Teaching computer science in Papua New Guinea - BamptonAlvin (SIGCSE bulletin, 1998)
This paper introduces some observed sociological and cultural aspects of students. It is usually assumed that these aspects are the same as the lecturer's own, but that is not necessarily so, here in Papua New Guinea. Assignments to encourage both the change of attitude and for the practice of the technical content of courses are described.
openalex: W3006220822 mag: 3006220822
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Schools, Markets, and Family in the History of African-American Education - Bauman, Kurt J. (American Journal of Education, 1998)
Arguments about the rise in relative education levels of African-Americans invoke (1) improvements in the quality of schools attended by blacks or (2) affirmative action regulations affecting schools and employers. Missing from these arguments is an explanation of the emergence of black education levels exceeding those of whites once the influence of family background factors has been controlled. School quality improvements, by themselves, could not have produced high observed black education levels net of family background factors. This study finds that black educational attainment net of family background influences became higher than that of whites in the 1950s–too early to be explained by affirmative action programs. This leaves the possibility that more subtle effects of government policy on labor markets and schools played a significant role in the rise of black education. Alternatively, it could be that a favorable orientation toward education in the African-American community has played a role in its members' educational advance.
openalex: W2009248935 mag: 2009248935
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Health education in Guinea worm eradication: experience from South East Zone, Nigeria - Braide, Eka I.; Ekpo, Uwem Friday; Johnson, Mette; Ndem, Ekpedeme; Obono, Oka; Akpan, Inemesit A; Adesina, Femi; Atting, I. A. (Parasitology International, 1998)
A paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST) was shown to be sensitive and reproducible when used with excretory/secretory antigen of Toxocara canis second stage larvae. Whatman No. 50 filter paper (5 mm discs) gave the most consistent and clear results with antigen at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, and could be stored for up to 3 weeks in vacuo at −70°C. Antigen coated discs were incubated with test sera at 1 : 10 dilution for 3 h at room temperature (21°C), reacted with [125I]anti-human IgG for 1 h and counts determined in a gamma counter. Sera from patients with fascioliasis, taeniasis, schistosomiasis, oxyuriasis, trichinellosis and ancyclostomiasis gave counts similar to cord serum controls. Sera from patients with ascariasis gave counts of up to twice as great as controls, but sera from patients with toxicariasis produced counts of 7,000–13,000, a 4–6-fold increase.
openalex: W2062214878 mag: 2062214878
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School violence in an impoverished South African community - Burnett, Cora (Child abuse & neglect (Print), 1998)
Objective: The aim of this anthropological study was to create an understanding of school-related violence experienced by adolescents in the context of chronic poverty in a South African community. Method: Qualitative methods of data collection such as participant observation, interviews, and group discussions were utilized for data collection. Sixteen children and three adults in turn kept diaries and wrote reports during the research period of three and one-half years (June 1992–December 1995). All the Standard seven pupils (N = 76) of the local school completed a self-concept questionnaire and wrote two essays about themselves and their lives, respectively. Results: The ideology and structures of apartheid created a context of impoverishment and structural violence to which children were exposed. The school was one of the social institutions where children were subjected to structural, psychological, and physical violence on a daily basis. Violent behavior or discipline was justified as being just and an effective teaching practice by authoritarian parents and teachers. The manifestations of poverty included emotional erosion, a negative self-concept, and reactive violence. Conclusions: School-related violence was structurally interwoven with the very fabric of the social hierarchy of the school set-up and was sanctioned as an effective strategy to gain social control and discipline children. Poverty in itself provided the breeding-ground for violence at home and in the school. Children were caught up in a vicious circle of pro- and reactive violence and socialized to accept violence as an instrument of empowerment. Recommendations for possible intervention and further research are offered. Objectif: Cette étude anthropologique avait pour but d’explorer la violence faite aux adolescents dans le contexte scolaire, dans un milieu sud-africain où règne la pauvreté chronique. Méthode: Des méthodes qualitatives ont été utilisées telles que les observations des participants, les entrevues et les discussions de groupe pour recueillir les données. Seize enfants et trois adultes ont tenu un carnet quotidien et ont écrit des rapports durant lune période de recherche de trois ans et demi (de juin 1992 à decembre 1995). Des élèves—au nombre de 76—ont complété un questionnaire sur le concept de soi et ont écrit deux dissertations portant sur eux-měmes et leur vie. Résultats: L’idéologie et les structures de l’apartheid ont exposé les enfants à un milieu de pauvreté et une violence structureele. L’école est une des institutions sociales où les enfants sont assujettis tous les jours à une violence structurelle, psychologique et physique. Le comportement violent et la discipline sont considérés justifiables et sont perçus comme un moyen efficace d’éducation tant de la part des enseignants que des parents. Les manifestations de la pauvreté comprennent l’érosion émotive, le concept de soi négatif et la violence réactive. Conclusions: La violence dans le contexte scolaire est intégrée au tissu měme de la hiérarchie sociale de l’école et est sanctionnée en tant que stratégie pour prendre le contrǒle et assurer la discipline des enfants. La pauvreté en soi fournit un terrain propice pour la violence au foyer et à l’école. Les enfants sont pris dans ce cercle vicieux de la violence active et réactive et grandissent dans un milieu où la violence est utilisée comme un instrument de prise de pouvoir. L’article recommande des interventions possibles et des recherches à poursuivre. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio antropológico fue comprender la experiencia de violencia escolar que viven los adolescentes en el contexto de probreza crónica en una comunidad de Africa del Sur. Método: Para la recolección de los datos se utilizaron métodos cualitativos como observación participativa, entrevistas y discusiones en grupos. Diez y seis niños y tres adultos mantuvieron diarios y escribieron los reportes durante el perı́odo de la investigación de trs años y medio (Junio 1992-Diciembre 1995). Los siete alumnos Standard (N = 76) de la escuela local completaron un cuestionario de auto-concepto y escribieron dos ensayos sobre sı́ mismos y sus vidas, respectivamente. Resultados: La ideologı́a y las estructuras del apartheid crearon un contexto de empobrecimiento y violencia estructural a la que los niños habı́an sido expuestos. La escuela era una de las instituciones sociales donde los niños eran sometidos a biolencia estructural, psicológica y fı́sica diariamente. La conducta violenta o disciplinaria era utilizada por padres y maestros autoritarios como práctica justa y efectiva de enseñanza. Las manifestaciones de la pobreza incluı́an erosión emocional, un auto-concepto negativo y violencia reactiva. Conclusiones: La violencia escolar estaba estructuralmente entremezclada con el tejido mismo de la jerarquı́a social del contexto escolar y considerada una estrategia efectiva para adquirir control social y para disciplinar a los niños. La pobreza en sı́ misma ofrecı́a el caldo de cultivo para la violencia en el hogar y en la escuela. Los niños estaban atrapados en un cı́rculo vicioso de violencia pro- y reactiva; y socializados para aceptar la violencia como un instrumento de poder. Se ofrecieron recomendaciones para posibles intervenciones y futuras investigaciones.
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The entry of African-American students into US medical schools: an evaluation of recent trends. - Carlisle, D; Gardner, J (PubMed, 1998)
A need to reassess US medical schools' admission of African-American students exists based on recent challenges to affirmative action. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AMMC) provided US medical school enrollment data and characteristics. Measures of enrollment were constructed for each medical school and aggregated by ownership type and state. After peaking at 1311 students in 1994, African-American medical school matriculation decreased by 8.7% by 1996. This decline was disproportionately generated by public medical schools. However, it was not limited to institutions that are located in states where anti-affirmative action policies have been implemented. Several schools were consistently successful (e.g., UCLA, Case Western, and Robert Wood Johnson) or unsuccessful (e.g., Texas Tech and Texas A&M) in enrolling African-American students. Recent gains in the enrollment of African-American students are being reversed, particularly at public institutions. Implications exist, particularly for the health of poor and underserved communities that are more likely to be cared for by such students during their careers as physicians.
openalex: W109563970 mag: 109563970
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Africentric Cultural Identity and the Stress Experience of African American College Students - Chambers, John W.; Kambon, Kobi K. K.; Birdsong, Bobbi Davis; Brown, Jamye; Dixon, Pamela; Robbins-Brinson, Larmia (Journal of Black Psychology, 1998)
The purpose of this analysis was to determine if there were distinct behavioral profiles involving perceived and daily stress and Africentric identity in a sample of 701 African American college students who attended eight historically Black colleges and universities. It was hypothesized that there would be a negative relationship between Africentric identity and stress and other personality dispositions that are often associated with stress, such as depression and anger A cluster analysis resulted in three cluster groups. The most efficacious cluster group had significantly higherAfricentric identity, self-esteem, and angercontrol, and lower perceived stress, suppressed anger, experienced anger, and depression. Although Africentric identity and stress were not correlated, the cluster with the highest level of Africentric identity exhibited the lowest level of perceived stress.
openalex: W1971444312 mag: 1971444312
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Training Employees for African Statistical Offices - Ching'anda, Enock F.; Ntozi, James (International Statistical Review, 1998)
Summary A review of the organizational set‐up of a national statistical office, its staffing levels and subjects covered has been described. Two groups of employees of a statistical office are considered with respect to the teaching of statistics, namely those already in employment and those expected to be employed by a statistical office. The Statistical Training Programme for Africa (STPA), under which the present study was undertaken, improvement and strengthening of statistical training programmes for employees or expected employees of a statistical office, are described including selected aspects of the programme. Teaching programmes for those currently in employment with the objective of improving their work performance are also described. Achievements and problems of the programme are given. In conclusion a new framework for revitalisation of teaching of statistics in Africa in the 1990s is mentioned.
openalex: W2009312160 mag: 2009312160
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Training Employees for African Statistical Offices - Ching'anda, Enock F.; Ntozi, James (International Statistical Review, 1998)
openalex: W4212974908
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Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco - Clerides, Sofronis; Lach, Saul; Tybout, James (The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1998)
Do firms become more efficient after becoming exporters? Do exporters generate positive externalities for domestically oriented producers? In this paper we tackle these questions by analyzing the causal links between exporting and productivity using plant-level data. We look for evidence that firms' cost processes change after they break into foreign markets. We find that relatively efficient firms become exporters; however, in most industries, firms' costs are not affected by previous exporting activities. So the well-documented positive association between exporting and efficiency is explained by the self-selection of the more efficient firms into the export market. We also find some evidence of positive regional externalities.
openalex: W2097790641 mag: 2097790641
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Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco - Clerides, Sofronis; Lach, Saul; Tybout, James (The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1998)
Do firms become more efficient after becoming exporters? Do exporters generate positive externalities for domestically oriented producers? In this paper we tackle these questions by analyzing the causal links between exporting and productivity using plant-level data. We look for evidence that firms' cost processes change after they break into foreign markets. We find that relatively efficient firms become exporters; however, in most industries, firms' costs are not affected by previous exporting activities. So the well-documented positive association between exporting and efficiency is explained by the self-selection of the more efficient firms into the export market. We also find some evidence of positive regional externalities.
openalex: W2097790641 mag: 2097790641
Keywords: openalex:import; openalex:yes

How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-Step Guide to Teach Yourself - Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (1998)
Introduction to the Revised Edition 1. Hieroglyphs 2. More Uses of Hieroglyphs 3. Special Writings 4. Scenes and Captions 5. Description 6. Further Aspects of Description 7. Characterisation 8. The Future Hieroglyphic Sign-Lists for the Exercises Reference Tables Egyptian-English Vocabulary Key to the Exercises Bibliography and Further Reading Index
openalex: W1492665606 mag: 1492665606
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Altered Cytokine Production and Impaired Antimycobacterial Immunity in Protein-Malnourished Guinea Pigs - Dai, Guixiang; McMurray, David N. (Infection and immunity (Print), 1998)
Protein malnutrition leads to multiple detrimental alterations of host immune responses to mycobacterial infection. In this study, we demonstrated that splenocytes from low-protein (LP) guinea pigs vaccinated 6 weeks previously with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra failed to control the accumulation of virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv in cocultured autologous peritoneal macrophages, despite the fact that they were able to control the accumulation of virulent tubercle bacilli in cocultured syngeneic peritoneal macrophages from normally nourished guinea pigs as successfully as did those from high-protein (HP) counterparts. Vaccine-induced growth control of virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv in these cocultures appeared to be mediated by CD4 lymphocytes but not CD8 cells. Tuberculin (purified protein derivative [PPD])-induced lymphoproliferation was markedly impaired in vaccinated LP guinea pigs, and the depletion of CD4 lymphocytes significantly decreased lymphocyte proliferation whereas CD8 cell depletion did not. Protein malnutrition also impaired the abilities of cells from vaccinated LP guinea pigs to produce cytokines, including interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), in response to PPD, despite the demonstration of higher serum levels of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta after an intravenous injection of PPD into LP guinea pigs. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages from protein-malnourished guinea pigs produced a higher level of TGF-beta 4 days after infection in vitro with M. tuberculosis H37Rv than did those from protein adequate controls. These results suggest that dietary protein malnutrition impairs vaccine-induced resistance to M. tuberculosis, in part, by altering the cytokine profile to favor macrophage deactivation.
openalex: W1937113272 mag: 1937113272
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Increasing school quantity versus quality in kenya: impact on children from low-and high-income households - Deolalikar, Anil B. (Journal of Policy Reform, 1998)
A common dilemma facing educational planners engaged in educational reform in developing countries is the allocation of sharply-reduced resources to the expansion of school facilities versus improvement of existing school facilities (say, by raising the teacher/pupil ratio). The empirical results presented in this paper for Kenya suggest that the two interventions have diametrically opposite effects on poor and nonpoor children. An expansion of school facilities increases the enrollment of children in the poorest expenditure quintiles but has no impact on the enrollment of children in the top quintiles. On the other hand, an improvement in the teacher-pupil ratio increases the enrollment rate of children in the top quintiles, and actually reduces the enrollment of children in the poor quintiles. These findings suggest that in situations where there is less than universal primary enrollment (UPE) and the government has set a time-bound goal of UPE, such as in Kenya, policies that serve to expand the number of school facilities may make more sense than interventions that increase the teacher-pupil ratio.
openalex: W2009776270 mag: 2009776270
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Asian-American, Euro-American, and African-American Students' Universal-Diverse Orientation and Preferences for Characteristics of Psychologists - Fuertes, Jairo N.; Gelso, Charles J. (Psychological Reports, 1998)
Sex, race, and scores on Universal-Diverse Orientation were analyzed as predictors of students' preferences for certain psychologists' characteristics. Preferences for similarity of race and sex were clear.
openalex: W1991617978 mag: 1991617978
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The epidemiology of malocclusion in Zambian urban school children. - Ghabrial, Emad; Wa, Wiltshire; St, Zietsman; Viljoen, E (PubMed, 1998)
This survey was undertaken to determine the occlusal status of a selected group of urban Zambian Black 9-12 year old children at 5 different schools in the same geographical area in order to determine their need for orthodontic treatment. The examination criteria of the Occlusal Index of Summers (1966) were used. Six hundred and one children who had not previously received orthodontic treatment were examined. The data were analysed statistically by using the calculated Summers Index. The results showed that 83 per cent of the subjects required no orthodontic treatment. Of the 17 per cent who did require orthodontic treatment, 5.2 per cent needed specialized treatment. The malocclusion status of Black Zambian children is very similar to that recorded in epidemiological studies on South African and Swazi Black children. This study indicates that only a small need exists for orthodontic treatment amongst Black Zambian children.
openalex: W2471995693 mag: 2471995693
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The Prejudice Perception Assessment Scale: Measuring Stigma Vulnerability among African American Students at Predominantly Euro-American Universities - Gilbert, Dorie J. (Journal of Black Psychology, 1998)
Building on previous social-psychological studies, the Prejudice Perception Assessment Scale (PPAS) was developed to measure stigma vulnerability-the phenomenon of attributing negative, interpersonal feedback to prejudice in ambiguous situations-among African American students on predominantly Euro-American campuses. This article describes the methodological procedures followed in developing the PPAS, a brief scale composed offive vignettes aimed at assessing the extent to which participants tend to perceive prejudice as the cause of negative, interpersonal outcomes in ambiguous situations. Results from two studies with African American participants (N = 66 and N = 109, respectively) indicate that the construct of stigma vulnerability is conceptually similar but different from participants'general mistrust of Whites. The PPAS has good internal consistency and measures stigma vulnerability as a unidimensional variable.
openalex: W2147715154 mag: 2147715154
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Academic success despite the odds: Factors that promote the achievement of high-risk African-American students during early adolescence. - Gutman, Leslie Morrison (1998)
openalex: W2620398298 mag: 2620398298
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Influence of Racial Identity Attitudes on African American College Students' Vocational Identity and Hope - Jackson, Cassandra Chretien; Neville, Helen A. (Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1998)
Although there have been numerous appeals for such research in the professional literature, this study was the first to empirically investigate individual difference variables influencing vocational identity and hope in setting and achieving goals in African American college students. One-hundred twenty-two African American college students attending a predominantly White university completed measures assessing students' racial identity attitudes, vocational identity, and sense of hope to achieve goals. Results from a series of multiple linear regressions indicated that both racial identity attitudes and demographic variables significantly accounted for variability in one's sense of hope. Specifically, internalization of one's racial identity, academic classification, and highest level of parental educational attainment significantly related to hope. Similarly, internalization of one's racial identity accounted for a significant amount of vocational identity variance for women. Conversely, for men, racial identity attitudes did not account for a significant amount of variance in vocational identity scores; however, demographic variables collectively accounted for a significant amount of vocational identity scores for men, but not for women. Findings suggest that racial identity attitudes accounted for additional variance in hope over and above demographic variables for both men and women and in vocational identity for women only. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
openalex: W2008607353 mag: 2008607353
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The Use of African American Children’s Literature in the Classroom - Jordan, Mark (1998)
openalex: W2791018969 mag: 2791018969
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Ideal and reality: Cross-curriculum work in school mathematics in South Africa - Julie, Cyril (Zdm – Mathematics Education, 1998)
openalex: W39450603 mag: 39450603
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Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South. - Littlefield, Valinda W.; Walker, Vanessa Siddle (Journal of Southern History, 1998)
African American schools in the segregated South faced enormous obstacles in educating their students. But some of these schools succeeded in providing nurturing educational environments in spite of the injustices of segregation. Vanessa Siddle Walker tells the story of one such school in rural North Carolina, the Caswell County Training School, which operated from 1934 to 1969. She focuses especially on the importance of dedicated teachers and the principal, who believed their jobs extended well beyond the classroom, and on the community's parents, who worked hard to support the school. According to Walker, the relationship between school and community was mutually dependent. Parents sacrificed financially to meet the school's needs, and teachers and administrators put in extra time for professional development, specialized student assistance, and home visits. The result was a school that placed the needs of African American students at the center of its mission, which was in turn shared by the community. Walker concludes that the experience of CCTS captures a segment of the history of African Americans in segregated schools that has been overlooked and that provides important context for the ongoing debate about how best to educate African American children. African American History/Education/North Carolina |Walker recounts the history of the Caswell Training School, an African American school in rural North Carolina that faced enormous obstacles to stay open, operating from 1934 to 1969. She shows that the school placed the needs of the African American students at the center of its mission, which was in turn shared by the community. The result was a nurturing educational environment in spite of the injustices of segregation.
openalex: W2139566620 mag: 2139566620
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Teaching medical students on the ethical dimensions of human rights: meeting the challenge in South Africa. - London, Leslie; McCarthy, G (Journal of Medical Ethics, 1998)
Previous health policies in South Africa neglected the teaching of ethics and human rights to health professionals. In April 1995, a pilot course was run at the University of Cape Town in which the ethical dimensions of human rights issues in South Africa were explored.To compare knowledge and attitudes of participating students with a group of control students.Retrospective cohort study.Seventeen fourth-year medical students who participated in the course and 13 control students from the same class, matched for gender.Students participated in a one-week module on ethics and human rights. Five months after the course had been run, students completed a semi-structured questionnaire exploring their knowledge and attitudes with regards to ethics and human rights issues.Knowledge scores, attitude scores and various individual indicators of attitude.Clear benefits for overall knowledge score, for four out of five individual knowledge questions and for one of the attitude questions, were demonstrated. Participating students also appeared to be more convinced of the need for teaching on the ethical dimensions of human rights at postgraduate level and that such teaching should also be integrated in the curriculum. The low response rate amongst controls may have selected students who were more socially conscious, thereby leading to an underestimate of the true impact of the course.The evaluation indicates clear benefits of the course for undergraduate students, and supports arguments for the inclusion of such courses in the training of health professionals. This is particularly important given the challenges posed by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to the health professions to address past complicity in human rights abuses through reorientation of medical training in South Africa.
openalex: W2067235470 mag: 2067235470
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Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes of Some Nigerian Secondary School Teachers - Mansaray, Ayo; Ajiboye, Josiah O.; Audu, U. F. (Environmental Education Research, 1998)
Summary Nigerian secondary school teachers (n – 360) of three subject groupings (arts, sciences and social sciences) were administered an environmental knowledge and attitude scale. The teachers generally demonstrated a low level of environmental knowledge, although the science and social science teachers were found to be more knowledgeable than their arts counterparts. Negative environmental attitudes were also found to be prevalent among the three categories of teachers. The study revealed that most of the teachers have never heard of environmental education and have never attended any workshop or seminar on teaching of the subject.
openalex: W1992873900 mag: 1992873900
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Family Correlates of South African Students' Self-Concept: A Regression Surface Analysis - Marjoribanks, Kevin; Mboya, Mzobanzi M. (Psychological Reports, 1998)
This study examined relationships between family social status, perceptions of proximal family environment and students' self-concept scores. Data were collected from 189 female and 146 male 18-yr.-old South Africans. Regression surfaces were constructed from models that included terms to account for linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. The study suggests the general propositions (a) family social status and proximal family environment combine to have large associations with students' general self-concept and small to medium associations with scores on measures of specific self-concept, (b) proximal family environment is related more strongly to self-concept scores than is family social status, (c) there are complex interaction and curvilinear relationships between family and self-concept scores, and (d) there are sex differences in the nature of the associations between family social status, proximal family environment, and students' self-concept.
openalex: W2171480417 mag: 2171480417
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Geohelminth infections and anemia in school children in Sengerema district North-Western Tanzania. - Mashauri, FM; Lwambo, N. J.S.; Siza, Julius E.; Gabone, R M; Temu, Mansuet M.; Mwanga, JR (Parasitology International, 1998)
openalex: W2031191049 mag: 2031191049
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Kap. health education, behavioral change, and reduction in schistosomiasis prevalence in coastal kenya - Moji, Kazuhiko (Parasitology International, 1998)
This study aims to examine the relationship between parental reports of child asthma and levels and slopes of anxiety and depression symptoms among two contrasting groups of Puerto Rican youth, and to determine whether asthma is a special risk above and beyond parents' reports of other youths' medical conditions.Two probability samples of youth in San Juan and Caguas, Puerto Rico (n = 673) and in the south Bronx, New York (n = 598), and their caretakers were interviewed in three yearly assessments. Parental reports of their children's asthma during each assessment were used to indicate whether youth had intermittent (PR = 34%, NY = 23%) or persistent (PR = 7%, NY = 16%) asthma. Youths' depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using self reports to the DISC-IV. Information on youths' medical comorbidity was gathered through parental reports.Multilevel analyses adjusting for comorbid medical conditions indicated that parental reports of youths' intermittent and persistent asthma were related to higher levels, but similar slopes, of anxiety and depression among youth in New York. In Puerto Rico, youth with persistent asthma experienced less improvement in anxiety over time than youth without asthma, but no other associations were found.Having asthma, based on parental reports, represents a risk factor for Puerto Rican youths' internalizing symptoms, even after adjusting for comorbid medical conditions. This risk is more pronounced among youth living in New York, which highlights the importance of considering the social context in which youth develop and minority status when examining associations between physical health risk factors and mental health.
openalex: W2036255675 mag: 2036255675
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Control of Guineaworm, malaria and schistosomiasis in yakurr LGA Nigeria: a comparative study of the KAP of school children - Moromikwu, A.N.; Moromikwu, M.M.; Oyo-Ita, A E; Asuquo, P. N. (Parasitology International, 1998)
openalex: W2073015794 mag: 2073015794
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Institutions, transaction costs and micro and small enterprise performance in Zimbabwe: is there anything we can learn from the Asian NIC's? - Mumvuma, Takawira (1998)
A conference paper on small business development in Zimbabwe. Originally prepared for: Conference on Zimbabwe: macroeconomic policy, management and performance since independence: lessons for the 21st century, 19-21 August, Sheraton Hotel, Harare.
openalex: W2292107058 mag: 2292107058
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Demographics, Causality, Work Salience, and the Career Maturity of African-American Students: A Causal Model - Naidoo, Anthony V.; Bowman, Sharon L.; Gerstein, Lawrence H. (Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1998)
This study examined a causal model of career maturity based on Super's theory (1953, 1990) and determined its fit to a sample of African-American male and female university students. Using structural equation modeling with data from 288 African-American students (freshman to doctoral levels), the results confirmed that attributions of causality and work salience moderate the effects of sex, SES, and educational level on career maturity. Work salience exerted the strongest direct effect on career maturity, while level of education had the strongest indirect effect. African-American students appeared to express more salience for home and family roles as compared to work or study roles.
openalex: W1968199934 mag: 1968199934
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Heavy Metal Pollution of Fish and Fish Oils from some Coastal and Inland Waters of Ghana - Ndanu, Thomas Akuetteh (1998)
openalex: W2208807097 mag: 2208807097
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Industrial Pollution Survey in Anambra State, Nigeria - Ogbuagu, Josephat O.; Ajiwe, Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1998)
openalex: W2093751128 mag: 2093751128
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Changing Education for Majority Rule in Zimbabwe and South Africa - Pape, John (Comparative Education Review, 1998)
Previous articleNext article No AccessChanging Education for Majority Rule in Zimbabwe and South AfricaJohn PapeJohn Pape Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 42, Number 3Aug., 1998 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447508 Views: 38Total views on this site Citations: 10Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1998 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Olivier Arvisais, Mathieu Guidère Education in conflict: how Islamic State established its curriculum, Journal of Curriculum Studies 52, no.44 (May 2020): 498–515.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2020.1759694Lovemore Sibanda, Jemimah Young Towards a Postcolonial Curriculum in Zimbabwe: A Critical Review of the Literature, Africa Education Review 17, no.22 (Aug 2019): 50–72.https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2018.1507622Eman ElKaleh Leadership curricula in UAE business and education management programmes, International Journal of Educational Management 33, no.66 (Sep 2019): 1118–1147.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-10-2016-0220Mediel Hove, Enock Ndawana Education provision in the midst of a crisis: the Zimbabwean experience after 1999, Journal of Peace Education 16, no.22 (Jun 2019): 215–246.https://doi.org/10.1080/17400201.2019.1627663Nathan Moyo, Maropeng M. Modiba Government and educational reform: policy networks in policy-making in Zimbabwe, 1980–2008, Journal of Education Policy 28, no.33 (May 2013): 371–385.https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2012.752868Gregory P. Fairbrother * Comparison to what end? Maximizing the potential of comparative education research, Comparative Education 41, no.11 (Feb 2005): 5–24.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060500073215Katarina Tomasevski Globalizing What: Education as a Human Right or as a Traded Service?, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 12, no.11 (Jan 2005): 1–78.https://doi.org/10.2979/GLS.2005.12.1.1 Vanessa Siddle Walker and Kim Nesta Archung The Segregated Schooling of Blacks in the Southern United States and South Africa Walker and Archung, Comparative Education Review 47, no.11 (Jul 2015): 21–40.https://doi.org/10.1086/373961Michael C. Gonzales Re-educating Namibia: The Early Years of Radical Education Reform, 1990-1995, Africa Today 47, no.11 (Jan 2000): 104–124.https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.2000.47.1.104C.C. Wolhuter Education for All in Sub-Saharan Africa: Prospects and Challenges, (): 337–362.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3679(06)08012-1
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Schistosomosis, fasciolosis and some soil-transmitted helminthosis among school children in North West Yemen - Raja’a, Yahia A.; Sulaiman, Syamsuar Marlian Syah Ahmadin Z.; El-Bakri, Mansour M.; Mubarak, Jamil S.; Hibatalla, W; El-Nabihi, Mohammed T.; El-Dhobri, Mohammed A.; Raja'a, Jamal A. (Parasitology International, 1998)
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Pre-service Education in Arab Republic of Egypt - Sato, Yu (1998)
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Education and Risk of Suicide: An Analysis of African Americans - Stack, Steven (Sociological focus (Kent, Ohio), 1998)
Abstract The effect of education level on suicide risk among African Americans is a neglected subject. Gains in educational attainment for African Americans over the last three decades have not resulted in corresponding gains in economic success, a situation that can promote anomic suicide. Observers of African American suicide have also argued that middle-class aspirants tend to have weak communal ties or low social integration. A logistic regression analysis of recently released, national individual-level data for 1989 finds that for every year of education the odds of suicide among African American males increase 8 percent. In contrast, for white males each year of education lowers the odds of suicide by 2 percent. For African Americans, the structural imbalance between educational means and economic ends is associated with a positive link between education and suicide.
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Maxillofacial fractures in a semi-urban Nigerian teaching hospital - Ugboko, V.I.; Odusanya, S A; Fagade, O.O. (International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1998)
A retrospective review of 442 patients, seen by one maxillofacial unit over a twelve-year period, is presented. Data concerning the patients' demographics and the aetiology, pattern, treatment and complications of the fractures were obtained and evaluated. Approximately 72% of the patients sustained fractures from road traffic accidents and 39% of the fractures occurred in the 21-30-year range. There was a male preponderence and 8% of all cases had postoperative infections. Over 20% of the patients sustained associated body injuries and only one-third reported for treatment within 24 hours of injury. Road traffic accidents continue to be the leading cause of maxillofacial fractures. The late presentation for treatment appears to be related to the rural and semi-urban dwelling of the patients and the attendant transportation and economic difficulties.
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African Scripts, Graphic Practices, and Contexts of Learning and Use - Gundaker, Grey (1998)
Abstract This chapter briefly reviews some of the transatlantic resources that may inform African American vernacular practices and interact with conventional literacy. It also lays groundwork for several case studies in later chapters. Resources, as I use the term, include African writing and graphic systems, individual signs and sign complexes (see chapter 4), remnants of Arabic literacy and Muslim magic, functions and contexts of use and learning, and ideologies of inscription. Assessing the relevance of resources involves examining both the geographic distribution of sign systems-and people who use/d them-in West and Central Africa and the diaspora, and the recurrence of certain configurations of signs, functions, and contexts of acquisition and use. The claim that a “resource” has been “used” depends on configurations, not mere resemblances.
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Education in Namibia: A collection of essays. - Mostert, Louise; Kasanda, Choshi D. (1998)
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The African Sahel: 25 years after the great drought-assessing progress, setting a new agenda - Batterbury, Simon (Environmental Conservation, 1998)
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Sun education in South Africa - Ej, Schulz (Clinics in Dermatology, 1998)
The percentage of skeletal remains that can be sexed depends on the degree of completeness of the skeleton, the parameters that are used and the type of statistical analysis that is done. The objective of the present study was to assess the accuracy of the demarking point in sexing the femur of South African whites and blacks. One hundred pairs of femurs were randomly selected from the bone collections of each of the two racial groups. The bones were sexed by measuring the head diameters and comparing them with the corresponding demarking point values that had been previously determined. The sex that was so allocated to each bone was compared with its documented sex in the database in order to assess the accuracy of the method. The overall success rate of sex identification was 32% for both white and black populations, but the accuracy of sexing was 100%.
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Sun education in Africa: Nigeria and West African subregion - George, A. O. (Clinics in Dermatology, 1998)
The benefit of β-blocker therapy in patients after myocardial infarction is well established. The use of β blockers in the high-risk subgroup of patients with combined diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains controversial. From a database of 14,417 patients with chronic CAD who had been screened for participation in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study, 2,723 (19%) had non-insulin-dependent DM. Baseline characteristics and 3-year mortality were analyzed in patients with DM receiving (n = 911; 33%) and not receiving (n = 1,812; 67%) β blockers. Total mortality during a 3-year follow-up was 7.8% in those receiving β blockers compared with 14.0% in those who were not (a 44% reduction). A reduction in cardiac mortality of 42% between the 2 groups was also noted. Three-year survival curves showed significant differences in mortality with increasing divergence (p = 0.0001). After multiple adjustment, multivariate analysis identified β-blocker therapy as a significant independent contributor to improved survival (relative risk = 0.58; 90% confidence interval 0.46 to 0.74). Within the diabetic population, the main benefit associated with β-blocker therapy was observed in older patients, in those with a history of myocardial infarction, those with limited functional capacity, and those at lower risk. Thus, therapy with β blockers appears to be associated with improved long-term survival in the high-risk subpopulation of patients with DM and CAD.
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Non-formal education in Palestine : a response to school exclusion - Al-zaroo, Salah H. (1998)
This research investigated the past relationship between the formal education and nonformal educational systems in Palestine as a basis for considering what form the relationship may take in the future. The study was based on the initial understanding that within the field of study and practice of continuing education, non-formal education has been conceptualised as having a particular role to play in producing a more equitable society. The study was undertaken at a significant political moment. Non-formal educational institutions and programmes had flourished when, under Israeli occupation, much formal education provision was restricted. Palestinian non-formal education played a significant role in resistance to Israeli occupation and in the Intifada (1987-1994). In 1993, with the signing of the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principle on Interim Self Government, the geo-political context for the Palestinian people and Palestinian institutions changed and a transitional national authority was established. The research was shaped to consider this transitional context. The research was planned to include interviews with people who were likely to be players in the process of national policy formulation. The researcher standpoint was that of a known NFE practitioner. The intention of the field approach was (a) to assess whether a perspective on social exclusion or, for reasons described in the dissertation, educational exclusion was likely to inform the education policy of the new regime and (b) to stimulate through the interview conversation, consideration of the past and future role of non-formal education in Palestine. Analysis of the views of 31 members of the educational elite was informed and contextualised by a review of the literature (mostly in English and much of it written in relation to developing societies) on non-formal education, statistical data, research reports and case studies of education in Palestine. The research argues for the necessity of reforming and reshaping Palestinian non-formal education, and for strategies to be adopted that integrate formal education and non-formal education. Consideration of policy options for the future of Palestinian non-formal education was set within a model of relationships between non-formal education and forms of governance.
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Assessment of inter‐cultivar/line variation of drought resistance in a potential oil‐seed crop, Ethiopian mustard(Brassica CarinataA.Br.) - Ashraf, Muhammad; Sharif, Rao Muhammad Sajjad (Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 1998)
The response of 25 strains of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) to drought stress was assessed in a pot experiment under glasshouse conditions. Four‐ week old plants of all the lines were subjected to 0 or 2 cycles of drought (twice wilting and rewatering). The drought stress caused a significant reduction in shoot fresh and dry masses in all lines. However, five strains, C90–1191, C90–1203, C90–1210, 77–1271 and P48–3 were superior to the remaining lines in production of shoot fresh and dry masses under drought conditions. Only two lines, C90 ‐1205 and 4007‐A, were categorized as moderately resistant on the basis of their performance in the two growth variables. The remaining all lines were placed under the drought sensitive category. Osmotic adjustment and water retention capability did not prove to be successful selection criteria for discriminating strains since drought resistant, moderately drought‐resistant or drought sensitive lines had almost similar values of osmotic adjustment or water retention capability. The great amount of intna‐specific variation for drought resistance in this set of germplasm of B. carinata is of considerable value for the improvement of drought resistance in this crop through selection and breeding.
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Potential indicators of pollution around well-heads in Nigeria coastal waters - Badejo, M. A.; Dayo, F.B.O.; Okoh, A.O. (Marine Environmental Research, 1998)
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Hospitality Education in Tanzania: Is There a Need to Develop Environmental Awareness? - Barron, Paul; Prideaux, Bruce (Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1998)
Tanzania is well placed to offer tourists a unique experience centred on wildlife, unique landforms and a rich culture centred on the island of Zanzibar. This potential is recognised by the current Tanzanian government which is actively encouraging tourism development. Some of the responsibility for maintaining the balance between conservation of the nation's natural assets and profit must fall, ultimately, on the educators of future hospitality and tourism managers. After reviewing tourism development in Tanzania, this article discusses the operation of one of the few hospitality educators in the important Northern Wildlife Area of the country and highlights current attitudes regarding environmental awareness held by staff and students. The results suggest a lack of environmental awareness by members of staff, resulting in the absence of such issues in the curriculum. As a consequence, graduates complete their qualification with short term attitudes to tourism and are therefore unaware of the importance of protecting their country's environment. The article concludes with several suggestions as to how hospitality and tourism educators in developed nations could become involved with the direction of tourism in Tanzania.
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MIDWIFERY TRAINING AND FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN THE INTER-WAR ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN - Bell, Heather (The Journal of African History, 1998)
Although the conventional image of the colonial medical encounter in Africa depicts a white, male, European doctor treating a black African patient, most of the actual deliverers of Western medicine in Africa during the colonial period were non-Europeans. In the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, British doctors formed only a small minority of Western medical practitioners. Most often, it was Syrian, Egyptian and Sudanese doctors, and Sudanese assistant medical officers, mosquito men, nurses, sanitary officers and midwives who delivered sanitary and medical services on behalf of the colonial state. Understanding the cultural exchanges, technology transfer and power relations involved in the operation of colonial medicine clearly requires careful study of the training, the role and the experiences of these non-European practitioners of Western medicine. In this paper, one such group of medical practitioners is examined through a study of the Midwifery Training School or MTS, opened in Omdurman, Sudan in 1921. The MTS sought to create a class of modern, trained Sudanese midwives, out of, and in rivalry to, an entrenched class of traditional midwives, known as dayas . The analysis relies heavily on the papers of Mabel E. Wolff, founding matron of the MTS and her sister, Gertrude L. Wolff, who first arrived in Sudan to train nurses. Throughout the discussion, the name ‘Wolff’ alone designates Mabel, whose voice dominates their collective papers.
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Constructivist Capacity Building and Systemic Evaluation of Adult Basic Education and Training in South Africa - Bhola, H. S. (Evaluation, 1998)
What follows is a discourse of coherence: first through an epistemic triangle conjoining three epistemological traditions of systems thinking, dialectical thinking and constructivist thinking; and, second, in a praxeological triangle that unites planning, implementation and evaluation in one single act of reflective action with purpose. Working from within these two mutually embedded triangles of coherence, a discourse on the Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET) initiative of South Africa was developed in necessary and sufficient detail, to capture the calculus of means and ends of ABET as well as the dynamics between its intended objectives and its actual effects. This one general discourse is subsequently used to generate two specific scripts: one on capacity building, and another on evaluation. There are implications here for theory and practice for both program development and program evaluation. Understandings of how the social world works, holistic educational planning, functional specialization without fragmentation, reflective action for implementation, critical management, participative learning, inbuilt evaluation, and thereby economy in the deployment and use of materials and professional resources, all become possible.
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Sex‐Related HIV/AIDS Prevention Among African American College Students: Issues for Preventive Counseling - Braithwaite, Ronald L.; Stephens, Torrance; Sumpter‐Gaddist, Bambi W.; Murdaugh, Henry; Taylor, Sandra; Braithwaite, Kisha (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 1998)
This study examined condom use during oral and anal sex among 1,593 African American male and female college undergraduates. Findings suggest a high level of concordance between men and women on several measures. However, female participants were more likely to use condoms during oral and anal sex than were male participants.
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Predicting the impact of school-based treatment for urinary schistosomiasis given by the Ghana Partnership for Child Development - Chan, M. S.; Nsowah-Nuamah, N. N. N.; Adjei, Sam; Wen, Su-Tung; Hall, Andrew; Bundy, D. A. P. (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1998)
Mathematical models can be used to predict the impact of interventions to control infectious diseases. In this paper, an epidemiological model is used to predict the impact of chemotherapy of school-age children infected with Schistosoma haematobium, in a programme conducted by the Ghana Partnership for Child Development in the Volta Region, Ghana. Existing data were used to validate the predictions of the model, demonstrating convincingly the ability of the model to make correct predictions. Predictions of trends in mean egg count, infection prevalence and prevalence of heavy infection (>50 eggs/10 mL urine) were then made for the period 1997–1999, and will be compared to the data collected in the programme in the future.
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Classroom language use in multilingual settings: Mathematics lessons from Quebec and Zimbabwe - Cleghorn, Ailie; Mtetwa, David; Dube, Ruth; Munetsi, Cribert (International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 1998)
This article is concerned with language use in mathematics lessons in settings where the language of instruction is a second language for all or most of the learners. Four lessons taken from primary schools in Montreal and in Zimbabwe are compared, illustrating ways in which teachers in each setting couple development of the target second language with teaching of subject content. By doing so, we believe that instruction is effective in helping children to make the shift from the primary school emphasis on computing numbers to the secondary level emphasis on solving problems; in the long term children are also better prepared for the language-related demands of higher education.
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Vocational Rehabilitation Outcomes of African American Adults with Specific Learning Disabilities - Dunham, Mardis; Holliday, Gregory A.; Douget, Roy M.; Koller, James R.; Presberry, Richard; Wooderson, Steve (Journal of Rehabilitation, 1998)
Although prior research has found that African American children tend to receive special education services at a disproportionately higher rate than their Caucasian counterparts (Artiles & Trent, 1994; U.S. Department of Education, 1992), they tend to be underrepresented as adults in the state/federal vocational rehabilitation (VR) system when compared to Caucasians (Atkins & Wright, 1980; Dunham, Koller, & McIntosh, 1996b; Robertson, 1985). This is puzzling because African Americans tend to have higher rates of disabilities than Caucasians in terms of problems that interfere with work performance in general (Smart & Smart, 1997; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992). Research regarding the nature and outcome of VR services provided to African Americans has yielded inconsistent findings. Some researchers have reported that African Americans with disabilities were accepted for services at lower rates than non-minority persons (Atkins & Wright, 1980; Dziekan & Okocha, 1993). Others have reported that African Americans were less likely to be successfully rehabilitated and more likely to be closed in lower status jobs than Caucasians (Atkins & Wright, 1980; Wright, 1988). When reanalyzing the Atkins and Wright data, however, Bolton and Cooper (1980) suggested that the 5.5% difference in acceptance rates between African Americans and Caucasians did not necessarily constitute a significant difference, especially considering that the proportion of African Americans accepted for services exceeded their representational proportion in the general population. Similarly, when comparing acceptance for service rates, Wheaton (1995) found no statistical differences between African Americans and Caucasian Americans, although Caucasians demonstrated slightly higher acceptance for service rates. Nevertheless, it has been documented that African Americans were not consumers of VR services at a rate commensurate with their representation in the general U.S. population (Dunham, et al., 1996b; Dziekan & Okacha, 1993; Rehabilitation Services Administration [RSA], 1992; Robertson, 1985). Despite documented underrepresentation of African Americans in the VR system, it appears that no previous research has examined the vocational characteristics and outcomes of African American adults with SLD in the VR system. Previous research typically examined all disability types together and did not examine reasons for termination of VR services. Moreover, no research was found that documented reasons for unsuccessful completion of the VR process for African American adults with SLD. Before researchers and rehabilitation counselors can better understand the rehabilitation issues, clients needs, and training efficacy of African Americans in the VR system, more empirical research regarding the nature of this population of consumers is needed. Although the successful rehabilitation rates for persons with SLD are typically found to be around 64% (Berkeley Planning Associates [BPA], 1989), which is generally consistent with other disability groups, little research has examined those factors that contribute to a successful vocational closure for adults with SLD in the VR system. Dunham et al. (1996b) found that persons with SLD who were successfully employed following VR intervention tended to have fewer functional limitations associated with attentional deficits and lower rates of depression. Further, persons whose cases were closed as unsuccessful were more likely to have received college training and guidance/counseling as a VR service. The current study was conducted in an effort to promote a clearer understanding of the profile of African American VR consumers with SLD. As with any large group study, researching the African American VR consumer population as a homogeneous group may result in overgeneralizing the findings. There is a possibility of misinterpreting the unique characteristics and rehabilitation needs of these consumers. …
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The effect of context, culture and learning on the selection of alternative options in similar situations by South African pupils - Enderstein, L. G.; Spargo, P. E. (International journal of science education, 1998)
The intuitive beliefs about a number of well‐known physical events were investigated in a longitudinal and cross‐cultural study involving 2326 pupils in schools in the Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa and the then Republic of Transkei using a multiple‐choice questionnaire designed for the purpose. One of the findings of the study is that the context of the question has a clear effect on the frequency with which different options are selected in physically similar situations. Furthermore, differences between the beliefs of pupils in schools in the Cape and in Transkei emerge, as well as an increasing trend towards the selection of the correct response in some situations across the standards in Cape schools which appear to indicate the effect of learning in science.
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Deep venous thrombosis in a university teaching hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. - Gebremedhin, Amha; Shamebo, M (PubMed, 1998)
A five-year prospective study designed to obtain information on the demographic characteristics, risk factors and complications of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in sixty six Ethiopians is reported. There were 44 females and 22 males with a female to male ratio of 2:1. Their age ranged between 13 and 80 (mean = 34 +/- 12.8) years. Fifty one subjects (77%) were below the age of 41 years. Sixty three cases (95%) presented with lower and three with upper limb DVT. In 26 females (40%) pregnancy and pregnancy-related conditions such as childbirth, abortions and Caesarean section were the risk factors for their DVT. Immobilisation was considered a risk factor in 12 cases (18%) and 12 other patients did not have an apparent risk factor for their DVT. Post-thrombotic syndrome was observed in 26% of the study population during the follow up period which ranged from two months to seven years (median = 1 year). Twelve per cent of the patients developed recurrent DVT and 9% had non-fatal pulmonary embolism. Venous thrombosis is common in Ethiopians and usually affects pregnant and young adults. The risk factors and complications observed were similar to those documented in the literature.
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Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among primary school children in Western Kenya - Geissler, Paul Wenzel; Mwaniki, Dennis; Thiong'o, F; Michaelsen, Kim F.; Friis, Henrik (Tropical Medicine & International Health, 1998)
As part of a cross‐sectional study among 156 primary school children (median age 13 years, range 10–18) in Western Kenya, geophagy was assessed through interviews. 114 (73.1%) of these children reported eating soil daily. Haemoglobin levels were determined in all 156 children and serum ferritin concentrations in 135. The mean haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was 12.7 g/dl, and median ferritin concentration 27.2 μg/l. Both the proportion of anaemic (Hb < 11.0 g/dl) and of iron‐depleted (ferritin < 12 μg/l) children was significantly higher among the geophageous children than among the nongeophageous (9.6% vs . 0% anaemia; P = 0.037; 18.4% vs . 5.4% iron depletion; P = 0.046). Serum ferritin and haemoglobin concentrations were not correlated ( r = 0. 13 5; P = 0. 100). Multiple regression analysis showed that geophagy, hookworm eggs per gram faeces and malaria parasite counts per μl blood were independent predictors of serum ferritin, when controlling for other helminth infections, age and sex, and socio‐economic and educational background of the children's families and family size (y = 36.038–11.247(geophagy) – 0.010(hookworm epg) + 0.001(malaria parasite counts); R 2 = 0.17). Multiple regression analysis with haemoglobin as dependent variable and the same independent variables did not reveal any significant predictors. Analysis of the soil eaten by the children revealed a mean HCl‐extractable iron content of 168.9 mg/kg (SD 44.9). Based on the data on the amounts eaten daily and this mean iron content, soil could provide on average 4.7 mg iron to a geophageous child (interquartile range 2.1–7.1 mg), which is equivalent to 32% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for girls (interquartile range 14–48%) or 42% of the RNI for boys (interquartile range 19–63%). Iron depletion and anaemia are associated with geophagy, but only serum ferritin concentrations were shown to be dependent upon geophagy in the regression model. From the cross‐sectional data no inference about causality can be made. To clarify the possible causal relationships involved, longitudinal studies and iron‐supplementation intervention studies are needed.
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'Girls cannot think as boys do': Socialising children through the Zimbabwean school system - Gordon, Rosemary (Gender and Development, 1998)
What little attention donor-sponsored research on gender and education in Zimbabwe has paid to how schools educate children to assume gender roles has focused on the effect of girls, but it is equally important for development purposes to deconstruct masculinity and the ability of Western stereotypes to foster patriarchy. In Zimbabwe, the school curriculum continues to be gender-differentiated and, when offered a choice, girls and boys choose subjects that fall within the traditional male/female split, which is promoted by teachers, parents, and peers. In addition, males dominate positions of authority in the secondary school system, and teachers of both sexes consider it their duty to steer pupils towards "gender appropriate" behavior. School textbooks further this stereotyping. Interviews in 1995 with 15 secondary school boys at each of six schools sought to uncover attitudes about gender and education. Most boys (77.5%) reported that it is equally important to educate girls and boys, but only 50.6% believed that girls are as intelligent as boys (while differentiating between the type of intelligence possessed by girls with that enjoyed by boys). The boys also gender-typed school subjects on the basis of perceived differentials in abilities and because they are prerequisites for gender-differentiated occupations. Almost 90% of the boys reported that a wife should obey her husband. Thus, patriarchal values are internalized in schools in a way that will impede development.
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Nonformal Education for Women in Zimbabwe: Empowerment Strategies and Status Improvement - Hausmann, Christine (1998)
Contents: Development, women and nonformal education - The status quo of women in Zimbabwe (historical approach) - Nonformal programmes of NGOs for the improvement of women's status - Framework and measures for an effective empowerment.
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Hybrid performance of sorghum and its relationship to morphological and physiological traits under variable drought stress in Kenya - Haussmann, Bettina I. G.; Obilana, A. B.; Blum, A.; Ayiecho, P.O.; Schipprack, Wolfgang; Geiger, H. H. (Plant Breeding, 1998)
Abstract Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, is grown mostly in semi‐arid climates where unpredictable drought stress constitutes a major production constraint. To investigate hybrid performance at different levels of drought stress, 12 single‐cross hybrids of grain sorghum and their 24 parent lines were grown in eight site‐season combinations in a semi‐arid area of Kenya. In addition, a subset of 20 genotypes was evaluated at the seedling stage under polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐induced drought stress. Environmental means for grain yield ranged from 47 to 584 g/m 2 reflecting the following situations: two non‐stress, one moderate pre‐flowering, four moderate terminal and one extreme drought stress. Mean hybrid superiority over mid‐parent values was 54% for grain yield and 35% for above‐ground biomass. Across environments, hybrids out‐yielded two local varieties by 12%. Differences in yield potential contributed to grain yield differences in all stress environments. Early anthesis was most important for specific adaptation to extreme drought. Field performance was not related to growth reduction and osmotic adjustment under PEG‐induced drought stress. In conclusion, exploitation of hybrid vigour could improve the productivity of sorghum in semi‐arid areas.
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Framework for forecasting the extent and severity of drought in maize in the Free State Province of South Africa - Jager, J. M. de; Potgieter, Andries; Berg, W.J. van den (Agricultural Systems, 1998)
An effective framework for drought assessment requires a definition of drought severity, a weather-soils database for the relevant region in a geographic information system (GIS), a reliable crop growth model, a method of forecasting daily weather data from the present date till the end of the growing season and a mapping procedure for the graphical representation of a drought situation. The development and main features of such a framework (system) which is already in use in the Free State Province of South Africa, is described. Based upon the phase of the southern oscillation index, it has been applied to quantify and map drought hazard in maize by running maize crop growth models in a GIS. Input and output data for the latter are grouped in 9800 homogeneous natural resource zones. For each, computed maize grain yield forecasts are compared against long-term cumulative probability distribution functions of yield to determine their probabilities of non-exceedence and used to delimit drought severity areas accordingly. The system enjoys wide acceptance and credibility in the province. To date, the results have been well received by a rapidly growing number of users, now totalling 360. Major users are grain merchants, importers and exporters, millers, the provincial government and maize producers. No tests of accuracy of the forecasting system have been possible at this stage because the computation procedures and software have only just been completed. A similar project has, however, yielded promising results.
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Writing, Teachers, and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Raffaella Cribiore - Johnson, William A. (Classical Philology, 1998)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsWriting, Teachers, and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Raffaella Cribiore William A. JohnsonWilliam A. Johnson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Classical Philology Volume 93, Number 3Jul., 1998 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/449398 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1998 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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RECRUITMENT TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF STAFF (A CASE STUDY OF AFRIBANK NIGERIA PLC) - Kangiwa, Lawal A. (1998)
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (M.B.A.) DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA.
openalex: W2741015993 mag: 2741015993
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Surgical wound infection in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia. - Kotisso, B; Aseffa, Abebe (PubMed, 1998)
The magnitude and pattern of surgical wound infection in a teaching hospital in Gondar, northwest Ethiopia, was studied prospectively over a one year period. Out of 129 abdominal surgical wounds from 129 patients, fifty (38.7%) yielded pathogenic organisms on culture. The wound infection rate was 21% on clinical grounds alone. Wound infection was significantly associated with class of wound; with the highest rate being 61.4% for contaminated or dirty wound. There was no difference in infection rate between emergency and elective operations. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the leading aetiologic agents with rates of 28.8% and 27.1% of pathogenic isolates respectively. Surgical wound infection accounted for delay in the discharge of 14.7% of patients. This study has shown that the surgical wound infection rate in this teaching and tertiary level care hospital is high and control measures should be re-evaluated.
openalex: W87930543 mag: 87930543
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Implications of global climate change and the economics of development in Sub Sahara Africa - Kulindwa, Kassim (Environment and Development Economics, 1998)
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
openalex: W1993708445 mag: 1993708445
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Curricular Innovations in Traditional Music: A Case Study of Zimbabwean Music Teacher Education - Lowerntal, Elizabeth de (British Journal of Music Education, 1998)
The attainment of Zimbabwean independence in 1980 resulted in a variety of pressures on the curriculum for the education of music teachers. These pressures included dissatisfaction with the Eurocentric bias of the existing curriculum and demands for shifting the bias of education towards the promotion of previously marginalised aspects of Zimbabwean culture. This paper outlines the effects of these pressures on curricular innovations in Zimbabwean traditional music at Hillside Teachers' College, Bulawayo, and explores the possibilities for the future development of traditional music curriculum.
openalex: W1976206665 mag: 1976206665
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A study of teachers' attitudes towards supervision in primary schools in Bahati division of Nakuru district, Kenya. - Mabiru, Paul N (1998)
Master of education in educational administration and planning in the University of Nairobi
openalex: W2257837618 mag: 2257837618
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Testing a causal model of community-based education in the Sudan - Magzoub, M.; Schmidt, Henk G. (Academic Medicine, 1998)
To develop and test a model of community-based education.In 1995, after developing a hypothesized causal model for community-based education, the authors collected data for 106 students at the University of Gezira, the Sudan, who had participated over three summers in an interdisciplinary field training research and rural development course. The students rated each other on leadership, interaction with the community, subject-matter contributions, and effort. Teaching staff assessed the readiness of the community to collaborate. The students' achievement was measured by short essays measuring knowledge, supervisors' assessments of the students' performances in the community, the community's observations of the students' activities, the community's satisfaction, and a group-produced report evaluated by faculty. The effect of the students' activities on the community was measured by comparing baseline and post-intervention community health data. The students also indicated their levels of interest in the community's problems. The authors analyzed the resulting covariances using structural-equations modeling.After minor adaptations, the model fitted the data reasonably well. The path coefficients were quite high, particularly among the peer ratings. Leadership had a potent effect on the outcome measures, as did, to a lesser extent, the readiness of the community to collaborate with the students.This study was the first reported attempt to test a model of community-based education. Although the fit of the data to the model in the study was reasonable, further study is needed to unearth additional important elements of community-based education. This article also discusses methodologic shortcomings of the present study, such as a possible "halo effect" in the peer ratings and the retrospective nature of many of the measurements.
openalex: W2076058989 mag: 2076058989
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Streets to Schools: African American Youth Culture and the Classroom - Mahiri, Jabari (The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 1998)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsJabari MahiriJabari Mahiri is an assistant professor in the Graduate School of Education, University of California at Berkeley.
openalex: W2023270740 mag: 2023270740
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Clarke, Walter, and Jeffrey Herbst, eds., Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997. - Makinda, Samuel M. (The Journal of Conflict Studies, 1998)
openalex: W1557486308 mag: 1557486308
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Race and Popular Culture: Teaching African American Leadership Styles through Popular Music - Martinez, Theresa A. (Teaching Sociology, 1998)
L'A. montre que l'etude de la musique populaire, dans le cadre de l'enseignement de la sociologie, peut permettre d'identifier et de mettre en relief les differents styles de leadership au sein de la communaute noire americaine. Elle souligne que des styles specifiques de leadership, de strategies politiques apparaissent dans la chanson populaire. Elle analyse l'attitude des etudiants vis-a-vis de cette technique pedagogique
openalex: W2044468995 mag: 2044468995
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PAF- and histamine-receptor antagonists lessen allergen-induced hearing impairment in guinea pigs - Masuyama, Keisuke; Toriya, Takafumi; Minoda, Ryosei; Eura, Masao; Samejima, Yasuhiro; Ishikawa, Takeru (Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, 1998)
We have demonstrated degranulation of mast cells in the endolymphatic sac as well as an increase in audiological threshold shift in the experimental animal models following antigen provocation. Mast cells, however, release such chemical mediators as histamine, platelet activating factor (PAF), and leukotriene due to an antigen-antibody reaction on the cell surface. The aim of this study was to clarify the major chemical mediators responsible for hearing impairment in the animal models following antigen provocation. Guinea pigs were actively sensitized with DNP-Ascaris and provoked with an injection of DNP-BSA. A significant audiological threshold shift was observed at 1, 10, 24, and 72 h following challenge with allergen. The peak shift was at 10 h; all changes were reversed after 7 days. This threshold shift was abolished by prior injection of either a histamine- or PAF-receptor antagonist to allergen, but not of a leukotriene-receptor antagonist. Results suggest that histamine and PAF are involved in the hearing impairment induced by allergen exposure in the guinea pig.
openalex: W1964958053 mag: 1964958053
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Models of Rehabilitation and Evidence of Their Effectiveness: Production & Movements of Disability Knowledge, Skill & Design within the Cultures and Concepts of Southern Africa. - Miles, Margaret Shandor (1998)
This address begins with a study of self-help by a Mozambican in the 1590s and then imagines a period between the years 2050 to 2150, during which women caring for people with disabilities abolish the need for specialist educational, medical and social services, by multiplying and democratizing the necessary knowledge, skills and design to make them universally available. The paper urges that the cultural and conceptual bases of professional training, originating in Europe, be replaced by local culture and concepts rooted in regional experiences and disability histories. Various models of service provision and evidence of their effectiveness are outlined, including family self-help, traditional healers and teachers, modern centers, and activities described as Community Based Rehabilitation. It is argued that the worldwide occurrence of causal integration of children with disabilities in ordinary schools has been ignored in policy formulation, suggesting that research evidence does not necessarily affect national policy if it contradicts popular beliefs. The address ends with an appeal for African cultural contributions to research. Appended resource materials include a bibliography of 932 materials from Angola, Botswana, D.R. Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, concerning social, educational, developmental, and medical responses to disabilities.
openalex: W10033050 mag: 10033050
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF AN EGYPTIAN LANDRACE OF GREEN PEPPER AND BREEDING FOR TOLERANCE TO HEAT AND DROUGHT STRESSES - Mohamed, M. F. (Acta horticulturae, 1998)
There has been a renewed interest in landraces and local cultivars of crop species as source of genetic variation for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In our study we used a pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) landrace collected from different farms at Assiut. Shoot-buds on the basal 5 to 7 stem nodes from plants at the end of the growing season were used to propagate desirable individuals in vitro. The greatest number of shoots were produced in cultures on Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium containing 3 μM benzyladenine (BA) alone or plus 0.9 μM Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and on the medium with 5 μM BA alone or plus 1.5 μM IAA. Useful variation was observed under heat and drought stress conditions. Population raised from bulked seeds of tested progenies showed significant increase in percentage of fruit set, fruit weight, number of fruits, and fruit yield compared to population of the original landrace collection. This in vitro method would be useful to conserve field collections from such germplasm. Copies of desired variants can be grown under favorable conditions for producing explants of anthers to use in gamete sorting and developing double-haploid lines. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl1H-[benzyladenine, BA], 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
openalex: W2461360505 mag: 2461360505
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A Comparison of Preference Responses of White and African-American Students to Musical versus Musical/Visual Stimuli - Morrison, Steven J. (Journal of Research in Music Education, 1998)
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of same- and other-group identification in musical preference decision-making. Subjects were African-American (n = 189) and white (n = 280) music students in Grades 6, 7, and 8. Each subject responded along a 9-point Likert scale to 10 instrumental music excerpts, five performed by African-American jazz artists and five performed by white jazz artists. Examples were presented according to one of three conditions: (1) music only, (2) music accompanied by a photograph of the performers, or (3) music accompanied by a photograph of different performers representing a different ethnicity. Results indicated that white subjects preferred examples by white performers regardless of presentation condition. African-American subjects preferred examples by white performers when presented with music alone, but preferred examples believed to be by African-American performers under the musical/visual conditions.
openalex: W2094079184 mag: 2094079184
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Evolution of drought policy and related science in Australia and South Africa - O’Meagher, Bruce; Pisani, L.G. du; White, David (Agricultural Systems, 1998)
Australia and South Africa are dominated by extensive agriculture, both countries being predominantly arid and exposed to a highly variable climate. Limiting land degradation, maintaining the financial viability of farms and improving the risk-management skills of farmers are common problems which government and industry in both countries are attempting to address. Both countries are currently refining their approaches to drought management, and have been making substantial use of science in improving the monitoring and assessment of drought, and the management of the land. Unlike the situation in Australia, however, South Africa's approach is being reviewed against the backdrop of a fundamental reorientation of broader agricultural policies in the context of that country's transition to a fully fledged democracy. The changing approach to drought policy in South Africa can therefore only be fully understood in the context of this broader process of change. This paper compares the climate and agriculture of Australia and South Africa, and how their different drought policies have evolved. Observations are made on the role of scientists in providing advice to political decision makers, and ways in which the process of decision making with respect to drought may be improved.
openalex: W2033760156 mag: 2033760156
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Challenges in Music Education Facing the New South Africa - Oehrle, Elizabeth (British Journal of Music Education, 1998)
South Africa is undergoing dynamic changes affecting all aspects of life, and legacies of the previous regime have a bearing on these changes. Music educators informal institutions face many challenges. Music-making in the informal sector is extensive, ongoing and relevant. Today, one of the greatest challenges for music educators in the formal sector is to realise the importance and value of developing a philosophy and process of music education that emanates and evolves from musics and musical practices existing in southern Africa.
openalex: W2016434575 mag: 2016434575
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Pattern of Dietary Intake and Consumption of Street Foods among Nigerian Students - Oguntona, C. R. B.; Razaq, M.A.; Akintola, Tolulope T. (Nutrition and Health, 1998)
An assessment of the food and nutrient intake of 81 male and 35 female University students was conducted using structured questionnaires and 24-hr. diet recall procedures. The contribution of Street Foods (SF) to their nutrients intakes was also assessed. The major dietary sources of nutrients for both groups were Cereals, Roots and Tubers and Legumes. Energy intake by males (9.81 MJ or 83.9% RDA) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than intake (8.59 MJ or 81.8% RDA) by female subjects. Street Foods contributed 50.3% and 48.3% of energy to male and female subjects respectively. Total Protein intake approximated RDA for both groups although on average only 25% of this was from animal sources. Intakes of minerals and vitamins were generally below RDA except for Calcium and vitamin A. Female subjects had significantly higher intakes of Iron, Thiamin and vitamin A than males. Overall Street food's contribution to RDA ranged from 23.0% (Iron in males) to 80.0% (vitamin A, also in males).
openalex: W2006666665 mag: 2006666665
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Effects of Stabilization and Structural Adjustment on Education in Kenya: The Role of the State in Managing Economic Austerity - Okada, Aya (国際開発研究フォーラム, 1998)
openalex: W621102857 mag: 621102857
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Education for All—the challenges for a developing country: the Zimbabwe experience - Peresuh, M.; Ndawi, Obert Paradzai (International Journal of Inclusive Education, 1998)
Education for All (EFA) entails a commitment on the part of the state to provide ‘Basic Education’ to all its citizens. Such education is intended to lead to the acquisition/possession of the knowledge, skills and competencies that will enable individuals to accomplish those transactions in which they normally wish or need to engage. Developing counries like Zimbabwe face the problems of increasing populations, coupled with rising costs of educational provision, against a background of diminishing external aid and an even faster dimishing value of the local currencies. The challenges to provide cheaper alternative approaches to educational provision and to redress the plight of the girl child have to be addressed if EFA is to be realized. Solutions to these problems must be sought through research in order to come up with a relevant curriculum and affordable alternative approaches to education provision. This would facilitate the realization of Education for All in a developing country.
openalex: W2015001387 mag: 2015001387
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The Identification of Needs for the Provision of In-service Training in Music Education in Botswana - Phuthego, Mothusi (British Journal of Music Education, 1998)
This study investigates the in-service training needs of the primary school generalist teacher in Botswana. The findings established that singing is a major cross-curricular activity in schools. Dance on the other hand, despite being the most popular form of entertainment in and outside school, is not regarded as an aspect of music education. Instrumental teaching is virtually non-existent. Teachers' interests in further musical training are influenced by a misconception that singing should be the main activity in music lessons. As a result most are only interested in improving their skills in areas that will improve their singing, such as theory of music to aid sight reading.
openalex: W2163956197 mag: 2163956197
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Assessing rangeland drought in South Africa - Pisani, L.G. du; Fouché, H.J.; Venter, J. C. (Agricultural Systems, 1998)
The meteorological and agricultural assessment techniques that have been developed in South Africa are discussed, with reference to their strengths and weaknesses, application and suggested future developments. Future challenges in drought assessment as influenced by democratization are also considered. We conclude that meteorological methods have several inherent deficiencies which render them risky for the optimum allocation of drought relief. Agricultural drought assessment is suggested to be more preferable. Current agricultural drought models should nevertheless be improved to deal more successfully with the dynamic nature of rangeland. Evidence indicates that no absolute objective biophysical criteria for the quantification of the onset and the end of a drought have been identified and that all current criteria have an inherent subjectivity. Choosing appropriate interpolation techniques for mapping drought extent is a cause for concern, and there is scope for future research. Remote sensing techniques, integrated with crop modelling techniques, are options to pusue further. We finally suggest that in a democratic South Africa, more attention should be given to a multi-disciplinary approach where impacts, other than meteorological and agricultural, on previously disadvantaged black farmers are also assessed.
openalex: W1997165048 mag: 1997165048
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Geodynamic implications of intermediate-depth earthquakes and volcanism in the intraplate Atlas mountains (Morocco) - Ramdani, Faiçal (Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1998)
Intermediate-depth earthquakes and igneous activity are unusual in the geodynamic models of intracontinental belts. In the Atlas mountains of NW Africa, they appear to be coeval and related to geodynamic processes in this region. Driving forces acting on the Atlas area including regional boundary conditions are investigated to suggest a geodynamic event that leads to subcrustal seismic events and related magmatism styles. This geodynamics concerns a period of 45 Ma in which the Atlas system experienced Cenozoic tectonic inversion of previous Mesozoic extensional basins. Keeping in mind the role of pre-existing tectonic events a period of about 45 Ma represents only 1% of the age of the Earth. Thus 99% of pre-existing tectonics are ignored. The Cenozoic interaction with Eurasia, including Alboran rifting in the Burdigalian, provide lateral constraints on the tectonics of the Moroccan Atlas region. A realistic model for the region is that the Alboran oceanic bodies, driven by the collision with Eurasia, have been moved horizontally into the surrounding African boundaries. These tectonic processes associated with collision and induced subduction for some 25 Ma should have resulted in thickening of the Atlas lithosphere, but such thickening is not observed. It is proposed that the present crustal velocity and geoelectric structures, negative Bouguer gravity, magmatic events and evidence for rapid uplift, in addition to localized high heat flows, can be better explained in terms of a delamination event. This accounts for two distinct processes of magmatism, the absence of crustal roots and the history of sublithospheric seismicity. Such a mechanism offers perspectives for relating intermediate-depth earthquakes to volcanic activity even though their occurrence are separated by a time delay of some 0.5 Ma at least.
openalex: W2060018345 mag: 2060018345
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Institutionalizing International Influence: The Context for Education Reform in Africa. - Samoff, Joel (1998)
Perhaps because educational achievement often has been associated with elite status, the organization and focus of education nearly everywhere in the modern era reflects international influences, some more forceful than others. In this era, with few exceptions, the direction of influence is from European core to southern periphery. Institutional arrangements, disciplinary definitions and hierarchies, legitimizing publications, and instructional authority reside in that core, which periodically incorporates students and professors from the periphery, many of whom may never return home. Noting that education convergence in the current era has been marked by both imaginative innovations and the even more striking commonalities across diverse settings, this paper considers the general theme of international influence in education reform and explores the context for education reform in Africa, particularly South Africa. The paper discusses 20th-century education reform and the commonalities across national settings that have most intrigued scholars of comparative education. It describes the context for education reform, and socialist disarray and United States triumphalism, along with the resuscitation of modernization theory. The paper also considers the changing roles in the United Nations system, aid dependence, international education currents, education as investment, education as production, and education as delivery system. It discusses different aspects of education in contemporary Africa, the role(s) of research, and South African uniqueness. The paper concludes by outlining the challenges for those involved in reforming education in South Africa, in particular teacher education. Contains 49 notes and 86 references. (BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
openalex: W222492230 mag: 222492230
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Ethnicity, Education, and Fertility Transition in Kinshasa, Congo. Working Paper 2-97-1. Revised. - Shapiro, David; Tambashe, B. Oleko (1998)
openalex: W93139270 mag: 93139270
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Cost Recovery and its Implications for Student Teachers in Government Teacher Education Colleges in Zimbabwe - Shizha, Edward (Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 1998)
Cost recovery measures imposed on Third World nations have had a perversive impact on the social welfare of the poor. Education is one of the areas in which this impact has been experienced. In Zimbabwe, the introduction of cost recovery or cutbacks in government expenditure resulted in socioeconomic hardships among the vulnerable groups in society. Shared responsibility between parents and government in financing education is one form of cost recovery introduced in tertiary education. Parents of students who are considered “able now pay for half the education costs of their children. This policy has not yet been introduced in teacher education. The purpose of the study was to investigate the implications of cost recovery measures on student teachers in government teacher education colleges. The study concluded that cost recovery in teacher education impacts negatively on students from disadvantaged backgrounds who are most likely to use teaching profession as a means of social mobility and a way of regulating their social conditions. Data collected in this study indicate that most student teachers in government teacher education colleges are children of peasants and urban low-income earners, the disadvantaged groups who cannot afford to pay for their education. Thus, in light of this finding, cost recovery measures in teacher education would impact negatively on children of the poor who generally use the teaching profession as a means for social mobility and as a way of regulating their social conditions, especially poverty.
openalex: W1494689797 mag: 1494689797
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A survey of the Islamic sites near Aden and in the Abyan district of Yemen. By Geoffrey King and Cristina Tonghini. pp. viii, 96, 35 pls., 11 figs., including 3 maps. London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1996. £18.00. - Smith, G. Rex (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1998)
A survey of the Islamic sites near Aden and in the Abyan district of Yemen. By Geoffrey King and Cristina Tonghini. pp. viii, 96, 35 pls., 11 figs., including 3 maps. London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1996. £18.00. - Volume 8 Issue 2
openalex: W2333503658 mag: 2333503658
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Campaigning against female genital mutilation in Ethiopia using popular education - Spadacini, Beatrice; Nichols, Pamela (Gender and Development, 1998)
In Ethiopia, the Italian Association for Women in Development (AIDOS) has been working with Ethiopia's National Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children for 5 years. AIDOS began working on female genital mutilation in the early 1980s and rejects charges of cultural imperialism that are applied to Northern organizations attempting to help African organizations address this violation of universal human rights. In Ethiopia, 85% of women are mutilated, with most undergoing Sunna, or removal of the prepuce of the clitoris. The joint project seeks to increase awareness about the health consequences of female genital mutilation in the target group. The primary technique used is provision of training of trainers courses and presentation of four modular units and audiovisual materials specifically designed for use with socially influential women, male and female secondary school students, community leaders, and health workers. In addition, an information/education campaign uses videos and sound and slide shows with accompanying story books. A second category of communication tools was developed for a mass information campaign, including radio spots, posters, information leaflets, and a newsletter. When the project was ready for expansion into the southern region of the country, it became clear that a new participatory communication strategy was required to stimulate discussion, such as the use of role playing and theater. Working together, the two organizations have successfully confronted project constraints such as the difficulty in assessing project impact, scheduling problems, and gender-biased assess to information.
openalex: W1981473505 mag: 1981473505
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HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION FROM A FERTILIZER COMPLEX IN NIGERIA - Sridhar, Mk C (Epidemiology, 1998)
openalex: W2005261345 mag: 2005261345
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Tectonic and volcanic controls on Early Jurassic rift-valley lake deposition during emplacement of Karoo flood basalts, southern Namibia - Stollhofen, Harald; Gerschütz, Stephan; Stanistreet, Ian G.; Lorenz, Volker (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1998)
The Karoo Igneous Province of southern Africa is one of the classic Mesozoic flood basalt provinces of the world. In the case of the early Jurassic Kalkrand Formation of Namibia the succession comprises three major flood basalt units that are separated by two stratigraphically important fluvio-lacustrine interlayers. These horizons preserve a record of the complex interplay between sedimentation, effusion of Karoo flood basalts and extensional tectonics that predated and accompanied the break-up of Gondwanaland. Both sediment layers start with the dominantly local derivation of weathered and eroded lava debris, followed by the emplacement of subaqueous mass flows and subsequent deposition of chemical sediments. The latter are characterised by interbedded stromatolitic carbonates, grass-like structured gypsum, and plane-bedded sandstones and mudstones containing euhedral displacive gypsum crystals that grew in the subsurface as well as rosettes which nucleated on the sediment surface. The central parts of the lacustrine units are overlain by thin deltaic sandstones showing bottomset, foreset, and topset layering and, finally, braided fluvial, trough cross-bedded sandstones. Evidence of subsidence synchronous with the formation of lake bodies can be explained by two principal mechanisms. The first acted in localised areas only and is reflected by the development of small, centrally subsiding basins. From the repeated occurrence of onlapping geometries within such a pool, a multiphase history of sagging is deduced, being most likely related to periodic magma withdrawal and reduction in magmatic pressures in subsurface lava feeders beneath the basin floor. Abundant syn-subsident fracture features at lava–sediment contacts, such as sediment-, hydrothermal calcite-, and sometimes basic lava-filled fissure systems indicate the pronounced interaction between the underlying volcanics and these small areas of pronounced subsidence. Fluids passing through the volcanic pile exhaled into the lake, giving it the characteristics of alkaline lake systems described from more recent flood basalt areas associated with the modern African Rift System. On the regional scale, however, northerly trending extensional fault systems controlled half-graben basin geometries and both facies and thickness variations across faults indicate that tectonism operated contemporaneously with volcanism and lacustrine sedimentation. The analysis of faults and associated structures, such as regularly aligned sediment-filled fissures, sets of micro-faults, folds and basaltic dykes constrains the extensional opening direction for the Karoo graben structures in this area that heralded the opening of the South Atlantic and thus provides a basis to discuss the extensional history of the Namibian coastal margin within the regional tectonic framework.
openalex: W2031073803 mag: 2031073803
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Promoting Girls' Education in Africa: The Design and Implementation of Policy Interventions. Education Research Paper. - Swainson, Nicola; Bendera, Stella J.; Gordon, Rosemary; Kadzamira, Esme (1998)
openalex: W146137020 mag: 146137020
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Making educational policy under influence of external assistance and national politics — a comparative analysis of the education sector policy documents of Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia and Zambia - Takala, Tuomas (International Journal of Educational Development, 1998)
The article analyses the context and content of current national education sector policy documents from four African countries (Ethiopia, 1994; Mozambique, 1995; Namibia, 1993; Zambia, 1996). These documents are examined in relation to the educational policy agenda presented in World Bank publications and in the documents of the Jomtien Education for All conference. In all four cases a considerable degree of agreement is found between the national documents and the donor agenda, particularly in the countries undergoing structural adjustment programmes. The analysis also suggests that this influence is moderated by multi-party politics, and by remnants of previous socialist ideology.
openalex: W2020646070 mag: 2020646070
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Teaching strategies that honor and motivate inner-city African–American students - Teel, Karen; DeBruin‐Parecki, Andrea; Covington, Martin V. (Teaching and Teacher Education, 1998)
This paper describes a school/university collaboration resulting in the development of alternative teaching strategies which honored and motivated inner-city African–American middle-school students. The four strategies based on motivation and school failure theories were: non-competitive effort-based grading multiple performance opportunities increased responsibility and choice and validation of cultural differences. An experienced classroom teacher researcher used these strategies in an urban classroom for two years with two different groups of students. Findings indicated that with the use of these alternative teaching strategies the majority of students who appeared initially to lack motivation began to exhibit higher levels of engagement interest and confidence.
openalex: W1537038860 mag: 1537038860
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Lessons for the Future: Comparison and Contrasts of the Master of Health Professions Education Programs Offered in China and Egypt - Tekian, Ara; Dwyer, Mary M. (Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 1998)
Purpose: This article compares and contrasts the Master of Health Professions Education (MHPE) program offered in China and Egypt. Its goal is to explain the successes and failures of the China project using the Egyptian experience as a model, and to provide suggestions for future overseas projects. The primary purpose of these projects was to establish a core group of reform-minded MHPE graduates who would work to implement institutional improvements in both countries. Summary: Results indicate that, in both countries, career standing for MHPE graduates improved. However, there are some important differences. In Egypt, graduates were able to establish long-term reforms. In China, graduates, on returning to their home provinces, found it difficult to affect institutional change on a large scale. Conclusions: Five areas where improvements could be made to better ensure the success of academic programs being held abroad in the future are discussed. These are cultural awareness, communication, teaching metho...
openalex: W2035840549 mag: 2035840549
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Challenges to Reform: Botswana Junior Secondary School Science Teachers’ Perceptions of the Development Functions of Science Education - Vlaardingbroek, Barend (International Journal of Educational Reform, 1998)
openalex: W40132350 mag: 40132350
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Teaching Culture: Thoughts from Northern Ghana - Wiggins, Trevor (British journal of music education (Print), 1998)
This article considers ideas and issues raised by an examination of the function of education, particularly music education in Ghana. There are many musical traditions in Ghana that the people want to pass on to the younger generation. How are these to be taught or learned? Where are the duties and boundaries of formal education to be drawn? What can be expected of parents and family? What is the situation for the teacher, given that few teachers return to their native area after training at a centralised institution? The article is based around an interview with the Paramount Chief (Naa) Puoure Puobe Chiir VII of Nandom in the Upper West Region of Ghana. He is one of twenty-five members of the National Council of State of Ghana (a non-elected Upper Chamber) and, as mentioned in the interview, vice-president of the National House of Chiefs and Chairman of its Research Committee.
openalex: W2080650069 mag: 2080650069
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Establishment of a LIS research and education network in the Republic of South Africa - Wormell, Irene (Education for Information, 1998)
openalex: W1138192742 mag: 1138192742
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Do budgets really matter? - evidence from public spending on education and health in Uganda - Ablo, Emmanuel; Reinikka, Ritva (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
The authors demonstrate that budget allocations alone can be misleading in explaining outcomes and making policy decisions, when institutions are weak. They diagnose the problem, using empirical evidence from primary education and health care in Uganda, but arguing that a similar problem exists in many countries. Adequate public accounts are not available so they carried out a field survey of schools and clinics to collect data on spending. Problems with the flow of public funds have to do largely with governance and a lack of accountability. Among problems with the service delivery system: Primary enrollments increased 60 percent in 1991-95, but official figures indicate enrollments were stagnant. Such a stunning discrepancy indicates that official data cannot always be trusted. The government's share of funding increased over time, but public primary education was still funded largely by parents, who contributed, on average, more than 70 percent of total spending on schools in 1991 (median 40 percent) and 60 percent in 1995 (median 20 percent). Parents'contribution continued to increase despite higher public spending. Less than 30 percent of funding intended for nonsalary public spending actually reached the schools in 1991-95; district authorities kept and used most of the capitation grant meant for schools. (An increase in enrollments which was not taken into account when the total amount of the grant was calculated is responsible for the remaining discrepancy). Similarly, at best, schools were allowed to keep only a third of mandatory tuition fees from parents; the rest went to district education offices. By and large, salary payments did reach the schools, so at least the wage part of the increase in budget allocations filtered down through the system. The only systematic way of misappropriating salary funds wereghostson the payroll. Close to 20 percent of all teachers on the payroll were removed as ghosts in 1993. The behavior of public service facilities in the two sectors varies considerably. Schools, for example, keep systematic records of financial flows and enrollments (perhaps because parents provide most of the funding and are likely to insist on accountability). The health care sector does not keep good records.Since release of the survey results, there have been changes. Among them, monthly transfers of public funds are reported in the media; school-based procurement has replaced the central supply of construction and other materials; and an effort has been made to institute basic public accounting systems in the public sector, including districts.
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A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TEACHER AND SCHOOLINFLUENCES ON AFRICAN AMERICAN ENROLLMENTS IN SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE COURSES - Jones, Kenneth R.; Bowen, Blannie E. (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1998)
The purpose of this study was to determine factors related to enrollment of African Americans in secondary agricultural science programs. Eleven agricultural science programs in Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia were studied during site visits. Also, one agricultural science teacher in each of the high schools was interviewed. Based on the observations and other data that were collected, the researchers found that agricultural science teachers’ attitudes toward teaching and students had a significant impact on African American enrollments in agricultural science courses. Those teachers who could relate well to all students and were enthusiastic about their programs had the highest number of African American students in their courses. In addition, programs that had high technology, science-based curricula enrolled more African American students than traditional production oriented programs. Also, schools with an African American agricultural science teacher had higher percentages of African American students in the agricultural science program.
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INFLUENCE OF STUDENT AND SCHOOL FACTORS ON AFRICAN AMERICAN ENROLLMENT IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE COURSES - Jones, Kenneth R.; Bowen, Blannie E. (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1998)
The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to African American enrollment in secondary agricultural science courses. Questionnaires were completed by 380 students from Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia high schools. Attitudes of students enrolled in agricultural science courses and those not enrolled (biology students) were analyzed by race. Agricultural science students were more positive than biology students on three attitudinal constructs (image of the agricultural sciences, future value of the agricultural sciences, and the role of significant others on student enrollment). Also, African Americans were more negative toward the agricultural sciences than students of other races on all three constructs. Three variables (gender, future value, and teacher attitude) explained 24% of the variance in students’ enrollment decisions. Students who were males, positive about the future value of the agricultural sciences, and who were enrolled in schools that had a agricultural science teacher with positive attitudes toward teaching tended to enroll in agricultural science courses.
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[Training at the African Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology in Bamako]. - Auzéméry, A; Huguet, Pierre; Auduge, André; Traoré, Jeannette; Jf, Ceccon; Jf, Schémann (PubMed, 1998)
The African Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology (AITO) is an OCCCMED institute, founded in Bamako in 1953. The OCCCMED itself is based at Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). AITO is a WHO collaborating center for the prevention of blindness. Training is one of the main activities of the institute, along with eye care, research and assessment. The prevalence of blindness in sub-Saharan countries is about 1.2%, with blindness mostly caused by cataracts, trachoma, glaucoma and onchocercosis. The demand for eye care is high but there are currently too few trained personnel to satisfy that demand. Therefore, AITO's role in training eye-care professionals is particularly important. The institute trains ophthalmologists, specialist nurses, eye surgeons (who remove cataracts) and spectacle manufacturers. Training is carried out within the framework of the community and apprenticeship in the workplace. The student must attain specific targets, listed in a "competency passport" issued at the start of training. Clinical and surgical ophthalmology and general eye care are taught. Training costs and grants are mostly paid by the Lions Club International Sight First Program or by the French Overseas Development Ministry. Since 1991, AITO has trained to graduation: 18 ophthalmologists; 24 eye surgeons; 83 specialist nurses; 16 spectacle manufacturers.
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[Food habits outside the home by school children in Cotonou (Benin)]. - Chauliac, Michel; Bricas, Nicolas; Ategbo, Eric Alain; Amoussa, Waliou; Zohoun, I. (PubMed, 1998)
Urban growth leads to the consumption of food outside the home, with the demand for street food coming particularly from school children. A survey of 240 primary school children aged 8 to 13 was carried out, by means of personal interviews. More than 90% were regularly given pocket money by their parents, and this money was used mainly for buying food from vendors inside or near their schools. Less than 20% of children ate breakfast at home before going to school. Food purchases occurred mostly before the end of school morning break and an average of 38 CFA Francs were spent on each purchase (7.6 US cents). A wide variety of foods were bought, mostly including cereals. This buying of food seems to be part of a family food strategy to reduce the preparation of breakfast at home. The combination of this demand, and the supply of food in schools provides a useful means for campaigns aimed at improving the quality of children's diets in the short and long term.
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Seroprevalence of hepatitis markers; HAV, HBV, HCV and HEV amongst primary school children in Freetown, Sierra Leone. - Hodges, Michael R.; Sanders, EA; Aitken, Campbell (PubMed, 1998)
The prevalence of hepatitis markers (Hepatitis A, B, C and E) in primary school children in Freetown, Sierra Leone was investigated in a government school, representative of the urban middle class. The children were aged between 6-12 years old. A sub-sample (n = 120) of the 450 pupils were invited to participate. Of the 66 volunteers (mean 8.32 years) 12 were positive for HBsAg (males 9, females 3) and 11 were confirmed. Six of these were HBeAg positive, anti-HBe negative, (male 5, female 1). Whilst 6 were HBeAg negative, anti-HBe positive (male 4, female 2). HBcAb was present in 47 children (71%). Hepatitis A, C and E antibodies were detected in 64 (97%), 1 (2%) and 5 (8%) of children respectively.
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A check list of the plant species at the site of the Kenya and Japan Social Forestry Training Project, Kitui, Kenya - Hayashi, Ichiroku; Gachathi, Francis N. (1998)
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African-Americans, Violence, Disabilities, and Public Policy: A Call for a Workable Approach to Alleviating the Pains of Inner-City Life. - Anderson, John M.; Dyson, Laronistine; Grandison, Terry (Western journal of black studies, 1998)
Abstract The crime problem in many African-American communities threatens the prospect that future generations will survive or live conventional lives. Despite the punitive practices used by the criminal justice system to prevent crime in these areas, problems exacerbate leaving many to doubt that this is the best approach. However, the public health approach holds promise for communities saturated by violence and social disorganization. Introduction The total amount of crime committed in the United States each year is calculated in three manners. Crime data are collected from official statistics of the Uniform Crime Reports, self-reports, and victimization surveys. All sources confirm that African-Americans commit a disproportionate number of crimes relative to their population composition. Crime indexes reveal that while African-Americans make up only 12 percent of the U.S. population, they account for 55 percent of the index crimes committed each year. What is more disturbing is that the most serious crime murder is disproportionately committed by African-Americans against other African-Americans. Wilson (1990) contends that blacks are responsible for committing at least 91 percent of black homicides. While the plight of African-Americans looks grim, many victims involved in murder attempts survive violent criminal episodes. However, because of serious bodily injuries, some never fully recuperate after victimization. These victims come to depend on the health care system for long term rehabilitation and therapeutic programs to aid them in adjusting to their injuries. This paper is divided into five parts. Part I offers theoretical explanations for crime in urban areas. Part II describes levels of violence that are concentrated in the inner-city urban areas where minorities disproportionately reside. Part III addresses the extent and costs of victimizations. Part IV provides criminal justice and health care approaches to reduce violence. Part V argues a viable policy strategy to reduce urban violence. In the final analysis, the research suggests that the health care approach can successfully reduce crime and violence in African-American communities. Part I: Theoretical Explanations for Crime in Urban Areas Crime statistics indicate that African-Americans living in urban areas commit and experience higher rates of crime and victimization than people in other geographical areas (Johnson et al., 1990). Therefore, there must be forces that exist in these environments that are crime-producing or at least crime-generating. Structural theorists contend that these environments exist because, historically, blacks were disenfranchised from employment, education, housing, and political activities. In addition, blacks were the victims of institutionalized racism, discrimination, and brutality at the hands of free citizens, as well as state officials who routinely ignored constitutional safeguards and protections (see Comer, 1985; Silberman, 1979). Today, many urban areas reveal the harsh reality of the legacy of systematic exclusion of equal access to the social, political, and economic resources in America. Structural scholars believe that social forces found in urban African-American communities are caused by structural inequalities that blacks have been forced to endure. They argue that because early in the nation's history, blacks were enslaved; forced into labor; made to feel inferior; and were systematically excluded from conventional avenues for success. The end result has been that many blacks chose crime as an alternative means to reach the culturally-induced goals of social status and economic prosperity. Because of unequal access and disenfranchisement, some negative social forces found in these urban areas are poverty; nontraditional families; juvenile delinquency; gangs; teenage pregnancies; drugs; despair; lawlessness; unemployment; and social disorganization (Shaw and McKay, 1931; Parks and Burgess, 1924; Mann, 1993; Pettigrew and Spier, 1962, and Sellin, 1938). …
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Paleocene-early Eocene alkaline volcanic activity in Tunisia phosphatic sediments; comparison with Cretaceous magmatism and geodynamic significance - Aicha, Beji Sassi; Nejia, Laridhi Ouazaa; Ali, Zaier; Clocchiatti, R. (1998)
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Chapter 12. CEREAL BANKS IN BURKINA FASO: Food Security, Drought, and Development (1998)
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Women in higher education in agriculture with reference to selected countries in East and Southern Africa - Acker, David; McBreen, Edna L.; Taylor, S. Elwynn (The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 1998)
Abstract In Africa, the continued under-representation of women in education is particularly severe, especially in tertiary level programs relevant to agricultural development. The underlying premises of this paper are, firstly, that African agricultural development would be better served by an increase in the number of well-trained women leaders in agricultural research, extension, training and policy. Secondly, that there are currently very few women in positions of leadership in agriculture development agencies in countries visited in this study. And thirdly, that although there is a relatively low rate of participation of trained women agriculturalists in field positions, higher education in agriculture provides a passage through which women could gain greater access to leadership positions in agriculture. This paper examines the current status of women's participation in higher education in agriculture in selected East and Southern African countries, identifies existing obstacles to their greater participation, and presents several strategies attempted in Botswana, Tanzania, and Malawi, for surmounting these obstacles.
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Indigenous contractors' perceptions of the importance of topics for contractor training in Nigeria - Adams, Olugboyega A. (Habitat International, 1998)
Provision of training is prominent among other initiatives to enhance domestic contractors' performance and contributions to economic growth in developing countries. Unfortunately, efforts in this respect are only marginally successful. The literature on small-medium sized enterprises (SMEs) indicate that owner-managers' personal characteristics and factors relating to their organisations as well as the training programmes on offer influence their perceptions of importance of training, training needs and preferred delivery systems. Little effort was made in the past to train Nigerian indigenous contractors. This paper reports an exploratory study on contractors' perceptions of the importance of topics for training programmes to improve indigenous contractors' performance, part of a larger questionnaire survey of contractor training and development needs in south-west Nigeria. The majority of the respondents were trained construction professionals under forty five years old with previous work experience in the industry prior to establishing construction contracting business. The subject categories perceived as most important in descending order of importance are accounting and financial management, entrepreneurial studies and project management. Responses were analysed on the basis of certain personal and organisational factors, no statistical difference was observed in the perceptions of the sample in most instances. These findings provide insights into topics that will make training attractive to contractors in the region. The paper concludes that programmes to improve indigenous construction capacity in developing countries should promote entrepreneurial and managerial skills in construction education so that graduates are encouraged to consider self-employment or business ownership as alternative to career aspirations in employment. Thus trained indigenous professionals are better prepared as future owner-managers of construction enterprises. However, the findings cannot be generalised to other parts of the country due to the limitations of the study. Potential differences in personal and organisational characteristics imply differences in needs and preferences.
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Earthquake Hazard Analysis in Northern Egypt - Badawy, Ahmed (Acta geodaetica et geophysica Hungarica, 1998)
Earthquake activity and seismic hazard analysis are important components of the seismic aspects for very essential structures such as major dams and nuclear power plants. Setting of nuclear power plants becomes of increasing important in northern Egypt with the commitment towards promoting nuclear electric generation. Therefore, the annual seismic hazard maps with non-exceedence probability of 80%, 85% and 90% are given. These maps show that northern Egypt is severely affected by earthquakes from potential sources around Sinai peninsula. Three sites (Nile Delta, Cairo, and Ismailia region) have been chosen to estimate the earthquake hazard in more detailes to serve as a basic parameter to the safety factor of different projects in these regions. At each region six intensity levels have been examined. The annual expected number of earthquakes (N), the return periods (T), and the probability of occurrence (R) for each intensity level are given. These results indicate that the return period of an intensity VII in Nile Delta and Cairo regions is about 20 years with probability of 0.05%, while at Ismailia region is 10 years with 9% probability of occurrence. A seismic safety factor of intensity 8.5 should be considered in designing the vital projects in northern Egypt. On basis of the Trifunac and Brady (1975) formula, this earthquake intensity will generate seismic waves with vertical acceleration of 0.21g, and horizontal acceleration of 0.25g
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Information System Projects in Africa: Reflections on Learning and Systemic Devices - Bell, Simon (African Development Review, 1998)
Abstract: The paper examines some experiences in information technology (IT) projects in Africa. It reviews the twin contexts which IT projects in Africa bring together ‐ the experience of IT projects and the experience of projects in developing countries. It is shown that both have erratic track records but that valuable learning is contained from the experiences of each. Drawing on research experience from three developing country (two African) contexts, the paper draws out a series of lessons, which indicate good and poor practice in IT development. Finally a set of policy implications for IT projects in developing country contexts are discussed. The key lessons are: the IT professional is often a poor ‘expert’; local people must be drawn into the essentially social development process of IT systems planning; modest evolutionary systems have a better record than ambitious, multi‐sector projects; and effective monitoring and evaluation of IT projects requires a systemic assessment of qualitative and quantitative issues. RÉSUMÉ Cet article examine certaines expériences relatives aux projets de technologie de l'information (TI) en Afrique. Il analyse le contexte double des projets de TI en Afrique, à savoir l'expérience en matière de projets TI et l'expérience en matière de projets dans les pays en développement. L'expérience montre que l'un et l'autre types de projet donnent des résultats irréguliers, mais les leçons qui en découlent sont précieuses. A partir de l'expérience en matière de recherche enregistrée dans trois pays en développement dont deux africains, l'auteur de l'article tire une série de leçons qui révèlent des pratiques bonnes et mauvaises en matière de conception de technologies informatiques. Enfin, l'article analyse une série d'incidences de politiques relatives aux projets de TI dans le contexte de pays en développement. Les leçons essentielles sont les suivantes: le professionnel TI est souvent un “expert” médiocre; les populations locales doivent être associées au processus de planification des systèmes de technologie informatique essentiellement liée au développement social; des systèmes évolutifs modestes donnent de meilleurs résultats que les projets multisectoriels ambitieux; et le suivi et l‘évaluation rétrospective efficaces des projets de technologie informatique nécessitent une évaluation systémique des aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs.
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They are learning and discerning: Evaluation of an adult education project of the national literacy cooperation of South Africa - Bhola, H. S. (Studies in Educational Evaluation, 1998)
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Education and Gender in Namibia, 1980-1997: An Annotated Bibliography - Buchholz, Irmela Marianne; Onyango, Fred K.; Gei-Khoibes, Marianne C. (1998)
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Learning and the Creation of Stock-Market Institutions: Evidence from the Royal African and Hudson's Bay Companies, 1670–1700 - Carlos, Ann M.; Key, Jennifer; Dupree, Jill (The Journal of Economic History, 1998)
In this article we use a unique source—a 30-year time series of the share transactions of two joint-stock companies—to examine the growth of the London capital market prior to and immediately after the Glorious Revolution. We argue that the London experience with open capital markets was not solely the result of 1689. Rather it was the learning by private individuals and goldsmith bankers which took place in the decades before 1689 that allowed the market to take full advantage of the property rights changes which occurred with the change in regimes.
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Forensic medicine training in Tunisia - Chadly, Ali (Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 1998)
Forensic medicine is a specialty new to Tunisia since local teams started working in this field only 3 decades ago. Forensic medicine departments are now established in university hospitals, associated with the four national faculties of medicine. Medical undergraduate education includes forensic medicine as part of the curriculum because of the curent lack of forensic physicians and the need for practitioners with some training in this field. Specialization is achieved by a 4-year full-training residency, including both forensic pathology and medicine. The undergraduate and postgraduate education programmes are described.
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Re-Gendering Social Work Practice and Education: The Case for African-American Girls - Cousins, Linwood H.; Mabrey, Tracey (Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 1998)
Abstract While professional social work enjoys a solid history of working within African-American communities, there is evidence which suggests that one segment of the African-American community, African-American girls in urban settings, continues to be ignored by social work and other helping professions. This paper describes the changing expectations of African-American female adolescents in one urban high school. By critically interpreting the girls' demeanor and icons, the authors suggest that social workers are uniquely qualified to tender needed services to a vulnerable, often ignored, population.
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The relationship between credit system of buying and background characteristics of teachers in Accra, Ghana - Fianu, Docea A.G.; Ampofo, Lydia; Owusu, Matilda (Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, 1998)
Abstract The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between credit buying of clothing and background characteristics of teachers in primary and junior secondary schools in Accra, Ghana. Frequency and percentage distributions were used to analyse data collected from 180 respondents. The hypotheses that there were no relationships between credit buying of clothing and age, educational background, household size, religion, ethnicity, marital status and gender were tested using the chi–square statistic at the 5% level of significance. The majority (75.6%) bought clothing on credit. A total of 66.2% were women and 33.8% were men. The respondents used credit because of poor salaries, for convenience and to meet emergencies. Traders (44.4%) or traders and customers together (29.5%) decided on the terms of payment. The open‐account (39.4%) or instalment credit (36.2%) plans were used to honour payments. A total of 67.8% honoured their terms of payment. The traditional Kente cloth and fabrics for ‘Ntama and Kaba’ (slit and blouse), the traditional outfit for women, were mostly bought on credit from hawkers (58.3%). Accessories, undergarments and cosmetics were also credited by 33.8%, 16.9% and 7.3% respectively. Credit buying increased the number of clothing items of 73.3% of the respondents. There was a significant relationship between credit buying and gender but not between credit buying and age, religion, ethnicity, educational level, household size or marital status. The researchers suggest that a comprehensive study be carried out using representative samples from the 10 regions of Ghana to give an overall picture of the credit system of buying clothing among teachers in Ghana. A study of why Ghanaian consumers buy goods on credit could be carried out to determine whether the reasons for buying goods other than clothing are the same or are different.
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The relationship between credit system of buying and background characteristics of teachers in Accra, Ghana - Fianu, Docea A.G.; Ampofo, Lydia; Owusu, Matilda (Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, 1998)
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Talking about Language: Zulu Students' Views on Language in the New South Africa - Finchilescu, Gillian; Nyawose, Gugu (South African Journal of Psychology, 1998)
The post-apartheid South African government has in principle instituted a new language policy, which changes the country from one with two official languages to one in which there are eleven. The previously ignored indigenous languages are to have equal status with English and Afrikaans. This paper explores the views of some members of an indigenous language group about the language question. Two focus groups were conducted, with Zulu-speaking students at the University of Cape Town. One group contained only male students and the other female students. The discussions of the focus group were translated into English by the second researcher. The translations were thematically analysed. Some of the themes that emerged in the discussions were issues such as the practicality of the language policy, the multiple versus single language debate, ‘tribalism’, the meaning of language and its role in identity. In general, three major positions on the language issue were apparent, one favouring the increased status of the Zulu language, one favouring the pre-eminence of the English language, and one supporting a diglossia position.
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Policy, governance and the reconstruction of higher education in South Africa - Fisher, Glen (Higher Education Policy, 1998)
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Policy, governance and the reconstruction of higher education in South Africa - Fisher, Glen (Higher Education Policy, 1998)
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The development priorities of Ethiopian higher education teachers - Fisher, Roy; Swindells, David (Journal of in-service education, 1998)
Abstract This article briefly reports on the views of Ethiopian Higher Education teachers who participated in three Teaching Methodology Workshops which were held in Ethiopia during 1995 and 1996. Key issues relating to the development of higher education provision in Ethiopia are identified. The paper concludes with the suggestion that the best prescriptions for Ethiopian Higher Education are likely to arise from within the country, subject to appropriate exposure to potential models and techniques
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Engineering Education in Palestine: An Analytical Study - Ghadban, Shadi Sami (European Journal of Engineering Education, 1998)
SUMMARY This study describes the situation of engineering colleges in Palestine (i.e. Palestinian Territories occupied by Israel since 1967). It presents data relating to the gradual progress of engineering education from 1980 to 1996, and discusses the main objectives (general and specific) set for engineering education at the time of its establishment. Factors that have affected engineering education during the last 16 years are also discussed. The study focuses on analyzing the main aspects that would clarify the reality of engineering education during the specified period. These aspects are the faculty members, curricula and syllabuses, students and admission policies, specializations and sponsorship, material capabilities, buildings and equipment, administration, institutional organization, funding and linkage to society. The study concludes by arriving at possible approaches for the development of engineering education in the future based on the anticipated changes and progress in the comprehensive national development.
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Pandering to pedagogy or consumed by content: Brief thoughts on Mahmood Mamdani's “teaching Africa at the post‐apartheid university of cape town” - Graaff, Johann (Social Dynamics, 1998)
(1998). Pandering to pedagogy or consumed by content: Brief thoughts on Mahmood Mamdani's “teaching Africa at the post‐apartheid university of cape town”. Social Dynamics: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 76-85.
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Enhancing Connections Between Students and Instructors: African-American Students' Use of Computer-Mediated Communication - Griffin, Frank; Anderton-Lewis, Lillie (Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 1998)
The move to incorporate computer-mediated communication (CMC) into the business curriculum is driven by job market demands for information technol ogy skills. Business instructors may discover, however, a pedagogical bonus: more communication with their students outside the classroom. We studied the perceptions and practices of 138 students in business communications at one of the historically black colleges and universities who used e-mail and the Internet to complete assignments. The results indicate that CMC encouraged students to become active learners and to contact instructors. Anecdotal evi dence suggests that e-mail helps African-American students to see instructors as facilitators, though it does not necessarily become a rhetorical "safe house," where students engage in vernacular discourse. Nevertheless, e-mail fosters an informal rhetorical relationship that rewards openness and collaboration among students and instructors within the formal academic setting.
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Teaching Africa at the post‐apartheid university of cape town: A response - Hall, Martin (Social Dynamics, 1998)
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Discussion of certain aspects of Mamdani's paper: Teaching Africa at the post‐apartheid university of cape town - Hartman, Nadia (Social Dynamics, 1998)
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School Factors in Substance Abuse Prevention Among Young Male African Americans - Haynes, Norris M.; Troutman, Michele R.; Nwachuku, Uchenna T. (Journal of educational and psychological consultation, 1998)
Despite reports that substance abuse among young Americans is on the decline, the problem among young male African Americans continues to be of major concern. School-based prevention strategies offer promising alternatives for reducing the risk factors for substance abuse among this group. The most successful of these programs appear to be those that include the entire school ecology as part of the prevention strategy and focus on the unique psychosocial development needs of these youth. In this article we discuss the prevalence of substance abuse among male African American youth, examine school correlates and risk factors, and review school-based prevention strategies that have shown varying degrees of effectiveness in addressing the substance abuse problems, directly through changing values, attitudes, and behaviors, and indirectly by reducing risk factors and strengthening protective mechanisms.
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Action research on total quality education in a South African primary school. - Hayward, Richard Pleydell Drury (1998)
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Un-Separate and Still Unequal? Three Books about American Education and Race at the End of the Liberal Century:Multicultural Education, Transformative Knowledge, and Action: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives.;Other People's Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom.;Beyond Desegregation: The Politics of Quality in African American Schooling. - Hess, Glenn (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 1998)
Multicultural Education, Transformative Knowledge, and Action: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. James Banks, ed. New York: Teachers College Press, 1996. 352 pp. Other People's Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom. Lisa Delpit. New York: The New Press, 1995. 206 pp. Beyond Desegregation: The Politics of Quality in African American Schooling. Mwalimu J. Shujaa, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 1996. 268 pp.
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Engagement of African American Families in Research on Chronic Illness: A Multisystem Recruitment Approach - Holder, Barbara; Turner‐Musa, Jocelyn; Kimmel, Paul L.; Alleyne, Sylvan; Kobrin, Sidney; Simmens, Samuel J.; Cruz, Illuminado; Reiss, David (Family Process, 1998)
Our multisystem approach addressed the recruitment of African American families with a chronically, physically ill member. The approach focused on the social transactions between the family, the healthcare team, and the research staff, and the influence of these transactions on family recruitment. This multisystem approach included three core strategies: defining the membership of families in a culturally appropriate fashion and engaging those members; engaging the healthcare team; and building and maintaining the skills and morale of the research staff. A description of a longitudinal family health study and potential sources of recruitment biases is provided. Descriptive and bivariate analyses examined the effectiveness of the recruitment approach. A focus group explored the reciprocal process of family protectiveness that both facilitated and hindered family recruitment and the research staff's alliance with families and the dialysis staff. Discussion focuses on the family health study's recruitment rate, sampling biases, and methods for improving the effectiveness of the multisystem recruitment approach.
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MENARCHE STORIES: REMINISCENCES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS FROM LITHUANIA, MALAYSIA, SUDAN, AND THE UNITED STATES - Jc, Chrisler; Cb, Zittel (Health Care for Women International, 1998)
Women college students in four countries were invited to write the story of their first menstruation in as much detail as memory allowed. Stories were received from 26 Lithuanians, 27 Americans, 20 Malaysians, and 23 Sudanese. The stories were read and their contents analyzed for the presence or absence of information on such topics as emotional reaction, preparedness, sources of information about menstruation, changes in body image, and celebrations of this rite of passage. Similarities and differences among the groups are discussed, and passages from particularly interesting stories are quoted.
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Evaluation of the effectiveness of AIDS health education interventions in the Muslim community in Uganda. - Kagimu, Magid; Marum, Elizabeth; Wabwire‐Mangen, Fred; Nakyanjo, Neema; Walakira, Yusuf; Hogle, Janice A. (PubMed, 1998)
In 1992 the Islamic Medical Association of Uganda designed an AIDS prevention project and conducted a baseline survey prior to community level activities. Results of that baseline were previously reported in this journal. During 2 years of prevention activities in local Muslim communities, 23 trainers educated over 3,000 religious leaders and their assistants, who in turn educated their communities on AIDS during home visits and at religious gatherings. After 2 years, there was a significant increase in correct knowledge of HIV transmission, methods of preventing HIV infection and the risk associated with ablution of the dead and unsterile circumcision (p < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in self-reported sexual partners among the young respondents less than 45 years. In addition there was a significant increase in self-reported condom use among males in urban areas (p < 0.001). Collaboration between health professionals and religious leaders can be achieved and can contribute to the success of AIDS prevention efforts.In 1992, the Islamic Medical Association of Uganda designed an AIDS prevention project based on recognition of the role of the imam (mosque leader) as the teacher of family behavior and sexual values. Over a 2-year period, 23 trainers educated more than 3000 religious leaders and their assistants, who in turn educated their communities on AIDS during home visits and at religious gatherings. Almost 600,000 family contacts occurred. Comparison of findings of a baseline survey (n = 1907) with interviews conducted after 2 years of program implementation with both exposed (n = 1260) and nonexposed (n = 566) community members revealed significant increases in correct knowledge of transmission of HIV, vertical transmission, and the risk of unsterile skin-piercing instruments. Also recorded were significant increases in awareness of risks entailed in use of a common razor blade when a number of male infants are circumcised and ablution of the dead. Concurrent focus group discussions indicated weakened support for polygamy. There was a significant difference in condom use, number of sexual partners, and the incidence of extramarital sex reported at baseline compared with follow-up and between those exposed and not exposed to the project. The adoption of risk reduction behaviors was most marked among respondents under 45 years of age. The success of this intervention is attributed to its use of the Islamic religious organizational structure as a vehicle for HIV/AIDS education. This project demonstrates that positive collaboration between health professionals and religious leaders can be achieved and will enhance the success of community AIDS prevention efforts.
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Factors affecting asking questions in college classrooms: the Ethiopian context - Kebede, Seime (The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 1998)
The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the factors that affect asking que tions in an EFL setting in a tertiary level 'cience classroom in Ethiopia. To accomplish this task, 25 females and 19 males were provided with a list of factors that were reported by other group of students as inhibitive and were required to designate the extent to which each factor exert influence on them. From the sample students' ratings six factors were identified as restrictive by more than 56% of the respondents.
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African American Vernacular English and Education - Lanehart, Sonja L. (Journal of English Linguistics, 1998)
L'A. analyse les difficultes rencontrees par le locuteur noir americain pour assimiler la langue anglaise, langue de la culture dominante, langue de l'education. Il analyse la maniere dont la pedagogie vehicule l'ideologie de la langue, la suprematie de l'anglais standard sur l'anglais vernaculaire afro-americain
openalex: W1998019149 mag: 1998019149
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Spatial versus nonspatial relational learning in free-ranging fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). - Lavenex, Pierre; Shiflett, Michael W.; Lee, R. K.; Jacobs, Lucia F. (Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1998)
This experiment was designed t o assess spatial and nonspatial relational learning i n free-ranging squirrels. The authors tested the possible use o f proximal landmarks a s conditional information to predict the locations of nuts, hidden in small dishes distributed on a plastic board. Squirrels were trained to associate the presence of 1 object, at the center of the board, with 1 set of baited dishes, whereas the presence of a 2nd object, placed alternatively at the same location, was associated with another set of dishes. They did not acquire the nonspatial relational task on the basis of proximal landmarks. They developed a win-stay spatial strategy relying on directional information derived from distant visuospatial cues and neglected proximal spatial information when it conflicted. They relied on their memory of the food locations in the previous trial to predict the nuts' locations, even though the objects were the only predictors of these locations.
openalex: W2117668175 mag: 2117668175
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Is African studies to be turned into a new home for Bantu education at UCT? - Mamdani, Mahmood (Social Dynamics, 1998)
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Teaching Africa at the post‐apartheid university of cape town: A critical view of the introduction to Africa’ core course in the social science and humanities faculty's foundation semester, 1998 - Mamdani, Mahmood (Social Dynamics, 1998)
(1998). Teaching Africa at the post‐apartheid university of cape town: A critical view of the introduction to Africa’ core course in the social science and humanities faculty's foundation semester, 1998. Social Dynamics: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 1-32.
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Activity pattern and energy expenditure of male students in a Nigerian college of agriculture - Onimawo, I.A. (Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 1998)
Twenty five male students aged 18 – 28 years were studied to determine their activity pattern and energy expenditure. Activity pattern was determined by use of activity diaries on a 24 hours basis for a period of 7 days. Energy expenditure was calculated using factorial method. Food energy was determined by weighed inventory method to enable the computation of energy balance. The subjects spent more than 45% of their time on energy sapping activities such as walking, washing, farming operations etc. Mean daily energy balance was negative (−446Kcal) which accounted for mean low body weight of the subjects (59.2; + 5.8kg) for mean height of 172.0 + 4.1cm as against FAO/WHO/UNU recommended body weight of 66.5kg. Consequently, they compensated for the energy spent on obligatory farm work by spending more time (>50%) on low energy discretionary activities.
openalex: W2057853187 mag: 2057853187
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Special education provision in Zimbabwe - Peresuh, M.; Barcham, Lesley (British Journal of Special Education, 1998)
Munhuweyi Peresuh, Senior Lecturer in Special Education at the University of Zimbabwe, and Lesley Barcham, Distance Learning Co‐ordinator, with the British Institute of Learning Disabilities, examine issues of policy, provision, facilities and human resources characterising special education in Zimbabwe, and analyse the key opportunities and difficulties in providing special education in a developing country. Their article examines the impetus for growth in integrated provision for children with disabilities and difficulties in learning.
openalex: W2048013481 mag: 2048013481
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Getting Books to School Pupils in Africa - Radebe, Thuli; Sidibe, Ab.; Amaral, Wd.; Odini, Cephas (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
openalex: W1567100512 mag: 1567100512
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Getting Books to School Pupils in Africa: Case Studies from Ghana and Tanzania, Mali, South Africa, Mozambique, and Kenya. Education Research Paper. - Rosenberg, Diana (1998)
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A Multimedia Approach to Music Education in South Africa. - Roux, Irene le; Potgieter, Hetta (1998)
The population in South Africa represents a microcosm of the world. The music of various cultural groups and countries is heard daily. A typical South African style is being developed by the blending of these various styles. The Unit for Telematic Teaching and Learning and the Department of of the University of Pretoria (South Africa) have designed a music program on CD-ROM, Music in South to expose students in music education to the various styles. This paper describes the purpose of this program, shows how it was designed, and briefly reviews a few highlights related to the four main sections of the program–elements of music, art music, popular music, and folk music. Seven sample screens are included. (Author/DLS) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** 00 00 C) 00 A Multimedia Approach to Education in South Africa PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY G.H. Marks TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). Mrs. Irene le Roux Instructional designer Unit for Telematic Teaching and Learning University of Pretoria, South Africa E-mail: ILEROUX@cbt.up.ac.za Dr. H.M. Potgieter Subject specialist Lecturer Education Department of University of Pretoria, South Africa E-mail: POTGIET@libarts.up.ac.za U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Irnprovernent EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) O This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Abstract: The population of South Africa represents a microcosm of the world. The music of various cultural groups and countries is heard daily. A typical South African style is being developed by the blending of these various styles. The Unit for Telematic Teaching and Learning and the Department of of the University of Pretoria have designed a music program on CD-Rom, in South Africa, to expose students in Education to the various styles. This paper will describe the purpose of this program, show how it was designed and briefly review a few highlights. The population of South Africa represents a microcosm of the world. The music of various cultural groups and countries is heard daily. A typical South African style is being developed by the blending of these various styles. The Unit for Telematic Teaching and Learning and the Department of of the University of Pretoria have designed a music program on CD-Rom, in South Africa, to expose students in Education to the various styles. This paper will describe the purpose of this program, show how it was designed and briefly review a few highlights. 1 The Purpose of the Program in South Africa The population of South Africa represents a microcosm of the world. The music of various cultural groups and countries is heard daily. A typical South African style is being developed by the blending of these various styles. An aim of the CD-ROM program in South Africa was to expose students in Education to the various styles. Those charged with the teaching of music often do not have the resources, knowledge and skills to make Education relevant to pupils and students. Especially in the previously disadvantaged communities, this program can also be used for in-service (INSET) training to provide teachers with a wider background of musical concepts and styles. It can also be used for basic teacher training (PRESET) and music enrichment. The University of Pretoria needs to position itself for the 21st century by employing more appropriate teaching models. These include the expansion of distance learning opportunities with technology, in particular computers, TV's and satellites, that will form an integral part of these teaching models. These modern technologies can be used to provide teaching material to address backlogs in education. This program will provide students with the opportunity to work at their own pace and whenever it suits them. Little has been done in the area of music programs that focus on learning. This program aims to meet this need. 2 The Design Approach The Quest Net Multimedia Authoring System was used as authoring tool. Using an on-screen design approach, an artist designed the backgrounds and colourful borders, the subject expert provided the content, while the instructional designer was responsible for the layout and structuring of the program. It was an interactive process in which the realization of the possibilities of the authoring system provided new ideas to
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Complement reduction impairs the febrile response of guinea pigs to endotoxin - Sehic, Elmir; Li, S.; Ungar, A. L.; Blatteis, Clark M. (American Journal of Physiology-regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 1998)
Although it is generally believed that circulating exogenous pyrogens [e.g., lipopolysaccharides (LPS)] induce fever via the mediation of endogenous pyrogens (EP) such as cytokines, the first of these, tumor necrosis factor-α, is usually not detectable in blood until at least 30 min after intravenous administration of LPS, whereas the febrile rise begins within 15 min after its administration. Moreover, although abundant evidence indicates that circulating LPS is cleared primarily by liver macrophages [Kupffer cells (KC)], these do not secrete EP in immediate response. This would imply that other factors, presumably evoked earlier than EP, may mediate the onset of the febrile response to intravenous LPS. It is well known that blood-borne LPS very rapidly activates the intravascular complement (C) system, some components of which in turn stimulate the quick release into blood of various substances that have roles in the acute inflammatory reaction. KC contain receptors for C components and are in close contact with afferent vagal terminals in the liver; the involvement of hepatic vagal afferents in LPS-induced fever has recently been shown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the initiation of fever by intravenous LPS involves, sequentially, the C system and KC. To test this postulated mechanism, we measured directly the levels of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) in the interstitial fluid of the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POA), the presumptive site of the fever-producing controller, of conscious guinea pigs over their entire febrile course, before and after C depletion by cobra venom factor (CVF) and before and after elimination of KC by gadolinium chloride (GdCl 3 ). CVF and GdCl 3 pretreatment each individually attenuated the first of the biphasic core temperature (T c ) rises after intravenous LPS, inverted the second into a T c fall, and greatly reduced the usual fever-associated increase in POA PGE 2 . We conclude, therefore, that C activation may indeed be pivotal in the induction of fever by intravenous LPS and that substance(s) generated presumably by KC in almost immediate reaction to the presence of LPS and/or C may transmit pyrogenic signals via hepatic vagal afferents to the POA, where they rapidly induce the production of PGE 2 and, hence, fever.
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Academic Achievement of African American Preadolescents: The Influence of Teacher Perceptions - Seyfried, Sherri F. (American Journal of Community Psychology, 1998)
Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the academic success of predominantly, middle‐class African American preadolescent students. This study proposed an ecological model that considered the interaction of family environment, teacher perceptions of social skills, and student characteristics. The estimated model explained 58% of the variance in grade point average. Path analysis revealed three direct effects on grade point average, (a) grade level (negative), (b) teacher perceptions of social skills, and (c) academic ability. Findings revealed that teacher perceptions of social skills was a stronger predictor of grade point average than academic ability. Two indirect effects on grade point average were found. The first indirect effect was negative: gender predicted academic ability, which predicted teacher perceptions of social skills, which predicted grade point average. The second indirect effect was positive and it was from ability to teacher perceptions to grade point average. Implications for policy and practice are made that suggest a collaborative model of school counseling designed to “promote” the social and academic competence of African American students. Interventions that enhance teacher practices are also suggested.
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Growing Up African American in Catholic Schools - Slaughter-Defoe, Diane; Hufferd-Ackles, Kimberly (Teachers College Record, 1998)
openalex: W3121724755 mag: 3121724755
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The “Picnic” model for research training at African universities: Evaluation and preliminary comparison - Stigter, C.J.; Bor, W. van den; Daane, J.R.V.; Adam, Hussein S.; Mohammed, A.E.; Ng’ang’a, J.K.; Mungai, D.N. (The Journal of agricultural education and extension, 1998)
Abstract What distinguishes the “Picnic” model for research training at African universities from more classical models is reviewed and it is shown how the “Picnic” model deals with remaining drawbacks from the now popular “Sandwich” model. Starting with managerial experiences, criteria guiding this evaluation are used as sub-headings: realistic planning; adequate resource provision; partnership instead of aid; long term impact; high quality supervision; quality and quantity of student input; open and interactive communication; willingness to adapt to local circumstances; ongoing critical reflection; gradual expatriate withdrawal. The training output of the “Picnic” model tests in the four TTMI-countries is assessed after the actual and prospective jobs of its former students. The on-farm quantification of protecting systems/structures led in many TTMI PhD-research cases to improved design criteria for such systems/structures, with direct increases of yield or its preservation. In comparison with the “Sandwich” model, the “Picnic” model particularly incorporates institutional strengthening in the aim that the southern countries will become able to provide adequate education at the postgraduate level, teaching their students how to apply knowledge in their own environment. Degrees obtained at southern universities, therefore, have distinct advantages but joint responsibilities of universities for such degrees are difficult to organize, given the presently existing modes of output-related financing of Dutch universities. In a situation of institutional deterioration, such as Africa is experiencing, the best hope probably lies in strengthening networks of individuals and a collective sense of academic commitment, pending the revival of universities themselves. Emergency research related to the protection of the African agricultural environment by African universities, training NARS staff, must in the long run contribute to restoring an agricultural basis for part of the economies of the many poor African countries. Knowledge developed locally remains the most powerful vehicle for change from within.
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[Behavior linked to orodental health in 12-year-old students in the province of Kadiogo, Burkina Faso]. - Tapsoba, Hadissa; Baumann, Michèle; Bakayoko-Ly, R (PubMed, 1998)
The authors present the results of a study carried out within the context of a diagnosis of the state of dental health among 300 twelve years old students in school in the province of Kadiogo (Burkina Faso). The data collected by questionnaires explore the range of behaviours linked to dental health: dental hygiene, eating habits, use of fluoride and use of dental health services. Half of students report that they brush their teeth at least once a day. Among them, there are 2 girls out of three, and one boy out of two. For half of the children, their mothers are the main people who teach them how to brush their teeth. For three children out of four, a tooth brush and tooth paste are the most common methods. Roughly 17% understand the usefulness of fluoride and 70% have never heard of it. Four children out of five consume sugared drinks on a daily basis. 85% say they have never been to the dentist. The information collected could serve as a base for the development and implementation of health promotion and education programmes for dental health within schools.
openalex: W2336544893 mag: 2336544893
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Prostate Cancer Education in African American Churches - Weinrich, Sally; Holdford, David A.; Boyd, Marlyn D.; Creanga, Dana; Cover, Kay; Johnson, Alonzo; Frank‐Stromborg, Marilyn; Weinrich, Martin C. (Public Health Nursing, 1998)
Abstract The use of churches as recruitment sites of African Americans into health promotion activities is a popular theme in the 1990s literature. This research measured the impact of previous exposure to cancer on participation in an educational program and a free prostate cancer screening. Cues to action from the Health Belief Model provided the conceptual framework. Over 500 men attended a prostate cancer educational program at their church. Men who participated in the educational program and completed the questionnaire were given a voucher that they could take to their doctor of choice for a free prostate cancer examination. Having a member of the congregation who was previously diagnosed with cancer was a significant cue to attendance at the educational program ( P = 0.03). Recommendations for future cancer screening in churches are given.
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“Volcano needing constant watching”: South African white labour and socialist culture 1900–1924 - Wyk, Johann Van (Journal of Literary Studies, 1998)
Summary This paper explores the forgotten legacy of white labour and socialist culture from the first two decades of the twentieth century in South Africa. It investigates the strikes, marches and processions in terms of carnival and an oral and public culture in which the trade union leader or party leader as orator, on the one hand, and the The Red Flag as song and banner, on the other, played an important role. The focus then shifts to the newspapers and the doggerel which appeared in the newspapers with special emphasis on the themes of empire, civilisation and reason. The paper concludes that much of the spontaneity which marked this popular movement, was destroyed because of the increasing centralised control by the Comintern and directives from Moscow.
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Critical Practitioner Inquiry and the Transformation of Teacher Education in Namibia - Zeichner, Kenneth M.; Amukushu, Alina Kakunde; Muukenga, Katonyala Miriam; Shilamba, Pelagia Peggy (Educational Action Research, 1998)
Abstract This article analyses the role of action research (‘critical practitioner inquiry’) in furthering the implementation of democratic educational reforms in the southern African country of Namibia. The focus is on action research that is carried out by school and college-based teacher educators as part of a staff development course organised by Umea University (Sweden) and the Namibian Ministry of Education and Culture [MEC]. Three of the authors were participants in this course and one was an external facilitator brought in to support the action researchers. Following a description of the general political, economic and educational situation in Namibia, and of the nature of the democratic reforms in teaching and teacher education, six action research projects completed by the 1995 course participants are briefly described. These studies uncovered gaps between the rhetoric and reality of the reforms, illuminated the complexities under less than ideal conditions, and contribute concrete ideas about how to address some of the problems that arose in implementing the reforms. The role of action research in teacher education reform in developing countries is considered.
openalex: W1999406067 mag: 1999406067
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The evolution of the lithospheric mantle along the N. African Plate: geochemical and isotopic evidence from the tholeiitic and alkaline volcanic rocks of the Hyblean plateau, Italy - Trua, Teresa; Esperança, Sonia; Mazzuoli, R. (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1998)
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African American Mothers and Urban Schools: The Power of Participation - Winters, Wendy Glasgow (1998)
Wendy Winters examines here the role of parental involvement in the education of African-Americans, as well as the effect such involvement has in actualizing African-American mothers' personal growth. Culled from first hand research in some of America's most at-risk communities, Winters combines vignettes with analysis and discussion of viable inner-city programs to magnify the link between one's contributions to society and one's personal growth.
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Training at the African Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology - Auzéméry, A; Huguet, Pierre; Auduge, André; Traoré, Jeannette; Ceccon, Jean-François; Schémann, Jean-François (Cahiers d'études et de recherches francophones / Santé, 1998)
Cree en 1953, l’Institut d’ophtalmologie tropicale de l’Afrique appartient a l’Organisation de cooperation et de coordination des grandes endemies (OCCGE) dont le siege est a Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). L’IOTA est un centre collaborateur de l’Organisation mondiale de la sante (OMS) pour la prevention de la cecite. La formation est une des vocations de l’Institut avec la prestation de soins oculaires de niveau tertiaire, la recherche clinique et operationnelle, l’expertise au profit des Etats. En Afrique subsaharienne, la prevalence de la cecite est d’environ 1,2 %. Les principales causes de cecite sont representees par la cataracte, le trachome, le glaucome, l’onchocercose et la xerophtalmie. Dans ce contexte, l’insuffisance des ressources humaines pose le probleme de la formation qui est une des missions prioritaires de l’IOTA. Les filieres de formation concernent : - les medecins specialistes en ophtalmologie (en collaboration avec la faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odonto-Stomatologie du Mali) ; - les operateurs de la cataracte ; - les infirmiers specialistes en ophtalmologie ; - les techniciens lunetiers. Les objectifs generaux sont axes sur la communaute et sur l’apprentissage de tâches en milieu professionnel. Les objectifs specifiques sont regroupes dans un « passeport de competences », remis aux etudiants (infirmiers et operateurs de la cataracte) en debut de formation. Celle-ci allie une formation clinique et chirurgicale traditionnelle a une formation en ophtalmologie de sante publique. Le montant des frais pedagogiques et de l’allocation mensuelle versee aux etudiants est pris en charge par une bourse dont le quota le plus important est assure par le programme Sight First du Lions Club International. Les autres bourses sont prises en charge par l’Union europeenne, le Fonds d’aide et de cooperation du secretariat d’Etat francais de la Cooperation ou, plus rarement, par des organisations non gouvernementales ou l’OMS. Apres la description des conditions de candidature, le bilan de la formation des 7 dernieres annees (1991-1997) fait apparaitre que l’IOTA a forme 148 personnes dans le domaine de la sante oculaire (18 ophtalmologistes, 24 operateurs de la cataracte, 83 infirmiers specialistes en ophtalmologie, 16 techniciens lunetiers, 3 operateurs pour la formation en chirurgie du trichiasis et 4 specialistes de l’exploration fonctionnelle). Si la formation qui a pris son essor en 1994 continue a ce rythme, il est envisageable d’atteindre les objectifs theoriques de l’OMS vers l’an 2015 pour les pays appartenant a l’OCCGE, soit 1 ophtalmologiste pour 500 000 habitants, 1 operateur de la cataracte pour 250 000 habitants et 1 infirmier specialiste en ophtalmologie pour 100 000 habitants.
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“‘Warm Demanders’ Do National Certification Standards Leave Room for the Culturally Responsive Pedagogy of African-American Teachers?” COMMENTARY - Fraser, James W.; Irvine, Jacqueline Jordan (Education week, 1998)
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Education, democracy and political development in Africa (Choice Reviews Online, 1998)
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Statement on the Implications of Curriculum 2005 for History Teaching in the Schools by the South African Historical Society (South African Historical Journal, 1998)
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Labour education in Nigeria: structures and implications for nation building - Aderinoye, Rashid (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1998)
Education for the workers has long been the most specifically targeted policy area of our society. This springs from the specialization and fragmentation of tasks characteristic of modern production methods. There is continuing debate as to whether personnel should be trained for particular jobs, or educated in skills and knowledge which may be adapted to a range of tasks as circumstances require. Thus, workers’ education directed at employees as a body and organized through their trade unions is the focus of this paper. It is not, however, unconcerned with education for work par excellence, and education for service. It examines the background, the scope, structures and implications for development with the hope of meeting the needs of workers throughout the system.
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African‐Americans and higher education: An exigence in need of applied communication - Artz, Lee (Journal of Applied Communication Research, 1998)
Abstract Responding to signs of increasing racial tension across the United States, in the spring of 1997, undergraduate communication majors at Loyola University Chicago initiated and organized a campaign on “African‐Americans and Higher Education.” Bitzer's (1968) construct of the rhetorical situation served as an organizing tool for the student planners and here provides the frame for a case study of the project. In the case study, communication undergraduates applied their understanding of communication theories to advocacy for increased African‐American enrollment at this university. The limited positive results from their project demonstrate potential for a more thorough and rigorous application of communication theory and research for social justice.
openalex: W2114255599 mag: 2114255599
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The Skills Training Centres in The Gambia. - Benett, Yves (1998)
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Disabling myth or writing for the world: the secondary schools language project in the Eastern Province, South Africa - Bleach, Jean (Campus-wide information systems, 1998)
The majority of learners in South African schools are black, and they learn through English as a second language (L2). This contrasts with white students who learn through their first language (L1), English or Afrikaans. Most black students in South Africa are multilingual, and new developments in the curriculum promise to value this achievement. Even now, young black students display considerable competence in their written English when they use electronic links to communicate with fellow students and adults worldwide. Computers motivate students as writers and language learners. One of the many disabling myths that threatens to impede progress towards equity in educational outcomes in South Africa is the myth that teachers of writing in historically black schools will wait a very long time for the technologies of word processing and e‐mail to be available to them. In the Eastern Province many schools have no telephones or electricity. The ANC Government is struggling to meet basic needs quickly and computers could then be used to promote equity among learners. In this study, students had only limited access to keyboard and e‐mail facilities, yet the enthusiasm and concentration computers generated meant that they could leapfrog many hours of classroom instruction.
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The Role of a Business School in an Emerging Country—The Case of Ghana - Brown, Steve; Masten, John T. (Journal of Education for Business, 1998)
Abstract Business schools in developing countries face a dilemma: How can they meet world educational standards and still serve local needs? Ghana, like most other African countries, uses the British system of higher education. Unfortunately, this system does not address the service needs of a fledgling free market economy. Using Ghana as a case study, this article addresses the actual versus the requisite role of African business schools. Successful implementation of the suggestions in the requisite model should contribute to an improved business climate and a more robust economy.
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School quality and educational outcomes in South Africa - Case, Anne; Deaton, Angus (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
That educational inputs should be important determinants of educational outcomes is a proposition that appeals to common sense, but is nevertheless controversial in the literature both for developed and lessdeveloped countries. Surveys by Hanushek (1986), for developed countries, and (1996), for developing countries, argue that school facilities have at best tenuous effects on outcomes, particularly on test scores. Kremer (1996), emphasizes that such a negative overall assessment of the evidence rests on Hanushek?s interpretation of statistically insignificant findings as evidence against an effect of school quality, but notes that there is a singular absence of evidence from developing countries that the pupil-teacher ratio is an important determinant of outcomes.
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Surgical training in 21st-century Africa–a South African perspective. Presented at the General Assembly of the Pan African Association of Surgeons, January 1998, Abuja, Nigeria. - Dm, Dent (PubMed, 1998)
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African American Students' Attitudes Toward Entrepreneurship Education - Ede, Fred O.; Panigrahi, Bhagaban; Calcich, Stephen (Journal of Education for Business, 1998)
Abstract Though making up more than 12% of the U.S. population, African Americans own only 3% of the small businesses. Given the rapidly changing demographics in the United States, this group must increase its rate of enterprise creation if the job-creating flow of business start-ups is to continue. This study examines the attitudes of African American students toward entrepreneurship education in a southeastern, historically Black university. The results reveal different levels of student attitudes toward various aspects of the entrepreneurship curriculum. Differences were found in attitude levels with respect to sex, age, parental background, GPA, number of entrepreneurship classes taken, and student classification. Implications for curriculum development are discussed.
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Assessment without standardization? Occupational therapy in a farm school in South Africa - Harris, Zara (World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 1998)
AbstractThis article is a narrative about an English/American, school-basal occupational therapists volunteer activity in an all black farm school in South Africa. It describes how she balances her experience and practice in an international school compared to a farm school and comes to terms with using non-scientific methods to provide intervention.
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Teachers' Resource Centres in Southern Africa; an investigation into local autonomy and educational change - Hoppers, Wim (International Journal of Educational Development, 1998)
Abstract During the last two decades the concept of Teachers' Resource Centres (TRCs) has become widely accepted across Southern Africa as an essential ingredient of a professional support structure for teachers and schools. This paper demonstrates that the present general consensus conceals a history of conflicting interpretations regarding the structure and functioning of this provision in relation to educational change. Tracing the ups and downs of TRCs and their related structures of school clusters in Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe it shows that their fate has been closely associated with changing philosophies and concomitant policies on school development and the roles of teachers in educational development. Earlier official encouragement towards local pedagogical autonomy, emphasizing teachers' creative contributions to educational renewal through professional self-development, is contrasted against more recent pressures towards centralised control over strategies for school improvement combined with decentralised delivery of support services. Changes are analysed within the larger context of the political and socio-economic climate in the sub-region and the intervention of external agencies. A case is made for the reversal of these trends, in particular so as to create space for indigenous approaches to educational development.
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The survey of the availability of the non-projected of geography in the and utilization media resource for the teaching secondary schools in Uasin-gishu district of Kenya - Kafwa, Nabwire Violet (1998)
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Distance Education and Open Learning in Africa: What Works or Does Not Work - Kinyanjui, Peter E. (1998)
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School‐based Management of Chronic Asthma Among Inner‐city African‐American Schoolchildren in Dallas, Texas - McEwen, Melanie; Johnson, Pauline Taglialavore; Neatherlin, Jacque; Millard, Mark; Lawrence, Gretchen (Journal of School Health, 1998)
ABSTRACT: Asthma, a chronic disease of the respiratory tract, affects approximately five percent of the U.S. population, including almost five million children. Childhood asthma has been identified as the leading cause of school absences. This study was to examined efficacy of a school‐based program to prevent exacerbation of asthma symptoms and manage asthma in school children using measured doses of an inhaled anti‐inflammatory medication. The sample consisted of 22 African‐American children in one inner‐city elementary school in Dallas, Texas, ages 5–12 years with confirmed diagnoses of asthma. For three months, each child came to the school clinic two times per day for medication administration and measurement of respiratory peak flow rates. Data were collected for a number of variables including bronchodilator use, school absences, self‐report of asthma symptoms, and number of visits to the physician. During the study, mean peak flow rates improved approximately 15%, and bronchodilator use decreased 66%. Improvement also was evident in several other areas.
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Guest Column: Naming the Problem That Led to the Question “Who Shall Teach African American Literature?”; or, Are We Ready to Disband the Wheadey Court? - McKay, Nellie Y. (Publications of the Modern Language Association, 1998)
We whose names are underwritten, do assure the World, that the poems in the following Page, were (as we verily believe,) written by phillis, a young Negro Girl, who was but a few Years since, brought an uncultivated Barbarian from Africa. […] She has been examined by some of the best Judges, and is thought qualified to write them. Attestation in Phillis Wheatley's Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral The poems written by this young negro bear no endemial marks of solar fire or spirit. They are merely imitative; and, indeed, most of those people have a turn for imitation, though they have little or none for invention. Anonymous reviewer of Wheatley's poems in 1764 (Shields 267) It was not natural . And she was the first. […] Phillis Miracle Wheatley: The first Black human being to be published in America. […] But the miracle of Black poetry in America, the difficult miracle of Black poetry in America, is that we have been rejected […] frequently dismissed […] because, like Phillis Wheatley, we have persisted for freedom. […] And it was not natural. And she was the first. […] This is the difficult miracle of Black poetry in America; that we persist, published or not, and loved or unloved: we persist. June Jordan (252, 254, 261) More than two hundred years have gone by since the spring of 1773, when Phillis Wheatley, subject of the epigraphs of this essay, an African slave girl and the first person of her racial origin to publish a book in North America, collected her best poems and submitted them to public scrutiny. In search of authentication, she appeared with them before eighteen white men of high social and political esteem, “the best Judges” for such a case in colonial Boston. Wheatley's owners and supporters arranged this special audience to promote her as a writer. According to popular wisdom of the time, Africans were intellectually incapable of producing literature. None of the Anglo-Americans beyond her immediate circle could imagine her reading and writing well enough to create poetry.
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Schooling, Modernization, and Race: The Continuing Dilemma of the American SouthSchooling the New South: Pedagogy, Self, and Society in North Carolina, 1880-1920. James L. LeloudisTheir Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South. Vanessa Siddle Walker - Mohr, Clarence L. (American Journal of Education, 1998)
Previous articleNext article No AccessReview EssaySchooling, Modernization, and Race: The Continuing Dilemma of the American South Schooling the New South: Pedagogy, Self, and Society in North Carolina, 1880-1920. James L. Leloudis Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South. Vanessa Siddle Walker Clarence L. MohrClarence L. Mohr Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Education Volume 106, Number 3May, 1998 Sponsored by the Penn State College of Education Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/444191 Views: 10Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1998 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Wanda Rushing Inequality and Education Reform: formulating a macro-historical sociology perspective, Race, Ethnicity and Education 4, no.11 (Feb 2001): 29–44.https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320120031455
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Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel - Nicholson, Sharon E.; Tucker, Compton J.; Ba, Mamoudou B. (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1998)
Many assumptions have been made about the nature and character of desertification in West Africa.This paper examines the history of this issue, reviews the current state of our knowledge concerning the meteorological aspects of desertification, and presents the results of a select group of analyses related to this question.The common notion of desertification is of an advancing "desert," a generally irreversible anthropogenic process.This process has been linked to increased surface albedo, increased dust generation, and reduced productivity of the land.This study demonstrates that there has been no progressive change of either the Saharan boundary or vegetation cover in the Sahel during the last 16 years, nor has there been a systematic reduction of "productivity" as assessed by the water-use efficiency of the vegetation cover.WTiile it also showed little change in surface albedo during the years analyzed, this study suggests that a change in albedo of up to 0.10% since the 1950s is conceivable.
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Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in a group of urban adults in Nigeria. - Olatunbosun, Samuel T.; Ojo, PO; Fineberg, Naomi S.; Bella, A F (PubMed, 1998)
This survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in a group of urban adults in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 998 subjects randomly selected from five main ministries and departments in the Government Secretariat participated in the survey. Each subject was asked to fast overnight and ingested 75 g of glucose dissolved in 250 mL of water after answering a questionnaire. Relevant anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist and hip diameters, and blood pressure also were taken. After 2 hours, of blood was drawn and plasma glucose concentration measured. Diagnosis of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance was based on 1985 World Health Organization (WHO) cut-off values. Blood glucose results were available in 875 subjects. Seven subjects were found to be diabetic for a prevalence of 0.8%, with the majority (5 subjects) being newly diagnosed. Nineteen were found to have impaired glucose tolerance for a prevalence of 2.2%. There were no sex differences between the two groups. All of the newly diagnosed diabetics were asymptomatic. Multivariate analysis revealed that subjects with a family history of diabetes, higher body mass index, and higher systolic blood pressure had higher blood glucose levels. The prevalence of diabetes in this survey is lower than rates reported in recent surveys in Nigeria that used less stringent criteria and different methodologies. The rate is comparable to that of a Tanzanian study that used WHO criteria. However, the rate of impaired glucose tolerance in this study, first to be reported in Nigeria, is lower than that obtained in the Bantu population.
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Action research in West African schools: problems and prospects - Pryor, John B. (International Journal of Educational Development, 1998)
This paper investigates the claims of action research as an appropriate research methodology for investigating West African education. It suggests that since action research is sensitive to context and is directly relevant to practitioners, it might avoid some of the criticisms that have been levelled at some other methodologies. However, data from Ghana are used to problematize this position. The paper concludes with a discussion of ways in which collaboration between academics and teachers, based on action research, might develop so that both useful knowledge about education in West Africa is derived and practice is improved.
openalex: W2065970498 mag: 2065970498
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Screening secondary school students in the Gaza strip for β-thalassaemia trait - Sirdah; Bilto; Jabour, El; Najjar, Walid (Clinical and Laboratory Haematology, 1998)
A small scale screening study for beta-thalassaemia trait has been carried out in the Gaza Strip, involving 1650 secondary schools healthy students, 16-18 years old and from both sexes. The results showed that the overall prevalence in the Gaza Strip of beta-thalassaemia was 4.3%. The frequency of beta-thalassaemia trait in the microcytic (defined as MCV < or = 80fl and/or MCH < or = 26 pg) subjects was 27.1%. The efficacies of some of the proposed discrimination functions in the differentiation between beta-thalassaemia trait and non-thalassemic microcytosis were evaluated. The Mentzer index, MCV of < or = 72fl, England & Fraser DF and the Shine & Lal formula were found to correctly identify 91.6%, 82.4%, 81.3% and 62.6% of the studied cases of microcytosis as having or not having the beta-thalassaemia trait. It was concluded that both beta-thalassaemia and microcytic anaemias are major health problems in the Gaza Strip. The various forms of consanguineous marriages, in addition to poor economic conditions in the Gaza Strip may have contributed to the concentration of beta-thalassaemia and the prevalence of microcytic anaemias in this population.
openalex: W2021006419 mag: 2021006419
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Environmental Education in Primary Education: status and trends in southern and eastern Africa - Taylor, Christopher (Environmental Education Research, 1998)
Summary This study presents the results of an international comparative study (based on secondary analysis techniques) into the status of environmental education (EE) in primary education in 10 southern and eastern African countries. The study concludes that the current provisions for EE in primary education in the countries sampled are insufficient for the comprehensive development of national programmes. The major barriers to the further development ofEE include inadequate provisions for EE in education policy, deficiencies in teacher training in EE and a lack of instructional materials. The study recommends that the most important step towards improving the status of EE in primary education in the region is the inclusion of EE in education policy, combined with the development of a mechanism that would facilitate policy implementation.
openalex: W2084103551 mag: 2084103551
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The health and nutritional status of schoolchildren in Africa: evidence from school-based health programmes in Ghana and Tanzania - THEPARTNERSHIPFORCHILDDEVELOPM (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1998)
Surveys of the health of schoolchildren in Tanga Region, Tanzania and Volta Region, Ghana are reported. Two age groups of both sexes were studied: 8-9 and 12-13 years old. Children themselves tend to have a poor perception of their health status. This is confirmed by biomedical surveys. Evidence was common of chronic ill-health due to undernutrition, anaemia, parasitic infections and micronutrient deficiencies. The older age groups of both sexes were significantly more stunted (height-for-age z score < 2 below National Center for Health Statistics reference values) than the younger groups, indicating that linear growth continues to falter throughout the school-age years. Anaemia was common: 38% of children in Ghana and 75% of children in Tanzania had a haemoglobin level < 120 g/L. Younger children were more likely to be anaemic than older children, but no significant difference between the sexes was observed. Helminth infections which cause blood loss (Schistosoma haematobium and hookworms) were common and only 37% of children in Ghana and 14% in Tanzania had no evidence of worm infection. In Ghana, 71% of children had a low urinary iodine concentration; in Tanzania 38%. The burden of ill-health suggests that school health programmes in these countries which deliver anthelmintics and micronutrient supplements have the potential to improve the health, growth and educational achievements of schoolchildren.
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Self-Evaluation Processes of African American Youth in a High School Completion Program - Whaley, Arthur L.; Smyer, Dawn A. (The Journal of Psychology, 1998)
Abstract In the present study, regression analyses were used to determine whether particular domains of perceived competence, alienation from school, and cultural mistrust of society in general predicted judgments of global self-worth and global self-discrepancy in a group of African American high school dropouts in a compensatory program. The participants were 31 African American high school dropouts between 16 and 24 years of age (M = 17.7 years, SD = 1.81) who were enrolled in a state-sponsored high school completion program. Perceived job competence and peer-related social competence were the most significant predictors of self-evaluations. Cultural mistrust of society was associated with students' self-evaluation and overshadowed alienation from school in the prediction of global self-worth. The implications of these results for interventions with African American high school dropouts in this type of program are discussed.
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"Trustees and agents of the state?": Missions and post-union policy formation towards African education 1910-1920 - Krige, Sue (1998)
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Three dimensional velocity structure and relocated aftershocks for the 1985 Constantine, Algeria (MS = 5.9) earthquake - Bounif, Mohand Ou Abdallah; Dorbath, Catherine (Annals of geophysics (Print), 1998)
Local earthquake travel-time data were inverted to obtain a three dimensional tomographic image of the region centered on the 1985 Constantine earthquake. The resulting velocity model was then used to relocate the events. The tomographic data set consisted of P and S waves travel-times from 653 carefully selected aftershocks of this moderate size earthquake, recorded at 10 temporary stations. A three-dimensional P-wave velocity image to a depth of 12 km was obtained by Thurber's method. At shallower depth, the velocity contrasts reflected the differences in tectonic units. Velocities lower than 4 km/s corresponded to recent deposits, velocities higher than 5 km/s to the Constantine Neritic and the Tellian nappes. The relocation of the aftershocks indicates that most of the seismicity occured where the velocity exceeded 5.5 km/s. The aftershock distribution accurately defined the three segments involved in the main shock and led to a better understanding of the rupture process.
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The supposed Egyptian earthquakes of 184 and 95 B.C. Critical review and some lines of research in historical seismology using Greek papyri from Egypt - Mazza, Roberta (Annals of geophysics (Print), 1998)
In the context of a project to update the data collected in the catalogue of Guidoboni et al.(1994), we noticed that two Egyptian earthquakes of 184 and 95 B.C. mentioned in the catalogue of Ambraseys et al. (1994, p. 20) were not included. A search to verify whether these two events should be added to the list of seismic events in the ancient Mediterranean area led to the conclusion that the two Egyptian earthquakes of 184 and 95 B.C. never occurred. The texts cited by the authors (a papyrus and an inscription) seem to deal with other events; in fact the word seismós, which has among others the meaning of 'earthquake', in these sources means 'blackmail' or 'extortion'. This conclusion leads to further discussion of relationships between ancient history and historical seismology and in particular of the use of Greek papyri from Egypt to study ancient earthquakes. A research project on Greek papyri, which will also consider other kinds of evidence such as Coptic literary and documentary texts, has been initiated by a group of researchers belonging to the SGA, in order to continue investigation of ancient earthquakes in the Mediterranean area.
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Training in plastic surgery is being set up in The Gambia - Stanley, Ian F; Mohammed, Paul (BMJ. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 1998)
EDITOR—With the demise of the overseas training scheme in plastic surgery1 and the implications of Calmanisation for training in general for visiting surgeons,2 alternative strategies for meeting the training requirements of surgeons from the developing world need to be considered. Training in the developing world may …
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Peer coaching as part of a professional development scenario for science teachers in Botswana - Thijs, Annette; Berg, Ellen van den (1998)
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Quaternary perpotassic magmatism in Uganda (Toro-Ankole Volcanic Province): age assessment and significance for magmatic evolution along the East African Rift - Boven, A.; Pasteels, Paul; Punzalan, L.; Yamba, T.K.; Musisi, J.H. (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 1998)
The Toro-Ankole volcanics in the northern sector of the Western Branch of the East African Rift are generally assumed to be of Quaternary age. New field observations and comparative KAr and ArAr analyses on whole rock samples and phenocrysts of perpotassic lavas reveal the presence of excess Ar and led to the conclusion that apparently no volcanics have been erupted prior to 50 ka. The present geochronological data, compared with previous ones for the Virunga and South Kivu volcanic fields, suggest that a Late Quaternary pulse of volcanic activity occured in the three areas, with the emission of perpotassic, mildly potassic or sodic alkaline magmas. The genetic implications of such a synchronous activity with wide compositional variation are briefly discussed with respect to basement age and assumed lithosphere characteristics. Le champ volcanique Toro-Ankole situé dans la partie nord de la branche occidentale du Rift Est Africain est réputé d'âge Quaternaire tardif. De nouvelles observations de terrain et des résultats comparatifs KAr et ArAr de laves perpotassiques, sur phénocristaux et roche totale, démontrent la présence d'excès d'Ar. En conclusion il apparaît qu'il n'y a pas eu d'émissions de roches volcaniques plus anciennes que 50 ka dans la région. Ces résultats géochronologiques comparés à ceux publiés précédemment pour les champs volcaniques du Sud Kivu et des Virungas, amènent à considérer l'existence d'une phase éruptive Quaternaire dans les trois régions avec mise en place de magmas alcalins perpotassiques, moyennement potassiques ou sodiques. Les implications génétiques d'un tel synchronisme dans l'activité volcanique, accompagné d'une large variation de composition géochimique, sont présentées brièvement et en fonction des charactéristiques crustales et lithosphériques.
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Impaired contractile G protein function in antrum and colon circular muscle from pregnant guinea pigs - Chen, O.; Zuo, Xuelan; Biancani, Piero; Behar, Joachim A. (Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943), 1998)
It has been previously shown that pregnancy has an inhibitory effect on the motility of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We therefore examined the mechanisms responsible for this impaired GI motility in pregnant guinea pigs. Antrum and left colon were removed from adult third-trimester pregnant guinea pigs and nonpregnant female guinea pigs (control). Circular smooth muscle ceils were isolated by enzymatic digestion with collagenase and permeabilized by brief exposure to saponin as needed. Cell contraction was expressed as percent shortening with respect to control muscle cells. Contraction in response to CCK-8 (0.1 pM to 0.1 laM) was significantly reduced in both antrum and colon circular muscle from pregnant guinea pigs with a maximal shortening of only 14.2-+0.2% and 14.5 -+0.7% respectively when compared to 22.5 -+ 1.1% and 21.7 -+0.9% shortening in control animals (p<0.01, by ANOVA). Contraction in response to direct G protein activation with GTP,/S was also significantly reduced in antrum and colon circular muscle cells from pregnant guinea pigs. GTP)'S at 10 laM caused a maximal shortening of only 11.9 -+ 0.8% and 11.3 -+ 0.7% in antrum and colon circular muscle ceils from pregnant animals, respectively, as opposed to 20.1:1: 0.4% and 20.5 -+ 1.1% in controls. In contrast, the contraction of both antrum and colon circular muscle cells induced by a second messenger IP3 was similar between pregnant and control guinea pigs. Furthermore, the contractile responses to potassium chloride, which is a receptor-G protein independent agonist, were not significantly different from controls, These data suggested that pregnancy might affect the function of G proteins in the GI circular smooth muscle. To further confirm this hypothesis, the function of G proteins in antrum and colon circular muscle from both groups of animals was assessed by using [35S]GTP'¢S binding. Crude membranes derived from antrum and colon circular muscle were incubated with 30 nM [35S]GTPTS with or without agonist stimulation. CCK-8 at 1paM caused a significant increase of [35S]GTP)'S binding to Gq/1 let over the basal level (without CCK), but not to Gietl-2, Giet3, or Gsa. The stimulation of Gq/1 let binding was significantly reduced in antrum and colon circular muscle from pregnant guinea pig when compared to that from control animals (p<0.05, by t test). However, VIP at 1 taM caused a significant increase of [35S]GTPyS binding to Gset, but not to Gq/llet, Gietl-2 or Giot3. The stimulation of Gset binding induced by VIP was similar between these two groups. In conclusion, pregnancy appears to impair gastrointestinal muscle contractility by downregulating certain G proteins that mediate muscle contraction such as Gq/1 let protein. This research was supported by NIH grant R01-DK27389.
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Infant mortality differences between whites and African Americans: the effect of maternal education. - Din‐Dzietham, Rebecca; Hertz‐Picciotto, Irva (American Journal of Public Health, 1998)
OBJECTIVES: Despite decreasing infant mortality in North Carolina, the gap between African Americans and Whites persists. This study examined how racial differences in infant mortality vary by maternal education. METHODS: Data came from Linked Birth and Infant Death files for 1988 through 1993. Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Infant mortality risk ratios comparing African Americans and Whites increased with higher levels of maternal education. Education beyond high school reduced risk of infant mortality by 20% among Whites but had little effect among African Americans. CONCLUSIONS: Higher education magnifies racial differences in infant mortality on a multiplicative scale. Possible reasons include greater stress, fewer economic resources, and poorer quality of prenatal care among African Americans.
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Salt taste sensitivity and blood pressure in adolescent school children in southern Nigeria. - Eo, Okoro; Ge, Uroghide; Et, Jolayemi (PubMed, 1998)
This cross-sectional study was undertaken to observe the relationship between taste recognition threshold for NaCl (salt taste sensitivity) and blood pressure (BP) prior to the onset of clinical hypertension. The study involved 160 girls and 159 boys aged ten through seventeen years. Three hundred and nineteen (35%) of the total population were relatively insensitive to NaCl taste (defined as threshold value > or = 60mM NaCl). In this, there was significant gender difference (chi 2 = 9.66, df = 2, p = 0.022) in the distribution of salt taste sensitivity, with more boys than girls having higher threshold values (> or = 60mM NaCl). In addition, a highly significant (p = 0.0103) but weak association (r = 0.1439) between salt taste sensitivity, and systolic BP was evident after adjustment for other confounding variables. This finding appears fairly specific for NaCl sensitivity, as no systematic relationship between any of the individuals parameters of BP (that is systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures) and threshold values for sucrose, urea and HCl was apparent. Overall, however, the bulk of the data does not support a major role for NaCl taste sensitivity in the determination of BP levels in this group of Nigerian adolescents. Rather, height and gender were the most important factors that influenced BP.
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Cultural and gender differences in responses to depressive mood: a study of college students in Ghana and the U.S.A. - Eshun, Sussie; Chang, Edward C.; Owusu, Vida (Personality and Individual Differences, 1998)
The present study examined the role of culture as a potential moderator of gender differences in response to depressive mood in 315 college students from two separate nationalities (203 from Ghana and 112 from the U.S.A.). Participants from both cultural groups completed the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) which assesses individual differences in coping with depressed mood. Results from conducting a series of analyses of variances indicated a significant gender (male vs female) × culture (Ghanaian vs American) interaction for one of the four sub-scales of the RSQ. Specifically, culture was found to moderate the effects of gender on scores for Dangerous Activity response style. Also a significant cultural as well as gender effect was found for Rumination. The present findings support the importance of cultural sensitivity in research and psychotherapy.
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Drought and saving in West Africa: are livestock a buffer stock? - Fafchamps, Marcel; Udry, Christopher; Czukas, Katherine (Journal of Development Economics, 1998)
Households in the West African semi-arid tropics (WASAT) face substantial risk—an inevitable consequence of engaging in rainfed agriculture in a drought-prone environment. It has long been hypothesized that these households keep livestock as a buffer stock to insulate their consumption from income fluctuations. This paper tests this hypothesis. Results indicate that livestock transactions play less of a consumption smoothing role than often assumed. Livestock sales compensate for at most thirty percent, and probably closer to fifteen percent of income shortfalls due to village-level shocks alone. We discuss possible explanations for these results and suggest directions for future work.
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Roadmaps for the Highway: the evaluation of an information literacy training programme for South African students - Jager, Karin de; Nassimbeni, Mary (Education for Information, 1998)
Students from historically disadvantaged educational systems have not been exposed to information technologies and information sources. The School of Librarianship at the University of Cape Town has recognised the need for information literacy training that would be appropriate for students from the developing world. It is therefore offering a single semester course to undergraduates in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, with the specific aim of providing students with transferable learning and information skills. This paper presents an overview and an evaluation of the course.
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