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Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programs in schools can increase the health, dignity and comfort of students and teachers. Understanding the costs of WASH facilities and services in schools is one essential piece for policy makers to utilize when budgeting for schools and helping to make WASH programs more sustainable. In this study we collected data from NGO and government offices, local hardware shops and 89 rural primary schools across three Kenyan counties. Current expenditures on...

This paper aims to assess whether a causal effect exists between maternal education and child survival in Madagascar. The omission of factors such as mother's health, innate ability and time preferences could lead to an overestimation of the true effect of education. The case of sub-Saharan Africa where child mortality rates are the highest, is overlooked by most of the causal evidence gathered so far for developing countries. The present paper attempts to redress this omission through the...

Background While a number of studies have examined the factors affecting accessibility to and utilisation of healthcare services by persons with disability in general, there is little evidence about disabled women's access to maternal health services in low-income countries and few studies consult disabled women themselves to understand their experience of care and the challenges they face in accessing skilled maternal health services. The objective of this paper is to explore the challenges...

Skills development offers a range of benefits to out-of-school adolescent girls and alleviates a key obstacle to youth employment in developing countries. But do increased skills lead to delays in early marriage and pregnancy? Not always, according to the empirical evidence. Although the global evidence onskills training is growing and despite a theoretical basis for the relationship betweenskills, employment, and fertility, the documented impacts of skills interventions on sexual or...

The real and imagined racial differences and similarities between groups of students and staff have consequences in everyday experiences in South Africa.One aspect of engaging with the challenges facing higher education transformation post-Apartheid is through understanding how the racialised context interacts with the experience of teaching.This paper reports on what the narratives of four white academics reveal about their experience of teaching at the University of Cape Town (UCT).It...

Here we present an analysis of drought occurrence and variability in Ethiopia, based on the monthly precipitation data from the Climate Research Unit (CRU-v3.22) over the period from 1960 to 2013. The drought events were characterized by means of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) applied to precipitation data at a temporal scale of 12 months. At the national scale, the results reveal a statistically significant decrease in the severity of droughts over the 54-year period, a pattern...

Adult non-formal education and training (NFET) in South Africa was adopted in 1990 to address the problem of unemployment of non-educated and unskilled adults. Public and private NFET centres aim to meet the training needs of adults who were deprived of formal education that would foster access to opportunities for employment. The paper reports on a study conducted to investigate what constitutes NFET enabling environments for employment. The paper focuses on the approach of training...

There have been increasing calls for career development interventions that take the local context into account while providing a firm theoretical basis to engage with the career processes and attributes of individuals coming from diverse backgrounds. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of a career intervention programme derived from Social Cognitive Career Theory on the career decision-making self-efficacy of Grade 11 learners at three schools with diverse socio-economic...

Botswana is a semi-arid, middle-income African country that imports 90 percent of its food. Despite its relative prosperity, Botswana also suffers from one of the highest measures of income inequality in the world, persistent poverty, and relatively high levels of food insecurity. The objective of this paper is to explore how political economy, climate change and livelihood dynamics are synergistically impacting household food security. The major finding is that the marginalization of...

This study seeks to establish the extent to which performance contracting has been adopted, its effects on the performanceof head teachers and subsequent challenges in schools in Kenya with special reference to Embu County Schools. Reviewof recent empirical crossnational studies conducted to decode the comfort of signing performance contract, shows thathead teachers did not reject implementation of performance contract in totality. There were flaws in sensitivity of scopes,meaning,...

Fewer studies have assessed the discharge of industrial, agricultural and municipal wastewaters on heavy metal pollution in the Soils of Bahr El Baqar, Egypt. Thirty-four samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metals, which were assessed using different indices. The summary statistics results indicate that Pb, Cd, Cu, Co, Cr and Ni concentrations in Bahr El Baqar soils are higher than those in the reference soil. By applying the Pearson rank order correlations, the result revealed...

This study investigated the validity of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience in a South Africa context using a sample of 992 university students. Item fit and unidimensionality of the Positive and Negative Experience subscales were examined using a process of Rasch analysis. Reliability of the subscales was evaluated, and correlations between the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were examined....

This study test a specified model of information technology (IT) preparedness as antecedent of pre-service teachers’ self efficacy, perceived usefulness, and intention toward IT use for teaching in Nigeria. Survey method was employed for prosecuting the study. The participants of the study comprise of 200 pre-service teachers studying Mathematics education in one of the Nigerian universities. The instrument used for data collection was adapted and subjected to validation and reliability...

Many cultural phenomena to express and display art, an expression of the concept of pay. Cultural, metaphysical nature posters through to enact the implicit message that nations have helped to understand the cultural foundations, Perhaps the comparative posters metaphysical approach in different countries to fill the gaps in the field of comparative cultural posters, This study and implementation posters metaphysical approach in three countries, Japan, France and Italy in the field of poster...

Apex predators play an important role in regulating ecological interactions, and therefore their loss can affect biodiversity across trophic levels. Large carnivores have experienced substantial population and range declines across Africa, and future climate change is likely to amplify these threats. Hence it is important to understand how future environmental changes will affect their long-term habitat suitability and population persistence. This study aims to identify the factors limiting...