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Evaluation of: Wawer MJ, Makumbi F, Kigozi G et al.: Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 374, 229–237 (2009). A randomized, controlled trial (RCT) testing the hypothesis that circumcision in HIV-infected men would reduce HIV transmission to uninfected female sexual partners failed to confirm such findings from observational studies in Africa. Researchers noted no statistically...

Evaluation of: Wawer MJ, Makumbi F, Kigozi G et al.: Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 374, 229–237 (2009). A randomized, controlled trial (RCT) testing the hypothesis that circumcision in HIV-infected men would reduce HIV transmission to uninfected female sexual partners failed to confirm such findings from observational studies in Africa. Researchers noted no statistically...

Evaluation of: Wawer MJ, Makumbi F, Kigozi G et al.: Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 374, 229–237 (2009). A randomized, controlled trial (RCT) testing the hypothesis that circumcision in HIV-infected men would reduce HIV transmission to uninfected female sexual partners failed to confirm such findings from observational studies in Africa. Researchers noted no statistically...

Debates about teaching and education following African countries’ independence raise profoundly political issues. The choice of subjects and of the language of instruction reflects a tug-of-war between national identity and colonial heritage. Impassioned arguments and ideological studies dominate discussions. Drawing on papers on education published in Afrique Contemporaine, Roland Pourtier analyzes their authors’ views, providing a retrospective of economic, social, and demographic issues.

Of all instruments for maintenance of a government, public school is recognized as most powerful. The strength of America has been in transformation of people from other parts of world into American citizens loyal to a new country and to a new way of life full of opportunities for man. The building of this citizenship has been duty primarily of American public school system. It is backbone of our democracy. Let's Be Honest about Democracy, NAACP pamphlet, 1939, p. 12 In 1939, leaders of...

Participants in circle rituals are exposed to other people looking at them and have little possibility to evade this surveillance.The others' looks constitute the self, but they also make one feel ashamed, which shows the objectivating nature of looks.Based on a contrasting analysis of the field notes from two ethnographic studies at different educational institutions, this contribution will focus on this paradox nature of the circle between subjectivation and de-subjectivation.The paper...

African American high school students are performing behind their White classmates regardless of whether they are in majority or minority populations at school. Teacher expectations, among school-related factors that can impact the academic achievement of African American high school students, are the focus of this study. Interviews were conducted with 48 African American students in two high schools of dissimilar racial makeup. This study revealed two major themes denoting the importance of...

Higher education is often celebrated as the ‘powerhouse’ and ‘engine’ for development in Africa. Central to this mandate is the ‘esign and function of curricula in Higher Education Institutions in Africa. As the development discourse has moved away from a sole emphasis on economic development to human development, the content and the purpose of curricula in African higher education are contested. While higher education in Africa will continue to produce graduates who can contribute to the...

In 2003 South Africa accepted a Policy on Religion and Education, which formalises a particular vision of the role the study of religion(s) can play in national healing, reconciliation and citizenship. The policy gives a particular interpretation and gestalt to the belief that citizens, if empowered, can build a more just and compassionate society. The Policy is a unique South African response to develop and embed new taxonomies of responsibility and hope. This chapter situates the policy...

activity (PA) associated with increased prevalence of the so-called “hypokinetic diseases” stimulates the interest in research in PA and its correlates . The results are quite consistent across studies, but observations have been conducted mainly in the developed countries, assuming that the lack of mechanization of the poor areas of the world is not associated with sedentary behavior. However, transition societies have been showing a growing urbanization that deserves special attention....

AFRICAN AMERICAN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM LEAVERS by Sherrie Lynn Proctor This phenomenology used 21 in-depth interviews to explore seven African Americans’ experiences at the school psychology programs they left. The purpose was to investigate what experiences contributed to participants’ decisions to leave programs; if programs used retention strategies and if so, participants’ view of the strategies; and what participants believe might have encouraged their retention. Findings indicate...

Teacher Knowledge about Educating Children of African Descent in Urban Schools was a quantitative study that examined what a sample of teachers knew about effective teaching in urban schools in order to inform professional development in the urban district where this study was conducted. This research proceeded from the idea that having knowledge about African descent people is a requisite for teaching them, and that absence of this cultural knowledge has served as a barrier to effective...

To determine the prevalence of oral habits and assess the effects of these habits on the occlusion in a group of Nigerian schoolchildren.A cross-sectional study of 928 children aged 4-15 years from Eti -Osa local government area in Lagos, Nigeria. The sample population was selected from 2 private and 3 public schools.Three hundred and sixteen children (34.1%) of total children examined, exhibited one form of oral habit or another. The most common habit observed was digit sucking which was...

Globalization is a social and economic fact. It is best described as the ascendancy of the free market regulated by supply and demand. By the manner in which trade been extended, along with the ease of financial investing and reinvesting and the migration of people, globalization engineered global growth and stimulated the creation of wealth in such way that for many it has been an economic godsend, a common climb to the top, rising tide raising all boats. However the growth generated not...

This paper seeks to assess the understanding, reception and implementation of Open Access (OA) by librarians in 5 selected institutions of higher learning in the fields of education, health science nursing, and police training. It will further identify the challenges that the librarians face with OA resource and the possible solutions. It is hoped that this study will show the level of understanding and appreciation of the concept of OA, the OA resources available in the libraries under...