What African analysts can learn from the Ostroms - Sawyer, Amos (Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2005)
African governance arrangements are typically constructed from the top down, frequently establishing predatory and repressive relationships with the societies they are meant to govern. In some countries, these arrangements collapse with tragic consequences. The work of Vincent and Lin Ostrom provides insights and analytic tools that can be helpful to scholars and practitioners who address Africa's governance challenges. The Ostroms have shown that people can and do depart from arrangements of domination and predation by crafting polycentric institutions through processes of constitutional and collective choice, drawing upon understandings of the biophysical and cultural contexts including local knowledge, and relevant experiences of others elsewhere.
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Security, Donors' Interests, and Education Policy Making in Egypt - Sayed, Fatma H. (Mediterranean Quarterly, 2005)
Fatma H. Sayed is an academic at the European University Institute,Florence, Italy, specializing in development assistance, policy analysis, and governance in the Euro-Mediterranean region and a consultant to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Development.
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Decentralisation and the construction of inclusion education policy in South Africa - Sayed, Yusuf; Soudien, Crain (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2005)
This paper critically reviews the ways in which the policy of education decentralisation in post‐apartheid South Africa results in both forms of inclusion and new forms of exclusion. Drawing on a two‐year research project carried out in three provinces in South Africa, it shows how in the governance of schools, new forms of exclusion are being generated. It thus throws into sharp relief the policy effects of education decentralisation in South Africa, illuminating through case study data the disjuncture between policy intention and effect. It argues for the need to re‐examine some aspects of post‐apartheid education policy given the historical apartheid legacy. It suggests that often, in practice, policies of education decentralisation may exacerbate rather than reduce inequities in society; they may exclude more than include.
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Extra-Role Behaviour in Educational Organisations in Southern Ethiopia: Some Implications for School Effectiveness - Semela, Tesfaye (Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 2005)
This study examines teachers' perceptions of extra-roles in school organisational contexts. The participants are 319 (234 male and 85 female) primary and secondary school teachers in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study employed a multi-dimensional extra-role behaviour (ERB) scale. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses procedures are used to answer the questions. The findings reveal that female teachers are generally more willing to volunteer for extra-roles towards the team (or co workers) than do males. Rural teachers, however, are less enthusiastic about involvement in extra roles towards the student and the organisation compared with their urban and suburban counterparts. In addition, job-related personal characteristics (i.e. personal teaching efficacy and job satisfaction) are observed to be significant predictors of all dimensions of ERB with a marginal contribution of socio-demographic variables. Implications of the findings for school effectiveness are adequately discussed.
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The role of Kenya dual purpose goats in drought recovery and food security in marginal areas of Kenya - Siamba, D.; Muhuyi, W.B.; Muia, J.M.K.; Lukibisi, FB (Tropical Science, 2005)
As a drought-preparedness strategy, a community was provided with dual purpose goats for milk production and crossbreeding with the local small East African goats. Over 2 years, more than 400 Kenya dual purpose goat crosses were produced and their performance was significantly superior to the indigenous parents. Copyright © 2005 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
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Anatomical adaptation of Algerian Sahara Chenopodiaceae to severe drought conditions - Smail-Saadoun, Noria (Science et changements planétaires / Sécheresse, 2005)
A study of the stem or of the leaf anatomy of Chenopodiaceae inventoried in the Northern part of Algerian Sahara showed a specific organization of the assimilating parenchyma of these species. This anatomical adaptation is correlated to a physiological one, many species being characterized by a C 4 pathway of carbon fixation.
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Source analysis of the M_w 6.3 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake (Morocco) using regional apparent source time functions - Stich, Daniel (Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005)
We use small and moderate aftershocks of the 24 February 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake as empirical Greens' functions (EGFs) to retrieve the rupture history of the main event. The magnitude, depth, and geometry of faulting were estimated for the main shock and 20 small and moderate aftershocks ( M w between 3.9 and 5.2) computing moment tensor solutions. For the main shock, we obtain a moment magnitude of M w = 6.3 and a nearly pure double‐couple source (4% compensated linear vector dipole) with predominately strike‐slip faulting. The preferred fault plane has a strike of N11°E, a dip of 72°, and a rake of −17°. Fourteen aftershocks, having depths (±4 km) and faulting geometries (±11° for the strike of the preferred plane) similar to the ones found for the main event, were used as EGFs. Apparent source time functions (ASTFs) of the Al Hoceima event were retrieved at twelve regional stations using an iterative time domain deconvolution on the P waveforms. At each station, time functions are enhanced by stacking of the deconvolved waveforms for different EGFs. ASTFs show total durations of 5 to 6 s, two consecutive subevents separated by about 3 s, and only a weak effect of directivity. We further investigate the source history by inverting the set of ASTFs for the distribution of fault slip and rupture propagation. Two different source models were selected for presentation, one involving one single fault plane and the other involving two parallel fault planes. The two‐fault model fits more accurately the observations and leads to a more plausible slip distribution. We estimate rupture dimensions of about 10 × 10 km 2 and 8 × 8 km 2 and moment magnitudes of M w = 6.2 and 6.0 for the first and second subevent, respectively.
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Using the School Feeding System as a Vehicle for Micronutrient Fortification: Experience from South Africa - Stuijvenberg, Martha E. van (Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2005)
School-age children are often a neglected group in terms of micronutrient interventions because they are not reached by the intervention strategies aimed at preschool children or pregnant women. School feeding, however, offers an excellent opportunity for targeted intervention in this age group, especially with regard to fortification. This paper first gives a brief overview of the school-feeding program in South Africa, and second reports on a number of trials conducted in South African schools by the South Africa Medical Research Council that examined the feasibility of using school feeding as a vehicle for micronutrient fortification. Various food items, such as biscuits, bread spread, and soup, are evaluated as potential carriers for micronutrients with positive effects on outcomes such as micronutrient status, growth, morbidity and cognitive function. For schoolchildren to realize their full mental and physical potential and to perform optimally at school, both short-term hunger and hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiencies) need to be addressed. School feeding has the potential to contribute toward alleviating both of these conditions and should therefore be fully utilized.
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IS THERE A CONFLICT BETWEEN COMMERCIAL GAIN AND CONCERN FOR THE POOR? EVIDENCE FROM PRIVATE SCHOOLS FOR THE POOR IN INDIA AND NIGERIA - Tooley, James; Dixon, Pauline (Economic Affairs, 2005)
In many developing countries, private unaided schools are serving the poor in large numbers. Some commentators view their presence as undesirable ‐ in particular assuming that there is a conflict between‘commercial gain’ and ‘concern for the poor’. We show one way in which there is no conflict ‐ the private unaided schools offer free or concessionary places to the poorest of the poor. Using data from a random sample of schools in Hyderabad, India, and a smaller sample in Makoko, Nigeria, we show that such places range from 10–20% of all places offered.
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Orchestrating success for African American readers: The case of an effective third‐grade teacher - Turner, Jennifer D. (Reading Research and Instruction, 2005)
Abstract Through building on and extending the metaphor of “orchestration,” forwarded by reading scholars, this case study research describes and examines how an effective third‐grade teacher organizes and facilitates high‐quality reading instruction for African American students. Findings suggested that the teacher used three pedagogical strategies to meet African American students’ social and literacy needs: (a) enacting a “border crossing curriculum” (b) making the strategies and skills of good readers “transparent” and (c) making cross‐cultural connections to students through literature. Implications for classroom reading instruction and reading research are discussed.
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Towards a framework for the use of ICT in teacher training in Africa - Unwin, Tim (Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 2005)
Abstract There is a gulf between the rhetoric of those advocating the use of ICT in education in Africa and the reality of classroom practice. This paper explores some of the reasons for this, and outlines a possible framework for the successful implementation of teacher training programmes that make advantageous use of appropriate ICTs. It argues that six fundamental principles of good practice must be addressed for such programmes to be effective: a shift from an emphasis on ‘education for ICT’ to the use of ‘ICT for education’; an integration of ICT practice within the whole curriculum; a need for integration between pre‐service and in‐service teacher training; a need for the development of relevant and locally produced content; a need for appropriate educational partnerships; and an emphasis on the development of sustainable costing models. The paper concludes with a framework for action to deliver the very real benefits of ICT for teacher training in Africa. Keywords: AfricaEducation policyICTTeacher training Acknowledgements Much of the evidence upon which this paper is based was gained during three years work for the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) between 2001 and 2004. Generalizations drawn in this paper are based on work in countries in Africa and elsewhere, notably China, Estonia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania. I am immensely grateful for the advice and insight of many people in these countries, as well as to colleagues within DFID. In particular, I have learnt much from Lídia Brito, Bob Day, Bas Kotterink, Caroline Pontefract, John Rose, Michelle Selinger, Joe Sun, Peter Upton, Dan Wagner, Eric Woods, Liu Yang and Chris Yates, as well as from government officials, teachers and students across Africa. I am also appreciative of the helpful comments of anonymous referees, and in particular Carmel McNaught who recommended useful revisions to an earlier draft of this paper. The interpretations drawn, and any inaccuracies resulting there from, nevertheless remain my own. Notes * Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK. Email: tim.unwin@rhul.ac.uk. Web site: http://www.ict4d.org.uk. For a wider discussion of costs of open and distance learning, see Rumble (Citation2001). Additional informationNotes on contributorsTim UnwinFootnote* * Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK. Email: tim.unwin@rhul.ac.uk. Web site: http://www.ict4d.org.uk.
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The Case for Using SMS Technologies to Support Distance Education Students in South Africa: Conversations - Viljoen, Jeanne-Marie; Preez, Carl Du; Cook, Antoinette (Perspectives in Education, 2005)
The rate of adoption of mobile technologies in Africa's developing countries is amongst the highest in the world and by 2005 there may be almost 100 billion mobile users in Africa (Keegan, 2002; Brown, 2005). This is just one of the reasons why servicing distance students in this country through m-learning1 support tools should enjoy consideration. At the Unit for Distance Education at the University of Pretoria most of our students are from remote rural areas in South Africa where there is very little infrastructure for access, yet most have mobile phones. We started using Short Message Services (SMSs) for basic administrative support during 2002 in three existing teacher training programmes for inservice teachers offered by this unit. Recently we have begun preliminary research on the use of SMSs for academic learning support purposes. We are currently running a second exploratory pilot project in one of our modules where four asynchronous academic SMS learning support tools have been introduced. The purpose of this research is to explore how adult learners, registered at UP's Unit for Distance Education, experience the academic short message service as a learning support tool, for a specific module. The first pilot ran from October 2004 and ended in April 2005 and the second runs from April 2005 to October 2005. This article aims to describe our experiences with SMS technologies in the hope that we can contribute towards delivering quality mlearning interventions to student populations previously excluded from the e-learning environment.
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What mathematics learners say about the new South African curriculum reform : research article : mathematics and science education - Vithal, Renuka; Gopal, Nirmala (Perspectives in Education, 2005)
In this article we report on what Grade 8 learners say about the new curriculum reforms in South Africa - Outcomes-based Education (OBE) and Curriculum 2005 (C2005) - that were introduced into their mathematics classrooms. The article begins by addressing what is argued to be a gap in reform research in mathematics education. It draws primarily on focus group interviews conducted with learners after having observed a series of consecutive lessons in three different previously racially segregated schools in the Durban region from the international study on mathematics learners' perspectives. The analysis is organised in five broad themes that emerged from the data, some of which resonate with the design features of the curriculum reforms: a strong focus on group work; the attempt to forge relations between mathematics and context; changes in the use of learning-teaching materials such as worksheets; issues of assessment; and learners' take-up of the discourse of the new curriculum approach. Learners' views seem to be linked to their teachers' explicit (non)engagement with the new curriculum, and they appear to be aware of the tensions and trade-offs for themselves in the enactment of the new curriculum.
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On the Possibility of Cultivating Justice through Teaching and Learning: An Argument for Civic Reconciliation in South Africa - Waghid, Yusef (Policy Futures in Education, 2005)
In this article the author explores possibilities for cultivating justice with reference to teaching and learning in (South African) universities. It is argued that teachers and learners ought to become responsive, democratic and critical – they need to act justly in order to break with South Africa's apartheid legacy. The author discusses why readiness, deliberation and responsibility – acts of justice – ought to unfold in South African university classrooms and, more importantly, how each characteristic can potentially engender responsiveness, democracy and criticism respectively. Finally, some of the implications of justice through teaching and learning for civic reconciliation in South Africa are explored. The author shows how a responsive (compassionate), democratic (deliberative) and critical (restive) disposition on the part of individuals can offer hope for enhancing civic reconciliation after decades of apartheid rule.
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New Controls and Accountability for South African Teachers and Schools: The Integrated Quality Management System. - Weber, Everard (Perspectives in Education, 2005)
This article analyses the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS), an agreement reached in 2003 between the South African Education Department and the major teacher organisations in the country by using discourse analysis. The IQMS was scheduled to be implemented in public schools in 2004. Three discursive tensions are identified and discussed: the dialectic of the global and the local, the politics of accountability and the development of human resources, and contradictions between internal and external evaluation. Conclusions are drawn concerning the interrelationships between these major themes. Special attention is paid to the international context of education reform in South Africa.
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New controls and accountability for South African teachers and schools : the Integrated Quality Management System : research article : general - Weber, Everard (Perspectives in Education, 2005)
This article analyses the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS), an agreement reached in 2003 between the South African Education Department and the major teacher organisations in the country by using discourse analysis. The IQMS was scheduled to be implemented in public schools in 2004. Three discursive tensions are identified and discussed: the dialectic of the global and the local, the politics of accountability and the development of human resources, and contradictions between internal and external evaluation. Conclusions are drawn concerning the interrelationships between these major themes. Special attention is paid to the international context of education reform in South Africa.
openalex: W2993374648 mag: 2993374648
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Understanding ICT Integration in South African Classrooms. Research: Information and Communication Technologies - Wilson-Strydom, Merridy; Thomson, James; Hodgkinson-Williams, Cheryl (Perspectives in Education, 2005)
Integration of ICT into teaching and learning has risen on the South African education agenda, particularly with the release of the White Paper on e-Education in 2003. This empirical paper draws on survey data from the evaluation of the Intel(r) Teach to the Future programme in South Africa to reflect on ICT integration in South African classrooms. The article highlights the complexity of ICT access and reflects on both stages and types of ICT integration. Factors affecting ICT integration in South African classrooms are discussed, as are learner and educator responses to technology integrated lessons.
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Correction to “Radiation efficiency and apparent stress of small earthquakes in a South African gold mine” - Yamada, Takuji (Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005)
[1] In the paper “Radiation efficiency and apparent stress of small earthquakes in a South African gold mine” by Takuji Yamada et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, B01305, doi:10.1029/2004JB003221, 2005), Figure 16 and Table 4 include some minor errors. [2] In Figure 16, open circles were not printed clearly. The correct version of Figure 16 is shown here. [3] In Table 4, the column headings “With Q Correction” and “Without Q Correction” appeared over the wrong columns and should be switched. The correct Table 4 appears here. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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Seismic source characterization using near-field data. Application to the 2000 Tottori (Japan) and Boumerdes (Algeria) earthquakes. - Semmane, Fethi (2005)
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Reducing Hunger in Tropical Africa while Coping with Climate Change - Lal, Rattan; Swank, Brenda; Sánchez, Pedro A. (2005)
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Industrial Design Program students complete Interdesign workshop in South Africa - Watson-Bloch, Cathy (2005)
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Body composition and physical fitness of undernourished South African rural primary school children - Monyeki, M.A.; Koppes, L.L.J.; Kemper, H.C.G.; Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel; Toriola, A.L.; Pienaar, Anita E.; Twisk, Jos W. R. (European journal of clinical nutrition, 2005)
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between the body composition characteristics, body mass index (BMI), sum of skinfolds (SSF), % body fat (%BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and nine physical fitness items in undernourished rural primary school children in Ellisras, South Africa.A cross-sectional study.The study consisted of 462 boys and 393 girls who were aged 7-14 y.Five body composition measures were assessed: BMI, SSF, %BF, FFM and WHR. Nine physical fitness test items were assessed: standing long jump, bent arm hang, sit-ups, 10 x 5 m shuttle run, 50 m sprint, 1600 m run, flamingo balance, sit and reach, plate tapping.BMI was highly correlated with FFM (r = 0.7, P < 0.001). In line with findings from Western countries, regression coefficients (B) showed that children with higher BMI or SSF performed worse in bent arm hang (girls, B = -0.84, P < 0.001, and B = -0.06, P = 0.02, respectively) and in 1600m run (B = 6.68, P < 0.001). BMI was significantly associated with flamingo balance (B = 0.26, P = 0.04). WHR was positively associated with bent arm hang (B = 9.37, P = 0.03), and inversely with sit and reach (B = -7.48, P = 0.01). In contrast, significant relationships were found between BMI and standing long jump (B = 0.74, P = 0.04), sit and reach (B = 0.51, P < 0.001), flamingo balance (B = 0.26, P = 0.04) and plate tapping (B = -19, P = 0.01). SSF was significantly associated with sit and reach (B = 0.04, P = 0.03). Significant inverse associations were found between FFM and bent arm hang (girls, B = -0.06, P = 0.05), 1600 m run (girls, B = -2.33, P = 0.003) and 50 m run (boys, B = -0.11, P = 0.006). FFM was significantly associated with standing long jump (boys, B = 0.99, P < 0.001; girls, B = 0.73, P < 0.001), flamingo balance (B = 0.17, P < 0.001), and with sit and reach (boys, B = 0.59, P = 0.03).In the present study in undernourished children, body composition was significantly related to physical fitness, but not always in the expected direction. It is therefore important to note that in this population, BMI should not be interpreted as a measure of fatness/overweight, but rather as an indicator of muscle mass.
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3. DISPROPORTIONALITY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS: A FORM OF RESEGREGATION - Blumenfeld, Warren J. (2005)
No person in the United States shall, on the grounds or race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance, or be so treated on the basis of sex under most education programs or activities receiving Federal assistance. No otherwise qualified individual with disabilities in the United States shall, solely by reason of his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance (U.S. Department of Education, 2001).
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Accounting for Inclusiveness: The Corporate Response to the Challenge of HIV/AIDS in South Africa - Lawrence, Stewart; Samkin, Grant (2005)
This paper examines the corporate and institutional responses to the challenge of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The circumstances of South Africa have demonstrated the need for new ways of governance if businesses and society are to be sustainable. A confluence of historical, political and social factors in the 21st century, has produced the circumstances for new corporate principles, practices and reporting. The paper investigates the impact of institutional initiatives on corporate practices. Based on semi-structured interviews, the influences of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the King Report, the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE), and trade unions on corporate practices are explicated. There is no single path to a solution. What is clear is that firms cannot be uni-dimensional in the pursuit of profits, but have to be more ‘inclusive’, and not only in South Africa, but everywhere.
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\'English only\'? Creating linguistic space for African indigenous knowledge systems in higher education - Brand, Gerrit (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
African indigenous knowledge systems (AIKSs) are historically linked to indigenous African languages. Yet efforts to spearhead the infiltration by AIKS into the discursive domain of the South African (higher) education system are often based on the assumption that this can be achieved without challenging the dominance of colonial languages in the education sector. This assumption is indebted to an implicit conception of the nature of language and its relation to knowledge, culture and power. It presupposes that languages are neutral and interchangeable, and that form and content are strictly separable. These assumptions are challenged by drawing on academic debates in a variety of philosophical and related fields. It is argued that AIKS can only be successfully spearheaded in a predominantly Eurocentric higher education system, and be made relevant to society at large, via increased use of indigenous languages.
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Rethinking higher education transformation in terms of an African(a) philosophy of education - Ep, Nakusera (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
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School principalship and the value of African indigenous knowledge (AIK): Shipps passing in the night? - Hoberg, S.M. (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
Principals, especially in the rural areas of South Africa, ignore African indigenous knowledge (AIK) and the two appear to be like proverbial ships passing in the night. Principals are aware of the value of AIK, yet do not use it. Principalship involves leadership; organisational, human resource and financial management; planning; evaluation; team-building; problem solving; and decision making. Today, principals need to be more than organisational executives, humanistic facilitators and instructional leaders; they are called to be 'gatekeepers' to ensure the successful functioning of the school. The quality of principalship is crucial to the long-term success of the school. Quality, trustworthy relationships that foster organisational commitment, community collaboration, and that regenerate moral values are essential elements of successful schools. Current principalship requires a creative, dynamic and collaborative approach that will enhance trust and organisational commitment to enable schools to re-form and transform, thereby sustaining positive growth and learner outcomes. This article examines the leadership of school principalship in fostering and facilitating trust and organisational commitment among the teaching staff, the learners and the parent community. The study indicates that there is an urgent and growing need for research on education leadership from our own African cultural heritage and perspective. Some recommendations are made while it is reiterated that principals need ongoing in-service training and know-how to improve practice.
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\'Indigenouse knowledge\', truth and reconciliation in South African higher education - Horsthemke, Kai (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
This paper explores some of the key elements or focal areas in the discourse(s) of transformation in South African higher education, most significantly the Africanisation project and indigenous knowledge systems. The debate around indigenous knowledge, which is located within postcolonialist and anti-discrimination discourse, is unfortunately riddled with serious errors, logical and epistemological. While the present article is sympathetic to the basic concerns expressed in this debate, it offers both a critical, philosophical (re)evaluation of the pertinent issues as well as conceptual clarification. ‘Indigenous knowledge’ is argued to be a misnomer that raises more problems than it can conceivably solve. What its advocates aim for is arguably better achieved by a different approach. Taking into account a recent call for a Truth and Reconciliation Commission for education in South Africa, this paper proposes an approach that locates the principle of reconciliation within a basic framework of human rights.
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Mainstreaming African Indigenous Knowledge Systems in higher and tertiary education: The case of Zimbabwe - Ndhlovu, Finex; Masuku, Jesta (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
Higher and tertiary education institutions have come to be recognised as centers of academic excellence charged with the social responsibility of generating knowledge that can be used to circumvent the challenges confronting society. The western oriented education system characterising higher and tertiary institutions in modern Zimbabwe has failed to meet this premium because it lacks an appreciation of locally produced philosophies and thought systems. This article exposes those methodological and pragmatic tenets of African indigenous knowledge systems (AIKSs), which are worth mainstreaming in higher and tertiary education curricula.
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Distance education as a function of African community - Niekerk, LJ van (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
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The national plan for higher education in South Africa and African indigenous knowledge systems: A case of conflicting value systems? - Niekerk, M Petronella Van (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
In this article I would like to indicate that there is an inherent conflict between the underlying values portrayed by the policy document entitled 'National Plan for Higher Education in South Africa' and the values embodied in the discourse about the African Renaissance and the promotion of African indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) in South Africa. This article will attempt to analyse the dominant values of the National Plan for Higher Education in South Africa as well as the underlying values portrayed by the programme for African IKS in South Africa. Thereafter the paper will demonstrate that the cultural climate emanating from the discourse in policy documents such as the 'National Plan for Higher Education' (NPHE) is relatively hostile to the value system necessary for an IKS programme to take root in South African soil. I thus want to argue that a case of conflicting values between the NPHE and the IKS programme arises from an existing split between official values and non-official values apparent in the policies governing the direction of higher education (HE) in South Africa. The paper will offer some ideas why this situation has come about and pose some critical questions for discussion.
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In search of an African philosophy of education - Ramose, MB (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
The Higgs-Parker debate on the meaning and place of African philosophy in the construction of a new South African philosophy of education raises more questions than answers. In an attempt to answer some of the questions raised the present author also raises fresh questions. One of the arguments advanced by the present author is that both Higgs and Parker appear to take the meaning of key terms such as Africa, philosophy, African Renaissancel/Ig for granted. An analysis of the meaning of the key terms brings to the fore fundamental questions of justice. These must be answered adequately and satisfactorily. The thesis defended in this article is that it is only through an in-depth and critical historico-philosophical analysis of the current constitution of South Africa that the question whether or not a truly South African philosophy of education may be constructed can be answered. An adequate answer must show that veritable curriculum change at all levels of education, especially higher education, has been effected.
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Legal aspects of African indigenous knowledge systems: Curriculum design in higher education - Roodt, Christa (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
African indigenous knowledge has considerable value in a modern global economy once commercial benefits arise from the utilisation of indigenous knowledge, but its value also extends beyond economic considerations. As it is linked to the ways of life of various peoples, it supports and maintains identity formation. An important way in which to incorporate indigenous knowledge into mainstream society is to integrate indigenous knowledge into the formal education system at all levels. The main function of institutions of higher education remains knowledge production, accreditation, legitimation and dissemination. Like any other curriculum, a law curriculum must produce new knowledge and smart skills. Law graduates may be expected not only to translate the main policy thrusts of items such as intellectual property and African indigenous knowledge systems (AIKSs) into law in the cultural sector; they may also be called upon to develop, implement or enforce policy. Therefore, whether and how law curricula regard AIKSs is of great importance to undergraduate and postgraduate learners alike.
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African indigenous knowledge systems (AIKSs): Another challenge for curriculum development in higher education? - Tisani, N (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
Curriculum development is one of the central features in the process of transforming higher education in South Africa. With the colonial and neo-colonial traditions still being the pervading influences in university/technikon corridors, it is time the issue of African indigenous knowledge systems (AIKSs) was brought to the fore and its relevance to the education system explored. There are certain approaches that curriculum developers in South African institutions of higher learning can adopt as they acknowledge and engage with AIKS in their curricula. This article is based on an analysis of some of such educational approaches and is also a discussion on the possibilities of engaging with AIKS in the process of recurriculation in higher education in South Africa. Theories and paradigms on teaching and learning like phenomenography, postmodernism, Mode 2 knowledge production, present ideal opportunities for researchers to explore teaching and learning through methodologies beyond the positivistic approach as well as the traditional Western knowledge systems.
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African philosophy of education: Implications for teaching and learning - Waghid, Yusef (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
This article argues that one can speak of an African philosophy of education in the same way in which one refers to an Indian, Western, Chinese or Islamic philosophy of education. An African philosophy of education is a scientific enterprise which has three constitutive aspects: firstly, to be reasonable in one's articulations; secondly, to demonstrate moral maturity; and thirdly, to be attuned to deliberation. In this essay I argue that the efficacy of teaching and learning could be enhanced if framed according to these three aspects of an African philosophy of education.
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Prolegomena to an African philosophy of education - Wiredu, Kwasi (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
This article examines the qualities that mark an educated person with special reference to the Akan conception of an educated person. This list of qualities for defining the notion of being educated originates from a traditional African conception of what the training of the youth for the living of life entails. In discussing such a definition of an educated person, it is hoped that the present attempt to elicit an African conception of education from a conceptual analysis based on attention to an African vernacular will encourage other Africans to look within in a similar way in their thinking about education and other fundamental issu
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Towards an African philosophy of higher education - Wyk, Berte van; Higgs, Philip (South African journal of higher education, 2005)
Philosophical inquiry aims to explain, clarify and rationally justify higher education discourse. In this article we shall explore what an African philosophy of higher education could mean. We begin by offering a conceptual account of constitutive meanings of higher education discourse in South Africa with the aim to identify gaps. Thereafter we attempt to reconstruct a notion of African higher education, in particular how notions of lIgubuntul/Ig and community guide practices such as teaching, learning and research within higher education. Our contention is that higher education discourse in South Africa would be impoverished if it fails to recognise African philosophical thought and practice.
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Conflict generation, conflict management and self-organizing capabilities in drought-prone rural communities in north-eastern Nigeria: A case study - Fiki, OC; Lee, Brian (Journal of Social Development in Africa, 2005)
This article presents a qualitative study of conflict over crucial resources in drought-prone rural communities in north-eastern Nigeria and shows how these conflicts are mitigated to sustain social order. The article argues that, at a time of increased agitation for local control, this study of conflict generation and conflict management presents a model for understanding governance practices and capacity at local levels and shows how they cohere to sustain the community. The article further argues that the nature of the community must be taken into consideration in local social development in order to reduce the inherent dissonance between policy prescription and the reality of the local communities in Nigeria and, indeed, in Africa as a whole. Specifically, the article extends the literature on conflict management within the framework of governance and social development for understanding self-direction, self-organizing capabilities, community safety and local capacity in rural communities. Key words: conflict generation and management, drought and water use, self-organizing capabilities, rural communities, governance and social development, community safety and development Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol.19(2) 2004: 25-48
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Pre-School Education for a Democratic Society: Identifying Views of Stakeholders in Tanzania - Komba, Willy L. M.; Mahenge, S.T.; Koda, Gadi (Huria (Dar es Salaam), 2005)
No Abstract Available Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania Vol.5 2003: 51-57
openalex: W2039457503 mag: 2039457503
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Teacher Factors that Lead to Pupil Motivation not to Learn in Tanzania Primary Schools - Lema, Vincent Israel (Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 2005)
No Abstract Available Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania Vol.5 2003:36-50
openalex: W2026064132 mag: 2026064132
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Women Overcoming Barriers to Distance Learning at The Open University of Tanzania - Mhehe, Edith George (Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 2005)
No Abstract Available Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania Vol.5 2003:58-68
openalex: W2045266253 mag: 2045266253
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Jobs and Equity: A Critical Examination of the Education of Working Women in Tanzania - Mushi, Honoratha (Huria (Dar es Salaam), 2005)
No Abstract Available Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania Vol.5 2003: 69-81
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On the linear response of tropical African climate to SST changes deduced from regional climate model simulations - Paeth, Heiko; Hense, Andreas (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2005)
openalex: W2046163230 mag: 2046163230
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Sexual behaviour, contraceptive practice and reproductive health outcomes among Nigerian university students - Ejembi, Clara Ladi; Otu, Adebayo D D (Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, 2005)
Context: The continued poor reproductive health behaviour and outcomes among youths informed the investigation of the knowledge, attitudes, sexual behaviour, outcomes and care-seeking among university students in Zaria, north western Nigeria. Methods: Using a cross-sectional descriptive study design, self-administered structured questionnaires were administered to a sample of 400 undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University students drawn by multi-staged sampling to collect information on their reproductive health knowledge and behaviour. Findings: Knowledge of most aspects of reproductive health was high. However, gaps where found in some specific areas. Apart from ethnicity and faculty of study, no significant associations were found between knowledge and other demographic variables. Attitudes to reproductive health were generally negative. Overall, 64.1% of the respondents had had sexual intercourse; 65.4% of the males and 60.2% of the females students sexually experienced. The mean age at sexual exposure for females and males were 17.8 and 19.2 years, respectively. The mean number of lifetime sexual partners was 3.4 for males and 2.4 for the females. Of the 54.7% currently sexually active respondents, 53.5% of the males and 48.0% of the females were involved in multiple sexual relationships. Only 32.4% of the sexually exposed respondents had ever used or were currently using a method of contraception. Condom use was only 30% among the sexually active respondents with use higher among the males; however, the use was inconsistent. Use of effective contraceptives was very low. Overall, 23.3% of the respondents had experienced symptoms suggestive of sexually transmitted infections within six months preceding the study, and self medication was the predominant method of treatment. Utilization of the university health services for their reproductive health needs was found to be abysmally low. Conclusion: The gaps in reproductive health knowledge, negative attitudes, high prevalence of risky sexual activity and poor reproductive health care seeking behaviour call for mounting of educational intervention programmes and development of youth-friendly reproductive health services on campus. KEY WORDS: University students; Reproductive health knowledge; Sexual behaviour; Contraceptive use; Reproductive health outcomes Journal of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care Vol.16(2) 2004: 8-16
openalex: W2066781323 mag: 2066781323
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Sexual behaviour among students in tertiary institutions in Kano, northern Nigeria - Kabir, M; Iliyasu, Zubairu; Abubakar, IS; As, Kabir (Journal of community medicine & primary health care., 2005)
Background: There is a global trend towards early onset of sexual activity among youths with consequences of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies. The study was therefore conducted to assess sexual activity, knowledge and perception of risk, use of protective measures and prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviour among students of tertiary institutions in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Methods: Structured, close-ended questionnaires were administered to 300 students of Bayero University, Kano and the Federal College of Education, Kano to collect the relevant information using a cross-sectional descriptive study design. Results: Out of the 300 respondents, 159 (53.0%) have had sexual intercourse at least once. The mean age at sexual debut was 18 ± 2 years. Although all respondents knew that unprotected sexual intercourse is associated with STIs, there were still misconceptions about the transmission of HIV and cure for AIDS. One hundred and sixty eight (56.0%) of the 300 students had inadequate knowledge about what constitute high-risk sexual behaviour. Only 39 (24.5%) of the sexually active respondents reported using a condom always while 45 (28.3%) never used it. The most common high-risk sexual behaviour among the students was multiple sexual partners which was practised by 73 (51.7%)) and anal sexual intercourse 17 (12.1%) among the sexually active respondents. Conclusion: In the light of the high level of sexual activity detected, it is recommended that family life or sexuality education, starting early, through primary, secondary and tertiary education be institutionalised. This is to equip our youths with correct information to enable them make informed choices about responsible sexual life. KEY WORDS: Sexual behaviour; Tertiary students; Kano; Nigeria Journal of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care Vol.16(2) 2004: 17-22
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Serum Lipids In Pre Dialysis Chronic Renal Failure Patients In Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Agaba, Emmanuel I; Agbaji, OO; Anteyi, EA; Omudu, PA; Mshelia, RS (Highland Medical Research Journal, 2005)
A prospective study of serum lipids in pre dialysis chronic renal failure (CRF) patients in the Jos university teaching hospital over a twelve month period undertaken to determine the pattern of lipid abnormalities associated with this disease. Lipids were measured in the fasting state using standard methods in 67 patients with CRF and 50 healthy controls. The means of total cholesterol and triglyceride were similar in both groups. The mean HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in the study group compared to controls; being 1.72+ 1.34 mmol/L and 4.21+ 1.89 mmol/L respectively (df= 1, F= 83.78, p < 0.001), while LDL cholesterol was significantly higher in the study group compared to controls (2.90+ 1.56 mmol/L vs. 1.87+ 1.00 mmol/L; df= 1, F= 16.99, p
openalex: W1994499198 mag: 1994499198
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Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology [FNAC] Technique As A Diagnostic Tool Of Tumours In The University Of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Nggada, HA; Mi, Khalil (Highland Medical Research Journal, 2005)
Background: The Fine needle aspiration technique is frequently done in the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital for swellings from any anatomical site of the body. Objective: This paper is aimed at highlighting the importance of the technique in the diagnosis of tumours in any health care institution. Methods: A prospective study of 213 cases of fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosed tumours between December2000 and February 2002 at the Histopathology Department. The patients present with swellings at different anatomical sites, fine needle aspiration cytology was done and the diagnosis was interpreted as Benign, Malignant, Suspicious, and inflammatory or unsuccessful. Those that had tissue biopsy, the histological diagnosis are interpreted independently. Results: Fine needle aspiration cytology represents 21.1% of all cytological specimens. The site of the lesions are in the order of frequency: Breast 73(34.6%); Lymph nodes 58(27.2%); Thyroid gland 30(14.1%); Liver 13(6.1%); Parotid 7(3.3%); Jaw 5(2.3%) and others 27 (12.7%). Fifty seven (26.8%) cases were diagnosed malignant. A comparison of 12 patients that had both cytological and histological diagnosis independently shows a sensitivity of 92%. Conclusion: The outcome of this study indicates that the diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity is high and no complication. Therefore, the benefit to it to the patient care management should be addressed. KEY WORDS: FNAC; Tumours; Diagnosis Highland Medical Research Journal Vol.1(3) 2003: 28-30
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How do African students find their way to the University of Illinois - Nyaberi, David (2005)
openalex: W99927663 mag: 99927663
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Quality Characteristics of Groundwater Utilized by Resident Students of a Nigerian University - Okoli; Chidi, G.; Njoku, Ikpechukwu; AC-Chukwuocha, Ngozi; Njoku, Paul C.; Njoku, John Didacus; Dike, M.U.; Ojiegbe, R (Journal of Applied Sciences, 2005)
openalex: W1975286211 mag: 1975286211
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Refractive errors among students of a postprimary institution in a rural community in South-Eastern Nigeria - Cm, Chuka-Okosa (West African journal of medicine, 2005)
To determine the prevalence and types of refractive errors seen among students of Girls' Secondary School, Akegbe Ugwu in Nkanu West Local Government area of Enugu State, Nigeria.A questionnaire documented the students' personal data, their chief complaints and past ocular history. This was followed by unaided visual acuity assessment then assessment with pinhole, anterior segment examination, fundoscopy, non-cycloplegic objective and subjective refraction in those found to have an unaided visual acuity of less than 6/9 in either eye and improved vision with pinhole.A total of 355 students aged 12 -21 years was tested. Out of these, 9 (2.53%) had uncorrected vision worse than 6/9 in either or both eyes. Uncorrected refractive error accounted for the reduced vision in 7 cases 5 of which were myopia.There is a prevalence of refractive error of 1.97 % among students of this rural girls' secondary school in South-Eastern Nigeria. The low prevalence of myopia (1.4%) found agrees with the report that, though the most common refractive cause of visual impairment globally, it is relatively rarer in Africans.
openalex: W1995726800 mag: 1995726800
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Ecological Impact of Changing Rainfall Pattern, Soil Processes and Environmental Pollution in the Nigerian Sudan and Northern Guinea Savanna Agro-ecological Zones - Oluwasemire, KO; Alabi, S. O. (Nigerian Journal of Soil and Environmental Research, 2005)
Understanding the changing rainfall pattern in northern Nigeria and its effects on soil processes and the environment is of critical importance in the assessment and management of a given ecology. Although a general decrease in annual rainfall since the late 1960s that continued into the new millenium has been observed in this zone, rainfall intensities have increased generally over the past 43 years. Correlation coefficients of monthly average rainfall with annual rainfall showed significant (P 0.05) correlation between the declines in the annual rainfall with decreased rainfall in September. Changes in rainfall intensities and spread increases the probability of increased nutrient losses due to excessive leaching with resultant groundwater pollution and water logging, which aggravates vulnerability and propensity to rapid soil degradation in the Sudan savanna. In the northern Guinea savanna, the tendency for soil wash and large-scale soil erosion becomes imminent. While little or nothing can be done concerning the changes observed in rainfall pattern, several options could be considered for reducing its negative impacts on the environment. Ecological anti-erosion techniques based on indigenous and innovative technologies are suggested to reduce the negative impacts of changing rainfall pattern on the environment and also take advantage of excess water along with its dissolved nutrients and carbon deposits for sustainable environmental management. Key words: Rainfall pattern, soil processes, environmental pollution, savanna, sustainable environmental management. Nigerian Journal of Soil Research Vol.5 2004: 23-31
openalex: W2070433119 mag: 2070433119
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Hypertension In Type II Diabetes Mellitus In Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria - Agaba, Emmanuel I; Anteyi, EA; Puepet, FH; Omudu, PA; Idoko, John (Highland Medical Research Journal, 2005)
Objectives: We assessed 85 patients with type II diabetes mellitus to determine the proportion of hypertension in accordance with WHO criteria. Other clinical parameters such as fundoscopic examination and urinalysis were carried out. Methods: A cross-sectional study of hypertension in type II diabetic patients in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria Results: Forty-two of the patients were hypertensive with only 28 (32.9%) previously diagnosed and were on treatment. Age of patient, duration of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy were significantly associated with hypertension in diabetes. Conclusion: Hypertension is commoner in diabetes in sub-saharan Africa that it was previously believed. The finding of hypertension should arouse the possibility of the presence of microangiopathic complications in type II diabetes. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol.1(2) 2002: 22-24
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Harnessing Radio and Internet Systems to Monitor and Mitigate Agricultural Droughts in Rural African Communities - Bandason, Tsitsi (2005)
Humankind has not yet discovered a way to prevent drought entirely. Hence, the provision of timely and accurate climate and weather information can help rural and semiurban producers to better prepare for and mitigate the effects of insufficient precipitation (IRI, 2001). Communicating drought information to remote rural populations, however, has been a major challenge in Africa (Stern and Easterling, 1999). Seasonal rainfall forecasts, precipitation, and stream flow monitoring products, key environmental information, and even lifesaving early warnings are commonly trapped in the information bottleneck of Africa’s capital cities, due to the relative lack of infrastructure in rural areas (Glantz, 2001). Without access to reliable communication networks, the majority of Africa’s farmers and herders are cut off from the scientific and technological advances that support agricultural decision-making in other parts of the world. Before the proliferation of radios, cell phones, and televisions, Africans used local methods—interpreting wind speed and direction, cloud formations, vegetation, and insect and bird migrations, for example—to predict weather patterns and the advent or cessation of precipitation. This chapter describes a Radio and Internet (RANET; http://www.ranetproject.net) system for communicating drought information to the rural communities in Niger and Uganda. This system was developed under a disaster mitigation program funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The need for a drought communications system tailored to the realities of rural Africa was initially communicated to the director of the African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD; http:// www.acmad.ne) by a nomad in the desert of southeastern Algeria when he declined the gift of a radio offered by the young meteorologist researching desert locusts near Djanet. The nomad did agree that information was vital to his survival. “Just tell me where it has rained. I will know where to take my flocks” (personal communication with Boulahya, Hirir, Algeria, February 1988). He explained that he was familiar with every rise and fall of the terrain and would lead his animals every rainy season to meet the water as it flowed in streams to form pools at low spots in the landscape.
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Adult Surgical Emergencies in a Developing Country: The Experience of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria - Chianakwana, GU; Ihegihu, Chima Collins; Okafor, Pius I.S.; Anyanwu, Snc; Mbonu, Okechukwu Obiora (World Journal of Surgery, 2005)
openalex: W2086184728 mag: 2086184728
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The Prevalence And Intensity Of Malaria Parasite In Children At Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Ikeh, EI; Peletiri, IC; Ia, Angyo (Highland Medical Research Journal, 2005)
Objective: To determine the prevalence and intensity of malaria parasitaemia in clinically diagnosed paediatric patients in jos university teaching hospital, and to see if there is any correlation between the parasite density and the ages of the patients Study population/methods: Consisted of blood samples from 300 children aged between 0-14 years attending the Emergency Paediatric Unit and Paedratic Out-patient Department of theu Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos, with sign /symptoms suggestive of malaria. Blood collect aseptically in sterile containers. Thick and thin film were made using Giemsa staining technique. The stain examined under X100 objective microscope. Result: Revealed a parasite rate of 29.3% with p. falciparum 96.6%, p. maleria 3.4%. Eihteen percent of the study population had mean parasite desities higher than the critical value of 10,000 per microlitre. There was no difference in parasitaemia in relation to gender. Conclusion: The prevalence of maleria is still high in paediatric age group 27 – 29.5%. There is the need to intensify the Roll Back Malaria programme by the Federal Government of Nigeria in order to reduce the prevalence of malaria. Key words: Prevalence, Malaria, Children. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol.1(1) 2002: 9-10
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Mortality In A Nigerian Teaching Hospital: Experience At Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) 1995-1999 - Mandong, BM; Madaki, Aboi Jk (Highland Medical Research Journal, 2005)
Objectives: A five year retrospective analysis of hospital death was undertaken to ascertain the pattern of mortality and trends of hospital admission. Methods: All record of death in hospital admission were record between 1995-1999. Demographic information were obtained from the patient files. The data were broken into diagnosis, age range, mean age for each group at intervals of 5years, percentage of death for each ward were determined. Result: A total of seventy thousand two hundred and twenty eight {70,228} admission was recorded under the period of study. A total of 3;980 deaths were recorded which accounted for5.7 percent of total admission .The analysis showed that medical ward recorded highest death rate {71.5%} in the hospital .in the medical ward HIV related disease account for the highest death {23.3%} following by chronic liver disease , neoplasia and cardiovascular disease which accounted for, 20.0%,19.6% and 18.2% respectively Deaths; malnutrition in paediatric ward accounted for 14.2% of hospital deaths; Malnutrition and infection accounted for highest causes of death in paediatric ward. Death in surgery and obstetric and Gynaecology accounted for 9.3 and 5 percent respectively. Conclusion: The study clearly shows that infectious disease still account for the highest mortality in our teaching hospital. The authors are of the option that the government of attention to preventive medical health care and improvement in the living condition of its citizens. Key words:-Mortality, Teaching Hospitals, jos. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol.1(2) 2002: 16-18
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Agricultural Drought in Ethiopia - Mersha, Engida; Boken, Vijendra K. (2005)
In Ethiopia, 85% of the population is engaged in agriculture (CSA, 1999). Agriculture supplies a significant proportion of the raw materials for the agro-industries, and accounts for 52% of the gross product and 90% of the export earnings. A wide range of climatic, ecological, and socioeconomic diversities influence Ethiopian agriculture. The dependency of most of the population on rain-fed agriculture has made the country’s economy extremely vulnerable to the effects of weather and climate, which are highly variable both temporally and spatially. If rains fail in one season, the farmer is unable to satisfy his needs and pay his obligations (tax, credit, etc). Farmers remain in the bottom line of poverty and lead a risky life. Moreover, due to climatic change and other human-induced factors, areas affected by drought and desertification are expanding in Ethiopia (NMSA, 1996a; WMO, 1986). There are three major food supply systems in Ethiopia (IGADD, 1988; Teshome, 1996): crop, livestock, and market-dependent systems. Cropbased systems are practiced principally over the highlands of the country and comprise a very diverse range of production, depending on altitude, rainfall, soil type, and topography. Any surplus above the farmer’s need is largely dependent on, for example, good weather conditions, absence of pests and diseases, availability of adequate human and animal power. Failure of rains during any cropping season means shortage of food supply that affects farmers and others. The livestock system constitutes about 10% of the total population, which is largely based in arid and semiarid zones of the country. This system is well adapted to highly variable climatic conditions and mainly depends on animals for milk and meat and is usually supplemented by grains during nondrought years. Approximately 15% of the Ethiopian population is market dependent and is affected by the preceding two food supply systems. Its food supply (grain, pulses, and oil seeds) has been facing serious shortages due to recurring droughts. People’s purchasing power determines access to food in the market-dependent food supply system. In Ethiopia, an agricultural drought is assessed using the concept of the length of growing period (LGP).
openalex: W3103268804 mag: 3103268804
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A Histological Analysis Of Malignant Tumours Of Skin In University Of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), Nigeria - Nggada, HA; Na'aya, HU; Ali, Nuhu (Highland Medical Research Journal, 2005)
Objective: To describe the demographic characteristics and anatomical distribution of skin malignancy as seen at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed cases of skin cancer diagnosed between January 1991 and December 2000 in the Histopathology Department of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Results: A total of 313 cases of skin malignancy were histopathogically diagnosed. The male, female ratio was 1:5.1 and the peak age incidence was in 6th decades of life. The non-melanoma, skin cancer (squamous cells carcinoma) was the commonest epidermal malignancy and accounted for 148 (47.3%). Kaposi's sarcoma was the commonest cutaneous sarcoma with 49 (15.7%) and all the cases were of melanomas were diagnosed above the age of 40 years and all occurred on the leg and foot. The lower limb (leg and foot) was the mutual site of skin malignancy, which accounted for 160 (51.1%). Childhood skin cancers are rare. Conclusion: Skin cancer is not uncommon among the black population. Nigerians suffer from late presentation of the disease. The incidence of skin cancer can be prevented or reduced through public health education or early diagnosis of skin lesion and prompt medical treatment. Key words: Skin Malignancy, Epidermal, Cutaneous. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol.1(2) 2002: 38-40
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Monitoring Agricultural Drought: The Case of Kenya - Ogallo, Laban; Oteng'i, S.B.B. (2005)
Agriculture is the mainstay of Kenya’s economic development and accounts for about 30% of the country’s gross domestic product, 60% of export earnings, and 70% of the labor force. This sector is the largest source of employment (Government of Kenya, 1995). More than 85% of the population survives in one way or the other on agricultural activities (crops and livestock). Agriculture in Kenya is mainly rain-fed, with little irrigation. About 46% of the rural population live below the poverty line, with 70% of them below food poverty line. Like many parts of the tropics, the majority of agricultural activities in Kenya are rain dependent. Small-scale farmers, pastoralists, and wildlife are most often affected by drought, with crops withering and livestock as well as wildlife dying. Drought of more than one season overwhelms the social fabric, as crops, livestock, wild animals, and humans die. Such droughts affect pastoral communities (e.g., the Masai in Kenya and Tanzania) by killing livestock and game animals, forcing these communities to invade the nearby towns and cities to find remnants of patches of grass still left there or grass growing at the roadsides. The death of game animals affects ecotourism. Interannual climate variability that often leads to the recurrence of climate extremes such as droughts has far-reaching impacts on agricultural production. Figure 18.1 shows below-normal rainfall during different years that are often associated with droughts in Kenya. These rainfall deficits are caused by the anomalies in the circulation patterns that can extend from local or regional to very large scales. Some patterns that are responsible for spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in Kenya include the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), subtropical anticyclones, monsoonal wind systems, tropical cyclones, easterly/westerly wave perturbations, subtropical jet streams, East African low-level jet stream, extratropical weather systems, teleconnection with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and quasi-biennial oscillation (Ogallo, 1988, 1991, 1994). In addition, complex physical features such as large inland lakes, mountains, and complex orographic patterns (e.g., the Great Rift Valley) influence rainfall patterns. Lake Victoria in western Kenya is also one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world and has its own strong circulation patterns in space and time.
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Drought Monitoring Techniques for Famine Early Warning Systems in Africa - Rowland, James; Verdin, J. P.; Adoum, Alkhalil; Senay, Gabriel B. (2005)
Hundreds of millions of people in the world today do not enjoy food security—they do not have “access . . . at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life” (World Bank, 1986). Many of these individuals are among the quarter-billion people living in the climatically vulnerable drylands of sub-Saharan Africa (UNSO/UNDP, 1997). The drought of the early 1970s was responsible for 100,000 deaths in the Sahel and 200,000 deaths in Ethiopia (Sen, 1981) and was soon followed by another drought during 1983–85 that was responsible for 400,000 to 1 million deaths (Walker, 1989). Famine is the most extreme food security emergency that occurs in the vulnerable areas of Africa. A practical definition of famine, offered by Cox, states that it is “the regional failure of food production or distribution systems, leading to sharply increased mortality due to starvation and associated disease” (quoted in Field, 1993). Famine’s underlying cause is crop failure brought about by bad weather, armed conflict, or both (Mellor and Gavian, 1987). Famine is a slow-onset disaster, the culmination of physical and social processes occurring over two or more growing seasons. Thus, observation and detection of events leading up to famine can yield information needed to trigger preparation for famine and prevention of its worst effects. Even so, early warning of famine can come none too soon because “the time needed to get food to famine-stricken areas after an appeal for aid can stretch to six months or more” (Ulrich, 1993). Furthermore, early warning does not guarantee early response. The decision by relief organizations to commit large amounts of resources ordinarily demands clear evidence that, unfortunately, is often difficult to assemble in the early stages of the famine process. Prevention of famine in vulnerable regions of Africa, then, requires early and unambiguous identification of unfolding food security problems so that mitigating action can be taken. Complicating the task is the fact that, over the years, the identities and numbers of those who are food insecure can shift in time and space. Relevant physical, social, and political forces are ever changing.
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Monitoring Agricultural Drought in Southern Africa - Unganai, Leonard (2005)
Southern Africa lies between 0°S to 35°S latitude and 10°E to 41°E longitude. In this region, annual rainfall ranges from below 20 mm along the western coastal areas of Namibia to as high as 3000 mm in some highland areas of Malawi. Rainfall generally increases from south to north in response to topography and the main rain-bearing systems affecting the subregion. In the southwest sections of the sub-region, annual rainfall averages below 400 mm, whereas the high-altitude areas receive up to 3000 mm due to orographic enhancement. Two important features that control the climate of southern Africa are the semipermanent subtropical high-pressure cells centered in the southeast Atlantic and the southwest Indian Ocean. These subtropical high pressure cells are associated with widespread and persistent subsidence (Lockwood, 1979). Part of southern Africa is under the downward leg of the Hadley Cell, superposed on the zonal Walker cell. The complex interaction of these cells, particularly during warm El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes, is usually associated with drier than normal austral summers over much of southern Africa. Much of southern Africa is therefore semiarid and prone to recurrent droughts. In South Africa, for operational purposes, a drought is broadly defined as occurring when the seasonal rainfall is 70% or less of the long-term average (Bruwer, 1990; Du Pisani, 1990). It becomes a disaster or severe drought when two or more consecutive rainfall seasons experience drought. Drought affects some part of southern Africa virtually every year. Southern Africa has suffered recurrent droughts since record keeping began (Nicholson, 1989; Unganai, 1993). Severe drought periods included 1800– 30, 1840–50, 1870–90, 1910–15, 1921–25, 1930–50, 1965–75, and 1980–95. During some of these drought periods, rivers, swamps, and wells dried up and well-watered plains turned into barren lands. For Zimbabwe, the worst drought years were 1911–12, 1923–24, 1946–47, 1972–73, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1986–87, and 1991–92 (Zimbabwe Department of Meteorological Services, personal communication, 2002). During the severe and recurrent droughts of the 1980s and 1990s, the impact on vulnerable communities and the environment was catastrophic.
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Library and information provision for distance learners in Tanzania: some research and evaluation areas to be considered - Mcharazo, Alli (University of Dar es Salaam Library journal, 2005)
The paper discusses some of the library and information provision research and evaluation aspects in the distance education context in Tanzania. It explores some current and potential areas that can be considered for research and evaluation by library and information personnel, scholars and researchers. It does so by providing an overview of research and evaluation aspects for distance education at a global level and specifically for the Tanzania\'s environment. Some of important broad categories of research and evaluation are identified. These include the distance learner, distance education institutions, libraries and involvement of libraries/information officers, information and communication technology, the role of the publisher and the public recognition of distance education. Out of these, specific areas related to library and information sectors, are highlighted. The paper concludes by urging library and information professionals in Tanzania to seize the opportunity of researching and evaluating the aspects mentioned above, as they (librarians and other information professionals) are an important stake-holder and resource in the distance education systems. University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal Vol.6(2) 2004: 33-46
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Traditional media practitioners\' perception of entertainment-education utilization for agricultural information dissessmination in Nigeria - Razak-Olajide, B; Yahaya, Mohammed Kuta (Moor Journal of Agricultural Research, 2005)
This study investigated traditional media practitioners' perception of entertainment–education (EE) utilization for dissemination of agricultural information. One hundred and two respondents were sampled across music and theatre groups in south west Nigeria through multi – stage sampling technique. The result reveals that 89.4% of respondents with different educational qualifications and 80.3% of varied years of professionals experience favourably perceived EE format utilization for agricultural information dissemination. However, traditional media practitioners of different educational qualifications (73.6%), statuses (76.5%) unanimously opined that perceived constraints to EE utilization are very severe. The result further indicates that there is a significant relationship between educational qualification (X2 = 6.21; p < 0.05) of traditional media practitioners and their perception of EE format utilization, whereas there is no significant relationships between professional status (X2 = 0.97; P > 0.05) and medium (X2 = 2.12; P > 0.05) and practitioners' disposition to the format utilization. Music and theatre practitioners also differ in their overall perception of EE format utilization for agricultural information dissemination. Therefore, given the overall favourable disposition of practitioners to EE format utilization, it is recommended that traditional media should be integrated into development interventions using EE strategy for its potency in information dissemination. Key words: Traditional media; entertainment-education; agricultural information dissemination and perception. Moor Journal of Agricultural Research Vol.4(2) 2003: 266-273
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Education in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2005)
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Education in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Bank, World (2005)
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Prevalence Of Malaria Parasitaemia In Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic At Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria - Ikeh, EI; Akudo, SN; Uguru, V. E. (African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2005)
The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in 200 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) between April and June 2003 was determined. Geimsa-stained thick and thin blood films were examined microscopically for malaria parasites; the parasite densities were determined on the thick films. Eighteen (9%) of the women were positive for malaria parasites and only Plasmodium falciparum was encountered in the study. Pregnant women in the 15-20 year age group recorded the highest prevalence of 16%, closely followed by the age group 21-25 years with 15.2%. The 26-30, 31-35, 36-40 and 41-50 year age groups recorded 6.7%, 4.5%, 4.1% and 0% prevalence rates respectively. Women in their first trimester recorded 13.3% as against 10.2% and 3.8% for the second and third trimester respectively. The primigravidae had a prevalence of 12.9% as against 7.2% for multigravidae. Most of the women with malaria parasitaemia (89%) had parasite densities of less than 1000/µL of blood. The low prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in the ANC women is attributed to the regular prophylactic malaria therapy and the impacts of the health talks normally given to pregnant women during routine antenatal visits Key words: Malaria, pregnancy, prevalence, prophylaxis Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2005; 6(2): 91-94
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“Down, Up, and Round”: Setting Children Up as Readers and Writers in South African Classrooms (2005)
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Accurate Completion of Death Certificates: The Need for Formalised Training in the Nigerian Medical Curriculum - Inem, Victor; Izegbu, MC (Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2005)
Research of medical schools initiative attempting to orient medical students towards future role in society can only serve in pursuance of WHO objectives for medical education. Medical teachers see the natural process of death as an anathema and pay little attention to the subject in both pathology and clinical courses. Doctors and consequently medical students have the notion that their primary responsibility is to save lives and if possible prolong life possibly in perpetuity. The death of a patient is seen as an indictment. Therefore, in the medical school curriculum little emphasis is placed on the training of last offices. A medical school has responded to the need in this area by the use of a dynamic curriculum in which as part of the medical jurisprudence course the future role of doctors are highlighted. A cross sectional survey of 127 final year medical students aptitude to filling the death certificate was carried out by administering a 14 item self administered questionnaires with the filling of a death certificate. These were Medical and Dental Students of the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, who had completed rotations in pathology and Clinical medicine. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge in performance of last offices and test skills in death certification. Results show that about 96% of the students had no formal teaching in the filling of death certificates. A large percentage, over 70% of them had never seen a death certificate filled. Among the 38 students who had seen or had been taught how to complete death certificates, 23 (18.1%) of the total students surveyed and (61%) of those who had seen certificates filled did this at the Third Year 400 Level of their studies during pathology posting while less than 1% or only 10/38 (27%) of them had seen this event during their clinical years. Of the cadre of medical staff who the students had observed filling death certificates, more Registrars (72%) were responsible for this activity than others. Over 85% of the students were aware of the importance of death certification. We recommend the inclusion of formal training on death certificate completion in Medical School curriculum in Nigeria to enhance the accuracy of health statistics. KEY WORDS: Death certificate, medical students, medical education, Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 76-81
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Exploring the Relationship Between Personal Motivation, Persistence, and Resilience and Their Effects on Academic Achievement Among Different Groups of African-American Males in High Schools - Salley, Linda Delois (2005)
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The prevalence of cognitive impairment among African-American patients with congestive heart failure. - Akomolafe, Abimbola; Quarshie, Alexander; Jackson, Patricia L.; Thomas, Jerome; Deffer, Orlando; Oduwole, Adefisayo; Onwuanyi, Anekwe; Lapu-Bula, Rigobert; Strayhorn, Gregory; Ofili, Elizabeth; Mayberry, Robert (PubMed, 2005)
This cross-sectional study sought to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment among African-American patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). We studied 100 African-American CHF patients (aged 55-87 years) in New York Heart Association classes II-IV, who are enrolled in an ongoing, randomized, controlled trial, evaluating the effectiveness of a telemonitoring intervention to improve access to ambulatory care for heart failure patients. These CHF patients were recruited from an inner-city practice, rural physician practices and an urban physician practice in Atlanta. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was used to measure cognition. Cognitive impairment was defined as a MMSE score of less than 24. The crude prevalence of cognitive impairment was 10% in this population of African Americans with CHF. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated an increase in odds of cognitive impairment with increasing age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.10 and 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.20; p=0.042]. There was no significant relationship between cognitive impairment and gender, education status, depression and severity of CHF. This study indicates that cognitive impairment is relatively prevalent among African Americans with CHF, but lower than previously reported among Caucasians with CHF.
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The Impact of Cultural Biases on African American Students’ Education - Baker, Paula Booker (Education and Urban Society, 2005)
Education, at all levels, opens routes to achieve higher incomes, status advancement, and upward social mobility. The goal for most families is to present an opportunity for their children to receive a jump on acquiring knowledge to afford this achievement. Schools within our education system declare they offer a quality education for African American students. This concept will be examined along with the research that maintains schooling for African American students is deliberately sabotaged. To ensure success for all students, awareness and sensitivity to diversity issues should reflect the importance of presenting different cultural perspectives in education.
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African American Students and the CPA Exam: Mentoring, Internships and Scholarship Programs Can Draw Students into the Profession - Booker, Quinton (Journal of accountancy, 2005)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * DESPITE DECADES OF EFFORT by organizations such as the and NASBA to bring more minority candidates into the profession, the numbers are still small. Still, there were 5,731 African American candidates for the CPA exam in 2002–the largest for any year since 1997. * THE DATA SUGGEST A SEVERE SHORTAGE of African American males under age 25 holding graduate degrees. * SINCE MANY STUDENTS DECIDE TO major in accounting as early as high school, employers should begin to build relationships with high school juniors and seniors through summer job opportunities. * THE VAST MAJORITY OF CANDIDATES are concentrated in 10 states. Employers in other states need to be more creative in finding and hiring CPAs. * PROGRESS IS BEING MADE. Much of the success can likely be attributed to mentoring, internship and co-op programs, and scholarship programs at the undergraduate, master's and doctoral levels. ********** The news is good–more African Americans than ever are taking the CPA exam. But it could be better–the profession has a long way to go before it is fully integrated. This article highlights the performance of African Americans on the Uniform CPA Examinations for 2000, 2001 and 2002, using data extracted from candidate-supplied questionnaires collected by the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA). We'll look at the number of African Americans sitting for and passing the exam to help determine how best to attract minority students to the profession, and provide commentary on the research results to help employers, accounting educators and candidates adapt to the new computerized exam format. THE NUMBERS There's very little hard evidence about the numbers of African Americans who are CPAs, even after decades of effort by the (see AICPA Diversity Initiatives, page 63) and NASBA to bring more minorities into the accounting profession. African Americans in 2000 made up 12% of the U.S. population, but only 5% of CPA exam candidates. Fortunately the statistics for CPA candidates are better-documented. An average of 2,598 African Americans–653 first-time and 1,945 repeat candidates–sat for each exam between 2000 and 2002 (see exhibit 1, page 61). The data for 2000, 2001 and 2002 show no consistent trend for first-time candidates. Comparing them with the 1997-1999 exams does reveal a decline, however. The number of first-time African American candidates fell sharply from 2000 to 2002–a worrisome trend. But the total number of candidates rose steadily from 1997 to 2002, hitting a new high of 5,731. Commentary. About half the states that enacted the 150-hour education requirement made it effective between 2000 and 2002; several of those states had significant numbers of African American candidates. This may explain the decline in first-time candidates. States typically have a bulge in the first-time category before their 150-hour rule takes effect, since sitting prior to the effective date allows candidates to be grandfathered in under pre-150-hour rules. A CLOSER LOON AT THE CANDIDATES Sex. A majority of African American candidates–between 62% and 65%–were female. While the percentage of males did increase in November 2001 and all of 2002, females still clearly dominated the African American candidate pool. Age. The age of the candidate pool has been fairly consistent over the six exams, with about half the candidates less than 30 years of age (exhibit 2, below). Nearly one-third of all candidates were in the 30-39 age group. The under-25 group, which includes recent college graduates, made up between 19% and 24% of candidates on each exam. Education. Three of every four African American candidates–73% to 80%–held bachelor's degrees only, though 40% had earned 150 or more semester hours of college credits. Many candidates completed more accounting hours than the 24 to 30 hours typically required for a bachelor's degree; the majority completed 31 hours or more and about a third completed 37 or more. …
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Geochemistry and geochronology of a Miocene volcanic suite from Mt. Tsaratanana, northern Madagascar - Buchwaldt, Robert; Tucker, Robert D.; Dymek, R. F. (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement, 2005)
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AIDS Health Locus of Control, Self-Efficacy for Safer Sexual Practices, and Future Time Orientation as Predictors of Condom Use in African American College Students - Burns, Myron J.; Dillon, Frank R. (Journal of Black Psychology, 2005)
This study examined the relationship between self-reported frequency of condom use (by self or partner during the past 6 months and lifetime), locus of control, self-efficacy, and future time orientation among African American college students who were single and sexually active during the past year. Data were collected from 106 undergraduate students at a southeastern university. The sample included both men (32.1%) and women (67.9%). The mean age of the sample was 21.1 years. Locus of control did not predict condom use. Greater probability of condom use was related to higher self-efficacy and future time orientation scores. Furthermore, women with stronger future orientations exhibited more frequent current and past use of condoms in their sexual activities than males. The implications of these findings for AIDS prevention education programs are discussed.
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Quantity Versus Quality in Education: Case Studies in Malawi - Chimombo, Joseph (International Review of Education, 2005)
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Teacher Shocks and Student Learning: Evidence from Zambia - Das, Jishnu; Dercon, Stefan; Habyarimana, James; Krishnan, Pramila (Social Science Research Network, 2005)
A large literature examines the link between shocks to households and the educational attainment of children. We use new data to estimate the impact of shocks to teachers on student learning in Mathematics and English. Using absenteeism in the 30 days preceding the survey as a measure of these shocks we find large impacts: A 5-percent increase in the teacher's absence rate reduces learning by 4 to 8 percent of average gains over the year. This reduction in learning achievement likely reflects both the direct effect of increased absenteeism and the indirect effects of less lesson preparation and lower teaching quality when in class. We document that health problems - primarily teachers' own illness and the illnesses of their family members - account for more than 60 percent of teacher absences; not surprising in a country struggling with an HIV/AIDS epidemic. The relationship between shocks to teachers and student learning suggests that households are unable to substitute adequately for teaching inputs. Excess teaching capacity that allows for the greater use of substitute teachers could lead to larger gains in student learning.
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Reverse zoned feldspars in Suswa Volcano, Kenya Rift: Evidence for magma mixing and eruptions triggered by recharge - Espejel-García, V. V.; Anthony, Elizabeth Y.; Ren, Minghua (GeCAS, 2005)
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Training Needs of Women Farmers in Livestock Production: Implications for Rural Development in Oyo State of Nigeria - Farinde, A. J.; Ajayi, Anuoluwapo O. (Journal of Social Sciences, 2005)
This paper identifies some training needs of women farmers in livestock production and discusses the relevance of such needs to rural development. The study was conducted in 5 (five) selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo state. Structured interview schedule was used to collect information from one hundred and seventyone (171) women farmers. Analysis of the data collected revealed that women perform virtually all livestock related operations, although they are less involved in marketing of livestock products; construction of livestock houses and slaughter/dressing of animals. The weighted mean scores in knowledge and skills of women farmers were low in compounding of feeds; breeding; identification and diagnosis of sick animal; selection and administration of drugs. Women expressed felt training needs in all the listed operations. The implication for rural development is that empowerment of women farmers through adequate training in all the expressed areas of training needs in livestock production is a predisposing factor to sustainable livelihood and consequent participation in rural development.
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Mayo's Older African American Normative Studies: Auditory Verbal Learning Test norms for African American Elders - Ferman, Tanis J.; Lucas, John A.; Ivnik, Robert J.; Smith, Glenn E.; Willis, Floyd B.; Petersen, Ronald C.; Graff‐Radford, Neill R. (Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section D, The clinical neuropsychologist, 2005)
The Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) is frequently used in clinical practice to assess for memory dysfunction in the elderly. As part of the Mayo Older African Americans Normative Studies (MOAANS), we provide age and education adjusted normative data for the AVLT. The sample consists of 306 self-identified African Americans who are cognitively normal, community-dwelling and ranging in age from 56 through 94. Additional summary indices are included in the normative data, including learning efficiency, delayed recall, percent retention, and an index representing recognition memory corrected for false-positive identifications. Given the importance of using a normative reference sample that closely represents the population of interest, the current norms should provide clinically useful data for evaluating African American elders, especially those who were educated in the southern United States.
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Evidence Of Negative Energy Balance In Elite Kenyan Endurance Runners During Intense High-altitude Training - Fudge, Barry W.; Westerterp, Klaas R.; Kiplamai, Festus; Onywera, Vincent; Boit, Michael K.; Pitsiladis, Yannis (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2005)
A previous study found elite Kenyan athletes to be in negative energy balance prior to major competition (Onywera et al. Int J Sports Nutr. In press). In that study, estimated energy intake (EI) over the 7 day assessment period was significantly lower than energy expenditure (EE) as assessed using Physical Activity Ratio (EI: 12.5 ± 1.2 MJ·d1 vs. EE: 15.1 ± 0.5 MJ·d−1 (mean ± SD); P <0.001) and this was accompanied by a significant reduction in body mass (BM:58.9 ± 2.7 kg vs. 58.3 ± 2.6 kg; P <0.001). PURPOSE To confirm the above findings using the Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) method of assessing EE. METHODS Nine elite Kenyan endurance runners based at a high altitude training camp in the Rift Valley (altitude:2200 m a.s.l, daytime ambient temperature: 10–26°C) were recruited to participate in this study one week before the Kenyan 2004 Olympic trials. EI was assessed using a 7 day nutritional diary, whilst EE was estimated by DLW. RESULTS The reported EI of 13.2 ± 1.3 MJ·d−1 was significantly lower than EE (14.6 ± 1.0 MJ·d−1; P =0.049). Calculation of underreporting (underreporting = [(EI - EE)/EE] * 100%) and undereating (undereating = [(ΔBM * 30 MJ/7 d)/EE] * 100%) revealed (median (range)) 8.9 (−13 (−23.6 -8.8)) %underreporting and 9.4 (−8.6 (−54.8 - 38.7)) %undereating, respectively. Total water intake (i.e. reported water intake plus calculated metabolic water) was lower than water loss (4.0 ± 0.7 L·d−1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.8 L·d−1; P = 0.02); an amount that can be accounted for by inspired atmospheric moisture (typically 3–10 % of water turnover at 40 % relative humidity at 22°C, Schoeller and van Santen. J Appl Physiol 53: 955–9, 1982). There was no significant change in BM over the training period (56.0 ± 3.4 kg vs. 55.7 ± 3.6 kg; P = 0.285). The diet consisted mainly of carbohydrate sources (67.3 ± 7.8%, 9.8g·kg−1 BM·d−1) compared with protein (15.3 ± 4.0%, 2.2 g·kg−1 BM·d−1) and fat (17.4 ± 3.9%). CONCLUSION These results confirm previous observations that elite Kenyan endurance runners are in negative energy balance prior to major competition. The significance of this remains to be determined. Supported in part by Global Sports Communication, The Netherlands.
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Evidence Of Negative Energy Balance In Elite Kenyan Endurance Runners During Intense High-altitude Training - Fudge, Barry W.; Westerterp, Klaas R.; Kiplamai, Festus; Onywera, Vincent; Boit, Michael K.; Pitsiladis, Yannis (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2005)
A previous study found elite Kenyan athletes to be in negative energy balance prior to major competition (Onywera et al. Int J Sports Nutr. In press). In that study, estimated energy intake (EI) over the 7 day assessment period was significantly lower than energy expenditure (EE) as assessed using Physical Activity Ratio (EI: 12.5 ± 1.2 MJ·d1 vs. EE: 15.1 ± 0.5 MJ·d−1 (mean ± SD); P <0.001) and this was accompanied by a significant reduction in body mass (BM:58.9 ± 2.7 kg vs. 58.3 ± 2.6 kg; P <0.001). PURPOSE To confirm the above findings using the Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) method of assessing EE. METHODS Nine elite Kenyan endurance runners based at a high altitude training camp in the Rift Valley (altitude:2200 m a.s.l, daytime ambient temperature: 10–26°C) were recruited to participate in this study one week before the Kenyan 2004 Olympic trials. EI was assessed using a 7 day nutritional diary, whilst EE was estimated by DLW. RESULTS The reported EI of 13.2 ± 1.3 MJ·d−1 was significantly lower than EE (14.6 ± 1.0 MJ·d−1; P =0.049). Calculation of underreporting (underreporting = [(EI - EE)/EE] * 100%) and undereating (undereating = [(ΔBM * 30 MJ/7 d)/EE] * 100%) revealed (median (range)) 8.9 (−13 (−23.6 -8.8)) %underreporting and 9.4 (−8.6 (−54.8 - 38.7)) %undereating, respectively. Total water intake (i.e. reported water intake plus calculated metabolic water) was lower than water loss (4.0 ± 0.7 L·d−1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.8 L·d−1; P = 0.02); an amount that can be accounted for by inspired atmospheric moisture (typically 3–10 % of water turnover at 40 % relative humidity at 22°C, Schoeller and van Santen. J Appl Physiol 53: 955–9, 1982). There was no significant change in BM over the training period (56.0 ± 3.4 kg vs. 55.7 ± 3.6 kg; P = 0.285). The diet consisted mainly of carbohydrate sources (67.3 ± 7.8%, 9.8g·kg−1 BM·d−1) compared with protein (15.3 ± 4.0%, 2.2 g·kg−1 BM·d−1) and fat (17.4 ± 3.9%). CONCLUSION These results confirm previous observations that elite Kenyan endurance runners are in negative energy balance prior to major competition. The significance of this remains to be determined. Supported in part by Global Sports Communication, The Netherlands.
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Anarchists in Education: The Free Popular University in Egypt (1901) - Gorman, A. A. (Middle Eastern Studies, 2005)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes The full text of Abbate's speech can be found in La Réforme, 28 May 1901, with an abbreviated report in Le Phare Alexandrine 28 May 1901. The UPL opening also received widespread coverage in the Arabic language press such as al-Liwa’, al-Ahram and al-Basir. Known in French as the Université Populaire Libre, the UPL apparently had no official Arabic name with al-madrasa al-'umumiyya al-hurra, al-jam‘iyya al-kulliyya al-hurra, al-kulliyya al-jami‘a al-hurra and al-kulliyya al-hurra all being used, the last being settled on by al-Ahram. Despite this, it has received only the briefest mention in the literature, see Jacques Berque, Egypt, Imperialism & Revolution. trans. Jean Stewart (New York & Washington: Praeger, 1972), p.241; and Rif ‘at al-Sa‘id, Tarikh al-haraka al-shuyu'iyya al-misriyya 1900–1940 (Cairo: Shirkat al-amal, 1987), p.204. The term ‘lost voices’ is taken from Zachary Lockman, ‘Exploring the Field: Lost Voices and Emerging Practices in Egypt, 1882–1914’, in Israel Gershoni et al. (eds.), Histories of the Modern Middle East (Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 2002), pp.137–53. Yianis Kordatos, Istoria tou Ellinikou Ergatikou Kinimatos (Athens: Boukoumani, 1972), p.174; Evgenios Mikhailidhis, Panorama (Alexandria: Centre of Greek Studies, 1972), p.178. It should be noted that the Italian Workers Society in Alexandria did take a political position in 1882 with their support for the ‘Urabist cause, al-Sa‘id, Tarikh al-haraka al-shuyu‘iyya al-misriyya, p.203. A history of the anarchist movement in Egypt has still to be written but for a useful survey based on Italian sources, see Leonardo Bettini, Bibliografia dell'anarchismo (Florence: Editrice, 1976), Vol.2, pp.281–8. They were later found innocent of the main charge but some were judged guilty of lesser charges. See ASMAE AIE no. 86 ‘1899 Processo in Alessandria d'Egitto contro diverti anarchici’. For a good discussion of the labour movement in the period before the First World War, see Joel Beinin and Zachary Lockman, Workers on the Nile, Nationalism, Communism, Islam and the Egyptian Working Class, 1882–1954 (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1998), pp.48–82. There had been strikes before 1899, see, for example, John Chalcraft, ‘The Coal Heavers of Port Sa'id: State-Making and Worker Protest, 1869–1914’, International Labor and Working-Class History, Vol.60, Oct. (2001), pp.110–24. There is no detailed study of the relationship between foreign and Egyptian workers but for a preliminary treatment see the author's ‘ Foreign Workers in Egypt 1882–1914: Subaltern or Labour Elite?’ Paper presented at the Fifth Mediterranean Social and Political Research Meeting, Florence & Montecatini Terme 24–28 March 2004, organized by the Mediterranean Programme of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute. Although an Internationalist newspaper of anarchist bent had appeared briefly in 1877, perhaps the first successful avowedly labour newspaper in Egypt was the Italian language L'Operaio (‘The Worker’) founded in 1889 (not to be confused with the anarchist paper of the same name, published 1902–3). The first decade of the twentieth century would see the appearance of a number of newspapers that sought to represent the voice of workers, Bettini, Bibliografia dell'anarchismo, pp.81–8. For a detailed development of nineteenth century education in Egypt until 1883 see J. Heyworth-Dunne, An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt (London: Luzac, 1938). For a discussion of the Greek and Italian schools in Egypt, see respectively, Katerina Trimi-Kirou, ‘Se poio skholio pas?’ in Tasoula Mandala (ed.), Ellinika Istorika Ekpedeftiria sto Mesogio (Chios: Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs, 2002); and Marta Petricioli, ‘Italian Schools in Egypt’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.24, No.2 (1997), pp.179–91. Anthony Gorman, Historians, State and Politics in Twentieth Century Egypt (London & New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003), pp.45–50; Donald M. Reid, ‘The Egyptian Geographical Society: from Foreign Laymen's Society to Indigenous Professional Association’, Poetics Today, Vol.14, No.3 (1993), pp.539–72. First established by Italian workers, the school was later put under the direction of the Dante Alighieri Society, itself affiliated to the Italian embassy, Marta Petricioli, ‘Italian Schools in Egypt’, p.181. See, for example, ‘Technical Education in Egypt’, Egyptian Gazette, 8 July 1902; and ‘Wanted – An Institute’, Egyptian Gazette, 19 July 1902. The latter proposed an institute that ‘would naturally take the character of an English one’ attracting English nationals and ‘the large number of Egyptians and others who are anxious to avail themselves of their knowledge of English as a means of self-advancement.’ Maria Grazia Rosada, Le Università Popolari (Rome: Rinuti, 1975). For the phenomenon in France, see Lucien Mercier, Les Universités populaires: 1899–1914, Education populaire et mouvement ouvrier au début du siècle (Paris: Edn. ouvrières, 1986). Among earlier mid-nineteenth century attempts to provide education for workers were the Mechanics Institutes and the University Extension in Britain. Rosada, Le Università Popolari, p.27. Sanford Elwitt, ‘Education and the Social Questions: The Universités Populaires in Late Nineteenth Century France’, History of Education Quarterly, Vol.22, No.1 (1982), pp.55–72. ‘Università Popolare Libera’, La Tribuna Libera, 20 Oct. 1901. The anarchists in Alexandria were in contact with Reclus, at this time living in Constantinople, who wished the UPL every success, ASMAE AIE no. 87, ‘Università popolare in Cairo’, corresp. 8 June 1901. Reclus, in fact, was familiar with the East having travelled to Constantinople and Anatolia in the spring of 1883 and in the following year to Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria, Henriette Chardak, Élisée Reclus, une vie: l'homme qui aimait la terre (Paris: Stock, 1997), pp.403–7. Nunzio Pernicone, Italian Anarchism 1864–1892 (Princeton NJ: Princeton UP, 1993), pp.223–4, 238–9. Galleani would leave Egypt in November 1901 to take up a position in the United States as editor of the influential anarchist newspaper La Cronaca Sovversiva. From here he would become a revered leader and prominent advocate of the anarchist doctrine of ‘propaganda of the deed’. In 1918 he was deported from the USA but he remained a powerful spokesman and a notable defender of Sacco and Vanzetti. Ugo Fedeli, Luigi Galleani, Quarant'anni di lotte rivoluzione (1891–1931) (Cesena: L'Antistato, 1956). ASMAE AIE no. 87 ‘Università popolare libera in Alessandria’, corresp. 22 April 1901. ASMAE AIE no. 84 ‘Luigi Galleani’, corresp. 1 April 1901. ASMAE PI no. 28 ‘Università popolare, II Assemblea generale’, 12 May 1901. See also Le Phare Alexandrine, 13 May 1901. The members of the committee were S. Bellantuono, Salvino Bensilum, LA. Biagini (alias of G. Pozzesi), Dr R. Camerini, Raoul G. Canivet, G. Cervetta, Roberto D'Angio, S. Fischer, Augusto Hasda, Dr Polis Modinos, Osman Effendi, Cav. Paneghini, Jacques Rolo, Joseph Rosenthal, Papadakis, Constantin Sajous, Stein, Enrico Terni, Giovanni Tesi, Tuni and Pietro Vasai. For D'Angio see Nunzio Dell'Erba, Giornali e gruppi anarchici in Italia, 1892–1900 (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1983), pp.180–1. Rosenthal (1867–1927?) would be one of the leading figures in the establishment of the Egyptian Socialist Party in the 1920s though his activities prior to this have been little discussed, see Tareq Y. Ismael and Rifa‘at El-Sa‘id, The Communist Movement in Egypt, 1920—1988 (Syracuse NY: Syracuse UP, 1990), pp.13–14; al-Sa'id, Tarikh al-haraka al-shuyu‘iyya al-misriyya, pp.182–91. Camerini had apparently attempted to introduce anarchist ideas into the Dante Alighieri Society in 1898, ASMAE PI. No. 28 ‘Egitto’, corresp., 7 June 1901. Egyptian Gazette, 24 March 1902. On these families see Gudrun Krämer, The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914—1952 (London: I.B.Tauris, 1989), pp.76–9. Despite the considerable scholarship on Jewish Egyptian life, the prominence of Jews in radical circles before 1914 has been overlooked. Jacob Landau's view that Jews had little to do with anarchism is clearly inaccurate, Jews in Nineteenth-Century Egypt (New York, NY: New York UP, 1969), p.115. Attending the dinner were Dr Abbate Pasha, Raoul G. Canivet, Dr H. Legrand, Dr P. Trehaki, engineer Emilio Diamanti, Dr Burlazzi bey, Dr de Semo, Dr Polis Modinos, Dr Carlo Flack, Dr Terni, Dr Camerini, Dr Latis, Dr Lakha, Dr Augusto Hasda, Francois Bourgeois, Muhammad Kalza, Mario Colucci, Mr Cattaoui, Mr Colorides, Edgard Souares, and Dr Bonan. Those with strong anarchist credentials were conspicuously absent. The original text of the UPL constitution can be found in ASMAE PI no. 28 ‘Egitto’. ‘…si costituisca all'infuori dell'ingerenza, del concorso, del patronato di ogni e qualsiasi autorità la libertà illimitata della cattedra e la severità degli studi trovando in questa forma d'indipendente raccoglimento la loro migliore garanzia’ [art. 6]. The weekly UPL programme was regularly publicized in the local Italian, French, English and probably Arabic language press. For a discussion on the process of working class formation as a discursive process during this period, see Zachary Lockman, ‘Imagining the Working Class: Culture, Nationalism, and Class Formation in Egypt, 1899–1914’, Poetics Today, Vol.15, No.2 (1994), pp.157–90. L'Operaio 22 Nov. 1902. Ibrahim ‘Abduh, Tatawwur al-sihafa al-misriyya, 1898—1981, 4th edn. (Cairo: Sijl al-arab, 1982), p.358 mistakenly gives its title as Université Populaire Libre d'Alexandrie. ‘Université populaire libre’, Le Réforme, 18 Nov. 1901. Egyptian Gazette, 31 May 1901(Hilmi); Hobsbaum was the uncle of the historian, Eric Hobsbawm. Guarnotta would later gain some notoriety in 1919 for alleged anti-British activities (FO 141/744). La Réforme, 20 Dec. 1901; Il Corriere Egiziano, c.20 Oct. 1901. In the 1890s Badran had been associated with Lisan al-‘arab, a politically moderate daily in Alexandria, Tawfiq ‘Azuz with al-Tiligrafa al-jadida, a conservative Cairene daily, see Martin Hartmann, The Arabic Press of Egypt (London: Luzac, 1899), pp.26, 56, 59. ‘Young ladies’ however were excluded on at least one occasion when Modinos spoke on criminal anthropology, see Tachydromos, 9 Jan. 1902. No woman seems to have sat on the UPL committee in Alexandria, at least not in the first two years, although Madame Moial was a member of the provisional UPL committee in Cairo. This lecture was published by the UPL and later reviewed in Lux! 15 June 1903. Gorman, Historians, State and Politics, p.36, Margot Badran, Feminists, Islam and Nation, Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cairo: AUC Press, 1996), pp.8–10, 52–6. See Beth Baron, The Women's Awakening in Egypt (New Haven: Yale UP, 1994), p.85. ‘al-Kulliyya al-hurra’ al-Ahram, 4 June 1901. ‘L'Università popolare’, Il Corriere Egiziano, 19 Oct. 1901. ‘Università Popolare Libera’, L'Imparziale, 17–18 Nov. 1901. al-Liwa’, 27 May 1901. al-Liwa’, 29 May 1901. al-Basir in Alexandria also provided positive coverage, 27 May 1901. The anarchist newspaper La Tribuna Libera, edited by Joseph Rosenthal, did not appear until October 1901 but regularly promoted the UPL during its short life. ASMAE PI no. 28 ‘Egitto’, corresp. 7 June 1901, AIE no. 87, ‘Università popolare libera in Alessandria’, 30 Oct. 1902. For the following see ASMAE AIE no. 87, ‘Università popolare in Cairo’. ‘al-Kulliyya al-hurra’, al-Ahram 4 June 1901. Leaflet, ‘Università Popolare Libera’, Cairo, 6 June 1901. The most complete list of committee members is as follows: Musa Roditi, Luigi Losi, Vittorio Brogi, Giovanni Brunello, Ugo Parrini, Nikolas Karavias, G. Fasani, Paolo Pilogatti, Neumann, Salomone Gonderberich [Goldenberg?], Moise Benrubi, Panos Machairas, Dr and Madame Moial, Samuele Haudlich, Rodolfo Borgovic, Dr D'Andrea, Charles Tapié, Paolo Karakache and Roberto D'Angio. [Sempad?] Papazian, Antio, Elias Fayad, Shaykh Muhammad al-Ebiari and Cioni were proposed as members but it is unknown if they accepted, ASMAE AIE no. 87, ‘Università popolare in Cairo’, corresp., 20 June 1901. ‘L'Università popolare’, Il Corriere Egiziano, 19 Oct. 1901; ‘Per l'Università popolare’, Il Corriere Egiziano, 22 Oct. 1901. ASMAE PI no. 28 ‘Egitto’, corresp. 7 June 1901. Far from being dissuaded Abbate also offered to give lectures, Egyptian Gazette, 5 June 1901. For documentation of the following, see ASMAE PI. no.28 ‘Egitto’. Garzoni already had a well-established record of anarchist activity having been condemned in Italy for political activities in 1894 and being one of the defendants in the anarchist trial of 1899. ‘Il processo di Alexandria’, L'Imparziale, 11 July 1901. Garzoni received 100 days' imprisonment and a fine of 60 lira; Torchia, 3 months and a fine of 50 lira. The sentences were subsequently confirmed in the Court of Appeal in Ancona but Garzoni's sentence appears to have been set aside after his recantation, ASMAE AIE no. 84 ‘Garzonio (Curti-Garzoni) Dr Pietro’, corresp., 12 May 1902. See al-Ahram 9–13 July 1901. I have been unable to establish the reaction of al-Liwa’ to the prosecution but, at worst, it is unlikely to have been as hostile to the defendants as that of al-Ahram. Le Petit Ėgyptien, 8 Dec. 1901 They were later used in support of striking cigarette workers, ASMAE AIE no. 88 ‘Scioperi’, corresp., 6 Jan. 1902. ASMAE AIE no. 87 ‘Università popolari libere in Egitto, corresp.14 April 1902. D'Angio, writing some years later, described the UPL committee as ‘composed of men of much goodwill and very honest but weak’ and blamed Canivet for taking control of the organization and turning it to his own purposes (see ‘4 anni in Egitto’, Il Libertario, 10 Aug. 1905, 18 Aug. 1905). Tachydromos, 18 Dec. 1901 Tachydromos, 14 June 1902. ASMAE AIE no. 87, ‘Università popolare libera in Alessandria’, corresp., 14 April 1902. ASMAE AIE no. 87, ‘Università popolare libera in Alessandria’, corresp., 6 Feb., 14 April, 17 May, 19 May, 21 May, 5 June, 3 July 1902 (quote). The members were Mario Colucci, Raoul Canivet, and Drs Camerini and Latis, ASMAE AIE no. 87, ‘Università popolare libera in Alessandria’, 30 Oct. 1902. L'Università Popolare Libera e gli operai’, L'Operaio, 19 July 1902 ‘L'Universita Popolare Libera e gli operai’, L'Operaio, 26 July 1902. This difficulty of providing the type of instruction suitable for workers was one shared by UPLs in Italy, Maria Grazia Rosada, ‘Università populari’, pp.614–17 in Aldo Agosti et al. (ed.) Enciclopedia della sinistra europea nel XX secolo (Rome: Riuniti, 2000). L'Operaio, 26 July 1902. L'Operaio, 3 Jan. 1903; 1 Nov. 1902. L'Operaio, 22 Nov. 1902. The editors also took the current UPL committee to task for failing to give due credit to the institution's founders. Rosenthal was still making this point ten years later, J.R., ‘A propos des Secours d'Urgence’, La Bourse Egyptienne 12 Jan. 1912. L'Operaio, 3 Jan. 1903 Egyptian Gazette, 24 July 1903. ‘Free Popular University’, Egyptian Gazette, 20 July 1904. ‘Université Populaire Libre d'Alexandrie’, Egyptian Gazette, 26 July 1904. Egyptian Gazette, 14 Oct. 1909; the Greek Academy was established in 1907 (Phos 3 Oct. 1908). See, for example, ASMAE AIE no. 86, ‘Circolo libertario anarchico in Cairo’, corresp., 15 June 1902. In October 1907 a socialist, Brando Faccio, called for a Casa del Popolo to be established along the lines of the original UPL of 1901, ASMAE AIE no. 111, corresp. 15 Oct. 1907. The proposal was made by Rosenthal at the pro-Ferrer meeting on 4 Oct. 1909, ASMAE AIE no. 120 ‘Pro-Ferrer’, corresp. 7 Oct. 1909. On the secular school, see Landau, Jews in Nineteenth-Century Egypt, p.330, and Libera Tribuna, 18 March 1913 for criticism. Gorman, Historians, State and Politics, p.82. The UPL also recalls the People's University (al-Jami‘a al-sha‘biyya) set up in Cairo by the communist Iskra in the 1940s though it is unlikely that it was a direct influence, see Ismael and El-Sa'id, The Communist Movement in Egypt, p.46 and Anthony Gorman, ‘Egypt's Forgotten Communists: the Postwar Greek Left’, Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Vol.20, No.1 (2002), p.9.
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Workshop on: Raising the achievement of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Somali and Turkish heritage pupils - Hallam, Vinod (Race equality teaching, 2005)
openalex: W2516363606 mag: 2516363606
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What did you do in science today? Two case studies of grade 12 physical science classrooms : physics in South Africa - Hobden, Paul (South African Journal of Science, 2005)
The South African educational system is in a phase of fundamental reform, moving from curricula with highly specified content for each discipline in the curriculum to new outcomes-based curricula in which the development of skills and attitudes has been given equal prominence to discipline content. This change will have a significant effect on what physical science is taught and how it is taught at school in preparation for higher education. This paper reveals what students actually experience when learning physics and chemistry in grade 12 under the current prescriptive syllabus and high-stakes national external examination. Questions answered include: What do the physical science teachers do? What instructional strategies do they use? What do the learners do? What tasks do they engage in? To answer the questions, a case study method based on a year-long observation of two physical science classrooms was used. The Illustrative case studies presented will provide readers with an insight into current physics and chemistry teaching at school and therefore an opportunity to enter the debate as to what should now be taught in preparation for the world of work and studying physics or chemistry at a higher level.
openalex: W2476235162 mag: 2476235162
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Community Schools As An Educational Alternative In Africa: A Critique - Hoppers, Wim (International Review of Education, 2005)
openalex: W2081985746 mag: 2081985746
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A multi-site analysis of secondary school chemistry teachers' practices and experiences following professional development in Kenya - Inyega, Justus O. (2005)
A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2005
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The Future of Adult Education in the Urban African American Church - Isaac, E. Paulette (Education and Urban Society, 2005)
Throughout societal transformations and trends, adult education has been available, providing relevant and personal learning needs for adult learners. Such has been the case in urban communities. However, our urban communities have experienced a transformation of sorts. Once thriving with numerous businesses and churches, they no longer enjoy the advantages they once had. Despite transitions in urban centers, the African American church has remained a stronghold. Historically, the church has provided education in some form. In the face of continuous decay of some urban communities, it appears the church’s future adult educational role will not only continue but be enhanced for several reasons.
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Teachers’ experiences with an adapted IGCSE physics syllabus in Botswana - Koosimile, Anthony Tsatsing (International Journal of Educational Development, 2005)
This paper focuses on teachers’ experiences with implementing a modified International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) physics syllabus in Botswana. The syllabus, characterised by a new organisational and pedagogic paradigm, is a significant shift from the traditional “teacher-proof” syllabus to one that is flexible, non-prescriptive and student-centred. Through data from discussions and interviews with teachers, it emerged that policy statements on the nature of the syllabus were contradictory and confusing to guide both the adoption and implementation of the syllabus. It also emerged that teachers accorded the core curriculum component of the syllabus a lower priority and status than the extended curriculum component. The findings also reveal that considerable overlaps in the core and extended curriculum components of the syllabus blurred the distinction between the two as well as weakening prospect of fidelity of adoption and implementation. The resulting ‘innovation gap’ invariably means that the ideals of the syllabus and the associated paradigm shifts are possibly not realised in teaching in Botswana. The findings generally underscore the importance of clear guidance and policy statements on any new syllabus, and indeed, a new curriculum. Possible directions in future research would be to investigate innovation gaps that might be manifest in teaching.
openalex: W2019284086 mag: 2019284086
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Student evaluation of lecturing at the university of Papua New Guinea: A case of the school of medicine and health sciences - Lahui‐Ako, Boe (2005)
This paper investigates the strengths and weaknesses of teaching and learning based on the results of the student evaluation of lecturer teaching performances, and suggests strategies lecturers could use to address weaknesses in order to enhance their teaching performances and improve the learning of the students. The analysis of the results concluded that for professional development, lecturers should engage in action research to address weaknesses identified through the evaluation process. Such active involvement could result in lecturers effecting substantive changes to their teaching practices. Since teaching takes place in an interactive system, it is important that everyone involved in this practice support each other by all means to ensure that changes in teaching are effected. Adult learning principles such as experiential learning approaches and mentoring are applied in an environment conducive to promoting effective teaching and learning and enhancing student achievements.
openalex: W2300113880 mag: 2300113880
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African American Women Principals’ Reflections on Social Change, Community Othermothering, and Chicago Public School Reform - Loder, Tondra L. (Urban Education, 2005)
Emphasizing the salience of social and historical contexts in understanding contemporary urban school leadership, this article presents reflections from a subset of African American women principals who came of age during the Civil Rights era and assumed leadership subsequent to the enactment of the Chicago School Reform Act of 1988. The main finding being reported is that the unique race, gender, and generational statuses of these principals made them especially vulnerable to the impact of governance reforms that rearranged long-standing authority relationships between African American principals and parents. Implications for urban school leadership research and policy are discussed.
openalex: W2133352054 mag: 2133352054
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Participation–Based Training of Peripheral Health Workers in the Erradication Effort of Onchocerciasis (Riverblindness) in Benin - Madu, A.; Mammo, R.; Alexander, M. (2005)
openalex: W1259273018 mag: 1259273018
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Nigerian Parents and the Development of Rural School Youth - Malik, Misbah; Torimiro, D. O.; Bamire, Felicia Bosede (Journal of Social Sciences, 2005)
The study investigated the role performance of parents in school youth development among rural communities of Oyo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from one hundred and eighty six parents and their school youths aged between 11 and 18 years. Two-stage sampling technique was employed to select four zones in the state. Based on the population of household in the four zones, one hundred and eighty six parents were randomly selected for interview. Data collected include personal and socio-economics characteristics of parents, the level of role performance by parents, and parent’s performance in school youth development. Descriptive statistics using frequency counts and percentages were used to analyse the data. Pearson’s correlation and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis were used to determine the relationship between the socio-economic characteristic of parents and the level of development of school youth, and the congruence between role perception and role performance of parents. The study revealed among others, that variables such as parent’s marital status (r= 0.167), educational level (r =0.188), religion (r = 0.096), income level (r = 0.172), cosmopoliteness (r = 0.088) and membership of child’s school Parents’ Teacher Association (P.T.A) (r = 0.162) had positive and significant relationship with their level of role performance. Also, highly significant relationship was established between the level of development of rural school youth and level of role performance by the parents (r = 0.118).
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Obstacles to condom use among secondary school students in Maputo city, Mozambique - Manuel, Sandra (Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2005)
This study explores how urban youth in Mozambique perceive their sexual behaviour and identifies the factors that hinder them from having safer sex in the context of HIV/AIDS, with special emphasis on the condom use. Data was collected form high school students in Maputo, Mozambique. Using a combination of focus group discussions, interviews and informal conversations, it was possible to identify that one major obstacle to the use of condoms was young people's belief that they did not have to use condoms in steady relationships built on love and trust. Trust and love provide a sense of immunity to infection. Such a perception is reinforced, it is argued, by previous HIV/AIDS campaigns in Mozambique that have advocated the use of condoms only with ‘occasional sexual partners'. Students' understandings of pleasure, lack of accurate information, lack of sex education at home and at school, and gender inequalities further contribute to making condom use a difficult issue. There should be a change in focus in condom campaigns. Efforts should also be made to encourage young people to ‘emotionally invest’ in their health by using condoms.
openalex: W1998946309 mag: 1998946309
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Tuberculosis education in an endemic setting: application of participatory methods to video development in The Gambia. - Martin, Michael; Brookes, Linda; Cham, Amanda-Kante; Dm, Sowe; Khan, Salsbeel; Dr, Thomas; Pc, Hill (International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2005)
OBJECTIF : Produire une video educative pour faire prendre conscience de la tuberculose (TB) en Gambie en utilisant les methodes participatives et une evaluation integree formatrice. METHODES: Un groupe de direction a ete constitue par des personnes-cle travaillant dans la recherche TB, l'education a la sante, le service de sante et les media. Ils ont developpe un scenario et ont charge une firme locale de production de l'execution de la video en trois langages locaux et en anglais. Une evaluation formatrice et participative du projet a ete menee en utilisant une revue des documents, une participation aux repetitions et des interviews semi-structurees. Une version-pilote de la video a ete evaluee par des groupes focalises a Banjul et dans les villages eloignes. Les donnees ont ete analysees par une approche inductive generale. RESULTATS : Cinq themes principaux sont apparus lors de l'evaluation du processus de participation au projet : la collaboration, le partage des connaissances, le travail en reseau, la prise en charge personnelle et un desir commun de soutenir les objectifs du projet pour la dissemination de la video. La video elle-meme a ete bien acceptee et decrite comme riche en informations, divertissante et professionnelle. Les auditeurs ont ete capables d'identifier les messages-cle, les attitudes actuellement prevalentes au sujet de la TB ont ete mises en question et beaucoup de participants ont exprime le desir d'agir sur la base de leurs nouvelles connaissances. CONCLUSION: Une approche participative au developpement d'une video en Gambie s'est averee donner plus de possibilites aux participants locaux et conduire au developpement d'un produit bien recu par le peuple gambien.
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Distributional Patterns of Diatoms andLimnodrilus Oligochaetes in a Kenyan Dry Streambed Following the 1999-2000 Drought Conditions - Mathooko, Jude M.; Mpawenayo, Balthazar; Kipkemboi, Julius; M’Erimba, Charles Mwithali (International Review of Hydrobiology, 2005)
Drought is a natural phenomenon experienced by many intermittent and also seasonal lotic systems. It has diverse effects on the structure and distribution of biological communities through habitat transition from wetted to terrestrial conditions. The Njoro River, a tropical stream, was drought-stressed between late 1999 and mid 2000, providing an opportunity to sample and describe the distributional patterns of diatoms and Limnodrilus oligochaetes in the vertical sediment profile. The dispersion of Limnodrilus oligochaetes with sediment depth profile varied from quasi-random (i.e. exponent k of the negative binomial distribution >2.0 or <0) at the surface to strong aggregation (0 < k < 1.0) in the deeper sediments. Diatoms were heterogenous, with most species contributing less than 1% of all the diatoms collected from the riverbed. Contagious dispersion was a common feature among the diatom species. The distribution of Fragilaria ulna was largely quasi-random in all sites, with Nitzschia amphibia and Cocconeis placentula demonstrating quasi-random distribution in the Kerma vertical sediment profile. Escape from stranding to deeper sediment strata as the drought progressed was not a universal response among the diatom species. Our results showed that drought-stress altered the structure of biological assemblages and also emphasized the need for the management of tropical lotic systems and their catchments for flow permanence. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
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Geochemistry and Geochronology of Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania: Implication for Magma Evolution, Duration of Volcanic Activity and Age of the Ngorongoro N-R Geomagnetic Polarity Transition - Mollel, Godwin F.; Swisher, Carl C.; Feigenson, Mark D.; Carr, Michael J. (AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts, 2005)
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African-American Students' Opinions About Foreign Language Study: An Exploratory Study of Low Enrollments at the College Level - Moore, Zena (Foreign Language Annals, 2005)
Abstract: Persistent low numbers of African Americans in the foreign language teacher certification program at the University of Texas at Austin motivated the study reported here. Two groups of students responded to a questionnaire that sought information on foreign language experience at elementary and high school, as well as family experiences in foreign languages. Findings revealed that whereas very few students had the opportunity to study a foreign language at the elementary level, all were exposed to at least a two-year compulsory program at high school. These experiences were not motivating enough to encourage college-level continuation, nor were family experiences. Students' language preferences did not support previous findings that low enrollment figures resulted from language offerings that lacked ethnic and cultural appeal. Rather, the study found that there appeared to be little effort made to encourage African-American high school and college students to consider teaching career paths. Students recommended more aggressive dissemination of information to African-American students at the college level about the advantages on pursuing foreign language study. They overwhelmingly suggested including a foreign language requirement in all discipline areas.
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The Experience of Being an Adult Literacy Education Student in Kenya - Muiru, John; McLean, Gary N. (Canadian journal for the study of adult education, 2005)
The focus of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was the experience of being an adult literacy education student in Kenya. Ten adult literacy education students in three learning centres were interviewed. A thematic analysis of the interview transcripts uncovered sixteen common themes in three broad categories: reasons for participating; effects of literacy in the daily lives of students; and challenges students encountered. Resume Cette etude hermeneutique phenomenologique avait pour but d'analyser les programmes d'alphabetisation des adultes au Kenya. Dix apprenants adultes provenant de trois centres d'alphabetisation ont ete interroges. Une analyse thematique des contenus d'entrevue a permis de degager seize themes communs regroupes en trois categories: les raisons motivant la participation, l'impact de l'alphabetisation au quotidien et les defis rencontres.
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The changing epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis after introduction of bivalent A/C polysaccharide vaccine into school-based vaccination programs in Egypt - Nakhla, Isabelle; Frenck, Robert W.; Teleb, Nadia; Oun, Said El; Sultan, Yehia; Mansour, Hoda; Mahoney, Francis J. (Vaccine, 2005)
The strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to curtail outbreaks of meningococcus in Africa is enhanced surveillance with administration of oily chloramphenicol as well as vaccination when incidence thresholds are exceeded. The role of capsular polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine in outbreak prevention has been the subject of considerable debate. The Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population initiated a school-based vaccination program with bivalent A/C capsular polysaccharide vaccine in 1992. This investigation reviews data on meningococcal meningitis in Egypt comparing years before and after introduction of the vaccine. This is a retrospective review of several sources to examine the rates and serogroups of meningococcal meningitis before and after the introduction of the meningococcal A/C vaccine in Egypt. Between 1967 and 1991, outbreaks of meningococcal disease were documented with a periodicity of 8 years in Egypt. However, there has not been an outbreak since 1991 and over the same period, there has also been a progressive decline in the baseline incidence of meningococcus. Also, a shift from a serogroup A to serogroup B predominance in meningococcal disease was noted during the study period. These data suggest that there has been an alteration in the epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Egypt that coincided with the implementation of the school-based vaccination program. Routine use of the bivalent A/C meningococcal vaccine may be an alternative for the control and prevention of meningococcal disease in high-risk areas including the “meningitis belt”.
openalex: W2017642321 mag: 2017642321
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Extended family's and women's roles in safeguarding orphans’ education in AIDS-afflicted rural Zimbabwe - Nyamukapa, Constance; Gregson, Simon (Social Science & Medicine, 2005)
The extended family forms the basis for orphan care and education in sub-Saharan Africa. Initial absence followed by emergence of differentials in primary school enrolment between orphans and non-orphans have been attributed to the strength and subsequent HIV/AIDS-induced breakdown of extended family orphan care arrangements. Yet, few attempts have been made to describe how these arrangements are affected by HIV/AIDS or how they relate to observed patterns of childhood outcomes by sex and orphan status. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to show that maternal orphans but not paternal or double orphans have lower primary school completion rates than non-orphans in rural Zimbabwe, and that these patterns reflect adaptations and gaps in extended family orphan care arrangements. Sustained high levels of primary school completion amongst paternal and double orphans—particularly for girls—result from increased residence in female-headed households and greater access to external resources. Low primary school completion amongst maternal orphans results from lack of support from fathers and stepmothers and ineligibility for welfare assistance due to residence in higher socio-economic status households. These effects are partially offset by increased assistance from maternal relatives. These findings indicate that programmes should assist maternal orphans and support women's efforts by reinforcing the roles of extended families and local communities, and by facilitating greater self-sufficiency.
openalex: W2022656361 mag: 2022656361
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Perceived Effectiveness of Adult Education as a Contributor to National Development in Southern Africa Today - Oduaran, Akpovire; Okukpon, Lucy Adesomon (Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 2005)
This qualitative interpretivist study analyses the perceptions of a stratified and purposive sample of university-based adult educators with a view to understanding how they perceive the effectiveness of adult education as a contributor to national development in southern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century. These perceptions of university-based adult educators are investigated against the background of the current global trend to project adult education as a component of the configuration of lifelong learning. Among the findings are that university-based adult educators in southern Africa differ to some extent as to whether or not the discipline has contributed significantly to southern African national development, and that the need for an enabling environment for the utilisation of adult education is as yet unappreciated.
openalex: W2794385019 mag: 2794385019
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A Factor-Analytic Study of Some of the Nigerian Science Teachers' Needs Assessment - Osokoya, Modupe M. (Research in Education, 2005)
openalex: W1976821698 mag: 1976821698
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Home schooling in South Africa : a training programme for parents - Schoor, Van; Hendrika, Johanna (2005)
openalex: W2799636519 mag: 2799636519
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Factors That Influence the Spread of HIV/AIDS Among Students of the University of Botswana - Seloilwe, Esther (Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2005)
The results discussed in this report are part of a larger study conducted among the students of the University of Botswana regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. The study triangulated survey methods and focus group discussions. Five main areas were investigated: knowledge and personal experiences of HIV/AIDS, sexual behavior and practices, perceptions about risky sexual behavior on campus, and factors that influence the spread of HIV. This article reports high levels of risky behaviors such as alcohol and drug abuse; unprotected sex; frequent change of sexual partners; sex for financial gain, for prestige, for good grades, to relieve stress, and because of peer pressure; and casual sex as part of socializing.
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School non-enrollment and its relation with health and schistosomiasis knowledge, attitudes and practices in rural Egypt. - Si, Mekheimar; Talaat, Maha (PubMed, 2005)
Children who are not enrolled in school are deprived of schistosomiasis treatments delivered through school health programmes. We explored perceptions of barriers to school enrolment and health and schistosomiasis knowledge, attitude and practices among 58 enrolled and 41 non-enrolled children and 80 adults in a village in El-Fayoum governate, Egypt. Economic factors, cultural factors and the school system were perceived as barriers. Maternal education had a significant role in enrolment. Non-enrolled children were more anaemic and had more signs of vitamin deficiency. Enrolled children had better schistosomiasis knowledge and attitudes, but not practice; both groups had high Schistosoma mansoni infection rates (51.7% enrolled and 65.8% non-enrolled). Education and health policies should tackle perceived barriers. Introduction
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Evaluating the sexual behaviour, barriers to condom use and its actual use by university students in Nigeria - Sunmola, Adegbenga M (AIDS Care, 2005)
This research quantified the barriers to condom use of a sample of university students in Nigeria. It further analyzed association between condom use at last intercourse and the barriers, in addition to HIV risk sexual practices. A total of 96 women and 128 men were randomly selected, and they completed a survey. Results indicated both men and women reported that condoms hindered their sexual satisfaction, caused health problems for them and reduced their sexual interest. The findings also showed that obtaining condoms from clinics and perception that condoms do not cause health problems predicted the likelihood of condom use for both sexes. In addition, the results indicated that obtaining first time information from family members or relatives predicted the likelihood of condom use for women. It was recommended that intervention efforts should make condoms freely available in tertiary institutions, and such interventions should be tailored to overcome the relevant barriers that interfere with condom use for both the women and men.
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Enhancing learning in South African schools: strategies beyond outcomes-based education - Todd, Alexa; Mason, Mark (International Journal of Educational Development, 2005)
This paper addresses the problem of post-Apartheid South African schools as ineffective learning environments, and the question whether there are strategies for enhancing learning that are more effective and that might be more easily and successfully implemented than an outcomes-based education. Because of historical and situational constraints, an outcomes-based education has limited potential for enhancing learning there. We argue that there are other factors, notably proximal variables such as teaching strategies that focus on the setting of learning goals and the provision of feedback and reinforcement to students, and the quality of teaching itself, that could more effectively enhance learning in South African schools, and that could be more successfully implemented. The paper thus aims to recommend and justify a policy decision in South African education to limit the implementation of an outcomes-based education to only those selected aspects that have been shown to enhance learning most effectively, and to implement other effective strategies for enhancing learning that might be more successfully introduced into schools.
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"All change" in South African Higher Education - Underwood, Peter G. (eLucidate, 2005)
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A practitioner-based asthma intervention program with African American inner-city school children - Velsor-Friedrich, Barbara; Pigott, Theresa D; Srof, Brenda (Journal of pediatric health care, 2005)
Asthma is the most prevalent chronic illness, affecting more than 7 million children younger than 17 years. Asthma has become a leading public health concern because of the dramatic rise in the incidence of this disease during the past 15 years, particularly in minority populations. This study tested a two-part intervention on selected psychosocial and health outcomes of 8- to 13-year-old inner city minority students with asthma.The intervention consisted of participation in an asthma education program (Open Airways) followed by 5 monthly visits with a nurse practitioner. The total sample of 52 children was composed of 28 children in the treatment group who received the intervention and 24 children who served as a control group.Students in the treatment group scored significantly higher than the control group over time on measures of asthma knowledge, asthma self-efficacy, general self-care practices, and asthma self-care practices. No significant differences were found between the two groups on health outcomes.A school-based intervention program can improve psychosocial outcomes for inner-city minority children with asthma. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
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The school day in South Africa - Wittenberg, Martin (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
We investigate the time allocation decisions by South African learners using the South African Time Use Survey. We show that punctuality appears to be a problem with around 20% of all learners seeming to arrive late. Punctuality and absenteeism seem to be problems disproportionately among poor learners. Overall time devoted to schooling and homework does not show a consistent income gradient. Poor learners, however, spend considerable time each day on chores. The distribution of this additional work falls disproportionately on girls. Some of the findings can be easily explained in terms of a simple human capital production framework, but some of the social constraints seem to require a broader framework in which choices by some individuals create externalities for others.
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Productive Learning Cultures : An African-Norwegian Collaboration Balancing Academic Quality with Substantial Support - Hattingh, Annemarie; Lillejord, Sølvi (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2005)
The aim of this article is to describe and critically reflect on a research and development program called Productive Learning Cultures, which has the following aims. Firstly to strengthen research and supervisory capacity at doctoral level and secondly to develop research based knowledge in the areas of Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Information Communication Technologies and learning. The program involves an inter-country education collaboration between one developed country (Norway) and five countries, developing or in transition, in sub-Saharan Africa. All the universities involved in the project are facing similar challenges when it comes to meeting international expectations of academic standards of excellence. Sharing knowledge through networking across the borders is one way of dealing with global changes. The discussion will pay special attention to the driving values such as trust, partnership equality, academic quality and accountability that shaped the conceptualisation, implementation and program outcomes. The paper will end by reflecting on how two design elements, namely substantial support and competence building for all involved affected the long term sustainability of the cooperation.
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Building Education Research Capacity : Collaboration between the United States and South Africa - Hewson, Peter W.; Curtis, Matthew D.; Schneckloth, Sara; Damonse, Beverley (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2005)
This article describes a project that developed collaborative relationships between science and mathematics education researchers in South Africa and the USA. Significant features of the collaboration included a Liaison Committee with members drawn from both countries, exchange visits for pre- and post-doctoral researchers between the two countries, and the establishment of Research Schools in South Africa. An historical overview of the project focuses on both its functioning and its evolving structure. Summaries of assessments of two of its activities and their outcomes point to the project’s influence on building research capacity at individual, structural, and community levels. Two aspects of sustaining the project-funding and structures-are discussed.
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Inclusive education in South Africa: an emerging pedagogy of possibility - Icker, Sigamoney Manicka Na (2005)
In launching Education White Paper Six on Special Needs Education: Building an Inclusive Education and Training System, the Minister of Education, Professor Kader Asmal, in July 2001 committed the South African nation to an inclusive education and training system. The period from 1994, with the advent of democracy in South Africa, witnessed an exciting and challenging process of policy development. One of the key aims of the new policy was to address the inequalities of the apartheid past. Education was no exception, with several new policy documents being developed. These included White Papers on education and policies on higher education, adult basic education and training, early childhood education, further education and training, and inclusive education.
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Japan's Initial Experience with Technical Development Cooperation in Basic Education : A Case in Ghana - Kuroda, Norihiro (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2005)
This article describes several features of an in-service teacher training (INSET) project for science and mathematics teachers in basic education (grades 4 - 9) in Ghana. This project is an example of Japan’s initial experience with technical development cooperation in basic education. Some of the major features of the project are as follows. 1) As a new comer in technical cooperation in basic education Japan was very careful about where to intervene and finally chose science and mathematics education in the belief that these subjects are relatively culture and value free and because Japan has a well-developed education system in this area. 2) INSET was chosen believing that Japan has a well established INSET system and because visible results are expected to come about more quickly than by intervening in pre-service training. 3) In providing INSET a ‘cluster’ rather than a ‘cascade model’ was adopted. 4) Project goals were clearly specified and quantified. 5) In order to sustain the achievements by the project, a strong emphasis was placed on capacity building of Ghanaian INSET providers through training in Japan and the institutionalization of INSET in order to create a system to utilize these human resources and spread INSET nationwide. Although over the last ten years Japan has been supporting seven major technical cooperation projects for basic education exclusively in science and mathematics education, it is too early to judge whether it has been successful as the impact of these projects on students is yet to be determined.
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Science and Mathematics Education Development in Namibia after Independence : The INSTANT Project - Ottevanger, Wout; Macfarlane, Ian; Clegg, Andrew (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2005)
The In-service training and assistance for Namibian teachers (INSTANT) project was established after the independence of Namibia with the aim to guide the educational reforms in science and mathematics in secondary education. The paper provides an overview of the project’s activities and reflects on the sustainability of project activities. It starts with a reflection on the political and educational context in Namibia after independence and the consequences for the design of the project. It introduces the areas in which the project has been active during the time it was operating: curriculum development and teacher development. Although sustainability was one of the main concerns of the project, the Ministry of Basic Education and Culture (MBEC) seemed less interested in sustainability of project achievements than in solving its immediate and urgent problems. The position of the project within the MBEC rather than the University of Namibia and the kind of activities to which the project was asked to contribute are raised as issues hampering sustainability. In spite of these problems, several long lasting effects can be reported as a result of the project’s activities. These include a trained cadre of science and mathematics education leaders, physical science textbooks and a better understanding by teachers of what is meant by learner-centred education.
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Editorial : International Cooperation in Science and Mathematics Education in Africa - Rogan, John M. (Journal of international cooperation in education, 2005)
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Analysis and Modeling of the Sulfur Dioxide Pollution Levels over the South African Mpumalanga Highveld - Becker, Stefan (Atmospheric Sciences and Air Quality Conference, 2005)
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Assessment of the role of private schools in the development of education in Ghana. A study of the Kumasi Metropolis - Nsiah-Peprah, Y. (Journal of the University of Science and Technology, 2005)
Increased demand by the people and the limited resources available to the government have made it difficult for the government alone to finance education provision in the country. It has therefore become increasingly necessary for the private sector to get involved in the provision of educational facilities in the country. This study sought to capture the contribution that the private sector is making to supplement the efforts of the government to improve the basic education system in the country. It established that private schools are contributing greatly to the development of education in the Kumasi Metropolis and by implication, the country. These include the fact that, private schools outnumber public schools from the Primary to the Senior Secondary level, they enroll more pupils and students, they also employ more teachers, most significantly more untrained female teachers, and they perform better in examinations than the public schools. The above not withstanding, private schools, like public schools, have their own problems which include inadequate funds, poor infrastructure and high number of untrained teachers. Among the recommendations are that the government should make it possible for the private schools to benefit from the GETFund to enable them to address their financial problems; that Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies should establish more public basic schools to help expand their coverage; and that the Ministry of Education should put in place mechanisms for the effective supervision of public basic schools to help improve their academic performance and thus make them more attractive. Journal of Science and Technology Vol.24(2) 2004: 54-76
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Hibonite, Ca(Al,Cr,Ti,Si,Mg,Fe2)12O19, in granulite xenoliths from the Chyulu Hills volcanic field, Kenya - Ulianov, Alexey; Kalt, Angelika; Pettke, Thomas (European Journal of Mineralogy, 2005)
In basanites of the Chyulu Hills volcanic field, Kenya, hibonite is found in two xenoliths of mafic meta-igneous granulites dominated by clinopyroxene and plagioclase. It occurs as small grains in the inner parts of complex corona textures where it forms intergrowths with spinel and sapphirine and shows reaction relationships with later mullite and sillimanite. Hibonite and whole-rock samples were analyzed for major and trace elements by electron microprobe, XRF and LA-ICPMS. Chemically, the analyzed hibonite grains are close to the idealized formula Ca(Al,Cr,Ti,Si,Mg,Fe 2+ ) 12 O 19 and do not contain other major components. They are similar to terrestrial hibonite in their (Fe+Mg) contents but show the elevated Al and Ca abundances as well as the relative depletion in Ti and REE typical of meteoritic hibonite. Silica contents are high and exceed those in any other terrestrial and meteoritic hibonite. In order to evaluate the possibility of magmatic crystallization of hibonite in the igneous protoliths of the studied rocks, we compare some of the measured element abundances with those expected from element partitioning data for hibonite and Ca,Al-rich silicate melt. Based on this comparison, formation of low-Ti hibonite that is relatively rich in LREE appears consistent with magmatic crystallization, whereas hibonite with elevated Ti contents, low in LREE, is obviously the result of diffusion re-equilibration in the course of subsolidus cooling.
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Socio-cultural factors and perceptions of attractiveness in black South African female university students: the role of men - Olivier, Steve (2005)
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The historical evolution of university and technikon education and training in South Africa: implications for articulation of LIS programmes - Raju, Jaya (Innovation (Pietermaritzburg), 2005)
The article discusses articulation between university and technikon LIS education and training in the context of the historical evolution and traditional purposes of university and technikon education and training; major similarities and differences between university and technikon LIS education and training and current changes in higher education in South Africa to effect a new ethos of transformation, equity and efficiency. The article highlights issues that are critical to deliberations on articulating LIS programmes at universities and technikons, an issue which education institutions are facing increasingly as students seek greater mobility within a transforming higher education sector. Innovation No.29 2004: 1-12
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Books, Buildings and Learning Outcomes: an impact evaluation of World Bank assistance to basic education in Ghana - White, Howard; Masset, Edoardo (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
This paper demonstrates that the delivery of hardware inputs to Ghana’s basic education system – building classrooms and supplying textbooks – has had a substantial impact on higher enrollments and better learning outcomes. The Bank’s support for school building has been a major factor behind Ghana being on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of Universal Primary Education. The context for these improvements was a government strongly committed to implementing a program of educational reform that refocused government resources away from secondary and tertiary education and onto the basic sector. But the Bank’s support played a critical role in allowing the government to carry out its plans. Partly because of increased reliance on community contributions, a gap is opening up between the majority of schools and those in poorer communities, particularly in off-road rural areas. Facilities in schools in poorer areas are usually inferior and teacher absenteeism high, so that little learning can take place. Special attention needs to be paid to these least-privileged schools if Ghana is to remain on track to meet the education MDG.
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Identification and assessment of seasonal air pollution variability using Gaussian model in the urban area of Sfax (Tunisia) during 2004 . - Khlaifi, A.; Dahech, Salem; Beltrando, Gérard; Ionescu, A. M.; Candau, Yves (HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2005)
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Prevalence of, and risk factors for, HSV-2 antibodies in sexually transmitted disease patients, healthy pregnant females, blood donors and medical students in Tanzania and Norway - Nilsen, Arvid; Mwakagile, Davis; Marsden, Howard S.; Langeland, Nina; Matre, R.; Haarr, Lars (Epidemiology and Infection, 2005)
The prevalence of specific HSV-2 antibodies was studied in Tanzanian and Norwegian sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients (1095) and non-STD patients (488). Correlates to demographic and behavioural factors were evaluated. Seropositivity was determined by the non-commercial peptide-55 enzyme-linked immunoassay. The prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies was 70% in Tanzanian and 17% in Norwegian STD patients, 35% in Tanzanian blood donors and pregnant women, and 4, 7 and 14% in Norwegian medical students, blood donors and pregnant women respectively. A higher HSV-2 prevalence was associated with female sex, increasing age, previous STDs, history of genital HSV infection, coitarchal age (age at first intercourse) <15 years and HIV seropositivity. Compared to previous data, the prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies in Tanzanian STD patients has increased remarkably. In Norwegian STD patients our results are consistent with, or lower than, the prevalence previously reported in Western Europe. Demographic rather than behavioural factors were associated with higher prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies in STD patients.
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Mainstreaming Sustainable Development into African School Curricula: Issues for Nigeria. - Ogunyemi, Biodun (Current Issues in Comparative Education, 2005)
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Information and Training Needs of Non-Timber Forest Products' Operators in Southern Nigeria - Egbule, Patrick E.; Omolola, Owabumuwa (Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 2005)
Abstract This study examined the training needs of non-timber forest products' (NTFP) operators in Southern Nigeria. One hundred-fifty forest operators in Ondo State, Nigeria were sampled using structured questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using percentages, mean, Chi-square test, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The results revealed that majority of the forest operators in Southern Nigeria are middle-aged women with low level of education. The need for training is high and significant (P < 0.05), and there is a positive relationship between training/ information received and the operators's productivity.
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FOODS FREQUENTLY EATEN BY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN A HIGH DENSITY AREA IN ZIMBABWE - Nkungula, Alice; Harris, Ellen (Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 2005)
Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the eating habits of high school students (N=94) in Zimbabwe. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used which contained 83 foods categorized as grains; meat; legumes; milk; fruits and vegetables; snacks, fats and oils; and beverages. Food items were also listed in three different languages (English, Shona, Ndebele). Differences were found between students who bought food at school and who brought the highest amount of money to school compared to students who did neither. The findings of this study highlight the influence of economic factors on the student eating patterns. This study was conducted while E. Harris was a Senior Fulbright Scholar at the University of Zimbabwe in 2001. The authors would like to thank Alvin Nowverl and James Friday, Community Nutrition Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center (BHNRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, who contributed to the analysis of the data. KEYWORDS: food frequencyhigh school studentsZimbabwe Notes This study was conducted while E. Harris was a Senior Fulbright Scholar at the University of Zimbabwe in 2001. The authors would like to thank Alvin Nowverl and James Friday, Community Nutrition Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center (BHNRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, who contributed to the analysis of the data. Inter-Country People’s Aid UNICEF Report (1999). A Situation Analysis of Women and Children. In the Peri-Urban, Informal Settlements of Hatcliffe Extension, Dzivarasekwa Extension, and Porta Farm. Harare, Zimbabwe July. Save the Children Norway, Fact Sheet (2000). A child friendly national budget. Children are our future. May UNICEF, Government of Zimbabwe & UNICEF Program of Cooperation (1999). Master Plan of Operation. Rights Planning and Advocacy Child Learning and Lifeskills Health, Nutrition, and Environment. December. UNICEF, Government of Zimbabwe & UNICEF Program of Cooperation (1999). Summary of the 1999 Situation Analysis. Growing Up in Zimbabwe. December. UNICEF (2003). A Nation’s Crisis Burgeons. 2003 statistics concerning Zimbabwe’s AIDS epidemic
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Type 2 diabetes and hearing loss in black Africans* - Ologe, Foluwasayo E.; Eo, Okoro (Diabetic Medicine, 2005)
Diabetic MedicineVolume 22, Issue 5 p. 664-665 Type 2 diabetes and hearing loss in black Africans* F. E. Ologe, F. E. Ologe Department of * Otorhinolaryngology and † Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author* E. O. Okoro, E. O. Okoro Department of * Otorhinolaryngology and † Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author F. E. Ologe, F. E. Ologe Department of * Otorhinolaryngology and † Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author* E. O. Okoro, E. O. Okoro Department of * Otorhinolaryngology and † Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 April 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01479.xCitations: 8 * This work is dedicated to Dr Gamri El Mohammed, Department of Medicine, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Ma F, Gomez Marin O, Lee DJ, Balkany T. Diabetes and hearing impairment in Mexican American adults: a population based study. J Laryngol Otol 1998; 112: 835–839. 2 Cullen JR, Cinnammond MJ. Hearing loss in diabetes. J Laryngol Otol 1993; 107: 179–182. 3 Virtaniemi J, Laakso M, Nuutinen J, Karjalainen Vartiainen E. Hearing thresholds in insulin dependent diabetic patients. J Laryngol Otol 1994; 108: 837–841. 4 Okoro EO, Adejumo AO, Oyejola BA. Observations on the use of low dose hydrochlorothizide in the treatment of hypertension in Nigerians with diabetes.Heart Drug 2001; 1: 83–88. 5 Okoro EO, Adejumo AO, Oyejola BA. Diabetic care in Nigeria: report of a self-audit. J Diabetes Complications 2002; 16: 159–164. 6 Alebiosu CO, Kadiri S, Akang EU. Pathological study of diabetic nephropathy based on renal biopsy: a prospective study. Nigerian J Clin Prac 2002; 5: 5–9. 7 Mathews LJ, Fu-Shing Lee MS, Mills JH, Schum DJ. Audiometric & subjective assessment of hearing handicap. Arch Otorlaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 6: 1325–1336. 8 Dalton DS, Cruickshank KJ, Klein R, Klein BEK, Willey TL. Association of NIDDM & hearing loss. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 44. 9 Boomsa LJ, Stock RP. The frequency of hearing impairment in patients with diabetes in type 2 diabetes. Med Schr Greenesrd 1998; 32: 1823–185. 10 Kashyap AS, Kashyap S. Increased prevalence of impaired hearing loss in patient with type 2 diabetes in western India. Postgrad Med J 2000; 76: 38. 11 Gates GA, Cobb JL, D’Aqostino RB, Wolf P. A: The relationship of hearing in the elderly to the presence of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Otolaryngolol Head Neck Surg 1993; 19: 156–161. 12 Kurien M, Thomas K, Bhanu TS. Hearing threshold in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Laryngol Otol 1989; 103: 164–168. 13 Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, Golding M, Newall P, Hartley D et al. Validation of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. Citing Literature Volume22, Issue5May 2005Pages 664-665 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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Researcher as learner, participants as knowers: an ethnographic snapshot of women sharing knowledge in a rural Uganda community - Janzen, Melanie D. (2005)
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South Africa. Freedom of Religion and Religious Education in a Pluralistic Society - Coertzen, Pieter (European Journal for Church and State Research, 2005)
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P Wave Ananysis In Asymptomatic Healthy Adult Nigerian Students: A Preliminary Study - Ogwuche, Sar; Egbe, PE; Ibu, JO (Nigerian journal of physiological sciences : official publication of the Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2005)
The P wave amplitude and duration were measured and analyzed in the 12-lead ECG in a hundred and nine subjects aged between 19 and 30 years. The mean P wave duration was 0.07 ± 0.02 sec. Significant correlation was found between P wave duration and amplitude and various anthropometric measurements. Prediction equation was derived for the mean P wave voltage and the systolic blood pressure. The study has demonstrated the normal range for the P wave duration and amplitude. It thus provides a reference guide for the quantitative interpretations of the P waves of healthy adult Nigerians in Jos. Key words: Electrocardiogram (ECG), P wave duration, P. wave amplitude, prediction equation, asymptomatic. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences Vol.18(1-2) 2003: 18-20
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Discrimination at School: Latino and African American Male High School Students' Experiences. - Wakefield, William D.; Fajardo, Gabriela (2005)
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Sensibilité à la pollution métallique de deux grands lacs africains (Tanganyika et Malawi) - Branchu, Philippe; Bouchet, L.; Benedetti, Mario; Ambroisi, J. P.; Klerkx, J. (Revue des sciences de l'eau, 2005)
Les lacs Tanganyika et Malawi sont, de par leur volume, les deux plus grands lacs africains. Ces réservoirs semblent pour l'instant épargnés par la pollution en éléments en trace. Il est toutefois crucial, en raison de leurs caractéristiques hydrologiques, de poser la question du temps de réponse de ces systèmes à une pollution chronique potentielle véhiculée par les affluents. Cet article simule ainsi cette réponse dans la fraction dissoute suite à l'introduction pendant 50 ans de polluant par tous les affluents. Cette démarche s'appuie sur un modèle hydrologique intégrant les trois compartiments des colonnes d'eau (épi-, méta- et hypolimnion) et sur la prise en compte de la réactivité des éléments dissous dans ces compartiments par l'intermédiaire du taux de rétention élémentaire. Ainsi quatre types d'éléments sont considérés, (i) le type Cl, non réactif, (ii) le type Si, réactif-nutritif, (iii) le type Mn et (iv) le type V tous deux réactifs sensibles aux conditions d'oxydo-réduction. La réactivité de l'élément, l'efficacité du mélange vertical ainsi que la position de l'oxycline dans la colonne d'eau conditionnent l'amplitude et la cinétique de réponse des systèmes ainsi que le temps de retour à la situation initiale après l'arrêt des apports polluants. Ces caractéristiques propres à l'élément et au lac influent sur le risque potentiel encouru par l'écosystème et l'homme. Ainsi la pollution affecte principalement les eaux de surface (types Cl et V), les réseaux trophiques (type Si), les eaux profondes (types Si et Mn) et le compartiment sédimentaire (types Mn et V).
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South Africa: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission as a Model of Peace Education (2005)
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HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN BANJUL, THE GAMBIA - Anyanwu, Matthew; Awasom-Fru, Adama; Yauba, A (World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research, 2005)
Background: Among young people living with HIV, nearly 80% (4 million) live in Sub-Saharan Africa.Adolescence remains the most vulnerable group thus understanding their knowledge of the disease is vital.Objectives: To determine whether the students are aware of various aspects of HIV such as, definition,causes, prevention and treatment. To assess the attitude of students towards an HIV infected person. Toassess the sexual behaviour of the students. Methods: A cross sectional study was done in four randomlyselected high schools in Banjul, and structured questionnaires were administered to 544 grade 11 students.Results: Approximately, 98% of our study population have heard about HIV/AIDS and 43.7% knew thatHIV causes AIDS and majority (51.7%) had no idea. Almost all (94.5%) knew sexual intercourse cantransmit infection and 93.0% beliefs condom use can prevent transmission. However, a third were sexuallyactive (29.6%), a fifth (20.0%) have used a condom with a significant number (10%) of them engaged inunsafe sexual…
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ESTIMATION OF SERUM SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE MALARIA, ATTENDING WAD MEDANI TEACHING PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL, GEZIRA STATE, SUDAN - Nour, Mohammed Saeed E. Eltayeb and Azhari A. Mohammed (World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research, 2005)
Malaria is a serious parasitic infection, which infects human red blood cells. It is transmitted from one person to another by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium sp. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent the complications of severe infection, like renal disease and electrolyte disturbance. This is a case-control study aimed to estimate serum sodium and potassium levels in severe malaria patients. Sixty venous blood samples were collected, 30 of them were collected from patients with severe malaria and the other 30 samples were collected from healthy individuals attending Wad Medani Teaching Pediatric Hospital from May to August 2017. Serum sodium and potassium were estimated by using Cobas c 311. The data was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed by the statistical package for social science (SPSS). This study concludes that there is a significant decrease in serum sodium and potassium levels in severe malaria…
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Progress of African Americans in higher education attainment: The widening gender gap and its current and future implications. - Kaba, Amadu Jacky (Education Policy Analysis Archives, 2005)
This research argues that despite all of the obstacles that African Americans have confronted in the history of the United States, they have made substantial progress in higher education attainment from the 1970s to the beginning of the 21st century. It reveals that the rise in attainment of college and university degrees has resulted in a substantial increase in living standards and that African Americans are making important economic, social and political contributions to the United States. I present several reasons why black males are not performing as well as black females in higher education attainment. Analyses are also presented regarding the current and future implications of the growing gap between black males and black females.
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An investigation into the methodology to develop an insulator pollution severity application map for South Africa - Pietersen, D.; Holtzhausen, J.P.; Vosloo, W.L. (2005)
The development of an insulator pollution severity application map (IPSAM) for South Africa is being investigated. This work discusses the results that were obtained from directional dust deposit gauges (DDG's) and equivalent salt deposit density gauges (ESDD's) across South Africa. An investigation into the effect of distance-from-seacoast on pollution severity levels is discussed. Correlations between DDG and ESDD and between DDG and corrosion test results are also included.
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Open letter to the President of the Republic of South Africa, His Excellency Mr. T.M. Mbeki, on higher education policy in contemporary South Africa - Pityana, N. Barney (2005)
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A new program for engineering education in Commonwealth African countries - Salawu, R.I.; ObokOpok, A.; Tsalaile, T. (2005)
This paper looks at the present engineering programs of universities in Commonwealth African countries, identifies the paucity of management studies in them and proposes an alternative approach in the training of engineers through strengthening areas of business management and economics. The paper goes on to show that with the introduction of these courses the engineering graduate will be better prepared to fit into the business or organisational environment. The graduates from the program being proposed may not find the need to enroll for graduate studies like the MBA or similar programs owing to the level of management of business skills that graduates would obtain from the proposed programs. The paper goes on to suggest how this new structure may be implemented
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Finding and maintaining common ground between Gaza and the UK: A framework for dialogue led e-learning. - Basiel, Anthony (2005)
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Through ebony eyes: what teachers need to know but are afraid to ask about African American students (Choice Reviews Online, 2005)
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A palaeomagnetic study of the volcanic rocks of El-Mane mountain, south of Damascus - Syria - Abou-Deeb, J. M.; Tarling, D. H. (Geofísica Internacional, 2005)
Datos paleomagnéticos previamente reportados de esta región son complementados con estudios de desmagnetización térmica de 46 nuevos sitios (14 unidades de flujo). Los sitios, de fuerte consistencia interna y entre ellos, se muestran arreglados estratigráficamente y combinados con datos paleomagnéticos y radiométricos previos, con el fin de establecer una cronología magnetoestratigráfica preliminar. Los resultados se correlacionan cercanamente con los crones 5DR a 6An.1r de la Escala del Tiempo de Polaridad Global. El vulcanismo parece haber ocurrido espasmódicamente a lo largo de un periodo de 3 millones de años, probablemente relacionado con el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas de fracturas más bien que con una inyección quasi-intermitente de magma en cámaras locales. Se confirma que el campo geomagnético no correspondía cercanamente con el de un dipolo axial egocéntrico en esta región para este tiempo, sino que fue posiblemente influenciado por una persistente componente no dipolar. Esto afectó las inclinaciones observadas durante ambos periodos Normal e Inverso; sin embargo, las declinaciones estuvieron más afectadas durante el tiempo de la polaridad Normal que durante el tiempo de la polaridad Inversa. Sobre esta base, es urgente una gran precaución en las interpretaciones de rotaciones tectónicas durante este tiempo en la región del Medio Oriente.
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African-American Pioneers in Veterinary Education - Adams, E. W. (Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2005)
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Incidence and pattern of cardiovascular disease in a Nigerian teaching hospital - Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adesoye, Adewole Toyin (Tropical Doctor, 2005)
Epidemiological data on cardiovascular disorders are generally lacking in the developing nations. The aim of this study was to assess the five years' incidence and pattern of cardiovascular disease in a NigerianTeaching Hospital. The records of patients diagnosed as having various cardiovascular disorders between 1997 and 2001 were scrutinized. Data such as age, sex, diagnosis, length of hospitalization and status at discharge (dead or alive) were obtained. A total number of 1104 patients were recorded. Heart failure (35%) followed by hypertension (32%) was found to be the most prevalent.
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A sexual and reproductive health education initiative for young southern Sudanese refugees in urban Egypt - Ali, Manjoor; Pett, Celia (Community Development Journal, 2005)
This case study focuses on the work of a Cairo-based project working with the southern Sudanese refugee community on sexual and reproductive health issues related to young people. The paper reports on the lessons learnt from refugee training and awareness-raising events organized during 2002–2004 and the challenges facing such initiatives in what can be a hostile climate.
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Social Factors Underlying Gender Variations of School Enrolment in Nigeria - Aluko, AY (IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2005)
The crisis of development in the education sector in Africa has been topical for more than a decade. Attention has focused specially on gender disparities because female education has been visibly threatened by the crisis. In Nigeria, for example, the crisis has worsened since the introduction of the series of economic stabilization measures, increasing poverty, and political instability, which has resulted in the widening of the gender disparity in school enrolment right from the primary school level to tertiary level. There is at least 10% disparity between the enrolment of males and females in favour of males. This paper, therefore, examines why and how gender continues to play a major role in determining who goes to school, how well they do, and how far they progress. Specifically, it examines the major social factors underlying gender variations of school enrolment in Nigeria. The causes of the gender differentials in literacy and enrollments are grouped into three categories, macro-societal level factors such as the political economy, social policy, geographical, socio-cultural and religions values; household level and school related factors. Ife Psychologia Vol.13(1) 2005: 74-100
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Nigerian Undergraduate Education Majors' Conceptions of Mathematics - Arigbabu, Abayomi A.; Mji, Andile (Psychological reports, 2005)
The Conceptions of Mathematics Questionnaire by Crawford, et al. was administered to 130 southwest Nigerian undergraduate education majors who took mathematics. Coefficient alphas of .86 and .84 for the Fragmented and Cohesive subscales were similar to prior values. There were no statistically significant mean differences between men and women or between undergraduates taking mathematics with science and nonscience topics.
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Kenya: law students assist with HIV/AIDS legal clinics. - Arika (PubMed, 2005)
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Teaching in Abyssinia: a CS instructor's experience in northern Ethiopia - Baas, Brent (Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 2005)
This paper is an experiential report on a Fulbright-sponsored teaching endeavor in Computer Science at Mekelle University in northern Ethiopia during the 2002–2003 academic year. The reader is introduced to the country of Ethiopia and the administration, teachers, and students of Mekelle University. The paper is intended to increase awareness of similar needs and challenges available through opportunities such as the Fulbright Scholar Program.
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An investigation into the impact of a community-based rehabilitation intervention strategy on persons with physical disabilities in an urban and rural setting in Zambia - Banda-Chalwe, Martha (2005)
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Education transformation, assessment and ubuntu in South Africa - Beets, Peter; Louw, T. van (2005)
CITATION: Beets, P. & Van Louw, T. 2005. Education Transformation, Assessment and Ubuntu in South Africa, in Waghid, Y. (ed). African(a) Philosophy of Education: Reconstructions and Deconstructions. Stellenboch: Department of Education Policy Studies. 175-189.
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The Impact of the AIDS Epidemic on Teachers in Sub-Saharan Africa - Bennell, Paul (Journal of Development Studies, 2005)
This is the first of two articles that consider the impact of the AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa. Teachers are regularly singled out as being particularly vulnerable to HIV infection and as such they are considered to be a ' high-risk group'. However, this study presents recent evidence from high HIV prevalence countries in eastern, central and southern Africa that suggests that this is not the case. Teacher mortality rates are considerably lower than those for the adult population as a whole. Furthermore, while demographic projections show AIDS-related mortality for teachers increasing very sharply during the next 5-10 years, teacher mortality rates are in fact declining in a number of high prevalence countries mainly as a result of behaviour change and the increasing availability of anti-retroviral drugs. The second article critically reviews the available evidence on the impact of the epidemic on the education of orphans and other directly affected children.
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How California's Proposition 209 Created a Crisis in African-American Higher Education - Birgeneau, R. J. (Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2005)
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The Aims and Methods of Liberal Education for Africans - Blyden, Edward Wilmot (2005)
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A Sociological Analysis of the Careers Advice Process in Moroccan Schools - Boulahcen, Ali (Revue internationale d'éducation Sèvres, 2005)
Au Maroc, c’est à l’issue du collège que l’orientation occupe une place centrale. Il s’agit d’un processus sommaire d’orientation qui consiste à répartir les élèves, en référence à des taux et des procédures d’orientation fixés par l’État et fondés essentiellement sur la seule performance scolaire traduite par la notation. L’auteur dresse un constat sévère d’un processus largement inéquitable en fonction des sexes et des catégories sociales, déconsidéré et qui ne fonctionne que dans le cadre d’une régulation étatique.
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Developing a Framework for Reducing the Cultural Clash Between African American Parents and the Special Education System - Boyd, Brian A.; Correa, Vivian I. (Multicultural Perspectives, 2005)
A conceptual framework was developed to provide proactive relationship building strategies for professionals in special education and the African American families they serve. Cultural clashes have occurred between the respective groups because of the dissimilar cultural and personal experiences that shape one group's perceptions of the other. Yet, collaborative parent-provider relationships can be established through deconstructing the disparate factors that influence both the perceptions of African American parents and those of professionals. Through utilizing a family- and culture-centered planning approach to services, professionals may begin to more fully understand the factors that shape their own experiences and those of the families they serve. This will serve to reduce the cultural clash between the respective groups and create more positive outcomes for parents and providers.
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Influence of African American Engineering Student Perceptions of Campus Climate on Graduation Rates - Brown, Anderson; Morning, Carole; Watkins, Charles (Journal of Engineering Education, 2005)
Abstract African American undergraduate engineering student perceptions of institutional and personal/social campus climate factors were investigated to determine how these perceptions influence academic performance and institutional graduation rates. Data collection was accomplished through use of a quantitative and qualitative survey instrument administered to a national sample of subjects. The research discovered wide variation in individual institutional African American graduation rates and differences in rates among groups of institutions categorized by their academic selectivity or their designation as a Historically Black College and University. Students at institutions in the higher of the academic selectivity categories had higher graduation rates. However, students enrolled in the Historically Black Colleges and Universities category had more favorable perceptions of their college experience and had higher grades than students attending other institutions. After controlling for institution category, higher graduation rates were associated with students' lower perceptions of racism and discrimination and with students' greater institutional commitment.
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Persistent neurocognitive impairments associated with severe falciparum malaria in Kenyan children - Carter, J A; Mung’ala‐Odera, V.; Neville, Brian; Murira, G; Mturi, Neema; Musumba, Crispin; Newton, Charles R. (Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 2005)
Objectives: There is little information on the characteristics of persisting impairments associated with severe forms of falciparum malaria. Previous work has suggested the existence of a group of children with particularly poor performance on neurocognitive assessments in the context of average group performance. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed characterisation of impairments in this subgroup. Methods: Three groups of children were recruited: children admitted up to nine years earlier with cerebral malaria (CM) (n = 152), malaria and complicated seizures (M/S) (n = 156), or those unexposed to either condition (n = 179). Each child underwent a series of developmental assessments. Standard definitions were used to classify impairment. Results: Twenty four percent of the CM and M/S groups had at least one impairment in the major domains assessed in the study, compared with 10% of the unexposed group. CM was associated with a higher proportion of multiple impairments and an increased risk of mortality in the first year after recovery in those identified with impairments on discharge. Conclusions: After severe malaria, some children have neurocognitive impairments that are evident as long as nine years later. Impairments may become more evident as children progress and face more complex cognitive and linguistic demands, socially and educationally. The child’s neurological status at discharge was not a good predictor of later neurocognitive impairment. This highlights the importance of follow up for children with severe malaria and the involvement of therapists and educators in the provision of services for this population.
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Perceived Sufficiency and Usefulness of IEC Materials and Methods Related to HIV/AIDS among High School Youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Cherie, Amsale; Mitkie, Getenet; Ismail, Shabbir; Berhane, Yemane (African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2005)
This study was conducted to assess the perceived sufficiency and usefulness of HIV/AIDS information, education and communication (IEC) messages and materials as well as to identify preferences for IEC sources and methods. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and focus group discussions. A total of 901 students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, participated in the study. Over three quarters of the respondents believed in the usefulness of IEC. IEC materials were perceived to be useful in increasing knowledge about HIV/AIDS by 456 (51%), to influence attitude by 357 (40%) and to acquire safer sexual practices by 382 (42%) of the respondents. None of the information sources and messages available for high school students highly satisfied the sufficiency indicators. Even though no single information source was highly preferred, radio and television ranked top. Life skills training was the most desired intervention by the students. IEC on HIV/AIDS was able to acquaint students with the disease rather than equipping them with knowledge and skill needed in their daily life. Therefore, appropriate and mutually reinforcing IEC messages with emphasis on life skill training are recommended.
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Children education in Senegal: how does family background influence achievement? ⁄ - Dumas, Christelle; Lambert, Sylvie (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005)
This paper aims at studying the relationship between schooling and family background characteristics. The econometric analysis uses an original survey conducted in 2003 in Senegal that, uniquely, provides instruments permitting to deal with the endogeneity of background variables. The estimated eect of father’s education more than doubles when its endogeneity is accounted for. We also present results suggesting that family background has as much impact after entry at school than at younger ages, and that parental education aects children schooling through its contribution to parental preferences (and not only through higher eciency in
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Nigeria: HIV-positive journalism student reinstated after mobilization and threat of legal action. - Durojaye, Ebenezer (PubMed, 2005)
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Impaired Driving In Southern Nigeria Due To Alcohol - Ehikhamenor, Edeaghe (Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 2005)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
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Working towards the implementaion of an international accreditation programme in a Nuclear Medicine Department of a South African teaching hospital - Eiselen, Thea (2005)
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Sexual behaviour and contraceptive use among secondary school students in Ilesha South West Nigeria - Eo, Orji; Oa, Esimai (Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2005)
Data from several parts of Nigeria point to increasing sexual activity among single adolescents of both sexes with progressive decreasing age at initiation and poor contraceptive use. This paper investigates the sexual behaviour and contraceptive use among teenage secondary school students in Ilesha, southwest Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional population survey of 300 male and female secondary school students within the age group of 13-19 years. The setting is secondary school coaching classes in Ilesha, southwest Nigeria. The outcome measures include prevalence of sexual activity, age at first sexual debut, circumstances leading to first sexual debut, number of sexual partners and family planning use. The result shows that out of the 300 studied, 50% were sexually active, the predominant age at first coitus was 15-19 years, and circumstances leading to sexual debut included mutual agreement, coercion and curiosity. Predominant proportion of sexually active teenagers (86.7%) did not use contraception at the time of first coitus and most of them had more than one sexual partner. The conclusion from this study is that 50% of teenage secondary school girls in this part of Nigeria are sexually active; 68.7% whom, have multiple sexual partners, and 86.7% of them did not use contraception at sexual debut. This unsafe sexual behaviour therefore put them at a great risk of acquiring STDs including HIV infection, and unwanted pregnancy. This study therefore recommends sex education/family life education for young people to encourage them to delay sexual activity as much as possible and practice safe sex when it eventually commences. There is also the need to sensitise the young people, parents, teachers, the community and all stake holders on the magnitude of the problem and to open up dialogue that will break the social, cultural and other mysteries hindering adolescents and youth reproductive health education and services in Nigeria.
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The Royal Borough supports book collection for schools in Ghana - Eyles, Jane (2005)
The Royal Borough of Greenwich and leisure and library operator 'Better' are proudly supporting Charlton Manor Primary School in their book collection for Ghanaian schools.
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The Effectiveness of Media Use in Health Education: Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS Radio Campaign in Ethiopia - Farr, Angela; Witte, Kim; Jarato, Kassa; Menard, Tiffany (Journal of Health Communication, 2005)
An effective vehicle to change behaviors is entertainment education. To demonstrate entertainment education effects, researchers must first indicate that participants have been exposed to their program. Exposure to effective programs has been associated with increases in knowledge about program topics, attitude change, and self-efficacious perceptions. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new exposure technique that accurately and precisely determines direct exposure levels to Ethiopia's Journey of Life. Overall, the study found very high listenership, storyline recall, liking of the program, and strong desire to change behavior while maintaining low error rates in terms of verbatim recall of storylines and reported listenership to a fictitious program.
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Gods or Vermin: Alternative Readings of the African American Experience among African and African American College Students - Foster, Kevin Michael (Transforming Anthropology, 2005)
Transforming AnthropologyVolume 13, Issue 1 p. 34-46 Gods or Vermin: Alternative Readings of the African American Experience among African and African American College Students Kevin Michael Foster, Kevin Michael FosterSearch for more papers by this author Kevin Michael Foster, Kevin Michael FosterSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 January 2008 https://doi.org/10.1525/tran.2005.13.1.34Citations: 5AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue1April 2005Pages 34-46 RelatedInformation
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Student Internet Use: USA and Mauritius - Fusilier, Marcelline R.; Durlabhji, Subhash (Journal of Private Enterprise, 2005)
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South African higher education in the first decade of democracy: from cooperative governance to conditional autonomy - Hall, Martin; Symes, Ashley (Studies in Higher Education, 2005)
Background: Cognitive Muscular TherapyTM (CMT) is an integrated behavioural intervention developed for knee osteoarthritis.CMT teaches patients to reconceptualise the condition, integrates muscle biofeedback and aims to reduce muscle overactivity, both in response to pain and during daily activities.This nested qualitative study explored patient and physiotherapist perspectives and experiences of CMT.Methods: Five physiotherapists were trained to follow a well-defined protocol and then delivered CMT to at least two patients with knee osteoarthritis.Each patient received seven individual clinical sessions and was provided with access to online learning materials incorporating animated videos.Semi-structured interviews took place after delivery/completion of the intervention and data were analysed at the patient and physiotherapist level.Results: Five physiotherapists and five patients were interviewed.All described a process of changing beliefs throughout their engagement with CMT.A framework with three phases was developed to organise the data according to how osteoarthritis was conceptualised and how this changed throughout their interactions with CMT.Firstly, was an identification of pain beliefs to be challenged and recognition of how current beliefs can misalign with daily experiences.Secondly was a process of challenging and changing beliefs, validated through new experiences.Finally, there was an embedding of changed beliefs into self-management to continue with activities. Conclusion:This study identified a range of psychological changes which occur during exposure to CMT.These changes enabled patients to reconceptualise their condition, develop a new understanding of their body, understand psychological processes, and make sense of their knee pain.
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The effects of a feedback-based instruction programme on developing EFL writing and revision skills of first year Moroccan university students - Haoucha, Malika (2005)
The stimulus for this study was problems I encountered in my teaching of academic writing to first year undergraduates majoring in English at a Moroccan university. Their problems ranged from sentence, to paragraph to essay levels. Added to that was my realization that the teaching of writing is mainly product-oriented and that practice is far from theory. Students are expected to produce good writing, but the means for helping them attain the required writing standards are not clearly identified or provided. A focus on narrative writing seems not to serve the purpose of training students to make their voices heard in argumentative writing. Reliance on lecturing as a means of teaching writing robs the writing class of an appealing social environment. These problems combined with a personal desire to improve my teaching by researching my professional practice against the insights of theory; all these factors gathered to stimulate me to undertake the present research. This project is based on the teaching of a writing programme I developed based on my previous experience as a writing teacher and on student need. In its progressive teaching of writing the programme follows a process approach; however, the product perspective is also important. Students are exposed to three types of feedback on multiple-draft writing: self-monitored feedback using annotations; peer feedback; and teacher written feedback and taped commentary. The aim is to encourage them to experience writing as an interactive process, from the pre-writing activities through the actual writing and revising to the writing of a final draft, rather than as a monotonous solitary activity performed under exam pressure. Using a case study approach this qualitative inquiry looks into the extent to which students make use of the different types of feedback in their revisions, their attitudes to the feedback procedures, and whether text quality improves over the drafts during the course period. For this purpose various data collection tools have been used. These include questionnaires, in-depth interviews, students' writings, audio-taped recordings of student peer feedback sessions, teacher written and taped comments, and student diaries. In line with previous research, the present study has shown that self-monitored feedback using annotations can help identify problematic areas in writing, but it has also added that annotations can unveil students' perceptions of what constitutes good writing. Moreover, the study has demonstrated that peer feedback activities are not only helpful in terms of encouraging revision but that they have other cognitive, linguistic and affective benefits. Finally, there is strong evidence that teacher written feedback is still considered by students to be a major source of help and that they do take it into consideration in their revisions. In addition, teacher taped commentary, a type of feedback which has received little attention in the literature, is an effective means of commenting on content and organisation and focusing student revision on these areas. Students have also appreciated it and acknowledged its cognitive, linguistic, affective, and practical benefits. Furthermore, the study has shown that although students' writings have not systematically, and regularly, improved from first to second drafts, i. e. after revision following peer feedback, there is a tendency for improvement from second to third drafts. i. e. after revision following teacher feedback. On the whole, improvement in text quality varied from one student to another and also from one draft to another for the same student. The main implications are that the one-draft writing tendency in the context of the study should give way to multiple-draft writing. The motivating force of revision can be promoted and enhanced through the use of different types of feedback on separate drafts. More importantly; however, the writing class should cater for student need by making use of motivational instructional and feedback activities.
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Productive Learning Cultures: An African-Norwegian Collaboration Balancing Academic Quality with Substantial Support (SPECIAL ISSUE: International Cooperation in Science and Mathematics Education in Africa) - Hattingh, Annemarie; Lillejord, Sølvi (国際教育協力論集, 2005)
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Building Education Research Capacity: Collaboration between the United States and South Africa (SPECIAL ISSUE: International Cooperation in Science and Mathematics Education in Africa) - Hewson, Peter W.; Curtis, Matthew D.; Schneckloth, Sara; Damonse, Beverley (国際教育協力論集, 2005)
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Contextual Factors at the School and Classroom Level Related to Pupils' Performance in Mathematics in South Africa - Howie, Sarah J. (Educational Research and Evaluation, 2005)
South African pupils performed well below the TIMSS international average in 1995 and 1999 and significantly below all other countries (including the other African countries) in the 1999 study. Path analysis, namely Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis, was applied to the South African TIMSS-R data to explore the effect of contextual factors at school level and classroom level within South African schools on the aggregated pupils' performance in mathematics. The results from the combined school- and classroom-level model revealed a relationship between the location of the schools, teachers' attitudes and beliefs, teaching load, lesson planning, and class size; all of which had direct effects on the South African pupils' aggregated performance in mathematics and in total explained 27% of the variance in the mathematics scores.
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Problem-based learning improves the academic performance of medical students in South Africa - Iputo, Jehu; Kwizera, Enoch (Medical Education, 2005)
To compare the academic performance of students on the previous, classical, discipline- and lecture-based, traditional curriculum with that of subsequent students who followed an innovative, problem- and community-based curriculum.This was a retrospective study that analysed the records of students who enrolled on the doctor training programme between 1985 and 1995, and the records of students who graduated from the programme between 1989 and 2002.The educational outcomes assessed were the attrition and graduation rates on the traditional curriculum and those on the innovative curriculum.A total of 149 students on the traditional curriculum and 145 students on the innovative curriculum were studied. Overall, 23% of the traditional cohort as opposed to 10.3% of the innovative cohort dropped out of the course (P = 0.0041) and 55% of the traditional cohort as opposed to 67% of the innovative cohort graduated within the minimum period of 6 years (P < 0.001). The mean throughput period was 6.71 (0.09) years in the traditional cohort and 6.44 (0.07) years in the innovative cohort (P = 0.014)The introduction of the problem-based learning/community-based education (PBL/CBE) curriculum coincided with improved academic performance. The PBL/CBE approach to medical education may have contributed to this improvement.
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A pilot study to determine whether disability and disease activity are different in African-American and Caucasian patients with rheumatoid arthritis in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. - Iren, Ulker Tok; Walker, Mark S.; Hochman, Eric; Brasington, Richard (PubMed, 2005)
To compare the levels of disability and disease activity in African-Americans and Caucasians with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an academic medical center practice, and to determine whether the differences are independently associated with ethnicity.Data on socioeconomic, disease related, psychological, and behavioral variables were obtained from 100 outpatients (67 Caucasians, 33 African-Americans) with RA. Functional status was assessed with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Disease Activity Score (DAS-28). Chi-square and Student t tests were used to test for differences between groups. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether ethnicity was associated with these differences independent of other factors known to influence disease outcome.African-Americans and Caucasians did not differ with respect to age, sex, disease duration, rheumatoid factor positivity, and medication compliance. African-Americans had higher scores than Caucasians for HAQ (1.5 +/- 0.8 vs 0.9 +/- 0.7; p < 0.001) and DAS-28 (5.5 +/- 1.3 vs 4.3 +/- 1.4; p < 0.001). Regression models showed that ethnicity was not independently associated with the higher HAQ and DAS-28 scores when controlled for demographic, socioeconomic, psychological, and behavioral factors. Arthritis self-efficacy approaches significance in the regression model.HAQ disability and RA disease activity were higher in African-Americans than Caucasians in this sample from an academic medical center practice. However, ethnicity was not independently associated with these outcomes when socioeconomic and psychological factors were taken into account. Improvement in self-efficacy has the potential to improve outcome in African-Americans with RA.
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Teachers' Perceptions of Classroom Discipline in Ghana, West Africa. - Irwin, Leslie; Anamuah-Mensah, Jophus; Aboagye, J. K.; Addison, Amanda (International Education, 2005)
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Rethinking Parent Involvement: African American Mothers Construct their Roles in the Mathematics Education of their Children - Jackson, Kara; Remillard, Janine T. (School Community Journal, 2005)
Abstract This article presents initial findings from a study that examined how African American mothers from a low-income neighborhood conceptualized roles in children's learning. Based on interviews and observations focusing on ten mothers' in children's education, we offer a framework that expands typical characterizations of parent involvement. This framework privileges practices that are both traditionally visible and invisible to the school and highlights how parents act as intellectual in children's education (Civil, Guevara, & Allexsaht-Snider, 2002). Our findings offer evidence that traditional understandings of parent may overlook ways that low-income parents deliberately involve themselves in children's education. Our findings also identify challenges that these parents face in relation to children's education. Some of these challenges were due in part to stereotypes held by practitioners about the families they serve in low-income urban schools. Key Words: parent involvement, beliefs, reform, elementary school mathematics, home-school relationships, race/ethnicity/SES Introduction In recent years, educational efforts seeking to reach children in lowincome communities have resulted in a surge of calls for parental involvement in education (Mattingly, Prislin, McKenzie, Rodriquez, & Kayzar, 2002; No Child Left Behind Act, 2001; Peressini, 1998). While there is disagreement among researchers, policy makers, and practitioners over what comprises (Lewis & Forman, 2002; Mattingly et al.), these calls are grounded in notions that may improve student achievement, produce lower drop-out rates, foster positive attitudes toward learning and school, increase parent-child communication, promote positive student behaviors, enhance the educational experiences of disadvantaged students, increase home and community support for schools, and be a basic right of all parents in the process of public education. (Peressini, 1998, p. 557) Despite current research on parent that challenges the assumption that parents are problems to be overcome (e.g., Barton, Drake, Perez, St. Louis, & George, 2004; Civil, 2001; Civil, Guevara, & Allexsaht-Snider, 2002; Fine, 1993; Henry, 1996; Trumbull, Rothstein-Fisch, & Hernandez, 2004; Vincent, 1996), the idea that parents, particularly those from lowincome communities, are deficits to children remains in circulation in schools (e.g., see Epstein & Dauber, 1991; Lawson, 2003, on teachers' perceptions of low-income parents). In the area of education, there are few attempts to systematically involve parents in children's learning (Epstein & Dauber, 1991; Peressini, 1998, 1996). Further, particularly in the education literature, parents are portrayed as stumbling blocks for reform as their beliefs about learning and [are thought to] actually reinforce children's failure in mathematics (Peressini, 1998, p. 567; see also Lehrer & Shumow, 1997). In this literature, parents are depicted as either (a) not understanding themselves, (b) not understanding children's and thus characterizing children's work as wrong, (c) not interested in children's (math) learning, or (d) resistant to change. Critics of deficit views of parents, on the other hand, call on schools to view parents as intellectual for children (Civil et al., 2002, p. 1756). Civil and her colleagues highlight mathematical practices embedded in the daily activities of low-income, Latino parents and assist teachers and schools in integrating them into the curriculum. Building on this perspective, our research explores the ways parents can and do act as resources for children's education. …
openalex: W2151859049 mag: 2151859049
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Book Review: The Quality of Heroic Living, of High Endeavour and Adventure: Anglican Mission, Women and Education in Palestine, 1888–1948 - Jones, Arun W. (Missiology, 2005)
openalex: W2580046256 mag: 2580046256
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Assessing the roles and training needs of educational superintendents in Palestine - Kanan, Hana M. (Journal of Educational Administration, 2005)
Purpose The purpose of this research study was to examine the role perceptions of superintendents and their supervisors in Palestine regarding the roles and training needs of superintendents. It was part of a larger study conducted by the Department of Administration and Educational Leadership at Teachers College, Columbia University. Design/methodology/approach A grounded theory approach was used in this study. Data were collected by interviewing 16 superintendents and four general directors using guided qualitative interviews, in addition to examining Ministry of Education documents and archival data. Findings The grounded theory approach analysis revealed that superintendents and general directors held variant perceptions regarding the roles and training needs of superintendents. Most superintendents felt they were ill prepared for the job and had to rely on the Ministry of Education for support and direction. They perceived their role as a combination of educational managers and educational leaders. Their supervisors, however, perceived them as keepers of the status quo. The findings showed that superintendents in countries similar to Palestine (newly emerging) appear to experience problems similar to their counterparts in other transitional societies. Originality/value The findings of this research are important to new educational systems. It shows clearly the difficulties experienced by superintendents in a newly emerging system. Furthermore, superintendents in such systems may require training needs different than their counterparts in developed systems. The findings are discussed in terms of their relevancy and contributions to educational leadership theory.
openalex: W1997875617 mag: 1997875617
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Special Issue: Higher Education-Industry Research Partnerships and Innovation in South Africa - Kruss, Glenda; Letseka, Moeketsi (Industry & higher education, 2005)
openalex: W2461092664 mag: 2461092664
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The role of nonformal education in promoting democratic attitudes: Findings from Senegal - Kuenzi, Michelle (Democratization, 2005)
Civic education has been considered a way in which the behaviours and attitudes associated with democratic citizenship can be fostered among the members of a society. Since the emerging democracies are hard-pressed to develop a political culture supportive of democratic rule, civic education has been identified as one way such a political culture can be constructed. Recent studies, however, point to the limited reach of such programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on survey data, others have failed to find even a relationship between formal education and democratic attitudes in parts of Africa. On the other hand, despite the prominence nonformal education has gained in many developing countries, such as those in Africa, the effect of nonformal education on political attitudes has not been subject to empirical testing. Using data from a survey involving a probability sample of 1,484 Senegalese citizens, this article examines the effects of education, both formal and nonformal, on political attitudes among rural Senegalese. Both nonformal and formal education are found to increase the likelihood that people will embrace democratic, tolerant attitudes in Senegal.
openalex: W2113954080 mag: 2113954080
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Staff training and ambulatory tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a cluster randomized controlled trial in South Africa. - Lewin, Simon; Dick, Judy; Zwarenstein, Merrick; Lombard, Carl (PubMed, 2005)
To assess whether adding a training intervention for clinic staff to the usual DOTS strategy (the internationally recommended control strategy for tuberculosis (TB)) would affect the outcomes of TB treatment in primary care clinics with treatment success rates below 70%.A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted from July 1996 to July 2000 in nurse-managed ambulatory primary care clinics in Cape Town, South Africa. Clinics with successful TB treatment completion rates of less than 70% and annual adult pulmonary TB loads of more than 40 patients per year were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 12) or control (n = 12) groups. All clinics completed follow-up. Treatment outcomes were measured in cohorts of adult, pulmonary TB patients before the intervention (n = 1200) and 9 months following the training (n = 1177). The intervention comprised an 18-hour experiential, participatory in-service training programme for clinic staff delivered by nurse facilitators and focusing on patient centredness, critical reflection on practice, and quality improvement. The main outcome measure was successful treatment, defined as patients who were cured and those who had completed tuberculosis treatment.The estimated effect of the intervention was an increase in successful treatment rates of 4.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): -5.5% to 15.2%) and in bacteriological cure rates of 10.4% (CI: -1.2% to 22%). A treatment effect of 10% was envisaged, based on the views of policy-makers on the minimum effect size for large-scale implementation.This is the first evidence from a randomized controlled trial on the effects of experiential, participatory training on TB outcomes in primary care facilities in a developing country. Such training did not appear to improve TB outcomes. However, the results were inconclusive and further studies are required.
openalex: W2140465984 mag: 2140465984
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The Perceptions of African-American Students: Recruitment, Retention, and Motivation - Lin, L.Y.; Noriega, Pender (Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 2005)
This study sought to understand the perceptions of African-American students toward them-selves, their educational preparation, and other perceptions pertaining to the hospitality industry. It is noted that more students looked for positions in the lodging industry than in the food and beverage industry. The results of this study seem to indicate that African-American students have a positive perception toward their educational preparation and their future in the hospitality industry. However, the reality is the industry still faces the challenge of developing minority managers for the industry.
openalex: W2330070166 mag: 2330070166
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The impact of life skills education on adolescent sexual risk behaviors in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - Magnani, Robert J.; Macintyre, Kate; Karim, Ali Mehryar; Brown, Lisanne; Hutchinson, Paul; Kaufman, Carol E.; Rutenburg, Naomi; Hallman, Kelly; May, Julian; Dallimore, Anthea (Journal of Adolescent Health, 2005)
To assess the impact of exposure to life skills education by youth in KwaZulu-Natal Province (KZN, South Africa) on knowledge and behaviors associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS.Data come from a panel study of 2222 youth from several population subgroups in KZN. The youth were aged 14-24 years when interviewed in 1999 and 2001. The intervention was a full coverage life skills education program for all students in middle and secondary schools. Impact was measured as net dose-response relationships between life skills exposure and outcomes. Econometric methods were used to control for nonrandom exposure to life skills education. Outcomes included sexual behavior and condom use indicators.Significant effects, albeit modest in magnitude, were observed on selected areas of sexual-reproductive health knowledge and perceived condom self-efficacy, along with larger effects on condom use at first and last sex. No consistent effects on age at sexual initiation, secondary abstinence, or partnering behaviors were observed among these youth.School-based life skills education appears capable of communicating key information and helping youth develop skills relevant to reducing HIV risk. However, the South African national program has yet to be fully implemented, and whether this initiative will result in sustained behavior modification among youth on a sufficient scale to affect the HIV/AIDS epidemic is uncertain.
openalex: W2029202069 mag: 2029202069
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Palaeosols in Saharan and Sahelian dunes of Chad: archives of Holocene North African climate changes - Mauz, Barbara; Felix‐Henningsen, Peter (The Holocene, 2005)
Limnic sediments and palaeosols are frequently present in dunes of the Sahara and Sahel deserts of Chad. This study focused on genesis and degree of development of the palaeosols and the timing of soil formation. The soils are Cambic Arenosols formed by precipitation-induced silicate weathering and leaching. The upper parts of the Cambic Arenosols are indurated due to accumulation of salt and amorphous silica during a drier climate following soil formation. The optical age data reveal the occurrence of one or two distinct short-lived humid climate intervals shortly after-5 ka and before-2.5 ka and the formation of local desert lakes shortly after -5 ka. The study further suggests that rapid climate changes occurred mainly in the mid-Holocene whereas the early-Holocene humid period lasted longer.
openalex: W2031713124 mag: 2031713124
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Dietary vitamin C supplementation reduces noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs - McFadden, Sandra L.; Woo, Jenifer M; Michalak, Nathan; Ding, Dalian (Hearing Research, 2005)
Vitamin C (ascorbate) is a water-soluble, low molecular weight antioxidant that works in conjunction with glutathione and other cellular antioxidants, and is effective against a variety of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide and hydroxyl radicals that have been implicated in the etiology of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Whereas most animals can manufacture their own vitamin C, humans and a few other mammals such as guinea pigs lack the terminal enzyme for vitamin C synthesis and must obtain it from dietary sources. To determine if susceptibility to NIHL could be influenced by manipulating dietary levels of vitamin C, albino guinea pigs were raised for 35 days on a diet with normal, supplemented or deficient levels of ascorbate, then exposed to 4 kHz octave band noise at 114 dB SPL for 6 h to induce permanent threshold shifts (PTS) of the scalp-recorded auditory brainstem response. Animals that received the highest levels of dietary ascorbate developed significantly less PTS for click stimuli and 4, 8, 12, and 16 kHz tones than animals on normal and deficient diets. Outer hair cell loss was minimal in all groups after noise exposure, but permanent damage to stereocilia were observed in noise-exposed ears. The results support the hypothesis that dietary factors influence individual susceptibility to hearing loss, and suggest that high levels of vitamin C may be beneficial in reducing susceptibility to NIHL.
openalex: W1992191480 mag: 1992191480
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“The Only Good Thing Was the G.I. Bill”: Effects of the Education and Training Provisions on African-American Veterans' Political Participation - Mettler, Suzanne (Studies in American Political Development, 2005)
The education and training benefits of the G.I. Bill of Rights are renowned for their redistributive effects among nonblack veterans, but their consequences for black veterans remain in question. Among non-blacks, the provisions are known to have expanded access to education across class lines, and to have generated positive socioeconomic consequences. They also fostered greater postwar involvement in civic associations and political activities, particularly among less advantaged beneficiaries. Given the widely perceived view that the G.I. Bill represents a landmark social program, it is imperative to investigate whether access to its social and economic benefits transcended the rigid color line of the postwar era. As well, consideration of how the education and training benefits affected African-American veterans' political participation may deepen our understanding of the relationship between governance and civic engagement.
openalex: W2115222409 mag: 2115222409
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The medium of instruction in Tanzania: reflections on language, education and society - Neke, S.M. (Changing English: Studies in Culture and Education, 2005)
The use of English as a medium in post‐primary education in Tanzania raises issues of language education policy, of relations between English, education and science and of access to opportunities and economic dependency. It also underlies questions of power relations and of resource distribution. It is argued here that language education policy decisions are socio‐economic, since they entail a reversal of power relations and may lead to certain groups in the community, whose language is not selected, finding themselves at the fringes of the socio‐economic and political spectrum. Language policy is about choice, speaking rights, representation, since language is inseparable from politics and development. Education becomes a prerequisite for socioeconomic development in post‐colonial Africa.
openalex: W2087264054 mag: 2087264054
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Pattern of malignant diseases at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital - Okobia, Michael; Aligbe, J U (Tropical doctor, 2005)
This study was designed to evaluate the pattern of malignant diseases seen at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a 20-year period (January 1980-December 1999). A total of 2258 histologically confirmed malignant diseases were seen with the predominant tumours comprising carcinoma of the cervix (20.59%), breast (18.25%), prostate (7.13%), endometrium (6.47%) and colon and rectum (5.71%). We believe that the figure reported here represents an underestimate of the frequency of malignant tumours seen in the hospital and recommend the establishment of hospital - and population-based cancer registries to ensure proper documentation of malignant diseases within the region.
openalex: W2049819872 mag: 2049819872
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The TEAMS Project in Tanzania: From Intervention to Capacity Building (SPECIAL ISSUE: International Cooperation in Science and Mathematics Education in Africa) - Ottevanger, Wout; Feiter, L. de; Osaki, Kalafunja; Akker, Jan van den (国際教育協力論集, 2005)
openalex: W380359371 mag: 380359371
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Science and Mathematics Education Development in Namibia after Independence: The INSTANT Project (SPECIAL ISSUE: International Cooperation in Science and Mathematics Education in Africa) - Ottevanger, Wout; Macfarlane, Ian; Clegg, Andrew (国際教育協力論集, 2005)
openalex: W561356736 mag: 561356736
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Planning Health Education: Internet and Computer Resources in Southwestern Nigeria - Oyadoke, Adebola A.; Salami, Kabiru K.; Brieger, William R. (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 2005)
The use of the Internet as a health education tool and as a resource in health education planning is widely accepted as the norm in industrialized countries. Unfortunately, access to computers and the Internet is quite limited in developing countries. Not all licensed service providers operate, many users are actually foreign nationals, telephone connections are unreliable, and electricity supplies are intermittent. In this context, computer, e-mail, Internet, and CD-Rom use by health and health education program officers in five states in southwestern Nigeria were assessed to document their present access and use. Eight of the 30 organizations visited were government health ministry departments, while the remainder were non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Six NGOs and four State Ministry of Health (MOH) departments had no computers, but nearly two-thirds of both types of agency had e-mail, less than one-third had Web browsing facilities, and six had CD-Roms, all of whom were NGOs. Only 25 of the 48 individual respondents had computer use skills. Narrative responses from individual employees showed a qualitative difference between computer and Internet access and use and type of agency. NGO staff in organizations with computers indicated having relatively free access to a computer and the Internet and used these for both program planning and administrative purposes. In government offices it appeared that computers were more likely to be located in administrative or statistics offices and used for management tasks like salaries and correspondence, limiting the access of individual health staff. These two different organizational cultures must be considered when plans are made for increasing computer availability and skills for health education planning.
openalex: W2051598533 mag: 2051598533
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Articulation of Industrial R&D with Higher Education in the Telecommunications Sector in South Africa - Paterson, Andrew (Industry and Higher Education, 2005)
This article shows how and why particular higher education-industry research and development networks articulate with the South African telecommunications sector. The range of competing and complementary data telecommunications technologies available in the South African market provide varying opportunities for enterprises to engage in R&D. Two case studies based in the South African telecommunications industry examine R&D interaction between industry and higher education institutions which have nascent rather than developed R&D capacity and which are dependent on industry initiatives. The analysis suggests that the origin of a particular industry-higher education R&D network is contingent on the growth trajectory of the industrial sector in which it is located and on the maturation of research capacity in the higher education sector with which it is linked.
openalex: W2066764547 mag: 2066764547
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The development of a methodology to compile an insulator pollution severity application map for South Africa - Pietersen, D. (2005)
openalex: W2097113823 mag: 2097113823
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An Education and Counseling Program for Preventing Breast-Feeding–Associated HIV Transmission in Zimbabwe: Design and Impact on Maternal Knowledge and behavior, - Piwoz, Ellen; Iliff, Peter; Tavengwa, Naume V.; Gavin, Lorrie; Marinda, Edmore; Lunney, Kevin; Zunguza, Clare; Nathoo, Kusum; Humphrey, Jean H. (The Journal of Nutrition, 2005)
International guidance on HIV and infant feeding has evolved over the last decade. In response to these changes, we designed, implemented, and evaluated an education and counseling program for new mothers in Harare, Zimbabwe. The program was implemented within the ZVITAMBO trial, in which 14,110 mother-baby pairs were enrolled within 96 h of delivery and were followed at 6 wk, 3 mo, and 3-mo intervals. Mothers were tested for HIV at delivery but were not required to learn their test results. Infant feeding patterns were determined using data provided up to 3 mo. Formative research was undertaken to guide the design of the program that included group education, individual counseling, videos, and brochures. The program was introduced over a 2-mo period: 11,362, 1311, and 1437 women were enrolled into the trial before, during, and after this period. Exclusive breast-feeding was recommended for mothers of unknown or negative HIV status, and for HIV-positive mothers who chose to breast-feed. A questionnaire assessing HIV knowledge and exposure to the program was administered to 1996 mothers enrolling after the program was initiated. HIV knowledge improved with increasing exposure to the program. Mothers who enrolled when the program was being fully implemented were 70% more likely to learn their HIV status early (<3 mo) and 8.4 times more likely to exclusively breast-feed than mothers who enrolled before the program began. Formative research aided in the design of a culturally sensitive intervention. The intervention increased relevant knowledge and improved feeding practices among women who primarily did not know their HIV status.
openalex: W2132848376 mag: 2132848376
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Can Higher Education Partnerships Teach a Person to Fish? (SPECIAL ISSUE: International Cooperation in Science and Mathematics Education in Africa) - Pugh, Marilyn B.; Spear, Mary Helen (国際教育協力論集, 2005)
openalex: W355407273 mag: 355407273
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Paradox of “Progress”: The Role of Western Education in the Transformation of the Family in Nigeria - Rotimi, Adewale (The Anthropologist, 2005)
The paper has identified the roles which western education has played in transforming the traditional family in Nigeria. However, this transformation which has been viewed as “progress” from western perspectives, has also produced some unintended circumstances. Those aspects of the family most affected by change include, the extended family system, mate selection, division of labour within the family, patriarchal authority and the socialization process. Under the modern nuclear family system, the individuals are no more burdened by responsibilities to others who are outside the nuclear family. Mate selection has become more liberalized with individual young men and women free to choose their own partners. Because husbands and wives both now have careers outside the home, domestic decisions have become more democratizd and husbands are no more the fountain of authority. Socialization of children in the home is complemented by other agents outside the home; schools, peer groups the mass media, just to mention a few have also become agents of socialization. It is however, a paradox that the changes outlined above have also produced some unintended consequences which have negatively affected the modern Nigerian family. For example, the demise of the extended family system also means the loss of social and economic safety nets to which many people used to fall during periods of adversity. Mate selection has become so liberalized and sophisticated that many people have decided to either postpone or delay marriage. In some cases, lack of support in mate selection from parents of couples has made divorce very rampant. Where both husbands and wives have their careers and they both bring income to the family, the locus of authority has shifted from the man. Occasionally one of the couples has had to relocate or transfer to a different part of the country. This has affected joint socialization of children. Occasionally cases of infidelity by either of the couple have also been recorded. Socialization of children, which now takes place outside the home has resulted in increased cases of deviant behaviour among children. To minimize the negative effects wrought on the family by western education, social planners must try to merge those positive elements of the traditional family with those of the modern family.
openalex: W2309540611 mag: 2309540611
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The academic success and failure of black chartered accounting graduates in South Africa: A distance education perspective - Sadler, E.; Erasmus, B.J. (Meditari : Research Journal of the School of Accounting Sciences, 2005)
This study was based on the perceptions of lecturers and black CTA students at Unisa, a South African distance education university regarding on factors that contribute to black students’ academic success and failure. The main purposes of the study were to help black CTA students to understand the reasons for success and failure better, and to improve lecturers’ teaching approach(es). The research shows that students and lecturers have divergent views on what factors contribute to academic success or failure and the relative importance of the various factors.
openalex: W2155447212 mag: 2155447212
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