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This paper describes the application of hydrologic models of the Blue Nile and Lake Victoria sub-basins to assess the magnitude of potential impacts of climate change on Main Nile discharge. The models are calibrated to simulate historical observed runoff and then driven with the temperature and precipitation changes from three general circulation model (GCM) climate scenarios. The differences in the resulting magnitude and direction of changes in runoff highlight the inter-model differences...

This paper describes the application of hydrologic models of the Blue Nile and Lake Victoria sub-basins to assess the magnitude of potential impacts of climate change on Main Nile discharge. The models are calibrated to simulate historical observed runoff and then driven with the temperature and precipitation changes from three general circulation model (GCM) climate scenarios. The differences in the resulting magnitude and direction of changes in runoff highlight the inter-model differences...

The 1992 drought in southern Africa reduced national grain harvests to less than half of 1991 levels, caused substantial livestock mortality and severely compromised rural livelihoods. This paper disaggregates the impact of the drought on three vulnerable socio‐economic groups in Namibia — smallholder crop farmers, livestock rearers and commercial farmworkers. A modified entitlement framework is adopted: as well as examining entitlement‐generating strategies (including credit, overlooked by...

The extremely severe droughts which have hit Africa in recent years appear to have impacted negatively on its development much more seriously than droughts in other regions of the developing world. Such droughts, it appears, both acted as a trigger to the adoption of structural reforms in some countries and aggravated the initial adverse effects (including environmental effects) of such reforms. The policy implication of the latter finding is that the reform requirement for drought-prone...

It is always assumed that the prevalence of skin diseases in developing countries is very high, and that infestations and skin infections are highly endemic in poor rural communities; however, very few epidemiologic reports verify these assumptions. As part of a continuing study of dermatologic needs in southwestern Ethiopia, and to estimate the prevalence of treatable skin disease in children, a school survey was undertaken in Shebe. In October 1992, 112 children were examined by a team of...

Kenya is endowed with a wide range of agro-ecological conditions, varying from hot arid lowlands to cool humid highlands. As expected, the results of the impact analysis of climate change and increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide, therefore show a wide spectrum of impacts on land resources make-up and agricultural production. At the sub-national level results of impacts on agricultural productivity vary substantially both in terms of magnitude and direction. At present, agricultural...

To assess the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of high school students (grade 10) with regard to HIV infection and AIDS.A self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out in 21 high schools in 6 different provinces. The questionnaire was anonymous and contained questions about HIV transmission, preventive measures, attitudes towards HIV infection and a few questions about personal sexual behaviour.A total of 1811 students completed the questionnaire. 46% were female. The average age...

Summary There is very little information on effects of particulate pollution from cement factories in the Middle East and northeastern Africa. Variations of natural vegetation, germinable soil seed bank and species diversity were therefore investigated amongst four study sites situated at different distances from the Suez Cement Company factory, south of Suez, Egypt. The composition of plant life-forms was similar in both vegetation and seed-bank communities, with only site-dependent...

Since educational statistics were first collated in South Africa, more than 30 years ago, roughly a quarter of children from the majority groups of the nation have failed Grade 1 each year. This represents one of the highest Grade 1 wastage rates in the world. This paper examines the assumed correlates of early school failure, and then pieces together a mosaic of information from a variety of sources, which calls much of this received wisdom into question. The paper provides evidence that...

This article summarizes Larsens findings based on an analysis of data from the 1973 Tanzania Demographic Survey and the 1991-92 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey on fertility and subfertility. The rates of childlessness in Tanzania declined among women aged 30-49 years from 10-11% to 3%. The effects of infertility on the total fertility rate (TFR) varied among Tanzanias 20 regions. In regions where TFR was over 6.8 children per woman in 1973 fertility declined. The range in decline was...

Eight hundred and two (802) primary school children in rural and urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, were examined to determine the prevalence of otitis media, hearing impairment and cerumen impaction by otoscopy and pure tone audiometry. Ear disease was found in 222 (27.7%) of the children. One hundred and twenty six (15.7%) had cerumen impaction, 70 (8.7%) had sensorineural hearing loss and 21 (2.6%) had chronic suppurative otitis media. Cerumen impaction was found in 20.45% of the rural school...

Induction of programmed cell death has been described during infection with many different viruses. We have investigated the influence of African swine fever virus (ASFV) on apoptosis of different cell populations during in vitro and in vivo infection. We observed apoptosis in ASFV-infected monocyte/macrophage and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Apoptosis was demonstrated in these cells by DNA fragmentation, DNA staining and DNA-associated histone fraction detection assays. Flow...

Abstract The paper contains examples on the distribution of the color percentage or the color portion during very clear days and others polluted days for each season from sunrise (SR) to sunset (SS) and the difference between them. Some important parameters such as the clearness index (KT), diffuse fraction (KD), relative humidity (R.H) and temperature (T) effect on the direct color portions. The monthly variation are given for the four major color bands B1 (530 nm > λ), B2 (530 nm 695 nm)...

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the best predictors of academic and clinical performance in the physiotherapy education programme in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Reviewing the records of 94 students enrolled in the programme between 1983 and 1987, multiple and stepwise regression analyses revealed that pre-admission requirements were not significantly related to academic and clinical performance. When all the predictor variables were included in the multiple and...