The correlates of low nutritional status among 7–8 year old school going children in Eldama Ravine, Kenya - Toroitich‐Ruto, Cathy (International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 1998)
It has been recognised that malnutrition is a major cause of death among young children in many developing countries, and the fourth major cause of death among pre-schoolchildren in Kenya (Jansen et al 1987, Pollitt 1990). Children deprived of an adequate diet do not grow or learn well, and they do not develop important social skills and effective responses. The well-being of the citizens of a country includes good nutritional status and has to be viewed therefore as a measure of development.An extensive literature review showed a similarity in factors affecting nutritional status (Wenlock 1980, Carloni 1985, Goldstein 1971, Walingo 1990). This paper is based on findings from a field study carried out among 7–8 year old schoolchildren in Eldama Ravine, Baringo district, Kenya. The results revealed that 19.8% of the children in the survey were stunted (anthropometry) and the dietary food survey showed that 43% of the children had total energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate and calcium below the recommended values. Correlation analysis of anthropometry and dietary survey showed that 9.4% of the subjects were malnourished.The significant contribution of this work is the coordinations deduced from the field work between the proven incidence of malnutrition and a range of socio-economic, cultural and demographic factors. This work contributed to an identification of specific aspects (ethnic group, storage facility for storing non-perishable food, boiling drinking water, house ownership and type of house) deemed responsible for differences in nutritional status. The outcome of this study provides a basis for policy intervention measures that government officials can use for planning purposes.
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Evaluation of a Learner-Produced Photocomic in South Africa - Toroyan, Tamitza; Reddy, Priscilla (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1998)
The use of participatory research in developing culturally appropriate health promotion media is now universally recognized. However, although much has been written with respect to the effects of this process on the participants themselves, little evaluation has been conducted on their effectiveness with the larger target group. The photocomic "Between Us" was produced with South African youth to address the issue of communications as it relates to safe sex and non-violent conflict resolution. This article considers its qualitative evaluation. The article first addresses the theory behind the comic's development, and its objectives. It then examines the qualitative results with respect to these objectives: the evaluation showed the comic to be successful in that it elicited identification among youth with the comic's characters and issues presented. This type of medium offers much potential as a Health Promotion tool to be used in educational settings.
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Planning for Drought in Mozambique: Balancing the Roles of Food Aid and Food Markets - Tschirley, David L. (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
This paper first traces the progress the country has made in food security during the past five years, focusing on the role that markets have played in improving food access for households. It then highlights the enormous challenges the country continues to face in this regard before turning to the issue of planning for drought in 1998 and succeeding years. It draws heavily from the 1992 experience in Mozambique, and emphasizes the need to rethink emergency and commercial food aid response to protect the progress already achieved in the private food marketing system and encourage its further development.
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Training Rural Doctors: The Seychelles Experience and Curriculum - Udonwa, Katharine; Shamloye, C (South African Family Practice, 1998)
The Republic of Seychelles, located in the Indian Ocean, comprises 115 islands spread over 400 000km, with a total land area of only 444km. 99,6% of the total estimated population of 76 417 live on the three main islands of Mah6, Praslin and La Digue.
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Philosophy of Education as a Means to Educate Humanity in a Diverse South Africa - Venter, Elza (1998)
In pre-democratic South Africa, people never learned to listen to the stories of their fellow human beings because that was seen as a threat rather than a challenge. With the long-awaited political and constitutional changes taking place, a different societal structure is being established and a new democratic value system formally and officially being embraced. It would, however, be naive to imagine that policy changes would transform deeply-rooted attitudes, practices and existing structures overnight. The change into a democratic society does not mean, unfortunately, that a political, social and educational utopia is being created instantly. All learners will have to develop the skills, knowledge competence and attitudes to function effectively in a culturally diverse society. It will require a major paradigm shift from most educators, philosophers of education, and teacher trainers, as well as parents. I will argue for a pluralistic, problem-centered approach to teacher education and training that would be helpful in educating students to respect others and diversity.
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Health Promoting Schools In South Africa: Needs And Prospects - Vergnani, Tania; Filsher, Alan J.; Lazarus, Sandy; Reddy, Priscilla; James, Shamagonam (Southern African journal of child and adolescent mental health, 1998)
Abstract This paper discusses the need for health promoting schools in South Africa and presents an overview of the present situation in this regard. It further examines priorities for the future and identifies strategies for creating health promoting schools in South Africa. These strategies include: advocacy; inter-sectoral collaboration; rationalisation of existing services; a holistic approach to health; “whole school development”; lifeskills education; addressing the attitudes and practice of education and health personnel; community participation; research; and the development of demonstration programmes.
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The Rights and Duties of Pupils (Learners): Some Basic South African Principles - Visser, P.J. (1998)
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Teaching practice at the University of Botswana: an analysis of outcomes for the 1998 PGDE cohort - Vlaardingerbroek, B. (Mosenodi, 1998)
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Recent historical climate change and its effect on land use in the eastern part of West Africa - Voortman, R.L. (Physics and chemistry of the earth, 1998)
There are indications that low rainfall, drought periods and famine become more frequent in West Africa. This may in part be a rather early expression of the effect of global warming but it is very likely that local factors such as drastic changes in land cover due to expanded cultivated area, as required by a growing population, play an important role. Before studying the causative mechanisms of climate change, it first needs to be established that climate did indeed change significantly, and if so, its nature, extent and magnitude have to be quantified. To this effect time series of annual rainfall (1950–1992) for 42 synoptic climate stations in eastern West Africa, covering 5 countries, were analyzed. The data were subjected to several statistical tests for the entire time series and parts thereof. The outcomes were interpolated in a GIS environment to assess the spatial pattern of change. The time series and spatial analysis reveals that climate change is indeed significant in the northern part of the study area and that the degree of change shows a spatial pattern that can be related to the weather system in combination with topography. A remarkable feature is that the change in rainfall is not a gradual one, but consists of a trend break with zero trend before and after the break. This is unexpected because it might imply that causal factors have to be sought under those that do not change gradually. The year of occurrence of the break is around 1970 but varies in time, again according to a geographic pattern. The reduction of rainfall shortens the length of the growing period (LGP) and has a considerable impact on potential crop yields and their variability. The paper shows the serious implications of recent historical climate change for land use in the semi-arid region of West Africa.
openalex: W2141554599 mag: 2141554599
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Recent historical climate change and its effect on land use in the Eastern part of West Africa - Voortman, R.L. (Physics and Chemistry of The Earth Part A-solid Earth and Geodesy, 1998)
There are indications that low rainfall, drought periods and famine become more frequent in West Africa. This may in part be a rather early expression of the effect of global warming but it is very likely that local factors such as drastic changes in land cover due to expanded cultivated area, as required by a growing population, play an important role. Before studying the causative mechanisms of climate change, it first needs to be established that climate did indeed change significantly, and if so, its nature, extent and magnitude have to be quantified. To this effect time series of annual rainfall (1950-1992) for 42 synoptic climate stations in eastern West Africa, covering 5 countries, were analyzed. The data were subjected to several statistical tests for the entire time series and parts thereof. The outcomes were interpolated in a GIS environment to assess the spatial pattern of change. The time series and spatial analysis reveals that climate change is indeed significant in the northern part of the study area and that the degree of change shows a spatial pattern that can be related to the weather system in combination with topography. A remarkable feature is that the clmnge in rainfall is not a gradual one, but consists of a trend break with zero trend before and after the break. This is unexpected because it might imply that causal factors have to be sought under those that do not change gradually. The year of occurrence of the break is around 1970 but varies in time, again according to a geographic pattern. The reduction of rainfall shortens the length of the growing period (LGP) and has a considerable impact on potential crop yields and their variability. The paper shows the serious implications of recent historical climate change for land use in the semi-arid region of West Africa. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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The impact of pollution on Kenyan coastal marine environment - Wachirah, Abidjah Ndegwa (1998)
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Adult education as a pedagogy for social transformation in Lesotho - Wagana, J. (1998)
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Collegial Dialogue: A Procedure Towards Reconceptualizing an Inadequate Understanding of Resource-Based Learning (RBL) at Higher Education Institutions for Distance Learning in South Africa. - Waghid, Yusef (South African journal of higher education, 1998)
openalex: W117050582 mag: 117050582
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African-American Student Achievement Research Project. - Wagstaff, Mark; Melton, Jerry; Lawless, Brenda; Combs, Linda (1998)
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Strengthening farmers' participation in village development activities: the role of training institutions in Tanzania - Wambura, R.A.; Kasimila, B.J.; Rutatora, D. F.; Ndunguru, Philibert C. (1998)
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[Hepatitis B virus infection in the school milieu of Kiffa and Selibaby, Mauritania]. - Wang, Rui; Baïdy, B. Lo; Ndiaye, Maimouna (PubMed, 1998)
Our survey was concerned with searching for different markers of Hepatitis B virus infection in 267 primary and secondary school children in two Mauritanian sites in the south and south-east of the country. The results showed that for the surveyed subjects, 16.8% were carriers of HBs antigen, 21% of anti-HBs antibodies, 50.2% of anti-HBc antibodies and 45.4% of anti-HBe antibodies. Furthermore, 28.9% of the carriers of HBs antigen were also of HBe antigen. In all, 32.2% of the subjects had not been exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. These results confirmed the serious problem posed to public health by Hepatitis B infection and should prompt a programme to combat it.
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Teaching Astronomy at the University of South Africa - Wargau, W.; Cunow, Barbara; Schutte, C. J. H. (Colloquium, 1998)
The University of South Africa celebrates its 50th anniversary this year. Over this period it grew, becoming one of the largest tertiary distance education institutions and the largest university on the African continent. South Africa always had a mixed racial population with each group having its own culture. This difference between people is further aggravated by differences in the level of “westernisation”. Furthermore, South Africa also suffers from an extreme urbanisation problem where on the one hand we find modern cities and on the other tribal groups. All these factors led to a differentiation of the population into a first world and third world component.
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Working together to develop our teaching, a report on the in-service workshops for junior secondary English, Mathematics and Science teachers of the Gambia - Weeden, Paul; Woodfield, Helen (1998)
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School Factors Associated with African American Students Who Thrive in College-Preparatory Mathematics. - Wells, Barbara G. (1998)
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The case for a 'case-study' approach to theological education in Africa - Wendland, Ernst R. (Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology, 1998)
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Aspects of waste management and pollution control in Olkaria geothermal field, Kenya - Were, Joshua (1998)
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Teaching and researching in the information age, with specific reference to African languages - Wessels, E. M. (South African Journal of African Languages, 1998)
In order to survive and flourish in the information age today a society needs to be able to handle information adequately. Of particular importance is the ability of members of a society to transform information into knowledge that can be utilized in the process of decision making, to the benefit of the whole society. Since universities are the major creators and disseminators of knowledge in the form of scientific research and training in a society, they can play an important role in this regard. In the case of developing countries, this role becomes crucial, since developing countries are to a large extent dependent on knowledge imported from the major developed countries of the world. Similar to other developing countries, there is a need in South Africa for high-quality research to be undertaken so that a body of indigenous knowledge can be generated that addresses local needs. Given the prominent role that African languages have been afforded by the new language policies and the new education system, scholars in African languages have an important role to play in generating research that can be utilized to address current needs. In this manner they can contribute to the development of South Africa into an information society that will survive and flourish in the information age.
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Frequency of color blindness among Nigerian school children in Lagos - Williams, G.O.; Taylor, F.E.; Odidika, Irene I.; Amusa, K.O. (American Journal of Human Biology, 1998)
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Frequency of color blindness among Nigerian school children in Lagos - Williams, G.O.; Taylor, Frances E.; Odidika, Irene I.; Amusa, Kafayat (American Journal of Human Biology, 1998)
Plates 1-15 of the Ishihara tests for color blindness were administered to 5,580 boys and 5,405 girls in primary and secondary schools in Lagos. The difference between males and females in the frequency of total color blindness was not significant. The frequency of total color blindness among the children was 0.19%. However, the frequencies of red-green color blindness, which were 3.60% and 0.81% among the males and females, respectively, were significantly different. Deutans occurred at a higher frequency than protans among both male and female red-green color blind individuals, but the differences among males and also females were not significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between the sexes in the occurrence of deutans and protans. Although the frequency of red-green color blindness detected among males in this study is significantly lower than that reported for Lagos in another survey, which gave a frequency similar to that for Caucasians, the frequency obtained in the present study is similar to frequencies reported for other populations of Blacks of African Ancestry. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:283-288, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Vision 2016: meeting the pre-school needs in Botswana - Williams, Martha M. (Mosenodi, 1998)
Early childhood education in Botswana is privately operated and serves 20,000 children. This represents approximately seven percent of the pre-school population. Early Childhood Care programmes were started three decades ago by groups of women concerned about the care of young children whose mothers were employed away from the home. After a decade of operation, the government followed with a national policy on day care, and council bye-laws used to license and monitor established pre-school programmes. The components of a high quality programmes have been documented through many studies. A relatively widespread consensus shows that essential high quality factors are associated with: (1) staff to child ratio; (2) structure and group size; (3) staff training; (4) children's experiences; (5) staff continuity and (6) management competence. Each of the quality factors will be discussed with documentation and applied nationally.
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Overview: African American Participation in Higher Education - Wilson, Reginald (1998)
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Effects of exercise training on aerobic fitness in African-American females. - Wj, Duey; Wl, O'Brien; Ab, Crutchfield; La, Brown; Hn, Williford; Sharff-Olson, M (PubMed, 1998)
Physical inactivity, a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is more prevalent within the African-American population. Unfortunately, only a few investigators have documented the effects of exercise training studies on cardiovascular fitness in this cohort. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six-week endurance exercise training program on aerobic fitness (VO2peak) in African-American females. Twenty-five women (16 treatment, 9 controls, mean age 23.1+/-3.9) participated in the study. The six-week exercise training protocol consisted of exercising three times a week on a cycle ergometer between 60-70% VO2peak for 20 minutes. No significant changes in aerobic fitness were observed in the control group. However, the relative and absolute VO2peak significantly increased by 18% and 19%, respectively, in the treatment group, 21.7+/-2.6 to 25.6+/-2.8 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P<.01) and 1.77+/-2.7 to 2.11+/-3.8 L x min(-1) (P<.01). The maximal heart rates and respiratory exchange ratios were not significantly different between pre- and post-training, suggesting that similar efforts were given. These results document the fact that significant increases in aerobic fitness are possible with a moderate exercise training regime in an African-American female population.
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The masters of Pietersburg: Association of University English Teachers of South Africa Conference. University of the North, July 1997 - Wood, Felicity; Blatchford, Mathew (Scrutiny2, 1998)
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Distance education and the training of primary school teachers in Tanzania - Wort, Michael A. A. (1998)
Tanzania has been using distance education to train its teachers for twenty years. Thefirst programme, which began in 1976 and ended in 1984, was highly innovative inits approach. It provided both professional and up-grading studies within the primaryschools to try and meet the demand for universal primary education. The secondmajor programme used more conventional correspondence studies to up-date itsprimary school teachers and still continues today.The study explores why, and how, distance education has developed in Tanzaniaand why it has vigorously pursued this method as a major tool in training its primaryschool teachers. Historical, cultural socio-economic and political contexts werehelpful in understanding the motivations, origins and developments of the two majorprogrammes beginning in 1979. The empirical material in the study covers twomajor distance teacher education programmes for primary school teachers inTanzania. The first programme, the Distance School based Teacher Trainingprogramme from 1976-1984 was critically re-analysed using former evaluationstudies. The second programme, 1984 to date was evaluated using a frame-process-outcome' model and is also presented.A new framework for the provision of distance education was developed usingthe important interactive elements of the educational process - teacher, learner(s) andcontent. The framework focuses upon the intended learning and incorporatededucation and adult education theories. Ten framework categories were developedfor reappraisal and analyse of the Tanzanian distance teacher education programmes.Finally suggestions were made, using the framework model for a new approach todistance education and teacher training.The outcomes suggests the need for a more decentralised authority and a greaterdifferentiation of tasks in administration, the setting up of school cluster and learnergroups and the provision of more responsive support systems. Framework categoriessuggested a move towards interdependency in their working, within a distributivemodel of distance education.
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Demography: Textbook for the South African student - Wp, Mostert; Js, Oosthuizen; Be, Hofmeyr (1998)
The purpose of [this volume] is to introduce students to demographic methods and concepts on the basis of South African examples.... Three themes underlie all the chapters. The first is that population dynamics in South Africa reflect the demographic situation in other countries of the world. The second theme is the interrelatedness of economic social political environmental and population variables. The third is the need for demographers to treat available data with care and to assess information and adapt it where necessary to different situations. (EXCERPT)
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Improving practice: a whole school approach to raising the achievement of African Caribbean youth - Wright, CY; Weekes, Daniel Buckner (1998)
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Report on Oku Volcanic Field (Cameroon) - Wunderman, Richard (Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 1998)
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Recent economic events in Papua New Guinea: a continuing drought in development. - Yala, Charles; Levantis, Theodore (Pacific Economic Bulletin, 1998)
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Selective impairment of HCO3−-dependent pHi regulation by lysophosphatidylcholine in guinea pig ventricular myocardium - Yamaguchi, Seiichi; Tamagawa, Masaji; Nakajima, Nobuyuki; Nakaya, Haruaki (Cardiovascular Research, 1998)
The aim was to examine the effects of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), an amphiphilic lipid metabolite in ischemic myocardium, on intracellular pH (pH(i)) regulatory systems in guinea pig papillary muscles.In CO2/HCO(3-)-buffered Tyrode solution, pH(i), intracellular Na+ activity (aNai) and membrane potential of isolated guinea pig papillary muscles were measured using ion-selective microelectrode and conventional microelectrode. Standard ammonium prepulsing with 20 mM NH4Cl was used to produce an intracellular acid load, and effects of LPC on the pH(i) recovery from acidosis were evaluated in the absence and presence of a transport inhibitor.LPC acidified the resting pH(i) by 0.03 +/- 0.01 pH units (n = 15, p < 0.01) concomitantly with a slight decrease in resting membrane potential and an increase in aNai in quiescent preparations. The pH(i) recovery rate from an intracellular acid load was decreased to 83 +/- 4% of the control value by 30 microM LPC (n = 8, P < 0.05) but not by 30 microM phosphatidylcholine (PC). In the presence of 10 microM 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride (HMA), a Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibitor, LPC still slowed pH(i) recovery from an intracellular acid load to 77 +/- 4% of the control (n = 5, P < 0.05). However, LPC failed to alter the pH(i) recovery rate in the presence of 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 0.5 mM), a Na(+)-HCO3- symport inhibitor.LPC impairs Na(+)-HCO3- symport but not Na(+)-H+ exchange, and LPC may potentiate its arrhythmogenic action by intensifying the intracellular acidosis in ischemic myocardium.
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The West African Students Union and its Contribution to the Anti-Colonial Struggle - Yusuf, Ahmad A. (Africa quarterly, 1998)
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Selecting students for mathematics and science: the challenge facing higher education in South Africa - Zaaiman, Hermien (1998)
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A perspective on paradigm change in tertiary agricultural education and training in South Africa. - Zÿl, Johan van; Barnard, Robert C.; Botha, C. A. J. (1998)
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Unheard voices : drought, famine and God in Ethiopian oral poetry - ʾAzaza, Faqāda (1998)
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