To Bind Ties Between the School and Tribal Life: Educational Policy for Africans Under George Stark in Zimbabwe - Mungazi, Dickson A. (Journal of Negro Education, 1989)
By its very nature, colonialism survives by denying the colonized a viable opportunity for development. In this context, the twenty years from 1934 to 1954 during which George Stark served as the Director of Native Education in Zimbabwe represented a high watermark in a strategy which the colonial government of that nation designed through its Education Ordinance of 1899. Like all colonial governments, the Zimbabwean regime of Stark's era was reluctant to formulate policies that would promote the genuine development of the colonized Africans. Through Stark, an educational policy for Africans was formulated and implemented to serve the political purposes of the colonial government, not to promote the development of the Africans. The Victorian beliefs that the Africans would advance themselves better by engaging in a program of practical training rather than by any other form of education and that practical training was consistent with the Africans' cultural practices merely camouflaged the fact that the ultimate purpose of colonial educational policies was to train the colonized as laborers. As a high-ranking colonial official, Stark shared this belief to the extent that it became the basis
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Universities, government intervention and the Commission for Higher Education in Papua New Guinea - Murphy, Penelope S. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1989)
This paper examines the growth and development of the higher education sector in Papua New Guinea. Early periods of rapid expansion are contrasted with more recent efforts to rationalize the institutional profile. The growing influence of government intervention in the activities of the two national universities is documented, as is the emergence of the Commission for Higher Education charged with controlling the higher education sector of the future.
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Formative Evaluation of Distance Education::A Case Study of the Certificate in Adult Education at the University of Botswana - Mutanyatta, Joan (International Journal of e-Learning and Distance Education, 1989)
This paper presents the results of an evaluation of a distance education program at the University of Botswana. This two-year program for the in Adult Education (CAE) was developed in 1983. The course, intended for adult educators already working in the field, is open to applicants with Certificates (three years of secondary education). During the course, students work with written texts and attend compulsory study weekends every month. The evaluation presented here focused on two aspects of the program: (1) the administration of distance education and (2) the course content. The data were gathered through feedback from the monthly study weekends, through group discussion, and from self-administered questionnaires. The survey findings were coded and analyzed using cross tabulations and chi-squares and Pearson's R tests to assess whether apparent differences were significant (at 0.5* and 0.0** levels of significance). A number of variables influenced academic performance, including staying with children,* hours of work per day,** provision of study time by the employer,** availability and use of libraries,* newspaper reading,* and age.* This paper also looks at the students' perception of the content, value, and quality of the course and the effectiveness of weekend teaching methods. A number of recommendations are made. These include the need for the Institute of Adult Education (IAE) to continue negotiating with employers to provide trainees with reasonable study time during normal working hours, to review and improve methods of submitting monthly assignments, to adapt individual counselling to the trainees' learning needs, and to revise difficult learning units. Abstract Cet article presente les conclusions d'une evaluation d'un programme d'enseignement a distance, elabore en 1983 a l'Universite du Botswana, pour l'obtention d'un Certificat d'education des adultes. Ce programme, d'une duree de deux ans, se compose de materiel presente par ecrit et de week-ends d'etude mensuels auxquels les etudiants sont tenus d'assister. Le cours s'adresse a des enseignants pour adultes travaillant deja dans ce domaine, et l'universite accepte les candidats possedant le Junior Certificate (c'est-dire trois annees d'instruction au niveau secondaire). Cette evaluation s'interessait particulierement a deux aspects du programme: l'administration de l'enseignement a distance et le contenu des cours. Les informations ont ete recueillies par l'intermediaire de rapports fournis par les assistants au sujet des week-ends d'etude, de discussions de groupes et de questionnaires. Les resultats de l'enquete ont ete codes et analyses au moyen de tabulations combinees, chi au carre et tests R de Pearson, pour determiner si les differences apparentes etaient signficatives (a des seuils de signification de 0.5* et de 0.0**). Un certain nombre de variables ont influence les succes academiques, parmi lesquels la garde des enfants,* les heures quotidiennes de travail,** le temps alloue pour l'etude par les employeurs,** la disponibilite et la frequentation des bibliotheques,* la lecture des journaux,* et l'âge.* Cet article examine aussi la perception des etudiants sur l'utilite du cours, l'efficacite des methodes d'enseignement employees lors des week-ends d'etude ainsi que le contenu et la qualite du cours. Plusieurs recommandations sont apportees, entre autres la necessite pour l'Institut de formation des adultes (IAE) de continuer a negocier avec les employeurs pour l'allocation d'un nombre raisonnable d'heures d'etude pendant les heures normales de travail, la revision et l'amelioration des methodes de soumission des travaux mensuels, l'adaptation des consultations individuelles aux besoins d'apprentissage particuliers des stagiaires et une revision substantielle des unites d'apprentissage trop difficiles.
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Possible impacts of the changes in the greenhouse gases on the climates of East Africa - Muthama, Nzioka John; Ogallo, L.J. (1989)
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Policies for higher education in Zimbabwe: alternatives to the World Bank perspective - Mutumbuka, Dzingai B. (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1989)
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An investigation into approaches in the teaching and learning of comprehension in secondary schools in Zambia - Muyangwa, Moses Mubita (1989)
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Teacher characteristics and pupils' academic achievement in Botswana primary education - Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S.; Mwamwenda, Bernadette B. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1989)
The purpose of this study was to investigate a relationship between teacher characteristics such as sex and teaching experience and pupils' academic achievement. The results showed a relationship between teacher characteristics and academic achievement such that pupils taught by female and long experienced teachers performed significantly better than pupils taught by male and teachers with short teaching experience. This was the case not only in the pupils' overall performance, but also in subjects such as mathematics, English, science and social studies. The sample consisted of 2559 pupils (1517 girls and 1042 boys), 662 (587 women and 84 men) school teachers and 87 (52 women and 35 men) standard seven teachers drawn from a stratified sample of 51 schools selected from across Botswana. Teachers were administered a questionnaire, whereas pupils' scores were based on their performance in their final national examinations results.
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A study of Zambian librarians' attitudes toward field experience as a component of library and information science education. - Mwiya, Nawa (Deep Blue (University of Michigan), 1989)
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Teaching and Learning Biology in Secondary Schools in Kenya - Namuddu, K. (Studies in Science Education, 1989)
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Dependence, underdevelopment and unemployment in Kenya—School leavers in a peripheral capitalist political economy - Närman, Anders (International Journal of Educational Development, 1989)
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The Financing and Provision of Education in Zimbabwe: towards greater equality? - Nhundu, Tighatonga J. (Educational review, 1989)
The remarkable educational expansion achieved by most African governments since the 1961 Addis Ababa Conference requires a substantial increase in the flow of resources to continue. It is also needed to improve the quality of education and to maintain the momentum for further educational expansion that has been created by current demographic trends. However, budgetary constraints imposed by sluggish economic recovery indicate that government resources for education are not going to increase substantially and that alternative sources should be explored. To this end, this article reviews recent developments in education in Zimbabwe since independence eight years ago, discusses their implications for the funding of education, critically analyses current government funding policies and practices, and examines their implications on government attempts to equalise educational opportunity. The author argues that while the government has made significant progress in encouraging and stimulating community support for education, the burden for funding education has been distributed unequally between communities, and that this is mainly because of serious imperfections in current government subventionary policies for provisions that tend to perpetuate and further promote inequalities in the provision of education in Zimbabwe.
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The Perceived Role of Anthropological Research and Teaching in Social Change in Kenya - Njeru, Enos H N (1989)
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Report on a UNESCO CDS/ISIS software training course for users, held at the Malawi Institute of Education, Domasi, Malawi, December 4-8, 1989 - Nkhata, Bentry (1989)
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Effect of planting method and species on germination and survival of perennial wheatgrasses(agropyronspp.) seeded during drought in the moulouya plain of morocco - Nolte, Dale L.; Banner, Roger E.; Fagouri, M'Barek (Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 1989)
Abstract The effect of three methods of seeding four species of perennial wheat‐grasses ( Agropyron spp.) on three range sites in the Moulouya Plain of Morocco, North Africa, on germination and survivability during drought was evaluated. A conventional method of land preparation and seeding was compared to two different techniques using a rangeland drill in 1984. Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv., A. intermedium (Host) Beauv., A. trichophorum (Link) Richt., and A. cristatum (L.) Gaertn. were seeded on two shallow‐soil sites dominated by Stipa tenassicima L. and Artemisia herba‐alba Asso and a deep‐soil site dominated by A. herba‐alba in 1984. Plant density was measured in 1985 and 1988. On the shallow, more xeric sites, the conventional method of site preparation and seeding favored establishment. On these sites, species having large seed characteristics ( A. elongatum, A. intermedium and A. trichophorum) were more adept (P > 0.05) at establishment during droughty conditions than the smaller seeded A. cristatum regardless of planting method. The same trend existed on the deep‐soil site, but the differences were not statistically significant.
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The Perceived Role of Anthropological Research and Teaching in Social Change in Kenya - Nthia, Njeru E. H. (1989)
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Mercury pollution in Ghana (West Africa) coastal commercial fish - Ntow, William J.; Khwaja, Mahmood A. (Environmental technology letters, 1989)
Abstract The total mercury concentrations are reported here for 100 individuals representing 10 species of Ghana commercial coastal fish. The sampling sites were Tema, Accra, Cape Coast, Elimina and Takoradi. The concentrations of mercury in the species were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometric procedure and were found to be well below the 0.5 μgg‐1 limit recommended by the World Health Organization (W.H.O).
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A study of secondary school library resources in Anglophone Cameroon : strategies for improvement - Nwanosike, E. O. (1989)
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Information technology used for education for information in the Maiduguri Library School, Nigeria - Nweke, Ken M.C. (Education for Information, 1989)
The fundamental responsibilities of the Maiduguri Library School and its objectives are examined. Its information technology resources and their care and maintenance are discussed, as is information technology that is available outside the library sc
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Learning Resource Centers in Diploma Teacher Colleges in Kenya - Nyaruiya, Boniface Njoroge (1989)
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Organisation of distance education at the University of Zambia: an analysis of the practice - Nyirenda, Juma Esau (Distance Education, 1989)
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[Lymphogranuloma venereum in a student from Ethiopia]. - Nz, Iagovdik; Vg, Pankratov; Vm, Diuba (PubMed, 1989)
The first case of this condition in Byelorussia since 1945 in an Ethiopian student is described. Therapy with methacycline, polyvitamins, and local UHF has been fairly effective.
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The implementation of continuous assessment in secondary schools in Imo State, Nigeria - Obasi, Victoria Adaobi (1989)
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Action research into the use of a writing process approach in Nigerian schools to teach English as a second language - Obi-Okoye, Amandianeze Felix (1989)
110 Million Nigerians speak nearly 400 mutually unintelligible ethnic languages. Although English is the only common language, it is nobody's first language. Textbook writers and teachers have generally underestimated the problems involved in teaching and learning English as a second language (TESL) in multilingual situations. Traditional Nigerian texts over-emphasize surface linguistic features and tend to ignore the development of children's ideas/meaning. The present study set out to investigate the usefulness of adapting a Writing Process Approach (WPA) to TESL for Nigerian school children. In contrast to traditional Nigerian approaches, the WPA employs natural language learning techniques; prewriting, multiple draft-writing and post-writing strategies; immediate response to achievement and error, individualized and small group conferencing; peer tutorship; and formative evaluation. The dissertation reports and analyses a piece of action research which included theory-development and 15 months of field-trialling aimed at adapting the WPA to TESL in schools in Anambra State. To introduce co-operating teachers to the WPA, a Teacher's Writing Manual was developed, and in-service orientation workshops were organised. After initial trialling with 60 teachers, using classroom observation, questionnaire and interview techniques, progressive focussing enabled detailed case-studies of 11 teachers to be developed. The study confirmed the value of using the WPA in TESL for Nigerians, and generated several recommendations for its further adaptation and adoption in that country. Cooperating teachers were prompted by it to modify their teaching behaviour and showed a resolve to continue using it. Students who had formerly disliked writing improved in attitude and performance, and the Federal Ministry of Education, universities and teacher educators expressed interest in implementing it. On the evidence available, it would be profitable to test the applicability of the findings of the study to other countries as well as Nigeria.
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The Social ecology of literacy and achievement in primary schools of Kenya - Odhiambo, Karen T. (1989)
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Education against Environmental Pollution in Nigeria. - Oduaran, Akpovire (Convergence: An International Journal of Adult Education, 1989)
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Water Pollution Control in Africa: A Comparative Legal Survey - Ogolla, Bondi D. (Journal of African Law, 1989)
A country's water resources are important not only for the continued well-being of its population but also because water is a critical element in its economic development. Water is vital for human, animal and plant life. Life cannot exist without it. Most domestic needs in developing countries are satisfied through direct access to natural sources. The World Health Organisation in 1976 estimated that only 38 per cent of the total population in developing countries had access to safe water supplies. This means that 62 per cent of the population resorted to lakes, rivers, streams and wells for domestic requirements. Many industries abstract water from rivers and lakes for their industrial processes and often return it to those sources as trade effluents. Water is a critical factor in agricultural production. In turn agricultural activities create by-products such as sediment loads and chemical residues with adverse impact on water quality. It is obvious therefore that a country must ensure that its water resources are rationally utilised and managed. Such utilisation and management entails the creation of normative and institutional structures, first, to regulate the allocation of an often scarce resource to competing legitimate demands and, secondly, to anticipate, prevent and control the adverse consequences of resources utilisation. This article examines the nature of the legal mechanisms instituted by selected African countries, viz. Zambia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Sudan and Kenya, for the control and prevention of water pollution. The objective is two-fold: first, to determine the adequacy of existing legal regimes and, secondly, to suggest how deficiencies in existing frameworks may be rectified.
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Examining the relationship between age at first marriage, education and the timing of marital dissolution in Ghana. - Oheneba-Sakyi, Yaw (PubMed, 1989)
"This study utilizes the family-life course perspective with survival tables and proportional hazard rate analysis to examine the timing patterns of marital dissolution in Ghana at various durations of marriage. Using data from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS) 1979/1980, this study has found evidence to support research from western industrial countries that young age at marriage compared to the cultural norm increases the probability of divorce.... It is found that for those with no education, divorce rates are not affected by age at marriage, while for those with some education, later marriage leads to lower dissolution rates."
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Legal Education in Kenya - Ojwang, J.B.; Salter, David (Journal of African Law, 1989)
Legal education in Africa has attracted and will continue to attract the attention of scholars. An important reason is that African countries have enjoyed sovereign statehood for only a comparably short time, during which period transition, experiment, change, and even turmoil, have been the hallmark of society: all factors which must have a profound impact on received law (and, of course, on the primeval law), if this law is to serve effectively as a regulatory and stabilising device. This law, in its received cast, is thrown into a dilemma of turbulence; will it serve in wonted fashion, to give regularity, predictability, and a measure of reason? Or will it readily respond to inevitable change, so as to uphold new institutional positions? As President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia has observed: “We live in a changing world, and one in which the pace of change is becoming even greater. Neither the character nor the needs of any given society can remain static, and if the law is to fulfil its proper function it must keep pace with the changes. This is not to say that the law must be a straw in the wind; if law is to be an effective instrument of social order it must be a stabilising influence, but it must be flexible and it must be progressive, else it will hinder society in its progress and development. …”
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Determinants of Occupational Stress among Teachers in Nigeria - Okebukola, Peter Akinsola; Jegede, Olugbemiro J. (Educational studies, 1989)
(1989). Determinants of Occupational Stress among Teachers in Nigeria. Educational Studies: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 23-36.
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Performance of Nigerian Universities in Student Crisis Management - Olugbade, Kola (Scandinavian journal of development alternatives, 1989)
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The predicament of diversification and vocationalization of secondary education in developing countries: experiences from Tanzania - Omari, I.M. (Papers in Education and Development, 1989)
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Press Release on a Proposed Nigerian Catholic University by Father J. Jordan, Education Adviser to the Catholic Missions of Nigeria, 1955 - Omenka, Nicholas Ibeawuchi (1989)
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The Development of Catholic Education in Eastern Nigeria, 1886–1905 - Omenka, Nicholas Ibeawuchi (1989)
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Classroom observed: The hidden curriculum in Lagos, Nigeria - Omokhodion, J.Otibhor (International Journal of Educational Development, 1989)
This paper discusses the hidden curriculum observed during 120 hours of ethnographic classroom observation in some Lagos primary schools. Since this is a method of research relatively unutilized in Nigeria, this paper therefore first focusses on the important concept of classroom strategies as defined and explored by Western researchers, before discussing findings from classrooms in Nigeria. More specifically, it discusses the teaching styles in the case study schools, the Nigerian formulae of assessment, the pupils' strategies, teachers' strategies, classroom labelling, hierarchies in the classrooms, patterns of interaction between pupils, classroom rules and definition of normality and deviance, teachers' definitions of the situation and the good pupils.
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Sexual maturation and fertility issues among high school males in rural Embu, Kenya. - Oniang’o, Ruth; Ko, Rogo (PubMed, 1989)
A total of 198 high school boys ranging in age from 16 to 20 years in Embu District were interviewed on various fertility-related issues. The study sought information on reproduction-knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding this and other issues. Results show the young men to have considerable knowledge about reproduction with many of them being precise as to when they attained various reproductive milestones. More that 90% of the respondents had experienced 1st coitus by 15-17 years of age. The respondents expressed the wish to have Family Life Education taught in schools. Indeed, many of them learnt about fertility on their own. It is recommended that a way be found of imparting knowledge and instilling moral values into the youth and providing better guidance on these major life issues. (Author's).
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The role of a management development centre in manpower training and development: a Nigerian case - Oribabor, Patrick (Quarterly Journal of Administration, 1989)
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Problems of teaching French translation in a multilingual quasi-Anglophone Nigeria - Osaji, Debe (Babel, 1989)
Preview this article: Problems of teaching French translation in a multilingual quasi-Anglophone Nigeria, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/babel.35.2.09osa-1.gif
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Theme and Illustrations as Correlates of Literature Preferences among Nigerian Primary School Pupils - Osiobe, Stephen A.; Osiobe, Ann E.; Okoh, J.D. (Library Review, 1989)
A random sample of 216 primary schoolchildren in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, was interviewed with a view to finding out the influence of theme and illustrations on their literature preferences. Results of the study indicated that children preferred books written by Nigerian authors with local themes to western books with alien themes. The influence of illustrations, however, seems to be dominant among primary 1 and 2 pupils (aged 5‐7 years) with a decreasing effect on primary 3 and 4 pupils (aged 7‐9 years) and a minimal effect on primary 5 and 6 pupils (aged 9‐11 years).
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[Resistance to drought of mollusks of the genus Bulinus, vectors of human and animal trematode infections in Senegal. II. Study under natural conditions in the North-Sudan area. Ecology and resistance to drought of Bulinus umbilicatus and B. senegalensis]. - Ot, Diaw; Seye, Mouhamadane; Sarr, Y. (PubMed, 1989)
The authors report on the results of a 2-year study on the ecology and resistance to drought of B. umbilicatus and B. senegalensis on 3 temporary ponds in the North-Sudan area (region of Tambacounda, Senegal). The variations in some abiotic factors like the temperature and the pH of water do not seem to have a strong influence on the ecology while rainfall has a great importance on the distribution and the density of molluscs. As a fact, the quantity of water and the drying out period of these ponds depend upon rain factors which rule the existence and the survival of the malacological fauna. In the second part of the rainy season, the population reaches its maximum, i.e., during the reproduction period. Monthly observations show that the relative abundance of B. umbilicatus is higher than that of B. senegalensis. These ponds are dry during 6 to 8 months per year. However the populations of molluscs regenerate regularly, a fact which presupposes a certain ability to resist drought. Some come through this period successfully, but the middle-sized ones (7 to 9.9 mm) resist better than others (70 to 80 per cent of the population). Immediately after the first rains they resume their activity and lay intensively in order to reconstitute the population. B. umbilicatus and B. senegalensis are potential intermediate hosts for human and animal trematode infections, but in the studied region only B. umbilicatus intervenes in the transmission of S. haematobium and S. curassoni which occurs between September and November. Under natural Sahel conditions the epidemiological cycle is short and everything happens within 4 to 6 months with the regeneration and the growth of the population of molluscs, its infestation and the transmission of trematode infections. The ecological behaviour of these molluscs in the North-Sudan region is very important in the epidemiology of human and animal trematode infections and requires a new controlling strategy. The destruction of molluscs is more effective and more economic at the end of the rain season, which is the beginning of the drying of ponds, a period in which they concentrate in the residual water pools.
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The Information Professional's Place in a School Community: A Challenge to the East African States. - Otike, Japhet (School Library Media Quarterly, 1989)
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The Training of Information Personnel in East Africa - Otike, Japhet (Libri, 1989)
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An Evaluation Study of Industrial Training in Kenya - Otwack, A.L. Awuoche (1989)
A Project Report by Otwack A.L. Awuoche, Submitted to the School of Business, USIU-A in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Management and Organization Development.
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Liberian education for the 1990's: 'being wise is not necessarily knowing book(s)' - Oyler, Dianne White (1989)
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The teaching and research of political science in Eastern Africa - Oyugi, WO (1989)
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The Botswana Brigades: Education for Employment 1965-89. - Parsons, Q. N. (1989)
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Language Learning in Large Classes: A Pilot Study of South African Data. Lancaster-Leeds Language Learning in Large Classes Research Project Report No. 8. - Peachey, Linda A. (1989)
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Drug Use and Attitudes among College Students in Benin City, Nigeria. - Pela, Ona A. (Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 1989)
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A survey of knowledge, attitudes and risk estimates concerning HIV and AIDS in a Zimbabwean student sample - Pitts, Marian; Wilson, David J.; Phillips, Kenneth D.; White, David G.; Shorrocks, Y. (Health Education Research, 1989)
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Anatomy of a training seminar Teaching and learning in angola - Raisler, Jeanne (Bulletin of the American College of Nurse-Midwifery, 1989)
Training and service delivery in maternal and child health are high priorities for Angola's national health system. Maternal and infant mortality are very high, and there is a severe shortage of physicians. Most reproductive health care is provided by nurses and midwives. Appropriate education, resources, and support can assist these professionals in their struggle to improve mother and infant outcomes. A teacher training seminar for experienced nurses and midwives was carried out in Luanda, Angola in the summer of 1988. Content focused on family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, and human sexuality. Teaching methodology emphasized participation, active leaming, group work, and practice teaching sessions. The steps involved in the training process are described-including needs assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of the seminar.
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Seasonal food insecurity and vulnerability in drought-affected regions of Burkina Faso - Reardon, Thomas; Matlon, Peter J. (1989)
Sttia seuond limit, to cropping in the remiarid tropin of Wcsl Africa mean that farmers must manage or supplement household cereal stocks during the extended period betwen annual harvests. Following a poor hanest, fannerr make a series of decisions to allocate their consumption. sales, and purrhowa over time with the goal of satisfying caloric intake quirements thmugh the subsequent cropping season...
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New Trends in Islamic Education in Nigeria: A Preliminary Account - Reichmuth, Stefan (Die Welt des Islams, 1989)
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New Trends in Islamic Education in Nigeria: a Preliminary Account1 - Reichmuth, Stefan (Die Welt des Islams, 1989)
NEW TRENDS IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT1 BY STEFAN REICHMUTH University of Bayreuth Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Nigeria has ex- perienced a remarkable proliferation of Islamic educational institu- tions. Unlike the development of Christian and Western Education and its impact on the Nigerian elite before and after independence,2 I this increase in Islamic educational activities has until now received only little attention. During the colonial period, the traditional Islamic schools in the North (Quranic Schools and cllm Schools, Hausa: makarantar alli and makarantar Jilmf) continued to flourish. For a city like Kano it is
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Peer Counseling: A Program Designed for the Prevention of Pregnancy among African-American High School Students - Rountree, Joanne allen (1989)
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English‐medium instruction in Tanzanian secondary schools: A conflict of aspirations and achievements - Rubagumya, Casmir M. (Language, Culture and Curriculum, 1989)
Abstract A questionnaire on attitudes to English as a medium of instruction, and as a means of advancement in Tanzanian society was administered to 207 students in eight secondary schools in Dar es Salaam. Attitudes towards English were far more positive and optimistic than the real position of the language in the schools would warrant. Self‐assessed competence in English was also greatly exaggerated. Two inter‐group differences were observed. Younger (Form I) students hold more positive attitudes than older (Form IV) students, and females outscore males. The results are explained in terms of Schmied's (1985) distinction between the ‘relative’ and ‘absolute’ prestige of English. A conflictual interpretation of Tanzanian triglossia is proposed and its implications for educational planning are discussed.
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Primary science education in Botswana - Russell, Anthony (1989)
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The role of the school in the mission of the Church in Uganda - Rutebemberwa, E.K. (1989)
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Important Prospect: World Conference on Preparing for Climate Change, To be held in the Semiramis Continental Hotel, Cairo, Egypt, during 17–21 December 1989 - Sadek, Hind (Environmental Conservation, 1989)
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The education system of Zambia after independence - Sandlane, Margaret (1989)
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Junior Secondary Schools—an educational initiative in Ghana - Scadding, Helen (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1989)
(1989). Junior Secondary Schools—an educational initiative in Ghana. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 43-48.
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The Responsibility of Berber School Policy For the Troubles of a Franco-Moroccan School - Schaefer, Wayne F. (The Maghreb Review, 1989)
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[Neuropsychiatric syndromes in childhood and adolescence among patients at neuropsychiatric ambulatory care and pediatric units of a teaching hospital in Ethiopia]. - Schier, E; Yecunnoamlack, T; Tegegne, Tesfaye Birhane (PubMed, 1989)
Among 1240 patients of the neuropsychiatric outpatient department of Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Northwest-Ethiopia, seen for the first time in 1985/86 190 (15.3%) were under 18 years of age. Among 1078 patients treated on pediatric wards during the same period at least 73 children (6.8%) suffered from neuropsychiatric diseases. The morbidity profile of this population is analysed and epidemiological and clinical aspects are discussed.
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Intergroup differences in student counselling: how prepared are we to deal with it in South Africa? - Schoor, Wolfram (International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 1989)
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Drought and famine in Africa: statement of the problem and suggested remedies. - Sellassie, Z. G. (1989)
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People's Education in South Africa. - Shafer, Süsanne M. (International Journal of Social Education, 1989)
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Staff Attitudes Towards Distance Education at the University of Zambia - Siaciwena, Richard (International Journal of e-Learning and Distance Education, 1989)
The University of Zambia operates an integrated system of distance education in which regular teaching staff teach both internal and distance students. Although lecturers are contractually obliged to teach distance students they are mainly recruited to teach internal students. It is important, therefore, to determine their acceptance of correspondence teaching, especially in a situation of staff shortages which result in high lecturer/student ratio. This article summarizes results of a study in which a closed form questionnaire was used to elicit lecturers' opinions on various aspects of distance education at the University of Zambia. Some of the main findings are that lecturers did not have enough time to carry out their correspondence teaching responsibilities and that distance teaching was an extra burden which was not sufficiently rewarding. However, distance teaching per se was not resented, and a small but significant proportion of the respondents found it enjoyable. Also the majority thought it was fair for them to teach both internal and external students. It is proposed in the article that in order to develop more positive attitudes towards distance teaching, lecturers need some incentives and training especially in correspondence course writing. Resume L'Universite de la Zambie offre un systeme integre d'education a distance dans lequel les memes instructeurs enseignent aux etudiants sur place et aux etudiants a distance. Bien que les enseignants soient requis par contrat d'enseigner a distance, ils sont surtout recrutes pour l'instruction sur place. Il est donc important de determiner s'ils acceptent vraiment le principe de l'instruction par correspondance, particulierement lorsque le manque de personnel entraine a un rapport etudiant-enseignant eleve. Cet article resume les resultats d'une enquete basee sur un questionnaire dont on s'est servi pour eliciter les opinions des enseignants sur les aspects varies de l'instruction a distance a l'Universite de la Zambie. Il ressort de cette enquete que les instructeurs ne disposaient pas du temps necessaire pour faire face a leur enseignement par correspondance et que cette tâche representait un fardeau supplementaire qui etait mal recompense. Neanmoins, cette forme d'instruction en elle-meme ne les irritait pas et un petit nombre y prenaient meme plaisir. De plus, la plupart d'entre eux trouvaient raisonnable d'avoir a enseigner aux deux groupes d'etudiants. L'article suggere que pour encourager les enseignants a developper une attitude plus positive envers l'education a distance, il faudrait qu'ils recoivent a la fois une recompense pour enseigner par correspondance et une formation speciale pour ecrire ces cours.
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Distance education systems at the tertiary level: with special reference to strategies developed for part-time university students in Zimbabwe. - Sibanada, Bhekimpilo Khumbula (1989)
There are a wide variety of tertiary level distance education systems, but the fundamental principles are the same: namely that the learner and the instructor must be apart most of the time; that some form of media must be used for communication; there should be provision for student support and occasional face-to-face contact and that there must be an organisation offering instruction. The distance education system can be split into several subsystems depending on need. Three root elements are sometimes perceived: the administration subsystem, the course development subsystem and the student support subsystem. Distance education (DE) students face many problems. The major one is the feeling of social isolation, which can be minimised if the student interacts with other people. Some students are more capable of coping with distance education than others. Emotional, motivational and learning problems appear to be the same cross-culturally. There are however differences interculturally between students, in the availability and use of media. These differences may be more economical than cultural. All DE students are agreed that books constitute the most effective medium for them to succeed in their studies. This makes an understanding of existing communications infrastructure vital in distance education provision. Many countries are adopting distance education because of pressure on university places. Zimbabwe is currently facing an enormous problem, which is further aggravated by the country’s colonial history. The University of Zimbabwe has attempted to respond to this pressure by extending its part-time programme. However, very little is known about part-time students and their problems at the UZ. The issues some of these students raise are a cause for grave concern. Immediate action needs to be taken and several proposals have been made. Specific recommendations are that: communication between staff and distance education students must be improved; key books must be available to students at appropriate times; all students must be accommodated by the university during residential periods; more effective use should be made of available media; costing of courses must be rationalised and standardised; The study also has important implications: for the design of multi-media distance education systems in general; for selection and the use of media; for student support; for cross-cultural differences; and for regional and international cooperation. Four options for the improvement and expansion of DE at the University of Zimbabwe and in Zimbabwe in general are discussed. These are: . in the short term, the improvement of current provision; in the medium term, dual mode (e.g. a Centre for Distance Education) at the UZ; • in the long term, dual mode (e.g. Institute of Distance Education) in a new institution; • a Zimbabwean Open University;
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Policy issues for distance education in the Southern Africa Coordination Conference region - Sibanda, Bhekimpilo; Northcott, Paul (Distance education, 1989)
In 1980, the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) region was formed. Nine independent states comprise the SADCC region: Angola; Botswana; Lesotho; Malawi; Mozambique; Swaziland; Tanzania; Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is envisaged that Namibia will ultimately join SADCC. This paper examines the policy issues concerning the development of distance education in the region. The role of the Regional Training Council (RTC) of SADCC, with its responsibility for manpower development in the region, is discussed with particular reference to distance education at the upper secondary and tertiary levels. That there are encouraging opportunities to expand distance education in the region is apparent from the research studies recently undertaken. The problem appears to be how to implement cooperation and development in distance education both within and between the nine countries of the region.
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The Quality of Primary Schools and Pupil Achievement in Kenya. - Sifuna, Daniel N. (1989)
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International education assistance to higher education development in Zambia: Problems, policy implications and future prospects - Sikwibele, Anne L. (1989)
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Regional variations in the financing of primary education in Zambia - Silanda, Emmanuel; Tuijnman, Albert (International Journal of Educational Development, 1989)
This paper deals with regional variations in the financing of primary education in Zambia. The model of analysis classifies public and private modes by central and peripheral modes of educational financing. A major advantage of the model is that it facilitates regional analyses of variations with regard to different categories of spending. The study found evidence of significant disparities between regions of Zambia in terms of recurrent expenditure on primary education by the central government, as well as with respect to the funds available to regions for the financing of non-salary related items. Also, the results show the inadequacy of using the global unit cost as an overall index of educational quality.
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An examination of the 1988 Malawi Certificate of Education geography curriculum - Silmbeye, E.K. (1989)
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Permian storm current-produced offshore bars from an ancient shelf sequence : Northwestern Karoo basin, republic of South Africa - Smith, Alison M; Zawada, Piotr (Journal Of African Earth Sciences, 1989)
The Ecca-Beaufort transition zone from the Karoo Basin comprises upward-coarsening sequences which are interpreted as prograding, storm-produced offshore bars. Eight facies are recognised: (A) dark-grey shale, (B) thinly interbedded siltstone and mudstone, (C) thinly interbedded siltstone and very fine-grained sandstone, (D) blue-grey coarse-grained siltstone, (E) low-angle truncated and flat-laminated sandstone, (F) wave-rippled sandstone, (G) planar cross-bedded sandstone, (H) intraformational clay-pellet conglomerate. Four sub-environments are recognised, these being: (1) the bar crest which comprises proximal tempestites, (2) the bar slope consisting of soft-sediment deformed siltstone, (3) the bar fringe/ margin which is composed of storm layers and offshore siltstones and (4) the interbar/offshore environment comprising siltstone and distal storm layers. These bars formed in response to wave and storm processes and migrated across a muddy shelf environment. The orientation of bars was probably coast-parallel to subparallel with respect to the inferred north-northwest-south-southeast coastline. These proposed, storm-produced bars acted as major depo-centres within the shelf setting of the study area. As shelf sediments are recorded from almost the entire northwestern Karoo Basin it is anticipated that bar formation was an important sedimentary factor in the deposition of the sediments now referred to as the Ecca-Beaufort transition zone.
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The higher education dilemma in Mali: How authorities conciliate insufficiency of qualified manpower, higher education graduate surpluses, and increasing unemployment trends - Soumaré, Abdoulaye (1989)
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Desertification: the historical significance: on the association of desertification with drought, famine and poverty in Africa in the late twentieth century - Spooner, Brian S. (1989)
Over the past fifteen years, desertification, drought, famine, poverty and Africa have become inseparably linked in the media and the public mind. However, scientists still discuss them separately, and each factor does occur without the others. Why then should they all coincide in Africa now? Even if they are not causally dependent, are they perhaps mutually reinforcing? More importantly, are they likely to reinforce each other in the foreseeable future? Why should desertification be particularly bad in Africa now? What is the engine that drives desertification? Does it depend on decisions that could be foreseen and made differently, or changed? And to what extent are other factors, besides famine, associated with it and how? In this article, the combined human and natural context which generated the factors which led to both desertification and famine is reconstructed. The author discusses the definition of desertification and traces the story of the antidesertification effort so far. He then develops the human dimension of the story and establishes the relation to drought as a physical variable on the one hand, and famine and poverty as social variables on the other. The author argues that in Africa desertification and famine are related not in the manner of direct cause and effect, like parent and child, but as cousins. Desertification is first a social and only secondarily an ecological process. The solution is to reintegrate the marginalized populations into the larger social process, and of marginalized nations into the international community. Bibliogr.
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Strengthening Local Education Capacity: Botswana [and] Indonesia. Final Report. Policy Research Initiative. - Strudwick, Jerry (1989)
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THE ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE - Suda, Nobuhide (1989)
Recent activities in the continuing education on control system theory are reviewed. Three types of programs are covered: the tutorial courses presented by professional societies on automatic control, the courses given at a dedicated institute for the continuing education of engineers, and the continuing education programs in the industries. The review is not intended to be exhaustive, it is mainly restricted to the experiences of the author and some of his colleagues.
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Reflections on the reading competence in English of secondary school students in Tanzania: the cultural aspect - Swilla, Imani N. (Journal of Linguistics and Language in Education, 1989)
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[Our experience with the education of deaf-mute children in Senegal: the Integrated Medico-psycho-Pedagogical Day School (EMPPI) of Dakar]. - Tending, G; Kpémissi, E; Chevalier, C; Em, Diop; Ls, Diop (PubMed, 1989)
The authors document a public education establishment for deaf-and-dumb children which uses the verbo-tonal method of Yugoslav Professor PETAR GUBERINA. They describe the educational activities, and draw a positive and encouraging picture of results obtained from its 8 years of operation, in spite of many difficulties.
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Training accountants in Ethiopia: a survey of its graduates - Tesfay, H (Journal of African Studies, 1989)
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DROUGHT CHRONOLOGY DATING IN THE LAKE CHAD BASIN (NIGERIA COMMAND) - Thamsyapelay, G. G. R. (1989)
That the notorious Sahelian drought (1968-1973) of Sahelo-Sudan SubSahara was not unique has been established as a chronological sequence of past droughts in the Lake Chad basin.l Historical drought chronology is traceable to written evidence. Pre-historical evidence of dune landscapes in the Nigerian Lake Chad basin may be located on the ground or in satellite imagery. Nevertheless, the 1980s drought continuum has the characteristic of being unique in the context of its severity and longevity. Some possible forcing agencies are considered as being meterological, while anthropogenetically-induced droughtdesiccation is also of concern. Recently it has been indicated that a linkage between sea-surface temperatures and sahelian droughts seems to be of significance.
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Suid-Afrikaanse vereniging vir Geskiedenisonderrig / South African Society for History teaching. - Trümpelmann, M H (1989)
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Volcanic carbonatite at Kaluwe, Zambia - Turner, D.C. (1989)
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‘Trainingism’ revisited in Papua New Guinea - Turner, Mark (Public Administration and Development, 1989)
Abstract Despite much training in public administration over the past 20 years there has been little improvement in public service management in the Third World. This was anticipated in Schaffer's critical notion of ‘trainingism’. This concept, when applied to Papua New Guinea, helps us to understand why training has been unable to produce dramatic changes in public service performance. Training has been used to perform latent functions and has not been evaluated. The situation is currently under review as new initiatives are taking place to improve training's contribution to public service efficiency and effectiveness.
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The effect of women's education, economic roles, and values on fertility in Nigeria - Uhiara, Adeze Nwashili (1989)
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Fertility and Female Education in Kenya: A Regional Interpretation - Uitto, Juha I. (1989)
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The Role of Education in Restructuring Socialism: the Tanzanian case - Urch, George E. (Educational studies, 1989)
Summary Tanzanian educators recognize the need to ally education more clearly to economic development, for they see in a revitalized economy the impetus for the growth of social services. The shortcomings in the educational system which must help accomplish this are clear. They realize that the ‘education for self‐reliance'policies have only slightly altered the nation's economy and have done little to create the ‘new’ socialist person. Teachers, their students, and parents do not yet possess the attitudes necessary to promote cooperation and service; and the majority of students do not attain the knowledge and skills necessary for an economy to prosper. The nation's educational bureaucracy must also be committed to dramatic change. To date, only cosmetic changes have occurred in the way schools are administered. While leadership at the top has been sincere, regional and local educational leaders often only pay lip service. Revolutionary change in Tanzanian education could come quickly through coercion and force. However, that is not the Tanzanian way and the chosen path. Instead, change is to be accomplished through the democratic process of enlightenment and dedication. This takes time. The major question is whether Tanzania still has the time.
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Development of geology education in Botswana - Vink, B.W. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1989)
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Science education in Africa: hopes and fears of a threatened enterprise - Vitta, Paul B. (Discovery and Innovation, 1989)
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Factors associated with adolescent sexuality amongst secondary school girls in Nairobi-Kenya. - Vm, Lema (PubMed, 1989)
A total of 1,751 secondary school girls aged 12-19 years were interviewed by means of self-administered questionnaire. Of these 416 (23.8%) reported to have been sexually experienced at the time of the study. The lowest age at 1st coitus was 5 years and 4.1% of these girls had started coitus below 10 years of age, some of whom had been raped. The percentage of sexually experienced girls was highest in the day, low and middle income private schools in the city center, may be due to their locations. Girls staying away from their parents, and those belonging to the minor christian religious sects were more likely to be sexually involved than others. The majority of sexually experienced girls had started sex within 1 or 2 years of attaining menarche and having a boyfriend. The sexuality of their elder sisters did not seem to have an influence on their sexual behavior. Likewise, the number of boyfriends one had did not seem to have much influence either. Some of the girls may have been forced by the men/boys, or circumstances to indulge in sex. Lack of parental guidance and good exemplary behavior, lust for material gains, lack of factual knowledge of reproductive biology, environmental overstimulation, are some of the factors the girls felt may be responsible for the upsurge in adolescent sexual involvement. Possible remedial measures include family life education at an early age, discourage intercourse below age 16, and encourage parents to show example and guide their children appropriately.
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Environmental pollution and individual rights in Kenya - Vyas, Yasha (Journal of Eastern African Research and Development, 1989)
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Environmental Pollution and Individual Rights in Kenya - Vyas, Yashwant Rai (1989)
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Potential technology and research needs for rainfed maize production in drought prone environments of Southern Africa - Waddington, S.R.; Kunjeku, P. (1989)
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The myth of literacy relapse: Literacy retention among Moroccan primary school leavers - Wagner, Daniel A.; Spratt, Jennifer E.; Klein, Gary; Essaki, Abdelkader (International Journal of Educational Development, 1989)
The issue of literacy retention is central to the educational policy concerning of most developing countries. It has been variously suggested that 4–6 years of primary education may serve as an inoculation against ‘relapse’ into illiteracy in the Third World. This paper reports on one of the first longitudinal studies designed to address this question, by investigating the nature of literacy and cognitive retention in a sample of 72 adolescents two years following fifth grade departure from primary school in Morocco. The present study found that these school leavers, when reassessed two years later, showed a significant increase in performance in first literacy (Arabic), modest gains in second literacy (French), no change in cognitive skills, and a decrement in math skill. Furthermore, urban leavers gained more literacy than rural leavers, and girls more than boys. The present findings do not support the hypothesis of literacy ‘relapse’ or loss of academic/cognitive skills after five grades of primary schooling. It was also found that girls retained more academic skills than boys, but were much less likely to be employed, a finding which calls into question certain claims about the impact of schooled knowledge and literacy on employment in developing countries.
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Marine technical training in Kenya - Wainaina, Perminus Mungai (1989)
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Our West African heritage : a teachers' guide to ten radio programmes - Wallace, June C.; Hinds, Allister E. (1989)
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People's education in South Africa - Walters, Sarah; Kruss, Glenda (1989)
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Learning and Teaching in Pro~essional Faculties of the University of Nairobi, Kenya - Wamukowa, NH (1989)
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Affirmative Rhetoric, Negative Action: African-American and Hispanic Faculty at Predominantly White Institutions. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report 2, 1989. - Washington, Valora; Harvey, William B. (1989)
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Targeting AIDS through information, education, and communications programs: implications for Africa and the Caribbean. - Wb, Ward (PubMed, 1989)
IEC campaigns targeted at acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) must seek to achieve the maximum impact within a contest of extremely limited resources. This implies a careful assessment of population groups and behaviors that carry the highest risk. Rather than expending large sums of money on mass media campaigns, the approach should be to target IEC activities at the social networks of those most at risk. This may include, for example, prostitutes, homosexual men, hotel and tourist employees, students, and military personnel. Once epidemiologic studies have identified the at-risk population, volunteers form these groups should be recruited and trained to reach their peers through the networks available to them. This education component of IEC work takes priority. The second step involves information diffusion to health providers who are likely to come into contact with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, especially those who have access to pregnant women and mothers. Some of these providers are not aware of the risks involved in the reuse of immunization needles. The third step–communication with the general public–is aimed at making the population aware of the factors that place people at risk of HIV infection. Radio seems to be the media capable of reaching the greatest numbers, although traditional means of communication should not be neglected. The IEC effort should consider options at the community, institutional, and individual levels and address those factors that enable, reinforce, and predispose appropriate health behaviors.
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Education and colonial control in Papua New Guinea: A documentary history - Weeks, Sheldon G. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1989)
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Reorganization and improvement of nautical training, examination and certification schemes in Somalia - Wehelie, Abdullahi (1989)
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From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe: Gifted Education Efforts in the World Community - Williams, William G.; Mitchell, Bruce M. (1989)
Contents: The book deals with gifted/talented education in the world community. It briefly traces the history of gifted/talented education, and it explores gifted education in the developing countries, the beleaguered countries of Israel, Taiwan, and South Africa, the Marxist countries, and the developed countries of Europe, North America, Asia, and the South Pacific.
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Knowledge about AIDS and self-reported behaviour among Zimbabwean secondary school pupils - Wilson, David J.; Greenspan, Ruth; Wilson, Christopher (Social Science & Medicine, 1989)
Knowledge about AIDS and self-reported sexual behaviour was studied among 1532 (893 male, 633 female) Zimbabwean secondary school pupils drawn from 12 schools. Most subjects knew that AIDS is fatal and incurable. However, over 40% of subjects believed that most people with AIDS in Africa are homosexual. Over 40% of respondents did not know that many HIV seropositive individuals look healthy. Nearly 40% of participants believed that HIV can be contracted from toilet seats and 54% of subjects believed that mosquitos can transmit HIV. Pupils from homes in urban areas were better informed about AIDS than were those from homes in rural areas. Forty-six percent of males and nearly 3% of females were reportedly sexually experienced. It is suggested that female under-reporting of sexual activity occured. Nearly 16% of males reported coital experience with a prostitute. The implications of these findings for future AIDS awareness campaigns in Zimbabwe are considered.
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Personality concomitants of teacher stress in Zimbabwe - Wilson, David J.; Mutero, Chochorai (Personality and Individual Differences, 1989)
The personality concomitants of teacher stress were studied in a sample of 148 Zimbabwean secondary school teachers. Respondents completed the Teacher Stress Profile, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Howarth Personality Questionnaire. These scales exhibited acceptable reliabilities in cross-cultural use in Zimbabwe. The correlates of teacher stress among males included Eysenck's Extraversion and Neuroticism factors and Howarth's Anxiety, Hypochondriasis (or pre-occupation with medical complaints), Inferiority and Suspiciousness factors. The correlates of stress among female teachers included Eysenck's Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism factors and Howarth's Anxiety, Hypochondriasis, Co-operativeness and Inferiority factors. Eysenck's neuroticism factor and Howarth's ‘neurotic triumvirate’ of Anxiety, Hypocondriasis and Inferiority bore the closest relation to self-reported stress among both male and female teachers. However, it is not known whether neuroticism predicts stress or results from the experience of stress.
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Health Education Among Commercial Sex Workers in Zimbabwe, Africa - Wilson, David; Sibanda, Babusi; Mboyi, L.; Msimanga, S; Dube, Godwin (1989)
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Knowledge about AIDS among Zimbabwean teacher-trainees before and during the public awareness campaign. - Wilson, Douglas; Sibanda, Pauline; Greenspan, Ruth; Wilson, Chick C. (PubMed, 1989)
Knowledge about AIDS was studied among 4,189 Zimbabwean teacher-trainees from January to March, 1988, about six months after a national AIDS awareness campaign began. Knowledge about AIDS among part of this sample of teacher-trainees surveyed after the AIDS campaign began was also compared with that displayed by 630 teacher-trainees studied in January, 1987, roughly six months before the AIDS campaign began. Over 85 percent of 1988 subjects knew that AIDS is fatal and incurable. More than 80 percent of 1988 respondents knew that a condom is an effective precaution against AIDS. However, among 1988 participants, 35 percent did not know that many people carrying the AIDS virus look healthy, 36 percent believed that many AIDS victims in Africa are homosexual, 36 percent did not know that one cannot contract AIDS from a toilet seat, 40 percent believed that kissing transmits AIDS and nearly half believed that mosquitoes transmit AIDS. Males and subjects from urban homes were better informed about AIDS than females and those from rural homes, respectively. Teacher-trainees surveyed in 1988 were generally more knowledgeable about AIDS than those studied in 1987. The implications of these results for further educational efforts are considered.
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Community-clinical psychological consultation with teachers in an "African" lower primary school : discourses and future directions - Wood, Rosemary Jane (1989)
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Reducing math anxiety in female elementary teachers in a school serving African-American students : a staff development project. - Wright, Perletter (1989)
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Pre-enrollment factors and academic performance of first-year science students at a Nigerian university: a multivariate analysis - Young, Abimbola S. (Higher Education, 1989)
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A local earthquake study near Lake Bogoria in the Kenya Rift. - Young, P. G. (1989)
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Primary School Teachers' Salaries in Sub-Saharan Africa - Zymelman, Manuel DeStefano (1989)
Countries in sub - Saharan Africa (SSA) are trying to make their proposed goal of universal primary education a reality. Given the budgetary constraints, it is natural to seek to increase the efficiency and to reduce the cost of inputs. Teachers' salaries account for over ninety percent of the primary schools recurrent budget. Therefore, the analysis of teachers' salaries is crucial to forecasting primary school expenditures and developing policies to rationalize teachers' cost. Until now a comparative study of teachers' salaries for SSA did not exist. The present study remedies this situation. This study analyzes factors affecting teachers' salaries in general, and describes catefories of teachers, salary structures, and pay supplements in SSA countries. With the use of a computer forecasting model, this study provides forecasts of teacher cost for the next two decades for 20 SSA countries under varying hypotheses and suggests steps to facilitate planning of teacher salaries in SSA.
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Primary School Teachers' Salaries in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Discussion Papers 45. - Zymelman, Manuel; DeStefano, Joseph (1989)
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5 From Drought to Famine in Kenya - Bates, Robert H. (1988)
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ARCHIVE TRAINING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: AFRICA - Mwiyeriwa, Steve S. (1988)
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Relevance of U. S. graduate education in agriculture to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists - Acker, David (1988)
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AIR POLLUTION IN MALAWI - Khulumula, A.S. (Clean air journal, 1988)
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SOUTH AFRICA, HUMPTY DUMPTY AND AIR POLLUTION - Wells, Benjamin B. (Clean air journal, 1988)
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Family planning practice among Nigerian student midwives - Adetoro, Olalekan O.; Anate, M (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 1988)
Abstract An analysis of the various contraceptive methods practiced by a total of 462 student midwives from the Northern and Southern parts of Nigeria over a 3‐years period is presented. The differences in age distribution, the type of contraceptive agents used, the reasons for using them, and the side effects in the two groups are statistically significant. The need to provide acceptable contraceptive advice to the rural communities by the midwives is discussed.
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Nigerian Primary Schools' Compliance With Nigeria National Policy On Education - Ali, Anthony; Akubue, Augustine (Evaluation Review, 1988)
The importance of and preference for evaluating learning outcomes, using a wide variety of instruments and containing data from a wide variety of sources, rather than the use of one-shot and one-type examinations, have long been recognised worldwide; hence the Federal Government of Nigeria mandated, in 1982, the use of evaluations of this nature, referred to as continuous assessment, in Nigerian Schools. Several problems confronted its planning, and now its implementation. The authors of this study went out in the field to evaluate the nature and scope of activities and problems that have to do with implementing continuous assessment in Nigerian primary schools. The findings of this study suggest that, by and large, the continuous assessment procedure is accepted in preference to the previous narrower scope of one-shot evaluation, but many problems continue to threaten the benefits derivable from using this method to evaluate primary school pupils. Suggestions on how these problems can be addressed are offered.
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MARITIME GHANA: A REVIEW OF SHIPPING, SHIPBUILDING, PORTS AND TRAINING - Attuquayefio, V N (Seaways, 1988)
It is explained how the Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority bears responsibility for the ports of Ghana. The country's two seaports, Tema and Takoradi, are briefly described. The article then goes on to review the situation in Ghana with respect to the registration of seamen; the facilities and curriculum for the training of ships' officers; efforts to develop a ship repair industry; the Black Star Line, which is the national shipping line; ship inspection and detention; charts, notices to mariners and navigational warnings; the handling of dangerous goods; maritime search and rescue; and the prevention of oil pollution.
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The role of international organizations in aid: A case study of a teacher education programme in Sierra Leone - Banya, Kingsley (International Review of Education, 1988)
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Fifty years of nurse tutor training in South Africa. - Brink, Helena (PubMed, 1988)
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LIBRARIES AND EDUCATION IN BLACK SOUTH AFRICA - Drewett, Wendy (New Library World, 1988)
Mention South Africa and it always arouses strong emotions and so a phone call from the British Council in 1985 inviting my husband and me to visit that country gave us a great deal to think about. Would we be supporting a detestable régime? Would we be safe? Would we be acceptable to the black community? How could we best help them? What could we hope to achieve? We decided to go and it proved to be the beginning of an interesting association with the British Council and black South African librarianship.
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Partial melting of fenitized crustal xenoliths in the Oldoinyo Lengai carbonatitic volcano, Tanzania;; discussion and reply - Gittins, J.; Martin, Robert F.; Morogan, Viorica (American Mineralogist, 1988)
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Universal primary education: An African dilemma - Lee, Kiong Hock (World Development, 1988)
This paper examines the prospects for achieving universal primary education in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The principal finding is that, under present conditions, a large number of these countries may not achieve universal primary education even by the year 2020. A move towards this goal will call for a level of national effort which some of these countries can ill afford. It also calls for a strong willingness to treat the high levels of recurrent unit costs as a major policy issue. The simulation exercise shows that it is virtually impossible to achieve this goal without a reduction in recurrent unit costs.
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Mineral Chemistry of Leucitites from Visoke Volcano (Virunga Range, Rwanda): Petrogenetic Implications - Marcelot, G.; Rançon, Jean-Philippe (Mineralogical Magazine, 1988)
Abstract The Visoke complex is one of the main Quaternary volcanic centres of the Virunga Range, located north of lake Kivu. Mineralogical (microprobe) data are given for two representative leucitite lavas; one sample contains a complex coarse-grained xenolith (phlogopite, diopside, leucite, titanomagnetite, perovskite and apatite) and megacrysts of pyroxene, phlogopite and olivine scattered in fine-grained leucite-rich host lava. Compared with the typical leucite-dominated, low-pressure phenocryst assemblage of the two samples studied, the chemical trends of ferromagnesian crystals suggest an earlier igneous event (high-pressure phenomenon) strongly related to the leucite-bearing magma suite.
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Clay mineralogy and chemistry of seven pedons formed in volcanic ash, Tanzania - Mizota, Chitoshi; Kawasaki, Itsuro; Wakatsuki, Toshiyuki (Geoderma, 1988)
Clay mineralogy and chemistry of seven pedons developed in Quaternary volcanic ashes under different moisture regimes in northern Tanzania have been studied. Total carbon, nitrogen and acid-oxalate soluble aluminum contents of soils increased and pH (H2O, M-KCl), exchangeable basic cations and available phosphorus contents decreased with increasing mean annual rainfall. High contents of clays in soil samples (410–860 g/kg) are believed to indicate advanced stages of weathering. An aluminum-humus complex, allophane and gibbsite predominated in soils under a perudic moisture regime, kaolinite and halloysite (0.7 and 1.0 nm) in those under udic to ustic moisture regimes. Resilication resulting from the seasonal drying of moisture regimes is considered to inhibit the release of “active” aluminum in the weathering of volcanic materials but to favour the authigenic formation of kaolinite and halloysite. Substantial amounts of vermiculite-chlorite intergrades were observed associated with fine-grained quartz in a perudic soil and mica in an aridic soil. Oxygen isotopic composition of fine aerosol-sized quartz suggests an eolian origin. Origin of clay mica is also discussed in the light of the oxygen isotope composition.
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Management of Information Services. Reports and Papers of a Training Course (Arusha, Tanzania, April 11-22, 1988). - Musana, Augustes (1988)
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Foreign aid to education in sub-Saharan Africa: How useful is it? - Orivel, François; Sergent, F. (PROSPECTS, 1988)
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Missionary education in colonial Africa: the critique of Mary Kingsley - Pearce, Robert (History of Education, 1988)
(1988). Missionary education in colonial Africa: the critique of Mary Kingsley. History of Education: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 283-294.
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Love African Style: A Comparison of Sex Differences in Love-Attitudes of East African University Students - Philbrick, Joseph L. (Psychological Reports, 1988)
On the Munro-Adams Love-Attitude Scale, 25 men and 25 women, enrolled at Makerere University, had nonsignificantly different scores despite their coming from different disciplines and subcultural groups. Scores were more moderate in this endorsement than were the American normative group.
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Toward Reform of Egyptian Higher Education: Final Report on Cairo University/Boston University Collaboration in Counterpart Training for the Third Education Project. - Shann, Mary H.; Cronin, Joseph M. (1988)
In 1981, the Egyptian government sought assistance from the World Bank's International Developmental Agency for the Cairo Univesity-IDA Third Education Project. The World Bank loan was designated for training faculty leaders capable of modernizing instruction at Cairo University and for equipping the faculties of agriculture and medicine with up-to-date scientific instruments, laboratory apparatus, and technology for the improvement of instruction. The project also supported a counterpart training program between Cairo and Boston University; thA contributions of this program are documented, and the project's major initiatives in the area of faculty training our outlined. The first four papers of the six sections are as follows: (1) introduction (background and present conditions); (2) the Egyptian strategy for higher education reform (reduction of enrollments, revision of curricula and courses for study, use of modern instructional media, more frequent and appropriate student evaluation, and improved preparation of university lecturers and instructors); (3) counterpart training: Cair) University and Boston University (expectations at Cairo University, faculty participation, and curriculum for the short-term fellowship programs); and (4) progress toward educational reforms (faculty of medicine, faculty of engineering, faculty of agriculture, Higher Education Training Institute, and individual efforts). Recommendations are offered in section 5; advocated actions include the following: promote the use of the health education resources center; develop a plan for increased use of computers; and continue use of short and long term study abroad. The sixth and final section offers a brief concluding summary of this report. (SM) * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. TOWARD REFORM OF EGYPTIAN HIGHER EDUCATION: FINAL REPORT ON CAIRO UNIVERSITY/BOSTON UNIVERSITY COLLABORATION IN COUNTERPART TRAINING FOR THE THIRD EDUCATION PROJECT Mary H. Shann and Joseph M. Cronin Boston University December, 1988 U $ DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Once of Educatonal Research and Improvement ECIU TIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER This document has been reproduced as recowed from the person or organaation orichnating It 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Pants of view or opinions stated in thIsdocu slant do not neceSserily represent officIal OE RI position or policy .-9 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Joseph M. Cronin TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
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Pediatric education in Libya. - Singh, Harkanwal Preet (PubMed, 1988)
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Quality and Stress in Nigerian Education; Selected Addresses and Papers 1975–1985 - White, Richard E. (Higher education policy, 1988)
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Academic odyssey: The training of an African sociologist - Woldemikael, Tekle M. (The American Sociologist, 1988)
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Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in Nigerian students. - Adams-Campbell, L L; Nwankwo, M. U.; Omene, J. A.; Ukoli, Flora A.; Young, Matthew P.; Haile, Gwendolyn T.; Kuller, Lewis H. (Arteriosclerosis, 1988)
The present study assessed the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in 65 Nigerian medical students attending the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Their ages ranged from 17 to 28 years with a mean age for men of 20.9 years and for women of 18.8 years. Approximately 8% of the men and 0% of the women were current cigarette smokers, whereas alcohol use was observed in 14.6% of the men and in 0% of the women. The Nigerian men had significantly higher diastolic blood pressures than did American black and white men. Compared to American black men, the Nigerian men had considerably lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The Nigerian women did not differ from American black women with respect to total cholesterol, but had significantly lower triglyceride concentrations.
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Integration of mathematics and physics in secondary schools: an integrated mechanics unit for Egypt - Aziz, Nady Kamal. (International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 1988)
This paper is a summary of the thesis for which the author was awarded the degree of Ph.D. (Mathematics Education) by the Institute of Education, University of London, on 19 March 1986.
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Geochemistry and origin of late Archean volcanics from the ventersdorp supergroup, South Africa - Crow, Clay; Condie, Kent C. (Precambrian Research, 1988)
The Ventersdorp Supergroup (2700–2750 Ma) is comprised chiefly of mafic to intermediate subaerially erupted volcanics with smaller amounts of clastic sediments. The lower unit, the Klipriviersberg Group, consists of basal basaltic komatiites overlain by basalts which show a progressive increase in Mg number and Ni content and a decrease in incompatible element contents with increasing stratigraphic height. Volcanics of the overlying Platberg and Pniel Groups consist of basaltic andesites and andesites, and some felsic volcanics. All Ventersdorp volcanics exhibit a subduction zone geochemical component and are similar in incompatible element distributions to volcanics from continental-margin arc systems. Both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline trends occur in the Ventersdorp succession, with the former dominating. Crustal contamination appears to have played a minor role in the evolution of Ventersdorp magmas. With the exception of basaltic komatiite, the Klipriviersberg lavas can be related by progressive melting of a garnet lherzolite source (containing a subduction zone component) followed by up to 30% of shallow fractional crystallization. The basaltic komatiite can be produced from the same source at higher temperatures and the Pniel lavas by shallow fractional crystallization of basaltic komatiite. The Platberg volcanics must come from a within-plate enriched mantle source, and mafic and felsic members of this group can be related by shallow fractional crystallization. Geochemical and geologic data are consistent with a model for Ventersdorp magmas involving a subduction zone in which Klipriviersberg and Pniel magmas are produced from the mantle wedge and Platberg magmas come from an enriched mantle lithosphere with a superimposed subduction zone component. Secular trends in Klipriviersberg lavas can be explained by progressive adiabatic melting of an ascending plume rooted in the mantle wedge.
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School resource inputs and academic performance in a Nigerian state: a case of English language instruction - Ebhohimen, E. P.z (Educational Research, 1988)
Summary This paper presents the results of an analysis of resource inputs and academic performance based on the production‐function framework. Using a quasi‐longitudinal design, ex post facto data were collected from 26 secondary schools in a Nigerian state. Multiple regression results show that there was a significant relationship between teachers’ salaries or professional qualification of English language teachers and academic performance. Five of the resource inputs considered accounted for 59 per cent of the variation in academic performance, and the teachers’ salaries and qualification contributed significantly to variation in performance. This paper concludes that the quality of teachers in the subject is capable of enhancing performance.
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Curriculum change and contextual realities in South African education: cui bono? - Jansen, Jonathan D. (Journal of Curriculum Studies, 1988)
Abstract All planned change efforts imply a commitment to a certain view of reality, and acceptance of certain modes of realizing ends. Those assumptions constitute the conscious or unconscious bases for selecting specific courses of action and thus precede all tactical decisions. To the extent that change agents cannot identify those basic assumptions and their implications, they cannot explore the full range of effective strategies for change. (Crowfoot and Chesler 1974) Additional informationNotes on contributorsJonathan D. Jansen Jonathan D. Jansen taught in Cape Town from 1979 to 1985 and is currently a doctoral student at Stanford University. His research interests include curriculum change and policy in relation to development in post‐colonial contexts and their implications for post‐apartheid South Africa
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Twenty-five Years of Social Studies Education in Selected African Nations - Merryfield, Merry M. (The Social Studies, 1988)
(1988). Twenty-five Years of Social Studies Education in Selected African Nations. The Social Studies: Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 281-287.
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Focus on Music Education in Nigeria - Okafor, Richard C. (International Journal of Music Education, 1988)
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COMPREHENSION OF “ABSENCE” BY AN AFRICAN GREY PARROT: LEARNING WITH RESPECT TO QUESTIONS OF SAME/DIFFERENT - Pepperberg, Irene M. (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1988)
An African Grey parrot, Alex, learned to report on the absence or presence of similarity and difference between two objects. Alex was shown pairs of objects that were (a) totally dissimilar, (b) identical, or (c) similar or different with respect to one of three attributes (color, shape, or material). In the first two cases, he responded to the respective queries of “What's same?” or “What's different?” with the vocalization “none,” and in the third case he responded with the appropriate category label (“color,” “shape,” or “mah‐mah” [matter]). His accuracy was 80.9% to 83.9% for pairs of familiar objects not used in training and 72.5% to 78.4% for pairs whose colors, shapes, and materials were unfamiliar. The data provide evidence that this parrot's abilities are comparable to those of mammals that have been trained to report on the presence or absence of objects or features of objects.
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Ascariasis in school children: epidemiological studies in Ethiopia. - Tedla, Shibru; Jemaneh, L; Maru, Molla (PubMed, 1988)
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Drought-related changes to geomorphologic processes in central Mali (International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1988)
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Earthquake site response study of Accra area, Ghana - Ayetey, J. K.; Andoh, Mitsuru (Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 1988)
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Library/information education in Algeria - Boumarafi, B.B; Haythornthwaite, Josephine A. (International Library Review, 1988)
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Enlisting the Support of Traditional Healers in An AIDS Education Campaign in Zambia - Chirwa, Ben; Sivile, E. (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1988)
A nationwide AIDS education campaign in Zambia was constrained by lack of support from traditional healers. First, some of them did not appreciate the nature of the new disease, and second, others hampered the education efforts by publicly claiming that they possessed curative and/or preventive medicines for HIV infection. To overcome communication barriers, the health education unit convened a workshop for traditional medical practitioners and their orthodox counterparts. An important feature of the workshop was interactive participatory small group discussion. At the close of the workshop significantly more healers understood the nature of AIDS and were willing to participate in the national information and education effort against AIDS.
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PREVALENCE OF SPECIFIC READING DISABILITY IN EGYPT - Farrag, Abdul-Kader F.; El-Behary, Abdul-Rakeeb A.; Kandil, Mahmoud R. (The Lancet, 1988)
2878 children from the 2nd and 3rd grades in elementary schools were assessed for their reading ability by means of standardised tests for linguistic ability and rate of letters identification. 84 children (3%) with IQ 90 or more and no evidence of sensory or motor impairment were backward in their reading ability. They were left to proceed in their conventional educational programme for the next 3 years, then reassessed. 47 (2%) children had attained satisfactory reading skills. The 37 (27 boys, 10 girls) who did not improve were diagnosed as having the syndrome of specific reading disability (SRD). The prevalence of SRD among the population surveyed was 1%, and the male to female ratio was 2.7 to 1. The prevalence was far lower than that reported in western countries. How the Arabic language is written and read probably contributes to the low prevalence of SRD among Arabic speaking populations.
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Late Holocene earthquake sequences on the El Asnam (Algeria) thrust fault - Meghraoui, Mustapha; Jaegy, Robert; Lammali, K.; Albarède, Francis (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1988)
Geological analysis of eight trench exposures through the El Asnam fault zone, reactivated during the October 10, 1980 earthquake (M = 7.3), shows various tectono-sedimentary structures associated with large seismic events in the past. Situated on the southeastern flank of the active Sara El Maarouf fold, the trenches cut across the main 1980 fault traces and also across a secondary normal fault (bending-moment or extrados fault). The erosional action of the Cheliff and Fodda rivers on the active fault, during the late Quaternary, formed a large gorge and for each coseismic incremental growth of the anticline, a thrust fault scarp rises in its path and stops the rivers flow. An earthquake-induced flood, caused by damming of the rivers, occurred just after the 1980 event. A stratigraphic section [7] in the flood area exhibited 6 flood horizons, each of which may represent an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7. Close to this area, buried fault scarps with cumulative vertical movements and14C ages provide an average uplift rate of 0.6 mm y−1. Vertical displacements in 1980 were not constant along the fault trend; according to the trench locations, the estimated uplift rate may be considered as a minimum value for the El Asnam fault. Tectonic and sedimentary data suggest that eight large unevenly distributed earthquakes occurred prior to 1980, and characterize the late Holocene seismic activity. Clusters of large seismic events withM > 7 appear around 4000 years B.P. and also during the last 1000 years, which is in agreement with previous evaluations [7]. The recurrence interval of large earthquakes is about 720 years, but during seismic sequences this recurrence interval decreases and varies between 300 and 500 years.
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Oral health status, knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of Jewish primary school pupils in Johannesburg, South Africa. - Mj, Rudolph; Gilbert, L; Aa, Brand (Refu'at ha-shinayim (Tel Aviv, Israel : 1983), 1988)
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Training for Women in Zambia: a Review of Selected Research - Mumba, Elizabeth Cisece (Studies in the Education of Adults, 1988)
This article reviews selected research and literature related to women in Zambia; the subject matter is discussed under four categories. The first category of research focuses on the socialisation of girls in schools. The second is directed to the training needs of women, who lack adequate education, in rural areas. Then, research on the involvement of women in the informal sector of the urban areas is presented. Lastly, research that deals with the status of women through study of government structure and other societal attitudes is discussed.
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Drought in Mozambique 1823–1831 - Newitt, Malyn (Journal of Southern African Studies, 1988)
The purpose of this paper is to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of the nineteenth century history of Mozambique. During the 1820s much of the region was devastated by drought and famine and the social and economic dislocation that followed brought with it important long term political changes, as well as the demise of the traditional commercial life of the region. The paper looks at some of the ways in which the local population responded to the drought and how they coped or failed to cope with the problems that it brought. Re-examining this period through the eyes of contemporary observers reveals the extent to which African problems, often seen as the result of external economic and political pressures, can also have causes emanating from within Africa itself. Recent studies have suggested that the major changes that effected the societies of south-eastern Africa during the first three decades of the nineteenth century were closely related to the expansion of European commercial and industrial capital. Foremost among these changes was the rapid growth of the slave trade. The east African slave trade had been a relatively minor affair until the development of French sugar plantations in Ile de France during the eighteenth century, but by 1800 10,000 slaves a year were being exported and that number grew rapidly with the diversion of Cuban, Brazilian and American buyers to eastern Africa. By the 1 820s Mozambique exported upwards of 15,000 slaves a year and had become the main supplier of the trans-Atlantic trade. The most important port was Quelimane from which slave exports were between 3,000 and 10,000 a year.' Following the classic analysis of governor-general Sebastiao Xavier Botelho, modern historians have argued that there was a fundamental link between the rise of
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PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN AFRICA: EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDOM PROMOTION AND HEALTH EDUCATION AMONG PROSTITUTES - Ngugi, Elizabeth; Simonsen, J. Neil; Bosire, M; Ronald, Allan; Plummer, Francis A.; Cameron, D. William; Waiyaki, Peter; Ndinya-Achola, J. O. (The Lancet, 1988)
Condom use was assessed after a programme of education about the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a condom distribution programme in a well-characterised prostitute population in Nairobi. Women received their education at group meetings (barazas) and at individual counselling sessions during which they were given the results of serological tests for the human immunodeficiency virus (group 1) or at barazas only (group 2), or through very little of either (group 3). During the counselling sessions free condoms were distributed. Before either of the programmes started, 10%, 9%, and 7% of groups 1, 2, and 3 women, respectively, reported occasional use of condoms. By November 1986, 80%, 70%, and 58% of groups 1, 2, and 3 women, respectively, reported at least some condom use. The mean frequency of condom use was 38·7 (SD 31·8) %, 34·6 (34·5)%, and 25·6 (29·5)% of sexual encounters in groups 1, 2, and 3 women. 20 of 28 women who were non-condom-useres seroconverted compared with 23 of 50 women who reported some use of condoms.
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Educating Handicapped Young People in Eastern and Southern Africa in 1981-83 - Röß, Daniela (1988)
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Oral health status, knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of Jewish primary school pupils in Johannesburg, South Africa. - Rudolph, M J; Gilbert, L; Brand, A A (PubMed, 1988)
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Rural community management of diarrhoea in Zimbabwe: the impact of health education message on oral rehydration therapy. - Ss, Mtero; Dube, Nancy L.; Et, Gwebu (PubMed, 1988)
This study was conducted in June/July 1984 to gather information on the management of diarrhoea in the home and hence the impact of health workers in their promotions of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for the diarrhoeal diseases control programme. Eight rural areas were selected, one randomly chosen from each province. A total of 480 mothers/childminders, 141 villagers, health workers, 78 medical and health assistants and 38 community sisters were interviewed. The majority (77.4 percent) of mothers/childminders interviewed were aware of the seriousness of diarrhoea and its associated consequences leading to dehydration and death. Some mothers did not appreciate the value of breast milk as nourishment for children with diarrhoea, as indicated by the 22 percent who said that the breastfeeding actually caused the diarrhoea, while 12 percent completely stopped breastfeeding because of this belief. However, the majority of the health workers interviewed (97.4 percent) were advising mothers to continue breastfeeding during and after the diarrhoea episode. Seventy-two percent of the mothers/childminders had been taught about the use of the sugar and salt solution (SSS) in the treatment of diarrhoea by the health workers, but only 21 percent could recall the recommended standard method (6 teaspoons sugar, half a teaspoon salt in 750 ml of clean water). The majority of health workers interviewed did recommend the SSS as the first line of action in the management of diarrhoea and 75 percent of them were able to give the standard formulation.
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Philosophy and The Future of Higher Education in Africa - Udodem, S. Iniabong (Présence africaine, 1988)
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Inservice Needs And Problems Of Agricultural Science Teachers In Kwara State, Nigeria - Abolaji, Grace; Reneau, Fred (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1988)
The wor ld populat ion has increased f rom 2.5 billion in 1950 to 3.678 billion in 1970 (Johnson & Dailey, 1987) to 5 bi l l ion In October 1987. Many nations of the world suffer from famine as food distribution and product ion fa i l to meet the demands of the i r increasing populat ions. There is a need to educate and teach agriculture to the younger generat ion in order to contr ibute to food product ion and distr ibut ion. This is also true in the case of Nigeria.
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IDEALISM AMONGST NEW SECONDARY TEACHERS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Palmer, W. P. (1988)
paper included in the Proceedings of the Partnerships in Education Conference, Dallas Brooks Hall, Melbourne, Australia, 26-29 September 1988, pp. 98-110 (edited Tony Townsend and Jennie Cowdell). __________________________________________________________ 98. IDEALISM AMONGST NEW SECONDARY TEACHERS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA W P. PALMER PAPER PRESENTED AT “PARTNERSHIPS IN EDUCATION” CONFERENCE, DALLAS BROOKS HALL, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA 26-29 SEPTEMBER 1988.
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Training of African nurses in Nyasaland (Malawi) from 1889 to 1927 - Smit, Joalida (Curationis (Print), 1988)
When the first pioneer missionaries arrived in Nyasaland during I860 there was no educational system in operation according to Western standards. The training of nurses (male and female) therefore evolved as the educational system developed. Before 1900 the training of nurses was done independently by each mission, only providing staff for their local clinics and hospitals. Although the missions worked in different areas of the country, they realised from the start that they should co-operate to achieve results in the medical, educational and technical fields of their work. The Protestant Missions therefore held a series of general missionary conferences where they discussed the different aspects of their work. Six such conferences were held. During the second conference in 1904, an educational code was drawn up and accepted by the missions of the whole Protectorate. During this conference three standards of training was suggested namely that of dressers, hospital attendants and medical assistants. The different syllabuses were discussed. On the suggestion of the Commissioner of the Protectorate, a Medical Board was formed during 1905, to plan for training courses and arrange for examinations. This Board consisted of government and mission representatives. During 1909 the medical courses became more refined. The government did not take part in the training of nurses hut was willing to employ as many nurses as the missions could manage to train. The education system began to develop steadily but then in 1914-1918 war came which caused much disruption. The years of 1919 to 1925 were years of recovery. The education was again stimulated by the visit of the Phelps-Stokes Commission during 1924 which recommended a policy of cooperation in education between Government and Missions. A Department of Education was formed during 1926 and it was decided that vocational schools, which included schools where medical assistants and dispensers were trained, should he under the control of the Department. During 1926 a Medical Council was formed which laid down the standards of courses and examinations of medical assistants. Section 18 of the Medical Practitioners and Dentist’s Ordinance of 1926 also made provision for a sub-register to he kept for the registration of medical assistants. This gave well trained Africans standing in their own country and was gladly welcomed by the missions. The African nurses were of sound Christian character and respected by all the peoples in the country. The missionaries felt that the training of medical personnel was one of their best contributions to the medical services and to the population of the country.
openalex: W1981327535 mag: 1981327535
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Earthquakes in the Davie Ridge‐Madagascar region and the southern Nubian‐Somalian plate boundary - Grimison, Nina L.; Chen, Wang‐Ping (1988)
The largest earthquake sequence ( m b up to 6.4 and M 0 up to 5 × 10 18 Nm) to have struck eastern Africa within the past 60 years occurred in May and June of 1985 off the coast of the Tanzania‐Mozambique border. The epicenters are located on the northern extension of the Davie Ridge, a prominent north‐south trending bathymétrie feature accompanied by distinct gravity anomalies. A joint hypocenter location of the 14 largest events in this sequence appears as a cluster of epicenters with no apparent lineation. Al teleseismic distances, P and SH waves generated by the two largest events of this sequence have nearly identical waveforms on the long‐period records of the WorldWide Standard Seismograph Network. A formal inversion of the data shows a pure normal faulting mechanism on nodal planes striking slightly west of north. At least two point sources are necessary to model each event, one at a depth of 40 ± 10 km and the other at about 20 ± 5 km. On a regional scale, normal faulting seems to characterize the scattered seismicity throughout the region between Madagascar and the eastern arm of the East African rift zone, even though oceanic lithosphere dominates part of the region and no topographic expression of a rift system can be identified. Since normal faulting events of up to 25 ± 5 km deep also characterize the scattered seismicity west of the topographic expression of the western arm of the rift zone at about the same latitude, we propose that the southern termination of the Nubian‐Somalian plate boundary consists of a diffuse zone of east‐west extension up to 2000 km wide.
openalex: W2032886899 mag: 2032886899
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Higher Education and Employment in Botswana (Higher education policy, 1988)
openalex: W4253063797
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The state of education and library services in Ghana - Alemna, A.A. (Annals of library science and documentation, 1988)
openalex: W2477454279 mag: 2477454279
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Images of Africa for American Students - Ausdall, Barbara Wass Van (English Journal, 1988)
An awareness that any minority culture may be a majority culture elsewhere in the world is an essential element in understanding cultural differences. Combine that with an acceptance of individuals as worthy, social groups as valuable, and other cultures as necessary, and you have the foundation for affirming those different from yourself. What better equipment could there be for teachers who find themselves in a culturally mixed classroom!
openalex: W283812488 mag: 283812488
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Formal Operational Reasoning in African University Students - Cherian, Varghese I.; Kibria, Gholam; Kariuki, Priscilla W.; Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. (The Journal of Psychology, 1988)
ABSTRACT Few studies have investigated formal operational concepts among Africans. The present study examined formal operational reasoning among African university students. Both Piagetian and neo-Piagetian criteria of 75% and 50% success rate were used for determining the presence of formal operational concepts. Three formal operational concepts—propositional, proportional, and combinatorial reasoning—were assessed among African university students.
openalex: W1979351583 mag: 1979351583
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Acoustically induced hearing loss: Intracellular studies in the guinea pig cochlea - Cody, A. R.; Russell, Ian J. (Hearing Research, 1988)
Intracellular recordings were made from both inner and outer hair cells (IHC, OHC) in the basal coil of the guinea pig cochlea before, during and after the animal was exposed to loud, pure tones. Following multiple loud tones both types of sensory cells demonstrate a culmulative decrease in their voltage responses to a test tone. A loss in sensitivity of the compound action potential (CAP) of the eighth nerve co-incides with a decrease in both the amplitude of the IHC receptor potential and the positive summating potential (+SP) recorded at the round window. The largest decreases in sensitivity of IHCs are found at the characteristic or best frequency (CF) of each cell and this frequency selective loss of sensitivity results in a decrease in the tuning of the hair cell. During and following a loud tone the nonlinear properties of IHCs are also reduced.
openalex: W2069093664 mag: 2069093664
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Famine incomes and employment: Has Botswana anything to teach Africa? - Hay, Roger (World Development, 1988)
This paper analyzes the objectives, structure and success of the Botswana Drought Relief Program between 1982 and 1985 in terms of its impact on lost income and employment. The design of Botswana's famine containment strategy was directed towards the replacement of lost income and the preservation of productive assets. It was successful in reaching all of its stated objectives. However, the paper argues that underlying rural unemployment both precipitated the crisis and was aggravated by it. The paper therefore proposes that famine management should be based on an “employment”, as well as an “incomes”, theory of famine. This is the main lesson Botswana's experience has to offer.
openalex: W2065045675 mag: 2065045675
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Transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in Sukumaland, Tanzania. 1. Snail infection rates and incidence of infection in school children - Lwambo, N. J. S. (Journal of Helminthology, 1988)
ABSTRACT Seasonal density fluctuations of Bulinus nasutus populations with accompanying Schistosoma haematobium infection rates in relation to rainfall and habitat water volumes were studied at Ukiriguru, Mwanza, Tanzania. Alongside the snail investigations, 50 school children initially negative for urinary schistosomiasis were examined regularly to determine seasonal incidence rates for the infection. Of the 17 646 B. nasutus collected in 2 years, 156 (0.88%) were found shedding cercariae. Snail populations fluctuated seasonally as influenced by rainfall through its effects on habitat water volume. Monthly snail infection rates ranged from 0.09% to 3.19% and were highest in February and March, at the time of the short dry period. Monthly incidence of S. haematobium in school children ranged between 2.6% and 12.5%, being highest in April and May. There was a significant linear association between monthly snail infection rates and S. haematobium incidence rates in school children ( in 1983/84) suggesting that the maximum transmission period for urinary schistosomiasis in the area occurs during the short dry period, sometime in February/March so that most of the infections in the community would be detected in April/May.
openalex: W2131441233 mag: 2131441233
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Misconceptions about adult education innovations in the United Republic of Tanzania - Mushi, Philemon A. K. (PROSPECTS, 1988)
openalex: W2048485070 mag: 2048485070
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Learning human anatomy: student preferences of methods in a Nigerian medical school - Nnodim, Joseph O. (Medical Education, 1988)
Summary. The present study evaluates the usefulness, as perceived by students, of the various methods by which anatomical information is presented during the preclinical part of the medical course. Assessments of these learning methods were elicited from a cohort of medical students at the University of Benin by a questionnaire based on their selection of questions to attempt in Anatomy Paper 2 (Essays) of the First Professional examination (=2nd MB). An algorithm was provided to enable the quantification of the preferences expressed and hence the derivation of a utility index for each learning method. The results showed that reading/private study, formal lectures, informal discussions with peers and practical work were the learning methods from which the students had benefited, in descending order of usefulness. These findings are discussed in the context of the teaching and learning of human anatomy in the particular circumstances studied.
openalex: W2109938517 mag: 2109938517
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New Priorities in Nigerian Higher Education - Olomolaiye, F'Oluso (Higher Education Policy, 1988)
openalex: W2043955101 mag: 2043955101
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Coping with household-level food insecurity in drought-affected areas of Burkina Faso - Reardon, Thomas; Matlon, Peter J.; Delgado, Christopher L. (World Development, 1988)
The paper examines strategies used by rural households in the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Burkina Faso to ensure food security in the face of drought-induced cropping shortfalls. It finds that three-quarters of the average household income in the Sahel sample and half of the same in the Sudanian sample come from non-cropping sources. These are more diversified regionally and sectorally in the case of the Sahel. The latter's non-cropping income is less covariant with the local cereal economy than is the case in the Sudanian sample. Moreover, much greater food aid was targeted to the Sahel for geographical reasons, without taking into account the more stable and higher level of purchasing power in that zone vis-á-vis the Sudanian zone.
openalex: W2114564021 mag: 2114564021
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Coping with household-level food insecurity in drought-affected areas of Burkina Faso - Reardon, Thomas; Matlon, Peter J.; Delgado, Christopher L. (World Development, 1988)
The paper examines strategies used by rural households in the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Burkina Faso to ensure food security in the face of drought-induced cropping shortfalls. It finds that three-quarters of the average household income in the Sahel sample and half of the same in the Sudanian sample come from non-cropping sources. These are more diversified regionally and sectorally in the case of the Sahel. The latter's non-cropping income is less covariant with the local cereal economy than is the case in the Sudanian sample. Moreover, much greater food aid was targeted to the Sahel for geographical reasons, without taking into account the more stable and higher level of purchasing power in that zone vis-á-vis the Sudanian zone.
openalex: W2114564021 mag: 2114564021
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

Computerization: Donor policy and planning for government training institutions in Nigeria - SimonG., Bell (Information Technology for Development, 1988)
openalex: W2140865539 mag: 2140865539
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Prospects and challenges of educating deaf pupils in Nigeria - Togonu‐Bickersteth, Funmi (International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1988)
Dr. F. Togonu-Bickersteth is at the Department of Psychology Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Dr. F. Togonu-Bickersteth, Department of Psychology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
openalex: W1988711376 mag: 1988711376
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East African earthquake body wave inversion with implications for continental structure and deformation - Wagner, Glenn; Langston, Charles A. (Geophysical Journal International, 1988)
The Ethiopia and Zaire events exhibit normal faulting as would be expected for their rift zone locations. The 1968 May 15 Zambia event is unusual in that P-pP separation times place its focus in the lower crust (28 km) which may be below the brittle/ductile transition zone implying high strain rates. Inversion yielded a high angle normal fault. The depth and focal mechanism of this event, along with the mechanism for the 1968 December 2 Zambia event, suggest southwestward rift extension. Teleseismic long period vertical P-waves from the South Africa event exhibit distortions that may be attributed to lateral inhomogeneities in the source structure.
openalex: W2125935388 mag: 2125935388
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School effects on student achievement in Nigeria and Swaziland - Lockheed, Marlaine E. Komenan (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1988)
This paper provides evidence regarding the effects of schools, teachers and teaching processes on enhancing eighth grade mathematics achievement in Nigeria and Swaziland. A principal conclusion is that the achievement of students in both countries was significantly affected by the school/classroom in which they were enrolled, once effects of family characteristics were controlled. However, the specific school and classroom level variables accounting for these differences were not the same in both countries. Explanations for these between country differences could be both methodological or substantive. The study does, however, show that differences in achievement not attributable to student family background are largely due to differences in teaching quality (the teacher's use of time for lecturing, testing etc.). Teacher effectiveness depends upon finding the appropriate mix of alternative uses of instructional time. Since this seems to differ according to locale, more local research on teaching quality is needed.
openalex: W1580852230 mag: 1580852230
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Adult education, socialism and international aid in Tanzania : the political economy of the folk development colleges - Unsicker, Jeffrey Glenn (Dissertation Abstracts International, A (Humanities and Social Sciences), 1988)
openalex: W1524526414 mag: 1524526414
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Anthropometry and nutrient intake of Nigerian school children from different ecological zones - Addo, A. A.; Kareem, Funmilayo M.; Sampson, Tamunoimama I.; Jibrin, Clara L. (Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 1988)
Cross‐sectional height, weight and mid‐arm circumference were evaluated in 2,500 school children aged 6–11 years in five ecological zones of Nigeria. Nutrient intake was assessed by 24‐hour dietary recall on all subjects and weighing actual food intake of 150 children. Mean weights and heights of school children from all ecological zones were above the 3rd percentile of the Boston standard. Boys from the coastal swamp and girls from the derived savannah had growth curves closest to the 50th percentile, while girls from the scrubland were most retarded in growth. The proximity of the mean weight of six‐year old children in all ecological zones to the third percentile coupled with low height for age in the same group seemed to justify the assumption that the population was chronically malnourished in the past. The decrease in this growth deficit with increasing age is an indication of a significant potential for improved growth. Mean mid‐arm circumference in the Savannah grassland and scrubland was lower than Harvard standards. A correlation was observed between the percentage of weight for age and mid‐arm circumference for age. Malnutrition in this population was 9.6%‐13.6% depending on the criteria used. Low mean intake of protein (62.2%) and iron (66.7%) among the eleven‐year old school children may have an implication for the onset of puberty in such children. The need for the supplementation of school mid‐day meals and the development of local standards of anthropometry are emphasised. Key words: anthropometryNigerian school childrennutritional statusdietary intakemalnutrition
openalex: W2062454557 mag: 2062454557
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Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from the floor dust of Arab kindergarten schools in the West Bank of Jordan - Ali‐Shtayeh, Mohammed S.; Al-Sheikh, B. S. Asa'd (Mycopathologia, 1988)
openalex: W2051280713 mag: 2051280713
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Training doctors and surgeons to meet the surgical needs of Africa - Boo-Chai, Khoo; Watters, David; Bayley, Angela (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1988)
openalex: W2054966536 mag: 2054966536
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Vocational content in the national curriculum for Nigerian Secondary Schools: How industry can help - Ekpenyong, Lawrence E. (The vocational aspect of education, 1988)
Abstract In spite of the fact that the Federal Ministry of Education together with its designated agencies has done a good job of producing a vocationally related curriculum for Nigerian Secondary Schools, the ministry seems to have excluded a number of key issues as well as agencies in designing those subjects meant to prepare students for the world of work. The question this paper seeks to answer in the main is, ‘What role should industry in association with other related bodies play in the design and management of job related curriculum for the senior high school graduate?’. Essentially, the paper is to show how industry interacting with educational institutions and local communities can help bring about a curriculum that would best meet Nigeria's economic needs. This question is approached under a number of subheads.
openalex: W2032059136 mag: 2032059136
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Soil fertility and sweet potato production on volcanic ash soils in the highlands of Papua New Guinea - Floyd, C.N.; Lefroy, R. D. B.; D'Souza, E.J. (Field Crops Research, 1988)
Experiments are reported which examined the potential for increasing sweet potato yield in the highlands of Papua New Guinea; in the first set of experiments this was by increasing the rates of traditional composting, and in the second by applying phosphate and potash fertilizers. Experiments were conducted on nine soils representing the major soil types of the area derived predominantly from volcanic ash. Composting treatments were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 t fresh weight per ha of the grass Ischaemum polystachyum. Fertilizer treatments were 0, 250, 500 and 1000 kg P/ha as triple super phosphate, and 0, 90, 180 and 360 kg K/ha as sulphate of potash. Yields varied with soil type and responded significantly to all manuring methods. Response to composting was less on soils of higher inherent soil fertility, and fertilizer response increased as the soil levels of the supplied nutrient decreased. Responses to phosphate and potash fertilizer application were predominantly asymptotic; maximum yield increase on any soil was by a factor of 3 to ca. 20 t fresh tuber yield/ha. In organic manuring experiments, yield responses to compost application were predominantly linear; maximum response was by a factor of 4 to a yield of ca. 17 t/ha. Improving sweet potato productivity by increasing rates of composting may have limited potential if it leads to an unacceptable increase in the burden of work for women. Despite large yield increases from phosphate and potash application, only potash application was economic. The efficiency of nutrient use for P and K applied in organic manuring was greater than in inorganic manuring, but this advantage decreased as the influence of resorted or limestone parent material in soil formation increased. Composting may be particularly suitable for use on volcanic ash soils because it supplies nutrients directly to the plant, thereby overcoming P fixation and poor base nutrition on these soils. Phosphate nutrition was the dominant factor affecting fertility on these soils and regression analysis showed that this nutrition was significantly affected by indigenous mycorrhizal infection; increased infection was associated with increased yield and reduced response to phosphate fertilizer application.
openalex: W2067344966 mag: 2067344966
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Race, gender and imperialism: A century of black girls' education in South Africa - Gaitskell, Deborah (1988)
It is striking how relatively absent women are from John Mackenzie's recent discussion of popular imperialism, that late nineteenth century cluster of 'monarchism, militarism and Social Darwinism' infusing and propagated by every organ of British life. The relative dearth of research on women and empire partly reflects, of course, what masculine activities war and conquest have been, but it is still surprising that, after pointing to female emigration schemes, he has only two other admirable pieces of work to refer to: Brian Harrison's on the imperial enthusiasm of the Girls' Friendly Society and Anna Davin's portrayal of the concern for a healthy race of imperial sons which informed much schooling for motherhood and social projects for women at the turn of the century. (1)
openalex: W2268549959 mag: 2268549959
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Language in Education in Africa. The Centre of African Studies - Mbuyi, Dennis (Comparative Education Review, 1988)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsLanguage in Education in Africa. The Centre of African StudiesDennis MbuyiDennis Mbuyi Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 32, Number 3Aug., 1988 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/446789 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1988 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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An Historical Review of Higher Education in Kenya Since 1975, with an Emphasis on Curriculum Development - Munywoki, Mathenge (1988)
This study focuses on the history of higher education in Kenya since 1975, with an emphasis on curriculum development. The main purposes of the study were (1) to describe the historical events of higher education in Kenya since 1975, and (2) to analyze the present system of higher education in the country. The study attempted to answer questions related to higher education in Kenya. The questions investigated were (1) how had the characteristics of higher education curriculum changed since 1975?; (2) in what ways had the purposes of higher education in Kenya changed since 1975?; (3) to what extent have these purposes been achieved? why or why not?; and (4) which events since 1975 had a major impact on higher education in Kenya? The major analysis of the study is historical and gives an explanation of the history of the development of higher education in the colonial days in Kenya, briefly discussing the period 1963-75. The analysis of Kenyan institutions of higher education covers the development of Kenyan higher education since 1975. The discussion consists of basic facts of Kenyan higher education. Data from primary and secondary sources were analyzed and studied. Documents were chronologically and topically reviewed. Chapter I of the study is the introduction. The history of higher education is in Chapter II. Chapter III discusses the impact of Western education in Kenya. Chapter IV deals with development, politics, and Kenyan higher education. Chapter V contains the summary, a discussion, and conclusions based on the facts presented in Chapters I through IV. Since 1975, higher education in Kenya has emphasized vocational and technical education, African culture, natural sciences, and rural development.
openalex: W2270110195 mag: 2270110195
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Contrasting modes of rifting: The Benue Trough and Cameroon Volcanic Line, West Africa - Okereke, C.S. (Tectonics, 1988)
The Benue trough of west Africa is commonly believed to be a rift feature that originated in the Cretaceous at about the time that Africa and South America began to separate. Bouguer gravity and available geological data in the trough indicate that its formation was probably the result of regional horizontal stresses in the lithosphere, causing crustal extension and surface subsidence. By contrast, the data for the adjoining Cameroon volcanic line suggests that the associated tensional stresses relate to mantle upwarp causing thinning of the lithosphere and regional crustal uplift similar to that associated with the Kenya rift. Thus the association of passive and active rifts seen in the Afro‐Arabia rift system is also a feature of the Cretaceous rift system in west Africa.
openalex: W2065394969 mag: 2065394969
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Clay minerals and humus complexes in five Kenyan soils derived from volcanic ash—A discussion - Parfitt, R. L.; Churchman, G. Jock (Geoderma, 1988)
The formation of kaolinite-smectite mixed-layered clays results from weathering of smectite in leached and silica-depleted environments. Halloysite-smectite mixed-layered clays have been proposed to form from weatherable minerals in volcanic ash soils through simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 2:1 units in silica-rich environments. Here, we report a mineralogical study of weathered B horizon material from soils developed on Late Quaternary fluvio-volcanic deposits of basaltic origin at the southern foot of Mount Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania. This area is characterized by a strong seasonality: two months of highly humid conditions followed by a 10-month pronounced dry season during which mineral authigenesis takes place. The weak leaching conditions are reflected in the high base saturation of the soils and by their high content of amorphous silica. The soils contain no allophane. The clay fractions contain dioctahedral 1:1 layer silicates, trioctahedral mica, gibbsite and feldspar, as well as a substantial amount of 1:1/2:1 mixed-layered clays with predominance of 1:1 layers. The latter consist of dehydrated halloysite that only partially expands after formamide intercalation, because of its history of drying in field conditions. The interstratified phases are high-charge halloysite-smectite mixed-layered clays (CEC 30–72 cmol(+) kg−1 clay) that are predominantly very fine grained (<0.05 µm). This small crystal size is typical for minerals formed by dissolution-precipitation processes, rather than for minerals formed by solid-state transformation of inherited 2:1 phyllosilicates. Halloysite and smectite thus formed simultaneously as constituents of mixed-layered clays under soil conditions of moderate to weak weathering, weak leaching, high base status and high silica concentrations.
openalex: W2024854270 mag: 2024854270
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Game Playing Strategy as an Indicator of Racial Prejudice Among South African Students - Tyson, Graham; Schlachter, Anne; Cooper, Saths (The Journal of Social Psychology, 1988)
Abstract The aim of this study was to examine racial discrimination of South African students using playing strategy in the prisoners dilemma game as an unobtrusive measure. University students (30 white and 30 black men) each played two 30-trial games, one with a black confederate and one with a white confederate. In each game, the students played against an identical 60% noncontingent strategy. Both the black and white students cooperated to a significantly greater extent with the black co-player. In the case of the white students, the degree of cooperation was largely determined by motivational orientation, with 7 of the students adopting a paternalistic approach that involved a deliberate attempt to assist the black co-player. This finding is interpreted in terms of reverse discrimination. The motivational orientation of the black students exerted a strong influence on their ratings of the co-player.
openalex: W2115226930 mag: 2115226930
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Clay minerals and humus complexes in five Kenyan soils derived from volcanic ash—A reply - Wada, Kaoru; Kakuto, Yasuko; Muchena, F.N. (Geoderma, 1988)
openalex: W4229900730
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Does Drought Really Depress Beef Prices in South Africa? - Meyer, David E. (Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 1988)
It appears that drought has no influence on beef prices. However, beef prices are sensitive to a cattle cycle of approximately seven years. This suggests that the Meat Board price stabilisation controls prevent prices falling in times of drought but permit cyclical variations of plus or minus twenty percent. These results are contrary to the impressions of most people. It is important for beef farmers to recognise the influence of the cattle cycle on their profit margins. By pre-empting the cattle cycle, that is, adjusting herd size in response to beef prices before other farmers start doing the same thing, healthy profits can be made, it is also important for farmers to realise that white the Meat Board is Keeping prices artificially high in times of drought, it is making it difficult for farmers to tower their stocking levels, which is necessary in times of drought.
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Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. - Haile, Tesfaye (Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1988)
Drought is a recurrent phenomenon. In Ethiopia droughts have occurred quasi-periodically during the last several centuries. Drought is characterized by many facets. The causes of drought are either natural or manmade or both. Scientific investigations have revealed that the primary cause is the fluctuation of the general atmospheric circulation. As a consequence of such fluctuations the rain-producing components for Ethiopia have been weakened or dislocated during drought years. Human interferences such as deforestation, overgrazing and over cultivation enhance the severity and prolongation of drought recurrences. In Ethiopia drought-prone regions have already been identified. However, the rainfall analyses do not show distinct characteristics concerning trend or periodicity of drought occurrences in the country. In view of this, it is essential to evaluate the magnitude, severity and possible periodicity of drought incidents in Ethiopia.
openalex: W229614098 mag: 229614098
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[Education Mozambique. Nurses' education without soap or books]. - Larsen, Barbara (PubMed, 1988)
openalex: W2404513710 mag: 2404513710
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