2009)
Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural SeriesVolume 46, Issue 5 p. 17988A-17988A Education: Zimbabwe—Facing Collapse First published: 22 June 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2009.02393.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume46, Issue5June 2009Pages 17988A-17988A RelatedInformation
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Opportunities for collaborative research and training on cancer in Africa. - Adebamowo, Clement (African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2009)
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Cancer in Africa: opportunities for collaborative research and training. - Adebamowo, Clement; Akarolo-Anthony, Sally (PubMed, 2009)
Cancer is a worldwide public health problem causing increasing morbidity and mortality, particularly in the developing world. Underlying trends are changing the pattern of cancer and this is also being influenced by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Even though the pattern of cancer varies across Africa, there are identifiable trends. Breast and cervical cancers, and Kaposi sarcoma are the commonest cancers in women, while Kaposi sarcoma, liver and prostate cancers are the commonest in men. Cancer causes more morbidity and mortality in Africa compared to other parts of the world. Infections account for a disproportionate amount of cancers in Africa. The HIV epidemic is contributing to increased prevalence of many cancers particularly those associated with Herpes and Papilloma viruses. Tobacco use, another major carcinogen, is increasing, particularly among the young. Dietary factors, alcohol use, physical inactivity and environmental pollution are also important aetiological factors of cancer in Africa. In developing countries, poverty, limited government health budget and poor health care systems complicate cancer prevention, treatment and outcomes. Coordinated response by international agencies and NGOs is needed to help developing countries and several successful models exist. More action is also needed on ensuring safety and quality of chemotherapy and the price needs to be reduced. Responses advocated for cancer control in Africa include banning tobacco use, better regulation of alcohol sale, better environmental planning and immunization against cancer associated viruses. Training of health care workers to diagnose cancer and treat it effectively within limited budgets is needed. Research to develop these new treatments and others, particularly from natural products is urgently needed and this can be done safely within established health research ethics regulatory frameworks. Several opportunities for collaborative research and training include an update of the epidemiology of cancers in African females; the relationship between HIV and other carcinogenic viruses; biological factors making cancers in Africa more lethal; cheaper vaccines that will be more available and easier to store and hence can be included in the immunization programme in African countries and development of vaccines like the HPV against other uncommon serotypes of the virus.
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Congenital club foot in a teaching hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. - Adewole, OA; Giwa, Solomon O.; Kayode, M O; Shoga, M O; Ra, Balogun (PubMed, 2009)
Congenital club foot has been sparsely reported in literature in Nigeria, although it has been reported as the commonest congenital musculoskeletal abnormality. This study enumerates the point prevalence of this disease in a university teaching hospital in Lagos. Better understanding of the epidemiology in our community should improve awareness, and influence management. Between June 2005 and July 2006, 72 consecutive patients with congenital club feet were seen in the orthopaedic clinic of our Hospital. Demographic data, birth weight, family history, birth facility, maternal age and associated congenital anomalies were recorded and analysed using Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15. A total of 72 patients were seen, 28 of whom had bilateral club feet resulting in a total of 100 feet. There were 38 males and 34 females. Only 29% presented in the first month of life and 28% in the second month. Maternal ages ranged between 19 and 38 years and no family history of congenital club foot was given,. Babies delivered outside the orthodox medical system (churches, traditional healers, home etc) constituted 28%. The commonest associated congenital anomalies were tibia hemimelia, hydrocephalus, inguinal hernia and umbilical hernia. A default rate of 28% was observed during treatment. Congenital club foot may not be uncommon in Nigeria. Late presentation and high default rate before correction of the deformity were observed. Establishment of special club foot clinics should reduce the default rate. Training of healthcare workers in maternity units as well as Public awareness should encourage early referral to specialists.
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Some aquatic insects and invertebrates as bioindicators for the evaluation of bacteriological pollution in El-Zomor and El-Mariotya canals, Giza, Egypt - Adham, Fatma K.; Gabre, Refaat M.; Ibrahim, Ibrahim A. (Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology, 2009)
Some aquatic insects and invertebrates were used for monitoring t he effect of bacteriological pollution upon water quality during two years (October, 2001- August, 2003) at six sampling sites situated at El -Zomor and El-Mariotya canals (branches from the River Nile), Giza Governorate, Egypt. Results obtained revealed that 5 species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecium & Proteus mirabilis) were detected from water samples. K. pneumonia, S. faecium and P. mirabilis were not detected at IIIZ site and; S. faecium was not detected at IIZ sampling site. Meanwhile only two species (E. coli & E. faecalis) were detected in all El -Mariotya canal sampling sites. E. coli & E. faecalis showed high bacterial counts during summer months. The bacterial species isolated from aquatic insects belong to different orders mainly Diptera ; Ephemeroptera and Odonata; however, there is no isolation of bacteria from aquatic inv ertebrate belonging to orders Cladocera & Cyclopoida. The 5 bacterial species that were detected in the water samples were isolated from the collected aquatic insects at IZ sampling site, while at IIZ sampling site 4 species (E. coli, K. pneumonia, E. faecalis & P. mirabilis) and only two species (E. coli & E. faecalis) at IIIZ sampling sit e. However, only 2 species of bacteria (E. coli & E. faecalis) were isolated from ElMariotya canal. It is clear that some aquatic stages of Diptera, Ephemeroptera and Odonata could be selected as bioindicator of water bacterial pollution .
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Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self Examination in Female Health Workers in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria - Agboola, Ayodeji; Deji-Agboola, AM; Oritogun, Kolawole S; Musa, A.A.; Oyebadejo, TY; Ayoade, BA (International Medical Journal Malaysia (Online), 2009)
Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self examination (BSE) among female health workers in Sagamu. Methods: Questionnaire was used to obtain information such as demographic characteristics, knowledge of breast cancer, attitudes towards BSE and questions relating to practices of BSE from female health workers. Statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and Chi Square method. Results: The medical doctors had more knowledge about breast cancer than the nurses and laboratory scientists. The medical doctors (81.8%), laboratory scientists (56.5%) and the nurses (41.4%) knew the correct timing and frequency for performance of BSE. The monthly practice of BSE was very low among the nurses (30%), while only 68.2% of the doctors and 78.3% of laboratory scientist admitted carrying out BSE monthly. The doctors (68.2%), nurses (35.7%) and laboratory scientist (30.4%) started BSE below the age of 19 years. Conclusion: The results indicate that the nurses had poor attitude towards BSE and this affected their practice of BSE though they had knowledge. The finding that some of the female health workers did not practice BSE, suggests that there is a need for continuing education programs to change attitude and behaviour towards BSE.
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HIV education in South African schools: The dilemma and conflicts of educators - Ahmed, Nazeema; Flisher, Alan J.; Mathews, Catherine; Mukoma, Wanjirû; Jansen, Shahieda (Scandinavian journal of public health, 2009)
Educators within the school system are well placed to facilitate the dissemination of knowledge and skills in order for adolescents to be equipped for appropriate sexual decision-making. The aim of this research was to provide an understanding of educators' beliefs, attitudes and behaviours with regard to sexual and reproductive health promotion.Individual interviews were conducted with 15 educators from demographically diverse high schools in the Western Cape. One-off interviews were conducted with Grade 8 Life Orientation educators and principals. The interviews were audio-recorded, with one exception. The resulting data were analysed using the qualitative computer package NVivo, as well as the grounded theory method.The findings indicate that many educators are conflicted about HIV and sex education, as they perceive it as contradicting their values and beliefs. The overwhelming majority was in support of the promotion of abstinence, but felt personally challenged in teaching safe sex practices.The impact of broader socioeconomic factors on education was noted, such as the dysfunctional homes of learners, poor role models, inadequate life-skills, violence, and crime. The findings highlight the need for a comprehensive approach towards sexual health intervention programmes that is sensitive to the cultural and social context in which it is developed and implemented.
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The State and development of adult learning and education in Subsaharan Africa: regional synthesis report - Aitchison, J. H.; Alidou, Hassana (2009)
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Strengthening civic education in Botswana primary schools: a challenge to traditional social studies curriculum - Ajiboye, Josiah O. (2009)
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Petrogenesis of Pan African Dokkan Volcanics of the Northeastern desert, Egypt: Mineralogy and geochemistry considerations - Alaabed, Sulaiman; Tokhi, Mohamed El (GeCAS, 2009)
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The Colonial Image Reversed: Language Preferences and Policy Outcomes in African Education - Albaugh, Ericka A. (International Studies Quarterly, 2009)
Once viewing African languages as competitors to French, policymakers in France now welcome these languages openly in African schools. This is a dramatic policy reversal, and it contradicts expectations of path dependency and policy inertia. The policymakers’ conversion can be traced to the writing and advocacy of a strategic scholarly community, which began exercising influence over the leadership of France and la Francophonie in the 1990s. Their influence changed the perception of French leaders regarding the utility of local languages in education and caused them to include this element consistently in their education strategy for Africa. In contrast, a lack of comparable agreement within the intellectual communities of the Anglophone world has led to ambivalence in support for mother tongue education emanating from dominant English-speaking states. Unlike traditional accounts of epistemic communities, this study highlights the strategic political activity of scholars. The major focus is on the process of idea change among policy makers in France. I suggest that this idea change altered the field of permissible options for African leaders, revealing a continued ideational dependency between metropole and periphery.
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Geochemistry, Nd isotopes and U–Pb SHRIMP zircon dating of Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks from the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt: New insights into the ∼750Ma crust-forming event - Ali, Kamal A.; Stern, Robert J.; Manton, W. I.; Kimura, Jun‐Ichi; Khamees, Hossam A. (Precambrian research, 2009)
Submarine tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalt and andesite with subordinate dacite, metamorphosed to greenschist facies, are exposed at Wadi Kareim and Wadi El Dabbah, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. These metavolcanic sequences are representative of early stages of Neoproterozoic crust formation in the northern part of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. The magmas were primitive to moderately fractionated, as indicated by average Mg# (54), Cr (191 ppm) and Ni (69 ppm). Their REE patterns are slightly fractionated [(La/Yb)N = 1.3–3.9], and multi-element diagrams show Ba, Sr, K and Rb enrichments and Nb and Ta depletions, typical of modern convergent margin igneous rocks. Tectonic discrimination diagrams also show affinities with modern convergent margin magmas, suggesting that Wadi El Dabbah lavas formed in a volcanic arc that experienced cryptic crustal contamination, whereas Wadi Kareim lavas formed in a back-arc basin. Positive initial ɛNd (+5.1 to +8.9) and Nd model ages (0.64–0.79 Ga) indicate that the crust is juvenile and was extracted from a depleted mantle source. Wadis Kareim and El Dabbah metavolcanic rocks are dated at ∼750 Ma (U–Pb SHRIMP) but contain abundant pre-Neoproterozoic zircons which might be derived from underlying sediments or perhaps older continental crust. These results indicate that a major ∼750 Ma crust-forming event involving ophiolite generation and eruption of juvenile melts was important for the formation of the crust.
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An application of an innovative approach to action planning in promoting nurse education in the upper east region of Ghana - Allen, Mary Dallas; Broussine, Eric (2009)
openalex: W201815626 mag: 201815626
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Climate change, groundwater and intensive commercial farming in the semi-arid northern Sandveld, South Africa - Archer, Emma Rm; Conrad, Julian; Münch, Zahn; Opperman, Daleen; Tadross, Mark; Venter, J. C. (Journal of integrative environmental sciences (Print), 2009)
Progress in the area of international climate negotiation has been the site of substantively increased activity of late, yet the task of utilizing appropriate spatial scale climate change projections to understand climate change impacts on sensitive sectors remains challenging. The study described here, undertaken in semi-arid south western South Africa, shows how downscaled climate change projections may be used to characterize climate change impacts in an area that is both valuable from a conservation point of view, yet at the same time serves as host to input intensive commercial agribusiness in the form of potato and rooibos tea production. Such potentially polarized land management objectives have given rise to initiatives to develop better practice guidelines for undertaking intensive commercial agriculture in a sensitive biodiverse environment. The study suggests that climate change may make the achievement of such better practice significantly more challenging. Climate change is here seen as one of a number of critically interacting multiple stressors affecting the area; including the trend to input-intensive farming and competing demands for water.
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Lecturer Quality, Quantity and Gender in Colleges of Education in Nigeria - Arubayi, Damaro Olusoji (College student journal, 2009)
The quality and quantity of lecturers in Tertiary institutions to a great extent determines the quality of graduates. To ensure quality and quantity the Colleges of Education in Nigeria have established internal and external mechanisms. Quantity is determined by the number of students to a given lecturer. Despite the mechanism put forward to ensure quality and quantity, the strength of a good Educational programme is not the beautiful buildings, adequate equipment/facilities, sound curriculum but the quality and quantity of the Academic Staff. Thus the paper examined Lecturer Quality, Quantity by sex in the 56 Federal and State Colleges of Education in Nigeria during the 2002/2003 sessions. The study adopted an ex-post-facto research design. Data for the study were adapted from the statistical digest of Colleges of Education. The data were analysed using frequencies, percentages and means. Findings revealed that the quantity and quality of Lecturers by sex in both Federal and State Colleges of Education, as bottom heavy. 4177 (50%) of lecturers in Colleges of Education were first degree holders. 3142 (38%) of these lecturers had professional first degrees of which 753 (24%) were females. 2450 (29%) of these lecturers had postgraduate professional degrees. The female lecturers in this category were 538 (22%). Lecturers with non-professional first degree were 1035 (12%) with 148 (14%) as females. Those with non-professional postgraduate degrees were 1237 (15%) and Ph.D holders were 465 (6%) with 97 (21%) as females. Findings revealed only about 1848 (12%) of Lecturers in Colleges of Education as females as compared to the male Lecturers which was recorded as high as seven times the number of female lecturers. On Lecturers quantity, findings revealed a total of 8329 Lecturers in the 56 Federal and State Colleges of Education of which 184 (22.18%) were reported to be female lecturers. Findings revealed that the computed Lecturer student ratio in Federal Colleges of Education was 1:28 while that of the state was 1:27. Arising from the findings, the quality and quantity of Lecturers to a great extent determines the quality of graduates. The Colleges and all governmental bodies must establish some form of quality assurance mechanisms to ensure uniformity in the assessment of quality and quantity in all Colleges of Education in Nigeria. Both Federal and State Colleges of Education should embark on recruiting lecturers with postgraduate professional degrees; those with first degrees in the system should be encouraged to acquire postgraduate degrees. The Federal and State Colleges of Education should evolve a policy to reduce the serious gender gab by employing more female lecturers. The government should engage the services of more lecturers to reduce the lecturer student ratio in areas where they are lacking. ********** The quality and quantity of lecturers in tertiary institutions to a greater extent determines the quality of graduates from any institution. In Nigeria, there is the concern about the quality of graduates from tertiary institutions. Evidence from research reports showed that 25% of respondents indicated that university and polytechnic graduates were of good quality while 50% of the respondents reported same of Colleges of Education graduates (Educ. Sector Analysis, 2004). As a result of this concern, most tertiary institutions in Nigeria including Colleges of Education have established some form of quality assurance mechanisms. Today, we have both internal and external mechanisms to ensure quality in higher educational institutions in Nigeria At the College of Education level, external mechanism is constituted by accreditation teams organized by the National Commission of Colleges of Education. This commission is charged by a Decree No 3 of 1989 which was amended as Decree No 12 of 1993, to establish and maintain minimum standards for all programmes of Teachers Education and accredit their certificates and awards. …
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Re-evaluation of the shielding adequacy of the brachytherapy treatment room at Korle-Bu teaching hospital, Ghana - Arwui, C. C. (2009)
openalex: W3201544841 mag: 3201544841
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Pattern of ocular trauma among primary school pupils in Ilorin, Nigeria. - Ayanniyi, Abdulkabir Ayansiji; Mahmoud, Osama; Olatunji, FO; Ayanniyi, Rashidat Oluwafunke (African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2009)
To report the pattern of ocular trauma among school pupils in Ilorin, Nigeria, a cross sectional survey of primary school children in 10 randomly selected primary schools within Ilorin, Nigeria was carried out between July 2005 and January 2006. Relevant ocular history and basic ocular examinations were carried out on the children that were selected from a multi-stage sampling process. Diagnosis of ocular trauma was based on historical recollection together with corroborating ocular signs among affected pupils. Ocular trauma was found among 11 (8 boys and 3 girls) out of 1393 (0.8%) pupils and their ages ranged from 5 to 13 years. The trauma related ocular pathology found among the 11 pupils included unilateral phthisis bulbi (2, 0.14%), couching (1, 0.07%) and retinal detachment (1, 0.07%) all leading to blindness in the affected eyes. There was also a unilateral visual impairment caused by traumatic optic atrophy. Others included eyelid bruises (2, 0.14%) and one pupil (0.07%) each with hyphema, eyelid ecchymosis, eyelid laceration, and subconjunctival haemorrhage. The ocular trauma occurred following unsupervised play (4, 36.40%), corporal punishment at school and at home (3, 27.30%), fight (2, 18.20%), home accident (1, 9.10%) and couching (1, 9.10%). School pupils can lose vision to preventable traumatic eye injuries both at school and at home. Measures to minimize ocular trauma both in the home and at school are advocated. Language: en
openalex: W2222664310 mag: 2222664310
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Comparing the Performance of Faith-Based and Government Schools in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Backiny-Yetna, Prospère; Wodon, Quentin (MPRA Paper, 2009)
This paper provides a comparative assessment of the market share, reach to the poor, and performance of faith-based and public schools in the Democratic Republic of Congo using data from the 2004-2005 123 survey. More than two thirds of primary school students attend faith-based government-assisted schools. Both types of school cater to a similar population that is overwhelmingly poor. Faith-based schools perform slightly better at least in some dimensions than government schools, but the differences between the two types of schools are small and not statistically significant.
openalex: W2164638590 mag: 2164638590
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Comparing the Performance of Faith-Based and Government Schools in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Backiny-Yetna, Prospère; Wodon, Quentin (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
This paper provides a comparative assessment of the market share, reach to the poor, and performance of faith-based and public schools in the Democratic Republic of Congo using data from the 2004-2005 123 survey. More than two thirds of primary school students attend faith-based government-assisted schools. Both types of school cater to a similar population that is overwhelmingly poor. Faith-based schools perform slightly better at least in some dimensions than government schools, but the differences between the two types of schools are small and not statistically significant.
openalex: W3140037627 mag: 3140037627
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Comparing the Private Cost of Education at Public, Private, and Faith-Based Schools in Cameroon - Backiny-Yetna, Prospère; Wodon, Quentin (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
This paper uses recent household survey data for Cameroon to measure the cost for households of the education services that their children receive and assess how this cost varies according to the type of service provider. Contrary to what has been observed in some other countries, the data suggest that faith-based schools in Cameroon serve primarily better-off children, with public schools serving the poor more. Faith-based schools are also more expensive for households than private schools (possibly due to lower levels of public funding). This may be one of the reasons why the poor tend to go to public schools more than to faith-based schools.
openalex: W1887236777 mag: 1887236777
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Aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss: South Africans at risk. - Bardien, Soraya; Jong, Greetje de; Schaaf, H. Simon; Harris, Tashneem; Fagan, Johan; Petersen, Lucretia (PubMed, 2009)
South Africa is currently experiencing a TB epidemic with an estimated incidence of 940 / 100 000 population / year, and the country has been ranked 4th among the 22 high-burden TB countries worldwide by the World Health Organization (WHO). A potentially devastating threat to TB control is the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and, more recently, extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), mainly as a result of poor drug adherence by TB patients and incorrect management or treatment regimens by health providers ; however, direct transmission of drug-resistant strains also plays an important role. The MDR / XDR-TB strains necessitate prolonged chemotherapy for up to 2 years or more, and the use of more toxic second-line drugs including the aminoglycoside (streptomycin, kanamycin and amikacin) and polypeptide (capreomycin) antibiotics. In South Africa, in accordance with WHO guidelines, streptomycin is used for retreatment of TB while kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin are used to treat MDR / XDR-TB.
openalex: W2108270060 mag: 2108270060
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Developmentally Appropriate Technology in Early Childhood (DATEC) in Botswana: In-Service Teachers' Perspectives - Bose, Kabita (International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2009)
Developmentally Appropriate Technology in Early Childhood (DATEC) aims to identify the most appropriate applications of Information and Communication Technology to support the development of children under eight years of age. Botswana has a unique spread of population density and deep-rooted socio-cultural values. There is a need to address the compatibility of these aspects with the application of Information and Communication Technology in the proposed Early Childhood Education programmes throughout Botswana. The researcher felt that the views of the in-service teachers, (who are now students of the Bachelor of Education Programme) in the University of Botswana and have specialized in Early Childhood Education, would be a valuable input towards an appropriate Early Childhood Education curriculum. Hence, a study was proposed to assess the views of the teachers, regarding DATEC in Botswana. Forty (40) fourth year students (Level 400) of Bachelor of Education (Primary) Programme of University of Botswana, who specialised in early years and have a good exposure to Information and Communication Technology constituted the sample. Their views were obtained from a semi-structured questionnaire. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used for analysis of data. The findings of the study showed that the respondents strongly believed that an integration of Information and Communication Technology with the Early Childhood Education curriculum is necessary to enhance an overall development of young children. Computers with relevant resources were thought to be the best Information and Communication Technology applications in Early Childhood Education for a developmentally appropriate programme that would provide educational concepts, problem solving skills and creativity. However, they emphasised the need to make the technology socio-culturally compatible to citizens of Botswana (Batswana) to facilitate developmentally appropriate education of young children. The study concluded with a few recommendations.
openalex: W2181937534 mag: 2181937534
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Teacher Shortages, Teacher Contracts and Their Effect on Education in Africa - Bourdon, Jean; Frölich, Markus; Michaelowa, Katharina (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 2009)
Summary To enhance primary enrolment rates, many African countries have launched large teacher recruitment programmes in recent years. Given tight budgetary constraints, teachers are no longer employed in civil service positions, but on the basis of (fixed term) contracts typically implying considerably lower salaries and a sharply reduced amount of professional training. We analyse the effect of this change on educational quality in Niger, Togo and Mali, on the basis of very informative data, which are comparable across these countries. We use a variety of estimation techniques, including a non-parametric estimation of quantile treatment effects. Our results demonstrate that contract teachers tend to reduce inequalities in student outcomes. Overall, the effects are positive in Mali, somewhat mixed in Togo and negative in Niger. This ordering is consistent with theoretical expectations related to the manner in which contract teacher programmes were implemented differently in each of the three countries under study.
openalex: W3022800188 mag: 3022800188
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A cost-benefit analysis of female primary education as a means of reducing HIV/AIDS in Tanzania - Brent, Robert J. (Applied Economics, 2009)
This article, uses panel data related to 20 Tanzania regions and 8 years to estimate the direct and indirect effects of female primary education on HIV/AIDS rates. A recursive framework for education, income and infections is employed, based on two autoregressive equations that allow us to obtain dynamic estimates of effectiveness. We find that the indirect effect working through changes in income outweighs the direct positive effect of education on infections, implying that female education can be effective as an intervention to lower the disease in Tanzania. The estimates of effectiveness are then utilized to carry out a cost-benefit analysis of the education expenditures. The human capital approach is used to measure the benefits. Irrespective of the timing of the benefits and costs, and the discount rate alternatives we consider, our best estimates result in positive net-benefits, with benefit-cost ratios in the range 1.3–2.9.
openalex: W2058829771 mag: 2058829771
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Exposure to physical and sexual violence and adverse health behaviours in African children: results from the Global School-based Student Health Survey - Brown, David W.; Riley, Leanne; Butchart, Alexander; Meddings, David; Kann, Laura; Harvey, Alison Phinney (Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2009)
To examine associations between exposure to physical violence (PV) or sexual violence (SV) and adverse health behaviours among a sample of children in five African countries.In a cross-sectional analysis of data from Namibia, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe - countries that participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey in 2003 or 2004 - we compared the relative frequency of several adverse health behaviours among children (primarily students 13-15 years of age) who did and who did not report exposure to PV or SV. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) for such behaviours and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for age and sex.Exposure to PV during the 12 months preceding the survey was reported by 27-50% (average: 42%) of the children studied in the five countries, and lifetime exposure to SV was reported by 9-33% (average: 23%). Moderate to strong associations were observed between exposure to PV or SV and measures of mental health, suicidal ideation, current cigarette use, current alcohol use, lifetime drug use, multiple sex partners and a history of sexually transmitted infection (P < 0.05 for all associations). For example, the odds of being a current cigarette smoker were higher in children involved in one fight (OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.77-2.75), 2-5 fights (OR: 3.43; 95% CI: 2.54-4.63), or 6 fights or more (OR: 5.95; 95% CI: 4.37-8.11) (P for trend < 0.001) during the 12 months preceding the survey than in children unexposed to PV.Childhood exposure to PV and SV is common among African children in some countries and is associated with multiple adverse health behaviours. In developing countries, increased awareness of the frequency of exposure to violence among children and its potential health consequences may lead to heightened attention to the need for health promotion and preventive programmes that address the problem.
openalex: W2124701245 mag: 2124701245
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Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints - Bryan, Elizabeth; Deressa, Temesgen; Gbetibouo, Glwadys Aymone; Ringler, Claudia (Environmental Science & Policy, 2009)
Climate change is expected to adversely affect agricultural production in Africa. Because agricultural production remains the main source of income for most rural communities in the region, adaptation of the agricultural sector is imperative to protect the livelihoods of the poor and to ensure food security. A better understanding of farmers’ perceptions of climate change, ongoing adaptation measures, and the decision-making process is important to inform policies aimed at promoting successful adaptation strategies for the agricultural sector. Using data from a survey of 1800 farm households in South Africa and Ethiopia, this study presents the adaptation strategies used by farmers in both countries and analyzes the factors influencing the decision to adapt. We find that the most common adaptation strategies include: use of different crops or crop varieties, planting trees, soil conservation, changing planting dates, and irrigation. However, despite having perceived changes in temperature and rainfall, a large percentage of farmers did not make any adjustments to their farming practices. The main barriers to adaptation cited by farmers were lack of access to credit in South Africa and lack of access to land, information, and credit in Ethiopia. A probit model is used to examine the factors influencing farmers’ decision to adapt to perceived climate changes. Factors influencing farmers’ decision to adapt include wealth, and access to extension, credit, and climate information in Ethiopia; and wealth, government farm support, and access to fertile land and credit in South Africa. Using a pooled dataset, an analysis of the factors affecting the decision to adapt to perceived climate change across both countries reveals that farmers were more likely to adapt if they had access to extension, credit, and land. Food aid, extension services, and information on climate change were found to facilitate adaptation among the poorest farmers. We conclude that policy-makers must create an enabling environment to support adaptation by increasing access to information, credit and markets, and make a particular effort to reach small-scale subsistence farmers, with limited resources to confront climate change.
openalex: W2011578237 mag: 2011578237
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Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints - Bryan, Elizabeth; Deressa, Temesgen; Gbetibouo, Glwadys Aymone; Ringler, Claudia (Environmental Science & Policy, 2009)
Climate change is expected to adversely affect agricultural production in Africa. Because agricultural production remains the main source of income for most rural communities in the region, adaptation of the agricultural sector is imperative to protect the livelihoods of the poor and to ensure food security. A better understanding of farmers’ perceptions of climate change, ongoing adaptation measures, and the decision-making process is important to inform policies aimed at promoting successful adaptation strategies for the agricultural sector. Using data from a survey of 1800 farm households in South Africa and Ethiopia, this study presents the adaptation strategies used by farmers in both countries and analyzes the factors influencing the decision to adapt. We find that the most common adaptation strategies include: use of different crops or crop varieties, planting trees, soil conservation, changing planting dates, and irrigation. However, despite having perceived changes in temperature and rainfall, a large percentage of farmers did not make any adjustments to their farming practices. The main barriers to adaptation cited by farmers were lack of access to credit in South Africa and lack of access to land, information, and credit in Ethiopia. A probit model is used to examine the factors influencing farmers’ decision to adapt to perceived climate changes. Factors influencing farmers’ decision to adapt include wealth, and access to extension, credit, and climate information in Ethiopia; and wealth, government farm support, and access to fertile land and credit in South Africa. Using a pooled dataset, an analysis of the factors affecting the decision to adapt to perceived climate change across both countries reveals that farmers were more likely to adapt if they had access to extension, credit, and land. Food aid, extension services, and information on climate change were found to facilitate adaptation among the poorest farmers. We conclude that policy-makers must create an enabling environment to support adaptation by increasing access to information, credit and markets, and make a particular effort to reach small-scale subsistence farmers, with limited resources to confront climate change.
openalex: W2011578237 mag: 2011578237
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

Guest Editorial: Before the Bell Rings: Implementing Coordinated School Health Models to Influence the Academic Achievement of African American Males - Caldwell, Leon D.; Sewell, Abigail A.; Parks, Nieika; Toldson, Ivory A. (2009)
This article addresses a void in the literature that connects the wellness of African American boys to academic achievement. The authors call attention to ecological risk factors that impact the vulnerability of Black boys and compromise their learning even before the school bell rings. The No Child Left Behind legislation has created a culture where educational outcomes are placed before student outcomes. The authors posit that school policy, for example Coordinated School Health Programs that provide a holistic approach to addressing the academic achievement of Black Boys should be supported as innovation in education. The findings of the Breaking Barriers report as it relates to personal and emotional factors are highlighted; then the Coordinated School Health Model is outlined; and finally recommendations on how to implement Coordinated School Health Programs reflective of African American boys are offered. The relationship between academic achievement and health status has been overlooked in school reform efforts. The overemphasis on high-stakes testing results as the primary measure of accountability has crippled many school districts ability to fully educate students. Consequently, student outcomes have been sacrificed for educational outcomes. Extant literature reveals that even before the first school bell rings, African American males are vulnerable for school failure. The academic underachievement of African American males has received considerable attention in academic and popular media. While it is well-established that educational attainment is a gateway to improved socioeconomic outcomes, the educational achievement of African American adolescents should be a national priority. For African American boys the mix of school failure, fragmented families, communities that lack cohesion, and educational policy and practice that expect substandard performance have lethal consequences as evidenced by the disparities in health and life expectancy. Geographic location notwithstanding African American male students are more likely than their peers to come from fatherless homes (The Annie E. Casey Foundation (AECF), 2009 [A map constructed from AECF's online database indicates that in all states with reliable data that Black children comprised more than half of those children living with single-parents. Most single-parent families are mother-only families.]; Fields, 2003), have a mother in poverty (Eggebeen & Lichter, 1991), have negative interactions with police (Brunson & Miller, 2006; Dannefer & Schutt, 1982; Hurst, Frank, & Browning, 2000), experience some form of trauma (Shakoor & Chalmers, 1991; Berton & Stabb, 1996), and suffer from chronic diseases such as asthma (Akinbami & Schoendorf, 2002; Getahun, Demissie, & Rhoads, 2005). Often ecological risk factors experienced the night before school compromise the required aptitude for learning in the morning. Education systems that ignore the realities of a community's risk and protective factors miss opportunities to educate the whole child. This has become the reality of practices following the implementation of No Child Left Behind Act mandates (NCLB, 2002). Educators have effectively been mandated to sacrifice child outcomes for educational outcomes. The overemphasis on high-stakes testing scores as the primary index for accountability has created, in many cases, an inhumane system of education where the child is fragmented in order to produce test scores. Often, very little regard is given to the conditions or context from which this child has come. African American males are vulnerable in many communities in the United States and are asked to perform in schools without consideration of these conditions. In this article, the authors intend to call attention to the responsibility of schools to address the ecological risk and protective factors confronting African American males. First, the findings of Toldson's (2008) Breaking Barriers report are used to illustrate the importance of considering the influence of personal, emotional, and health factors in educating African American male students. …
openalex: W2501855975 mag: 2501855975
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Mapping sleeping sickness in Western Africa in a context of demographic transition and climate change - Cecchi, G.; Courtin, Fabrice; Paone, Massimo; Diarra, Abdoulaye; Franco, José R.; Mattioli, Raffaele C.; Simarro, Pere P. (Parasite, 2009)
Human population growth, climate change and economic development are causing major environmental modifications in Western Africa, which will have important repercussions on the epidemiology of sleeping sickness. A new initiative, the Atlas of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), aims at assembling and geo-referencing all epidemiological data derived from both active screening activities and passive surveillance. A geographic database enables to generate up-to-date disease maps at a range of scales and of unprecedented spatial accuracy. We present preliminary results for seven West African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali and Togo) and briefly discuss the relevance of the Atlas for future monitoring, control and research activities.
openalex: W2010163304 mag: 2010163304
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Progress from specificity: How to monitor the Paris Declaration in the Malawi education sector - Collins, Laura (PROSPECTS, 2009)
openalex: W2014728973 mag: 2014728973
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Education Policy Reform in South Africa: A Case Study on Leading Change - Dayaram, Kantha (The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 2009)
Despite the wide array of studies investigating issues pertaining to leading change, the juggernaut of organisational change continues to be pervasive within the literature. This paper presents empirical evidence of change leadership within the context of education policy reforms in a developing country such as South Africa. The conceptual framework employed to present this evidence and assess the effectiveness of implementing change is the Five-P model. Recent national reforms in South Africa have been accompanied by a re-evaluation of the parity of educational institutions, particularly policies centred on redress and equity of past practices. The results indicate that change leaders are far from transforming their organisations in the ways they intend and that the implementation of change strategies is multifaceted and complex. The paper concludes by emphasising the importance of change leaders developing broader strategies which encompass components of organisational culture and discourse.
openalex: W2255181585 mag: 2255181585
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Clustering schools to improve teacher professional development: Lessons learnt from a Zimbabwean case study - Delport, Alette; Makaye, Jeriphanos (Africa Education Review, 2009)
Abstract Much still needs to be done to transform schooling in South Africa and provide education of equal quality to all learners. The notion of encouraging close collaboration between schools is widely accepted as a possible strategy to improve the quality of schooling in a particular geographical area. In this article, we discuss research conducted on the implementation of the Better Schools Programme cluster in Zimbabwe (BSPZ), a system of inter-school collaboration aiming at improving the quality of teaching and learning at the member schools. One of the primary objectives was to enhance teachers’ professional development by means of the establishment of professional infrastructure. Despite the shortcomings highlighted, our exploratory study brought to the fore potential advantages of school clusters as a type of formalised school collaboration which can indeed promote quality and equality in the South African schooling system.
openalex: W1966190157 mag: 1966190157
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Efficacy of local herbal therapy in the management of dermatophytosis among primary school children in Cross River State, South-south Nigeria. - Eja, ME; Ge, Arikpo; Enyi-Idoh, KH; Se, Etim; He, Etta (African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2009)
As a contribution to the on-going search for alternative, available and affordable treatment of common infections in Sub-saharan Africa, the efficacy of local herbs, Senna alata(Linn) and Borreria ocymoides (Burm), in comparison with conventional drugs, griseofulvin and clotrimazole in the treatment of dermatophytosis among primary school children, was examined in the three districts of Cross River State, South-South Nigeria. Out of 840 pupils screened, 68 (8.1%) were infected, with incidence ranging from 11 (1.3%) in the southern to 33 (3.9%) in the northern districts, indicating a widespread of the infection. Specimens taken from the infected pupils and analyzed for the causative agents, showed that Trichophyton tonsurans 29 (20.4%) followed by Microsporum soudanense 24 (16.9%) was most frequent. The greater sensitivity of the isolated dermatophytes to the local plants than the chemotherapeutic drugs (control) offers some hope of treatment and control. The antifungal activity of the plants was associated with their very high levels of chemical components, saponins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. We recommend further studies on the chemical properties and safety of the plants before total dependence on them for treatment.
openalex: W2424468335 mag: 2424468335
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Attitude of teachers towards the inclusion of special needs children in general education classroom: the case of teachers in some selected schools in Nigeria - Fakolade, Olufemi Aremu; Adeniyi, Samuel Olufemi; Tella, Adeyinka (International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2009)
Attitudes about inclusion are extremely complex and vary from teacher to teacher and school to school. This article explores the attitudes of teachers about inclusion of special needs children in their secondary schools in general education. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design, with 60 teachers as participants from selected secondary schools in Oyo State, Nigeria. Four hypotheses were postulated at the significant level of .05. The instrument, a questionnaire with question items on demographic information like gender, marital status, professionalism and teaching experience has a general reliability coefficient alpha of .83. A t-test method of analysis was the main statistical method used to test the 4 generated hypotheses. The findings revealed that the attitude of male teachers is 39.4, while that of female teacher is 43.3, thus, the t-test analysis shows that the calculated t-test is 2.107, which is greater than the critical t (t=1.960). This implies that female teachers have more positive attitude towards the inclusion of special needs students than their male counterparts. Furthermore, the results reveal that significant difference exists between married and single teachers in their attitude towards special need students. And that professionally qualified teacher tends to have a more favourable attitude towards the inclusion of special need students than their non-professional qualified teachers. It was recommended that teachers should attend seminars and conferences to improve their knowledge about ways of practicing and accepting inclusion for a better tomorrow for our special needs children in Nigeria.
openalex: W2171155998 mag: 2171155998
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Corporate homicide : what can South Africa learn from recent developments in English law? - Farisani, Dorothy (2009)
Dealing effectively with corporations that cause deaths unlawfully is one of the challenges facing South Africa. Although corporate criminal liability forms part of our law, the current legal position does not cater adequately or specifically for corporate killers. In this article I shall discuss the regulation of corporate criminal liability through a comparative study of South African and the United Kingdom law. South African criminal law has been greatly influenced by English law, and English law has well-developed rules to regulate corporate homicide. Moreover, recent developments in corporate criminal liability in the United Kingdom may assist South Africa to reform its laws in such a way that corporate homicide is not only effectively dealt with, but that corporations are discouraged from acting in a manner that results in the loss of life. This discussion will include the basis of liability, the mens rea of a corporation, the adequacy of criminal sanctions imposed on those who perpetrate corporate homicide, and problems encountered when implementing corporate criminal liability. I shall conclude with a discussion of specific developments in English law from which South Africa may learn.
openalex: W2161958249 mag: 2161958249
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The tritium as an indicator for landfill leachate pollution (case of Mediouna landfill, Morocco) - Fekri, Ahmed; Wahbi, M.; Benbouziane, Abdelmajid; Hammoumi, Ouafa El; Marah, Hamid (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement, 2009)
openalex: W3127318843 mag: 3127318843
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Patterns and Prevalence of School Access, Transitions and Equity in South Africa: Secondary Analyses of BT20 Large-Scale Data Sources. CREATE Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 27. - Fleisch, Brahm; Shindler, Jennifer (2009)
openalex: W274465050 mag: 274465050
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School-based HIV/AIDS prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa - Flisher, Alan J.; Klepp, Knut‐Inge (Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2009)
In 1995, the European Commission invited a group of about 20 European and African scholars to meet in Brussels. They represented three research teams who had each submitted proposals to the European Commission for concerted action projects that involved prevention of diseases and promotion of health in the field of sexual and reproductive health. The members of each of the teams were not aware of the submissions of the other teams. The purpose of the meeting was to assess whether it was possible for the three teams to merge, and submit a single large proposal to the European Commission for a concerted action project.
openalex: W2100736503 mag: 2100736503
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Factors Affecting the Teaching of Kenyan Traditional Dances in Primary Schools of dandora Zone, Nairobi East District - Florence, Njeri Njuki (2009)
A Research Report Submitted To The Institute Of Open And Distance Learning In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Award Of A Degree Of Bachelor Of Education, Primary Option, Kampala International University
openalex: W3037638750 mag: 3037638750
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Navigating the byways of polyculturalism – whose dance are we teaching in South African schools? - Friedman, Sharon M. (Research in Dance Education, 2009)
The post‐apartheid Dance Studies curriculum in South Africa is attempting to offer school learners both an education and training in dance as an art form. The outcomes‐based syllabi are intended to ensure that learners come to respect the diversity of South African society, and therefore a range of dance styles and genres are offered in order to enhance understanding and appreciation of this diversity. Serious questions and problems arise, however, when the intentions need to be translated and implemented into the classroom. Both political and cultural issues inform the hidden curriculum of the syllabi. In addition, the context of schooling in much of the Western Cape, in particular, means that many of the learners in schools offering Dance Studies are drawn from communities beset by current social and political strife. This paper attempts to raise some of the issues involved when we ask: Whose dance are we teaching in the classroom? To what end?
openalex: W2066502734 mag: 2066502734
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Overcoming the Odds: Challenges and Successes of Sub-Saharan African Women Seeking Higher Education in the United States - Gatua, Mary Wairimu (Adult Learning, 2009)
The purpose of this article is to describe the challenges Sub-Saharan African women, including myself, have experienced in their pursuit of graduate studies in the United States and successes strategies that have been adopted. I begin by exploring brief overview of the of girls and women in Sub-Saharan African countries. I then explore the successes of women in achieving their learning goals by sharing my story of challenges and successes. In addition, I examine some narratives of African women as they negotiate their identity as custodians of African cultures as well as their transformation learning as a framework for change. I conclude with a discussion of how African educational policies might be changed to provide women with more opportunities in higher and what the US universities' educators might do to support African women in their studies. A Brief Overview of Girls' and Women's Education in Sub-Saharan Africa Women's subordinate status and inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa are explicitly connected to European colonialism. McCullum (2005) argues that many African systems still reflect the colonial period and are failing to keep up with modern pedagogy and teaching resources. According to Shabaya and Kwandwo (2004), deep-seated cultural barriers have conspired to create and perpetuate gender disparity in access to in many African countries. Many families in sub-Sahara Africa devote great investments in for boys than for girls. Limited participation or girls and women in at all levels in many Sub-Saharan African countries are reflections of traditional and societal norms. Sifuna, (2006) asserts that such norms often influence parents' unwillingness to send their daughters to school even when they could afford it. In a four-country study conducted in Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali and Mauritania, Adetunde and Akensina (2008) found of girls in the rural areas is less valued compared to that of boys. Prevalent factors include: socio-cultural barriers, early marriages, cultural perceptions of boys' superior abilities, lack of parental support and many others are the constraints to female education (p. 339). Research conducted by Assie-Lumumba (2006) observes indisputable evidence of gender inequality in access and opportunity and how that inequality is filtered through rigid cultural and traditional systems that continue to negatively affect women. However, educating girls translates into educated women which in turn provide benefits for the broader society. These benefits include economic productivity, improvements in health, delayed age at marriage, lower fertility, increased political participation, and generally more effective investments in the next generation (Population Council, 2005, p. 1). Kellogg, Hervy, and Yizengaw, (2008) emphasize that higher provides the means through which women and other historically disadvantaged groups can achieve positions of leadership and increase their economic well-being, thereby, having a long-term impact on overall productivity and equality of opportunity. In order to understand the challenges African women face in their pursuit of higher in the United States, research on personal narratives has been conducted to illustrate their educational journey, challenges as well successes. In a sense, narratives afford participants the opportunity to reflect on their livelihood experiences and share those moments and events with the world. The Power of Narrative Narratives allow sharing of lived experiences while constructing meaning of those particular experiences. One constraint experienced by many African women graduate students is the need to manage the demands of a marriage, family, and graduate school. Beoku-Betts (2004) argues that men in African societies are privileged and do not expect to contribute to domestic labor and childcare. …
openalex: W158570732 mag: 158570732
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Promoting a culture of learning and institutionalising a learning organisation in the South African public sector - Govender, V. (Journal of Public Administration, 2009)
The challenge facing managers in the South African public sector is to promote a culture of continuous learning if they want their diverse employees to succeed in reaching their full potential and thereby enhance organisational effectiveness. This requires a systematic, multi-level approach to institutionalise an infrastructure for creating a learning organisation. Understanding the notion of the learning organisation provides managers and other stakeholders in the public sector with the skills to develop best practices and to sustain the learning process. This article addresses some effective mechanisms and strategies to institutionalise a learning organisation. Various and debates on what constitutes a learning organisation are presented. The concept of a learning organisation is contextualised within an integrated and systematic framework. It is significant that a multi-level approach is required to create a learning organisation. The fundamental role of some of the building blocks required for the institutionalising of a learning organisation, are highlighted. In addition, the value of an integrative relationship between the employee, employer and the various components of the organisation is described. The role of the manager in communicating and developing a culture of learning is emphasised.
openalex: W1490345302 mag: 1490345302
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Local beats to global rhythms: coloured student identity and negotiations of global cultural imports in Cape Town, South Africa - Hammett, Daniel (Social & Cultural Geography, 2009)
Abstract High school student identities in South Africa are informed by negotiations of global cultural flows, local histories, and social expectations. Students appropriate and give new meanings to the cultural flows they use to frame their identities, informed by the local context and by globalisation. Several aspects of these practices are of interest, notably the way in which American hip-hop interpellates coloured students in South Africa, drawing them into particular topographies of globalisation and framing their identity formations and engagement with race. The identities produced remain contested, malleable and incomplete. Understanding these identity formations therefore requires the recognition of the interactions and negotiations of global and local influences. Les identités des étudiants au lycée en Afrique du Sud sont influencées par les négociations de courants culturels mondiaux, les histoires locales, et les attentes sociales. Les étudiants s'approprient et donnent des nouvelles significations aux courants culturels qu'ils utilisent pour formuler leurs identités, influencées par le contexte local et la mondialisation. Plusieurs aspects de ces pratiques sont intéressants, notamment la manière dont laquelle le hip-hop américain interpelle les étudiants de couleur en Afrique du Sud, les attirant dans des topographies particulières de mondialisation et formulant leurs formations identitaires et leur vis-à-vis de leur race. Les identités produites sont toujours contestées, malléables, et incomplètes. Comprendre ces formations d'identité requière donc la reconnaissance des interactions et des négociations sous des influences mondiales et locales. En Sudáfrica, las identidades de los estudiantes de escuela secundaria están informados por negociaciones de flujos culturales, historias locales, y expectativas sociales. Los estudiantes se apropian los flujos culturales y se los dan nuevos significados que se usan para elaborar sus identidades, informados por el contexto local y por la globalización. Varios aspectos de estas practicas están de interés, notablemente la manera en que el hip-hop Americano se convoca los estudiantes de color en Sudáfrica, atrayéndolos a topografías particulares de globalización y elaborando la formación de sus identidades y su interrelación con la raza. Las identidades producidas siguen polémicas, maleables y incompletas. Para entender la formación de estas identidades se requiere el reconocimiento de las interacciones y negociaciones de las influencias globales y locales. Keywords: South Africacultural flowsyouthidentitycoloured identityconsumerismKeywords: Afrique du Sudcourants culturelsjeunesseidentité de gens de couleurconsumérismeKeywords: Sudáfricaflujos culturalesjuventudidentidadidentidad de la gente de colorel consumo Acknowledgements Financial support for this research was provided by the Economic and Social Research Council. I would like to thank Lynn Staeheli for her comments, as well as those of Phil Hubbard and three anonymous reviewers. Notes 1 Invitations to work at three other high schools were declined. A short period of research was conducted at one primary school. One school principal agreed to a personal interview but declined my request to spend time at the school due to researcher fatigue. 2 All names have been changed in accordance with the requirements of the Western Cape Education Department. 3 Focus group discussions were conducted in English. Participants were a mixture of first-language English and first-language Afrikaans; the majority of those for whom English was a second language were fluent English speakers, and additional provisions were made to ensure plain language was used and interviewees fully understood the nature of the research and the questions being asked. 4 Kwaito music emerged in Johannesburg in the 1990s and has developed in to a key post-apartheid urban cultural expression. Presented by some as South African hip-hop (although this by implication ignores the strong hip-hop scene in South Africa (see Haupt Citation2008 for more on this genre) or glocal form of rap music, kwaito music has come to be synonymous with post-apartheid black South African culture. It is often critiqued for failing to have a political dynamic and for perpetuating misogynistic gendered identities, but is also defended as reflecting a shift from youth culture linked to political activism to a youth concerned with pleasure (Steingo Citation2005). 5 ‘The whole of Jo'burg in their mouth’ refers to the history of gold mining in the area around Johannesburg and the trend amongst several of the male students at Sun Valley to have gold fillings. 6 Lekker translates as nice.
openalex: W2012678081 mag: 2012678081
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Teachers' confidence in teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality in South African and Tanzanian schools - Helleve, Arnfinn; Flisher, Alan J.; Onya, Hans; Kaaya, Sylvia; Mukoma, Wanjirû; Swai, Caroline; Klepp, Knut‐Inge (Scandinavian journal of public health, 2009)
This study aimed to investigate how confident and comfortable teachers at Tanzanian and South African urban and rural schools are in teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality. It also aimed at identifying factors associated with teacher confidence and investigated how reported confidence was associated with the implementation of educational programmes on HIV/AIDS and sexuality.A survey was conducted among South African grade 8 and 9 Life Orientation teachers, and among science teachers for grade 5 to 7 in public primary schools in Tanzania. Teachers' confidence levels were measured on a four-item scale (0-3).A total number of 266 teachers participated in a survey in 86 schools in South Africa and Tanzania. Overall, teachers report to be rather confident in teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Tanzanian teachers reported higher levels of confidence then did their South Africa colleagues (2.1 vs. 1.8; p < 0.01). Confidence in teaching was significantly associated with the numbers of years teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality, formal training in these subjects, experience in discussing the topics with others, school policy and priority given to teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality at school. Finally, confidence in teaching remained positively associated with self-reported successful implementation of school-based programmes after adjusting for gender, age, religion and numbers of years teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality.Across urban and rural sites in South Africa and Tanzania teachers reported to be fairly confident in teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Further strengthening of their confidence levels could, however, be an important measure for improving the implementation of such programmes.
openalex: W2109259351 mag: 2109259351
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Paediatric day care surgery at the korle-bu teaching hospital, accra, ghana - Hesse, Albrecht; Amponsah, G.; Mensah, A; Addy, G.H.; Etwire, Victor (2009)
openalex: W2940125506 mag: 2940125506
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Geothermobarometric and fluid inclusion data of historic lavas of Fogo Volcano, Cape Verde islands - Hildner, Elliot; Klügel, Andreas (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement, 2009)
openalex: W3160138999 mag: 3160138999
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Hardiness Behavior and Organizational Loyalty of Government Secondary School Teachers in Palestine - Hilo, Ghassan H. (Mağallaẗ al-dirāsāt al-tarbawiyyaẗ wa-al-nafsiyyaẗ, 2009)
The purpose of this study was to a) investigate hardiness behavior and organizational loyalty levels among secondary school teachers in the northern districts of the West Bank in Palestine and b) determine the effect of teachers’ gender and years of experience. The sample consisted of 396 male and female secondary school teachers, which were selected randomly from the target population. The questionnaire used in the study contained 42 items on hardiness behavior domain and 28 items for organizational loyalty domain. The results indicated that there was a moderate level of hardiness behavior among teachers (68.6%). Also, the results revealed that there were statistically significant differences due to gender and years of experience in commitment and participation items in favor of longer teaching experience. There were also statistically significant differences due to gender, and interaction between gender and years of experience, in control items in favor of males with longer teaching experience. There were significant differences due to years of experience, and interaction between gender and years of experience in the overall degree of hardiness behavior, in favor of longer teaching experience. There were significant differences due to gender and years of experience in the overall degree of organizational loyalty domain in favor of females with longer teaching experience. The researcher recommended the reinforcement of hardiness behavior and organizational loyalty levels among Palestinian teachers.
openalex: W2750431714 mag: 2750431714
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Hardiness Behavior and Organizational Loyalty of Government Secondary School Teachers in Palestine - Hilo, Ghassan H. (Mağallaẗ al-dirāsāt al-tarbawiyyaẗ wa-al-nafsiyyaẗ, 2009)
The purpose of this study was to a) investigate hardiness behavior and organizational loyalty levels among secondary school teachers in the northern districts of the West Bank in Palestine and b) determine the effect of teachers’ gender and years of experience. The sample consisted of 396 male and female secondary school teachers, which were selected randomly from the target population. The questionnaire used in the study contained 42 items on hardiness behavior domain and 28 items for organizational loyalty domain. The results indicated that there was a moderate level of hardiness behavior among teachers (68.6%). Also, the results revealed that there were statistically significant differences due to gender and years of experience in commitment and participation items in favor of longer teaching experience. There were also statistically significant differences due to gender, and interaction between gender and years of experience, in control items in favor of males with longer teaching experience. There were significant differences due to years of experience, and interaction between gender and years of experience in the overall degree of hardiness behavior, in favor of longer teaching experience. There were significant differences due to gender and years of experience in the overall degree of organizational loyalty domain in favor of females with longer teaching experience. The researcher recommended the reinforcement of hardiness behavior and organizational loyalty levels among Palestinian teachers.
openalex: W4302316006
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Comparative prevalence level of plasmodium in freshmen (first year students) of Nnamdi Azikwe University in Awka, South-Eastern, Nigeria - Ibekwe, A. C.; Okonko, I. O.; Onunkwo, A. I.; Ogun, A. A.; Udeze, A. O. (Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 2009)
This study examines and reports the prevalence of plasmodium species between gender of freshmen (first year students) of Nnamdi Azikwe University, Akwa, South-Eastern, Nigeria.Blood film examination for malaria parasites in 200 (100.0%)freshmen; 82 (41.0%) males and 118 (59.0%) females was carried out over a 6-month period.Microscopic examinations of both thick and thin blood films techniques were employed for this study.A high malaria parasite prevalence rate of 80% was noted in these subjects.Of the 200 samples examined, 160 (80.0%) were Plasmodiumpositive.There was a female preponderance (F/M 2:1).A higher Plasmodium prevalence was recorded amongst females 102 (86.4%) than in the males 58 (70.7%) and there was no significant increase in malaria infection rate in any particular sex (P=0.05).Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent of all the other species.This study also shows that a good percentage of people were infested by malaria with P. falciparum [134 (83.8%)] being the most prevalent species, followed by P. malariae [14 (8.9%)], P. vivax [8 (5.0%)] and P. ovale [4 (2.5%)].P. ovale was only found among the female subjects and none was found among the male subjects.The findings of this study are of a practical impact, with female subjects having the highest proportion of parasitic contamination.The higher prevalence of malaria Plasmodium found in this study could be attributed to the stagnant drainage systems in the University, which created favorable environmental conditions for the breeding of mosquitoes that act as vectors of malaria parasites and so this enhances the proliferation of the Plasmodium.It could also be attributed to the effect of climatic features on vector breeding and transmission.Wet season usually promote mosquito breeding.Also, the prevalence of P. falciparum could be attributed to its ability to resist attack of most drugs that are commonly in use in the study area.However, there should be a high index for the needs to take appropriate measures aimed at preventing malaria by intensifying efforts in mosquitoes eradication program through operation roll back malaria in Africa, especially in Nigeria.
openalex: W2550860747 mag: 2550860747
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A SURVEY OF THE ARTISANAL FISHERIES OF KONTAGORA RESERVOIR, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA | Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Open Education Resources (OER) - Ibrahim, Baba Usman; Auta, J.; Balogun, J.kf (2009)
openalex: W3024555291 mag: 3024555291
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Determinants of Rural-Urban Disparity in Private Sector Participation in the Provision and Management of Education in Nigeria - Ikoya, Peter O.; Ikoya, Oluremi V. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2009)
This research identified factors associated with urban-rural difference in private sector participation in the provision and management of education in Nigeria. Using data gathered from existing official records, including interviews of community leaders, private school proprietors and other stakeholders in education, our findings revealed that private sector participation in the provision and management of education was higher in urban than rural communities, because the indices on levels of community disposition, and host community contributions to private sector participation in educational development were all higher for rural than urban communities. It was accordingly recommended that a more effective enlightenment programme be carried out in rural communities, to enhance private sector participation in the provision and management of primary education in, Nigeria.
openalex: W2769696193 mag: 2769696193
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Attitudes of Medical Students to Psychiatry at a Nigerian Medical School - Issa, B. A.; Adegunloye, O. A.; Yussuf, AD; Oyewole, OA; Fatoye, F O (Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 2009)
Objective: To report attitudes to psychiatry before and after their psychiatric posting, among final-year medical students of a Nigerian University using the 30-item Attitude To Psychiatry questionnaire. Participants and Methods: A total of 126 students participated pre-clerkship, while 135 students participated in the post-clerkship phase of the study. Results: Approximately 54% of the students scored above the Attitude To Psychiatry questionnaire midpoint (90) at the pre-clerkship assessment, while 41% of the students scored higher than 90 at the post-clerkship phase. The mean (± standard deviation) score also decreased significantly (p = 0.03) from 90.6 (± 9.4) pre-posting to 88.2 (± 8.2) at the end. Facets that showed appreciable decline were those that evaluated the teaching of the subject, symptom worry being made worse by treatment, and perceived job satisfaction of psychiatrists by the students. Conclusion: The general attitude to psychiatry of this group of medical students witnessed an unfavourable trend after psychiatric exposure. Some of the areas that need to be improved upon undergraduate teaching in psychiatry.
openalex: W1535981074 mag: 1535981074
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The effect of learner misbehaviour on educators in Lesotho - Jacobs, Lorette; Wet, N.C. De (Africa Education Review, 2009)
Abstract The aim of this study was twofold, namely to examine (1) the effect of learner misbehaviour on identified symptoms of educator burnout and stress, and (2) the possible association between demographic variables and symptoms of educator stress and burnout as a direct result of learner misbehaviour. The quantitative empirical approach was used in this study. A self-reporting questionnaire was completed by 511 educators. The data were analysed by means of frequencies, the Student's t-test and the One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) statistic. The results are reported against the background of a diagrammatical, enumerative display of the nature and frequency of different types of misbehaviour that the respondents had to address. The results prove that learner misbehaviour in Lesotho has serious negative consequences for a relatively small percentage of respondents. Contrary to the prevailing view in the literature, the data furthermore show that learner misbehaviour in Lesotho more often impacts negatively on male and on experienced educators, than on their female and their less experienced counterparts.
openalex: W2028037245 mag: 2028037245
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Exploring Nigerian adolescent students perceptions of HIV/AIDS and their attitudes to prevention methods : a psycho of educational perspective - Jimoh, Morayo (2009)
openalex: W2102871884 mag: 2102871884
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Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change - Jones, Peter G.; Thornton, Philip K. (Environmental Science & Policy, 2009)
The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.
openalex: W2041589051 mag: 2041589051
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Routine Offering of HIV Testing to Hospitalized Pediatric Patients at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: Acceptability and Feasibility - Kankasa, Chipepo; Carter, Rosalind J.; Briggs, Nancy; Bulterys, Marc; Chama, Eslone; Cooper, Ellen; Costa, Cristiane da Silva; Spielman, Erica; Katepa-Bwalya, Mary; M'soka, Tendai J.; Ou, Chin-Yih; Abrams, Elaine J. (Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2009)
The difficulties diagnosing infants and children with HIV infection have been cited as barriers to increasing the number of children receiving antiretroviral therapy worldwide.We implemented routine HIV antibody counseling and testing for pediatric patients hospitalized at the University Teaching Hospital, a national reference center, in Lusaka, Zambia. We also introduced HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for early infant diagnosis.Caregivers/parents of children admitted to the hospital wards were routinely offered HIV counseling and testing for their children. HIV antibody positive (HIV+) children <18 months of age were tested with PCR for HIV DNA.From January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2007, among 15,670 children with unknown HIV status, 13,239 (84.5%) received counseling and 11,571 (87.4%) of those counseled were tested. Overall, 3373 (29.2%) of those tested were seropositive. Seropositivity was associated with younger age: 69.6% of those testing HIV antibody positive were <18 months of age. The proportion of counseled children who were tested increased each quarter from 76.0% in January to March 2006 to 88.2% in April to June 2007 (P < 0.001). From April 2006 to June 2007, 1276 PCR tests were done; 806 (63.2%) were positive. The rate of PCR positivity increased with age from 22% in children <6 weeks of age to 61% at 3-6 months and to 85% at 12-18 months (P < 0.001).Routine counseling and antibody testing of pediatric inpatients can identify large numbers of HIV-seropositive children in high prevalence settings. The high rate of HIV infection in hospitalized infants and young children also underscores the urgent need for early infant diagnostic capacity in high prevalence settings.
openalex: W2088229945 mag: 2088229945
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Educational and health impacts of two school feeding schemes: evidence from a randomized trial in rural Burkina Faso - Kazianga, Harounan; Walque, Damien de; Alderman, Harold (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
This paper uses a prospective randomized trial to assess the impact of two school feeding schemes on health and education outcomes for children from low-income households in northern rural Burkina Faso. The two school feeding programs under consideration are, on the one hand, school meals where students are provided with lunch each school day, and, on the other hand, take-home rations that provide girls with10 kg of cereal flour each month, conditional on 90 percent attendance rate. After running for one academic year, both programs increased girls’ enrollment by 5 to 6 percentage points. While there was no observable significant impact on raw scores in mathematics, the time-adjusted scores in mathematics improved slightly for girls. The interventions caused absenteeism to increase in households that were low in child labor supply while absenteeism decreased for households that had a relatively large child labor supply, consistent with the labor constraints. Finally, for younger siblings of beneficiaries, aged between 12 and 60 months, take-home rations have increased weight-for-age by .38 standard deviations and weight-for-height by .33 standard deviations. In contrast, school meals did not have any significant impact on the nutrition of younger children.
openalex: W3124927254 mag: 3124927254
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Lower crustal earthquakes near the Ethiopian rift induced by magmatic processes - Keir, Derek; Bastow, I. D.; Whaler, Kathryn A.; Daly, Eve; Cornwell, David G.; Hautot, Sophie (Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2009)
Lower crustal earthquakes are commonly observed in continental rifts at depths where temperatures should be too high for brittle failure to occur. Here we present accurately located earthquakes in central Ethiopia, covering an incipient oceanic plate boundary in the Main Ethiopian Rift. Seismicity is evaluated using the combination of exceptionally well resolved seismic structure of the crust and upper mantle, electromagnetic properties of the crust, rock geochemistry, and geological data. The combined data sets provide evidence that lower crustal earthquakes are focused in mafic lower crust containing pockets of the largest fraction of partial melt. The pattern of seismicity and distribution of crustal melt also correlates closely with presence of partial melt in the upper mantle, suggesting lower crustal earthquakes are induced by ongoing crustal modification through magma emplacement that is driven by partial melting of the mantle. Our results show that magmatic processes control not only the distribution of shallow seismicity and volcanic activity along the axis of the rift valley but also anomalous earthquakes in the lower crust away from these zones of localized strain.
openalex: W2104315271 mag: 2104315271
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How polite can you get?: A comparative analysis of interlanguage pragmatic knowledge in spanish and moroccan EFL university students - Linde, Ángeles (Porta Linguarum, 2009)
This study is anchored in the field of interlanguage pragmatics (ITP), and the approach taken is speech-act based.In particular, our investigation compares Spanish and Moroccan university learners in the way they perceive analogies, requests and refusals with a view to shedding light on their pragmatic knowledge and strategy differences.Data were collected by a Multiple-choice discourse completion tasks questionnaire.Results show that Spanish and Moroccan speakers performed equally in terms of the apology speech act, but differed significantly when performing request and refusal speech acts.They also reveal that the two groups of participants were significantly different in terms of their indirect distractor choice, but not in their strategy and direct choices.These findings are supported by previous research.
openalex: W2167724533 mag: 2167724533
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The perspectives of in-school youths in Kampala, Uganda, on the role of parents in HIV prevention - Löfgren, Johanna; Byamugisha, Josaphat; Tillgren, Per; Rubenson, Birgitta (African Journal of AIDS Research, 2009)
This qualitative study explores how young Ugandans perceive and experience the role of parents in preventing the spread of HIV among youths. Data were gathered from semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 16 in-school youths, ages 18-20, residing in Kampala. A key finding is that the youths perceived parenting styles as influencing HIV prevention among youths. The participants identified several harmful consequences from a lack of parental guidance or inadequate parenting and they discussed the gains of parental support in terms of assisting HIV prevention among youths. The participants expressed the idea that parents can importantly contribute to preventing the spread of HIV among youths by supporting their own adolescent children and discussing topics like sex, relationships, and HIV in an age-appropriate way. However, the participants also felt that Ugandan parents in general are unable to support and talk to youths about sex and HIV in a way that helps protect them from exposure to HIV. The in-school youths felt that parents are unsupportive in terms of HIV prevention among youths by way of fear of talking about sex, parents' lack of time to engage with their children, and authoritarian or indulgent parenting. The participants also described how parents treat girls and boys differently; however, no significant association was found between how girls and boys conceptualised parents' roles.
openalex: W2031156804 mag: 2031156804
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Sibship size and education in South Africa: Black–White variations - Lu, Yao (Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 2009)
Recent studies suggest that the generally observed negative sibship size effect on education is much less consistent in developing nations. Using data from a national survey in the early 1990s, this study assesses the effect of number of siblings on education in South Africa for two major population groups with distinctive cultural customs, Whites and Blacks. A negative effect exists for Whites, who have adopted a Western nuclear family system, whereas no effect is shown for Blacks, whose family life operates under extended family arrangements. Several sensitivity analyses suggest that the lack of a sibship size effect for Blacks can be partly explained by their extended family arrangements, in which the responsibilities and financial costs of raising children are shared across a wide circle of relatives. The study further addresses the longstanding debate as to whether the link between sibship size and education is contaminated by endogeneity and a confounding birth order effect. Results suggest that the sibship size effect is not an artifact of the interactive birth order effect. However, the observed negative effect for Whites tends to be exaggerated by endogenous factors – mostly likely parental quality–quantity calculation – a pattern found in several other industrialized societies that conform to western values of childbearing.
openalex: W2043058841 mag: 2043058841
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Information and advocacy: Forgotten components in the strategies for achieving inclusive education in South Africa? - Maher, Marguerite (Africa Education Review, 2009)
Abstract Commitment to a single, inclusive education system has been the aspiration of reform in education in a democratic South Africa as articulated in White Paper 6: Special needs education: Building an inclusive education and training system (Department of Education 2001). This article reports findings from a qualitative study which took place in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), which ascertained participants’ evaluation of the extent to which the policy ideals of inclusive education, as articulated in White Paper 6 were being achieved. Findings revealed that there was evidence of inclusive education beginning to be implemented in KZN in that barriers to learning for many students were being addressed and removed. The specific provision in policy documents directed towards children with disabilities was behind schedule, however, and there was little evidence of full inclusion of students with disabilities in regular education. One component that was furthest behind in the milestones was the implementation of the information and advocacy programme. Implications and further consequences of this are discussed.
openalex: W2086070448 mag: 2086070448
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Assessing the Effect of Foster-Children Supply on Biological Children Education Demand : Some Evidence from Cameroon - Marazyan, Karine (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
In Cameroun, around 18 percent of children aged between 10-14 years old grow up within a sibship extended to host one (or more) foster-child. This proportion is similar in other African countries and in particular West African ones. This paper aims at estimating the effect of foster-children supply on biological children education demand of host parents in Cameroon. To address the endogeneity of foster-children supply, we estimate both decision within a recursive bivariate probit framework and use, as our identifying variable, the father's birth order among his brothers. Indeed, in patrilineal societies as in Cameroon, kinship rules involve children to be hosted by brothers of the male kin group, and more likely by the eldest. Using data from the demographic and health survey of Cameroon (2004), a dataset uniquely suitable for our purpose since information on the father's birth order are available, we find that children hosting school-age foster-relatives have a significant lower probability to attain their basic level of education relative to those who do not. This suggests that households hosting school-age foster-relatives due to kinship rules suffer from liquidity constraints preventing them from educating further their biological children. Through this result, we highlight the importance of the motive underlying child fostering to determine its spillover effects.
openalex: W1544880316 mag: 1544880316
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Emerging discourse: Islamic teaching in HIV prevention in Kenya - Maulana, Aisha Omar; Krumeich, Anja; Borne, Bart van den (Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2009)
Islamic values portraying sex outside of marriage as sinful are often believed to contribute to HIV transmission as they reject safe-sex practices. Moreover, stigma associated with sinful behaviour is frequently assumed to interfere with access to care for those infected. In contrast, adherence to religious values such as abstinence is viewed as an explanation for the relatively low incidence of HIV infection in Islamic populations. Inspired by this debate, a study was conducted into the possibilities of using Islamic texts as a starting point for health promotion addressing HIV infection and HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Lamu, a Muslim community in Kenya. The study also explored the potential role of Lamu's Islamic leaders in the delivery of that health promotion. In collaboration with Islamic leaders, texts were identified that applied to sexual conduct, health, stigma and the responsibilities of Islamic leaders towards their congregations. In spite of the association of HIV with improper sexual behaviour, Islamic texts offer a starting point for tackling HIV transmission and HIV/AIDS-related stigma. Under particular conditions, the identified Islamic texts may even justify the promotion of safer-sex methods, including condom use.
openalex: W2135625535 mag: 2135625535
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The application of Intervention Mapping in developing and implementing school-based sexuality and HIV/AIDS education in a developing country context: The case of Tanzania - Mkumbo, Kitila A. K.; Schaalma, H.P.; Kaaya, Sylvia; Leerlooijer, Joanne N.; Mbwambo, Jessie; Kilonzo, Gad P. (Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2009)
Effective sexuality and HIV/AIDS education programmes are needed to protect young people against HIV/AIDS and teenage pregnancy in Tanzania and other Sub-Saharan African countries. Using a theory- and evidence-based approach and adapting the programmes to local contexts, increases the effectiveness of these programmes. This paper describes and discusses the challenges and opportunities concerning the application of Intervention Mapping (IM) in the development and implementation of a sexuality and HIV/AIDS education programme targeting young people aged 12-14 in Tanzania.The sexuality and HIV/AIDS programme was designed in a participatory manner, involving researchers, curriculum developers and teachers' and students' panels. The programme comprised five lessons, organized around 23 sessions with the aim of delaying the onset of sexual intercourse and increase correct and consistent condom use among young people. The programme was delivered by trained teachers as an extracurricular lesson.The IM protocol facilitated the development of a comprehensive sexuality and HIV/AIDS education programme relevant and appropriate to the social cultural context and the needs of learners in Tanzania. The paper has demonstrated that, although the IM was developed in the Western context, it can be used in a flexible manner to adapt to local contexts such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa.
openalex: W2150497372 mag: 2150497372
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Cultural diversity in the classroom: implications for curriculum literacy in South African classrooms - Modiba, Maropeng; Rensburg, Wilhelm van (Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 2009)
Cultural literacy is considered as crucial in the process of redress, and of equal recognition, affirmation and nurturing of different cultural symbols and other forms of expression within South Africa. In this paper we reflect conceptually on what the new curriculum policy in Arts and Culture education proposes with regard to acknowledging and promoting an understanding of multiculturalism and cultural diversity, and their development at classroom level. We argue that for the policy ideals to be realised, teaching and learning have to be informed by a conception of culture that underscores cultural critique. In conclusion, the paper highlights the practical implications of such critique for teaching Arts and Culture.
openalex: W2002345768 mag: 2002345768
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Effects of climate change on natural regeneration and phenology of selected tropical tree species in the high forest zone of Ghana - Mohren, G.M.J.; Amissah, Lucy (2009)
openalex: W2576031718 mag: 2576031718
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An empirical assessment of the impact of climate change on smallholder agriculture in Cameroon - Molua, Ernest L. (Global and Planetary Change, 2009)
Rainfed tropical agriculture provides important avenue to ascertain the consequences of climate change. This is because reliability of rainfall accounts for much of the variation in agriculture in the region. In addition, the region is already hot and vulnerable from further warming. This study shows from a climate change experiment using Ricardian method in Cameroon that a 7% decrease in precipitation would cause net revenues from crops to fall US$2.86 billion and a 14% decrease in precipitation would cause net revenue from crops to fall US$3.48 billion. Increases in precipitation would have the opposite effect on net revenues. For a 2.5 °C warming, net revenues would fall by US$0.79 billion, and a 5 °C warming would cause net revenues to fall US$1.94 billion. This highlights that agriculture is not only limited by seasonality and magnitude of moisture availability, but also it is significantly impacted by climate change.
openalex: W2059034545 mag: 2059034545
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An evaluation of the training of South African police service officials on the use of lethal force after the amendment to section 49 of the criminal procedure act (No. 51 of 1977) - Moodley, Rajmoney (2009)
openalex: W1584426926 mag: 1584426926
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Intersecting poverty and participation in higher education in Ghana and Tanzania - Morley, Louise; Lussier, Kattie (International Studies in Sociology of Education, 2009)
Higher education policy and research tend to be dominated by the messaging systems of the North. De Sousa Santos argues that we need to start listening to the South and that we need to develop a sociology of absences. This paper attempts to engage with some of these absences by deconstructing participation in higher education, in quantitative and qualitative terms, in Ghana and Tanzania. The paper is based on interim findings from a research project on Economic and Social Research Council/Department for International Development‐funded research project on Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard (www.sussex.ac.uk/education/wideningparticipation). It argues that, while globally the higher education sector has become associated with economic development and the hyper modernisation of the knowledge economy, some archaic patterns of participation appear to be continuing.
openalex: W2019417482 mag: 2019417482
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Towards Gender Equality: South African Schools during the HIV and AIDS Epidemic - Morrell, Robert; Epstein, Debbie; Unterhalter, Elaine; Bhana, Deevia; Moletsane, Relebohile (2009)
Since the democratic elections in 1994, there have been concerted efforts to redress race and gender inequalities in South Africa. Learners and teachers have responded in their own ways to change and this nuanced analysis reveals their struggles to realise gender equality by living gender differently. In distinguishing short-term interventions to change behaviour from institutional approaches, which seek to transform school structures, this book offers a new framework for understanding gender-equality initiatives.
openalex: W1544345400 mag: 1544345400
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(049). Epidemiologic characteristics of rectal cancer: About a Moroccan experience from teaching hospital - Mrini, K.; Essamri, O.; Benbelbarhdadi, I.; Ajana, F.Z.; Afifi, R.; Benazzouz, M.; Essaïd, A. (Arab Journal of Gastroenterology, 2009)
Our knowledge on cancers related to drugs remains limited. Among the different pharmacoepidemiological approaches assessing this risk, analysis of reports to pharmacovigilance (PV) system is uncommon.To review cancers registered as adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the French Pharmacovigilance Database (FPVDB).This study was based on spontaneous reports of ADRs submitted to the French PV system. All cases of cancers reported in the FPVDB between 1995 and 2006 were reviewed. Cases with transgenerational effects, cases from patients with an history of primary cancer and cancers associated with antineoplastic drugs were excluded. Drugs were classified according ATC classification.Out of 207 000 notifications, 414 cases of cancer (998 citations of drugs) were identified. Reports increased from 19 cases in 1995 to 70 in 2006. Patients’ age ranged from 2 to 95 years. Gender was equally distributed. Most frequently reported cancers were lymphomas (22.7%), basal or squamous cell carcinomas (16.4%) and leukemias (13.8%). Immunosuppressants (37.6%) were ranked in the first position followed by corticosteroids (9.3%). Potential drug-cancer associations, previously described in the literature (immunosuppressants, hydroxycarbamide, mitoxantrone, cyproterone and hormone replacement therapy) were found in the database. Other potential drug-cancer associations (leukemia and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma after exposition to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors or interferon) were also identified.Cancer notifications in a PV database, although usually considered as poorly generalizable to the general population, appears to be useful in the surveillance of cancer risk associated to drugs. It allows both confirmation of already known data and detection of new signals. Combination of present data with pharmacoepidemiological studies and collaborations with cancer registries would allow better identification of these risk signals.Notre étude analyse les notifications spontanées d’effets indésirables de type cancer enregistrées dans la banque française de pharmacovigilance (BFPV).Cette étude rétrospective a porté sur toutes les observations de cancers enregistrées comme effet indésirable (EI) dans la BFPV entre 1995 et 2006. Les cas de cancers survenant après une exposition in utero ou chez des patients ayant déjà un antécédent de cancer ou traités pour un cancer ont été exclus. Les médicaments ont été codés selon la classification anatomique, thérapeutique et chimique (ATC).Nous avons identifié 414 observations d’EI de type cancer sur les 207 000 notifications de la BFPV enregistrées entre 1995 et 2006. Le nombre de notifications a augmenté de 19 cas en 1995 à 70 en 2006. Les patients (sex-ratio H/F = 1) étaient âgés de 2 ans à 95 ans. Les cancers les plus fréquemment notifiés concernaient les lymphomes (22,7 %), les cancers cutanés baso- ou squamo-cellulaires (16,4 %) et les leucémies (13,8 %). Les immunosuppresseurs (37,6 %) figuraient parmi les médicaments les plus souvent suspectés, suivis par les corticoïdes (9,3 %). Certaines associations médicaments-cancer avec l’hydroxycarbamide, la mitoxantrone, la cyprotérone et les traitements hormonaux de remplacement, déjà décrites dans la littérature, ont été retrouvées dans la BFPV. D’autres associations cancer-médicaments potentielles ont été identifiées (leucémies ou lymphomes non-hodgkiniens après exposition à un inhibiteur nucléosidique de la transcriptase inverse ou à un interféron).L’analyse des notifications de la BFPV présente un intérêt majeur dans la surveillance des risques de cancer liés aux médicaments. Elle permet de confirmer des données déjà publiées et peut générer de nouveaux signaux. Associée à des études pharmacoépidémiologiques et aux registres de cancer, ce type de données améliorerait l’identification de ce risque médicamenteux.
openalex: W2015661118 mag: 2015661118
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Lipid profile in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients attending University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri-Nigeria. - Mshelia, DS; Buratai, LB; Yp, Mamza (PubMed, 2009)
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease, and accounts for 50% of all deaths in them. Dyslipidaemia does not only accelerate atherosclerosis in these patients but also progresses the renal disease. This study therefore set to investigate the pattern of lipid profile in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients.This was case control study of 63 pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients attending University of Maiduguri teaching Hospital and 60 control subjects. All factors that may lead to dyslipidaemia were excluded in all subjects except hypertension. Lipid profiles were measured by standard methods. Data were analyzed using a statistical software SPSS version 11.0. Their observed differences in mean-SEM values were analyzed for statistical significance using Student's t-test andp-value <0.05 was considered significant.the mean+SEM of total cholesterol 4.50+0.14 mmol/L and triglycerides 2.18+0.10 mmol/L in patients were significantly higher than that of the controls 3.79+0.11 mmol/L and 1.19+0.06 mmol/L respectively, p<0.05. Similarly the mean+SEM of LDL 2.62+0.16 mmol/L and LDL/HDL ratio 3.53+0.12 in patients were significantly higher when compared to that of the controls 2.04+0.16 mmol/L and 2.04+0.08 respectively, p<0.05. However, although the mean+SEM HDL in patient 1.07+0.07 mmol/L, was lower than that of the controls 1.21+0.06 mmol/L, the difference was not statistically significant, p>0.05. The pattern of lipid profile did not change with severity of disease and dyslipidaemia in patients were more in triglycerides, 68.3% and HDL, 63.5% than in TC, 22.2% and LDL, 17.5%.Dyslipidaemia is common in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. It is pertinent to investigate and treat dyslipidaemia early in the course of the disease as it may prevent further progression of the renal damage.
openalex: W1981532857 mag: 1981532857
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Process evaluation of a school-based HIV/AIDS intervention in South Africa - Mukoma, Wanjirû; Flisher, Alan J.; Ahmed, Nazeema; Jansen, Shahieda; Mathews, Catherine; Klepp, Knut‐Inge; Schaalma, H.P. (Scandinavian journal of public health, 2009)
Aims: This paper presents a process evaluation that assessed the fidelity and quality of implementation, as well as the acceptability and subjective evaluations of a HIV/AIDS intervention among students and teachers. Methods: The process evaluation was conducted as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial of a theory- and evidence-based school HIV/AIDS intervention in Cape Town. The intervention was designed for grade 8 high school students and delivered by teachers over a six-month period. Twenty-six schools participated in the trial, 13 in the intervention group and 13 in the control group. Results: The success of implementation was varied within and across the schools, with some teachers implementing the intervention with more fidelity than others. This was influenced by a combination of individual characteristics and institutional factors. The factors that aided implementation included compliance with the current outcomes-based education approach; provision of teacher training; provision of teacher manuals with detailed information and instructions about the lessons and activities; continued monitoring and support for teachers; and student enthusiasm for the lessons. Proper implementation was hindered by large class sizes; too many activities in the intervention; teacher resistance to and inexperience in using participatory methods; teacher turnover; the low status of life orientation compared to other subjects; and a general disregard for life orientation among students. Conclusions: These findings are important for improving the intervention and contextualizing the results of the outcome evaluation; and to better plan for further large scale dissemination of school-based HIV/AIDS intervention programmes.
openalex: W2141296429 mag: 2141296429
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Development and test—retest reliability of a research instrument designed to evaluate school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in South Africa and Tanzania - Mukoma, Wanjirû; Flisher, Alan J.; Helleve, Arnfinn; Aarø, Leif Edvard; Mathews, Catherine; Kaaya, Sylvia; Klepp, Knut‐Inge (Scandinavian journal of public health, 2009)
This article reports on the development and psychometric properties of an instrument to evaluate school-based HIV/ AIDS interventions aimed at adolescents in three African sites.The instrument was developed in a series of steps that involved a review of existing instruments; use of empirical data and secondary literature supporting an association between the variables of interest and sexual intercourse or condom use; operationalizing the constructs of the theoretical model employed; and using the objectives of the intervention. Test-retest reliability studies were conducted at each site.The questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.50 for all the 10 psychosocial scales, while Cohen's kappa showed poor to substantial test-retest reliability on the sexual behaviour items (kappa = 0.14 to 0.69).We conclude that the instrument had sufficient test-retest reliability and internal consistency.
openalex: W2018207561 mag: 2018207561
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Condom brands, perceptions of condom efficacy and HIV prevention among university students in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Mulwo, Abraham Kiprop; Tomaselli, Keyan G.; Dalrymple, Lynn (African journal of AIDS research, 2009)
University students form an important constituency in interventions against HIV and AIDS. The majority of university students are between ages 18 and 30 years, which, according to recent surveys, is the age category at the highest risk of HIV infection. Even though there is currently no comprehensive statistical data on the HIV prevalence at South African institutions of higher learning, a number of studies have noted increasing AIDS-related deaths and sicknesses among students. This highlights the need for effective intervention against HIV infections within this community. Condom use remains the most effective intervention against HIV infection within sexually active populations. This paper examines perceptions of public-sector condoms and their impact on condom use among university students, based on the findings of research conducted at three universities in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Study findings indicate that public-sector condoms are perceived as ineffective, smelly and even ‘infectious’ and are widely seen to be of lower status as compared to the commercial brands. These perceptions were found to influence condom use as some students preferred to engage in unprotected sex rather than use public-sector condoms. The paper highlights the need for communication programmes to demystify the misconceptions surrounding public-sector condoms and to provide reassurance of the quality of such condoms.
openalex: W2090559832 mag: 2090559832
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The factors that influence utilization of functional literacy skills among adult education learners in Naivasha District, Rift , Valley Province, Kenya - Mwirikia, Mary W (2009)
openalex: W2611332095 mag: 2611332095
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Sociodemographic variations in communication on sexuality and HIV/AIDS with parents, family members and teachers among in-school adolescents: A multi-site study in Tanzania and South Africa - Namisi, Francis Sande; Flisher, Alan J.; Øverland, Simon; Bastien, Sheri; Onya, Hans; Kaaya, Sylvia; Aarø, Leif Edvard (Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2009)
To identify with whom in-school adolescents preferred to communicate about sexuality, and to study adolescents' communication on HIV/AIDS, abstinence and condoms with parents/guardians, other adult family members, and teachers.Data were obtained from a baseline questionnaire survey carried out in South Africa (Cape Town and Mankweng) and Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) in early 2004. We analysed data for 14,944 adolescents from 80 randomly selected schools. The mean ages were as follows: Cape Town, 13.38 years (standard deviation (SD) 1.15); Mankweng, 13.94 years (SD 1.35); and Dar es Salaam, 12.94 years (SD 1.31).Adolescent females preferred to receive sexuality information from their mothers, while among males there was a higher preference for fathers in two sites. Thirty-seven per cent, 41% and 29% reported never or hardly ever communicating about sexuality with parents, other adult family members, and teachers, respectively. "Silence'' was more prevalent in Dar es Salaam than in the other two sites. The odds of "never or hardly ever'' communicating with parents in Dar es Salaam were higher among girls than among boys (p < 0.01). For the two South African sites, boys had significantly higher odds of experiencing silence than did girls (both p < 0.001), and socioeconomic status was positively associated with parent-adolescent sexuality communication. In the logistic regression models, explained variation (Nagelkerke's R(2)) across sites ranged from 0.013 to 0.032.In all three sites, a substantial proportion of adolescents reported not communicating with their parents about HIV/AIDS, abstinence, or condoms. The low proportion of explained variation in sexuality communication implies that silence is common across sociodemographic subgroups.
openalex: W2096254328 mag: 2096254328
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Elephant distribution around a volcanic shield dominated by a mosaic of forest and savanna (Marsabit, Kenya) - Ngene, Shadrack; Skidmore, Andrew K.; Gils, Hein van; Douglas‐Hamilton, Iain; Omondi, Patrick (African Journal of Ecology, 2009)
Abstract We investigated the factors that influenced the distribution of the African elephant around a volcanic shield dominated by a mosaic of forest and savanna in northern Kenya. Data on elephant distribution were acquired from four female and five bull elephants, collared with satellite‐linked geographical positioning system collars. Based on the eigenvalues (variances) of the correlation matrix, the six factors that contributed significantly to high total variances were distance from drinking water (24%), elevation (15%), shrubland (10%), forest (9%), distance from settlements (8%) and distance from minor roads (7%), contributing to 73% in the observed variation of the elephant distribution. The elephants were found at high forested elevations during the dry season but they moved to the lowlands characterized by shrubland during the wet season. Elevation acts as a proxy for the vegetation structure. The presence of elephants near permanent water points (13%) and seasonal rivers (11%) during the dry and wet seasons, respectively, demonstrates that water is the most important determinant of their distribution throughout the year. We conclude that the distribution of elephants in Marsabit Protected Area and its adjacent areas is influenced mainly by drinking water and vegetation structure.
openalex: W2168828514 mag: 2168828514
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Gender differences in intention to remain a virgin until marriage among school pupils in rural northern Tanzania - Njau, Bernard; Mtweve, Sabina; Manongi, Rachel; Jalipa, Hector (African Journal of AIDS Research, 2009)
Abstinence is often promoted in HIV-prevention programmes for adolescents, but little is known about the factors that influence adolescents' intentions to abstain from sex until marriage. This study was conducted in ten districts in the Kilimanjaro, Arusha, and Manyara regions of northern Tanzania, in July 2005. Out of 65 villages, four were randomly selected. In total, 953 primary school pupils, aged 10 to 14 years, participated in an interview and questionnaire: about 54% were girls and 41% were aged 12 to 13. Thirty-four percent of boys and 28.5% of girls said they had the intention to remain a virgin until marriage. Among the male respondents, having the intention to remain a virgin until marriage was associated with sharing a bedroom with a brother under age 18 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-6.87) and with saying that girls have the right to say ‘no’ to sex (OR = 8.51, 95% CI 2.93-24.72); among males, the intention was also negatively associated with saying they had the confidence to refuse sex with someone they had known for less than three months (OR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.04-0.32). Among the female respondents, having the intention to remain a virgin until marriage was associated with living with both parents (OR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.23-5.50) and saying that they had the confidence to refuse sex with someone who has authority or power (OR = 3.69, 95% CI 1.31-10.48). The findings highlight that young adolescents may benefit from community-based HIV-prevention programmes that include building lifeskills and increasing one's confidence to abstain from sex or delay sexual debut until marriage.
openalex: W1979012604 mag: 1979012604
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Collaboration in open and distance learning: The realities of policy implementation in the Africa region - Nonyongo, Evie (Africa Education Review, 2009)
Abstract In this article the Sub-Saharan Africa region's attempt to implement open and distance learning collaboration programmes, in line with the ideals of the World Declaration on Education for All (WDEFA), are discussed. The discussion is based on an analysis of the WDEFA policy; participation in, minutes and reports of the Multi-Channel Learning Base (MCLB) initiative; and a brief review of the literature on policy and ODL collaboration. The conclusions drawn from this analysis are that: the WDEFA was a useful policy on international collaboration for meeting basic learning needs; the MCLB initiative, though laudable in having shared in three regional activities of ODL experience in Sub-Saharan Africa and having developed a regional ODL programme of action, was unsuccessful in implementing collaborative programmes in the region. The reasons for the MCLB's failure relate to unrealistic timeframes, lack of resources, preference for national rather than international programmes, and the proposed location of the MCLB.
openalex: W1991580412 mag: 1991580412
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Factors affecting sports participation among female students at Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa : physical education and sport - Nthangeni, A.S.; Haycock, E.; Toriola, A.L. (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2009)
The primary aim of this study was to examine factors affecting sport participation among resident and non-resident female students at Tshwane University of Technology (TUT), Pretoria, South Africa. The study targeted all students participating in 12 registered sports but due to the fact that only a limited number of the total population of students engage in competitive sport, a sample of 148 participants completed the questionnaires. The non-participants included 259 students who volunteered to provide information for the study. Both categories of students completed structured questionnaires. Many of the participants (52%) indicated that their main motivation for engaging in sports was the possibility of receiving student bursary. Sixteen percent (16%) were motivated by the belief that the university will give them free sport equipment, while 13% of the participants indicated that they were encouraged to take part in sport because of the possibility that their club membership will be subsidized. Thirty-nine percent of non-resident students also acknowledged the importance of sport bursaries as an incentive. Some of the non-participants (13%) indicated that they would engage in sport in future if they were provided with sporting equipment. The non-participants (26%) stated that expensive club membership was a major deterrent to involvement in university sport. The results have practical implications for effective promotion and management of sport in universities. In developing strategies aimed at promoting sport participation among female university students, bursary awards, free equipment provision, membership fee subsidization and free accommodation, should be emphasized in conjunction with other incentives.
openalex: W1515910705 mag: 1515910705
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The scramble for mineral resources in Cameroon: How can the government learn from previous conflicts and social responsibility failures? - Nting, Rexon T. (African Security Review, 2009)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKeywords: social responsibilitymineral resourcesconflictCameroon governmentcorruptionmultinational companies
openalex: W2044314523 mag: 2044314523
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Attitudes and Behaviour of Nigerian University Students towards Voluntary HIV Counselling and Testing - Nwokocha, Ezebunwa E.; Eyango, Victor (Nigerian journal of sociology and anthropology, 2009)
Despite increased campaign for voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria only a negligible number of young people participates in this activity. This study investigates the factors affecting the attitudes and behaviour of students at the University of Ibadan, which is a microcosm of other universities in the country, as a way of understanding the context in which apathy towards VCT occurs. The Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action enable the study to highlight the variables that interact to influence students’ behaviour towards VCT. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews (IDIs). The survey involved 400 respondents selected through a multi-stage sampling technique, while 12 IDIs were conducted among undergraduate and postgraduate students identified as relatively knowledgeable about issues related to VCT – mainly as peer educators. The findings show that although 95.3% of the students were aware of VCT, only 15% of them had undertaken voluntary HIV testing. The specific results indicate that there is a wide gap between intention and action related to VCT. Of the 57.5% respondents who had discussed VCT and intended to participate in it, only 27.3% actually underwent VCT. A combination of overconfidence in not being HIV positive, fear of testing positive to the virus, the perceived non-confidentiality of test results and stigma and discrimination strongly discourage students from partaking in VCT. The study clearly indicates the need to bridge the gap between knowledge and behaviour through vigorous sensitization and enlightenment activities.
openalex: W3047290896 mag: 3047290896
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Information ethics education in Africa. Where do we stand? - Ocholla, Dennis N. (International Information & Library Review, 2009)
This paper explores information ethics (IE) education within LIS (Library and Information Studies/Science) schools in Africa to investigate the following: (i) the extent to which IE is necessary; (ii) who should offer IE and why; (iii) who should be taught IE (and at what level); (iv) how long IE education should take; and (v) what should be included in an IE course. This was accomplished through a literature review and a case study conducted via email with purposely selected LIS experts from around Africa. Overwhelmingly, the LIS experts agreed that information ethics should be offered by LIS departments in courses that account for the multidisciplinary nature of the subject and that it should be made available to all students at all levels. The content should be objective and outcomes-based or outcomes-driven. The challenges and opportunities enumerated in this study could potentially be used to set the agenda for further research and professional engagement.
openalex: W2038913915 mag: 2038913915
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Information ethics education in Africa. Where do we stand? - Ocholla, Dennis N. (International Information & Library Review, 2009)
This paper explores information ethics (IE) education within LIS (Library and Information Studies/Science) schools in Africa to investigate the following: (i) the extent to which IE is necessary; (ii) who should offer IE and why; (iii) who should be taught IE (and at what level); (iv) how long IE education should take; and (v) what should be included in an IE course. This was accomplished through a literature review and a case study conducted via email with purposely selected LIS experts from around Africa. Overwhelmingly, the LIS experts agreed that information ethics should be offered by LIS departments in courses that account for the multidisciplinary nature of the subject and that it should be made available to all students at all levels. The content should be objective and outcomes-based or outcomes-driven. The challenges and opportunities enumerated in this study could potentially be used to set the agenda for further research and professional engagement.
openalex: W4239011473
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Creative Reformation of African Art Traditions: The Iconography of Abayomi Barber Art School - Odiboh, Freeborn (African Arts, 2009)
June 01 2009 Creative Reformation of African Art Traditions: The Iconography of Abayomi Barber Art School Freeborn O. Odiboh Freeborn O. Odiboh Freeborn O. Odiboh is a recent Leventis Fellow at the Centre of African Studies, SOAS, University of London. He lectures on art history and is presently Head of Art History, Department of Fine and Applied Arts, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. freeby1121@justice.com Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Freeborn O. Odiboh Freeborn O. Odiboh is a recent Leventis Fellow at the Centre of African Studies, SOAS, University of London. He lectures on art history and is presently Head of Art History, Department of Fine and Applied Arts, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. freeby1121@justice.com Online Issn: 1937-2108 Print Issn: 0001-9933 © 2009 by the Regents of the University of California.2009 African Arts (2009) 42 (2): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1162/afar.2009.42.2.76 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Freeborn O. Odiboh; Creative Reformation of African Art Traditions: The Iconography of Abayomi Barber Art School. African Arts 2009; 42 (2): 76–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/afar.2009.42.2.76 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsAfrican Arts Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2009 by the Regents of the University of California.2009 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
openalex: W1974768336 mag: 1974768336
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Stress and psychological health of medical students in a Nigerian university. - Ofili, AN; Oriaifo, I; Okungbowa, Enosakhare Godwin; Eze, Emeka (PubMed, 2009)
Physician job satisfaction is one indicator of the overall health of our health care delivery system. Excellent but dissatisfied physicians could decide to leave the practice of medicine or highly talented students could opt for different careers if the perception that medicine is not a fulfilling career exists. This study aims to investigate the level of course satisfaction, its relationship to psychological disorder and presence/absence of stress among medical students. Physician job satisfaction is one indicator of the overall health of our health care delivery system. Excellent but dissatisfied physicians could decide to leave the practice of medicine or highly talented students could opt for different careers if the perception that medicine is not a fulfilling career exists. This study aims to investigate the level of course satisfaction, its relationship to psychological disorder and presence/absence of stress among medical students.A cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 medical students of the University of Benin, Nigeria. The respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire and a standard instrument The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 28).The response rate was 93.9%. Two hundred and forty four (63.4%) of respondents were satisfied with their course, 331 (86.0%) of them felt medicine was stressful. There was also a statistical significant difference in the level of stress among the various levels of medical students. One hundred and twenty three (31.9%) medical students indicated that they would not study medicine again if given a second chance. One hundred and twelve (29.1%) medical students had psychological disorder. More dissatisfied students had psychological disorder than satisfied students and this difference was found to be statistically significant.The level of perceived stress among medical students was found to be high and a significant number of students had psychological morbidity. There is a need to identify and correct the causes of dissatisfaction among these groups of students in order to improve on the psychological state of the students. Stress management training is also required as majority of the medical students found the course stressful.
openalex: W1578024417 mag: 1578024417
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Prevalence of skin disorders in school children in southwest Nigeria - Ogunbiyi, Adebola; Omigbodun, Yinka; Owoaje, Eme (International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 2009)
Physiological and structural changes of the pilosebaceous unit occur typically in adolescence leading to increase in sebaceous and apocrine secretions. Common disorders in this age group usually include acne vulgaris and infections with yeast organisms especially in a tropical climate.It has been suggested that some disorders are more prevalent in adolescents in the western world when compared to the developing ones.We looked at the prevalence of skin disorders in secondary school children in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. After obtaining relevant bio-data, students were examined for the presence of skin disorders. A total of 1,415 students were interviewed and examined.There age range was 10-20 years. There were 725 (51.2%) males. Skin disorders seen were acne vulgaris 502 (35.5%), pityriasis versicolor 321 (22%) and papular urticaria 120 (8.5%) and seborreheic dermatitis 3.5%. Thirty six of the students (2.5%) which were mainly female students had developed side effects from the use of skin lightening agents. Peri-ocular hyper pigmentation and palmoplantar hyper pigmentation were found in 21 (1.5%) and 2 (0.1%) of the students respectively. Pyoderma, ringworm infection and scabies accounted for 0.6%. 1.0% and 1.1% of diseases respectively.We concluded that acne vulgaris and pityriasis versicolor were the commonest skin disorders in adolescents in our environment. Complications from the use of skin lightening agents were seen in a few students.
openalex: W2094512370 mag: 2094512370
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The Challenges of Attaining Millennium Development Goals in Education in Africa by 2015 - Ojogwu, C. N. (College student journal, 2009)
Millennium Development Goals were established by the United Nations to help underdeveloped countries to overcome problems of illiteracy, poverty, low health status and quality of life. Much emphasis was placed on the attainment of MDG targets in education because of its pivotal role in national development. The targets include education for all through 100% gross enrolment rate by 2015, gender equality in access to education opportunities, eradication of adult illiteracy, and improvement of the quality of education. Nigeria was used as an example to examine challenges faced by the African continent in pursuit of MDG targets in education. Nigeria's experience revealed great increases in school enrollments with improvements in gross enrolment rates. But big gaps still exist between states and regions, and between targeted expectations and real achievements, particularly in reduction of gender disparity and adult illiteracy. To raise the prospects of goal attainment, African governments must see education as a right rather than a privilege, and therefore increase budgetary allocations to education. There is also critical need for prudent management of available funds and resources. All African countries should mobilize to provide free and compulsory basic education for the citizens, and organize more mass literacy and public awareness campaigns on the role of education in personal and national development. ********** Towards the close of the last century, world leaders from both developed and developing nations met in order to evaluate progress made in social, economic and political dimensions of national and international development, and to strategies for improvements in the twenty-first century. It became clear from the analysis of realities on the ground that many United Nations resolutions and developmental targets had remained elusive while some important projects and programmes are either unimplemented or they could not yield the anticipated outcomes. Most worrisome was the fact that the gap between the developed and underdeveloped countries was widening rather than closing up. The interactions, awareness and negotiations led to the United Nations establishing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to guide plans and programmes of nations and development partners. The year 2015 was chosen as an important milestone at which point a comprehensive assessment of goal achievements would be made. Along the way, however, were specific targets to be met by 2005 and 2010. Leaders of developed countries acknowledge the need to pay special attention to the African continent, particularly sub-Saharan Africa where poverty, hunger; illiteracy, undemocratic, despotic and corrupt governments and HIV/AIDS were ravaging the populace. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP 2002) identified 8 major Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to include eradication of extreme poverty and hunger' achievement of universal primary education; reduction of child mortality; improvement of maternal health; combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, promoting gender equality ensuring environmental sustainability; and establishing a global partnership for development. In this paper, the focus will be on universal primary education, the eradication of illiteracy, and the crosscutting issue of gender equality and access to educational opportunity. The African continent is the contextual framework for examining the challenges confronting us in the attainment of MDGs by 2015 with particular reference to education. But Africa has 52 independent countries. Each country is different in many respects, yet they all fall within the category of developing or underdeveloped countries. None of them has attained 100 percent literacy rate; life expectancy is below the world average; quality of life is low with many citizens living below poverty line which is less than one US dollar a day. These are some of the major indicators used by the World Bank to rate a country's standard of living. …
openalex: W1603880728 mag: 1603880728
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Gender Differences in Forestalling Anti-Social Behaviours among Student Fitness Aspirants and Recreationists in Nigerian Universities - Okunbor, A. O.; Agwubike, Elias O. (College student journal, 2009)
The purpose of the research was quadrupled. It investigated the prevalence of anti-social behaviours in campuses of Nigerian universities. Several student fitness aspirants and recreationists perceived examination malpractices (85%), stealing (83%), armed robbery (81%), prostitution (82%), drunkenness (80%), smoking (79%), hard drug consumption (81%), cult membership (83%), violent demonstrations (98%), and abrupt stoppage of sporting activities due to hooliganism (87%), as the major antisocial behaviours prevalent among students of Nigerian universities. Results from the study suggested that there were significant gender differences in the acquisition of social qualities among aspirants and recreationists participating in fitness and recreational activities and the development of qualities for preventing anti-social behaviours among such groups of students. The study also indicated that no significant gender difference was observed among aspirants and recreationists participating in fitness and recreational activities and the development of moral qualities among students in Nigerian universities. A total of 212 respondents participated in the study. Six universities were randomly selected while 50 student fitness aspirants and recreationists were drawn from each of these universities by cluster sampling. Percentages and Pearson chi-square test were used to answer four research questions and test three hypotheses formulated for the study. Recommendations were made for curbing anti-social behaviours among students of Nigerian universities. ********** Nigerian universities have had their own records of anti-social behaviours. Such behaviours include examination real-practices at various levels, stealing, armed robbery, sexual misdemeanour, religious intolerance, violent demonstrations, drug abuse, cultism, and sporting activities occasioned by hooliganism. Essentially, the minds of the beneficiaries of tertiary education are expected to be moulded and shapened in such a way that anti-social tendencies in them are distilled and nullified. These ought to make students of such institutions more proactive rather than combative to fellow human beings and issues. Presently, the situation is contrary in Nigerian tertiary institutions (Adeyoju, 2002). There is a critical need for education at all levels to be concerned not only with the intellectual but also the emotional, physical and vocational, or career development needs of young people (Obadofin, 2001 ). Asagba (2002) also contended that education aims at developing individual participation in fitness and recreational activities and such participation, seeks to develop the totality of the individual through the physical, social, moral or and intellectual conditioning. Benefits of participating in physical activities for males and females of all age groups are remarkable. They include reducing risks of developing: coronary heart diseases, hypertension, colon cancer, diabetes, reduced symptoms of depression, anxiety, as well as improving physiological efficiency, helping in building and maintaining healthy bones, muscles and joints (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1996). These benefits also manifest in form of improved metabolism (digestion), better respiratory system, improved muscle tone, better coordination, flexibility and general body efficiency (Igbanugo, 2001). During participation, fitness and recreational programmes create opportunities for followership and leadership roles as in captainship, curatorship and in cheer leadership. People learn to work together as a team as the success of the team often radiates among all members. Social interaction promotes the feeling of worth and group acceptance (Asagba, 1998). On the issue of moral development, Asagba (1998) asserted that fitness and recreational activities' participation have done far more than religious preachers on the preaching of the tenets of their beliefs. …
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Vulnerability of Nigerian Secondary School to Human Sex Trafficking in Nigeria - Omorodion, Francisca Isi (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2009)
Sex trafficking contributes to the cycle of violence against women, and inflicts global social and health consequences, particularly in this era of HIV/AIDS pandemic. This paper is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in two urban and two rural schools located in Delta and Edo states of Nigeria. The aim is to assess in-school students’ knowledge and awareness of, and attitude toward sex trafficking as a way to understanding their personal vulnerability to trafficking. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered in 2004-2005 to a classroom random sample of 689 adolescents in the age range of 16-20 years. The results show that in-school adolescents are vulnerable to sex trafficking due to poverty (77.2%); unemployment (68.4%); illiteracy (56.1%); and low social status (44.5%). Students in co-ed schools showed higher knowledge and awareness of the serious health consequences of trafficking (Afr J Reprod Health 2009; 13[2]:33-48).
openalex: W1850943844 mag: 1850943844
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Impairment of radio wave signal by rainfall on fixed satellite service on earth–space path at 37 stations in Nigeria - Omotosho, T. V.; Oluwafemi, C. O. (Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2009)
This study investigates the effect of rainfall on horizontally polarized radio waves for fixed satellite service at Ku, Ka and V bands for links to the recently launched Nigeria Communication Satellite one (NigComSat-1), for annual time availabilities of 99–99.99% in an average year for 37 stations in Nigeria. The results obtained at Ku-band downlink shows that 99.99% availability is possible in all the 37-stations in Nigeria. At Ka-band downlink the results also show that only 99.9% availability is practicable in all the 37 stations in Nigeria. At V-band downlink, 99.99% availability is also not possible in all the 37 stations in Nigeria. An availability level of 99.9% is only practicable in the North–West (NW) and North–East (NE) regions, where the attenuation is between 14 and 17.9 dB. Total fade out of signals during rainfall are probable in the South–South (SS), South–East (SE), South–West (SW) and Middle–Belt (MB) regions at 99.9% availability.
openalex: W2125625841 mag: 2125625841
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First description of a Pliocene ichthyofauna from Central Africa (site KL2, Kolle area, Eastern Djurab, Chad): What do we learn? - Otero, Olga; Pinton, Aurélie; Mackaye, Hassane Taïsso; Likius, Andossa; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (Journal of African earth sciences (1994), 2009)
This is the first extensive study of a freshwater fish fauna from a Pliocene site in Central Africa, based on fossils collected at the KL2 site in the fossiliferous area of Kolle (Lower Pliocene, Chad). A relatively high fish diversity is revealed, confirming the presence of 19 taxa: Polypteriformes, Polypteridae (Polypterus sp.); Osteoglossiformes, Osteoglossidae (Heterotis sp.), Mormyriformes, Gymnarchidae (Gymnarchus sp. cf. niloticus); Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae (Labeo sp.); Characiformes, Alestidae (Hydrocynus; Alestinae type Alestes/Brycinus; Sindacharax sp. cf. deserti, Sindacharax sp.), Distichodontidae (Distichodus sp.); Siluriformes, Ariidae (cf. Calarius), ?Bagridae (cf. Bagrus), Claroteidae (cf. Clarotes), Mochokidae (Synodontis sp.), Clariidae (Clarias sp. or Heterobranchus sp.); Perciformes family indet. (Semlikiichthys sp. cf. darsao), Latidae (Lates sp. cf. niloticus), Cichlidae indet., and Perciformes indet.; Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae (Tetraodon sp.). The aquatic environment corresponding to the fossil fish assemblage might be a floodplain crossed by well-oxygenated open waters. Compared with a contemporaneous East African region, the mid-Pliocene Chadian fish diversity reveals a certain endemicity, while connections between the Niger and the Chadian basin are suspected because of the presence of a freshwater ariid fish in Kolle.
openalex: W2047794211 mag: 2047794211
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Preliminary results from seismic monitoring at Nyiragongo Volcano (Democratic Republic Of Congo) through telemetered seismic network, Goma Volcano Observatory - Pagliuca, Nicola Mauro; Badiali, L.; Cattaneo, M.; Ciraba, H.; Delladio, A.; Demartin, M.; García, Alicia García; Lisi, Arianna; Lukaya, F.; Marchetti, Alessandro; Mavonga, A.; Monachesi, G.; et al. (2009)
openalex: W2774160739 mag: 2774160739
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Student performance in Introductory Microeconomics at an African open and distance learning institution - Pretorius, Anmar; Prinsloo, Paul; Uys, Maria D (Africa Education Review, 2009)
Abstract Introductory Microeconomics as offered by the University of South Africa (Unisa) is a compulsory module for a Bachelor of Commerce, a Bachelor of Accountancy or a Bachelor of Administration degree. Success or failure in Introductory Microeconomics directly impacts on the number of years students take to complete their degrees, and eventually also on the throughput subsidy to Unisa. A number of exceptional institutional rules and regulations impact on the teaching of Introductory Microeconomics at Unisa, as an open and distance learning (ODL) institution. Unlike many residential institutions, Unisa does not require Mathematics at school level for registration for Introductory Microeconomics. This article reports on research done at Unisa to determine how student success in Introductory Microeconomics is influenced by variables such as race, home language, whether the students passed mathematics at matriculation level, matriculation exemption1, gender and the passing of assignments. Although this r...
openalex: W2066620769 mag: 2066620769
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Cost-Sharing in Higher Education in Tanzania: The Experiences of the 1990s and One Decade Later - Puja, Grace Khwaya (Comparative and international education (London, Ont.), 2009)
This article discusses the cost- sharing experiences of 73 Tanzanian female undergraduates who took part in a 1997 study. It also integrated views and suggestions of the 2007 students from the University of Dar es Salaam and Sokoine University of Agriculture, Mazimbu campus. The University of Dar es Salaam was closed in 2007 because First Year students boycotted classes to protest the government’s policy that required them to pay 40% for their higher education. I advocate for partnership in student financing and the introduction of graduate tax for recovering higher education students’ loans. Cet article traite les expériences du partage des coûts de 73 tanzaniennes du premier cycle qui ont pris part à une étude en 1997. Il a également intégré les avis et les suggestions des étudiants de 2007 venant de l’Université de Dar es Salaam et de l’Université d’agriculture Sokoine du campus de Mazimbu. L’Université de Dar es Salaam a été fermée en 2007 car les étudiants de première année ont boycotté les cours afin de protester contre la politique du gouvernement qui leur a exigé de payer 40 % des frais pour l’enseignement supérieur. Je préconise un partenariat de financement des étudiants ainsi que l’introduction d’un impôt gradué afin de recouvrir les prêts des étudiants de l’enseignement supérieur.
openalex: W35438645 mag: 35438645
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Skills deficit and development in the South African public sector : a training and development perspective, Journal of Public Administration : Special Issue, 44 (1) : pp 15-29 : : erratum - Qwabe, Bongani Reginald; Pillay, P. (Journal of Public Administration, 2009)
Skills deficit and development in the South African public sector : a training and development perspective, Journal of Public Administration : Special Issue, 44 (1) : pp 15-29 : erratum
openalex: W1017692371 mag: 1017692371
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Young people's understanding of HIV: A qualitative study among school students in Mankweng, South Africa - Ragnarsson, Anders; Onya, Hans; Aarø, Leif Edvard (Scandinavian journal of public health, 2009)
Aims: This article describes young people's interpretation of HIV, AIDS and sexually transmitted illness in a rural South African community in Mankweng, Limpopo Province. Method: The study was based on 19 focus group discussions with adolescents aged 12—14 years. Results: Our participants had limited knowledge about HIV from a biomedical perspective. Their understanding and interpretations of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases were largely informed by traditional and religious belief systems that explain how and why people contract an illness via sexual intercourse. Based on these interpretations, they also expressed distrust towards the medical health system, and where to go for care, support and treatment. Local traditional healers were often mentioned as the only people who could cure several of the sexually transmitted diseases described by our informants. Conclusions: The ways of understanding HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted illnesses may weaken efforts of health education interventions based solely on a medical and modern notion of disease. The authors emphasise the importance of exploring traditional and religious belief systems and taking these into account when planning and designing behaviour change interventions.
openalex: W2143449423 mag: 2143449423
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Developmental patterns in unwanted early sexual experience of Belgian and South African Students : health issues - Revell, Arlynn T. (African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2009)
This study examined the developmental patterns in unwanted early sexual experiences (UESE) of 3,689 first year university students (South Africans = 1,081 and Belgians = 2,608). The Early Sexual Experience Checklist (ESEC) (Miller, Johnson & Johnson, 1991) was administered to all consenting first-year university students attending an orientation programme at a South African and a Belgian University. The data was processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. The chi-square test was used to compare differences between groups and ANOVA was used to determine the UESE with regard to bothersomeness. Of the respondents 21% indicated that they had an UESE before their 16th birthday (39.2% South Africans and 13.5% Belgians). Of South African women, 31.3% (231) reported UESE compared to 14.2% (226) of Belgian women and of South African men; 56.4% (189) indicated that they had an UESE compared to 12.3% (125) of Belgian men. Of respondents indicating an UESE, 16.8% (130) reported that they had an UESE before the age of 12 years and 62.9% (485) reported an UESE between the ages of 12 and 16 years. Significant differences were found between the under-12-year old group and the 12 - 16-year old group for severity, frequency and duration of UESE as well as the perpetrator relationship. Relatives were also disproportionately represented as perpetrators of younger children. The under-12-year old group reporting UESE was more bothered about the event at the time it occurred than the 12 - 16-year old group but not significantly. When completing the checklist the under-12-year old group was significantly more bothered by the UESE than the 12 - 16-year old group. This was the first study to be undertaken among the students of a South African and a Belgian University regarding the developmental patterns in UESE.
openalex: W2265432207 mag: 2265432207
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Petrogenesis of strongly alkaline primitive volcanic rocks at the propagating tip of the western branch of the East African Rift - Rosenthal, Anja; Foley, Stephen F.; Pearson, D.G.; Nowell, Geoff; Tappe, Sebastian (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2009)
Strongly silica-undersaturated potassic lavas (kamafugites) and carbonatitic tuffs are characteristic of the Toro-Ankole volcanic field in southwestern Uganda, forming the youngest and most northward volcanics of the western branch of the East African Rift. Lavas contain exceptionally low SiO2 (31.8–42.8 wt.%), high CaO (up to 16.6 wt.%) and K2O (up to 7 wt.%). They exhibit moderately enriched correlated Nd (εNd − 0.1 to − 4.7) and Hf (εHf − 0.1 to − 8.8) isotope signatures, indicating time-integrated enrichment in incompatible elements in the source, attributed to mixing between two metasomatic assemblages, a phlogopite-rich MARID-type and a later carbonate-rich assemblage. The restricted range of 87Sr/86Sr (0.704599–0.705402) is due to Sr being dominated by the carbonate-rich assemblage, which also imparts a Nd and Hf signature similar to convecting upper mantle. Os isotopes (γOs up to 290 and variable Os concentrations of 0.056–1.454 ppb) are curved due to mixing between the carbonate-rich metasome and a second end-member that may be derived from melting peridotite, the MARID assemblage, or a mixture of both. Enrichment of the peridotitic mantle in carbonate and silicate melts at 4–6 GPa occurs also in other areas where geochemically similar ultramafic lamprophyres result. The Ugandan kamafugites thus represent the earliest and deepest-derived magmas in a rift through thick continental lithosphere beneath the continuous Congo–Tanzania craton. The Ugandan rift-related mantle enrichment is older than the earliest known tectonic surface expression of the rift.
openalex: W2018110464 mag: 2018110464
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Climate change and productivity variations recorded by sedimentary sulfur in Lake Edward, Uganda/D. R. Congo - Russell, James M.; Werne, Josef P. (Chemical Geology, 2009)
We investigate changes in the sulfur geochemistry of sediment cores from Lake Edward, Uganda/Congo to constrain the effects of recent climate changes in the region on the partitioning and isotopic composition of reduced sedimentary sulfur. We measured the concentration and isotopic composition of kerogen sulfur, chromium-reducible, and acid-volatile sulfides, as well as the abundance and partitioning of sedimentary phosphorus and iron, and the abundance and isotopic composition of organic carbon and nitrogen. Results indicate an approximately 150% increase in sulfur concentrations in sediments from Lake Edward over the past 200 years, during which time rainfall in the basin increased and the salinity of the lake fell. Increased sulfur concentrations are largely accounted for by increasing concentrations of kerogen sulfur, which is likely caused by environmentally-driven changes in organic matter quality and concentration, including increased anoxia and nutrient supply to the lake during wet intervals. The isotopic compositions of sedimentary sulfur pools support our interpretation that organic sulfur is derived primarily from sulfurization reactions in the sediment rather than primary bio-sulfur, and gradual isotopic enrichment of the δ34S of sedimentary pyrite and kerogen sulfur could result from decreased lake salinity and sulfate availability during the past 200 years. These results highlight the importance of understanding environmentally-mediated changes in organic sulfur accumulation in interpreting the sulfur geochemistry of sediments and sedimentary rocks.
openalex: W2060340551 mag: 2060340551
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Correlates of misperceptions in HIV knowledge and attitude towards People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among in-school and out-of-school adolescents in Ghana. - Sallar, Anthony M. (PubMed, 2009)
A quarter century into the HIV pandemic, knowledge about sexual transmission and sharing of needles remain high just as misperceptions relating to casual contact.To assess HIV knowledge, misperceptions, and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among adolescents.A cross sectional quantitative and qualitative study was conducted among adolescents aged 10-19 (n = 483; mean age, 16.6) in the Ashanti region of Ghana.Knowledge score ranged 0 to 38 (mean = 26.64; sd +/- 6.74). To prevent AIDS, 78.1% mentioned sexual abstinence, condom use (72.7%), fidelity to partner (72.5%), not sharing needles (76.4%), and reducing sexual partners (56.7%). Statistically significant associations were found in high misperception scores and having negative attitude towards PLWHAs (0.001 < p < 0.009). Out-of-school adolescents were less likely to be willing to take care of HIV/AIDS relatives (p = 0.004); allow PLWHAs conceal their status (p < 0.001); allow PLWHAs to work with others (p = 0.007); more likely to let PLWHAs have less healthcare (p = 0.026); and indicate that PLWHAs should be isolated (p < 0.001).Out-of-school adolescents constitute hard-to-reach population and mechanisms should be developed to reach them to reduce misperceptions which may fuel stigma and discrimination.
openalex: W1622661678 mag: 1622661678
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Legal education in the training of health professionals in Ghana: the need for legislative and curricular reforms - Seneadza, Oswald K.; Plange‐Rhule, Gyikua (Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 2009)
The present paper critically analyses the essence of legal education in the training of medical professionals in Ghana. It argues that health professionals lack the requisite knowledge in law, especially the legal implications of medical malpractice, and calls for legislative and curricular reforms in institutions engaged in the training of health professionals to reflect a legal education component. The authors opine that the basic medical law curriculum should be focused on the kinds of legal problems that physicians encounter most frequently in practice rather than on sensational cases. The authors are of the view that the curriculum should address the clarification of central concepts in law, the ability to apply the concepts, decision‐making procedures, acquisition of legal knowledge in tortuous and criminal matters relevant to the medical profession. This view sets objectives for teaching medical law to medical students and young doctors.
openalex: W2004301560 mag: 2004301560
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The dual economy of schooling and teacher morale in South Africa - Shalem, Yael; Hoadley, Ursula (International Studies in Sociology of Education, 2009)
Low teacher morale, coupled with extremely poor schooling outcomes for students as measured on standardized tests have increasingly been reported in the media in South Africa. As elsewhere, there is growing demand for the reorganisation of teachers' work in order to enhance school performance. The paper investigates the ways in which current market‐led government policies have sustained past inequalities between schools and between teachers. Drawing on Savage's notion of assets, the analysis focuses on how the material and organisational conditions of teachers' work combine to affect teachers' morale. The analysis is based on available sets of data on inequalities – at the societal level, at the level of the homes and communities of the children that attend school, at the level of schooling system and at the level of teachers. It proposes a conceptual typology in relation to the four levels of data we provide, which shows interesting differential effects on teachers' morale and the transformation of teachers' work in South Africa. We argue that the relations between enduring economic inequalities in South Africa, an underspecified new curriculum and the bureaucratization of teachers' work have created an intractable pattern of accumulation of educational disparity among teachers in South Africa. Teacher morale needs to be considered in the context of these structural conditions.
openalex: W2088773981 mag: 2088773981
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Traditional Tillage Systems as Drought Adaptation Strategies of Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Semi-Arid Central Tanzania - Shemdoe, Riziki; Kikula, Idris S.; Damme, Patrick Van (Nature and Culture, 2009)
This article presents local knowledge on ecosystem management by analyzing and discussing traditional tillage practices applied by smallholder farmers as a response to drought risks in dryland areas of Mpwapwa District, central Tanzania. Farming activities in the area wholly depend on rain-fed systems. Information from key informants and in-depth household interviews indicate that farmers in this area use three different traditional tillage practices—no-till (sesa), shallow tillage (kutifua), and ridges (matuta). Available information suggests that selection of a particular practice depends on affordability (in terms of costs and labor requirements), perceived ability to retain nutrient and soil-water, and improvement of control of erosion and crop yield. In this area, smallholder farmers perceive no-till practice to contribute to more weed species, hence more weeding time and labor are needed than in the other two practices. The no-till practice also contributes to low soil fertility, low soil moisture retention, and poor crop yield. No plans have been made to introduce irrigation farming in these marginal areas of central Tanzania. Thus, improving the ability of the tillage practices to conserve soil moisture and maintain soil fertility nutrients using locally available materials are important tasks to be carried out. This will ensure the selection of practices that will have positive influence on improved crop yields in the area.
openalex: W1978756518 mag: 1978756518
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An evaluation of policies and programmes related to children with disabilities in Botswana - Shumba, Almon; Taukobong, Ethel (Africa Education Review, 2009)
Abstract Globally, most children with disabilities are neglected by society. Research shows that the majority of the world's 450 million people with disabilities are found in developing countries (Sullivan and Knutson, 1998 and 2000). This study seeks to: (a) identify available programmes of education and policies that are aimed at helping children with disabilities in schools; (b) determine the nature of services that are available to disabled children in schools; and (c) determine some strategies that the government and society can use to help children with disabilities in Botswana schools. A qualitative, explorative and contextual research design was used for this research. Data were collected using a document analysis from the Revised National Policy of 1994, in which the Special Education Policy is set out; the Botswana Population Census of 1991; and the Botswana Centre for the Disabled News Letter of 1999. Researchers collected data from these documents by making detailed notes. The study found that there are too few schools, and inadequate facilities, for children with disabilities in Botswana.
openalex: W2032739891 mag: 2032739891
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Increasing access to health education in eastern Uganda: Rethinking the role and preparation of volunteers - Siu, Godfrey Etyang; Whyte, Susan Reynolds (Health Education Journal, 2009)
Objective In many parts of Uganda, the demand for health education is greater than the conventional health sector can provide and community health education volunteers fill the gap. Using two case study non government organizations (NGOs) that heavily rely on volunteers as health educators, this article shows the problems of unsystematic preparation of volunteers for their roles in health education. Design An exploratory cross-sectional design using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was used. Setting Two case study NGOs that heavily rely on volunteers as health educators were selected in a rural district in eastern Uganda. Method Focus group discussions and observation of health education sessions were conducted, as well as in-depth interviews with volunteers and staff of the selected NGOs. Results The NGOs were enthusiastic about the role of volunteers in health education and regarded them positively. However, the process of recruitment was informal. Orientation of the volunteers was insufficient and rather unsystematic. A minimal focus was placed on methods of conducting health education during the training of the volunteers, suggesting a failure to view health education as a professional field. This left the practice of health education at the mercy of the volunteers' own less reflective self-designed pedagogical approach. Conclusion While there is a high enthusiasm for the potential role of volunteers, by both the NGOs and the community, their preparation for health education so far does not measure up to the demands of the tasks they are to perform. The limited emphasis on skills in planning, organizing and methods of health education leaves the practice of health education haphazard and indicates failure to view the area as a professional field.
openalex: W2019307561 mag: 2019307561
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Inappropriate enrolment of children in schools for the visually impaired in east Africa - Tumwesigye, Cillasy; Msukwa, Gerald; Njuguna, M; Shilio, Bernadeth; Courtright, Paul; Lewallen, Susan (Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2009)
Background: Many visually impaired children can learn to read print with appropriate training and simple visual aids. This may allow them to attend normal schools and to be integrated into society, which has lifelong benefits. Yet, in Africa, many visually impaired children are enrolled in special schools and taught only Braille. The purpose of this analysis was to document the extent of inappropriate enrolment of visually impaired children in special schools and annexes for the blind in four African countries. Methods: Schools were selected through a population-proportional-to-size method so that they would represent all children attending special schools in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda. Children were examined by ophthalmologists trained in standardised methods to determine visual acuity and the cause of decreased acuity. Results: Of 1062 children examined in special schools and annexes for the blind, 361 (34%, 95% CI 31.2, 36.8) had visual acuity ≥6/60; the most common cause of visual impairment was retinal disease. Of the 120 children with normal vision (≥6/18), 69 (57.5%) had two normal eyes, 21 (17.5%) had an obvious ocular disfigurement in the fellow eye and 10 (8.4%) had had successful cataract surgery. Conclusions: In these countries, many children are placed inappropriately in special schools and annexes for the blind. The reasons are multiple and to rectify the situation will require advocacy and cooperation between ministries of health and education.
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Partnership learning: an imperative for the continuing professional development of primary school teachers in Nigeria - Ushie, Beshel C. Tr. (Professional development in education, 2009)
Abstract Emphasis has been on in‐service training of primary school teachers in Nigeria with low laid down practises of continued professional development of teachers. This paper submits that there is need for school based professional development programmes for primary school teachers in Nigeria if they are to remain effective.
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Preparing to Manage Natural Hazards and Climate Change Risks in Dakar, Senegal: A Spatial and Institutional Approach - Wang, Hyoung Gun; Montoliu-Munoz, Marisela; Gueye, Ndèye Fatou D. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
This report describes a pilot study of natural risk hazards in the peri-urban extension areas of the Dakar Metropolitan Area, Senegal. The area subject of this study stretches across 580 square kilometers, covering less than 1 percent of the national territory, but housing about 50 percent of Senegal's urban population. Much of the rapid population growth of the Dakar Metropolitan Area is taking place beyond the boundaries of the Department of Dakar (the city center), in peri-urban areas that combine two disquieting features: they present significant vulnerability to some natural hazards, and they have unclear administrative and governance arrangements, often being out of the direct oversight of established urban and rural local governments. Situations like this are not unusual in developing countries, and call for more systematic attention to hazard risk management in peri-urban areas, including a better understanding and awareness of the nature of the hazards that they face as well as of the institutional capacities and measures that would be necessary to manage them better. The objective of this pilot study is, therefore, two-pronged. First, the study intends to propose a new methodology for quick assessment of natural hazard risks at a metropolitan region scale, using new tools of spatial analysis based on geographic information systems (GIS) data. Second, the study aims to apply the principles and diagnostic questionnaire of the climate change city primer developed by the East Asia region of the World Bank to get a comprehensive view of the institutional framework for climate change-related hazard risk management existing in the city at this time. Bringing the spatial and the institutional analyses together, the study proposes and starts to develop a number of dissemination and awareness-raising tools that can help to inform different stakeholders about the general parameters of the natural hazard risks facing the Dakar Metropolitan area. The pilot study concludes with a broad action plan for Dakar, to ramp up disaster management practices, as motivation for a stakeholder debate to define subsequently a set of specific and viable actions.
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F-2 Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Along Subin River in Kumasi, Ghana: Using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis - Wiafe‐Akenten, J.; Kdom, K.; Boamah, Daniel (Powder diffraction, 2009)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
openalex: W2085707516 mag: 2085707516
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Alumoåkermanite, (Ca,Na)_2(Al,Mg,Fe^2+)(Si_2O_7), a new mineral from the active carbonatite-nephelinite-phonolite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, northern Tanzania - Wiedenmann, Daniel; Zaitsev, Anatoly N.; Britvin, Sergey N.; Krivovichev, Sergey V.; Keller, Jörg (Mineralogical Magazine, 2009)
Abstract Alumoåkermanite, (Ca,Na) 2 (Al,Mg,Fe 2+ )(Si 2 O 7 ), is a new mineral member of the melilite group from the active carbonatite-nephelinite-phonolite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania. The mineral occurs as tabular phenocrysts and microphenocrysts in melilite-nephelinitic ashes and lapilli-tuffs. Alumoåkermanite is light brown in colour; it is transparent, with a vitreous lustre and the streak is white. Cleavages or partings are not observed. The mineral is brittle with an uneven fracture. The measured density is 2.96(2) g/cm 3 . The Mohs hardness is ~4.5–6. Alumoåkermanite is uniaxial (–) with ω = 1.635(1) and ε = 1.624–1.626(1). In a 30 mm thin section (+N), the mineral has a yellow to orange interference colour, straight extinction and positive elongation, and is nonpleochroic. The average chemical formula of the mineral derived from electron microprobe analyses is: (Ca 1.48 Na 0.50 Sr 0.02 K 0.01 ) (Si 1.99 Al 0.01 O 7 ). Alumoåkermanite is tetragonal, space group P 42 1 m with a = 7.7661(4) Å, c = 5.0297(4) Å, V = 303.4(1) Å 3 and Z = 2. The five strongest powder-diffraction lines [ d in Å, ( I/I o ), hkl ] are: 3.712, (13), (111); 3.075, (25), (201); 2.859, (100), (211); 2.456, (32), (311); 1.757, (19), (312). Single-crystal structure refinement ( R 1 = 0.018) revealed structure topology typical of the melilite-group minerals, i.e. tetrahedral [(Al,Mg)(Si 2 O 7 )] sheets interleaved with layers of (CaNa) cations. The name reflects the chemical composition of the mineral.
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Learning From Successful Interventions: A Culturally Congruent HIV Risk–Reduction Intervention for African American Men Who Have Sex With Men and Women - Williams, John K.; Ramamurthi, Hema C.; Manago, Cleo; Harawa, Nina T. (American Journal of Public Health, 2009)
Few HIV prevention interventions have been developed for African American men who have sex with men or who have sex with both men and women. Many interventions neglect the historical, structural or institutional, and sociocultural factors that hinder or support risk reduction in this high-risk group. We examined ways to incorporate these factors into Men of African American Legacy Empowering Self, a culturally congruent HIV intervention targeting African American men who have sex with men and women. We also studied how to apply key elements from successful interventions to future efforts. These elements include having gender specificity, a target population, a theoretical foundation, cultural and historical congruence, skill-building components, and well-defined goals.
openalex: W2053148261 mag: 2053148261
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Politically Enfranchising the Non-political: Safeguarding Peace through Civic Education and Inclusion? The Civil Defence Forces in Sierra Leone - Wlodarczyk, Nathalie (Civil Wars, 2009)
Abstract This article considers the nature of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) in Sierra Leone as a fighting force, and some of the challenges they faced for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR), as well as the challenges posed by a group like the CDF to the DDR process. It considers some initiatives to educate the fighters about democracy, reconciliation and their associated responsibilities that began already during the civil war, as well as mechanisms that were created for the peaceful resolution of conflict by the CDF. Part of these initiatives have survived into the post-conflict period and continues to provide access to redress, but also a framework for political engagement. The article also considers how some of these initiatives undertaken during the war helped facilitate the transformation of the CDF into active civilian members of society, drawing some conclusions from this case for political enfranchisement more broadly. Notes 1. Before 1996 civil militias co-operated with the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) that took power in 1992. 2. For an overview of the early days of the CDF and the Kamajor society, see Patrick K Muana, ‘The Kamajoi Militia: Civil War, Internal Displacement and the Politics of Counter-Insurgency’, Africa Development XXII/3–4 (1997) pp.77–100. 3. Hinga Norman was the Chief of Jiama Bongor chiefdom in Bo district. 4. Many of the senior Kamajor society members were not men with a military background, but important local community members, including chiefs. 5. The Kamajor initiation drew heavily on traditional beliefs and practices of initiation that combined herbal medicine, Quaranic mysticism and traditional spiritual beliefs. For a more detailed consideration of the role of initiation for mobilisation into the Kamajor society and the CDF, see N. Wlodarczyk, Magic Soldiers and Strategy: Understanding the Strategic Functions of Traditional Religion in Sierra Leone and Beyond, unpublished paper, International Studies Association convention, Honolulu, 2005, online at < http://convention2.allacademic.com/index.php?click_key = 1&PHPSESSID = 76940132a246f3e70776193c70b1f4a0)>. 6. Daniel Hoffman, ‘Like Beasts in the Bush: Synonyms of Childhood and Youth in Sierra Leone’, Postcolonial Studies 6/3 (2003) pp.295–308, p.303. 7. Personal communication, ex-CDF Kenema, May 2005. 8. Personal communication, ex-CDF Freetown and Bo, Jan. 2005, Bo and Kenema, May 2005; Daniel Hoffman, The Kamajors of Sierra Leone, Unpublished PhD thesis in Cultural Anthropology, Duke U (2003) p.77 However, this practice was diverged from during the course of the war as the demand for new recruits increased and standards dropped. 9. See Daniel Hoffman and Mariane C. Ferme, ‘Hunter Militias and the International Human Rights Discourse in Sierra Leone and Beyond’, Africa Today 50/4 (Jun. 2004) pp.73–95. 10. According to the Truth and Reconciliation report, the CDF committed six per cent of recorded abuses. The TRC report is not exhaustive and only documents the cases confided in it during the process, but the figure is unlikely to diverge so substantially from reality as to alter this understanding. Witness to Truth: Report of the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission Vol. 2 (Freetown: Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2004) p.38. 11. Personal communication, Freetown and Kenema, May 2005. 12. After the signing of the Lome peace accord in 1999, DDR was begun. The logistics of food distribution to combatants and ex-combatants became a particular source of tension and factions within the CDF showed signs of turning on each other to maximise their own gain. The continued power of the CDF and its commanders regularly came to a head with civil community leaders and chiefs whose power base was challenged as they tried to reclaim some of the ground lost during the war years before Lome. The tension was particularly high between CDF battalion commanders and Paramount Chiefs whose claims to power were directly at odds. 13. Conciliation Resources, ‘Survey of Community Attitudes Towards the Kamajors, Bo, Bonthe and Pujehun Districts’ (Apr. 1999, unpublished). 14. This project was funded by the European Commission/Sierra Leone Resettlement, Rehabilitation Programme (EC/SLRRP). 15. Personal communication, Conciliation Resources West Africa programme manager (London 2005). 16. Frances Fortune, ‘EC/SLRPP Civic Education for CDF: Report on Activities’, Conciliation Resources Sierra Leone (unpublished). 17. Personal communication, BPRM staff (Bo, May 2005), Mariama Conteh, West Africa Programme Co-ordinator, Conciliation Resources Sierra Leone (Freetown, Jun. 2005). 18. E.g., three senior co-ordinators in BPRM are regularly invited to sit on the District Council Planning Committee. 19. Hassan H. Feika, now Co-ordinator of BPRM, was a CDF Operational Battalion Commander, but is also a Quranic scholar, knowledge associated with power and authority. 20. An initial DDR effort was launched in 1996 after the Abidjan agreement, but the continued violence and the 1997 coup halted it and saw many fighters re-enlist. 21. Personal communication, CDF commanders and fighters (Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Jan.–Feb. and May 2005). 22. Some units of the CDF had more sophisticated weapons, particularly those supplied directly by external sponsors like ECOMOG. In these units, AK-47s, lightweight machineguns, rocket propelled grenades and mortars were not uncommon. 23. For a careful consideration of the recycling of combatants in the Mano River Union, see Human Rights Watch, Youth, Poverty and Blood: The Lethal Legacy of West Africa's Regional Warriors (New York: HRW 2005), and Daniel Hoffman, ‘The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia: Political Power, Military Strategy, and Humanitarian Intervention’, African Affairs 103/411 (2004) pp. 211–226. 24. He was also the legal council for the CDF High Priest, Alieu Kondewa, at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. His party, the PMDC, lost the election where the opposition APC won the presidency. 25. For a more detailed consideration of the DDR process as a whole in Sierra Leone and its shortcomings, see Mark Malan, Sarah Meek, Thokozani Thusi, Jeremy Ginifer and Patrick Coker, Sierra Leone: Building the Road to Recovery, Monograph No. 80 (Pretoria: ISS, Mar. 2003) or Hoffman (note 6). 26. Personal communication: CDF ex-combatants Freetown and Kenema (Jan. and May 2005); Frances Fortune, Regional Director, Search for Common Ground Freetown (May 2005). 27. The CDF national co-ordinator Samuel Hinga Norman, the Director of War Moinina Fofana and the High Priest Alieu Kondewa were all indicted by the Special Court for Sierra; Hinga Norman died while in custody before his trial was concluded, but Fofana and Kondewa were both found guilty and given long prison sentences. 28. The RUF were given both amnesty and senior positions in government controlling key resource industries, but neither agreement held despite these concessions.
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Literacy and Numeracy in Faith-Based and Government Schools in Sierra Leone - Wodon, Quentin; Ying, Yvonne (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2009)
This paper provides a comparative assessment of the market share, reach to the poor, and performance of faith-based and public schools in Sierra Leone using data from the 2004 Integrated Household Survey. One-third of primary school students attend government schools and more than half are in faith-based government-assisted schools. Faith-based schools tend to serve children who live in poverty more than public schools, and after controlling for student and household characteristics and school choice, they also perform slightly better than public schools.
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Dating violence among school students in Tanzania and South Africa: Prevalence and socio-demographic variations - Wubs, Annegreet Gera; Aarø, Leif Edvard; Flisher, Alan J.; Bastien, Sheri; Onya, Hans; Kaaya, Sylvia; Mathews, Catherine (Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2009)
Aims: Widespread adolescent dating violence (DV) in Sub-Saharan Africa calls for immediate action, particularly since it is linked to the spread of HIV/AIDS. This article presents prevalence and demographic correlates of DV among school students in Cape Town and Mankweng (South Africa) and Dar es Salaam (Tanzania). Methods: Data were derived from the baseline data collection of a multi-site randomized controlled trial of an HIV prevention intervention among young adolescents. The results were confined to students who reported previously or currently being in a relationship (n = 6,979). Multiple logistic regression analysis with demographic predictors was employed, controlled for cluster effect. Results: Within our sample 10.2%—37.8% had been victims, 3.1%—21.8% had been perpetrators, and 8.6%—42.8% had been both (percentages dependent on site and gender). Before controlling for other factors, religion was a protective factor against violence in Cape Town. After controlling for other factors, a higher age and lower socioeconomic status were associated with belonging to any of the three groups of violence. Being male in all sites was associated with perpetration; being female with victimization (except in Cape Town where the converse finding was obtained). Higher parental education in Cape Town was protective against all types of violence. Ethnicity and living with biological parents were not associated with violence. Conclusions: DV is prevalent and widespread in the study sites. Violence control policies and interventions should target young adolescents. Since there was not one clearly defined subgroup identified as being at high risk, such programmes should not be limited to high risk groups only.
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The acquisition of the English dative alternation by moroccan EFL University Learners : An Optimality-theoretic approach - Zeddari, Ikbal (2009)
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School-based management and decentralization of education sectors in developing countries: incentive structure of School Management Committees in Senegal - 森下, 拓道; 櫂谷, 紅美子 (2009)
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The application of information and communication technology in Nigerian secondary schools - Ajayi; Ekundayo; Haastrup, Toni (International NGO Journal, 2009)
This study examined the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in Nigerian secondary schools. The study investigated the level of availability of ICT facilities in schools, the capacity for using ICT facilities for teaching learning, the perceived benefits of using ICT and the problems facing the use of ICT in secondary schools. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population consisted of all the teachers and principals of the secondary schools in Ondo and Ekiti States. The sample consists of 320 teachers and 40 principals randomly selected from the secondary schools in Ondo and Ekiti States. A self designed questionnaire tagged “ICT” and secondary schools (ICTSS)” was used to collect the data for the study. Data collected for the study were analysed using frequency counts and percentage scores. The study revealed that ICT facilities were lacking in schools and teachers and students were to a little extent exposed to the use of ICT. Moreover, the study revealed the perceived benefits of using ICT in schools which include making teaching-learning-interesting; helping the distance learning programme; helping teachers to be up-to-date; enhancing quality of work by both the teachers and the students. However, despite these perceived benefits, the study also revealed some of the challenges facing ICT in secondary schools as: irregular power supply: inadequate computer literate teachers; high cost of purchasing computers in schools; inadequate facilities to support full application of the ICT and lack of fund. It was therefore recommended that government should increase the funding of the education sector. There should also be periodic training for teachers on computer and ICT skills acquisition. Key words: Application, information and technology, secondary schools
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Manifestation of human sexuality and its relevance to secondary schools in Nigeria - Akinwale, Akeem Ayofe (International journal of sociology and anthropology, 2009)
The alarms against the menace of premarital sexual activities reached a crescendo but the behaviour of young people remained at variance with the alarms. This contradiction contributed to the growth of sexually transmitted diseases including human immune virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Thus, this study examined manifestation of human sexuality and its relevance to secondary schools in Nigeria using information derived from content analysis of secondary data. Results principally showed that human sexuality extended beyond procreation as it captured all the nuances of the socio-cultural contexts of a society. Different sexualities such as child sexuality, adolescent sexuality, adult sexuality and sexuality of the elderly produced specific implications for the entire society. Conclusively, understanding of the interdependent layers of human sexuality would promote the management of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV and AIDS. Therefore, it was recommended that sexuality education should be emphasized in the socialization from infancy till death. Nobody would be too young or old for learning human sexuality. Critical steps should be taken to empower students towards scanning their sexual histories and acquiring the right skills to manage any detected or potential sexual problem. Key words: Schools, sexuality, STIs, youth.
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Analysis of post primary teachers' utility of the due process of law in academic dismissal in Nigeria - Nakpodia, E. D. (International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 2009)
This paper focused on the utility of the due process of law by teachers as a protection and corrective measures on academic dismissal in Nigerian post primary schools. It reviewed how ‘right’ and ‘due process’ are related as well as the essence of the due process in considering the crucial aspect of law by reviewing statutes, laws, edicts and decrees to improve some problematic areas faced by teachers in the teaching profession. This approach did not only ensure and allow harmony, peace and promote respect for each individual’s right in the teaching profession but, also ensured satisfaction among teachers. In view of the technicality of the term ‘due process’, experts who are lawyers, judges and trained administrators read and interpret this term without difficulty. However, the layman can be kept well above water to know the essence of due process by simply following the definition and explanations provided. ‘Due process’ is subdivided into three areas which include constitutional, procedural and substantive due process. Key words: Due process, academic dismissal, Nigerian post primary schools.
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Perceptions of Principals' Responsibilities in-Loco-Parentis in Nigerian Secondary Schools - Nakpodia, E. D. (2009)
This paper reviewed the perceptions of principals' responsibilities in-loco-parentis in Nigerian secondary schools, using the theoretical method, applied precedent cases and administrative examples. This work also suggested that possible modifications may be needed especially where past laws of operations have been revised. This approach could allow for more harmony among parents, students, teachers and principals, in assuming a peaceful teaching and learning atmosphere, thereby discouraging unnecessary litigations based on unreasonable rules and regulations.
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Teachers' Professional Development in Ethiopia through Higher Diploma Programme (HDP) - Taye, Bekalu Atnafu (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2009)
Continuing professional development such as in-service training is one of the most pressing concerns of all the factors that affect quality of education. On the other hand, courses taken in higher institutions influence learners very little and any effect may be ''washed out'' in the first year of teaching (Zeichner and Tabachnik, 1981 cited by Higgins and Leat, 2001). In view of the above points, this study has been designed to explore issues in relation to Higher Diploma Programme (HDP). The study was conducted at St. Mary's University College (SMUC) and Kotebe College of Teacher Education (KCTE). Twenty-five HDP graduates from each institution, HDP leaders and tutors took part in the study. Two forms of interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to obtain the data. The results of the study showed that the HDP, although relevant, has had some drawbacks. Based on the findings, recommendations were drawn.
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The Issue of Mother Tongue in Early Childhood Education in Ethiopia - Woldu, Demelash Zenebe (I.E.R. Flambeau, 2009)
The purpose of this article is to analyze the issue of mother tongue in Early Childhood Education in Ethiopia which has currently become a subject of concern for educationist, government and other stakeholders. To do this, as an introductory part, the paper briefly highlights the policy context of Ethiopian education system, particularly the aspect of language of preschool medium. Then, the article mainly focuses on the use of mother tongue in Early Childhood Education in relation to young children‟s learning and development, and the „supremacy‟ and competing role of English language in preschools and its implication on children‟s overall development. Consequently, the findings indicate that the use of mother tongue medium at preschool is subjected to different interpretations and practices by service providers, professionals, teachers, parents and other due to many factors. Additionally, the global „supremacy‟ of English language has a substantial effect on the detriment of mother tongue preschool education in Ethiopia. Finally, the paper provides conclusion and indicative suggestions based on critical analysis of related literature, policy documents, research findings, and reflections on observations and experiences.
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Higher education and economic development in Africa: The case of Cameroon - Fonkeng, George E.; Ntembe, Augustine N. (Educational Research Review, 2009)
This study investigates the actual and potential impact of higher education on the development of Cameroon. Using household survey data from the first Cameroon household survey, we analyze the effect of education attainment on earnings and private returns to education. The econometric work uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to estimate earning equations for full time workers across educational levels. The results confirm a relatively high premium on higher education. In effect, an additional year of schooling is expected to increase earnings implying that individual investment in education is profitable. However, the private returns to post secondary education are greater for men than for women. Next, we use the short-cut method to estimate social returns to investments in higher education. The results equally show that social returns to higher education are quite substantial but are also higher for women than for men. Finally, we determine the link between higher education measured with enrollment and gross domestic product as a proxy for national income. The findings reveal positive and significant relationship between higher education and economic growth. The study concludes that higher education plays an important role in the development process of Cameroon and that this role can be enhanced provided measures are taken to improve the efficiency of the higher education system, improve equity in attainment and ensure greater professionalism of academic programs. The study also underscores the need to reduce inequity in the distribution of benefits from higher education in Cameroon.
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Teachers' and caregivers' perceptions of gender differences in educational experiences of children affected by parental AIDS in western Kenya - Jepkemboi, Grace; Aldridge, Jerry (Educational Research Review, 2009)
The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe the perceptions of teachers and caregivers concerning gender differences in the educational experiences of children influenced by the HIV status of their parents or orphaned by AIDS in 7 orphanage schools of Western Kenya. 12 teachers and 8 caregivers participated in the study. Data were collected over 3 months using participant observation and individual interviews. Findings indicated that no gender differences in educational experiences were noted during preschool. However, during the elementary school years and beyond, participants described gender differences in terms of math, science, languages, and school attendance. Boys were perceived to do better at math and science, while girls were believed to do better in languages. Girls were also more likely to be kept out of school to assist with or take care of family needs when a parent became ill due to AIDS. Key words: HIV/AIDS, children, orphaned, Kenya, education
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Effectiveness of Boards of Governors in Curriculum Implementation in Secondary Schools in Kenya. - Kindiki, Jonah Nyaga (Educational Research Review, 2009)
The boards of governors (BOG) are legally mandated by the ministry of education under the education act Cap 211 to manage secondary schools in Kenya. Their immediate roles have not been defined in the laws and there are no standards that have been adopted to measure their effectiveness. This study investigates effectiveness of the BOG in curriculum implementation in secondary schools in Kenya. The study was carried out in Keiyo district in Kenya. Adopting survey design, using interviews, questionnaires and documents, data was collected from a sample of 15 schools with 15 head teachers, 70 teachers and 65 governors represented by 5 members from each school using purposive, stratified and simple random sampling. Data collected was coded and analysed descriptively. Findings indicated that training of the members of BOG was directly related to the implementation of the curriculum. The BOG supported schools to acquire physical resources and enhanced curriculum development. The study recommended that schools should strive to provide pre-requisite training to the members of BOG and more involvement in the daily running of the schools. Key words: Governors, curriculum, implementation, effectiveness, resources, role.
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Effectiveness of Communication on Students Discipline in Secondary Schools in Kenya. - Kindiki, Jonah Nyaga (Educational Research Review, 2009)
The influence of communication on student discipline in secondary schools is an issue of continued debate in Kenya. This study was necessitated by the growing concern by education stakeholders in Kenya over the rising reports of student indiscipline in secondary schools. The study utilized qualitative approach with questionnaires, interviews and documentation as instruments of collecting data. Purposive sampling was used to identify Naivasha district as the location of the study. Stratified and simple random sampling was used to identify 8 secondary schools and 200 respondents from these schools. 20 students and 4 teachers in each sampled school were given the self administered questionnaires while all the 8 head teachers were interviewed. The data collected was analyzed descriptively. The findings of this study shows that the level of discipline in secondary schools in Kenya is very low, schools administration rarely discussed implementation of rules and regulations to students hence there are poor channels of communication. Ineffective communication results in conflict, chaos, misunderstanding and lack of confidence in school administration. Factors such as individual communication skills promoted effective communication whereas barriers to interpersonal communication hindered effective communication. This study recommends that the school administration should initiate dialogue when dealing with students to discuss discipline matters, rules and regulations. Regular meetings and morning assemblies should be used as main channels of communication. Schools should avoid ineffective channels of communication which result in conflict, chaos, misunderstanding and lack of confidence in school administration. Guidance and counselling were seen to be effective ways of communication to overcome barriers of communication (255 words). Key words: Communication, effective, channels, influence, discipline, administrators.
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The Impact of Cost Sharing on Internal Efficiency of Public Secondary Schools in Ndivisi Division, Bungoma District Kenya. - Kiveu, Noah Murumba; Mayio, Julius (Educational Research Review, 2009)
Adoption of cost sharing policy in education has witnessed the return to communities and parents a substantial proportion of financial responsibility for schooling. With increased poverty levels, many parents and communities have not been able to meet the cost requirements under cost sharing policy. Thus their investment in education and support to their children’s education have dwindled, this study therefore intended to evaluate the impact of cost sharing on internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Ndivisi division of Bungoma district. In particular the study sought to find out the direct costs of secondary school education, the proportion of dropout, absenteeism and repetition attributed to costs of secondary education, the extent to which parents and communities contribute to physical facilities and equipment in schools. It is hoped that this study has contributed useful information applicable to the effective implementation of cost sharing policies in education in Kenya. It has encouraged further interest and inquiry into the application of cost-sharing policies in education. This is also a significant contribution to the development of an appropriate policy for financing education in Kenya, the scope of the study was all public secondary schools in Ndivisi division of Bungoma district. Seven secondary schools in the division were purposively sampled. The study was carried out using descriptive survey study design. The researcher used questionnaires, observation and interview schedules as research tools. Analysis of documented data was also done to gather relevant information. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Qualitative data were analyzed in narration form while quantitative data were analyzed by use of %, means and frequencies. Tables were used to present data for easy interpretation. The study found out that school fees, uniform, transport and stationary were among the direct costs incurred by parents. On average, the transition rate was 0.30, dropout rate was 0.095 and repetition rate was 0.03, parent’s contribution to physical facilities and equipment was minimal. Parents and teachers view cost sharing as a burden and it has both negative and positive impact. Negative in the sense that it has increased dropout, repetition and absenteeism and it has led to inadequate facilities and equipment in schools, positively, it has led to democratization in the management of schools. The study recommended that the government should establish the unit cost of secondary education and provide fee guidelines that are acceptable by all and additional costs in the middle of the term or year should be avoided. School administrators should encourage and use locally available teaching-learning materials, start income generating activities and sensitize parents on their role in the provision of physical facilities and equipment in schools. Key words: Cost sharing, internal efficiency
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Can Formal Education Reduce Risks for Drought-Prone Pastoralists?: A Case Study from Baringo District, Kenya - Little, Peter D.; Aboud, A. A.; Lenachuru, Clement Isaiah (Human Organization, 2009)
This article addresses an increasingly important but under-researched and controversial topic in anthropology, the role of formal education in pastoral societies. Only minimal research on the benefits and costs of education for pastoralists has been conducted, in part because, until recently, formal education has not been widespread among herding communities. It argues that education should figure prominently in discussions of contemporary pastoral risk management strategies since engagement in labor markets currently is a critical component of pastoral livelihoods, and this is facilitated by education. Through a case study of the Maasairelated Il Chamus people of Baringo District, Kenya, a group that has experienced rapid gains in education over the past 20 years, the paper assesses two related questions: (1) does formal education actually reduce risks for pastoralists; and (2) what social and economic conditions facilitate positive roles for herder education? By building on data from two different time periods, 1980-1981 and 2000-2004, the authors document local trends in education achievement, contributions of education to local livelihoods, and the effects of a tightening labor market and budget reductions on opportunities for education. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the study's findings and points to areas that require further research.
openalex: W2086190005 mag: 2086190005
Keywords: openalex:import

Globalization, the Bologna Process and African Universities: Limits and Contradictions of Market-oriented Higher Education Reforms - Obasi, Isaac N.; Olutayo, Akinpelu Olanrewaju (Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2009)
One of the greatest challenges posed by neo-liberal capitalist globalization is com- petitiveness. The birth of the Bologna Process in 1999 and the launching of the Erasmus Mundus in 2004 were serious attempts by Europe to make its higher education one of the most competitive systems in the world. Both initiatives were aimed at enhancing the compatibility and comparability of European higher education among its members as well as its attractiveness to other regions of the world. The implementation of the Bologna Process has, however, exposed the limits and contradictions of market-oriented higher education reforms. The experience of Europe has shown that neo-liberal higher education reforms under globalization can be manipulated as dictated by the exigencies of national interests. Europe has declared higher education a public good to be made equally accessible to all and to remain a public responsibility. This paper contends that Africa has a lot to learn from the implementation of the Bologna Process. Furthermore, the paper raises policy concerns about the implications of the implementation of the Erasmus Mundus so far from 2004 to 2008, as some evidence suggests that the students benefiting from the Erasmus Mundus programme may end up being part of the brain drain rather than brain gain for Africa. This would therefore hinder rather than promote African development, which the programme ostensibly aims at achieving. Consequently, the paper recommends that policy-makers in Africa should be weary of attempts to use the Bologna Process and the Erasmus Mundus programme as a subtle and new launching pad promoting the brain drain in Africa. The paper also calls on Africa political leaders to uphold the Accra Declaration on GATS and the Internationalization of Higher Education in Africa (2004), a policy that would greatly help to check the excesses of neo-liberal higher education reforms under globalization.
openalex: W4385260320
Keywords: openalex:import

Towards a model of integrated English language curriculum for secondary schools in Kenya - Okwara, Michael Okello; Shiundu, John O.; Indoshi, F. C. (Educational Research Review, 2009)
Design of the Integrated English Language Curriculum has been blamed for falling standards of students’ competence in the subject. Teacher input in the curriculum design has rarely been considered in the centralized curriculum development approach used in Kenya. However, it is now recognized that teacher input is critical if curriculum is to be effective. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the implementation of the integrated approach to the teaching of English in secondary schools in Kenya and provide a proposal for a revised programme that takes into account teacher input which is often ignored in centralized curriculum development systems such as the one in Kenya. Data was collected from curriculum developers using an interview schedule and from teachers of English using a questionnaire. The study revealed that stakeholders perceived the integrated approach in conflicting terms and Teachers were not well prepared to implement the integrated approach. Curriculum developers advocated for the continuation of the integrated practice while teachers of English called for separation of English and Literature. A new shared integrated model is proposed. Key words: English language curriculum, integrated curriculum, challenges, opportunities
openalex: W2118498549 mag: 2118498549
Keywords: openalex:import

Between koranic school and the government school system : the case of the Fulbe of Mayo-Darle, Northern Cameroon - Gougoure, Hireine (2009)
openalex: W596067223 mag: 596067223
Keywords: openalex:import

Help-Seeking Experiences and Attitudes among African American, Asian American, and European American College Students - Masuda, Akihiko; Anderson, Page L.; Twohig, Michael P.; Feinstein, Amanda B.; Chou, Ying-Yi; Wendell, Johanna W.; Stormo, Analía Romina (International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 2009)
openalex: W1978222660 mag: 1978222660
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Sr and Nd isotopic geochemistry of the early ultramafic–mafic rocks of the Mako bimodal volcanic belt of the Kedougou–Kenieba inlier (Senegal) - Ngom, Papa Malick; Cordani, Umberto G.; Teixeira, Wilson; Janasi, Valdecir de Assis (Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2009)
openalex: W2088427628 mag: 2088427628
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Climate change and distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodida) in Senegal and Mauritania - Sylla, Massamba; Molez, Jean-François; Cornet, Jean‐Paul; Camicas, J.-L. (Acarologia, 2009)
We review here the tick species sensitive to climatic variations and which also clearly changed their distribution following the sub-Saharan drought of the 1970s. Namely 2 Argasina of the family Argasidae, sub-family Ornithodorinae: Alectorobius (Theriodoros) sonrai and Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) savignyi, and 7 Ixodina of the family Amblyommidae, subfamily Rhipicephalinae: Hyalomma (Hya.) anatolicum excavatum, Hya. (Hya.) dromedarii, Hya. (Hya.) impeltatum, Hya. (Hya.) impressum, Hya. (Hya.) marginatum rufipes, Hya. (Hya.) nitidum and Hya. (Hya.) truncatum. To the recent recognition of the occurrence of Or. (Ori.) savignyi at all stages in the Sahelian zone, data on the recent appearance of Hya. (Hya.) anatolicum excavatum are added. Progressively, this species of Hyalomma is colonizing the northern third of Senegal. Moreover, Hya. dromedarii can be found at all stages in the north of the country. The other species quoted above progressed towards the south or their relative abundance changed. The known hosts for each species are quoted in their new distribution areas. Following the redescription of Hya. nitidum and the new recognition of the occurrence of Hya. anatolicum excavatum in Senegal, we propose a new identification key for the Hyalomma tick species of Senegal and Mauritania. This key also remains applicable to the ixodid fauna of the Occidental sub-Region of the Afro-tropical Region.
openalex: W2471174534 mag: 2471174534
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Why Social Work, and What does the Future Hold?: The Narratives of Recently Graduated Hispanic and African-American Male BSW and MSW Students - Warde, Bryan (Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 2009)
Employing a focus group interview, this exploratory study investigated the influences on the social work career choice of recently graduated (spring 2007) Hispanic and African-American male BSW and MSW students (N = 7). Also investigated were the views of these men regarding entering a female majority profession and their future in the profession. The informants identified three factors as influencing their social work career choice: (1) personal experience with a social worker, (2) wanting to give something back to the community, and (3) preexisting internalized altruism. Regarding entering a female majority profession, the informants believe they are bringing alternative perspectives that will help to strengthen the profession. The informants also believe they have a bright future in the profession. Implications for social work programs are discussed.
openalex: W2014688495 mag: 2014688495
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LEARNING FROM THE LIVES OF EXILED LIBERIAN WOMEN: AN ORAL HISTORY FROM 1979 TO 2006 - Dahn, Kadiker Rex (2009)
openalex: W63401625 mag: 63401625
Keywords: openalex:import