Society education and teachers in Kenya A study in sociology of education - Arapbor, Kiprono E (1998)
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12. Eritrea: Developing a Programme of Multilingual Education - Dutcher, Nadine (1998)
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The Teaching of African History in Barbadian Schools - Goodridge, Richard A. (1998)
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Training and Certifying "Unqualified" Teachers in Namibia - Meyer, John (1998)
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Factors Contributing to the Success Of African American Women In Higher Education - Robinson, Kimberly R. (McNair Scholars Journal, 1998)
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A STUDY OF THE PRESERVICE TRAINING OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN KENYA - Mse, Godfrey Shedd (1998)
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The Noyes Academy, 1834-35: The Road to the Oberlin Collegiate Institute and the Higher Education of African-Americans in the Nineteenth Century - Irvine, Russell W.; Dunkerton, Donna Zani (Western journal of black studies, 1998)
Abstract Oberlin College is generally thought of as the first institution of higher learning in the nineteenth century to which black youth could gain admission without incumbency. For this reason, Oberlin has long held an esteemed place in black educational history. There, in 1835, by a one-vote margin, members of Oberlin's Board of Trustees committed their institution open to students of color. While blacks were, in infinitesimally small number, admitted to other white colleges before 1835, no college before Oberlin adopted as policy the admission of blacks on an equal basis with whites. However, besides tangential references to student abolitionism at the Theological Seminary influencing subsequent abolitionism at Oberlin College, educational historians have failed to fully explore the taproots of the modern abolition movement that began around 1830. Particularly absent is any complete understanding of this movement's nexus with the American higher education movement. There is virtually no knowledge of the intense and dramatic period that ignited student activism, not only on the Theological Seminary campus, but on college campuses throughout America. The transfer from the Seminary of students, the so-called Lane Rebels, to Oberlin College in late 1834, indeed sharpened the antislavery focus on Oberlin's campus. But how and why did these students, the seminarians, develop an interest in abolitionism? There remains, additionally, a lack of clarity as to why the main thrust of antislavery activity was intimately tied to the quest for the higher education of free blacks. It was, no doubt, the emotional surfeit associated with the opening of Oberlin College to black students that has so completely overshadowed the history of the events that preceded it. The Oberlin vote was a pivotal victory for the cause of abolitionism. Efforts by black and white abolitionists to gain any level of higher educational opportunity for black youth was a formidable undertaking. This was by conscious design. This article focuses on the period 1830-35, and on events that set the stage for the emergence of an Oberlin College. This paper will be devoted partly to a discussion of a series of restrictions forced upon free blacks, which compelled them into nationwide collective action. However, this paper's primary focus is a chronicling of the events that transpired in the New England hamlet of Canaan, New Hampshire. A brief sketch of the black men and women who attended the Noyes Academy in Canaan is provided in the conclusion. Canaan was the site where black and white abolitionists tried to construct the first rung of a higher education ladder, leading to blacks' collegiate and professional school study in America. The Noyes Academy was conceived as the foundation on which the ladder rested. What made higher education in America imperative for free blacks? That question is asked and best answered when viewed within the context of the oppressive race politics and the tumult that came to a head between the years 1830-1835. Background In Carter G. Woodson's view (1919), the years 1830 to 1835 were the greatest single period of racial oppression free blacks endured in the first half of the nineteenth century. The free black population expanded from 59,557 in 1790 to over 300,000 by 1830. This anomalous population's dramatic increase did not go unnoticed. Expansion of the free black population was accompanied by a rise in black militancy, thus making their presence in America all the more problematic. This militancy threatened the security and viability of slavery. In 1830, whites were still recoiling from the 1822 Denmark Vesey Plot in Charleston, South Carolina. Their fear was intensified by the 1829 fiery Appeal of David Walker, calling for slaves to rise against their masters. In 1831, on the heels of Walker's incendiary came the Nat Turner insurrection in Southampton, Virginia in 1831. …
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[Cardiovascular risk factors in ethiopian medical students]. - Rahlenbeck, Sibylle I.; Gebre-Yohannes, A. (PubMed, 1998)
Selected cardiovascular risk factors, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, presence of overweight, blood pressure and lifestyle patterns were assessed in 66 male medical students from Ethiopia aged between 18 and 26 years. Mean serum cholesterol concentration was 134.4 mg/dl with a standard deviation (SD) of 39.2 mg/dl; mean triglyceride concentration was 93.8 mg/dl (SD 43.6 mg/dl) and mean HDL-cholesterol in a subsample (n = 26) was 41.4 mg/dl (SD 14.2 mg/dl). Eight students (12.1%) were classified as having a sedentary life-style, 1 student was hypertensive, 5 (7.6%) had a body mass index above 28 kg m-2, 6 (9.1%) had serum cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dl and 5 (7.6%) triglyceride levels above 180 mg/dl. There was a trend for some risk factors to increase with the socio-economic status. In multiple regression analysis, body mass index was the only independent factor associated with systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, while body mass index itself was significantly related to parental income.
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Financing higher education in francophone West Africa - Ransom, Angela (1998)
Since gaining independence, African governments have spent a substantial portion of their national budgets to develop the education sector. Investments of this magnitude were justified at the time as a means to produce rapidly the skilled manpower required for economic and social development. African education officials reiterated the important role of the university in Africa as an expression of national pride and sovereignty. Higher education in Africa as it is currently financed does not provide incentives to invest resources in fields that promote development, nor to invest in the amounts of education that most benefit society. Most countries in the region spend more money than they can afford on student subsidies and academic and administrative staff salaries and benefits, and not enough on laboratory equipment, books and journals for libraries, or research and technical training for development. The quality of the education provided has suffered as a result. The meetings explored ways of reducing costs and increasing quality and efficiency. Even though the meetings did not seek a consensus on any specific policy recommendation, common viewpoints emerged on the following: (1) the unlikelihood of additional public resources becoming available to expand or improve higher education in the region; (2) the possibility of generating additional resources to expand or improve higher education by using existing resources more efficiently; (3) the substantial public sacrifice required to implement adjustment strategies; (4) the need to increase the private costs of higher education, student subsidies and non-academic expenditures were cited as areas where public expenditure could be reduced despite the political difficulties; (5) the need to rationalize curricula and course offerings and to promote regional collaboration through supra-national institutions; and finally (6) the need for higher education to receive the continued financial and technical support of development assistance agencies. Education officials have recognized the gravity of the situation of higher education finance. Several have already attempted some technical solutions with varying degrees of success and failure. Notwithstanding, most were uncomfortable with proposals to shift cost savings from higher education to secondary or primary education. It was thought that such savings from politically risky changes to make higher education more efficient might best be reinvested in the sector to improve the quality of African universities.
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The Real Ebonics debate: power, language, and the education of African-American children (Choice Reviews Online, 1998)
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Development of procedural understanding among South African science students at pre-tertiary education level - Almekinders, René; Thijs, Gerard D.; Fred, L Stricklin (Journal of Biological Education, 1998)
This paper reports some of the results of a study into the development of procedural understanding for preuniversity students in South Africa. A number of students (n=237) in a science foundation year were given a preand post-test on their views of the quality of empirical data. This paper presents the analysis of one representative question about the use of control groups in biological experiments. Between, the pre- and post-test students had done practical work involving the use of control groups. Results show that students’ procedural understanding improves especially with respect to recognition that the control group is part of the experiment. However, students approach the data from the control group in a variety of ways. This leads us to the conclusion that teaching should aim to ensure that students not only learn to recognize the purpose of an experiment, but should also be explicitly taught what a control group is, and how the results for the control group should be evaluated; thereby learning to see an experiment and the evaluation of the results as one entity.
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Evidence of climate change based on rainfall records in Nigeria - Bello, N. J. (Weather, 1998)
WeatherVolume 53, Issue 12 p. 412-418 Evidence of climate change based on rainfall records in Nigeria Dr N. J. Bello, Corresponding Author Dr N. J. Bello University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, NigeriaDepartment of Agrometeorology and Water Management, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria.Search for more papers by this author Dr N. J. Bello, Corresponding Author Dr N. J. Bello University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, NigeriaDepartment of Agrometeorology and Water Management, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria.Search for more papers by this author First published: 30 April 2012 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb06358.xCitations: 11AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume53, Issue12December 1998Pages 412-418 RelatedInformation
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Freshman-year experiences for African-American students in engineering - Chapple, Bernadette (1998)
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Early Science Experiences of Northern Sotho-Speaking South African Pupils and Their Attitude towards Science - Cherian, Lily; Cherian, Varghese I. (Psychological Reports, 1998)
A questionnaire was administered to 793 randomly chosen Standard ten Northern Sotho-speaking pupils whose ages ranged from 17 to 24 years. Pearson product-moment correlation of .7 suggested the association of early science experience with scores on attitudes towards science.
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Relation of Self-Concept with Scholastic Achievement of High School Pupils in South Africa - Cherian, Varghese I.; Moeketsi, Justice Aaron (Psychological Reports, 1998)
In assessing the relationship between rated self-concept and scholastic achievement of 227 Grade 12 students (ages ranging from 15 to 35 years) in the Northern Province of South Africa, questionnaire scores had a Cronbach a of .81. Ratings correlated .22 with matriculation examination grades.
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The relationship between Schistosoma haematobium infection and school performance and attendance in Bamako, Mali - Clercq, Dirk De; Sacko, Moussa; Behnke, Jerzy M.; Gilbert, Francis; Vercruysse, Jozef (Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1998)
Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium was the most common helminth infection in school-age children from a poor area in Bamako, Mali. Almost half (47%) of the boys and 40% of the girls were infected, 18% of the children being heavily infected. There was a significant decline in academic performance and in school attendance with increasing intensity of infection. When all sources of variation were taken into consideration, absenteeism was the main factor explaining the variation in academic performance, although a significant effect of infection remained. School-based delivery of chemotherapeutic interventions is currently promoted by several international organizations. However, rates of school attendance are low in some areas and it is the absentees who appear to be at relatively high risk of ill health. Novel ways of reaching this elusive subset of the population are required.
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The relationship between Schistosoma haematobium infection and school performance and attendance in Bamako, Mali - Clercq, Dirk De; Sacko, Moussa; Behnke, Jerzy M.; Gilbert, Francis; Vercruysse, Jozef (Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1998)
Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium was the most common helminth infection in school-age children from a poor area in Bamako, Mali. Almost half (47%) of the boys and 40% of the girls were infected, 18% of the children being heavily infected. There was a significant decline in academic performance and in school attendance with increasing intensity of infection. When all sources of variation were taken into consideration, absenteeism was the main factor explaining the variation in academic performance, although a significant effect of infection remained. School-based delivery of chemotherapeutic interventions is currently promoted by several international organizations. However, rates of school attendance are low in some areas and it is the absentees who appear to be at relatively high risk of ill health. Novel ways of reaching this elusive subset of the population are required.
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Anaemia and intestinal parasitic infections among school age children in Behera Governorate, Egypt - Curtale, Filippo; Nabil, Muhammad Furqan; A, el Wakeel; My, Shamy (Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1998)
Anaemia is considered a serious public health problem in Egypt, although updated population-based data are lacking. Similarly, data on prevalence and intensity of infection with intestinal parasites, which are considered one possible cause of anaemia, are available only from small, unrepresentative sample surveys. The present research was implemented on an entire Governorate representative sample. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anaemia and intestinal parasites in the area and to evaluate the role of each parasite in the epidemiology of anaemia among school age children. At the end of the survey, results of faecal analyses from direct smear and the Kato-Katz examination techniques were available from 1844 and 1783 children respectively, as well as haemoglobin levels measured by spectrophotometer from 1238 children aged 6–12 years. The prevalence of anaemia in the area was high (90 per cent), but very few serve forms were detected (>2 per cent). Prevalence of intestinal parasites was high only for protozoa (Giardia intestinalis 24.7 percent Entamoeba histolytica 17.5 percent) and Schistosoma mansoni (20.7 per cent). From analysis of the results, Fasciola infection appeared to be highly endemic, even among children (3 per cent), and emerged as the factor most strongly correlated with low levels of haemoglobin (p>0.0001). The effect of Fasciola on haemoglobin levels was related to the intensity of infection with this parasite. The role of S. mansoni as a risk factor for anaemia was supported by the present study. Among the protozoa, G. intestinalis was significantly correlated with low haemoglobin levels (p>0.05). The present results substantiated similar findings from smaller studies. In future research, the relationship between Fasciola infection and anaemia needs to be studied with a well-controlled longitudinal design.
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Exporting accounting education to East Africa - squaring the circle - Devlin, Patrick J.; Godfrey, Alan D. (Accounting Education, 1998)
A number of issues associated with exporting accounting education to East Africa are explored. There are four main themes, all of which relate to proper identification of needs. It is argued that the East African context is all-important and that programmes must be designed in the light of that context. However, programmes will be successful only if three other factors are in place. It is essential that those delivering a programme learn from their experiences since the nature of the needs are such that issues will arise which could not have been foreseen. It is necessary-whatever the original intention-for programmes to be more than simply training programmes: there must be a distinct educational dimension to them. It is very important that those delivering a programme avoid imposing values on the participants in circumstances which are very different to those encountered in the 'developed' countries.
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Prevalence and severity of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and atopic eczema in secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. - Falade, A G; Olawuyi, F; Osinusi, K; Onadeko, B.O. (PubMed, 1998)
This study was part of the effort of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee to evaluate the epidemiology of asthma and allergic diseases around the world. Three thousand and fifty eight randomly selected children aged 13-14 years were studied, using a standard questionnaire developed and field tested by the ISAAC Steering Committee, to establish the prevalence and severity of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema. Of the 3,058 children, there were 1,659 (54.3%) females and 1,399 (45.7%) males (F:M ratio 1.2:1). The cumulative prevalence rates of wheezing, rhinitis other than common cold, and symptoms of eczema were 16.4%, 54.1% and 26.1%, respectively while within the immediate 12-month period, the rates were 10.7%, 45.2% and 22.4%, respectively. However, rhinitis associated with itchy eyes (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis) was reported by 39.2% of the school children. The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was 18.4%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that a higher prevalence of wheezing and rhinitis was associated with itchy eyes. The prevalence of severe symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema were higher when compared with a similar study in Kenya. However, the prevalence of symptoms of asthma was lower and that of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis higher in our series. There is a need for further studies to investigate the risk factors which might be responsible for the apparently different patterns in these two African countries.
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Suggested Notes and Syllabus for Teaching Politics and Development in Africa - Fred-Mensah, Ben K. (A Current Bibliography on African Affairs, 1998)
The primary objective of this study is to suggest reading materials and a teaching methodology for the study of politics and development in Africa. The aim of the article stems from the author's conviction that an understanding of the interplay of politics and economics in Africa is fundamental to the understanding of the regions' development predicaments. Teachers and students of international development, history, anthropology, politics, and economics with an interest in African studies will find this study an invaluable source of reference.
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Differentiation of natrocarbonatite magma at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania - Gittins, J.; Jago, Bruce C. (Mineralogical magazine (Print), 1998)
Abstract Natrocarbonatite magma, erupted as lava flows in the Tanzanian volcano Oldoinyo Lengai in June and November of 1988, has evolved chemically since its formation. The June and November flows of 1988 display increasing Cl, F, Ba, K, Mg and Mn, concomitantly with Na, Ca and P depletion. Furthermore, the June magma, at the time of eruption, had higher Cl, F, Ba and K contents and lower Ca than the November magma and evolved to higher levels of Cl, F, Ba and K content and lower Ca, Na and P. The mineralogy of the lavas reflects these trends. Crystallization of fluorite and halite–sylvite solid solution, usually as a symplectic intergrowth, occurs when Cl and F concentrations reach the critical value necessary to stabilize both minerals and explains why neither occurs as a phenocryst phase. Natrocarbonatite magma has undergone considerable and rapid magmatic evolution, probably in small and separate magma chambers. Two minerals, nyerereite and gregoryite, have dominated the crystallization history of natrocarbonatite magma, and many lavas are phenocryst-rich. However, because most of the lavas are composed principally of these two minerals, crystal accumulation has not greatly changed their composition and, consequently, we suggest that the bulk composition of the lavas closely approximates that of the parental magma.
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English With or Without G(u)ilt: A Position Paper on Language in Education Policy for South Africa - Granville, Stella; Janks, Hilary; Mphahlele, Maredi; Reed, Yvonne; Watson, P.; Joseph, Michael; Ramani, Esther (Language and Education, 1998)
This paper examines the implications of language in education policy in post apartheid South Africa, for both schools and universities. Particular attention is paid to the recommendations of the Language Task Action Group (LANGTAG), delegated by the Minister of Education in 1995, to establish South Africa's language-related needs and policies across different domains in the society. The LANGTAG document, Towards a National Language Plan for South Africa, proposed a national language policy designed to promote the development and status of the historically disadvantaged African languages; and to counter the hegemony of English. This paper supports the general policy but challenges LANGTAG's implementation strategies. It makes the following recommendations: (a) All students should have the right of access to the language of power (English at present). Planned and effective provision for its delivery must be made an explicit part of language policy; (b) Allstudents must learn at least one African language as subject throughout the years of compulsory schooling; (c) An African language as a language of learning and teaching should be a long term goal. These recommendations should lead to effective implementation of LANGTAG's multilingual policy.
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Sex Differences in Algebra by Senior Secondary School Students in Transkei, South Africa - Grewal, Ajmer Singh (Psychological Reports, 1998)
No sex difference in algebra achievement for a sample of 311 Standard 10 (Grade 12) students (140 boys and 171 girls) from 10 senior secondary schools in the Umtata district of Transkei, South Africa, was observed.
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Relationships Between Training/Experience, Knowledge of Computer Usage and Attitudes of Nigerian Librarians Towards Computers - Idowu, A. O. (International Information & Library Review, 1998)
This paper highlights certain vital variables that can affect attitudes of librarians. It discusses the relationships between knowledge, training/experience of librarians on the use of computers and their attitudes towards the computer. One hundred and eighty-seven librarians participated in the study. A chi-square analysis was used to test the relationships. The results indicated that there are significant relationships between these variables and attitudes towards the computer. This means that previous training experience and present usage (knowledge of computer usage) of computers at work influence a positive attitude towards the computer. It is suggested that library schools should ensure adequate training and re-training programmes and that libraries should be equipped with state-of-the-art computer facilities so as to encourage staff usage of such facilities.
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Relationships Between Training/Experience, Knowledge of Computer Usage and Attitudes of Nigerian Librarians Towards Computers - Idowu, A. O. (The International information & library review (Print), 1998)
This paper highlights certain vital variables that can affect attitudes of librarians. It discusses the relationships between knowledge, training/experience of librarians on the use of computers and their attitudes towards the computer. One hundred and eighty-seven librarians participated in the study. A chi-square analysis was used to test the relationships. The results indicated that there are significant relationships between these variables and attitudes towards the computer. This means that previous training experience and present usage (knowledge of computer usage) of computers at work influence a positive attitude towards the computer. It is suggested that library schools should ensure adequate training and re-training programmes and that libraries should be equipped with state-of-the-art computer facilities so as to encourage staff usage of such facilities.
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Relevance of the Training and Visit Extension Messages in the Multiple Cropping System in Wa District of The Upper West Region, Ghana - Insah, A.M. (1998)
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Nutritional risk factors for coronary heart disease in South African medical students - MacIntyre, Una Elizabeth; Glatthaar, I. I.; Elias, John J.; Walker, Alexander (Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 1998)
The African population in South Africa is undergoing relatively rapid transition in lifestyle, with increasing proneness to western diseases. At the Medical University of Southern Africa (MEDUNSA), the majority of the African students come from homes where mainly cereal‐based diets are eaten. They are now exposed to ‘western’ foods. To throw light on the subsequent changes, between 1989 and 1993, 383 third year students underwent a practical course on nutritional assessment, which included determinations of anthropometry, 3 days’ estimated dietary intake record, and serum lipid analysis. Results indicated that their dietary risk levels for western diseases were now approaching the high levels prevailing in white populations. While the likelihood of influencing African students to meaningfully conform to a ‘prudent’ diet and lifestyle is remote, every endeavour must be made to fully inform them of the benefits likely to follow.
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The Lesotho volcanic event of February 1983 - Maud, Ralph; Partridge, T. C.; Dunlevey, J.N. (South African Journal of Geology, 1998)
Evidence relating to a possible volcanic eruption in western Lesotho during 1983 is documented and evaluated. It is concluded that a small quantity of highly vesicular, basaltic lava was extruded from a narrow orifice associated with a fracture in basalt of the Drakensberg Group. The eruption was accompanied by a seismic event measuring 4.3 on the Richter scale. The new lava has a chemical composition very similar to that of the 183-Ma-old host rock, but is isotropic and glassy, with no crystalline phases. In contrast, the Drakensberg Group basalt is almost completely crystalline, although many of the primary minerals display chemical alteration, with the mesostasis being devitrified. Excavation of the vent shows it to be fed by a narrow pipe or conduit, the sides of which are thinly coated by glassy material in which flow structures record slumping back of a very small residual portion of the lava after the eruption. The morphology of the conduit, vesicular nature of the lava, the quantity produced (between 0.3 and 1 m 3 ), and the apparent rapidity with which it was extruded seem to preclude the event having been occasioned either by a lightning strike or an electrical discharge from the nearby power line.
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Records management training in sub‐Saharan Africa - Mazikana, P. C. (Records Management Journal, 1998)
This article gives an overview of records management education and training facilities in sub‐Saharan Africa and then focuses on a training methodology that is being used by a consulting firm based in Zimbabwe to transform organisational records management systems through the medium of training.
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National policies and institutional practices: the credibility gap in South African education and training reform [1] - McGrath, Simon (Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 1998)
Abstract South Africa is going through one of the most thorough-going education and training reforms ever seen in Africa. This reform programme seeks to address the legacies of the past and build towards a policy for the new millennium based in concerns of both equity and development. However, this exercise has tended to place too little emphasis upon the realities within the institutions that will be expected to deliver on the change and lacks a coherent view of the possibilities for policy delivery within these institutions. This paper, therefore, seeks to explore the emergence of new practices at the level of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institutions in South Africa and to relate them to international pressures and national policy reformulations.
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National policies and institutional practices: the credibility gap in south african education and training reform [1] - McGrath, Steve P. (Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 1998)
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Black South African Students' Beliefs and Attitudes about Condoms - Nicholas, Lionel (Psychological Reports, 1998)
To investigate the beliefs and attitudes of black South African students regarding condoms structured questionnaires were completed anonymously by 1986 students. Most highly endorsed problems were the large number needed for many rounds of sex, partner's feelings of distrust, unpleasantness of purchasing condoms, and that condoms injure the vagina. Encouragement of use should be responsive to local practices.
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Oral hygiene status of mentally handicapped school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. - Oo, Denloye (PubMed, 1998)
This paper gives the state of oral hygiene in mentally handicapped school children aged 6-15 years in a Nigerian population. Oral hygiene was found to be poorer than in normal population. Institutional status, age and sex were found to be important determinants in oral hygiene status of this student group. Ways of improving the oral hygiene were highlighted.
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AIDS Awareness of Secondary School Pupils in the Northern Province of South Africa - Peltzer, Karl; Cherian, Lily; Cherian, Varghese I. (Psychological Reports, 1998)
This study investigated AIDS awareness in secondary school pupils (mainly Northern Sotho and Xitsonga) in the Northern Province of South Africa. The randomly chosen sample included 622 Standard 9 pupils (254 boys and 368 girls) in the age range of 17 to 24 years (M of 19.3), who were administered a questionnaire on awareness of AIDS and socioeconomic status. Over 72% of the questions about AIDS were correctly answered, which suggests a fair amount of accurate information about AIDS; however, 18% were of the opinion that "AIDS does not exist" and 19% that "there is a cure for AIDS." Analysis of variance indicated no relationships for sex, age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status with correct answers.The number of reported AIDS cases is climbing in South Africa such that 25% of the country's adult population is projected to be infected with HIV by 2010. At least half of those infected with HIV are under 25 years old. Findings are presented from an assessment of the level of AIDS awareness among secondary school students in Northern Province, South Africa. The randomly chosen sample included 254 boys and 368 girls in Standard 9 aged 17-24 years, of mean age 19.3 years, who were administered a questionnaire on awareness of AIDS and socioeconomic status. The survey posed 10 demographic and socioeconomic status questions, as well as 39 questions on AIDS awareness, covering the presentation of disease, cause, folklore, prevention, protection, sex education, statistics, transmission routes, and treatments. More than 72% of the questions about AIDS were answered correctly. However, 18% of the students believe that AIDS does not exist and 19% that a cure exists for AIDS. The analysis of variance found no relationship of sex, age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status with correct responses.
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Attitudes toward Suicide among South African Secondary School Pupils - Peltzer, Karl; Cherian, Varghese I.; Cherian, Lily (Psychological Reports, 1998)
This study investigated attitudes towards suicide among 622 Standard 9 (U.S. Grade 11) secondary school pupils chosen at random from schools throughout the Northern Province in South Africa. The pupils were 254 (41%) boys and 368 (59%) girls in the age range of 17 to 24 years, with a mean age of 19.3 yr. A questionnaire was administered to obtain data on attitudes and other measures. There were 31 (17%) parasuicidal boys and 34 (13%) girls. Major intentions or reasons to commit suicide mentioned were “failing to solve problems” and “mental illness.” Most frequent possible suicide methods were firearms, pills, or poison. Significant associations were found with having a friend or relative who committed suicide, parasuicide (oneself), depression, stress events, ethnicity, and attitudes towards suicide.
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Brain Fag Symptoms in Rural South African Secondary School Pupils - Peltzer, Karl; Cherian, Varghese I.; Cherian, Lily (Psychological Reports, 1998)
The study investigated brain fag symptoms in rural South African Secondary School pupils. The sample included 622 Grade 11, Secondary School pupils in the age range of 17 to 24 years (M age 19.3 yr., SD = 2.6) chosen at random from schools throughout the Northern Province of South Africa. A Cultural Orientation Scale, a Student Stress Scale, a General Self-efficacy Scale and Self-reporting Questionnaire were administered to collect data on socioeconomic status, cultural orientation, stress events, self-efficacy, perceived stress, “neurotic” disorder, and brain fag symptoms. Analysis indicated that 25% of the pupils suffered from the brain fag symptoms. There were positive significant relations for collectivism, socioeconomic status, female birth order, depression score on the Self-reporting Questionnaire, total score but not the anxiety score of the questionnaire with brain fag symptoms. This suggests the brain fag syndrome is basically a depressive disorder and to some extent an anxiety and depressive disorder. The findings are discussed in relation to the nature of brain fag symptoms, precipitating factors, and socioeconomic status.
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Measuring Life Events in a Sample of South African Students: Comparison of the Life Experiences Survey and the Schedule of Recent Experiences - Pretorius, Tyrone B. (Psychological Reports, 1998)
This study compared the Life Experiences Survey and the Schedule of Recent Experiences for a sample of 213 students. Scores on the Life Experiences Survey–Negative discriminated between rural and urban students and between African language speakers and Afrikaans/English speakers. A small but significant correlation between Life Experiences Survey–Negative and scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale was found, while there was no correlation between scores on the Schedule of Recent Experiences with depression. The Life Experiences Survey–Negative was the only significant predictor of Depression scores. The Life Experiences Survey–Negative interacted significantly with all the measures of social support (Friends, Family, Satisfaction, and Number of Supports) in predicting depression, while the Schedule of Recent Experiences only interacted significantly with support from Family and Number of Supports. The study also provides support for clearly distinguishing between desirable and undesirable events, since positive events moderated the correlation of negative events with depression. The Life Experiences Survey is a more promising measure of life events than the Schedule of Recent Experiences in the South African context.
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EFFECTS OF EXPLICIT TIMING ON MATHEMATICS PROBLEM COMPLETION RATES IN AFRICAN‐AMERICAN THIRD‐GRADE ELEMENTARY STUDENTS - Rhymer, Katrina N; Skinner, Christopher H.; Henington, Carlen; D'Reaux, Robyn A.; Sims, San Pier (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1998)
A multiple baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of Van Houten and Thompson's (1976) explicit timing procedure on problem completion rates and accuracy levels in African‐American third‐grade students. During the explicit timing phase, students were told that they were being timed and were instructed to circle the last problem completed at each 1‐min interval. Results showed that the explicit timing procedure increased problem completion rates. A decreasing trend in percentage of problems correct also occurred. Exploratory data analysis suggested that decreases in accuracy were not caused by the explicit timing procedure and did not occur in students who had attained high levels of preintervention accuracy. Discussion focuses on recommendations for educators who wish to use timing procedures to increase students' rates of accurate responding.
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Education and training of water practitioners in South Africa: needs and programmes - Schutte, C. F. (Water Science and Technology, 1998)
South Africa is facing severe water supply and water quality problems as a result of its limited water resources and other complicating factors. Adequately educated and trained water practitioners are needed to address these problems to ensure economic prosperity and a reasonable standard of living for all South Africans. Training and education needs are analysed in this paper and available programmes and initiatives to deliver the water practitioners needed are discussed. The main areas where training and education is needed include education at community level to educate local water committee members and community support personnel; training of technical staff to operate and maintain water treatment and supply schemes; and education of high-level scientists and engineers to develop new technologies, to improve performance, design and management of processes, plant and projects.
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A prevalence survey of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in pregnant and lactating women, adult males and pre-school children in Zimbabwe. - Sikosana, P.L.N.; Bhebhe, S.; Katuli, Sozina (PubMed, 1998)
To determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in selected population groups in Zimbabwe.The study was a cross sectional, household prevalence survey. A structured questionnaire was used to interview study participants to elicit information on risk factors associated with iron status and IDA. Blood samples were collected for quantitative measurement of ferritin in serum and haemoglobin estimation as part of a full blood count.The study was conducted in four administrative provinces of the country, Mashonaland Central, Midlands, Matebeleland South and Matebeleland North covering three of the five agro-ecological regions of the country. Thirty clusters were randomly selected from 28 enumeration districts.The multistage sampling technique was applied. The total sample consisted of 3,151 study participants made up of 746 pregnant women, 800 lactating women, 811 adult males and 799 pre-school children. Up to 202 results could not be used in the analysis.R Stoltzfus, emphasizes that haemoglobin concentration is the key indicator for IDA surveillance. Serum ferritin levels measured against 10 ng/dl for females and 15 ng/dl for males as standards below which there is IDA. Serum ferritin levels of over 300 ng/dl above which there is iron overload. Haemoglobin levels were based on the World Health Organisation standards of 11 g/dl below which pregnant women and preschool children were considered to have IDA, 13 g/dl for adult males and 12 g/dl for lactating women. The proportion of individual households with protected water supplies, sanitation and levels of education as they influence the prevalence of IDA. Dietary habits with regards their influence on iron availability.The overall prevalence of IDA was 24.1% of the total study sample. Of the preschool children surveyed 17.7% had IDA, 33.0% of pregnant women, 29.6% of lactating women and 16.5% of adult males had IDA. Of the population 9.1% surveyed had evidence of iron depletion on the basis of serum ferritin levels. More of the pregnant women had iron depletion, 14.8%, compared to adult males with 2.2%. Individuals in regions IV and V were much more affected by iron depletion and IDA than their counterparts in regions II and III in this study.Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a problem of public health significance in Zimbabwe and is associated with areas of food insecurity. From a policy perspective the prevention and control of IDA should be a priority on national nutrition and health agenda.
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Educational Goals of Educators and Teachers in South Africa - Skuy, Mervyn; Fridjhon, Peter; O’Carroll, Shelley (Psychological Reports, 1998)
This study investigated South African teachers' ( n = 360) and educators' ( n = 72) perceptions of the goals of education. Consistent ranks, obtained for all groups, suggest that teachers and educators theoretically favour an educational system that is outcome-based and cognitively oriented, despite the previous emphasis on content and rote learning.
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Evaluation of an AIDS training program for traditional healers in the Central African Republic. - Somsé, Pierre; Chapko, Michael K.; Wata, Jean B.; Bondha, Pascal; Gonda, Benoit; Johnson, Diana; Downer, Ann; Kimball, Ann Marie (PubMed, 1998)
Training designed to improve AIDS knowledge, attitude, and practice was delivered to 96 traditional healers in the Central African Republic. The training (17 to 36 hours) was conducted by traditional healers with the assistance of staff from the Ministry of Health. Training included the following topics: prevention of HIV transmission during traditional practice; diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases; condom promotion; AIDS education at the community level; psychosocial support for people with AIDS; and promotion of a positive image for traditional healers. The evaluation of the training consisted of a prospective assessment of knowledge and attitude immediately prior to and after training. These assessments were conducted using structured interviews. Improvement in knowledge and/or attitudes was observed in all areas assessed except for prevention of HIV transmission during traditional practice. We concluded that AIDS training can be successfully delivered to traditional healers.
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Staying True to the Laughter in Nigerian Classrooms - Verran, Helen (The Sociological Review, 1998)
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Thick lava flows of Karisimbi Volcano, Rwanda: insights from SIR-C interferometric topography - MacKay, Mary E.; Rowland, Scott K.; Mouginis-Mark, P. J.; Garbeil, H. (Bulletin of Volcanology, 1998)
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Health worker performance after training in integrated management of childhood illness–Western Province, Kenya, 1996-1997. (PubMed, 1998)
Each year, approximately 12 million children die in developing countries before age 5 years; 70% of these deaths are caused by respiratory infections, diarrhea, malaria, measles, and malnutrition, alone or in combination. In 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) developed the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines, which call for non-physician health workers (HWs) to evaluate every sick child presenting to a first-level health facility (HF) for each of these conditions, regardless of the child's presenting complaint(s). Even though IMCI is being incorporated into the national health-care programs of many developing countries, little is known about HW performance after IMCI training. To measure the level of performance achieved and maintained by IMCI-trained HWs, during 1996-1997 CDC, the Kenya-Finland Primary Health Care Program, and the Ministry of Health of Kenya prospectively evaluated the level of performance achieved by IMCI-trained HWs at the end of training (EOT) and the level of performance maintained during the first 3 months post-training (1-3MPT) with monthly or bimonthly clinical supervision. This report summarizes the results of this evaluation, which indicate that HWs achieved reasonably high performance levels managing ill children with mild and moderate disease classifications but performed at a much lower level when managing severely ill children at EOT.
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Erosional Effects on Soil Properties and Maize Yield on a Volcanic Ash Soil in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania - Våje, Per Ivar; Singh, Bal Ram; Lal, Rattan (Journal of sustainable agriculture, 1998)
ABSTRACT Field plots were established to assess soil erosion impact on soil properties of a Mollic Andosol of 9 to 17% slope at Lyamungu Research Institute, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Soil erosional phases were established on the basis of the thickness of the Ah horizon as follows: < 15 cm (severely eroded), 16–25 cm (moderately eroded), and 26–35 cm (slightly eroded). Maize (Zea mays var. Kilima) was planted over two cropping seasons of 1995 and 1996. Porosity was significantly higher (52.7%) in the topsoil than at 35 cm depth (49.2%). There were only few significant effects of past erosion on properties of this soil of volcanic origin. The severely eroded soil had significantly higher penetration resistance (1.0 MPa) than the slightly eroded soil (0.7 MPa). In the top 35 cm layer, the Bray P concentration declined with increasing severity of erosion from 6.1 to 4.7 mg kg−1 Most soil chemical parameters showed only minor decrease with increased severity of erosion, but decline in soil physical quality, may lead to poorer conditions for plant growth and increased susceptibility to erosion. However, no significant erosional effects were found on maize yield and N-uptake by plants. Average total dry matter (DM) production over three erosional phases was 13.1 Mg ha−1 for 1995 and 7.7 Mg ha−1 for 1996, and grain yield was 5.9 Mg ha−1 for 1995 and 3.5 Mg ha−1 for 1996. Average N-uptake by plants, mean of 3 erosional phases, was 168 kg N ha−1 in 1995 and 81 kg N ha−1 in 1996.
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Rupture of the uterus at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. - Er, Ola; Olamijulo, Joseph Ayodeji (PubMed, 1998)
Rupture of the gravid uterus remains one of the most disastrous complications of labour. Eighty cases of uterine rupture managed at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos over an eight year period were therefore reviewed to evaluate the characteristic of ruptured uterus in Lagos. The incidence of ruptured uterus was 5.01 per 1000 deliveries and unbooked patients accounted for 80%. Spontaneous rupture occurred in 73.8% while traumatic rupture was responsible for 26.3%. Diagnosis was not made in 25% of the cases until surgery. Poor antenatal care, foeto-pelvic disproportion, previous Caesarean section scar, grand-multiparity were major aetiological factors. Repair of the rupture with or without sterilization was carried out in 70% of the cases. Booking status and the type of surgical procedure did not significantly affect the maternal outcome. Ruptured uterus was responsible for 16.9% of the total maternal deaths in the period of review. The commonest cause of death in this series was hypovolaemic shock (64.3%). The overall perinatal mortality was 86.3% but the registered patients fared better. It was concluded that the incidence of ruptured uterus is still very high and probably on the increase in Lagos. Suggestions are made to improve the situation since the identified aetiological factors are largely preventable.
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Autopsy audit in a teaching hospital in Nigeria–the Benin experience. - It, Diegbe; Pe, Idaewor; Uo, Igbokwe (PubMed, 1998)
A one year prospective study was carried out to compare clinical diagnosis antemortem with autopsy diagnosis post-mortem in all patients coming to autopsy. In the study period a total of 612 deaths occurred in the hospital out of which 179 came to autopsy representing an autopsy ratio of 29%. Of the 179 cases, 100 (56%) were cases referred to the coroner. A total of 143 cases were analyzed and the concordance rate between clinical and autopsy diagnosis was found to be 54%. We find the autopsy ratio abysmally low and recommend that all effort be made to increase it to 75% and that autopsy audit be officially adopted as a means of quality control in hospitals. We also believe that all concerned should work towards improving our clinical diagnostic ability in order to attain and maintain a concordance rate well above 90%.
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Drought Tolerance of Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp.) II. Field Trial in the Dry Season of Sudan Savanna and Dry Matter Production of Potted Plants under Water-stress - Watanabe, Iwao; Terao, Tomio (1998)
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Education in Somalia: History, destruction, and calls for reconstruction - Abdi, Ali A. (Comparative Education, 1998)
In pre-colonial traditional Somalia, education was dispensed through informal systems of communal interaction. With the arrival of colonialism in the mid-late 19th century, formal programmes of learning were slowly but steadily established. These were limited in scope and were essentially designed for the purposes of colonization. With independence in 1960, the education sector developed very quickly with pre-1991 civilian and military governments building hundreds of schools, training tens of thousands of teachers, adopting the Latin script for the writing of the Somali language, and successfully implementing nation-wide literacy programmes. But with the collapse of the Somali state in 1991, all modern systems of learning in the country were destroyed by the fighting factions, and Somalia has since been a country without any formal programmes of education. This paper first looks at the history of education in Somalia, then it describes and analyses the nature as well as the magnitude of destruction, and ends with an urgent appeal to the international community to come to the rescue of Somalia's children, and help resuscitate and reconstitute the country's structures and forms of learning.
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Three problem-solving instructional strategies and their effect on Nigerian students’ attainment in chemistry - Adigwe, J. C. (Research in Education, 1998)
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Participation in secondary education in Ghana: The case of females in rural Brong Ahafo - Ankomah, Yaw A. (Journal of Educational Management, 1998)
Formal education, especially at the higher levels, plays a vital role in the development of human resources for both personal and social advancement. A cursory observation seems to indicate that, as elsewhere in Ghana, a vast proportion of females in rural Brong Ahafo does not participate in secondary education. The study was motivated by the desire to investigate the extent of participation in secondary education among females in Rural Brong Ahafo and to examine the possible underlying factors. The study revealed gross underrepresentation of rural girls in secondary education, with the key factors observed to be poor economic circumstances of parents and socio-cultural conditioning of the rural folk. These factors would need to be addressed if the participation of girls in secondary education in rural Brong Ahafo is to improve.
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Institutional Practices and the Cultural Construction of Primary School Teaching in Botswana - Arthur, Jo (Comparative Education, 1998)
This paper is based on a study which explores links between the interactional order of the Botswana primary classroom-frequently dominated by whole-class recitation routines-and the wider social order, which includes highly centralised control of the education system. Drawing on ethnographic observation, I argue that the institutional structures and practices of schools and training colleges are important-but covert-contributors to teachers' understanding of their professional roles. Firstly I describe the internal social structuring of two primary schools, the social hierarchy among those who work and learn there, and the cultural distance between the schools and their communities. Then I discuss the institutional practices of the primary teacher training colleges in Botswana, arguing that these do not challenge concepts of teaching already internalised by trainees. Such concepts include the authority of teachers, the use of English as a symbol of that authority, and the value placed on memorisation of knowledge for display.
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Baseline study on the state od school management in Ghana - Atakpa, S. K.; Ankomah, Y. A. (Journal of Educational Management, 1998)
Improving the quality of management in schools has been identified as an effective strategy for improving the quality of student performance in schools. This paper presents a report on a study which sought to examine management methodology for promoting quality teaching and learning even under adverse conditions and in the face of serious resource constraints in basic schools in Ghana. The study identified ten factors that make the difference between effectively managed and ineffectively managed schools: Instructional leadership skills of the school head. time management. school vision and mission. tradition of performance. commitment and attachment to work of the school. learning environment, community value and support from the district office. school community relations and school location. The study affirms that these ten factors are key determinants of effective school management.
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Iranian Manichaean Turfan texts in early publications (1904–1934): Photo edition. Edited by Werner Sundermann. (Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Supplementary Series, Vol. III), pp. 51, and 192 plates. London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1996. £60.00 - Blois, F de (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1998)
Iranian Manichaean Turfan texts in early publications (1904–1934): Photo edition. Edited by Werner Sundermann. (Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Supplementary Series, Vol. III), pp. 51, and 192 plates. London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1996. £60.00 - Volume 8 Issue 3
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African American High Scorers Project - Technical Report Three: Student Activities, Course Taking, School Performance, and SAT Performance - Chaplin, Duncan (1998)
This is one of a series of four reports based on a study of the performance of African American students on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) in the United States. This report focuses on behaviors of individual students, especially their course-taking behavior, participation in extracurricular activities, and school performance (class rank and grades). The study analyzes association of these characteristics with SAT scores after controlling for all of the individual, school, and neighborhood characteristics.
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Schools as (Dis)Organisations: the ‘breakdown of the culture of learning and teaching’ in South African schools - Christie, Pam (Cambridge Journal of Education, 1998)
Abstract> A prominent and problematical legacy of apartheid education, which requires transformation, is the poor functioning of a large number of previously black schools (commonly termed ‘the breakdown of the culture of teaching and learning'). While the causes of breakdown may be traced back to the years of opposition to apartheid and the resistance struggle waged within schooling from 1976 onwards, it is less clear what may be done to remedy the situation. This article explores particular organisational dimensions of school failure with a view to understanding how they have affected the operation of schools, why schools have broken down and what interventions may remedy this breakdown. It moves beyond rational theories of organisation to argue that perspectives derived from psychoanalytical approaches to organisation may be useful in planning strategies for intervention to transform teaching and learning in these schools.
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From “Rolling Mass Action” to “RPL”: the changing discourse of experience and learning in the South African labour movement - Cooper, Linda (Studies in Continuing Education, 1998)
Abstract This paper focuses on changing approaches to worker education within the South African labour movement over the past 20 years. It identifies the distinctive features of this movement in its early years of development, and shows how these were linked to an emancipatory educational discourse with particular notions of how knowledge is constructed, the role of experience in learning and the construction of particular forms of worker identity. It then traces the role of the labour movement in the development of new education and training policies in the context of transition to democracy in the 1990s. It shows how newer training discourses have impacted on union education and shifted the labour movements’ understandings of how and where knowledge is produced, the kinds of knowledge that should be valued, the social purpose of education and the very meaning of worker experience and its significance for learning.
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Representations of Physical Disability in Colonial Zimbabwe: The Cyrene Mission and Pitaniko, the Film of Cyrene - Devlieger, Patrick (Disability & Society, 1998)
Pitaniko, the Film of Cyrene is a unique short film, created in 1946 in part to popularize the work of Cyrene and its founder, the Reverend Edward George (Ned) Paterson. The film is the story of the mission, told through the transformation of the life of a disabled young man, Samuel Songo, who portrays Pitaniko, first through his experience of rejection at his village and then at the Cyrene mission. In Pitaniko , physical disability is viewed in two worlds, one African, the other the world of the Cyrene mission, befitting the colonial contrasts of the primitive and the civilized. The meaning of rehabilitation is derived from the transformation from the African world into the world of the Cyrene mission through the medium of art, and ultimately, through conversion into Christianity. Disability is first an opportunity and later a symbol that illustrates and enhances the mission of Cyrene.
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Transforming Education in South Africa? - Enslin, Penny; Pendlebury, Shirley (Cambridge Journal of Education, 1998)
(1998). Transforming Education in South Africa? Cambridge Journal of Education: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 261-267.
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Education after Apartheid: South Africa Education in Transition. Peter Kallaway , Glenda Kruss , Aslam Fataar , Gari Donn - Evans, Ivan (Comparative Education Review, 1998)
Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsEducation after Apartheid: South Africa Education in Transition. Peter Kallaway , Glenda Kruss , Aslam Fataar , Gari Donn Ivan EvansIvan Evans Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 42, Number 4Nov., 1998 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447530 Views: 11Total views on this site Copyright 1998 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
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Information needs and information‐seeking behaviour of graduate students at the University of Botswana - Fidzani, B.T. (Library Review, 1998)
This study was undertaken to determine the information‐seeking behaviour and use of information resources by graduate students at the University of Botswana. The overall purpose of the study was to determine what their information requirements are and determine their awareness of library services available to them. The study collected empirical data on the information requirements of graduate students. Data were gathered from 144 students out of 223 part‐time and full‐time graduate students registered. Findings indicate that guidance in the use of library resources and services is necessary to help students meet some of their information requirements. The study found that: journals, library books and textbooks are the most popular sources of information for course work and research and that students need to be taught how to use available library resources and services. Based on these findings, it was recommended that a questionnaire on students’ ability to use information resources be prepared and administered during registration to all masters students to establish their ability to use information resources. It was also recommended that a more aggressive information marketing strategy should be developed at both subject librarian and departmental level to create awareness among graduate students on the available
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A Comparison of Levels of Involvement for Parents with At-Risk African American Kindergarten Children in Classrooms with High Versus Low Teacher Encouragement - Gavin, Karen M.; Greenfield, Daryl B. (Journal of Black Psychology, 1998)
Based on data obtained from their teacher, 76 African American kindergarten children were classified as at risk for poor educational outcome. The parents of these at-risk children also reported their parent involvement levels. Independent ratings by trained observers were used to divide the teachers into a highand low-involvement group based on measures of general involvement and involvement in two specific domains, that is, home-school conmmunication and school volunteering. No statistically significant differences were presentbetween the two groups of parents on the general involvement scores. However, statistically significant differences between parents occurred in home-school communication and school volunteering for parents grouped by teachers who were high and low in the encouragement of specific activities in these two areas. The implications of these findings, including designing and evaluating parent involvement programs for the large number of families with young African American children at-risk for schoolfailure, are discussed.
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Review of R. Cribiore 'Writing, Teachers and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt' - Gonis, Nikolaos (1998)
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Evolution of Schistosoma haematobium-related pathology over 24 months after treatment with praziquantel among school children in southeastern Tanzania. - Hatz, Christoph; Vennervald, B J; Nkulila, T; Vounatsou, Penelope; Kombe, Yeri; Mayombana, C; Mshinda, Hassan; Tanner, Marcel (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1998)
Little is known about the dynamics of pathology due to schistosomiasis following treatment. Public health authorities in endemic areas require such information to decide on the timing of treatment and re-treatment schedules. A study to assess the rate of clearance and reappearance of pathologic lesions due to Schistosoma haematobium using ultrasound has now been carried out in two schools in southeastern Tanzania, an area of moderate-to-high transmission. Baseline data collection found urinary tract pathology in 67% of 533 children. Lesions of the bladder were significantly associated with egg positivity and microhematuria. The attributable fraction estimate of major bladder lesions due to S. haematobium was 75%. In a cohort study, 224 infected children were examined by ultrasound and then treated with a standard dose of 40 mg of praziquantel/kg of body weight. They were re-examined at two, four, six, 12, 18, and 24 months after treatment. Before treatment, 76% had pathologic lesions of the urinary tract. The proportion showing lesions decreased sharply during the first months after treatment to 11% at six months. At 24 months, lesions were detected in 57%, and 11% had developed new severe pathology. In 18 cases, pathology was present throughout, and 34 did not show any pathology throughout the study. This study provides the first detailed report on the evolution of urinary tract pathology due to S. haematobium infections at the community level. The results will help in making decisions on treatment and re-treatment schedules and more generally will provide a basis for designing control strategies in areas of moderate-to-high transmission.
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Urban-rural differences in questionnaire-derived markers of asthma in Kenyan school children - Ja, Odhiambo; Lw, Nganga; Mw, Mungai; Cm, Gicheha; Jk, Nyamwaya; Karimi, Fatemeh Zahra; Pt, Macklem; Mr, Becklake (The European respiratory journal, 1998)
Grade 4 Kenyan children attending 10 randomly selected public primary schools in Nairobi (urban) and the Muranga District (rural) were surveyed to establish the prevalence of symptom markers of asthma and to assess the impact of urbanization. A respiratory health and home environment questionnaire was administered at school to parents or guardians. The questionnaire response rates were 94.2% (568/ 603) for Nairobi and 89.6% (604/674) for Muranga. The prevalence rates for asthma, defined as "attacks of shortness of breath with wheeze", were 9.5% for urban and 3.0% for rural children (odds ratio (OR) urban versus rural: 3.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.96-5.91). This urban-rural gradient persisted after adjusting for urban-rural differences in host factors (including duration of breastfeeding and family history of asthma and/or allergy), but was largely explained by urban-rural differences in environmental factors, including indoor animals, sharing a bedroom with a smoker, parental education, house ventilation and exposure to motor vehicle fumes en route to school (adjusted OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 0.70-3.55). Similar results were obtained for all other symptoms. These findings confirm the clinical impression that asthma is an important illness in Kenya and underline the need for the further study of environmental factors amenable to intervention, particularly in urban areas.
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Curriculum Reform in South Africa: a critical analysis of outcomes‐based education - Jansen, Jonathan D. (Cambridge Journal of Education, 1998)
Abstract> Since South Africa's first national democratic elections in 1994, the Government of National Unity has issued several curriculum‐related reforms intended to democratise education and eliminate inequalities in the post‐apartheid education system. The most comprehensive of these reforms has been labelled outcomes‐based education (OBE), an approach to education which underpins the new Curriculum 2005. While the anticipated positive effects of the new curriculum have been widely heralded, there has been little criticism of these proposals given the social and educational context of South African schools. In this article the philosophical, political and implementational dilemmas of OBE are systematically analysed and assessed.
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Teacher Assessments and Literacy Profiles of Primary School Children in South Africa - Johnson, David (Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 1998)
ABSTRACT This paper reports on a study in which teacher assessments were a central part of a methodology for collecting literacy profiles of primary aged children in South Africa. The main focus of the study was to ascertain whether teachers could collect evidence of, and record, significant achievements in the literacy development of primary aged children. The study set out to address a number of important questions. First, whether the Profiles of Learning framework could be used to profile the literacy development of primary aged children in South Africa, and second, whether teachers could engage with the demands of performance assessment, specifically in developing portfolios and keeping records of achievement.
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African American Teachers - Mitchell, Antoinefte (Education and Urban Society, 1998)
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Factors affecting teachers' stress levels in the Botha-Bothe district of Lesotho - Mohloboli, Alice 'Mateleko (1998)
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Stakeholders and Senates: the governance of higher education institutions in South Africa - Morrow, Wally (Cambridge Journal of Education, 1998)
Abstract> Abstract> This article investigates the issue of the governance of higher education institutions and argues that governance by Senates is more appropriate than governance by stakeholders for such institutions. It discusses the ambiguous democratic credentials of stakeholder politics and argues against this mode of politics in the governance of higher education institutions, especially in respect to their ‘transformation’. In terms of distinctions between convergent and shared interests, service and constitutive institutions and the essential lack of transparency of academic practices, it argues that higher education institutions should be governed by the body of accomplished academics. The conclusion is not that Senates cannot be corrupt, but that to substitute governance by stakeholders for governance by Senates cannot solve that problem.
openalex: W1964770811 mag: 1964770811
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A study on the attitudes of African parents in Masvingo District towards educational changes into Zimbabwe’s schools since independence - Mushoriwa, T.D. (1998)
A research survey to gauge the attitude of parents on educational changes made to the curriculum since independence and ascertain whether they feel some important aspects should be included.
openalex: W2554966368 mag: 2554966368
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Levelling or Playing the Field? The politics of access to university education in post‐apartheid South Africa - Naidoo, Rajani (Cambridge Journal of Education, 1998)
Abstract> This article identifies the three discursive forces of ‘equity and redress’, ‘development’ and ‘academic standards’ in the structuring of access and admission policies in South Africa. It is argued that these forces undergo a process of complex repositioning within the policy making arena of the National Commission on Higher Education. The discourse of ‘development’, couched in neo‐classical economic terms, emerges as a dominant discourse in this process and shapes the discourses surrounding ‘academic standards’ and, more fundamentally, ‘redress’ policies and strategies. Such oblique effects of the dominant discourse, it is suggested, have fundamentally reframed access and admission policies and strategies proposed by the Commission.
openalex: W2061366872 mag: 2061366872
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Prevalence of exercise induced bronchospasm in Kenyan school children: an urban-rural comparison - Ng’ang’a, Lucy; Odhiambo, Joseph; Mungai, Maureen; Gicheha, C.; Nderitu, Paul; Maingi, B; Macklem, Peter T.; Becklake, Margaret R. (Thorax, 1998)
Higher rates of exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB) have been reported for urban than for rural African schoolchildren. The change from a traditional to a westernized lifestyle has been implicated. This study was undertaken to examine the impact of various features of urban living on the prevalence of EIB in Kenyan school children.A total of 1226 children aged 8-17 years attending grade 4 at five randomly selected schools in Nairobi (urban) and five in Muranga district (rural) underwent an exercise challenge test. A respiratory health and home environment questionnaire was also administered to parents/guardians. This report is limited to 1071 children aged < or = 12 years. Prevalence rates of EIB for the two areas were compared and the differences analysed to model the respective contributions of personal characteristics, host and environmental factors implicated in childhood asthma.A fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) after exercise of > or = 10% occurred in 22.9% of urban children and 13.2% of rural children (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.71). The OR decreased to 1.65 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.47) after accounting for age, sex, and host factors (a family history of asthma and breast feeding for less than six months), and to 1.21 (95% CI 0.69 to 2.11) after further adjustment for environmental factors (parental education, use of biomass fuel and kerosene for cooking, and exposure to motor vehicle fumes).The EIB rates in this study are higher than any other reported for African children, even using more rigorous criteria for EIB. The study findings support a view which is gaining increasing credence that the increase in prevalence of childhood asthma associated with urbanisation is the consequence of various harmful environmental exposures acting on increasingly susceptible populations.
openalex: W2146700420 mag: 2146700420
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An investigation into the criteria used in assessing professional studies in teacher education at Mkoba Teachers' College in Zimbabwe - Ngwenya, Morrison Mwamba (1998)
openalex: W1948633381 mag: 1948633381
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The role of the school head in financial administration in Ghana - Owusu, Justina Serwaah (Journal of Educational Management, 1998)
A very crucial aspect in the head:, administration of a school is his financial management.sound financial management results in efficient utilization of resources and succeeds in raising the development of the school. Many of the heads of schools in Ghana do not, unfortunately, have the opportunity to pursue a basic course in financial administration prior to their appointment as heads. This paper attempts to discuss certain fundamental principles and practices in financial management, knowledge of which heads urgently require. The paper discusses the role of the head as School Business Manager and the efforts he has to make to obtain extra funding for his school. It raises pertinent issues that guide effective preparation of budget estimates and touches on the head's responsibilities in important fiscal control measures. It is hoped the paper will be of some benefit to heads and prospective heads of our schools in Ghana.
openalex: W3211803673 mag: 3211803673
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Traumatic experiencing and post traumatic psychological symptoms in South African University students. - Peltzer, K. (PubMed, 1998)
Traumatized and nontraumatized subjects were compared on post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression and anxiety. In addition, gender differences, socio-economic and family background were studied.Cross sectional.University of the North.All first year African psychology students comprising of 82 (31%) male and 180 (69%) females in the age range 17 to 25 years (mean age 20.7 years, SD = 2.3).The Impact of Event Scale (IES), the 35 item civilian version of the Mississippi Scale for PTSD, and the 42 item Symptom Rating Scale for Depression and Anxiety.Results indicated a high life time prevalence of traumatic events (56% of the students). Males were significantly more likely than females to be in an accident (26.8% vs 11.7%, p = 0.004). Females were more likely than males to have experienced an unexpected death of a significant other (27.8% vs 11.0%, p = 0.003) and to have been raped (6.0% vs 0%, p = 0.021). There was a significant positive relationship between exposure to traumatic events and post traumatic stress symptoms. Melancholia and anxiety were both significantly related with PTSD measures indicating comorbidity. Thirty two (12%) fulfilled the criteria for PTSD according to the Mississippi Scale for PTSD.A high incidence of traumatic events and PTSD symptoms associated with melancholia and anxiety was found in a nonclinical first year university student population indicating a need for trauma intervention.
openalex: W20206654 mag: 20206654
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Transforming Teacher Education in South Africa: a space‐time perspective - Pendlebury, Shirley (Cambridge Journal of Education, 1998)
Abstract> South Africa's most urgent and difficult project is to reconstruct all spheres of public life so as to establish enabling conditions for a flourishing and peaceful democracy. A viable education system with committed, competent and confident teachers is a primary condition for accomplishing these ends. This article offers a critical account of current attempts to transform teacher education and development. Against a sketch of inherited ways of using time and space in teacher education in South Africa, the article assesses change in three ‘spaces‘‐‐public space, evaluative space and pedagogical space‐‐and related changes in time. A fourth space of change‐‐institutional space‐‐is mentioned in so far as it affects the other three. I argue that the main direction of change is from insulated space and interrupted time to porous space and continuous time. While this direction has promising possibilities, it is not without pitfalls.
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The learning curve: Health education in STI clinics in South Africa - Reddy, Priscilla; Meyer-Weitz, Anna; Borne, Bart van den; Kok, Gerjo; Weijts, Wies (Social Science & Medicine, 1998)
This qualitative study aims to assess health education practice in sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics in South Africa with a view to develop improved health education programs in such clinics. Health workers' knowledge of and attitudes towards health education practice, their perceived health education skills, the content of health education in STI clinics and the organizational structure as context for health education were investigated. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 health care workers practicing in the area of STI control. A lack in knowledge and skills required for effective health education practice was reported. The constraints posed by health workers' current knowledge and skills around health education and the organizational structure in terms of the absence of policy and protocols to govern health education, limited time, space and resources, impede on the actual practice of health education. It seems that these obstacles to health education facilitate a biomedical approach to STI management. This approach is further portrayed in the power dynamics between the health workers as well as between health workers and patients. The data suggest that a health education intervention needs to be directed at an individual level namely at health workers and at the organizational level, i.e. the clinic that provides the context for health education. The newly adopted district health system which equally embraces medical care and health promotion augers well for a holistic management of STIs in South Africa. This would ensure the recognition of all categories of health workers' contributions to health education within their own functions, strengths and time limitations.
openalex: W2127104216 mag: 2127104216
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A model for studying gaps in education: a Swaziland case study in the learning of science - Rollnick, Marissa; Manyatsi, Sabelo; Lubben, Fred; Bradley, John (International Journal of Educational Development, 1998)
Frequently voiced complaints about gaps between different stages of education systems are seldom thoroughly explored and explained. This paper develops a model to provide a holistic analysis of educational gaps. It does so by first differentiating two aspects of a gap — a momentary and longitudinal aspect and then examining data about the system at both the macro and micro level. A Swazi case study on a perceived gap between the junior and senior secondary stage is used to illustrate the use of the model. The model proved useful in identifying aspects of the gap needing bridging, e.g. progression in teaching and assessing for higher levels, and dispelling myths about disparities that did not exist, e.g. lack of articulation in the content of the syllabus between the two stages.
openalex: W2038851848 mag: 2038851848
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A historical-educational appraisal of parental responsibilities and rights in formal education in South Africa [1652-1910] - Roux, Le; Sheila, Cheryl (1998)
openalex: W1513923449 mag: 1513923449
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Expanding the scope of adult education curriculum in Nigeria: a dire need for the integration of guidance and counselling services - Sarumi, Abidoye (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1998)
This paper gives a brief historical overview of adult education in Nigeria and suggests that although educational guidance and counselling are only just beginning in Nigeria, there is a need to understand fully their implications and potentials in adult education in Nigeria.
openalex: W1964909002 mag: 1964909002
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Concerns About Climate Change Mitigation Projects: Summary of Findings from Case Studies in Brazil, India, Mexico, and South Africa - Sathaye, Jayant; Andrasko, Kenneth; Makundi, Willy; Rovere, Emílio Lèbre La; Ravinandranath, N.H.; Melli, Anandi; Rangachari, Anita; Amaz, Mireya; Friedmann, Rafael; Goldberg, Beth; Horen, Clive van; Simmonds, Gillina; et al. (1998)
The concept of joint implementation as a way to implement climate change mitigation projects in another country has been controversial ever since its inception. Developing countries have raised numerous issues at the project-specific technical level, and broader concerns having to do with equity and burden sharing. This paper summarizes the findings of studies for Brazil, India, Mexico and South Africa, four countries that have large greenhouse gas emissions and are heavily engaged in the debate on climate change projects under the Kyoto Protocol. The studies examine potential or current projects/programs to determine whether eight technical concerns about joint implementation can be adequately addressed. They conclude that about half the concerns were minor or well managed by project developers, but concerns about additionality of funds, host country institutions and guarantees of performance (including the issues of baselines and possible leakage) need much more effort to be adequately addressed. All the papers agree on the need to develop institutional arrangements for approving and monitoring such projects in each of the countries represented. The case studies illustrate that these projects have the potential to bring new technology, investment, employment and ancillary socioeconomic and environmental benefits to developing countries. These benefits are consistent with the goal of sustainable development in the four study countries. At a policy level, the studies' authors note that in their view, the Annex I countries should consider limits on the use of jointly implemented projects as a way to get credits against their own emissions at home, and stress the importance of industrialized countries developing new technologies that will benefit all countries. The authors also observe that if all countries accepted caps on their emissions (with a longer time period allowed for developing countries to do so) project-based GHG mitigation would be significantly facilitated by the improved private investment climate.
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Educational Pluralism - a historical study of so-called 'pillarization' in the Netherlands, including a comparison with some developments in South African education - Sturm, Johan; Groenendijk, L.F.; Kruithof, Boudewijn P. T.; Engelbrecht, Petra (Comparative Education, 1998)
Recently, modern dem ocratic governm ents have been facing religious and other minorities demanding state funding of separate schools.A system of completely equal treatm ent of both state and denom inational schools has existed in the N etherlands since 1920 and is ® rmly rooted in the D utch history of the previous centuries.It may be of interest to know how this pluralistic system of `pillars' Ð as it has been called in Dutch historiographyÐ cam e into being and how it has functioned ever since, even until the present day, when `pillarization' is still a prominent feature of the D utch educational dom ain, despite strong secularising and post-m odern tendencies.This paper describes the historical roots of the Dutch pillarized educational system , i.e. of this remarkable subcultural segmentation of educationÐ and of society in generalÐ on the basis of different religious or philosophical views.In the process of pillarization a crucial part was played by Dutch Protestants.W ith South Africa being heavily in¯uenced by these Protestants and South African educational history running partly parallel to D utch educational history during the 19th century, it seems worthwhile to examine why pillarisation did not occur in the southern hemisphere.In order to unde rstand the process of pillarization it is necessary to look well into the history of the N etherlands since the 17th century. Relevant similarities between the South African and the D utch developments up to 1900 are presented as well. At the time when the D utch system of educational `pillars' Ð or `voluntary apartheid' as it has recently been calledÐ fully developed towards the end of the 19th century, SouthAfrican educational history, however, took a completely different course towards compulsory racial apartheid.The present revolutionary changes in South Africa, how ever, seem to entail som e new interesting parallels between the educational situations in both countries.To substantiate this, the paper highlights som e relevant features of 20th century South African educational developments, before analysing the present Dutch situation and giving the reasons for the permanent strength of the pillars.N ot only are the old pillars still standing ® rmly, but new minorities of im migrants have also discovered the uses of the system of pillarization for identity-building and cultural emancipation.T o conclude, the paper addresse s the question of w hether pillarization in education can and should be adopted outside the N etherlands.
openalex: W2147421543 mag: 2147421543
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First-year academic success: A prediction combining cognitive and psychosocial variables for Caucasian and African American students. - Ting, Siu-Man Raymond; Robinson, Tracy L. (Journal of College Student Development, 1998)
openalex: W82275021 mag: 82275021
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Palaeomagnetism of the continental sector of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, West Africa - Ubangoh, Richard U.; Pacca, Igor Ivory Gil; Nyobe, J. B. (Geophysical journal international (Print), 1998)
Measurement of samples from 154 sites in the continental sector of the Cameroon Volcanic Line yielded six palaeomagnetic poles, at 243.6°E, 84.6°N, α95 = 6.8°; 224.3°E, 81.2°N, α95 = 8.4°; 176.1°E, 82.0°N, α95 = 8.5°; 164.3°E, 86.4°N, α95 = 3.4°; 169.4°E, 82.6°N, α95 = 4.6° and 174.7°E, 72.8°N, α95 = 9.5°, belonging to rocks which have been dated by the K-Ar method at 0.4–0.9 Ma, 2.6Ma, 6.5–11 Ma, 12–17 Ma, 20–24 Ma and 28–31 Ma, respectively. The results are in general agreement with other palaeomagnetic poles from Oligocene to Recent formations in Africa. The first three poles for rocks formed between 0.4 and 11 Ma are not significantly different from the present geographical pole. Together with other African poles for the same period, this suggests that the African continent has moved very little relative to the pole since 11 Ma. The other three poles for rocks dated between 12 and 31 Ma are significantly different from the present geographical pole, showing a 5° polar deviation from the present pole in the Miocene and 13° in the Middle Oligocene.
openalex: W2122567356 mag: 2122567356
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Temperament and chronic illness in egyptian children - Zahr, Lina Kurdahi; El-haddad, Ayman A. (International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1998)
Previous studies have found that chronic illness in children influences the temperament of the child and the parents perception of the childs behavior. However, it remains unclear how specific illnesses may be related to temperamental characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in temperament characteristics for three types of chronic illnesses (leukemia, congenital heart disease, and asthma) in a sample of 75 Egyptian children. Temperament of chronically ill young children (ages 3–6 years) was also compared to temperament of healthy Egyptian children. Temperament was assessed by the Preschool Characteristic Questionnaire which examines four factors of temperament: persistent, negative adaptation, difficult and irregular. Chronically ill children were rated as more persistent, less adaptable, and more difficult, when compared to healthy Egyptian children. Children with leukemia were perceived by their mothers as more difficult and more irregular than children with congenital heart disease or asthma. Gender, severity and type of illness were related to temperament scores.
openalex: W2006586965 mag: 2006586965
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Climate Change and Sub-Saharan Africa : Issues and Opportunities - Dalfelt, Arne (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
Largely due to the potential threats to development, and human lives of well known climate changes, the World Bank is getting involved in a range of activities under the subject. The note focuses on climate changes in Africa, and, although it is argued that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from development projects in Africa should be paid minor attention, - because GHG emissions from Africa are negligible on a global scale; industrial countries should be the ones to bear major costs of reducing GHG emissions; and, due to the complex, tentative nature of potential impacts resulting from climate change - these factors do not mean that emissions are irrelevant in the African context. It is anticipated that changes in climate will result in adverse socioeconomic impacts in Africa, related to factors associated with the vulnerability of society, and the sensitivity of the environment. There is high dependency on bio-fuels, and agriculture and forestry, aggravated by restricted population mobility, poor health facilities, high population growth, and low material standards. Whereas concerns of climate change in development projects are prevalent, other factors need further attention: the trans-boundary, and global effects of climate change; cumulative effects of GHG emissions; the complexity in assessing climate change impacts at regional levels; international responsiveness to climate changes, due to the challenging nature of national sector policies, and institutional frameworks; and, the significance of climate change impacts on the socioeconomic environment.
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[Leprosy as a cause of physical disability in rural and urban areas of Mali]. - Sow, Samba O.; Tiendrébéogo, Alexandre; Lienhardt, Christian; Soula, G; Fomba, Abdoulaye; Doumbia, Moussa (PubMed, 1998)
We performed a cross-sectional study of populations from two areas of Mali, in May and June 1996. The aim of the study was to assess the extent to which leprosy causes physical disability in Mali. One area was rural (Circle of Bougouni), the other urban (Bamako District). We used a cluster sampling method, with 500 households selected for study in each of the two areas. All members of the households randomly selected were included in the study. For all survey sites, the number of households was proportional to the number of inhabitants. The total study population was 8,175, including 172 cases of physical handicap, 76 in Bamako and 96 in Bougouni. The prevalence of physical handicap was 21 per 1,000 inhabitants (25.3 per 1,000 in rural areas and 17.3 per 1,000 in the city). The difference in the prevalence of physical handicap between the two areas was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Ten per cent of the disabilities were caused by leprosy. The most common causes of disability other than leprosy were trauma and poliomyelitis. Leprosy mostly caused disabilities in rural areas. In both areas, leprosy caused more disabilities in men and boys (64% of cases) than in women and girls. The frequency of disabilities caused by leprosy increased with age, whereas the frequency of handicaps with other causes decreased with age. This study shows that leprosy is still a major cause of disability in countries in which it is endemic, such as Mali. Disability prevention measures and physical rehabilitation programs should be incorporated into the national program for the elimination of epilepsy.
openalex: W1898310868 mag: 1898310868
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Taking Back Control: African Canadian Women Teachers' Lives and Practice. SUNY Series, Identities in the Classroom. - Henry, Annette (1998)
openalex: W106579675 mag: 106579675
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Aftershocks and Fault Plane of the 1998 Papua New Guinea Earthquake - Hurukawa, Nobuo (日本地震学会講演予稿集 = Programme and abstracts, the Seismological Society of Japan, 1998)
openalex: W2577834469 mag: 2577834469
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Lead poisoning of children in Africa, IV: Exposure to dust lead in primary schools in south-central Durban, South Africa - Liggans, Girvin; Nriagu, Jerome O. (Science of The Total Environment, 1998)
Twenty primary schools in three areas (Merebank, Austerville and Bluff) of south-central Durban, South Africa were studied to determine if dust lead loading (μg/m2) is high enough to constitute a risk to children. Atmospheric lead fallout rates in the schools varied from 9 to 264 μg/m2 per day and were higher than the values now being reported in the developed countries. Mean outside dust lead loadings were 425 μg/m2 in Merebank, 771 μg/m2 in Austerville and 1174 μg/m2 in Bluff areas, and 25% of the primary schools were found to have mean outside dust lead loading above 1000 μg/m2. Mean dust lead loadings inside classrooms were 2–4 times lower than the outside rates, and showed no significant difference among schools in the three areas. Dust lead loadings were correlated with lead concentrations in dust but not with distance from the highway or with atmospheric lead deposition rates. Exposure to dust lead in classrooms and in the school yard is considered to be an important contributor to blood lead levels in, and hence a potential health hazard to, children in many urban areas of the city.
openalex: W2009242738 mag: 2009242738
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Education and development in Africa: a contemporary survey (Choice Reviews Online, 1998)
openalex: W563488149 mag: 563488149
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Effectiveness of physicians-in-training counseling for smoking cessation in African Americans. - Allen, Bruce C.; Pederson, Linda L.; Leonard, Earl (PubMed, 1998)
This study examined the effectiveness of smoking cessation counseling by physicians-in-training (residents) with African-American patients. One hundred fifty-eight family and internal medicine residents at a large urban public general hospital participated in the study; two thirds of the residents underwent a 2-hour smoking cessation training program. Ninety-two of the trained physicians counseled from 1 to 18 patients. The majority of physicians were male, with 8% being current smokers. Over a 26-month period, 1086 patients were randomly assigned to intervention and control (usual care) groups. Mean patient age was 44 years, mean years smoking was 25, and mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 14. There were no differences in biochemically validated smoking cessation rates between the intervention and control groups at 3 or 12 months postenrollment (2% versus 1.8% and 2.2% versus 2.8%, respectively). Losses to follow-up were high at both 3 and 12 months (38% and 40% respectively). Implications for future trials in minority populations are discussed. A brief physician-based smoking cessation message does not appear to be an effective strategy for use with African-American smokers in a large urban public general hospital.
openalex: W86539895 mag: 86539895
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Prevalence of Hookworm Infections Amongst Itinerant Pupil Islamic Scholars (Almajirai) in Zaria, Northern Nigeria - Awofeso, Niyi; Degeling, Pieter; Ritchiem, J (Tropical Doctor, 1998)
openalex: W2432611131 mag: 2432611131
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Preventing HIV Transmission along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya: Using Persuasive Message Theory in Formative Education - Cameron, Kenzie A.; Witte, Kim; Lapinski, Maria Knight; Nzyuko, Solomon (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1998)
Although HIV infection is now seen as pandemic in many parts of Africa, little is known about existing perceptions and knowledge regarding the disease or about the use of preventive measures among groups with the highest infection rates. Further, many call for theoretically-based formative evaluations and interventions, yet few appear to utilize theory to determine perceptions and knowledge and to evaluate existing campaigns. This project reports the results of a theoretically-based formative evaluation conducted with commercial sex workers, truck drivers and their assistants, and young men at three truck stops along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya. The theoretical basis for the project was the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), a health risk message theory. Results indicate that the participants appear to have high levels of knowledge and threat, coupled with apparent low levels of efficacy. According to the theoretical perspective used, these results suggest that participants may be putting themselves at risk for HIV infection.
openalex: W2161971493 mag: 2161971493
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South African higher education reform: what comes after post-colonialism? - Cloete, Nico; Muller, Johan (European Review, 1998)
Since the fall of the apartheid regime South African higher education has begun to undergo a process of fundamental transformation. First-world universities, which were beneficiaries (however unwilling) of past racial inequalities, have had to adapt to the urgent needs of what is a post-colonial and, for the majority of its citizens, a third-world society. South Africa, therefore, provides a particularly sharp example of the encounter between a higher education system established within the European tradition, in terms of both its institutional and its academic culture, and a society in the process of radical change. This encounter has been mediated through the work of the National Commission on Higher Education which attempted to produce a compromise that would enable South African higher education to be both ‘Western’ (in terms of academic values and scientific standards) and also ‘African’ (in terms of its contribution to building the capacities of all the people of South Africa). The tension between the university's claims to represent universal knowledge and the counter-claims that ‘local’ knowledge traditions should be accorded greater respect, therefore, is much sharper than in Europe.
openalex: W2160032632 mag: 2160032632
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The Effects of Gender and Sex Role Identity on Occupational Sex Role Stereotypes Held by White South African High School Pupils - Cook, Jacqueline; Simbayi, Leickness C. (Journal of vocational behavior (Print), 1998)
Using a 4 × 2 quasi-experimental factorial design, an exploratory study within the South African context was conducted to investigate the effects of sex-role identity and gender on occupational sex role stereotypes held by 173 White English-speaking Grade 9 pupils. The Bem Sex Role Inventory and a vocational checklist were employed as measures. The results revealed only a significant main effect of gender on the occupational sex role stereotypes. The implications of the findings on the field of school vocational guidance and counselling in South Africa are discussed.
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Recognizing and Addressing Marginalization among African American College Students. - Cuyjet, Michael C. (The College Student Affairs Journal, 1998)
A new recognition of the college experiences of African American undergraduates is examined by environmental from the perspective of whether students see themselves as marginalized or mattering. Students matter when they believe others in the environment care about them. This report explores the results of study of sampling of undergraduate students utilizing this perspective regarding their views on number of facets of university life. The differences between responses of African American students and non-African American students are examined. The impact of interaction with the environment on the development of college students is well documented (Astin, 1984; Kuh, 1993). Kuh emphasizes the important reciprocal effect of the environment and the student on each other. Thus, the positive perception that there is beneficial fit between themselves and the community environment is critical factor in students' successful adjustment to the college milieu. Despite occasional successes, generalizable process for ensuring environmental fit for students of cultural minority status, particularly African American students, at predominantly white institutions is often elusive. Concerned student affairs administrators continue to search for means to extend their institution's hospitality to all students. Marginality or Mattering One relatively novel way to examine the adjustments of college students to their campus environment is to assess their perceptions by employing the dichotomous concepts of and marginality. Rosenberg and McCullough (1981) define mattering as a that others depend on us, are interested in us, are concerned with our fate, or experience us as an egoextension (p. 165). They describe marginality as the perception that one does not in, is not significant, and is not needed. These concepts of mattering and marginalization have been used to examine number of social situations from misbehavior in high school adolescents (Rosenberg & McCullough, 1981) to homeless men (DeForge & Barclay, 1997) to African American college students (Grant & Breese, 1997). Studies of environmental satisfaction among college students often explore the students' attitudes toward the environment (Astin, 1993; Kuh, 1993). While these are no doubt important, students` attitudes are rather difficult for student affairs and academic administrators to change. On the other hand, survey of students' perceptions that focuses on the concept of asks students to depict how they view the community's interest in, concern of, and dependence upon them. Another way of seeing this is in terms of significance. We often try to assess what students see as significant to them in the environment. Although there is nothing inherently wrong in doing so, proponents of the concept of would suggest that in relationship is one-sided. Schlossberg (1989) argues that mattering represents compelling social obligation and powerful source of social integration; that we are bonded to society not only by virtue of our dependence on others but by their dependence on us. Rosenberg (in Schlossberg, 1989) states that mattering is the direct reciprocal of significance (p. 9). In significance, the locus of the being expressed is within the individual under examination; with mattering, the locus of this is outside that individual and the perception of the other's feeling is the issue in question. By asking students to describe the success or failure of the people and programs that make them feel comfortable in the campus community, we are assessing the tangible factors on both sides of relationship. Moreover, if the student does feel marginalized by lack of reinforcement of his/her importance to the community, particular source of that failure can be readily identified and remedial action designed and implemented. …
openalex: W26897631 mag: 26897631
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Views of Ancient Egypt. Teacher's Guide. School Arts: Looking/Learning. - Downs, Linda; Brenner, Carla (1998)
openalex: W304152663 mag: 304152663
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Iodine deficiency disorders among school children in upper Egypt: an epidemiologic study - El-Sayed, Nawal A.; Mahfouz, Ahmed A.; Nofal, Laila; Ismail, Hassan; Gad, Ashry; Zeid, Hamdy Abu (Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1998)
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are the world's single most significant cause of preventable brain damage and mental retardation. Data regarding IDD in upper Egypt are scarce and even lacking.The aim of the present work was to study the prevalence of IDD and some potential risk factors in upper Egypt. Using a two-stage cluster sampling technique, 6750 school children aged 8–10 years were screened for IDD through clinical examination of the thyroid gland and determination of urinary iodine, from three governorates in upper Egypt, namely Al-Minya (population of 3.3 million), Assyut (population of 2.9 million), and Suhag (population of 3.1 million). Iodine was determined in samples of soil and drinking water. Overall, the prevalence rate of goitre was 34.6 per cent. The median urinary iodine level for children with goitre was 5.04µg/dl compared to 14.81 µg/dl among children free of goitre. Multiple logistic regression analysis snowed that certain groups of school children were much more likely to develop goitre. They included females (OR = 3.07, 95 per cent CI = 2.78–3.39), children in households where drinking water had an iodine content of less than 0.5 µg/100 ml (OR = 3.44, 95 per cent CI = 3.09–3.89), and children living in places where soil content of iodine was less than 0.2 µg/100 g (OR = 2.67, 95 per cent CI = 2.30–3.10). We conclude that IDD is a severe public health problem in upper Egypt. The present situation in upper Egypt necessitates an urgent intervention programme.
openalex: W1975457835 mag: 1975457835
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Telling data: Stakeholders' voices - a sociocultural understanding of primary education in Mauritius - Griffiths, Michelle (International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 1998)
openalex: W1981385341 mag: 1981385341
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‘Invisible’ and ‘Womanish’: Black girls negotiating their lives in an African‐centered school in the USA - Henry, Annette (Race Ethnicity and Education, 1998)
Abstract The author examines a cluster of themes in the school lives of 10‐ and 11‐year‐old African‐American girls in an independent African‐centered school in Illinois, USA. Through conversation and student writings, the author illustrates that these girls position themselves in multiple and contradictory ways. In the co‐educational classroom, they seemed passive, even invisible. Yet in conversation outside of class, they were wilful, audacious, ‘womanish’ girls who attempted to bring about change in their social environment regarding continued male peer harassment. The author discusses four themes from her data: (1) school as a site of gendered/sexual politics; (2) the contradictory and multiple consciousness of the girls; (3) the necessity of a separate space for girls to work through issues of concern; and (4) the tenuousness of feminist research in a Black nationalist school. The author concludes with some questions for (Black) feminists to consider regarding the needs of Black girls in schools.
openalex: W2149500739 mag: 2149500739
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Ileosigmoid knotting in Gondar teaching hospital north-west Ethiopia. - Kedir, Mohammed; Kotisso, B; Messele, Gashaw (PubMed, 1998)
A retrospective analysis of nine consecutive cases of ileosigmoid knotting (ISK) that were seen at Gondar hospital from 1993 to 1995 is presented. Ileosigmoid knotting is a condition in which the ileum and the sigmoid entangle each other to form a knot and become gangrenous. It was found that the clinical features of ISK were the results of combination of symptoms and signs of small and large bowel obstruction. The presentations were so dramatic that the majority of patients deteriorated rapidly with 44% (4/9) developing shock because of gangrene of both the ileum and the sigmoid. Abdominal cramps, vomiting and absolute constipation occurred in all patients. Five patients were in shock at the time of presentation and six had peritonitis at the time of surgery. Release of the knot could easily be attained by needle deflation of the sigmoid colon. Hartman's procedure with resection of the sigmoid and ileotransversostomy by closing the distal viable stump of the ileum is recommended. Four patients out of the nine patients died.
openalex: W2412707478 mag: 2412707478
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The Basis for Progesterone Impairment of Gallbladder Contractility in Male Guinea Pigsin Vitro - Kiaii, Bob; Xu, Qi; Shaffer, Eldon A. (Journal of Surgical Research, 1998)
Progesterone suppresses gallbladder smooth muscle function but its exact mechanism is unknown. We sought to determine the cellular site where progesterone impairs gallbladder smooth muscle. Sixty-four adult male guinea pigs were injected with either progesterone (2 mg/kg/day sc) or normal saline (controls) for 7 days. Dose-response curves of gallbladder strips to cholecystokinin (CCK), bethanechol, and potassium (K+) were constructed in vitro. To better define the basis for the progesterone effect, gallbladder contractile response was determined to specific agonists: aluminum fluoride and mastoparan (direct G-protein activators), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and a calcium ionophore (A-23187). Gallbladder from animals on progesterone exhibited a marked decrease in contractile response to CCK and bethanechol compared with controls (P < 0.05). Further, gallbladder contraction remained depressed (P < 0.05) in progesterone-treated animals, when the G protein was directly activated with aluminum fluoride and mastoparan. In contrast, the responses to K+ (acting independent of receptor G-protein) and to A-23187 and CPA (agonists that bypassed the membrane) were comparable in both groups (NS). It is concluded that progesterone directly inhibits gallbladder smooth muscle contractility in vitro to a standard hormone, CCK, and a cholinergic agent. Such depressed contraction is not due to an altered contractile machinery, since it is normal with agonists that act independently of G-protein activation. Progesterone thus interferes with signaling through the G-protein, either by directly becoming closely associated with the cell membrane or by indirectly perturbing its receptor products.
openalex: W1984697559 mag: 1984697559
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Getting students into central Europe - a postgraduate degree programme at the GhK with special emphasis on a Kenya co-operation - Kompa, G. (1998)
Increasing globalization of the market is a challenge for international cooperation and partnership in higher education and research, especially in electrical engineering. New study programmes which take care of these new developments are attractive for young engineers both from the highly industrialized countries and the less industrialized and developing countries. The rapid growth in communications offers new opportunities for international teamworking.
openalex: W164364397 mag: 164364397
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Implications for school‐based health programmes of age and gender patterns in the Tanzanian primary school - Lansdown, Richard; Bundy, Donald; Eberstein, T.; Hall, Andrew; Kihamia, C. M.; Yona, E.; Issae, Wahab; Mwanri, Lillian; Magingo, J. (TM & IH. Tropical medicine and international health (Print), 1998)
Summary This paper examines children's potential access to school health services by analysing data on the demographic structure, enrolment patterns and reported causes of early school‐leaving in 347 schools in Tanga Region, Tanzania served by a school‐based health programme. The analysis indicates that net enrolment ratios have risen over the previous 6 years, particularly among children under 10 years. However, in 1994 children were still much older than expected for a basic school population: 81% were adolescents ($10 years) and the mean age was 12 years. These data suggest that schools can provide equitable access to health education and school‐based health services for a majority of children, even in a low‐income country, and that the primary school population is predominantly adolescent and would benefit from health programmes targeted at that age group.
openalex: W1966498942 mag: 1966498942
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Attitudes about Suicide in Zambian and Nigerian Students - Lester, David; Akande, Adebowale (Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1998)
215 Zambian Lozi-speaking students viewed suicide as more normal and acceptable than did 203 Nigerian Yoruban students, also as more serious, and more often as having clear motives.
openalex: W2095180027 mag: 2095180027
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African-American and Euro-American Preschoolers with Intellectual Disabilities: Patterns of Play with Toys - Malone, David M. (Early Education and Development, 1998)
The patterns of cognitive play of 28 African-American and Euro-American preschool children with intellectual disabilities are reported. Fourteen children representing each group, matched on developmental age and family variables, were observed playing independently at home. Categorical and sequential play behaviors were coded from videotapes using a 15-second partial interval coding procedure. The pattern of African-American children's play was more reflective of their developmental age than the pattern of Euro-American children's play for their developmental age. Between group effects emerged for only 1 of 15 dependent variables included in the analyses: length of single scheme sequence. The results highlight children's strengths and challenge commonly held stereotypes. Recommendations for future research are provided.
openalex: W2040326291 mag: 2040326291
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The Colonialist View of the African‐origin ‘Other’ in Portuguese Society and its Education System - Manuel, carlos; Cardoso, Neves (Race Ethnicity and Education, 1998)
Abstract This article examines the processes responsible for the increasing ethnic heterogeneity of Portuguese schools and society, and sketches the general historical, demographic, political, social and educational background to the issue of the schooling of African minorities in Portugal. It describes the place of African people in a context of the historical relations of Portugal with its African colonies, and the influence of those colonial links on the current situation of African‐origin people in Portuguese society. It thus examines the effects of the historic colonialist view on interracial relationships in present‐day Portuguese society, on the education of people of African ethnic origin and, particularly, on the present status of multicultural/anti‐racist education.
openalex: W2032373099 mag: 2032373099
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Factors Affecting the Self-Concepts of South African Students - Marjoribanks, Kevin; Mboya, Mzobanzi M. (The Journal of Social Psychology, 1998)
Relationships among family macrosocial structures, proximate family settings, attributions of responsibility, and African adolescents' self-concepts were examined. Data were collected from 460 South African high school students (234 girls, 226 boys; mean age = 18.6 years). On the basis of partial least squares path modeling, the results suggest that (a) family macrosocial structure, proximate family settings, and the individual's sense of responsibility for academic outcomes had modest to strong associations with different dimensions of self-concept; and (b) there were gender-related differences in the structure of the adolescents' social status backgrounds and self-concepts and in the relationships among social status, perceptions of parents' support for learning, personal responsibility, and self-concept.
openalex: W1968282600 mag: 1968282600
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Sexual and reproductive health among primary and secondary school pupils in Mwanza, Tanzania: Need for intervention - Matasha, E.; Ntembelea, T.; Mayaud, Philippe; Saidi, W.; Todd, Jim; Mujaya, B.; Tendo-Wambua, L. (AIDS Care, 1998)
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among 892 randomly selected pupils, aged 12 and above, attending 18 primary schools (PS) and five secondary schools (SS) in four communities of Mwanza Region in Tanzania. The goals were to assess the level of knowledge adolescents have about sexual and reproductive health (SRH), to assess the magnitude of SRH problems and to help design appropriate interventions. Median age of respondents was 15 years (range 12-20 years) and 14 years (range 12-19 years) for PS boys and girls, respectively, and 19 years (range 16-24 years) and 17 years (range 14-19 years) for SS boys and girls. Eighty per cent of PS boys and 68% of PS girls were already sexually active; the corresponding figures were 89% for SS boys and 48% for SS girls. Vaginal sex was the most common first sexual act reported by SS pupils, but 40% of PS pupils reported orogenital sex and 9% of PS pupils reported anal sex as their first sexual act. Almost half of PS girls have had sex with adults, including teachers and relatives. 'Forced sex' was reported by nearly half of PS and SS girls. Fourteen per cent of PS girls had already been pregnant, and over half of these pregnancies ended in illegally induced abortions. Despite a rather high (30%) lifetime rate of condom use, 33% and 25% of PS boys and girls, respectively, reported past experience of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STD rates were lower among SS pupils who had a better knowledge of STDs/HIV and fertility issues and reported higher condom use. The survey demonstrated the great vulnerability of school-going adolescents of Mwanza Region to consequences of sexual intercourse. The response should urgently come in the form of comprehensive adolescent SRH programmes.
openalex: W2011302587 mag: 2011302587
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Teaching Arabic in South Africa: historical and pedagogical trends - Mohamed, Yasien (Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 1998)
openalex: W2076138182 mag: 2076138182
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Successful Teaching Strategies: Findings from a Case Study of Middle School African Americans Learning Arabic - Moore, Zena; English, Mark (Foreign Language Annals, 1998)
ABSTRACT A six month case study of ten African American Middle School students in an inner‐city school setting provided the data for the article. Successful strategies were based on theories of discovery learning and synergistic learning styles. The classroom allowed for free physical movement, bonding and multisensorial activities. Students were incorporated into planning lessons and activities, as well as in teaching. Students visited sites in the community where they used the language in real life situations. Contrary to previous research findings on L1 L2 transfer, the study showed that the students' L1, (African American English), facilitated the learning of Arabic.
openalex: W2095169800 mag: 2095169800
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African University Students' Responses to Questions on Interracial Marriage - Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. (Psychological reports, 1998)
The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes of African university students towards interracial marriage. On whether they would choose a black or white person for marriage and whether their parents would approve their marrying a white person, most respondents (first-year undergraduates, 76 women and 63 men) preferred marrying a black person and indicated their parents would oppose their marrying a white person. Such findings were no surprise given the cultural value attached to marriage as well as South African multiracial interrelations marked by differential treatment.
openalex: W1997845036 mag: 1997845036
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Personality Types of Education Majors in South Africa - Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. (Psychological Reports, 1998)
Using Tyrer's categories, 44% of 138 women and 81 men Education majors were classified as a Fussy type of personality described as reliable, conscientious, punctual, authority-oriented, and meticulous. Such expected traits of personality were thought befitting a teacher.
openalex: W2064213560 mag: 2064213560
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A school‐based schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis control programme in Nigeria: acceptability to community members - Nwaorgu, O. C.; Okeibunor, Joseph; Madu, Ephraim N.; Amazigo, Uche; Onyegegbu, Nkeadi; Evans, David B. (TM & IH. Tropical medicine and international health (Print), 1998)
In a population with high prevalences in schoolchildren of infection with hookworm (32.4%), Ascaris (22.9%) and Trichuris (2.5%), visible haematuria (17.9%), micro-haematuria (17%) and proteinuria (47.3%), the knowledge about transmission of schistosomiasis and acceptability of a school-based control programme were assessed. The community perceived schistosomiasis (80.6%) and intestinal helminthiasis (66.5%) as important health problems in school-age children and most people would prefer placement of the control programme in school because it would eliminate transportation cost to the health facility. They welcomed the idea of using teachers for detection of infection and drug administration. The health staff, on the other hand, were willing to work with teachers, but emphasized that teachers should be limited to organizational and supervisory roles while they do tests and administer the drug. This view was also shared by the officials in the state ministries of health and education.
openalex: W2068858092 mag: 2068858092
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Christian Religious Leaders' Knowledge and State of Preparedness for AIDS Education in an Urban Area in Nigeria - Oladepo, Oladimeji; Usendiah, Joseph Esu; Ajuwon, Ademola J. (The International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1998)
An exploratory survey assessed Christian religious leaders' knowledge, state of preparedness, and current level of involvement in AIDS education in Ibadan, Nigeria, with a view to providing baseline information upon which AIDS education programs can be developed for churches. A total of 306 Christian leaders, who were selected from half (78) of the churches in Ibadan through multi-stage sampling, were interviewed. In addition, the church records kept by the Christian leaders were reviewed to document AIDS educational activities carried out by the churches. Results showed that almost all (97.7%) of the Christian leaders have heard about AIDS, with the mass media being the primary source of information (78.3%). Despite a high level of awareness, only 6 percent of the Christian leaders correctly identified HIV as the causative agent of AIDS. Knowledge regarding unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners as a way by which the virus is transmitted was high (88.3%). Only 37.8% of the leaders had ever carried out any AIDS educational activity in their respective churches, while the majority (62.2%) had not. The preaching of sermons (38.9%), presentation of seminar papers at workshops (21.2%), and counseling (15.8%) were the main educational programs carried out by the Christian leaders. Of those who have heard about AIDS but had not educated their congregation, a lack of basic knowledge on the disease was cited as the principal barrier (27%) to action. However, a majority (79.4%) are favorably disposed toward playing a pro-active role in AIDS educational programs in Nigeria. The implications of these findings for AIDS control efforts are discussed.
openalex: W2085560517 mag: 2085560517
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The effects of the Southwest Indian Ocean tropical cyclones on Ethiopian drought - Shanko, Dula; Camberlin, Pierre (International Journal of Climatology, 1998)
Tropical cyclones are one of the prominent weather systems that are generated over the tropical oceans. The cyclones that develop in the Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) usually travel west then southwest and finally recurve to southeast, generally before reaching the East African coast. However, it is shown in this study how SWIO-tropical cyclones/depressions can indirectly affect Ethiopian weather. Using correlation and composite analyses, interannual and intraseasonal rainfall variations in Ethiopia were compared with the frequency and time of occurrence of the tropical cyclones. Years showing the consecutive occurrence of several tropical depressions over the SWIO coincide with the drought years of Ethiopia. Reciprocally, years of abnormally low frequency of tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rainfall in Ethiopia. Belg rainfall (‘small rains’, February–May) is much more influenced by the cyclonic activity than Kiremt rainfall (‘big rains’, June–September), which occurs outside the cyclonic season of the Southeast Indian Ocean. On a daily basis, rainfall activity during the Belg period is significantly reduced when a tropical depression is observed in the SWIO, before picking up again a few days later. No systematic time-lag was found between the cyclone occurrence and the decrease in daily rainfall amounts. However, at interannual time-scales, a higher (lower) frequency of tropical depressions during the months of November–January tends to be followed by abnormally low (high) Belg rainfall. One of the mechanisms suggested to explain this seasonal persistence in the frequency of tropical depressions involves sea-surface temperatures in the SWIO, from where many of the depressions originate. The atmospheric processes accounting for the teleconnection between Ethiopia rainfall and tropical depressions were examined. Monthly anomalies of upper air winds for years showing frequent occurrence of tropical depressions proved significant not only over the SWIO, but also the Northern Hemisphere above Northeast Africa. In addition to a slightly enhanced cross-equatorial flow, diverting moisture advection towards the active centre of the system, much stronger than usual equatorial easterlies in the upper troposphere and a reduced southward excursion of the subtropical jet stream result in weaker convective activity over Ethiopia. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
openalex: W2000917852 mag: 2000917852
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Sport Education: Ideology, Evidence and Implications for Physical Education in Africa - Shehu, Jimoh (Sport, Education and Society, 1998)
Abstract In recent years a neo‐liberal sport education paradigm has sought to refurbish traditional physical education frameworks and operative rules. This paper subjects the sport education model to critical scrutiny and deconstruction. It is argued that this model deserves attention because it places the ethics and logic of secondary school physical education on shifting sands. More importantly, it has hegemonic implications for physical education praxis in African schools.
openalex: W2143574827 mag: 2143574827
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Vegetation and climate changes during the last 21 000 years in S.W. Africa based on a marine pollen record - Shi, Ning; Dupont, Lydie M; Beug, Hans-Jürgen; Schneider, Ralph R (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 1998)
openalex: W1992036681 mag: 1992036681
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Book reviews of The African American Education Data Book volume I / The African American Education Data Book volume II / The African American Data Book volume III - Thompson, Sheila D. (Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR), 1998)
openalex: W1973493295 mag: 1973493295
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Outcomes of a community-based HIV/AIDS education programme for rural older women in Botswana - Tlou, Sheila (Southern African Journal of Gerontology, 1998)
This article describes the experience and outcomes of a community-based educational programme to prevent HIV infection in older rural women in Botswana and to utilize the women as resources to educate members of their communities in the prevention of the disease. The programme used the primary health-care approach to develop and test gender-specific and culturally-relevant materials for the older women. Programme evaluation employed a quasiexperimental design with older women in a second village serving as a control group. Six months after programme implementation, the older women in the target village were more knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS than those in the control village. The sexually-active women were practising safer sex, and all were collaborating with health personnel in community activities for HIV/AIDS prevention and care. These activities are continuing and are being sustained by the village health committee.
openalex: W2357587191 mag: 2357587191
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Teaching Astronomy at the University of South Africa - Wargau, W.; Cunow, Barbara; Schütte, Christof (1998)
The development of distance education in South Africa: historical background and the University of South Africa
openalex: W8407602 mag: 8407602
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African Foundation for Research and Interdisciplinary Training in Ageing - Wilson, Adrian O. (Southern African Journal of Gerontology, 1998)
openalex: W2350975436 mag: 2350975436
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African history and imperial culture in colonial Nigerian schools - Zachernuk, Philip S. (Africa, 1998)
Evaluations of colonial education policy tend to treat it as a tool for applying imperial ideology, which—among other things—denied the Africans their past. This study of the debate about history education in southern Nigeria in the 1930s suggests the need to re-evaluate this assessment. While some imperial pronouncements did deny African history, colonial administration also required historical knowledge. Further, many colonial educators thought it proper to provide African students with a sense of their past appropriate to colonial subjects. A few went much further, to actively promote pride in African history. In this ambivalent context African schoolteachers and graduates got on with the task of describing their past, often using colonial educational media, constrained but not silenced by their colonial situation. Recognising the fertile ambivalence of this aspect of imperial culture opens new and more fruitful approaches to colonial intellectual history in general.
openalex: W2156128799 mag: 2156128799
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An Appraisal of the Role and Training of the School Secretary in South African Schools - Linde, Ch Van Der (Education 3-13, 1998)
In spite of the undeniable of the school secretary, there is a lack of theorizing on this position. Inquiry reveals that this position is taxed with an infinitely varied set of demands and responsibilities, which requires sound training. The new South Africa school situation, poses additional challenges and demands to this position, and the need for training. Although secretaries more than often fulfill the role of linchpin at schools, they are the step children in the education system. The situation of school secretaries mirror that of other secretaries and that of women in the helping professions in general (Casanova 1991). Their low salaries reflect their lack of status, and thus the little attention given to the study of their role (Saxe 1968). Virtually no literature deals with school secretaries, or their training. Casanova (1991, p. 1) observes that this ... lack of research on the school secretary is puzzling (vide also Rimer, 1984, p. 16). Rimer (ibid) points out that the school secretary is often perceived as an extension of the principal, yet despite this role as a decision maker, she is generally given little recognition, and is poorly paid. They are ... essential to the set but remain primarily part of the action. They are simply them Lofland (1975: 145). Principals interviewed on the role of the school secretary would frequently declare: We couldn't run the school without her (Casanova ibid). South African school principals observe similarly. This was learned from the two interviews with school principals. The lack of literature in South Africa, or elsewhere, which deals with the training of school secretaries, in general, is a chapter by De Witt (1990). According to De Witt (personal interview on 27 September 1996), considerable emphasis is placed on the training of support personnel in British schools. Yet, as far as could be determined, in South Africa no courses exist for the training of school secretaries. The little research into this role further limits the knowledge on the training of school secretaries. The manner in which the role of the school secretary is viewed remains the reason for the disappointing absence of such theory (Hart 1985: 131), along with 1 The lack of know-how–a matter of education? 2 The particular aptitude of the secretary to grow–a question of quality? 3 The acknowledgement of development which would take the secretary into the professional domains of the school's functioning–A matter attitude? The following aspects should be investigated: * What type of literature exists on school secretaries in general? * What is the task and role of the school secretary? * Why is there such a lack of appreciation of the school secretary in South Africa and elsewhere? * What are particular perspectives from a South Africa context? * Who should train the school secretary and what could be done to ensure that school secretaries in South Africa are properly trained? Although school secretaries are usually female, one of the school principals interviewed by this author, pointed out, that in an agricultural school there would usually be a male secretary, on account of the particular administration of hostels and the school farm. (In this article, however, only female pronouns will be used. Similarly, the use of exclusively male pronouns for school principals, is no denial of the many women principals.) Literature study Unfortunately, existing literature is scarce and some of the sources are outdated. Only the article by Hart (1985) deals with the training of school secretaries. There has been no research into this area in South Africa since, 1990 this all underscores the acuteness of the problem. Task and role: vignettes from daily activities One principal, cited in Casanova's (1991) research project, argued that the school secretary has an obligation to satisfy and . …
openalex: W185776127 mag: 185776127
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Breaking through the Glass Ceiling. the Pursuit of University Training among African-Caribbean Migrants and Their Children in Toronto - Simmons, Alan B.; Plaza, Dwaine (Canadian Ethnic Studies, 1998)
ABSTRACT/RESUME This paper examines the pursuit of university studies among Caribbean-origin Black men and women aged 20-24 living in Toronto. Findings from special tabulations of the 1991 census show that a significant proportion of young African-Caribbean immigrants attend university. Participation rates are higher in the second generation (born in Canada) of young Caribbean-origin adults. African-Caribbean women are, moreover, much more likely to attend university than African-Caribbean men. These indicators of social incorporation are encouraging, but do not tell the entire story. Young adults of Caribbean background are still far less likely to attend university than are Canadian-born youths as a whole. They are also far less likely to attend university than are Asian-Caribbean origin youths. This mix of findings raises questions for social policy and for theories about racism, sexism and immigrant incorporation. Cette communication examine la poursuite des etudes universitaires chez les hommes et les femmes noirs entre 20 et 24 ans venant des Caraibes et habitant Toronto. Les conclusions de la totalisation speciale du recensement de 1991 indiquent qu'une importante proportion de jeunes immigrants afro-caraibes frequentent l'universite. Les taux de participation sont plus eleves chez la deuxieme generation des jeunes adultes d'origine caraibe (nes au Canada). Les femmes afro-caraibes sont encore plus susceptibles de frequenter l'universite que les hommes afro-caraies. Ces indicateurs d'integration sociale sont encourageants, mais ne racontent pas toute l'histoire. Lesjeunes adultes d'origine caraibe sont encore beaucoup moins suspectibles de frequenter l'universite dans l'ensemble que le sont lesjeunes nes au Canada. Ils sont encore moins suspectibles de frequenter l'universite que les jeunes d'origine asiatique-caraibe. Ce melange de conclusions souleve des questions relativement a la politique sociale et aux theorie s concernant le racisme, le sexisme et l'integration des immigrants. Blacks share with other visible minorities, women and other groups struggling against discrimination in Canada an acute awareness of the importance of university level training. Advanced studies at the university level and related professional skills are the main avenue of social mobility for individuals in these communities and groups. Members with university education provide the entire group with leadership, legitimation in the wider society, and role-models for the next generation. The present paper examines the extent to which young Black adults in Toronto have broken through various obstacles to undertake university level studies. This focus arises from our interest in the intense debates on the tonic of Black education in Canada. It also arises from a desire to advance our understanding of the nature of stratification and inequality in Canadian society. We explore questions concerning the way skin colour, sex, migration experience and ethnicity influence the pursuit of university studies among young adults. The findings provide an occasion for theoretical reflection on racism, sexism and the stratification of recent immigrant communities in Canada. Issues and Previous Research The struggle of Blacks in the school system is well known by their parents and community leaders. In Toronto, the issue is broadly debated in public and reflected in newspaper articles. Many young Black students excel in spite of an educational system that ignores their heritage and gives them few Black role models. Too many others are side tracked into second class education because they are assumed to be incapable of handling an advanced curriculum, say members of the Black community. They are streamed into basic courses. Many give up and drop out. (Simms, Toronto Star, 1992: E12) Community leaders and others have proposed various ways of dealing with the problem. Recently, the Royal Commission on Learning has proposed the establishment of special demonstration schools and other programs to help Blacks learn better. …
openalex: W284852066 mag: 284852066
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Place de la lèpre parmi les handicaps physiques en zones rurale et urbaine au Mali - Sow, Samba O.; Tiendrébéogo, Alexandre; Lienhardt, Christian; Soula, G; Fomba, Abdoulaye; Doumbia, Moussa (Cahiers d'études et de recherches francophones / Santé, 1998)
Par une enquete transversale (sondage en grappes) portant sur la place de la lepre parmi les causes de handicaps physiques en general, nous avons interroge 8 175 individus dans 1 000 menages (500 menages en zone urbaine et 500 autres en milieu rural). Nous avons rencontre 172 cas de handicap physique soit un taux de prevalence de 21 pour 1 000 habitants. La grande partie de ces handicaps a ete observee en milieu rural avec un taux de prevalence de 25,3 pour 1 000 habitants. En ville ce taux de prevalence a ete de 17,3 pour 1 000 habitants ; la difference entre les deux zones etait statistiquement significative (p = 0,01). Dix pour cent des handicaps physiques observes etaient attribuables a la lepre. Parmi les autres causes, la poliomyelite et les traumatismes ont ete les plus frequents, particulierement en ville, avec respectivement 23,8 et 23,2 % des cas. L’etiologie lepreuse du handicap a ete davantage observee en zone rurale. Quelle que soit l’etiologie, nous avons observe une predominance des handicaps physiques chez les sujets de sexe masculin (64 %). Nous avons note, en outre, une regression des proportions de handicaps physiques non attribuables a la lepre avec l’elevation de l’âge des sujets contrairement aux infirmites lepreuses qui augmentaient avec l’âge. La lepre demeure une maladie mutilante importante au Mali. La prevention et la prise en charge des invalidites liees a la lepre doivent etre combinees aux actions actuelles d’elimination de ce fleau.
openalex: W1748480002 mag: 1748480002
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A critical study of English language teaching in sudan - Abdelrahman, Mohd. Yeddi (1998)
openalex: W2463967143 mag: 2463967143
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Taking Back Control: African Canadian Women Teachers' Lives and Practice - Henry, Annette; Njoki, N; Sharma, Tirbenny (1998)
In this work, Annette Henry explores and problematizes the challenges, barriers and restrictions facing Black educators who seek to assume control of education for Blacks – hence the title, Taking Back Control. Henry interviews five African-Caribbean Canadian women educators from Guyana, Jamaica and St. Kitts: Makeda, a school principal, and four classroom teachers, Ese, Inez, Rita and Viv.Henry's study, initially a doctoral thesis, was conducted between January 1989 and June 1991 at Bedford Elementary School, a small, southern Ontario urban elementary school that is 80 percent Black, where these women taught. Ese and Viv taught grades four and five; Inez and Rita two and three. Henry employed a variety of methods for her research: participant observations of classroom activities, life-history interviews, teacher/student discussions, students' conversations, and interviews with teachers on their roles and successes/failures. She used audio-tapes, transcriptions and triangulation of data to obtain as accurate a picture as possible. She hoped at the end of her thesis to generate enough theory and raise enough questions to elicit how Black women teachers' consciousness and understandings at the intersections of race, class, gender and culture contribute to and shape their pedagogical practice (p. 3). Knowing that the practitioners themselves are heirs to the legacy of European colonialism and current imperialism in educational practices, Henry seeks to explore, simply put, what the women are doing about it. How are they taking back control? In answering this question, Henry seeks to encapsulate the problems and challenges facing Black educators today. Through the lens of the five educators' stories, Henry shares with readers the oppression facing not only the teachers themselves but also their charges – Black and other minority students who participate in a learning environment which is weighted heavily against them.The following chapter titles convey an idea of the breadth of the book: (1) Black Women Teachers Speak; (2) Black Women's Lives and Activism; (3) So You Close the Door and You Do What Works: Possibilities and Limitations of Oppositional Standpoints; (4) Literacy, Black Self-Representation, and Cultural Practice; (5) Sustaining and Re- creating Intertextual Relationships in the African Diaspora; (6) The Dilemma of the Empty Shelf and Other Curricular Challenges for Transformative Teacher; and (7) Holding on to Hope.By creating space for Black women teachers, Henry, of Black Jamaican heritage herself, gives voice to the five Black educators; she lets them speak for themselves, with little or no interruption. She captures them constructing pedagogies of cultural resistance and Black self- representation. Through their autobiographical accounts, Henry records the frustrations, anxieties, complexities and contradictions that face Black educators in a white, hegemonic society.Henry extols the accomplishments of these Black teachers. They are filling in the huge gaps left by mainstream education. Viv, for example, teaches important segments of Black History within the regular History class. Henry envisions the pedagogical contributions of these five women as part of a historical and diasporic Black womanist tradition (p. 65). Blacks and other minorities have been taught from the perspective that only Western or Eurocentric civilization has any value. Contributions from other cultures, especially that of the Blacks, are negated or minimized.In the second chapter, Contextualizing Black Women's Lives and Activism, Henry frames the women's accounts within the larger socio- political contexts of their activism, of their presence in the labour force, of immigration factors and concerns arising from within the Black community itself. Black parents, activists and teachers are all involved in the educational liberation of the Black child. She states quite bluntly that Black people are not treated as true citizens of Canada, despite the fact that many of them have been here since the 1700s; and that negative stereotypes of Black people – morally and mentally inferior – prevail. …
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From the colonial to the post-colonial: Shakespeare and education in Africa - Johnson, David (1998)
My definitions here of the colonial and post-colonial are historical, rather than in terms of changing fashions in literary criticism. In other words, the colonial Shakespeare I explore is the Shakespeare of the period of colonial rule, and the post-colonial Shakespeare the Shakespeare of the post-colonial period. More precisely, I have chosen the 1930s, the twilight decade of the British Empire, to represent the colonial, and the 1980s, the decade of late capital and globalization, to represent the post-colonial. For both periods, I focus on Shakespeare's journeys to Africa. My versions of the colonial and post-colonial Shakespeares are assembled from representative metropolitan Shakespeare critics, and educational policy-makers for Africa. For the colonial Shakespeare, I accordingly focus on G. Wilson Knight's criticism of The Tempest, and British education policy-maker for Africa, A. Victor Murray. My picture of the post-colonial Shakespeare is based on Stephen Greenblatt's criticism of The Tempest, and World Bank plans for education in Africa. In focusing thus on the metropolitan mind, I inevitably present an incomplete picture. A more comprehensive study would provide detailed examination of distinct African contexts and their histories, analysis of English school syllabuses, and Shakespeare performances in the different African settings, and instances of African resistance to and appropriations of Shakespeare. In confining my attention in this way, however, my hope is to convey some sense of the wider contexts in which metropolitan productions of the colonial and the post-colonial Shakespeare resonate.
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Tools and training strengthen African AIDS groups. (PubMed, 1998)
Recent estimates indicate that AIDS has stricken approximately 21 million adults and children in sub-Saharan Africa. Many grassroots organizations were born during the early 1990s in response to the pandemic. Two Population Council researchers undertook four collaborative interventions to strengthen such organizations. Their efforts showed that providing simple, carefully chosen forms of technical assistance can greatly improve the ability of grassroots organizations to achieve their goals. Modest investments of time and expertise can yield considerable positive results. In Uganda, the National AIDS Control Program's Community Counseling Aides (CCA) Project sends trained volunteers to conduct AIDS education and provide basic nursing care. KIWAKKUKI, a women's group in Moshi, Tanzania, provides AIDS education and care for people affected by AIDS. In Ndola, Zambia, the INDENI Petroleum Refinery's HIV/AIDS Committee conducts educational activities, provides condoms and medical care, and addresses the needs of employees' families. In Lusaka, Zambia, the women of the KWASHA MUKWENU care for children orphaned by AIDS. Population Council interventions in each of these programs is described.
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Women and Education in Sub-Saharan Africa (1998)
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The Problems of Junior Secondary Teachers of Social Studies in Botswana - Adeyemi, Michael Bamidele (The Social Studies, 1998)
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Organic and bacterial pollution in the Ebrié lagoon, côte d'Ivoire - Adingra, A.A.; Arfi, Robert (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1998)
A systematic study of some pollution indicators [ammonia (NH4−N), faecal coliforms counts] has been carried out for three years (1993-95) in the urban area of the Ebrié lagoon, evaluating the impact of a sea outfall project. This project, for collecting and forwarding wastewaters of the city of Abidjan to the Atlantic ocean in order to reduce the pollutant load in the lagoon, was initiated in 1994. It failed a few months after the first operation and there is now an overall increase in pollution due to continuous use of the lagoon for dumping domestic as well as industrial and agricultural wastes as a consequence of the malfunctioning of the outfall, which was poorly designed, probably because of insufficient funding.
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6 Inside Classrooms in Guinea: Girls' Experiences - Anderson‐Levitt, Kathryn M.; Bloch, Marianne N.; Soumaré, Abdoulaye (1998)
This document the sixth chapter in a book on women and education in sub-Saharan Africa takes the reader inside classrooms in Guinea to reveal the obstacles and encouragement encountered by school girls. The chapter opens by describing the context and presenting the underlying assumptions of the study. A literature review describes the source of expectations for gender patterns and details are given of the qualitative research methods used in the larger 1994 study from which the case studies reported in this chapter were drawn. The chapter continues with an analysis of teachers attitudes and behaviors that considers whether the gender of the teacher matters and also reveals tensions between male and female teachers. The next section explores classroom interaction as evidenced by frequency with which teachers call on girls or on volunteers and star students how teachers divide the students into groups and how teachers single out girls in well-meaning or derogatory ways. After a look at the attitudes and behaviors of students (girls attitudes about boys and girls seating patterns and boys attitudes about boys and girls) the chapter examines the controlling strategies used by boys. Case studies are used to illustrate all of these discussions and the chapter concludes by reviewing the impediments faced by all school children in Guinea and the additional ones faced by girls as well as the way the interplay among teachers girls and boys creates a joint construction of gender stereotypes.
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Condoms and Consequences: HIV/AIDS Education and African American Women - Barker, Judith C.; Battle, Robynn S.; Cummings, Gayle L.; Bancroft, Katharine N. (Human Organization, 1998)
Low income African American mothers of elementary school children in Oakland, California, participated in six prevention training sessions that fused education about HIV/AIDS with other life-skills and resources. This exploratory intervention, known as the Healthy Mamas Project, was based on the Theory of Reasoned Action with inclusion of self-efficacy. Responses to a questionnaire at baseline and at 3-month follow up show that all women (N=15) entered the training program with, and sustained, a high level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Based on self-reports of attitudes and behaviors at the 3-month follow-up, training affected only some women beneficially. Overall, 42% of the participants expressed increased trust in and resolve to use condoms to reduce the likelihood of acquiring HIV infection. Differences in demographic characteristics and sexual practices distinguished women who accepted the educational messages about condoms from participants who did not. The intervention did not sufficiently recognize...
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Drought and Sub-Saharan African economies - Benson, Charlotte; Clay, Edward (RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 1998)
Droughts are frequent and severe in many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and have a devastating impact on their peoples and economies. The extreme vulnerability to rainfall in the arid and semiarid areas of the continent and the poor capacity of most African soils to retain moisture result in almost 60 percent of SSA being vulnerable to drought and 30 percent being extremely vulnerable. Since the 1960s, rainfall in parts of the Sahel and Southern Africa has also been significantly below the norms of the previous 30 years. Moreover, the prospects of an El Nino effect has led to more focus on the impact of drought in SSA. Against the background of a dearth of investigative studies on drought's economic impact, a recent report, the impact of drought on Sub-Saharan African economies: a preliminary examination examines this phenomenon more closely. Drought has typically been perceived as a problem principally of agriculture and, in particular, food supply. As such, it is seen as posing problems for effective relief but there is less evidence on whether or not it justifies economic responses or modifications in policy. This report presents the findings of an exploratory study which was intended as a contribution to filling that gap. Analysis of a number of issues pulls together lessons learned from six country cases (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) to develop strategies to reduce the economy-wide impacts of drought.
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8 Gender and Formal Education in Africa: An Exploration of the Opportunity Structure at the Secondary and Tertiary Levels - Beoku‐Betts, Josephine (1998)
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7 Gender and Classroom Interactions in Liberia - Brenner, Mary B. (1998)
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Education sector analysis in Africa: An evolving case in mutual North-South learning - Buchert, Lene (PROSPECTS, 1998)
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The Cultural Politics of Integrating Deaf Students in Regular Schools in Zimbabwe - Chimedza, Robert (Disability & Society, 1998)
The integration of deaf students into regular schools in Zimbabwe is fraught with cultural and political problems. Traditional beliefs that are negative toward disability are still prevalent among many people. The adult deaf community views integration negatively and with disrespect mainly because integration programmes in Zimbabwe do not promote deaf culture. The influences of foreign individuals and organisations of the deaf are at times, in directions that are not compatible with an agenda that aims to meet the educational needs of all deaf students. These factors are problematic and mitigate against the integration of deaf students in regular schools. This paper examines the cultural politics involved in the integration of deaf students in regular schools in Zimbabwe. It suggests ways to alleviate this dilemma for parents to make correct school choices for their deaf children.
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5 Women and Nonformal Education in West Africa: Policy and Practice - Diven, Polly J. (1998)
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Information-Seeking Behaviour and Information Use by Graduate Students of the Department of Library and Archival Studies (DLAS), University of Ghana - Fiankor, David Kobla (1998)
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The Impact of User Education at the University of Botswana Library - Fidzani, B.T. (Information Development, 1998)
Report on a study undertaken to determine the use of library resources and services by graduate students at the University of Botswana. The study collected empirical data on graduate students’ use of resources and services. Data were gathered from 144 of 223 graduate students registered for the 1996/1997 academic year. The findings indicated that guidance in the use of library resources and services is necessary to help students meet some of their information requirements. There is a significant relationship between perceived ability to use information sources and study programme. The study concluded that to enable students make maximum use of the library resources and services, they need training on how to use them.
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Egyptian Rope, Japanese Paper, and High School Math - Gale, David (Math Horizons, 1998)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsDavid GaleDAVID GALE is Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.
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11 Gender and Education in Rural South Africa - Gordon, Adele; Nkwe, Doris; Graven, Mellony (1998)
This document the 11th chapter in a book on women and education in sub-Saharan Africa presents a 1991 case study of a South African agricultural smallholding near Johannesburg to reveal relationships between new post-apartheid laws and living working and educational conditions as well as some of the underlying causes of rural exploitation and oppression that put women and girls in an especially disadvantaged situation. The discussion begins with a review of theory on individual and collective response to conditions of severe constraint and deprivation and of analyses of gender relationships in South Africa. This opening discourse also reviews attempts to codify basic rights in the new constitution and the emergence and goals of the Womens National Coalition. Next the chapter describes the political economy and repressive system of land rights that privileges men. This is followed by a look at labor issues and childrens schooling on commercial White-owned farms as well as efforts to institute reforms. Data gleaned from interviews and group discussions during the case study are considered in light of the findings that illustrate the educational and work experiences of females and the ways age gender and location mediate the effects of surviving apartheid policies. The chapter concludes that women are exposed to multilayered constraints and that they actually reproduce inequalities through these responses. Thus it is vitally important that South Africas civil society initiate reconstruction and development programs.
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12 The Status of Women in Southern Nigeria: Is Education a Help or a Hindrance? - Hollos, Marida (1998)
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Cross-training and worker flexibility: A review of DRC system research - Hottenstein, Michael P.; Bowman, Sherry A. (The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 1998)
Sixteen simulation studies of dual-resource constrained (DRC) systems were reviewed to determine what has been learned about the use of cross-trained, flexible workforces. Propositions were proposed dealing with worker flexibility, centralization of control, worker assignment rules, queue discipline, costs of transferring workers, and other selective findings. Future directions for DRC research were proposed in three areas of interest to managers in high technology firms. First, the inclusion of forgetting functions were suggested. It may be desirable to assign flexible workers to tasks that they need practice to keep them from forgetting what they were previously trained. Second, we proposed an examination of the concept of variety in contemporary operating systems characterized by short product life cycles, small lot sizes, changing product mixes, and quick response. We propose that job shops, the basis for most DRC research, may not capture the variety and dynamics of contemporary systems where cross-trained, flexible workforces are being increasingly used. Third, we introduce the idea concerning the use of teams. We would like to see future DRC studies that simulate work performed by teams of cross-trained workers as opposed to the traditional use of individual workers as the basic unit for performing work.
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A study of teacher voice and vision in the narratives of rural South African and Gambian primary school teachers - Jessop, Tansy; Penny, Alan (International Journal of Educational Development, 1998)
This paper is aimed at eliciting teacher views on teaching, their sources of motivation and the conceptual frames out of which they conduct their work. While the research contexts differed in rural South Africa and in The Gambia, common questions arose about ownership, participation and the divide between `experts' and `practitioners'. A `missing discourse' emerged on the process of making meaning from the curriculum and teaching it. Teachers failed to contest the ground of their teaching, or question it in relation to their own experience, knowledge and expertise. Teachers effectively abdicated responsibility for exercising agency over what they taught, to whom, how and for what reason.
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Facilitating Healthy Ego Development in African American Female College Students Attending Predominantly White Universities - Johnson-Newman, Deborah; Exum, Herbert A. (NASPA Journal, 1998)
This article presents a review of several common emotional and developmental challenges faced by African American female college students who attend predominantly White colleges and universities. The authors suggest that these challenges can be addressed through programs that promote these students' psychological growth and maturity. A cognitive-developmental intervention strategy, base primarily on Loevinger's theory of ego development, is outlined.
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Differences in Family of Origin Perceptions Among African American, Asian American, and Hispanic American College Students - Kane, Connie M. (Journal of Black Studies, 1998)
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The African Experience with Higher Education - Kuntz, Patricia S.; Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Goma, Lameck K. H.; Johnson, G. Ampah; Negash, Tekeste (African Studies Review, 1998)
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Drop size distribution and energy load of rain storms at Ibadan, western Nigeria - Lal, Rattan (Soil & tillage research, 1998)
Rainfall erosivity factors were measured during 1980 and 1981 at Ibadan, Nigeria for two rainy seasons, Season 1 from late March to late July and Season 2 from late August to early November. Rainfall characteristics monitored included drop size distribution, kinetic energy, and momentum using a DISTROMET. Additional factors/characteristics monitored were rainfall amount and intensity using a daily recording rain gauge, and sand splash using an Ellison Cup technique. Rainstorms received in March, June and September had a relatively bigger median drop size (D50) ranging from 2.75 to 3.00 mm. Similarly rains in May and September had high kinetic energy of 2000–2500 J/m2, and high momentum of 300–450 kg/m/s. Kinetic energy of rainstorms was related to D50 (r=0.63), 5 min maximum intensity (r=0.79), 30 min maximum intensity, I30 (r=0.83), and rainfall amount (r=0.98). Therefore, rainfall erosivity may be estimated using data of rainfall amount from the daily recording rain gauge. Regression equations proposed for computing kinetic energy (J/m2) from rainfall amount (A in mm) differ among seasons, and need to be validated for different ecoregions of west Africa. The proposed equation is KE=25.80 A+54.58 for Season 1 and KE=29.86 A−43.18 for Season 2.
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13 Searching for Utopia: The Politics of Gender and Education in Tanzania - Mbilinyi, Marjorie (1998)
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Policy and planning of physical science education in South Africa: Myths and realities - Naidoo, Prem; Lewin, Keith (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1998)
South Africa has inherited a fragmented system of science education which fails to provide adequate access to the majority of the population and poorly serves those whom it does educate. Less than 0.5% of South African students achieve university entrance qualifications in science and mathematics. Post-apartheid policies have focused on increasing investment in science education through educating more science teachers, providing more access to students to study science at schools, and supplying more science equipment to schools. Based on findings from research conducted in Kwazulu-Natal, we conclude that each of these policy initiatives can be questioned. First, Kwazulu-Natal appears to have sufficient qualified physical science teachers to meet current demand. Additional teachers may be needed to cope with expansion, but not to teach existing students. Second, apparent shortages of qualified teachers may arise because of poor deployment; many who are qualified appear to be teaching other subjects or occupying nonteaching posts. Third, rapidly expanding access appears likely to reduce, rather than increase, pass rates, and divert resources from improvements in quality. Fourth, the reasons for differences in performance and poor performance appear not to be simply associated with levels of resource provision; more likely it is the efficient and effective use of these resources which is important. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 729–744, 1998.
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Policy and planning of physical science education in South Africa: Myths and realities - Naidoo, Prem; Lewin, Keith (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1998)
South Africa has inherited a fragmented system of science education which fails to provide adequate access to the majority of the population and poorly serves those whom it does educate. Less than 0.5% of South African students achieve university entrance qualifications in science and mathematics. Post-apartheid policies have focused on increasing investment in science education through educating more science teachers, providing more access to students to study science at schools, and supplying more science equipment to schools. Based on findings from research conducted in Kwazulu-Natal, we conclude that each of these policy initiatives can be questioned. First, Kwazulu-Natal appears to have sufficient qualified physical science teachers to meet current demand. Additional teachers may be needed to cope with expansion, but not to teach existing students. Second, apparent shortages of qualified teachers may arise because of poor deployment; many who are qualified appear to be teaching other subjects or occupying nonteaching posts. Third, rapidly expanding access appears likely to reduce, rather than increase, pass rates, and divert resources from improvements in quality. Fourth, the reasons for differences in performance and poor performance appear not to be simply associated with levels of resource provision; more likely it is the efficient and effective use of these resources which is important. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 729–744, 1998.
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Advancing Girl's education in Zambia - Nkhata, Bentry; Elizabeth, Mumba.C.; Israel, Chikalanga.W.; Sikwibele, Anne.L (1998)
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The politics of workers’ education in Nigeria - Omole, M.A. Lanre (International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1998)
In this analysis of workers’ education in Nigeria, set against the broad definitions of the broad meaning of workers’ education, education as against training, and other fundamental issues, an important point should be noted. It is that the ‘worker’ in Nigeria is defined by law. This definition excludes, for example, those who are not on a monthly or annual wage. Thus those unskilled people hired on a temporary basis are not, legally, ‘workers’.
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The Recruitment of African-American High School Students into the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps - Pompey, Wanda G. (1998)
Abstract : This thesis addresses the recruitment of African-American high school students for Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) programs, with an emphasis on programs located at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. The study seeks to determine if the current recruitment process is adequate to meet the needs of the Secretary of the Navy's Enhanced Opportunities for Minorities Initiative. This initiative is a recruiting strategy designed to increase the number of minorities on active duty and to create a culturally diverse force that reflects the racial composition of the United States. This thesis draws upon information from Pers-61, Navy Recruiting Command, the Center for Navy Education and Training, and NROTC units, as well a survey conducted with current and former recruiters. Also examined are statements by the Chief of Naval Operations, Chief of Naval Personnel, Commander of Naval Recruiting Command and numerous other Flag Officers in briefings held at the 1998 National Naval Officers Association Conference. A major theme that emerged from the study is that the Navy should enhance its visibility and use more African-Americans in minority recruiting programs for the officer corps.
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Transforming teacher education in South Africa for the democratic era - Pretorius, F.J. (PROSPECTS, 1998)
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The Effects of School, Family, and Community Support on the Academic Achievement of African American Adolescents - Sanders, Mavis G. (Urban Education, 1998)
This study explores the effects of teacher, family, and church support on the school-related attitudes, behaviors, and academic achievements of African American urban adolescents. To achieve this objective, 827 students in an urban school district in the Southeastern United States were surveyed. Interviews were conducted with a subset of the research population to enhance and aid in the interpretation of the questionnaire data. The analyses show that students' perceptions of teacher and parental academic support and church involvement indirectly influence achievement through their positive and significant influences on students' academic self-concepts and school behaviors. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
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Sustaining EE Research and Teacher Education through Partnerships Between Universities and Schools: Thoughts from South Africa - Schreuder, Danie; Grange, Lesley Le (International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 1998)
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Determinants and Consequences of Young Women's Access to Education in Kinshasa, Congo. Final Report to the Small Grants Program. - Shapiro, David (1998)
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9 "Education Is My Husband": Marriage, Gender, and Reproduction in Northern Tanzania - Stambach, Amy (1998)
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2 Agents in Women's Education: Some Trends in the African Context - Stromquist, Nelly P. (1998)
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Action research in developing African education systems: is the glass half full or half empty? - Stuart, Janet S.; Kunje, Demis (Educational Action Research, 1998)
Abstract Action research is being introduced to Africa, where it has to adapt to very different professional contexts and to resource-constrained schools. The study reports how heads, qualified and untrained teachers in six Malawi schools responded to an action research intervention over a 6-month period. It concludes that most teachers found the process useful, but that much support is needed from the facilitators, particularly where basic resources, professional background training and a critical approach are lacking.
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A preliminary study of stress levels among first year medical students at the University of Zimbabwe. - Vaz, Raquel Ferreira; Mbajiorgu, E F; Acuda, S. W. (PubMed, 1998)
To assess stress levels among first year medical students at the University of Zimbabwe.A cross sectional study using two questionnaires.Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, harare, Zimbabwe.First year medical students aged between 18 and 24 years who have spent about seven months in the medical school.A total of 109 out of 123 first year medical students were used in the study. The two questionnaires produced similar results with an average of about 35.5% normal and an average of 64.5% of the students being at various levels of stress and or depression. About 11% reported very high levels of stress while the majority of the stressed students fell within the middle bracket. The number of affected students decreased as the level of stress and depression increased and demonstrates the differences in the stress threshold of the individual students. Estimation of suicide tendencies from both questionnaires showed that about 12% of the students were at serious risk and about 20% at lesser risk of psychological and emotional depression. The stratification of group 2 of SRQ-20 was valuable in isolating those students seriously stressed and/or depressed.This study has demonstrated that a number of first year medical students of the University of Zimbabwe were at various levels of stress and/or depression. Those students in the extreme stress or depression group need serious attention. This state of psychological and emotional distress in the subsequent years of medical training and during the professional years may lead to serious social consequences. A system of identifying students with low stress threshold early in their training is recommended as well as a means of helping them to deal with the stress and its causes.
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From Atabrine in World War II to Mefloquine in Somalia: The Role of Education in Preventive Medicine - Weina, Peter J. (Military medicine (Print), 1998)
Preventive medicine requires an understanding not only of the disease to be prevented, but a complete understanding of conditions affecting the disease transmission, human nature, and the historic situation of the target group. An analysis of a new drug introduction (Atabrine) during World War II is viewed from multiple perspectives and is compared with the introduction of mefloquine during the mission to Somalia 50 years later. Common themes of educational failure at the end-user and policy-marker levels are shown as barriers to effective preventive medicine efforts.
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Chronicle of a Student Strike in Africa: The Case of Burkina Faso, 1996-1997 - Wise, Christopher (African Studies Review, 1998)
During the 1996-1997 academic year, students at the University of Ouagadougou went on strike for three months. This strike was the worst in Burkina Faso's history (or in the history of the former Upper The author, who was a visiting American professor at the time of the strike, details what happened at the university and in related incidents in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso. The author suggests that the strike may have resulted from the erosion of democratic rights within Burkinabe society, following the assassination of former President Thomas Sankara and the rise to power of current President Blaise Compaord. Our attention is drawn to contributing factors behind the strike, including long-standing structural problems at the University of Ouagadougou and the politically motivated killing of popular professors and the former student body president Dabo Boukary, all of whom had spoken out against the Compaord regime. R6sumw: Pendant l'annde scolaire 1996-1997, les etudiants de l'universite de Ouagadougou sont allis en grave pendant une dur&e de trois mois. Cette greve etait la pire dans l'histoire du Burkina Faso (ou dans l'histoire de l'ancienne Haute Volta). L'auteur, qui &tait alors professeur visiteur americain, raconte en detail les evenements A l'universit6 par rapport a des evenements A Ouagadougou et Bobo-Dioulasso. L'auteur soutient que la grave a dfi &tre le r6sultat d'une erosion des droits democratiques dans la socidtd burkinab6 a la suite de l'assassinat de l'ancien president Thomas Sankara et l'arrivee au pouvoir du president Blaise Compaore. L'auteur attire notre attention sur les facteurs qui ont contribue A la greve, parmi lesquels les problemes structurels de longue date de l'universite et l'assassinat politique de celkbres professeurs et de Dabo Boukary, ancien president des &tudiants qui avaient critique le regime de Campaore. African Studies Review, Volume 41, Number 2 (September 1998), pp. 19-36 Christopher Wise is Assistant Professor of English at Western Washington University in Bellingham. He has published numerous articles in professional journals and now serves as Contributing Editor of Arena Journal, Littiratures du Sahel, and The Journal of African Travel Writing. He recently edited Yambo Ouologuem: Postcolonial Writer Islamic Militant (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, forthcoming).
openalex: W1971828157 mag: 1971828157
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How well targeted is drought relief compared to a grain loan scheme? Some evidence from Zimbabwe - Wright, J.F.; Vaze, PB; Mucavele, P; Gundry, Stephen; Worral, J (1998)
openalex: W1563187516 mag: 1563187516
Keywords: openalex:import

School enrollment decline in Sub-Saharan Africa - Bredie, Joseph W. B.; Beeharry, Girindre (1998)
openalex: W4244292072
Keywords: openalex:import

A Culture-Based Approach to Teaching African-American Public Address - Pennington, Dorthy L. (The Speech Communication Teacher, 1998)
"A Culture-Based Approach to Teaching African-American Public Address." The Speech Communication Teacher, 12(4), pp. 7–8
openalex: W4388528700
Keywords: openalex:import

Prevention Activities on Sustance Abuse in Namibian Secondary Schools - Maree, Maretha (1998)
openalex: W2232156752 mag: 2232156752
Keywords: openalex:import

Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability Among African Americans - Belgrave, Faye Z. (1998)
openalex: W2726308997 mag: 2726308997
Keywords: openalex:import

Influence of discipline of study on the sexual behaviour of Nigerian female students. - Adinma, J. I. B.; Agbai, A. O.; Okeke, AC (PubMed, 1998)
In this comparative study of the sexual behaviour of 476 Nigerian female students in tertiary institutions comprising of 243 students of the medical discipline of study (MD group) and 233 students of the non-medical discipline of study (NMD group), the overall incidence of sexual intercourse was 56.7 percent. The mean age at first sexual experience was not significantly different at & = 0.05 among the two groups. However, sexual exposure was significantly more prevalent among students of the non-medical discipline of study (NMD group)–69.1 percents compared to those of the medical discipline of study (MD group)–44.9 percent (p < 0.01). In addition, the frequency of sexual exposure was significantly higher among the former group, 5.5 +/- 6.8 times per month, than in the later, 1.7 +/- 3.8 times per month (t = 5.25 with 274 d.f.; p < 0.005). The incidence of pregnancy among the two groups of students 37.1 percent and 31.2 percent respectively for the NMD and MD groups showed no significant difference at & = 0.05. The reasons for the observed difference in the sexual behaviour between the students for the two groups are adduced. The overall implications of sexuality and the relevance of its management among the youth are also discussed.Findings are presented from a comparative study of the sexual behavior of 476 Nigerian female students in tertiary institutions in 1991 in Anambra State, Nigeria, 243 medical (MD) students and 233 nonmedical (NMD) students. The women were 10-42 years old, of mean age 22.2 years, with 83.5% of MD students and 73.0% of NMD students aged 20-29. 56.7% of the women had ever experienced sexual intercourse. The mean age at first sexual experience among the MD students was 18.6 years, not significantly different statistically from the 18.1 years mean age of the NMD students at first sexual experience. 44.9% of the MD students and 69.1% of the NMD students had ever had sexual intercourse. MD students had sex 1.7 +or- 3.8 times/month, compared to the NMD students who had sex 5.5 +or- 6.8 times/month. The frequency of pregnancy was 31.2% among the MD students, not significantly different than the 37.9% among NMD students. These findings suggest that study has a tempering effect upon adolescent sexual activity.
openalex: W2268236267 mag: 2268236267
Keywords: openalex:import

Perceptions of caretakers of pre-school children on acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a rural district in Ghana. - Gk, Amofah; It, Essegbey; Sa, Opoku; Oduro, Joseph Kojo (PubMed, 1998)
Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and structured community interviews were used to describe the perceptions of caretakers of pre-school children in a predominantly rural district in Ghana. Over 75% considered ARI important in the community and there are a variety of local terms of describe various ARI illness entities. The perception of signs of severe ARI in children above two months of age was reasonably high; over 88% could mention at least one of two cardinal signs for severe ARI (difficulty in breathing, rapid breathing). The same cannot be said of their perception of signs for children less than two months of age. There was also a favourable perception of cause; a few misconceptions were however identified. There was no significant difference in perception between locality, age groups and educational levels. A high correlation between perception of cause and prevention of ARI was found. Health education programmes should re-enforce positive perceptions and address misconceptions. The difference in presentation of signs of severe ARI between older children and younger ones should also be stressed.
openalex: W2402298420 mag: 2402298420
Keywords: openalex:import

Pattern of childhood malignancy in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana. - Welbeck, J; Hesse, Albrecht (PubMed, 1998)
Data from the cancer register in the Department of Child Health, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, Ghana was reviewed in order to document the pattern of malignancies seen in children. Out of a total of 15,200 admissions over a 40 month period there were 254 malignancies diagnosed constituting 1.67% of all admission. Lymphoma was the commonest tumour constituting 67% with Burkitt's Lymphoma being the commonest subtype. This was followed by Retinoblastoma (8.6%), Leukaemia (8.2%) and Wilms tumour (7.8%). This trend is similar to the picture seen in other developing countries in Africa where there is a high incidence of lymphoma and a low incidence of leukaemia, the converse being the case in Europe and North America.
openalex: W2275647343 mag: 2275647343
Keywords: openalex:import

The state, bureaucracy and gender equity in South African education - Chisholm, Linda; Napo, Vernet (1998)
openalex: W1554698705 mag: 1554698705
Keywords: openalex:import

School Enrollment Decline in Sub-Saharan Africa: Beyond the Supply Constraint - Bredie, Joseph W. B. (1998)
This paper examines the likely causes for deteriorating enrollment rates in Africa. While a causal link is difficult to establish, several studies suggest that declining incomes and employment opportunities impact on household schooling decisions (i.e. household demand for education). The prevalent view that deterioration in school availability and quality are responsible fore declining school enrollments in many African countries seems incomplete. One consequence of this finding is that the policy response to declining enrollments should not be restricted to building more schools and improving existing ones. Cost-reducing and demand stimulating or financing measures should be considered as well. Analytical tools can help policy-makers assess which of the costs and benefits of education impact on household schooling decisions. While a comprehensive analysis, using demand for education regressions, is impractical because of data requirement, a simple private rates of return analysis can be a second best diagnostic instrument to identify constraining factors in education demand.
openalex: W1578998970 mag: 1578998970
Keywords: openalex:import

Gastro-intestinal parasitic infections in a drought afflicted community in Northern Nigeria (Parasitology International, 1998)
A total of 870 patients, both males and females, from 3 to 79 years old, received either albendazole or a placebo for the treatment of nematode and cestode infections. Each patient was interviewed and underwent a complete physical examination on the initial visit. In addition, complete blood count, clinical blood chemistry values and routine urinalysis were performed before and at least 24 hours after the last treatment. Stool examinations were performed before, 7 and 21 days after treatment. Direct examination, an egg count using the Kato technique and faecal concentration were carried out for each patient. In ancylostomiasis and strongyloidiasis, faeces were cultured by the Harada-Mori technique.Albendazole, as a single 400 mg oral dose, was highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale and Trichuris trichiura; efficacy against Strongyloides stercoralis was observed after three consecutive days of treatment at the same daily dose level. Efficacy against Hymenolepis nana was fair. Based on both clinical signs and biological values, albendazole did not produce any significant side effects.
openalex: W4249756070
Keywords: openalex:import

Global Climate Change and the South African Flora: Past, Present and Future - Allsopp, Jcn; Bond, W. J.; Midgley, G. F.; Rutherford, M. C. (Pages (Bern), 1998)
openalex: W2888509360 mag: 2888509360
Keywords: openalex:import

Teaching computer science in Papua New Guinea - Bampton, Alvin (1998)
This paper introduces some observed sociological and cultural aspects of students. It is usually assumed that these aspects are the same as the lecturer's own, but that is not necessarily so, here in Papua New Guinea. Assignments to encourage both the change of attitude and for the practice of the technical content of courses are described.
openalex: W1988310482 mag: 1988310482
Keywords: openalex:import